tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cutting Into Cholesterol
Authors: Bruce P. Kinosian
Journal: JAMA (1988)

We performed an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of treating individuals with significantly elevated levels of total serum cholesterol (&gt;6.85 mmol/L [&gt;265 mg/dL]), comparing treatment with three alternative agents: cholestyramine resin, colestipol, and oat bran (a soluble fiber). We simulated a program for lowering cholesterol levels that was similar to that of the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, and then used the outcomes of the trial to calculate the incremental cost per year of life saved (YOLS) from the perspective of society. Our findings suggest that the cost per YOLS ranges from $117 17 400 (cholestyramine resin packets) to $70 900 (colestipol packets) and $17 800 (oat bran). Using bulk drug reduces the cost per YOLS to $65 100 (cholestyramine resin) and $63 900 (colestipol). Targeting bulk colestipol treatment only to smokers has a cost per YOLS of $47 010; the incremental cost of treating nonsmokers would be $89 600 per additional YOLS. Although pharmacologic therapy has substantial costs, it may be more cost-effective when low-cost forms are applied to particular high-risk groups, such as smokers. However, a broad public health approach to lowered cholesterol levels by additional dietary modification, such as with soluble fiber, may be preferred to a medically oriented campaign that focuses on drug therapy. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;259:2249-2254)
Ensuring the robustness of targeted briefs.
Authors: B Ghodse, E Rang
Journal: BMJ (1993)

iF'AJj The NHS, like any other large organisation, has developed its own language, which may be difficult jll for outsiders and newcomers to understand.The t wb following interpretation of a selection of words and phrases from this jargon may be helpful.Achieving the spend: spending the year's budget in less than a year.Undesirable and can be prevented if Zlenge hospitals pace activity: go slow.
ELECTRIC SLEEP-PRODUCING DEVICES: AN EVALUATION USING EEG MONITORING
Authors: LAWRENCE W. WOODS, FRANCIS A. J. TYCE, REGINALD C. BICKFORD
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1965)

When tested on normal subjects and patients with various psychiatric disorders, the electric "sleep-inducing" devices have been found to be ineffective from a practical standpoint, although behavioral observations and EEG monitoring have indicated the onset of normal drowsiness and sleep patterns in some subjects and patients. No clinically evident EEGdisturbances of a pattern attributed to injury have resulted from the use of the devices. There is some question whether currents of the magnitude employed would penetrate the cranium in sufficient intensity to produce the complex changes theorized in the Russian literature.
DELINQUENCY AND THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH
Authors: WARREN T. BROWN, CHARLES I. SOLOMON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1942)

1. Twenty boys committed to a state training school for delinquents were studied by the electroencephalographic method. 2. Seventeen of these twenty have yielded abnormal records. 3. Of the seventeen abnormal records three suggested petit mal epilepsy, three showed irregularly abnormal patterns, and eleven showed a slow square-topped wave formation which we have called psychomotor-like. 4. Some favorable results have been achieved in the treatment of a few of these patients with dilantin.
A new role for the royal colleges?
Authors: Ian Gilmore
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The chief medical officer has given us 44 recommendations to ponder in his long awaited consultation document.1 If we were scoring him on 44 questions, he might attain an enviable mark of 95%—yet still have two or three wrong answers in the report. It would be a mistake for the medical profession to dwell on the recommendations we don't like while missing the good within it. Certainly the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) welcomes much of the report. It has consulted widely, and most of its members are not stuck on the question of “if” in relation to the revalidation of their competence to practice and have moved on to those of “how” and “when.”

