tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Chloroplast Genome of Phalaenopsis aphrodite (Orchidaceae): Comparative Analysis of Evolutionary Rate with that of Grasses and Its Phylogenetic Implications
Authors: Ching-Chun Chang, Hsien-Chia Lin, I-Pin Lin, Teh-Yuan Chow, Hong-Hwa Chen, Wen-Huei Chen, Chia-Hsiung Cheng, Chung-Yen Lin, Shu-Mei Liu, Chien-Chang Chang, Shu-Miaw Chaw
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Whether the Amborella/Amborella-Nymphaeales or the grass lineage diverged first within the angiosperms has recently been debated. Central to this issue has been focused on the artifacts that might result from sampling only grasses within the monocots. We therefore sequenced the entire chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of Phalaenopsis aphrodite, Taiwan moth orchid. The cpDNA is a circular molecule of 148,964 bp with a comparatively short single-copy region (11,543 bp) due to the unusual loss and truncation/scattered deletion of certain ndh subunits. An open reading frame, orf91, located in the complementary strand of the rrn23 was reported for the first time. A comparison of nucleotide substitutions between P. aphrodite and the grasses indicates that only the plastid expression genes have a strong positive correlation between nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitutions per site, providing evidence for a generation time effect, mainly across these genes. Among the intron-containing protein-coding genes of the sampled monocots, the Ks of the genes are significantly correlated to transitional substitutions of their introns. We compiled a concatenated 61 protein-coding gene alignment for the available 20 cpDNAs of vascular plants and analyzed the data set using Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. The analyses yielded robust support for the Amborella/Amborella-Nymphaeales-basal hypothesis and for the orchid and grasses together being a monophyletic group nested within the remaining angiosperms. However, the NJ analysis using Ka, the first two codon positions, or amino acid sequences, respectively, supports the monocots-basal hypothesis. We demonstrated that these conflicting angiosperm phylogenies are most probably linked to the transitional sites at all codon positions, especially at the third one where the strong base-composition bias and saturation effect take place.
Peripheral bypass-induced pulmonary and coronary vascular injury. Association with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor.
Authors: I M Dauber, P E Parsons, C H Welsh, P C Giclas, G J Whitman, G S Wheeler, L D Horwitz, J V Weil
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND Although cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with systemic complement activation and neutrophil sequestration, it is unclear whether bypass-induced vascular injury is localized and dependent on organ ischemia. We hypothesized that other factors perhaps related to placement of a bypass circuit or to blood perfusion of a pump-oxygenator system may produce vascular injury caused by systemically circulating mediators. In dogs, we determined whether application of a systemic venoarterial bypass circuit with pump-oxygenator perfusion but without pulmonary or cardiac flow diversion (peripheral bypass) leads to vascular injury. Since several features of the postperfusion syndrome after bypass resemble sequelae of endotoxin exposure, we also measured circulating endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Anesthetized dogs underwent 2 hours of exposure to a pump-oxygenator with peripheral venoarterial bypass. We used a double indicator measurement of pulmonary and coronary vascular permeability (protein leak index [PLI]) as indexes of vascular injury. Compared with controls (n = 7), the pulmonary PLI of dogs undergoing bypass (n = 11) increased more than threefold (18.8 +/- 2.3 vs 63.3 +/- 7.6 x 10(-4) min-1; P &lt; .05) and the coronary PLI increased more than twofold (P &lt; .05). The rate of disappearance of intravascular radiolabeled protein increased threefold after bypass (disappearance t1/2, 241 +/- 35 vs 84 +/- 15 minutes, control vs bypass; P &lt; .05), suggesting a generalized increase in vascular permeability. Circulating endotoxin was detectable in blood samples from 8 of 8 bypass animals (range, 0.24 to 4.56 ng/mL) compared with 2 of 5 controls (P &lt; .05). Tumor necrosis factor levels increased significantly with bypass (6.7 +/- 3.8 vs 146.7 +/- 33.6 U/mL, baseline vs bypass; P &lt; .05) and were only slightly and nonsignificantly increased in controls (7.0 +/- 4.4 vs 18.2 +/- 5.9 U/mL; P = NS). Peak tumor necrosis factor but not peak endotoxin levels correlated with pulmonary and with coronary protein leak. As expected, circulating complement (CH50) levels decreased significantly during bypass, reflecting systemic complement activation. However, the levels correlated poorly with the severity of vascular injury. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that peripheral pump-oxygenator bypass causes coronary and pulmonary vascular injury that is independent of blood flow diversion and is associated with the appearance of circulating levels of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor, which may play a role in bypass-induced vascular injury.
Investigation of a case of subtype IIC von Willebrand disease: Characterization of the variability of this subtype
Authors: Claudine Mazurier, Pier Mannuccio Mannucci, Armelle Parquet‐Gernez, Maurice Goudemand, Dominique Meyer
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract A variant of von Willebrant disease (vWD) has been identified in a 19‐year‐old woman with a severe bleeding syndrome. She had a very prolonged bleeding time (over 20 min), 24 U/d1 factor VIII coagulant activity (F.VIII:C), 16 U/dl von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), no ristocetin cofactor activity, and an anodal mobility of vWF:Ag on crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). vWF:Ag was markedly reduced in her platelet lysate. In plasma and platelets, SDS‐agarose electrophoresis consistently demonstrated the absence of large multimers, a relatively increased concentration of the fastest‐moving multimer, and gross abnormalities of the internal structure of each vWF multimeric unit. Five members from the maternal side of the family had a double vWF:Ag peak by CIE and a relative increase of the fastest‐moving vWF multimer by SDS‐agarose electrophoresis; no quantitative or qualitative vWF defects were found in the paternal side of the family. The pattern of the findings in the propositus and her family is similar to those of type IIC vWD. However, there are some unique characteristics suggesting phenotypic variability in this subtype, such as low level of platelet vWF:Ag and the absence of increase of vWF after DDAVP administration.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVALESCENT SERUM AND NON-CONVALESCENT SERUM IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Maurice Brodie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1932)

