tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Experimental development of cardiac transplantation.
Authors: D. K. Cooper
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Heart transplantation has in recent months become a clinical fact.Its experimental development reaches back over 60 years, and has been augmented, particularly in the field of imm'inosuppression, by knowledge gained from studies of kidney transplantation.Research workers were faced with a number of questions.Would a denervated heart function effectively, if at all?How would it respond to various pharmacological agents?Would the pattern of "rejection" be similar to that in other organs?How could immunological rejection of the heart be assessed clinically?What would be the most effective form of immunosuppression ?And, finally, would the findings gained from experimental work on dogs be applicable to man ?Today most of these and other questions have been answered, at least in part, and this paper traces the many stages of progress in this field, from the pioneering work of Carrel and Guthrie in 1905 to the first attempts at cardiac transplantation in man by Hardy and his associates in 1964 and by Barnard and his colleagues in 1967.
Thyroid Scintigram in Familial Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Authors: ROBERT J. ANDERSON, GLEN W. SIZEMORE, HEINZ W. WAHNER, J AIDAN CARNEY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1978)

Findings on thyroid scintigram were compared with results of thyroid palpation and size and location of C-cell disease in 68 thyroid lobes of 35 patients with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and high basal or stimulated plasma calcitonin values. Rectilinear scans showed cold nodules in 24 (35%) of 68 lobes. In three lobes, the cold nodules did not coincide with MTC (2 macrofollicular adenomas, 1 colloid goiter). Thus, the true positive rate for rectilinear scans was 31%. Palpation identified nodules in 20 lobes (29%), but the true positive rate was only 26%. Patients with MTC have high basal or stimulated calcitonin values long before the tumor is detectable by scan or even later by palpation. When the tumors were large enough to be seen on thyroid scans, the most frequently encountered single pattern was that of symmetrically located cold nodules in the middle of otherwise normal thyroid lobes. This pattern, if encountered in a thyroid scan, should raise the suspicion of MTC.
Novel chromosomal imbalances in mantle cell lymphoma detected by genome-wide array-based comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Margit Schraders, Rolph Pfundt, Huub M. P. Straatman, Irene M. Janssen, Ad Geurts van Kessel, Eric F. P. M. Schoenmakers, Johan H. J. M. van Krieken, Patricia J. T. A. Groenen
Journal: Blood (2004)
Nylon Backing for Dermatome Grafts
Authors: Ross W. Green, Stanley M. Levenson, Charles C. Lund
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1945)

EXPERIENCE with many skin-grafting operations in the repair of burn wounds of all sizes has shown that the Padgett dermatome technic1 gives extremely satisfactory results but is time-consuming. To secure properly stretched grafts in place it is necessary to place many sutures at the periphery of the graft. Frequently the suturing is the lengthiest part of the operation and thereby increases the seriousness of the procedure. In addition, considerable care must be taken in the removal of the graft from the drum to prevent curling and wrinkling. For the same reason, it is difficult to use pieces of such grafts . . .
Iliacus haematoma and nerve palsy.
Authors: T. R. Fisher
Journal: BMJ (1968)

springs and plates became easier to move.It was, as the speaker said, as if the guy ropes supporting the teeth had been slackened off.He doubted if it would be common practice for a dentist to prescribe a hormone, using the side-effect as the reason for exhibiting the drug.It does, however, raise another interesting question and we could surely sympathize with the conscience of the lady who might explain that she was given the pill by her dentist to straighten her teeth.
Private nursing home care
Authors: P J Fletcher, D G MacMahon
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Plastic insulin syringes SIR,-Nine years ago Greenough et al pointed out how seldom diabetics became infected by injecting themselves daily with insulin using the same disposable syringe on several occasions, sometimes for several weeks, simply by covering the needle (attached to the syringe) with its cap and leaving the syringe in the refrigerator.'They found no evidence of infection even when the syringe was used for up to two months.In the correspondence that followed Oli, from Nigeria, reported that his diabetics, who could often not afford glass syringes, used their plastic syringes on average for a month, but as few had refrigerators he advised them to put syringe and needles in a clean covered container or pot in a hole in the ground, and since 1974, when he started the diabetic clinic, he had seen no infections.2In 1985 Bloom detailed the advantages of plastic over glass syringes for insulin injections,3 and two years later, after a long campaign by the British Diabetic Association, they became available on general
Surface epithelium related activation of complement differs in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Authors: T S Halstensen, T E Mollnes, P Garred, O Fausa, P Brandtzaeg
Journal: Gut (1992)

