tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain
Authors: Robert C. Bolles, Michael S. Fanselow
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1980)

Abstract A model of fear and pain is presented in which the two are assumed to activate totally different classes of behavior. Fear, produced by stimuli that are associated with painful events, results in defensive behavior and the inhibition of pain and pain-related behaviors. On the other hand, pain, produced by injurious stimulation, motivates recuperative behaviors that promote healing. In this model injurious stimulation, on the one hand, and the expectation of injurious stimulation, on the other hand, activate entirely different motivational systems which serve entirely different functions. The fear motivation system activates defensive behavior, such as freezing and flight from a frightening situation, and its function is to defend the animal against natural dangers, such as predation. A further effect of fear motivation is to organize the perception of environmental events so as to facilitate the perception of danger and safety. The pain motivation system activates recuperative behaviors, including resting and body-care responses, and its function is to promote the animal's recovery from injury. Pain motivation also selectively facilitates the perception of nociceptive stimulation. Since the two kinds of motivation serve different and competitive functions, it might be expected that they would interact through some kind of mutual inhibition. Recent research is described which indicates that this is the case. The most important connection is the inhibition of pain by fear; fear has the top priority. This inhibition appears to be mediated by an endogenous analgesic mechanism involving the endorphins. The model assumes that fear triggers the endorphin mechanism, thereby inhibiting pain motivation and recuperative behaviors that might compete with effective defensive behavior.
Global Estimates of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations from Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Depth: Development and Application
Authors: Aaron van Donkelaar, Randall V. Martin, Michael Brauer, Ralph Kahn, Robert Levy, Carolyn Verduzco, Paul J. Villeneuve
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Epidemiologic and health impact studies of fine particulate matter with diameter < 2.5 microm (PM2.5) are limited by the lack of monitoring data, especially in developing countries. Satellite observations offer valuable global information about PM2.5 concentrations.In this study, we developed a technique for estimating surface PM2.5 concentrations from satellite observations.We mapped global ground-level PM2.5 concentrations using total column aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and MISR (Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite instruments and coincident aerosol vertical profiles from the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model.We determined that global estimates of long-term average (1 January 2001 to 31 December 2006) PM2.5 concentrations at approximately 10 km x 10 km resolution indicate a global population-weighted geometric mean PM2.5 concentration of 20 microg/m3. The World Health Organization Air Quality PM2.5 Interim Target-1 (35 microg/m3 annual average) is exceeded over central and eastern Asia for 38% and for 50% of the population, respectively. Annual mean PM2.5 concentrations exceed 80 microg/m3 over eastern China. Our evaluation of the satellite-derived estimate with ground-based in situ measurements indicates significant spatial agreement with North American measurements (r = 0.77; slope = 1.07; n = 1057) and with noncoincident measurements elsewhere (r = 0.83; slope = 0.86; n = 244). The 1 SD of uncertainty in the satellite-derived PM2.5 is 25%, which is inferred from the AOD retrieval and from aerosol vertical profile errors and sampling. The global population-weighted mean uncertainty is 6.7 microg/m3.Satellite-derived total-column AOD, when combined with a chemical transport model, provides estimates of global long-term average PM2.5 concentrations.
Hospital Jargon: Embarrassing Ambiguities
Authors: Alvan G. Foraker
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Juanita, a charming, intelligent, young Latin lady who wore big gold earrings, was the first foreign resident in a large American hospital in 1950. Her knowledge of English became adequate, but abbreviations such as p.i.d., s.o.b., p.t.a., hx, bx, dx, etc continued to baffle her. Particularly difficult were abbreviations with two meanings. CVA might mean "costovertebral angle" or "cerebrovascular accident," but the one that really floored her was HVD. With some difficulty we explained to her that when HVD appeared in a medical record, it meant "hypertensive vascular disease," but when it occurred in a gynecologic record, it meant "hot vinegar douche."
IUD-Related Hospitalization and Mortality
Authors: Jack Lippes
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It was with much interest that I read the two articles by Kahn and Tyler (234:53-57, 1975) discussing IUD-related hospitalization and mortality. It seems to me in the reports of IUD-associated mortality that cases 1 and 2 resulted from unnecessary surgery rather than from the use of IUDs. To my continued amazement, after all these years surgeons are still intent on removing ectopically located, linear-shaped, asymptomatic IUDs, when they should be left alone. If an IUD contains copper and is found in the peritoneal cavity, it must be removed because copper attracts omental masses. If an IUD is of a closed configuration, such as a ring, it must be removed because intestinal obstruction has been reported where a section of bowel becomes incarcerated in the closed area of the IUD. To my knowledge, these complications have never been reported with linear-shaped IUDs of inert plastic. These would