1. Of twenty-nine so called normal urban adults tested, seven had less than two-fifths, three had two-fifths, two had three-fifths, eight had four-fifths and nine had a neutralizing power at least equal to the average of five batches of pooled convalescent serum. 2. Known contacts and avowed non-contacts were equally represented in the serums of low potency, but in the serums of higher potency, the known contacts predominated. 3. The pooled serums of known contacts and of non-contacts were respectively a little above and a little below half the strength of the average obtained for pooled convalescent serum. 4. Two series of early cases of poliomyelitis, the one treated with normal serum of proved protective power, the other with convalescent serum, showed no advantage of one type of serum over the other.
Ion Channel Remodeling Is Related to Intraoperative Atrial Effective Refractory Periods in Patients With Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Bianca J. J. M. Brundel, Isabelle C. Van Gelder, Robert H. Henning, Robert G. Tieleman, Anton E. Tuinenburg, Mirian Wietses, Jan G. Grandjean, Wiek H. Van Gilst, Harry J. G. M. Crijns
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Sustained shortening of the atrial effective refractory period (AERP), probably due to reduction in the L-type calcium current, is a major factor in the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated underlying molecular changes by studying the relation between gene expression of the L-type calcium channel and potassium channels and AERP in patients with AF. Methods and Results —mRNA and protein expression were determined in the left and right atrial appendages of patients with paroxysmal (n=13) or persistent (n=16) AF and of 13 controls in sinus rhythm using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and slot-blot, respectively. The mRNA content of almost all investigated ion channel genes was reduced in persistent but not in paroxysmal AF. Protein levels for the L-type Ca 2+ channel and 5 potassium channels (Kv4.3, Kv1.5, HERG, minK, and Kir3.1) were significantly reduced in both persistent and paroxysmal AF. Furthermore, AERPs were determined intraoperatively at 5 basic cycle lengths between 250 and 600 ms. Patients with persistent and paroxysmal AF displayed significant shorter AERPs. Protein levels of all ion channels investigated correlated positively with the AERP and with the rate adaptation of AERP. Patients with reduced ion channel protein expression had a shorter AERP duration and poorer rate adaptation. Conclusions —AF is predominantly accompanied by decreased protein contents of the L-type Ca 2+ channel and several potassium channels. Reductions in L-type Ca 2+ channel correlated with AERP and rate adaptation, and they represent a probable explanation for the electrophysiological changes during AF.
Rickettsialpox
Authors: Brian Wong, Carol Singer, Donald Armstrong, Stephen J. Millian
Journal: JAMA (1979)