IgG1 and activated complement are colocalised on the colonic epithelial brush border in active ulcerative colitis. To investigate whether such deposition is specific for ulcerative colitis, we examined ethanol fixed mucosal specimens from 18 patients with Crohn9s colitis and 14 with terminal ileitis by indirect two colour immunofluorescence staining. Monoclonal antibodies to the IgG subclasses and to neoepitopes of activated complement C3b and the terminal complement complex were used in combination with rabbit antiserum to C1q, C4c or cytokeratin. Granular deposition of C3b and terminal complement complex were observed at the luminal face of the surface epithelium in 10 of 18 patients with Crohn9s colitis. Specimens from eight of 14 patients with ileal involvement were intensely stained for activated complement (primarily C3b) within the surface mucus layer. No epithelial IgG, C1q or C4c deposition was observed. The results suggest that early and late phase complement activation takes place at the luminal face of the epithelium in Crohn9s disease. The absence of colocalised IgG and complement components involved in the classical activation pathway (C1q and C4c), however, suggest that other immunopathological mechanisms (the alternative pathway?) are primarily involved in Crohn9s disease in contrast with ulcerative colitis.
Slowing the Growth of Health Care Costs — Lessons from Regional Variation
Authors: Elliott S. Fisher, Julie P. Bynum, Jonathan S. Skinner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

The expansion of health insurance coverage in the United States is likely to be on the front burner of health care reform efforts in the new presidential administration. But boiling on the back burner is perhaps the most serious threat to Americans' access to care: rapid growth in health care costs.Pessimism abounds. Most observers see rising costs as an inexorable force, blame advancing technology, and conclude that only by rationing beneficial care or making draconian price cuts can we slow the growth of health care costs.But a careful look at variations in spending growth and spending patterns among . . .
Appropriate Use of Cardiovascular Technology
Authors: Robert C. Hendel, Manesh R. Patel, Joseph M. Allen, James K. Min, Leslee J. Shaw, Michael J. Wolk, Pamela S. Douglas, Christopher M. Kramer, Raymond F. Stainback, Steven R. Bailey, John U. Doherty, Ralph G. Brindis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
The Biosynthesis of the Fatty Acids of the Plasma of Man. I. The Formation of Certain Chromatographically Separated Higher Fatty Acids of the Major Lipide Complexes from Acetate-1-C141
Authors: S. R. Lipsky, A. Haavik, C. L. Hopper, R. W. McDivitt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1957)

the use of radioactive tracers for a detailed study of the dynamics of lipide metabolism in man has been the lack of adequate micromethods for the isolation and identification of the major lipide complexes present in the plasma and the individual fatty acids associated with these groups. In recent years, with the advent of new chromatographic procedures, two significant achievements have occurred in this sphere. By the use of silicic acid columns, Borgstrom (1, 2) in 1952 and
Improving the process of translational research
Authors: H. B. v. d. Worp, P. A. G. Sandercock
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The application of reporting standards may lead to more useful animal studies

Empirical evidence that deficiencies in the reporting of clinical studies are associated with overstatement of the efficacy of the treatment under study led to the development of the CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement for the reporting of randomized controlled clinical trials.1 Accumulating evidence suggests that deficiencies in the reporting of animal studies may have a similar effect.2

In response to concerns that lack of transparency in the reporting of animal studies may have made the process of translation from bench to bedside inefficient and wasteful, the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) convened a meeting of major stakeholders in translational research in June this year.3 Their aim was to develop recommendations for improving the reporting of the results of animal research, and recently they published a core set of reporting standards for animal studies.3 The group comprised academic researchers and educators, reviewers, journal editors, and representatives from funding agencies, disease advocacy communities, and the drug industry. The core standards deserve close attention.

Animal studies have been important in the development of many available medical treatment strategies. …
Heparin in Endocarditis
Authors: Kenneth M. Moser
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  Dr. T. W. Williams, Jr., in responding to a question (228:1297, 1974), stated that  is now fairly general agreement that the use of anticoagulants is hazardous in patients with infective endocarditis. My colleagues and I agree that there is such agreement, but submit that the evidence on which such agreement is based is limited. Infected emboli are associated with hemorrhage, but available evidence does not show that anticoagulants make a difference in either incidence or severity of such hemorrhage.  Thus, it is our view that the common wisdom in this area needs reexamination. This is particularly so in patients with infective endocarditis who have a coincident indication for anticoagulant therapy (eg, venous thrombosis) and in patients with septic pelvic thrombophlebitis in whom heparin appears to have a positive therapeutic effect—yet in whom infective endocarditis also may be present.
Control of Complete Heart Block by Use of an Artificial Pacemaker and a Myocardial Electrode
Authors: WILLIAM L. WEIRICH, MATTHIAS PANETH, VINCENT L. GOTT, C. WALTON LILLEHEI
Journal: Circulation Research (1958)

