tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Interaction of human gallbladder mucin with calcium hydroxyapatite: Binding studies and the effect on hydroxyapatite formation*1
Authors: S QIU
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Calcium hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals formed in vitro in the presence of polymeric human gallbladder mucin (1.0 mg/mL) were smaller (0.75 ± 0.39 μm) than control crystals (7.86 ± 2.76 μm), but the mucin did not affect the kinetics of crystal formation or alter the amount of mineral phase present at equilibrium. In contrast, glycopeptide subunits produced by proteolysis of the native mucin had no effect on HAP crystal size. Both native mucin and glycopeptides bound to mature HAP crystals, but the glycopeptides were much more readily displaced by phosphate ions. Therefore, in experiments where HAP was being formed, the phosphate ions inhibited the interaction of glycopeptides with the nascent HAP. These results indicate that gallbladder mucin may modulate HAP formation in vivo, and that this ability may be altered during pathological states, such as neutrophil infiltration or bacterial colonization, that may cause the release of proteinases capable of digesting mucin.
Reply to P. Mohr et al
Authors: Dimitrios Pectasides, Urania Dafni, Helen Gogas
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

In the letter by Mohr et al, 1 it is proposed that a crucial aspect not addressed by our study 2 relates to patients' quality of life during long-term treatment with high-dose interferon alfa-2b (IFN-␣-2b).A quality-of-life questionnaire was not completed by patients who participated in our study, but toxicity was recorded and graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria.This was decided in 1997 by the protocol team, and patients presenting with psychiatric disorders were assessed by psychiatrists.Rates of psychiatric disorders of any grade were higher in arm B (receiving 1 month of high-dose IFN-␣-2b intravenously followed by 48 weeks of maintenance therapy with 15 ϫ 10 6 U/m 2 of IFN-␣-2b subcutaneously three times per week), but a majority of adverse events were of grades 1 to 2 in severity.Psychiatric disorders involved depressive episodes, mood instability, mania, and irritability.We agree that depression seems to have a low impact on IFN-␣-2b tolerability, which is in accordance with the presentation 3 on the German Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group trial at the 2007 ASCO Annual Meeting and the article by Bannink et al. 4 However, as the mechanisms underlying fatigue, depression and cognitive slowing associated with IFN-␣ therapy seem to be largely mediated by the direct and indirect effects of IFN-␣ on the hypothalamus. 5Because the different criteria and methods used by researchers make the actual incidence of depression difficult to ascertain, the final results of the German Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group trial are awaited with interest.
Effect of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Its Regression on Ventricular Electrophysiology and Vulnerability to Inducible Arrhythmia in the Feline Heart
Authors: Seth J. Rials, Ying Wu, Nancy Ford, Ferrel J. Pauletto, Sandra V. Abramson, Andrew M. Rubin, Roger A. Marinchak, Peter R. Kowey
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with an increased risk of death, susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia, and multiple electrophysiological abnormalities. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the susceptibility to arrhythmia and electrical abnormalities persists after regression of hypertrophy in an animal model of LVH. Methods and Results We placed constricting bands on the ascending aorta of cats (n=9) or performed sham operations (n=9). Serial cardiac echocardiography was performed to measure left ventricular wall thickness. After LVH had developed in the banded animals, the constricting bands were removed and serial echocardiograms were used to monitor for regression of hypertrophy. Electrophysiological studies were performed in cats that showed regression of LVH (Regress, n=5), those that showed no change in LV wall thickness (No Regress, n=4), and in the sham-operated animals (Sham). Cats with persistent LVH had a higher incidence of inducible polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (4 of 4) compared with Regress (1 of 5) or Sham (1 of 9) cats ( P &lt;.05) and had lower ventricular fibrillation thresholds (9±2 mA) than Regress (17±4 mA) or Sham (16±3 mA) cats ( P &lt;.05). Persistent LVH in the No Regress group was associated with prolongation of epicardial monophasic action potential duration (MAPD) in the left but not the right ventricle. Dispersion of refractoriness was greater in the No Regress group ( P &lt;.05 versus Regress or Sham). Regress cats were identical to Sham cats in having a low incidence of inducible polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia, high fibrillation threshold, and MAPD measurements ( P =NS versus Sham). Conclusions LVH produces multiple electrophysiological abnormalities and increased vulnerability to inducible polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia in this model of LVH. Cats that show regression of hypertrophy have normal ventricular electrophysiology and have the same low vulnerability to inducible ventricular arrhythmia as Sham animals.