But then, why did 750 doctors and patients sign a letter to the Times on 17 October, dismissing the report as an attempt to “deprofessionalise” doctors? Medical professionalism is a topic the RCP has looked at hard in the past year or so, in an attempt to update it in the context of changing values both in doctors and wider society. …
Real-Time Particle Counts Provide a Reliable Indication of Airborne Dust Mite Allergen (Der p 1) Concentration and Ensure Controlled and Safe Exposure for Dust Mite Allergic Patients in an Environmental Exposure Chamber (EEC) Model
Authors: N. Camuso, D. Wilson, J.S. Lee, A. Salapatek
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Reference values for 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy
Authors: A A Nasrat
Journal: BMJ (1988)

treatment of postviral fatigue syndrome is the subject of current investigation.Drs B D Calder and P J Warnock (9 April, p 1068) seem to disagree that case definition is important, asserting that the search for a diag- nostic test is a priority.Clinical scientists need definitions of the disorder which will allow them to focus their gaze more efficiently.We regret mis- quoting the incidence of postviral fatigue in their study.3However, their actual figure of 140 cases in a population of 10 000 in six months is even more discrepant when compared with other estimates.4This underlines the urgent need for standardised definitions.We question the value ofdistinguishing between "organic" and "non-organic" in the context of this illness.Organic factors (immune state, infection, neuromuscular and neuropsychiatric abnormalities, etc) and non-organic factors (personality, emotional reactions, social and interpersonal problems, etc) interact in subtle and complex ways, and this must be appreciated before rational research can progress.Research done by sufferers from postviral fatigue syndrome is a delicate issue about which we thought deeply before expressing an opinion.Reviews by Parish' and others are valuable, but clinical research should be carried out by those without the inevitable, albeit unconscious, biases caused by suffering from this condition.Dr Hugh- son's comparison with Percival Pott is misleading.
The magical number 4 in vision
Authors: Brian J. Scholl, Yaoda Xu
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Some of the evidence for a “magical number 4” has come from the study of visual cognition, and Cowan reinterprets such evidence in terms of a single general limit on memory and attention. We evaluate this evidence, including some studies not mentioned by Cowan, and argue that limitations in visual processing are distinct from those involved in other memory phenomena.
Osteoarthritis: definitions and criteria.
Authors: T McAlindon, P Dieppe
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

Osteoarthritis: definitions and criteriaWith the aim of promoting consistency in osteo- arthritis (OA) research the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) has recently published a pro- posed system of classification and a set of criteria for the reporting of osteoarthritis of the knee.'Preliminary findings of the criteria committee's work on OA of the hip and hand have also been reported.2These publications raise many fundamental ques- tions, ranging from the value and use of diagnostic criteria to the definition and nature of OA.3 Definitions and classification of OA Historically, evidence of bone hypertrophy accom- panying focal cartilage damage led to pathologists being able to differentiate between OA and other forms of arthritis.4Radiology is the rheumatologists surrogate for pathology, and the combination of joint space narrowing, subchondral bone changes,
Deformability characteristics of sickle cells by microelastimetry
Authors: Thomas C. Havell, Diane Hillman, Lawrence S. Lessin
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1978)

Abstract Deformability of normal and sickle erythrocytes was measured by means of micropipette elastimetry with determination of intrinsic membrane rigidity (P) and total cell deformability (Pt). In the elastimetric technique employed, negative pressure at the pipette tip was generated and measured continuously. Membrane rigidity is defined as the negative pressure, in mm H 2 O, required to induce a hemispherical projection of the cell surface into the micropipette, and total cell deformability as the negative pressure required to aspirate the entire cell into the pipette lumen. Membrane rigidity for oxygenated sickle discocytes was not statistically different from that of control normal discocytes, but Pt measurements were significantly higher for sickle than normal discocytes. Irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) had markedly increased membrane rigidity and whole cell deformability when compared to control normal cells. Mildly deformed ISCs and severely deformed ISCs at ambient pO 2 , both showed significantly higher mean membrane rigidity values than sickle discocytes and reversibly sickled cells. Sickle and normal discocytes both showed membrane elasticity with reversion to original cell shape following release of the cell from its aspirated position at the pipette tip. ISCs, however, exhibited elastic deformation of the membrane. These studies provide further evidence of progressive alteration of the sickle cell membrane induced by the sickling‐unsickling process, culminating in formation of the ISC, and suggest a role for the ISC membrane abnormality in the pathologic rheology of sickle cell disease.
YM‐175 induces apoptosis of human native monocyte‐lineage cells via inhibition of prenylation
Authors: Akiyoshi Miwa, Naoki Takezako, Hiroko Hayakawa, Morisada Hayakawa, Shin‐ichi Tominaga, Ken Yanagisawa
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2012)

