tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Personal and Ambient Air Pollution Exposures and Lung Function Decrements in Children with Asthma
Authors: Ralph J. Delfino, Norbert Staimer, Thomas Tjoa, Dan Gillen, Michael T. Kleinman, Constantinos Sioutas, Dan Cooper
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Epidemiologic studies have shown associations between asthma outcomes and outdoor air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter mass < 2.5 microm in diameter (PM(2.5)). Independent effects of specific pollutants have been difficult to detect because most studies have relied on highly correlated central-site measurements.
Where there's smoke there's not necessarily fire
Authors: M V Apte
Journal: Gut (2005)

The role of smoking in alcoholic pancreatitis

Although alcohol abuse is a major association of chronic pancreatitis, it is well known that only a minority of heavy drinkers develop clinically evident pancreatitis.1,2 This observation has led to a sustained effort to identify factors that may increase the susceptibility of alcoholics to the development and progression of the disease.

One of the candidate susceptibility factors is smoking. The interest in smoking as a risk factor for the development and accelerated progression of alcoholic pancreatitis is understandable given that a number of smoking/nicotine related effects on the pancreas have been described in the literature. High concentrations of nicotine have been shown to increase pancreatic protein synthesis in isolated acini.3 Nicotine has also been shown to induce vacuolisation and nuclear pyknosis in acinar cells.4 Serum levels of pancreatic enzymes are reported to be significantly increased in smokers after intravenous secretin.5–7 In addition, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that smoking significantly inhibits pancreatic secretion.8,9 The concept that smoking enhances the toxic effects of alcohol on the pancreas was examined in a recent experimental study where cigarette smoke was administered to anaesthetised rats receiving intravenous ethanol; the …
Pravastatin restored the infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning blunted by hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit model of myocardial infarction
Authors: Yasunori Ueda, Masafumi Kitakaze, Kazuo Komamura, Tetsuo Minamino, Hiroshi Asanuma, Hideyuki Sato, Tsunehiko Kuzuya, Hiroshi Takeda, Masatsugu Hori
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)
Late Needling of Flat Filtering Blebs with Adjunctive Mitomycin C: Efficacy and Safety for the Corneal Endothelium
Authors: Heloisa A. Maestrini, Sebastião Cronemberger, Hérika Danielle S. Matoso, José Roberto C. Reis, Rafael V. Mérula, Alberto Filho Diniz, Emília Sakurai, Graziele A. Ferreira
Journal: Ophthalmology (2010)
Trends in Death With Tuberculosis During the AIDS Era
Authors: M. Miles Braun
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To describe and analyze recent changes in tuberculosis mortality in the United States during the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic.We used National Center for Health Statistics multiple-cause mortality data and analyzed deaths with tuberculosis (1980 through 1990) and/or AIDS (1987 through 1990) as an underlying or associated cause. We also categorized the 50 states and the District of Columbia into high (five states), medium (23 states), and low (23 states) AIDS incidence groups and then compared the groups' rates of death with tuberculosis during the period 1980 through 1990.Residents of the United States who died in the period 1980 through 1990.Death certificates indicating AIDS and/or tuberculosis.A bimodal age distribution of persons dying with tuberculosis has emerged concurrent with the AIDS epidemic. A new peak spanning the ages 20 to 49 years accompanies the preexisting peak in the elderly. In 1990, 54.2% (729/1344) of the deaths with tuberculosis in persons 20 to 49 years of age occurred in persons who also had AIDS listed on their death certificates. During the period 1987 through 1990, there was an increasing trend in the proportion of AIDS deaths that also had tuberculosis: 2.3% (353/15,075) in 1987, 2.5% (460/18,649) in 1988, 3.0% (738/24,607) in 1989, and 3.0% (836/27,975) in 1990 (P < .001). Of AIDS deaths in 1990, 1.6% (253/15,565) of whites died with tuberculosis, compared with 4.7% (400/8533) of blacks (P < .001) and 4.7% (172/3666) of Hispanics (P < .001). In the high AIDS incidence states, the rate of death with tuberculosis in persons aged 20 to 49 years rose from 0.61 to 2.82 per 100,000 population in the period 1982 through 1990, an increase of 362%. For this age group in the states with medium and low AIDS incidence, the rates of death with tuberculosis during this period rose 52% and 47% (from 0.44 to 0.67 and from 0.19 to 0.28 per 100,000 population), respectively. The increases in the rate of death with tuberculosis within all three groups and the differences among the groups were all highly statistically significant (P < .001).The AIDS epidemic has significantly increased the number and rate of tuberculosis deaths in younger adults through 1990, although in this study discrimination of deaths due to tuberculosis from deaths with tuberculosis was not possible. Vigorous efforts to prevent and treat tuberculosis and AIDS are indicated to reverse the trends we have described.
Rescuing Failures
Authors: Lillian S. Kao
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