Molecular mechanisms of hookworm disease: Stealth, virulence, and vaccines
Authors: Mark S. Pearson, Leon Tribolet, Cinzia Cantacessi, Maria Victoria Periago, Maria Adela Valerio, Amar R. Jariwala, Peter Hotez, David Diemert, Alex Loukas, Jeffrey Bethony
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Methylmercury Exposure and Incident Diabetes in U.S. Men and Women in Two Prospective Cohorts
Authors: Dariush Mozaffarian, Peilin Shi, J. Steven Morris, Philippe Grandjean, David S. Siscovick, Donna Spiegelman, Frank B. Hu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

OBJECTIVE Emerging in vitro and animal evidence suggests that methylmercury could increase type 2 diabetes, but little evidence exists in humans. We aimed to prospectively determine associations of mercury exposure, as assessed by biomarker measurement, with incident diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used neutron activation analysis to measure toenail mercury, an objective biomarker of methylmercury exposure, in 9,267 adults free of diabetes at baseline in two separate U.S. prospective cohorts. Incident diabetes was identified from biennial questionnaires and confirmed by validated supplementary questionnaire using symptoms, diagnostic tests, and medical therapy. Associations of mercury exposure with incident diabetes were assessed using Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS During mean ± SD follow-up of 19.7 ± 7.0 years, 1,010 new cases of diabetes were diagnosed. The 95th percentile of toenail mercury was 1.32 μg/g in men and 0.76 μg/g in women, corresponding to exposures ∼3.5-fold and 2-fold higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose. In multivariable analyses, toenail mercury concentrations were not associated with higher incidence of diabetes in women, men, or both cohorts combined. Comparing the highest to lowest quintile of exposure, the hazard ratio (95% CI) for incident diabetes was 0.86 (0.66–1.11) in women, 0.69 (0.42–1.15) in men, and 0.77 (0.61–0.98) in the combined cohorts. Findings were similar when more extreme categories (deciles) of mercury were compared, and in analyses stratified by fish or omega-3 consumption, BMI, and age. CONCLUSIONS These findings from two separate large prospective cohorts do not support adverse effects of methylmercury on development of diabetes in men or women at usual levels of exposure seen in these populations.
Effect of Erythrocyte Destruction on Carbon Monoxide Production in Man*
Authors: R. F. Coburn, W. J. Williams, R. E. Forster
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1964)

Recent studies performed in our laboratory (1) have confirmed the finding of Sjdstrand (2, 3) that carbon monoxide is produced in normal man.In 10 normal subjects the average rate of production of carbon monoxide was found to be 0.42 (SE of mean + 0.02) ml per hour.The present study is an attempt to clarify the processes that result in the production of this gas in the body.A number of studies have been performed that suggest that CO may be an in vivo catabolic by- product of hemoglobin.Sj6strand and associates have demonstrated that the blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration [COHb] becomes elevated in man after intramuscular or intravenous injec- tion of blood or hemoglobin (3) and intravenous injection of damaged erythrocytes or nicotinic acid (4).Sj6strand (3) and later Engstedt ( 5) and Oski and Altman (6) noted that the blood [COHb] level is elevated in patients with hemoly- sis.Chemical studies by Sj6strand (7, 8) and Ludwig, Blakemore, and Drabkin (9) have dem- onstrated that treatment of hemoglobin (7, 8) and pyridine hemochromogen (9) with hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid results in CO forma- tion.In the latter study the bridge and adjacent carbon atoms of heme were labeled with C14, and the CO formed was found to be radioactive, indi- cating that CO probably arose from a methene bridge carbon atom.