Abstract Nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates (NCBPs) have been widely used as standard supportive therapy to reduce skeletal‐related events (SREs) in myeloma patients through suppression of osteoclast activity. In various prospective randomized trials that were performed following preliminary reports concerning efficacy, NCBPs have shown a significant beneficial effect on myeloma bone disease through both suppression of bone resorption and direct antimyeloma activity. Thus, NCBPs have an influence on many types of human cells. In this study, we examined the effect of an NCBP (YM‐175) on an apoptosis of a monocytic cell line and of human native monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). We confirmed that monocytes, monocyte‐derived macrophages, DCs, and a monoblastic cell line (THP‐1) showed dose‐dependent and time‐dependent apoptosis related to the activation of caspases after exposure to YM‐175 at concentrations below that at which the apoptosis of myeloma cell lines was induced. Such apoptosis of monocytic cells was suppressed by the addition of farnesol or geranylgeraniol. These findings suggest that the inhibition of monocyte‐lineage cells or DCs by NCBPs might interfere with phagocytic activity or pathogen‐presenting activity. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three-dimensional characterization of human ventricular myofiber architecture by ultrasonic backscatter.
Authors: S A Wickline, E D Verdonk, J G Miller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Normal human left ventricular architecture comprises a highly aligned array of cardiac myofibers whose orientation depends on transmural location. This study was designed to determine whether measurement of integrated backscatter could be used detect the progressive transmural shift of myofiber alignment that occurs from epicardium to endocardium in human ventricular wall segments. Integrated backscatter was measured at 32 transmural levels in seven cylindrical biopsy specimens (1.4 cm diam) sampled from normal regions of six explanted fixed human hearts by insonification of samples at 180 independent angles in 2 degrees steps around their entire circumference with a 5-MHz broadband piezoelectric transducer. Histologic analysis was performed to determine fiber orientation. Integrated backscatter varied approximately as a sinusoidal function of the angle of insonification at each transmural level. Greater integrated backscatter was observed for insonification perpendicular as compared with parallel to fibers (difference = 14.5 +/- 0.6 dB). Ultrasonic analysis revealed a progressive transmural shift in fiber orientation of approximately 9.2 +/- 0.7 degrees/mm of tissue. Histologic analysis revealed a concordant shift in fiber orientation of 7.9 +/- 0.8 degrees/mm of tissue. Thus, human myocardium manifests anisotropy of ultrasonic scattering that may be useful for characterization of the intramural fiber alignment and overall three-dimensional organization of cardiac myofibers.
Roustchouk Military Hospital
Authors: H. Crookshank
Journal: BMJ (1877)