In recent years, rickettsialpox was infrequently reported: one case per year was recorded by the Public Health Service during the past 15 years. We observed a case of rickettsialpox in New York City and reviewed the clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiologic features. Records of the New York City Health Department showed that serum samples from only six patients were submitted for serological testing for rickettsialpox during the past ten years, suggesting that although the disease is uncommon now, clinicians may be failing to recognize and diagnose rickettsialpox, as it may occur more frequently than is presently recognized. (<i>JAMA</i>242:1998-1999, 1979)
Thrips Bites Dermatitis
Authors: Morris Waisman
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The paper "Papular Eruption Secondary to Thrips Bites" by Goldstein and Skipworth (<b>203</b>:53, 1968) describes a distinctive insect bite reaction with spectacular pale halos surrounding the erythematous papules. Although they were unable to reproduce lesions experimentally, the authors suggest that this singular response is evoked by exposure to plant-infesting thrips. During World War II at a military installation in Tampa, Fla, I observed dozens of these cases, and since then I have encountered them sporadically in this area. They appeared almost epidemically in December, January, and February. The conjecture that contact with the parasite occurs by way of vegetation is refuted, however, by my observation of numerous cases which developed in hospitalized patients. It was common to discover on morning rounds two or three new instances of the eruption, randomly scattered through a ward of 30 beds, in patients who had not been away from the
Two Cases of Excision of the Rectum
Authors: W. J. Walsham
Journal: BMJ (1884)

THE BRITlZH !fDICAL.JOR74L pMay 10, 18aappeared.The patient's health rapidly improved, but no change took plaoe in the damaged lens.Tis is the first case of disease of the eyeball due to dental irritation with which I have met.I see cases of neuralgia in the neighbour- hood of the eye very commonly, and cases of neuralgia of the eyeball les frequently, in which the cause is easily traceable to the teeth, the eye being perfectly healthy.The pain in some cases is attended with lacrymation ; in a few withl muscular twitchings of the face.
Apical Invasion of Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Salmonella typhimurium Requires Villin to Remodel the Brush Border Actin Cytoskeleton
Authors: Nouara Lhocine, Ellen T. Arena, Perrine Bomme, Florent Ubelmann, Marie-Christine Prévost, Sylvie Robine, Philippe J. Sansonetti
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2015)

Salmonella invasion of intestinal epithelial cells requires extensive, though transient, actin modifications at the site of bacterial entry. The actin-modifying protein villin is present in the brush border where it participates in the constitution of microvilli and in epithelial restitution after damage through its actin-severing activity. We investigated a possible role for villin in Salmonella invasion. The absence of villin, which is normally located at the bacterial entry site, leads to a decrease in Salmonella invasion. Villin is necessary for early membrane-associated processes and for optimal ruffle assembly by balancing the steady-state level of actin. The severing activity of villin is important for Salmonella invasion in vivo. The bacterial phosphatase SptP tightly regulates villin phosphorylation, while the actin-binding effector SipA protects F-actin and counterbalances villin-severing activity. Thus, villin plays an important role in establishing the balance between actin polymerization and actin severing to facilitate the initial steps of Salmonella entry.
Bowling-Thumb Neuroma
Authors: Irwin M. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Except for the occasional crushing of a toe by a dropped ball, injuries in bowling are rare. This report documents a pressure "neuroma" of the thumb caused by repeated trauma to the base of the digit as it engaged the bowling ball during delivery. The cause of such a lesion may easily be overlooked if one fails to obtain a history that includes not only the patient's vocation but his recreational habits as well. A 56-year-old insurance salesman presented with a two-month history of progressive numbness of the medial-volar aspect of the right thumb. He complained of a mass at the base of the thumb web that appeared to be enlarging since its discovery six weeks before. The patient was an active bowler, and several weeks prior to the onset of symptoms had entered a tournament which required participation three times each week. After an evening of
CLINICAL AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF RESULTS WITH PLEGICIL AY-57062 IN CHRONIC MENTAL PATIENTS
Authors: E. J. TOLAN, J. OLARIU, J. M. REES, H. A. PEPPEL
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1959)