THE VAGINAL ROUTE FOR OPERATIONS ON THE PELVIC VISCERA.
Authors: D. TOD GILLIAM
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Everything indicates that we are about to have an epidemic of transvaginal surgery. Salpingectomy, cholecystotomy, nephrectomy and operations for appendicitis have ceased to be novelties and have therefore to an extent lost their charm. Men are merely boys grown up and, like boys, are fond of exploit and adventure. This in the main results in good by advancing knowledge, developing manual dexterity and evolving new methods. The pity is that in the name and guise of science and the legitimate pursuit of this noblest art so much is done for self, to the detriment of the patient. The surgeon should never aspire to a record; the best interests of his patient, the advancement of his art and the greatest ultimate good to his race should be the aim and object of his life. To such an one, fame, honor and confidence of the profession and people will come in due
Outcomes and Optimal Antithrombotic Therapy in Women Undergoing Fibrinolysis for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Jessica L. Mega, David A. Morrow, Erika Östör, Maria Dorobantu, Jie Qin, Elliott M. Antman, Eugene Braunwald
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background— The manifestations, complications, and outcomes of cardiovascular disease differ between women and men. The safety and efficacy of pharmacological reperfusion therapy in women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction are of particular interest. Methods and Results— We investigated outcomes in the Enoxaparin and Thrombolysis Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (ExTRACT-TIMI) 25 study, which randomized ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients with planned fibrinolysis to enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin. Compared with men (n=15 696), women (n=4783) were older and more likely to have hypertension and diabetes ( P &lt;0.001). The unadjusted 30-day mortality rate for women was &gt;2-fold higher than for men (13.2% versus 5.4%; odds ratio, 2.66; 95% CI, 2.40 to 2.96). After adjustment for age, fibrinolytic therapy, revascularization, region, and elements of the TIMI Risk Score, women had a 1.25-fold-higher 30-day risk of death (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.46) but similar risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.26). The 30-day rate of death or nonfatal MI in women was reduced by enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in women (15.4% versus 18.3%; P =0.007). Major bleeding was more frequent in women receiving enoxaparin compared with those receiving unfractionated heparin (2.3% versus 1.4%; P =0.022) but similar among women and men receiving enoxaparin (2.3% versus 2.0%; P =0.39). The rates of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal major bleeding (net clinical benefit) were lower with enoxaparin (absolute risk reduction, 2.6% in women [ P =0.02] and 1.6% in men [ P =0.001]). Conclusions— In ExTRACT-TIMI 25, women presented with a profile of higher baseline risk and increased short-term mortality. In this large, contemporary clinical trial, women had similar relative and greater absolute risk reductions than men when treated with enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin as adjunctive therapy with fibrinolysis.