show in the recipient until the communicator is nearly well.The following case is perhaps an instance of this.A lad living in London had " blight" in his eyes; while still suffering somewhat, although said to be nearly well, he went to Gravesend to see his sister, a servant girl aged i6.She gave up her bedroom to him for the night, and he returned to London in a day or two.Eight or nine days after his visit, his sister's left eye inflamed, and the right followed on the day after; five or six days later, she came to me with well marked ecchymotic ophthalmia.Other instances in which a long interval seems to have elapsed between successive cases are the following.CASE I36.-M., I7.Characteristic ecchymotic ophthalmia; four days.Three weeks ago, his " mate" had it and is now well.CASE 71.-F., i8.Characteristic ecchymotic case, with a week's interval between the two eyes (sic).Three months ago, her sister had a severe attack in both, lasting about three weeks.No other known contagion.CASE 1o7.-M., 35.Characteristic severe ecchymotic case.During the last eight or ten months, all his six children have had it; wife has escaped.CASE I78.-M., 35.Characteristic case; four days.Six weeks ago, his wife had it, and, within a fortnight of her case, three of his six children suffered.Then a month elapsed without a fresh case, when his own attack began quite suddenly.CASE 34.-M., 25.Acute ophthalmia of one eye only; two days.Attended only once.Two of his children were suffering from " blight".Between four and five weeks after the onset of disease in the patient, his wife (Case i9) began to suffer, and came under care, with a sufficiently characteristic attack, after the disease had lasted six days.5. Natural Course of the Disease.-Insupport of the assertion that the cases usually recover spontaneously in a short time, the following may be noted.I.It is very common to hear of several cases having
Relationship of Thyroid Hormone Levels to Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Lead, <i>p,p</i> ′ <i>-</i> DDE, and Other Toxicants in Akwesasne Mohawk Youth
Authors: Lawrence M. Schell, Mia V. Gallo, Melinda Denham, Julia Ravenscroft, Anthony P. DeCaprio, David O. Carpenter
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