Secondary analyses of large data sets including that by Gonzalez et al1 have repeatedly reported on an association between failure to rescue after surgery, or death after amajor complication, andoutcome.2-4While fewprovide insight as to how to change this relationship, these analyses can generate hypotheses about why high-mortality hospitals have higher rates of failure to rescue. For example, studies have identified higher rates with lower levels of intensive care unit facilities,5 poor nurse practice environments,6 and less aggressive treatment style.7However, these data sets are not granular enough to determine whether these are actual causes of failure to rescueor just surrogates for other factors such as better teamwork and communication, which Gonzalez and colleagues have suggested as a potential solution. Identifying the correct targets for improvement is essential as interventions are likely to bemultifaceted, resource intensive, and costly. Researchers need to move beyond documenting associations to performing hospitaland patient-level studies to understand where and why failures to rescue occur and how they can be prevented. Delay in diagnosing and treating complications may be related to processes, structure, or both. Thus, should interventions be directed at improving specific processes involved in postoperative care or at enhancing infrastructure and resources? If a combination of interventions is required, which ones should be instituted first or deserve the most attention? Furthermore, how does context influence the effectiveness of interventions to reduce failure to rescue? Interventions that work in one setting may not be successful in others. Should improvement efforts instead focus on changing the safety culture? Until these questions can be answered, associations between failure to rescue and mortality will continue to exist and hospitals will continue to fail with patients ultimately suffering the consequences.
Reduction of ventilator settings allowed by intravenous oxygenator (IVOX) in ARDS patients
Authors: J. P. Mira, F. Brunet, M. Belghith, O. Soubrane, J. L. Termignon, B. Renaud, I. Hamy, M. Monchi, E. Deslande, L. Fierobe, A. Brusset, J. F. Dhainaut
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1995)
PLASMA VOLUME AND “EXTRAVASCULAR THIOCYANATE SPACE” IN PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA 1
Authors: David D. Rutstein, K. Jefferson Thomson, Daniel M. Tolmach, William H. Walker, Robert J. Floody
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1945)