PWE-053 Cyclic vomiting syndrome in 28 patients: demographics, features and outcomes: Abstract PWE-053 Table 1
Authors: L Lee, L Abbott, J Burnett, S Anderson, S Moodie
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Cyclic Vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a condition characterised by recurrent, stereotyped attacks of intense nausea and intractable vomiting with no identifiable organic cause. The diagnosis of CVS has been helped by the Rome III diagnostic criteria, however, the condition is still a very heterogeneous group of symptoms and there have been very little studies analysing in detail patient-reported features. There is now some evidence for the role of tricyclic antidepressants in managing these patients, but as yet, there is no evidence on the long-term outcomes of patients treated conservatively. <h3>Methods</h3> This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients treated at two London teaching hospitals. Information was gathered by means of inpatient case notes, clinic letters and telephone interviews with standardised questions. <h3>Results</h3> 28 patients were identified, 17 with adult onset-CVS and 11 with childhood-onset CVS. Overall, 54.5% of patients noted that each attack occurred at the same time of day, usually between 4:00–6:00. In the adult-onset CVS cohort, the average age of onset was 30.9 years; the prevalence of headache was 57.1%. Vomiting attacks occurred on average 10 times a year with a mean duration of 55.3 h. In the childhood-onset CVS cohort, the average age of onset was 5.7 years and the prevalence of headaches was 44.4%. Vomiting attacks occurred on average 25.5 times a year with a mean duration of 54.5 h. During acute admissions patients rated morphine-based medications and ondansetron as most effective. Long-term, 65.4% of our patients were treated conservatively and of these 42.1% felt their symptoms had improved and a further 23.8% noted that their symptoms had resolved completely. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome is a debilitating illness with a high impact on patient9s quality of life. There is a high association with anxiety/depression as well as headaches. Morphine based medications are the most efficacious symptomatic acute treatment. Conservative management has a role to play in the long-term treatment of these patients. The prognosis of these patients is good with nearly 70% of patients having an improvement in their symptoms and nearly a quarter having resolution of the condition after 7 years. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Interleukin-17 Cytokines Are Critical in Development of Fatal Lupus Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Prapaporn Pisitkun, Hye-Lin Ha, Hongshan Wang, Estefania Claudio, Caitlyn C. Tivy, Hua Zhou, Tanya N. Mayadas, Gabor G. Illei, Ulrich Siebenlist
Journal: Immunity (2012)
CD33 Alzheimer's disease locus: altered monocyte function and amyloid biology
Authors: Elizabeth M Bradshaw, Lori B Chibnik, Brendan T Keenan, Linda Ottoboni, Towfique Raj, Anna Tang, Laura L Rosenkrantz, Selina Imboywa, Michelle Lee, Alina Von Korff, Martha C Morris, Denis A Evans, Keith Johnson, Reisa A Sperling, Julie A Schneider, David A Bennett, Philip L De Jager
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2013)
Role of Thromboxane and Prostacyclin in Pulmonary Vasomotor Changes after Endotoxin in Dogs
Authors: C. A. Hales, L. Sonne, M. Peterson, D. Kong, M. Miller, W. David Watkins
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Cyclooxygenase inhibitors prevent the pulmonary vasomotor changes in response to low-dose endotoxin. We, therefore, explored the role of two highly vasoactive prostanoids, thromboxane A2, a vasoconstrictor, and prostacyclin, a vasodilator, in the transient pulmonary vasoconstriction and subsequent loss of alveolar hypoxis vasoconstriction (AHPV) that follows endotoxin. AHPV was tested in the dog with a double-lumened endotracheal tube allowing ventilation of one lung with nitrogen as a hypoxic challenge while the other lung was ventilated with oxygen to maintain systemic oxygenation. Relative distribution of perfusion to the two lungs was assessed with intravenous 133Xe and external scintillation detectors. The stable metabolites of thromboxane and prostacyclin, i.e., thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α were measured in plasma with radioimmunoassay. 15 μg/kg i.v. of endotoxin induced no rise in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), but prevented AHPV so that the initial 33% (±2 SEM) decrease in perfusion to the hypoxic lung became only a 2% (±1) decrease. Circulating levels of thromboxane and prostacyclin concurrently rose (P < 0.01) from nondetectable levels to 380 pg/ml (±40) and 360 pg/ml (±130). 150 μg/kg of endotoxin induced a transient rise in PVR from 4.09 to 9.00 mm Hg/liter per min in association (r = 0.89, P < 0.01) with a sharp rise in thromboxane levels to 4,460 pg/ml (±1,350) whereas prostacyclin levels were elevated less markedly to 550 pg/ml (±400). Prostaglandin F2α, another vasoconstrictor, was not elevated. 30 min after endotoxin when PVR was again base line and AHPV lost, thromboxane fell significantly (P < 0.01) to 2,200 pg/ml (±1,100) whereas prostacyclin remained elevated at 360 pg/ml (±135), a level similar to that seen when 15 μg/kg of endotoxin induced loss of AHPV. Indomethacin prevented the rise in thromboxane and prostacyclin after endotoxin as well as the changes in pulmonary vasomotor tone. Thus, a complex interaction between thromboxane and prostacyclin is involved in the pulmonary vasomotor response to low-dose endotoxin.