It is well documented that acute exposure to high levels of persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p'-dichlorophenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), can affect human health including thyroid function. Chronic exposure to multiple toxicants is common but difficult to analyze, and most prior studies have focused on adults or newborns, creating a gap in our understanding of multitoxicant effects among adolescents.We investigated whether levels of PCBs, p,p'-DDE, HCB, mirex, lead, and mercury reflecting past chronic exposure are associated with alterations in levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T(3)), total thyroxine (TT(4)), and free thyroxine (FT(4)) among older children and adolescents.The sample consists of youth from the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation (n=232) who reside in proximity to several industries that have contaminated the local environment. We used multiple regression analysis to examine the effect of PCB groupings, p,p'-DDE, HCB, lead, and mercury on thyroid hormones after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates and controlling for all other toxicants.Exposure to PCBs affects the thyroid hormone profile in adolescents. The group of persistent PCBs was positively associated with TSH but inversely related to FT(4). Nonpersistent PCBs were significantly and negatively related to FT(4) only. HCB was negatively associated with T(4), and lead was positively associated with T(3). Breast-fed adolescents had higher levels of persistent PCBs and p,p'-DDE but not of nonpersistent PCBs or any other toxicant when compared with non-breast-fed adolescents. Though having lower levels of persistent PCBs and p,p'-DDE, non-breast-fed adolescents exhibited significant relationships between persistent PCBs and TSH and FT(4), but breast-fed adolescents did not. It appears that PCBs from breast milk obscure the relationship between prenatal PCB exposure and thyroid function by adding random variation in PCB levels.Our results demonstrate a reduction in thyroid function in adolescents in relation to their current serum levels of PCBs. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that pre-natal exposure to PCBs alters thyroid function in a long-lasting manner but does not exclude the possibility that postnatal exposure is influential also.
Atf6α-null mice are glucose intolerant due to pancreatic β-cell failure on a high-fat diet but partially resistant to diet-induced insulin resistance
Authors: Masahiro Usui, Suguru Yamaguchi, Yasuhiro Tanji, Ryu Tominaga, Yasushi Ishigaki, Manabu Fukumoto, Hideki Katagiri, Kazutoshi Mori, Yoshitomo Oka, Hisamitsu Ishihara
Journal: Metabolism (2012)
Association of Phosphorylated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor with Survival in Patients with Locally Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Radiotherapy
Authors: Theodoros Tsakiridis, Jean-Claude Cutz, Gurmit Singh, Hal Hirte, Gordon Okawara, Tom Corbett, Ranjan Sur, Wenjie Cai, Tim Whelan, James R. Wright
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2008)
The New Healthcare Market: A Guide to PPOs for Purchasers, Payors and Providers
Authors: Michael B. Guthrie
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Interest in alternative delivery systems, especially in preferred provider organizations (PPOs), has expanded significantly during the last two years. Recent reports indicate that there has been a 300% increase in enrollment in PPOs nationwide in the last year alone. Given this innovation, <i>The New Healthcare Market</i>provides a comprehensive reference for purchasers, physicians, hospitals, and insurance companies who are interested in PPO structure, design, utilization controls, legal arrangements, management, and problems. Peter Boland, PhD, a well-known health care consultant, has brought together 107 different contributors— including corporate benefits managers, physicians, insurance executives, attorneys, hospital managers, information specialists, economists, union representatives, and management consultants—to discuss various perspectives on the application of PPO alternative delivery systems in a wide variety of environments. The result is a reflection of the experience and interest they can bring to bear on the analysis of the PPO and preferred provider arrangement (PPA). The content of this
Evaluation of the PillCam Colon capsule in the detection of colonic pathology: results of the first multicenter, prospective, comparative study
Authors: R. Eliakim, Z. Fireman, I. Gralnek, K. Yassin, M. Waterman, Y. Kopelman, J. Lachter, B. Koslowsky, S. Adler
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Background and study aims: Population-based screening for colorectal cancer is widely recommended, with conventional colonoscopy considered to be the preferred diagnostic modality. However, compliance with screening colonoscopy is low and manpower capacity is limited. Capsule endoscopy might therefore represent a desirable alternative strategy. Patients and methods: The PillCam Colon capsule endoscope was prospectively tested in a multicenter setting. The indications for endoscopy in the enrolled patients included colorectal cancer screening (43 %), postpolypectomy surveillance (26 %), and lower gastrointestinal signs and symptoms (31 %). Study subjects underwent colon preparation and then ingested the capsule on the morning of the examination, with conventional colonoscopy being performed the same day. The PillCam Colon capsule findings were reviewed by three experts in capsule endoscopy who were blinded to the conventional colonoscopy findings. Results: A total of 91 subjects were enrolled in three Israeli centers (55 men, 36 women; mean age 57), and the results were evaluable in 84 cases. The capsule was excreted within 10 hours in 74 % of the patients and reached the rectosigmoid colon in the other 16 %. Of the 84 evaluable patients, 20 (24 %) had significant findings, defined as at least one polyp of 6 mm or more in size or three or more polyps of any size: 14/20 (70 %) were identified with the capsule and 16/20 (80 %) were identified by conventional colonoscopy. Polyps of any size were found in 45 patients, 34/45 (76 %) found by the capsule and 36/45 (80 %) by conventional colonoscopy. In comparison with conventional colonoscopy, false-positive findings on PillCam Colon capsule examination were recorded in 15/45 cases (33 %). There were no adverse events related to the capsule endoscopy. Conclusions: PillCam Colon capsule endoscopy appears to be a promising new modality for colonic evaluation. Further improvements in the procedure will probably increase capsule examination completion and polyp detection rates. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the accuracy of PillCam Colon endoscopy in other patient populations with different prevalence levels of colonic disease.
Intensive blood pressure lowering does not reduce cognitive decline in people with diabetes, study finds
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Intensive blood pressure and cholesterol lowering was not associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline in older patients (mean age 62 years) with longstanding type 2 diabetes mellitus, a study has found.

Patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of decline in cognitive function, reduced brain volume, and increased white matter lesions on brain imaging, says background information given in the paper.1

Preliminary studies have indicated that intensive treatment to control blood pressure and lipid concentrations may prevent some of this cognitive decline, and the authors …
Developmental switch from GABA to glycine release in single central synaptic terminals
Authors: Junichi Nabekura, Shutaro Katsurabayashi, Yasuhiro Kakazu, Shumei Shibata, Atsushi Matsubara, Shozo Jinno, Yoshito Mizoguchi, Akira Sasaki, Hitoshi Ishibashi
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2003)