Regulation of Potassium Channels by Nonsedating Antihistamines
Authors: Charles I. Berul, Martin Morad
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Terfenadine and astemizole are widely prescribed nonsedating antihistamines that have been associated with QT-interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Since potassium channels are intrinsically involved in repolarization, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of the nonsedating antihistamines on potassium channel modulation. Methods and Results The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to study K + currents in enzymatically isolated rat and guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Three distinct K + channels were examined: the inward rectifier (I K1 ), the delayed rectifier (I K ), and the transient outward (I to ) currents. The dialyzing pipette solution was buffered with EGTA, and ionic channels other than potassium were pharmacologically inhibited or electrically inactivated. Both astemizole and terfenadine suppressed the I K1 channel by 17% to 50% in a voltage-dependent manner in rat and guinea pig myocytes. I to was evaluated in rat ventricular myocytes. Both drugs also inhibited the maintained component of I to to a lesser extent, by 23%, in a dose-dependent, reversible manner. I K was examined mainly in guinea pig myocytes. Terfenadine but not astemizole slightly inhibited I K , by 9%, and only at higher drug concentrations. The medications had dose-dependent inhibitory actions, with specific K + channel suppression evident only beginning at concentrations &gt;0.1 μmol/L. Conclusions These findings suggest that the mechanism of action of the rare proarrhythmic effects of the nonsedating antihistamines appears to be secondary to potassium channel blockade. A significant voltage-dependent blockade of the I K1 channel was demonstrated, as well as additional inhibitory effects on I to and I K channels. These actions lead to delayed repolarization, QT interval prolongation, and enhanced susceptibility to the development of premature ventricular depolarizations. Caution is advised in the prescription of nonsedating antihistamines, particularly in patients at risk of elevated serum levels of the antihistamine or patients with existing repolarization abnormalities.
Inflammation as a Possible Link Between Coronary and Carotid Plaque Instability
Authors: Antonella Lombardo, Luigi Marzio Biasucci, Gaetano Antonio Lanza, Stefano Coli, Pasquale Silvestri, Domenico Cianflone, Giovanna Liuzzo, Francesco Burzotta, Filippo Crea, Attilio Maseri
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Multiple complex stenoses, plaque fissures, and widespread coronary inflammation are common in acute coronary syndromes. A systemic cause of atherosclerotic plaque instability is also suggested by studies of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. We investigated the association between coronary and carotid plaque instability and the potential common causal role of inflammation.The ultrasound characteristics of carotid plaques were evaluated retrospectively in patients scheduled for coronary bypass surgery, 181 with unstable and 92 with stable angina, and prospectively in a similar group of patients, 67 with unstable and 25 with stable angina, in whom serum C-reactive protein levels were also measured. The prevalence of carotid plaques was similar in the retrospective and prospective studies and >64% in both unstable and stable coronary patients. The prevalence of complex, presumably unstable carotid plaques was 23.2% in unstable versus 3.2% in stable patients (P<0.001) in the retrospective study and 41.8% versus 8.0% (P=0.002) in the prospective study. C-reactive protein levels were higher in patients with complex (7.55 mg/L) than in those with simple (3.94 mg/L; P<0.05) plaques or without plaques (2.45 mg/L; P<0.05). On multivariate analysis, unstable angina and C-reactive protein levels >3 mg/L were independently associated with complex carotid plaques (OR, 6.09; 95% CI, 1.01 to 33.72; P=0.039, and OR, 5.80; 95% CI, 1.55 to 21.69; P=0.009, respectively).In unstable angina, plaque instability may not be confined to coronary arteries, and inflammation may be the common link with carotid plaque instability. These observations may have relevant implications for understanding the mechanisms of acute widespread atherothrombotic plaque inflammation.
Cost-effectiveness of Mammography Screening
Authors: Su Voi Lo
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Drs Lindfors and Rosenquist<sup>1</sup>present the results of an interesting intellectual exercise in their article on the cost-effectiveness of mammographic screening. We concede that such an exercise may have value in informing policy decisions given current imperfect knowledge. However, the usefulness of their model is severely restricted by the lack of consideration given to the undoubted disutility of screening. This is particularly relevant when annual screens and screening in younger women are being advocated because screening this population increases the number of false positives. This issue cannot be avoided by suggesting that this model is designed to evaluate cost-effectiveness and not cost utility, for in an example such as breast cancer cost-effectiveness, analysis takes into account all of the potential advantages of screening without any of the disadvantages—principally the anxiety, fear, and discomfort associated with the screening process itself and the consequent diagnostic doubts and delay.
Osteophyte-lnduced Dysphagia
Authors: Daniel S. Prince
Journal: JAMA (1975)