Effects of prostaglandin E1 on microvascular haemodynamics in progressive systemic sclerosis.
Authors: M F Martin, J E Tooke
Journal: BMJ (1982)

The effects of prostaglandin E1 infusion on nailfold capillary haemodynamics were studied in eight patients with Raynaud9s phenomenon secondary to progressive systemic sclerosis. Using a modified Landis microinjection technique the mean (+/- SEM) transcapillary pressure gradient was increased during and six weeks after infusion by 13.9 +/- 3.2 cm H2O (p less than 0.05) and 5.5 +/- 2.5 cm H2O (p less than 0.05) respectively. Capillary red cell velocity measured in two patients by video television microscopy also increased during and after infusion with prostaglandin E1. Six patients claimed subjective benefit and in three their ulcers healed. These findings support the observed beneficial effect of prostaglandin E1 and suggest that it improves the nutritive capillary circulation by lowering precapillary resistance.
Measurement of Serum Enzyme Turnover Rates
Authors: David M. Dawson, Chester A. Alper, Joel Seidman, John Mendelsohn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

The half-lives of a number of serum enzymes were derived in a patient with acute muscle necrosis. A unit of plasma was withdrawn from the patient during the height of his illness and was infused back into his circulation when he had recovered. The disappearance rates of six commonly measured enzymes were calculated. The enzymes appeared to follow biphasic disappearance rates—a rapid early rate, probably due to dilution into extravascular compartments combined with urinary excretion of smaller enzymes, followed by a later, slow rate of disappearance that did not depend upon molecular weight. The patient appeared to be suffering from acute alcoholic myopathy as manifested by severe generalized weakness, muscle tenderness, and myoglobinuria. The laboratory diagnosis of myoglobinuria is discussed, and evidence is presented that in this case hemoglobin was also present in the urine. The case was unique in that the acute skeletal muscle necrosis was accompanied by an acute myocardial infarction.
Infectious arthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: L Mateo Soria, J Miquel Nolla Sole, A Rozadilla Sacanell, J Valverde Garcia, D Roig Escofet
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Eleven cases of infectious arthritis occurring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are reported. Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organism in eight patients. Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus agalactiae in one patient each, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in two patients. The mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 16 days in patients with pyogenic arthritis. The diagnosis of joint infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis was especially delayed (57 days). Four patients died; they were found to have a longer time to diagnosis and two of them had multiple joint infection. Although Staphylococcus aureus is the microorganism most often affecting patients with rheumatoid arthritis, infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis must also be considered in such patients.
BMA disputes government line that evidence for rolling out NHS 111 was robust
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The BMA’s General Practitioners Committee has rejected ministerial claims that the pilot study of the new 111 urgent care telephone hotline provided enough evidence to support the national rollout of the troubled service on 1 April.

The new non-emergency service has faced a litany of problems since its launch last month, with NHS England announcing an inquiry into the rollout after reports of inappropriate delays in treatment, slow response times to calls, and increased pressure on emergency departments.1 2

On 13 May the health minister Lord Howe acknowledged that the service had been unacceptable in some areas but insisted that the report into four 111 pilot areas by the University of Sheffield had provided sufficient evidence to proceed with the national rollout across England.3

But Peter Holden, lead negotiator on 111 for the General Practitioners Committee, said that the report, which found that the new service had “not delivered …