Acepromazine was tried in 48 chronic mental patients, 12 male and 36 female. Their ages ranged from 22 to 61 years, and the time elapsed from their first admission in a mental hospital ranged from 1 to 29 years. The majority of the patients were suffering from various types of schizophrenic reactions, and no significant number of other diagnostic categories was included. Acepromazine was administered orally for an average of 16 weeks. The highest daily dosage reached 120 mg., with an average of 99.58 mg. The drug did improve symptoms and behavior in a significant manner. Thirty-seven out of the 48 patients showed some improvement; 7 showed no change; 1 patient worsened. The other 3 patients worsened and developed toxic reactions; the medication was discontinued and the patients were removed from the study. There was a slight indication that younger patients and those admitted recently were helped more than older patients or those whose first admission was many years ago. There was no significant difference in the effect of acepromazine on various diagnostic categories. There was no relation between the total length of the medication and the degree of improvement. There was a slight but not significant indication that a slower increment in dosage results in greater improvement than a faster increment. Two main areas, Psychotic Symptoms and Behavioral Traits, improved more than Intellectual Resources, Character Traits and Interpersonal Relationships, and Socialization and Rehabilitation, but the improvement in Behavioral Traits is not significantly correlated with the improvement in the Psychotic Symptoms. With the exception of 3 patients for whom the drug had to be discontinued because of toxic reaction characterized by extreme agitation, confusion and weakness, very few side effects have occurred and none was serious. No jaundice or allergic reactions were noted, and a very low incidence of Parkinsonism was encountered. No relation was found between the number or the type of the side effects, including Parkinsonism, and the degree of improvement. Finally, it was noted that in this series of patients, acepromazine proved effective where other drugs or EST were not and that of the 7 patients who showed no improvement on acepromazine, none had improved on previous chemotherapy or EST.
Circle Health's sums do not add up after all
Authors: M. McKee
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Eighteen months ago I argued that the business case proposed by Circle Health, the company holding the franchise to operate Hinchingbrooke Hospital, simply did not add up. 1 We now know that, despite asset stripping by selling its car park for £3m (€3.5m; $4.6m), it not only has failed to clear its budget deficit but also is only the second trust to go to the NHS Trust Development Authority for a loan, for £3.5m. 2 In its damning report on the award of the franchise, the Commons Public Accounts Committee expressed its concern that "Circle's bid was not properly risk assessed and that Circle was encouraged to submit overly optimistic and unachievable savings projections." 3This lesson was clearly not learnt when privatising the NHS 111 service.Now that experience is mounting, it is surely time to publish the risk register for the Health and Social Care Act to judge whether those ministers responsible for the act were misled or simply reckless.
Intimate partner violence
Authors: Lorraine E Ferris
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Doctors should offer referral to existing interventions, while better evidence is awaited 

Intimate partner violence is a major public health and human rights issue. The statistics on its physical, sexual, reproductive, emotional, and financial consequences are alarming. Although men may be abused, women are overwhelmingly the victims of intimate partner violence. Shortly we will have reliable estimates of its international prevalence, determinants, and consequences when the World Health Organization reports on its multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women.1 However, as Taft et al remind us in this issue (p 618), intimate partner violence affects entire families, including children, making the statistics even more shocking.2 We need effective interventions to promote the necessary individual and societal changes to tackle current cases of intimate partner violence and to prevent new ones. Unfortunately, there are only a few examples of rigorous evaluations of interventions, and this paucity holds for both developed and developing countries. Without knowledge about whether interventions against intimate partner violence do more good than harm, what should doctors do about offering referrals for confirmed or likely intimate partner violence?