Many published studies indicate by indirect measurement that fluid is retained during the course of pneumonia.In 1869, the weight and fluid balance of febrile patients, including a num- ber suffering from pneumonia, were studied (1), and it was concluded that water was retained during the course of this disease.Similar con- clusions were reached from studies of weight and serum protein concentration (2), weight alone (3 to 5), elasticity of tissue ( 6), and decrease in freezing point depression of serum (7).Some authors (8) studied the blood volume, by the method of Keith, Rowntree, and Geraghty (9), in 14 children suffering from "primary pneu- monia" and calculated that the blood volume was increased as compared to normal standards for children of the same weight.In contrast, others (10) reported that the plasma volume as measured by the Congo red method was within normal limits in 65 patients with primary pneu- monia.No control measurements were made in either study following recovery from the disease.In a review of the literature, no studies on extracellular fluid volume in pneumonia were found.The present study was made on adult patients suffering from pneumococcus lobar pneumonia or bronchopneumonia.Plasma volume meas- urements were made on 52 patients of whom 46 recovered (Table I) and 6 died (Table VII).Measurements of the size of the "extravascular thiocyanate space" were made on 26 of the 46 recovered patients and on 5 of the fatal cases.All patients had definite symptoms and signs of pneumonia.The presence of pneumonia was confirmed by at least one x-ray photograph of the chest or by autopsy.The sputum and blood of every patient was examined bacteriologically.
Obstetricians must ask about domestic violence
Authors: K. Abbasi
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Women are at increased risk of domestic violence during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Domestic violence results in increased rates of miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, chorioamnionitis, fetal injury, and fetal death. The UK Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has recommended that domestic violence education should be an integral part of medical training. Its report, "Violence Against Women," urges obstetricians to conduct at least one interview with pregnant women that is not attended by the partner or family members in order to facilitate the disclosure of sensitive information. If violence is detected and the woman's health and safety are at risk, rules of confidentiality no longer apply.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of bile duct stones: a single institution experience.
Authors: E Lindstrom, K Borch, E P Kullman, H G Tiselius, I Ihse
Journal: Gut (1992)

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy treatment with Dornier HM3 or MPL 9000 machines was applied in 37 patients with problematic bile duct stones. General anaesthesia was not required. After one extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy session 14/37 patients (38%) were spontaneously stone free, and additional endoscopic extraction (eight of 37) and retreatments with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (seven cases) increased the stone free rate to 29/37 (78%). In three patients with intrahepatic stones, the bile ducts could not be evaluated decisively at cholangiography and ultrasonography, but they were all symptom free at 15 to 38 months follow up. If these three patients are added to the radiologically stone free patients, the overall clinical success rate was 32/37 (86%). There were no serious complications, hospital admissions, or 30 day mortality as a result of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or endoscopic procedures. It is concluded that extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a valuable adjunct to the non-surgical treatment of bile duct stones.
The effect of combination treatment with aliskiren and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system on hyperkalaemia and acute kidney injury: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Z. Harel, C. Gilbert, R. Wald, C. Bell, J. Perl, D. Juurlink, J. Beyene, P. S. Shah
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Objective</b> To examine the safety of using aliskiren combined with agents used to block the renin-angiotensin system. <b>Design</b> Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. <b>Data sources</b> Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and two trial registries, published up to 7 May 2011. <b>Study selection</b> Published and unpublished randomised controlled trials that compared combined treatment using aliskiren and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers with monotherapy using these agents for at least four weeks and that provided numerical data on the adverse event outcomes of hyperkalaemia and acute kidney injury. A random effects model was used to calculate pooled risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for these outcomes. <b>Results</b> 10 randomised controlled studies (4814 participants) were included in the analysis. Combination therapy with aliskiren and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers significantly increased the risk of hyperkalaemia compared with monotherapy using angiotensin converting enzymes or angiotensin receptor blockers (relative risk 1.58, 95% confidence interval 1.24 to 2.02) or aliskiren alone (1.67, 1.01 to 2.79). The risk of acute kidney injury did not differ significantly between the combined therapy and monotherapy groups (1.14, 0.68 to 1.89). <b>Conclusion</b> Use of aliskerin in combination with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers is associated with an increased risk for hyperkalaemia. The combined use of these agents warrants careful monitoring of serum potassium levels.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors increase p21<sup>WAF1</sup> and induce apoptosis of human myeloma cell lines independent of decreased IL‐6 receptor expression
Authors: Donald Lavelle, Yi‐Hsiang Chen, Maria Hankewych, Joseph DeSimone
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