DYSPHAGIA produced by direct pressure of cervical osteophytes is not a widely known phenomenon.<sup>1,2</sup>It reportedly occurs in cervical osteoarthritis, but it is not clearly established as a complication in ankylosing hyperostosis, an unusual osteophyte-producing disorder.<sup>3</sup>The following case report is an example of this event. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 57-year-old man gave an eight-month history of dysphagia, hoarseness, and postprandial coughing spells. His general health was good, and his only medication had been low-dose thioridazine hydrochloride for chronic schizophrenia, in remission. He had no other gastrointestinal problems. Physical examination was completely normal except for a mild reduction in rotational and flexion-extension movements of the neck. There were no noticeable musculoskeletal complaints. Results of a complete blood cell count, urinalysis, serologic test for syphilis, 12-factor automated blood chemistry analysis, and determinations of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor, and antinuclear antibody were all normal. A roentgenogram with a
Profession of Conscience: The Making and Meaning of Life-Sciences Liberalism
Authors: Christopher D. Horvath
Journal: JAMA (1995)

The idea that science is a social process carried out within a network of historical, political, and ethical considerations has become well accepted among modern students of science. Sprinkle, with his training as both a physician and a public policy specialist, provides us with a remarkably accessible and complete analysis of the path that the life sciences (eg, biology, ecology, and medicine) have attempted to navigate through these cultural and political currents. The goal, according to Sprinkle, is the development of an ethics designed specifically by and for those who study life and who develop the biotechnological, medical, or environmental applications of such basic biological research.  The liberal ethics that Sprinkle attempts to find within the political-ethical traditions of the life sciences and to formalize in his book is both individual regarding and rights based. This use of the word liberal may strike many modern nonphilosophers as strange. Nonetheless, it
Religion and psychiatry: from conflict to consensus
Authors: Marilyn Baetz
Journal: World Psychiatry (2013)

Pargament and Lomax present religion as a “double-edged sword”, serving both as a resource and a challenge to psychiatry. This analogy may be useful in guiding further research and moving to a position of consensus a field that has been sometimes conflict-laden. Not only psychiatry has had difficulty with religion, but also religion — with its focus on mind, body and spirit — has had difficulty with psychiatry. Optimal restoration of mental health in a patient requires an ability by the psychiatrist to assemble evidence for treatment at levels ranging from cells to communities. This evidence is best informed by credible research. Religion is unique in that it provides a link to the past and to the future. In a society where governments focus on short-term expediency, many things are thrown away, families are volatile, institutions are unstable, and cultures are less “pure” because of migration, religion clearly provides a longitudinal perspective. To understand psychiatric disorders, a longitudinal perspective, including consideration of religion and spirituality, is also needed. In those individuals where religion and mental health problems intertwine, the better the understanding psychiatrists have of potentials and pitfalls around their patients’ religious or spiritual beliefs (or loss of them), the more able they will be to help restore balanced mental health. The author would like to thank Drs. R.C. Bowen and L. Balbuena for editorial assistance.
Pancreatic calcification: A report of 45 cases
Authors: E. O. Olurin, O. Olurin
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Forty-five cases of pancreatic calcification are reported, and it is shown that in Western Nigeria this malady afflicts younger people than in Europe and the United States of America. Males and females seem about equally affected in Western Nigeria, whereas it predominantly affects males in France, Britain, and North America. Diabetes mellitus was the commonest complication in this series, and brought many patients to the doctor. In this series chronic relapsing pancreatitis was a rare cause; there was no history of alcoholism; and protein malnutrition was thought to be responsible for pancreatic calcification in over 90% of the patients.
The volume‐sensitive chloride channel inhibitors prevent both contractile dysfunction and apoptosis induced by doxorubicin through PI<sub>3</sub>kinase, Akt and Erk 1/2
Authors: Alexandra d'Anglemont de Tassigny, Alain Berdeaux, Rachid Souktani, Patrick Henry, Bijan Ghaleh
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2008)
In vitro induction of T-lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity by infectious murine type C oncornaviruses.
Authors: T Taniyama, H T Holden
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

We have developed a system to induce oncornavirus-specific secondary cytotoxic response in vitro. When Moloney strain of murine sarcoma virus-immune spleen cells were cultivated with purified infectious Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) or with supernates of tissue culture cells containing infectious virus, a virus-specific secondary cytotoxic response directed against type-specific determinant(s) of M-MuLV was generated in vitro, as determined by a 4-h 51Cr-release assay. The effector cells were susceptible to the treatment with anti-Thyl.2 plus complement, but were unrelated to natural killer cells (NK), because they could not lyse some target cells specific for M-MuLV in both the induction phase and the interaction between effector cells and target cells. Furthermore, a product of the env gene of M-MuLV, perhaps gp70, appeared to be responsible for this response, because viruses with recombinations in the env gene between ecotropic M-MuLV and a xenotropic virus failed to induce a response. When infectious M-MuLV was exposed to UV-light at different doses, the ability of UV-treated M-MuLV to induce a secondary cytotoxic response decreased in parallel with infectivity, indicating that infectivity was necessary for the induction of this response.
Data collection helps to close gap in treatment of lung cancer patients
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The proportion of patients with lung cancer in the United Kingdom who receive surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy is improving each year, shows the national lung cancer audit.