The combined use of an artificial pacemaker and the insertion of a myocardial electrode has been described and demonstrated to be an effective method of controlling the heart rate at low voltages and low current amplitudes when complete heart block is present. The cardiac output and mean aortic pressures of dogs have been restored to preblock levels throngh the application of electric stimuli applied directly to the myocardium. No complications from insertion of removal of the wire in the heart wall were observed. The heart rates of 18 patients with surgically induced complete atrioventricular dissociation have been successfully managed by the method described with an important reduction in the mortality associated with this complication of open heart surgery.
Vision screening in preschool children.
Authors: P. G. Griffiths, M. Clarke
Journal: BMJ (1992)

commercially interested parties for the use of likely to find many false positive referrals.Though or squint identified by programmes to screen expensive drug combinations should be resisted.'the measurement of binocular function is quoted as children's vision before they start school.'Bolger For many years the standard treatment has been one of the advantages of screening by orthoptists and colleagues rightly suggest that the effectiveness castration by surgical orchidectomy or, more compared with screening by clinical medical of treatment should be assessed by a randomised recently, analogues of luteinising hormone releas-officers, no data are provided.Did many of the controlled trial.I suggest that very many children ing hormone.children with 6/9 and 6/12 vision have good would have to be entered into such a trial to have Oral oestrogen treatment has been largely binocular function?Were they amblyopic at all? any hope of clarifying this issue in a reasonable abandoned because of the thromboembolism and Many of the children we see who have been time and that a multicentre trial would be neces- fluid retention that attend the use of conventional referred with 6/9 or 6/12 vision turn out to have sary.As some form of preschool vision screening doses necessary to suppress testosterone concen-only slight ametropia.In the absence of good is, unfortunately, already being carried out in some trations in all patients to the castrate range.Yet the longitudinal studies of such children the parents districts, would it not be sensible for some official castrate range of plasma testosterone concentration cannot be counselled properly, and it may not be body, such as the British Orthoptic Society, to in the context of subtotal androgen blockade was true to say that these children inevitably become coordinate collection of the results of treatment in only arbitrarily chosen, long ago, as the lowest amblyopic.the form of a randomised trial?that could be conveniently achieved.A smallerThe economic analysis provided is too simple.In Bolger and colleagues report false positive reduction of plasma androgen concentrations may most areas patients are referred to consultant referrals, but their study did not extend to identify- well provide optimal palliation.'As thrombo-ophthalmologists for further assessment, and in a ing false negative referrals-that is, children who, embolic complications are dose dependent a lower cash limited service this means that fewer patients having "passed" their preschool test, present after dose of oestrogen will often control prostatic from other sources of referral can be seen.In school entry with amblyopia and squint.These cancer with less risk of such complications.addition, it ignores the additional cost to the children undoubtedly exist,2 and it will be necessary Clinical trials by the Veterans Administration parents of a further screening visit to see the for any trial to take account of them.and more recently the European Organisation for orthoptist.
Starling's Law and Albumin Therapy-Reply
Authors: James L. Tullis
Journal: JAMA (1977)