Abstract Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors cause growth arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells by both p21‐dependent and independent mechanisms. Decreased expression of growth factor receptors may be a key factor in the p21‐independent mechanism, although this has not been directly tested. We have tested the effects of sodium butyrate and trichostatin A on human myeloma cell lines and have observed G1 arrest and apoptosis associated with increased expression of p21 WAF1 , Bax, Rb dephosphorylation, and decreased IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) expression. Experiments to determine the role of disruption of IL‐6 signaling as a result of decreased IL‐6 receptor expression in mediating these effects were conducted using a stable transfectant of the OPM‐2 line which constitutively expressed the IL‐6 receptor. Our results indicated that decreased IL‐6R expression was not required for induction of p21 WAF1 or apoptosis. Thus, HDAC inhibitors appear to activate multiple cellular pathways, leading to growth arrest and apoptosis, and their use in the treatment of myeloma, particularly in combination with other agents, warrants further investigation. Am. J. Hematol. 68:170–178, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early-Life Psychological Stress Exacerbates Adult Mouse Asthma via the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
Authors: Yoichi Chida, Nobuyuki Sudo, Junko Sonoda, Tetsuya Hiramoto, Chiharu Kubo
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Despite accumulating evidence that psychological stress has a short-lasting detrimental effect on asthma, little is known about the way stress in childhood predisposes to adult asthma.Using a communication box, we investigated the long-lasting effect of early psychological and physical stress on adult asthma in mice.Male BALB/c mice were exposed to either psychological stress or physical stress three times (every other day) during their fourth week of life. The mice were sensitized to ovalbumin at 8 and 10 weeks, and an ovalbumin airway challenge was conducted at the age of 11 weeks.Twenty-four hours after ovalbumin challenge, both psychological and physical stress-exposed mice exhibited a significant acceleration in the number of total mononuclear cells and eosinophils and airway hyperresponsiveness compared with control mice. No differences in serum anti-OVA-specific immunoglobulin E levels were found between stress-exposed and control animals after antigen sensitization. In the psychological stress group, but not in the physical stress group, an elevation of the serum corticosterone levels during ovalbumin challenge was significantly attenuated in comparison with the control group. Moreover, pretreatment with RU-486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, before ovalbumin challenge completely inhibited a psychological stress-induced exacerbation of asthma. However, pretreatment with GR-82334, a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, failed to affect physical stress-induced augmentation of airway inflammation.Early psychological and physical stresses aggravated adult asthma via hyporesponsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during antigen challenge and via a pathway(s) distinct from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or neurokinin-1 receptors.
Growth factor second messenger systems: Oncogenes and the heterotrimeric GTP‐;binding protein connection
Authors: Michael F. Crouch, Ian A. Hendry
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (1993)

We feel that there is now compelling evidence that the GTP-binding proteins play more than just a coordinating role in the actions of both tyrosine kinase and nontyrosine kinase receptor signal transduction. These similarities appear to represent just a small component of the convergence in the signaling pathways for structurally dissimilar receptor subsets. Future years will see further understanding of the intricacies of these G-protein-proto-oncogene interactions, and the extension into the potential role in growth factor action played by the expanding number of known members of this G-protein family.
Erythrasma—Common Bacterial Infection of the Skin
Authors: Imrich Sarkany
Journal: JAMA (1961)