The latest figures, for 2010, show that the gap between the UK and other countries in western Europe, which have historically been rated as having higher quality care, is closing.

The audit was commissioned by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership and carried out by the NHS Information Centre together with the Royal College of Physicians. Every trust or health board in the UK participated, and the audit captured almost 100% of the 38 057 UK cases presenting to secondary care.

Mick Peake, a consultant in respiratory medicine and the audit’s clinical lead, told the BMJ : “We have seen year on year improvement. In 2005 around 45% of patients in England and …
The prognosis of systemic sclerosis
Authors: N.R. ROWELL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

Eighty-four patients with systemic sclerosis have been investigated and observed at intervals for up to 15 years. The prognosis is worse in males than in females although in any individual case the clinical course is unpredictable. Those patients with the combination of calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia have the same degree of systemic involvement and the same prognosis as other patients with systemic sclerosis, and the term 'CRST syndrome' should be abandoned.
Heart attack care is improving in England and Wales
Authors: Yasmina Dadi
Journal: BMJ (2005)

More patients than ever before in England and Wales who have had a heart attack are getting prompt thrombolytic treatment. This is one of the main findings in the fourth annual report of the myocardial infarction national audit project.

Between April 2004 and March 2005 in England 86% of eligible patients received thrombolytic treatment within the target time of 30 minutes of arriving at a hospital. This compares with 81% in 2003-4 and 44% during early 2001.

The report, which is compiled by the Royal College of Physicians' Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit, includes data from all hospitals in …
Trade talks won't affect health policy, say EU officials
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2013)

European Union negotiators have confirmed that public health issues were not discussed in the first round of talks to create a wide ranging trade and investment partnership with the United States.

At a private meeting in Brussels on 16 July, European Commission officials briefed non-governmental organisations and civil society representatives on the outcome of the opening negotiations held in Washington, DC, on 8 July.

They not only pointed out that the public health sector wasn’t discussed but also said that they did not expect it to feature in the lengthy negotiations that the EU and the US would like to conclude by October 2014.

Confirmation that the public health sector was unlikely to be …
The Mammary Souffle of Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: BERNARD TABATZNIK, THOMAS W. RANDALL, COLIN HERSCH
Journal: Circulation (1960)

Two hundred and fifty-seven consecutive South African Bantu women were examined during pregnancy and the puerperium in order to determine the incidence of the mammary souffle. It was found in 15.3 per cent of women examined in the postpartum period, 13.3 per cent in the third trimester of pregnancy, 17.9 per cent in the second trimester, and in none before the twelfth week of pregnancy. The phonocardiographic features of the murmur are illustrated and evidence is presented to indicate that the murmur is arterial in origin. It is suggested that the murmur may arise at the site of anastomosis between branches of the aortic intercostal arteries and branches of the internal mammary artery.
CLINICAL EFFICACY OF 99mTc LABELED Fab1 FRAGMENT OF THE ANTICEA ANTIBODY IN PATIENTS WITH COLON CARCINOMA AND A RISING SERUM CEA
Authors: D. A. Podoloff, Y. Z. Patt, E. E. Kim, T. P. Haynie, V. A Bhadkamkar, R. smith, S. Curley
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

S: APRIL 9–12, 1992 San Antonio Convention Center & Hyatt Regency Hotel SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS Southwestern Chapter Society of Nuclear Medicine SPECT/PET Nuclear Cardiology Symposium and 37th Annual Meeting: PDF Only
Ischaemic colitis and immune complexes during gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: A Wright, G F Benfield, D Felix-Davies
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1984)

A 35-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis developed an ischaemic colitis and circulating immune complexes following her fourth injection of sodium aurothiomalate. The immune-complex titres fell rapidly after resolution of the colitis, and a possible association of these immune complexes and the bowel pathology is suggested.
Life Expectancy in Medical Men.
Authors: W. G. Safford
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Burlington, N. C., April 11, 1901. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Having seen it stated that medical men are shorter lived than those of other professions and trades, I have collected from the obituary notices inThe Journalin succession as the deaths occur, the ages of 510 physicians, in the United States, Canada, and Europe. These statistics include deaths from accident and suicide, as well as those from disease. I find the average age to be 58 years and 9 months, not such a bad showing for the longevity of the physician after all, especially as the cases from accident and suicide, as well as casualties in the army service, are included. Yours truly,