The ongoing controversy over the relative merits of albumin vs large volumes of crystalloid solution as replacement for effective plasma volume has raged for many decades. Evidence can be cited by proponents of each type of solution. Indeed, the symposium which served as the basis for my communication, carefully presented both sides of this controversy. Although Starling's law of fluid movement across a semipermeable membrane does not fit all experimental conditions, it still remains the keystone for the consideration of movement in and out of the vascular space in isolated organs or extremities. In addition to these interrelating hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures on the two sides of a membrane, it is necessary to invoke multiple additional forces. As clearly outlined in the review, these include tissue compliance, rates of lymph flow, changes in capillary permeability, and an intrinsic elastic recoil mechanism of connectivetissue mucopolysaccharides that exhibit inhibition
Cellular Mechanisms of Atrial Contractile Dysfunction Caused by Sustained Atrial Tachycardia
Authors: Hui Sun, Rania Gaspo, Normand Leblanc, Stanley Nattel
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Transient atrial contractile dysfunction (“atrial stunning”) follows conversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm and has significant clinical implications; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We investigated the hypothesis that rapid atrial activation (as during AF) impairs cellular contractility and affects cellular Ca 2+ handling. Methods and Results —Edge detection and indo 1 fluorescence techniques were used to measure unloaded cell shortening and intracellular Ca 2+ transients in atrial myocytes from control (Ctl) dogs and dogs subjected to atrial pacing at 400 bpm for 7 (P7) or 42 (P42) days. Atrial tachycardia reduced fractional cell shortening (0.1 Hz) from 7.3±0.4% (Ctl) to 4.3±0.3% and 2.0±0.3% in P7 and P42 dogs, respectively ( P &lt;0.01 for each). Resting [Ca 2+ ] i was not altered in paced dogs, but the systolic Ca 2+ transient was significantly reduced. Furthermore, cells from paced dogs showed slowed relaxation and use-dependent decreases of Ca 2+ transients and cell shortening compared with cells from Ctl dogs. To determine whether changes in Ca 2+ transients account fully for alterations in contractility, we varied [Ca 2+ ] o to evaluate the relation between Ca 2+ transients and cell shortening. Reductions in Ca 2+ transients in Ctl cells reduced shortening to the level of paced cells; however, when Ca 2+ transients in P42 cells were elevated to the range of Ctl cells, a significant reduction in cell shortening remained. Similar results were obtained in dogs that maintained 1:1 capture throughout the monitoring period and dogs that developed sustained AF over the course of the study. Conclusions —Sustained atrial tachycardia causes important reductions in cellular contractility, in part by impairing cellular Ca 2+ handling and decreasing systolic Ca 2+ transients. These results provide direct evidence for the concept that AF induces atrial contractile dysfunction by causing a tachycardia-induced atrial cardiomyopathy.
Abstract 3859: Characterization of imaging-enhanced models of disseminated multiple myeloma.
Authors: Meridith Baugher, Jenifer Baranski, Deepa Balagurunathan, Christopher Bull, Noah Winchell, Darren Shaw, Erin Trachet, Deanne Lister, Patrick McConville, Wilbur R. Leopold
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells that is characterized by multiple localized lesions in the marrow, particularly of the spine, skull, and pelvis, although soft tissue lesions also occur. It is the second most common blood cancer, affecting approximately 45,000 people in the US. Most preclinical modeling of myeloma employs SC xenografts that mimic the less common plasmacytoma form of the disease. Systemic (IV) implants are also used, but studies typically are based on a single survival endpoint, limiting knowledge about the progression and response of the disease under treatment. In order to more quantitatively monitor disseminated disease progression and response to treatment, we have characterized two human (JJN3 and MM1S) and one murine (5TGM1) myeloma models that have been modified to express luciferase. All models were characterized by 100% tumor take rate and focal dissemination of the disease to the spine and skull that mimic clinical experience. These models showed individual and reproducible patterns of spread to other sites, and differed in their sensitivities to standards of care. Analysis of tumor doubling times, tumor titrations, luminescence-based growth delay, and survival all indicated that the bioluminescence signal was a reliable quantitative indicator of viable tumor burden, even under treatment with clinical standard of care agents. Luciferase labeling and the tight correlation between luminescence signal and viable tumor burden raises the possibility of differential real-time tracking of tumor progression and response at individual sites. Citation Format: Meridith Baugher, Jenifer Baranski, Deepa Balagurunathan, Christopher Bull, Noah Winchell, Darren Shaw, Erin Trachet, Deanne Lister, Patrick McConville, Wilbur R. Leopold. Characterization of imaging-enhanced models of disseminated multiple myeloma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3859. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3859
Genetic interactions between hepatocyte nuclear factor-6 and notch signaling regulate mouse intrahepatic bile duct development<i>in vivo</i>
Authors: Charles Vanderpool, Erin E. Sparks, Kari A. Huppert, Maureen Gannon, Anna L. Means, Stacey S. Huppert
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Notch signaling and hepatocyte nuclear factor–6 (HNF–6) are two genetic factors known to affect lineage commitment in the bipotential hepatoblast progenitor cell (BHPC) population. A genetic interaction involving Notch signaling and HNF–6 in mice has been inferred through separate experiments showing that both affect BHPC specification and bile duct morphogenesis. To define the genetic interaction between HNF–6 and Notch signaling in an in vivo mouse model, we examined the effects of BHPC–specific loss of HNF–6 alone and within the background of BHPC–specific loss of recombination signal binding protein immunoglobulin kappa J (RBP–J), the common DNA–binding partner of all Notch receptors. Isolated loss of HNF–6 in this mouse model fails to demonstrate a phenotypic variance in bile duct development compared to control. However, when HNF–6 loss is combined with RBP–J loss, a phenotype consisting of cholestasis, hepatic necrosis, and fibrosis is observed that is more severe than the phenotype seen with Notch signaling loss alone. This phenotype is associated with significant intrahepatic biliary system abnormalities, including an early decrease in biliary epithelial cells, evolving to ductular proliferation and a decrease in the density of communicating peripheral bile duct branches. In this in vivo model, simultaneous loss of both HNF–6 and RBP–J results in down–regulation of both HNF–1β and Sox9 (sex determining region Y–related HMG box transcription factor 9). Conclusion : HNF–6 and Notch signaling interact in vivo to control expression of downstream mediators essential to the normal development of the intrahepatic biliary system. This study provides a model to investigate genetic interactions of factors important to intrahepatic bile duct development and their effect on cholestatic liver disease phenotypes. (Hepatology 2012;55:232–242)