SINCE its first description by Burchardt in 1859,<sup>1</sup>erythrasma has been grouped among the diseases due to fungus. We have recently succeeded in culturing repeatedly a gram-positive bacillus from the scales of erythrasma,<sup>2</sup>and we have shown that the disease responds to treatment with certain systemically administered antibacterial antibiotics. As a result of these and other findings, this condition should now be considered of bacterial origin. <h3>Clinical Forms and Incidence</h3> The classical genitocrural form of erythrasma is seen more often in men than women and is characterized by dry, irregularly shaped, well-defined, reddish to brownish, finely scaling, and slightly wrinkled patches on the inner thighs below the crural fold. The left side is generally more markedly involved because of contact with the scrotum, which is usually affected by the disease process. In addition to the genitocrural regions, the pubis and axillae, the intergluteal clefts, and submammary regions
Ratio of 17HSD1 to 17HSD2 Protein Expression Predicts the Outcome of Tamoxifen Treatment in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Agneta Jansson, Lovisa Delander, Cecilia Gunnarsson, Tommy Fornander, Lambert Skoog, Bo Nordenskjöld, Olle Stål
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Estrogens have great significance in the development of breast cancer. After menopause, most estrogen biosynthesis is done in peripheral tissue, and the main enzymes involved in balancing the amount of estrone against estradiol are 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic and tamoxifen predictive values of 17HSD1 and 17HSD2 expression.Tumors from low-risk breast cancer patients randomized to adjuvant tamoxifen therapy or no adjuvant treatment were analyzed with immunohistochemistry to investigate protein expression of 17HSD1 and 17HSD2 in 912 cases. All patients had lymph node-negative breast cancer and were postmenopausal at the time of diagnosis.Low 17HSD1 expression was associated with significant benefit from tamoxifen treatment among patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors (P < 0.001). For patients with a 17HSD1 score not exceeding that of 17HSD2, tamoxifen increased the rate of distant recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.60) and breast cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio, 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.54), whereas no apparent effect was observed when the 17HSD1 score was higher than that of 17HSD2. The interaction was significant for both distant recurrence-free survival (P = 0.036) and breast cancer-specific survival (P = 0.014). In the cohort of systemically untreated patients, no prognostic importance was observed.This is the first report that clearly distinguishes between the prognostic and predictive importance of 17HSD1 and 17HSD2 in ER-positive breast cancer treated with or without tamoxifen. Our data suggest that the 17HSD1/17HSD2 ratio might be useful as a predictive factor for tamoxifen treatment in ER-positive breast cancer patients.
Controlled release from poly(phosphoester) matrices
Authors: B.I. Dahiyat, M. Richards, K.W. Leong
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (1995)

A class of biodegradable polymers, poly (phosphoesters), was studied for its potential as a matrix for controlled drug delivery. The degradability of the phosphorus ester linkage and the versatility of phosphorus-containing polymers make poly (phosphoesters) attractive candidates for development as a degradable biomaterial. The release of various drugs in vitro from a series of bisphenol-A based poly (phosphoesters) was examined. Sustained release for up to several months was achieved for cortisone acetate and model drugp-nitroaniline. The mechanism of release was found to be a combination of diffusion, swelling and degradation. The structure of the sidechain influenced the release behavior in all instances.
Systolic Expansion of the Left Auricle in Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Milton Elkin, Merrill C. Sosman, Dwight E. Harken, Lewis Dexter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

CLINICALLY significant mitral stenosis is now a surgical disease; mitral regurgitation is entering a similar phase. The qualitative and quantitative appraisal of the morphologic pathology of the mitral valve, therefore, assumes new importance. Although the diagnosis of stenosis of the mitral valve is made quite readily in most cases on the basis of the characteristic murmur, with confirmatory evidence in the doubtful cases by roentgenologic studies (prominent left auricle and calcified mitral valve), the criteria for establishing a diagnosis of mitral regurgitation are not so certain. In the less common cases of pure mitral insufficiency an enlarged left auricle as . . .
Monoclonal TCR-Vβ13.1+/CD4+/NKa+/CD8−/+dim T-LGL lymphocytosis: evidence for an antigen-driven chronic T-cell stimulation origin
Authors: Pilar Garrido, Francisco Ruiz-Cabello, Paloma Bárcena, Yorick Sandberg, Julia Cantón, Margarida Lima, Ana Balanzategui, Marcos González, Miguel Angel López-Nevot, Anton W. Langerak, Andrés C. García-Montero, Julia Almeida, Alberto Orfao
Journal: Blood (2007)
574 NON-B PATIENTS WITH POSITIVE ANTI-HBV ANTIBODY DEVELOP RECURRENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA EARLIER THAN NON-B PATIENTS WITH NEGATIVE ANTIBODY AFTER CURATIVE RESECTION
Authors: Y. Sakuraoka, T. Sawada, K. Rokkaku, M. Katoh, J. Kita, M. Shimoda, K. Kubota
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)