Many of those who are struggling with this question have asked the important …
Oral Contraceptives and Complications From Diabetes
Authors: Jeffrey Roseman
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —The study reported by Dr Garg and colleagues 1 is not a retrospective case-control study. It is a retrospective cohort study. In a case-control study, the investigators select on presence or absence of disease, not presence or absence of exposure, as was done in this case.   This letter was shown to Dr Garg, who declined to reply .—Ed.
Strengthening "DOTS" through community care for tuberculosis
Authors: S B. Squire, D. Wilkinson
Journal: BMJ (1997)

World wide, more adult deaths are attributed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis than to any other infectious agent, and without improvements in control 30 million people are expected to die from tuberculosis in 1990-2000.1 In sub-Saharan Africa alone about 1.5 million new cases arise each year. How can we care for all these patients?

We have known for almost 40 years that most patients with tuberculosis can be treated in the community without increasing the risk of their infecting contacts. Indeed, the strategy of supervised outpatient therapy was developed in poor settings.2 Nevertheless, until recently, the World Health Organisation and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease advocated a strategy of admission to hospital for at least the first two months of treatment, primarily as a way of ensuring adherence. Indeed hospitalisation, together with the other elements of the control programme, was highly effective.3

However, the epidemic of tuberculosis associated with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is such that hospital based care is no longer feasible. The caseload in Malawi increased from 5334 in 1985 to 19 195 in 1995 (Malawi …
Access to coronary catheterisation: fair shares for all?
Authors: F Kee, B Gaffney, S Currie, D O'Reilly
Journal: BMJ (1993)

To determine the effects of patient's sex and area's material deprivation on utilisation rates of coronary catheterisation and angiography in the investigation of ischaemic heart disease.Retrospective analysis of routinely collected hospital statistics.Acute hospitals throughout Northern Ireland.24,179 episodes of patients discharged from hospital with a primary diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease and 1270 episodes relating to patients with an underlying diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease who had either coronary catheterisation or angiography.Age standardised admission rates for heart disease and age standardised utilisation rates for catheterisation or angiography, or both, for 566 electoral wards ranked by Townsend "deprivation" scores.Catheterisation-angiography rates in men were over fivefold those of women, ranging from 85.5/100,000 v 16/100,000 in patients from "well off" areas to 123/100,000 v 22/100,000 for patients from deprived areas. After admission rates for heart disease were controlled for, the overall rate ratio for women was 0.48 (95% confidence interval 0.38 to 0.60). After differential admission rates for heart disease and other potential clinical confounders were controlled for, the investigation rates of patients from the least and most "deprived" areas were not significantly different (rate ratio 1.04 (0.87 to 1.25)).Although investigation rates were significantly lower in women than in men, further clinical data would be required before labelling this underutilisation as evidence of bias. There was no significant difference in invasive investigation rates for heart disease in areas of varying deprivation or affluence.
Value of pharmacologic stress echocardiography in risk stratification of patients with single-vessel disease: a report from the echo-persantine and echo-dobutamine international cooperative studies
Authors: Lauro Cortigiani, Eugenio Picano, Patrizia Landi, Mario Previtali, Salvatore Pirelli, Paolo Bellotti, Riccardo Bigi, Ornella Magaia, Alfonso Galati, Eugenio Nannini
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
T helper (Th) 2 predominance in atopy is due to preferential Th1 memory/effector cell apoptosis
Authors: M. Akdis, A. Trautmann, S. Klunker, I. Daigle, U.C. Kucuksezer, W. Deglmann, R. Disch, K. Blaser, C.A. Akdis
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)