tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
How Muscles Use Fuel
Authors: Robert B. Layzer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

ALL living cells consume energy to perform work, but skeletal muscle does its work in a most conspicuous way, in bodily activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting. How muscle actually transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy was the first great question addressed by modern biochemistry, and by the middle of this century the main outlines of the story were complete. The immediate source of chemical energy for muscle contraction is the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP. In the short term, ATP can be regenerated from muscle stores of phosphocreatine, but the rephosphorylation of ADP during long-term exercise requires . . .
Incurable and Intolerable: Chronic Disease and Slow Death in Nineteenth-Century France
Authors: Dorothy Porter
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
SALISBURY DIET AS AN AID TO THE CLIMATE OF COLORADO SPRINGS, IN THE TREATMENT OF PULMONARY CONSUMPTION.
Authors: E. C. ATKINS
Journal: JAMA (1893)

The beneficial effect of Colorado climate on pulmonary consumption is too well known to call for comment, and that nearly all haemorrhagic cases either recover entirely or are greatly benefited by residence in this altitude, is a well accepted fact, as hundreds of now well men, who came here for haemorrhage of the lungs, will testify. But with catarrhal or fibroid cases the results obtained by climate, while encouraging, are not so universally good. Many of this class, it is true, recover entirely or live in comfortable ill health for indefinite years; but we are all forced to recognize the fact that a large percentage of this class of cases do well only for a short time, if at all. They improve for a while, perhaps a few months, possibly a year or two, but the disease is not arrested. Sooner or later, for some reason not always apparent, they
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome and E coli 0157 
Authors: M. Fitzpatrick
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Deaths from renal failure after outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Scotland in 1996, which were traced back to poor hygiene in butchers‘ shops, focused attention on Escherichia coli 0157 and its links with the haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Although in the Scottish outbreak deaths occurred mainly in elderly people, haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with diarrhoea generally affects children and is the commonest cause of acute renal failure in children in Europe and North America.

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome is the most important complication of infection by verocytotoxin producing E coli —usually of the serotype 0157:H7, though other serotypes are also implicated. 1 2 It is characterised by the sudden onset of haemolytic anaemia with fragmentation of red blood cells, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure after a prodromal illness of acute gastroenteritis often with bloody diarrhoea. The gastrointestinal disease may be severe, with haemorrhagic colitis, and the central nervous system, pancreas, lungs and heart may also be affected. Fortunately more than 95% of people affected with this condition do recover from the acute illness, and …
Weighty issues in hepatitis C
Authors: J Heathcote
Journal: Gut (2002)

Simple lifestyle changes, inducing weight reduction over three months, can potentially reduce both the morbidity and mortality related to hepatitis C infection

The paper by Hickman and colleagues1 in this issue of Gut [see page89] is important because it shows that simple lifestyle changes inducing weight reduction over three months can lead to a significant reduction in hepatic steatosis and markers of stellate cell activation with a trend to less liver fibrosis. This change in liver histology was associated with a reduction in insulin resistance. Unfortunately, many patients regained their weight at the end of the three months of weekly monitoring of calorie intake and exercise. Nevertheless, it is clear that simple lifestyle changes alone can potentially reduce both the morbidity (development of diabetes) and mortality (fibrosis leading to cirrhosis) related to hepatitis C infection.

These same authors previously showed that hepatic steatosis is common in individuals infected with hepatitis C and that the degree of steatosis and fibrosis correlates well with body mass index.2 It is also known that individuals infected with genotype 3 are more likely to have a fatty liver even when they are not overweight.3 A recent illustration demonstrated how eradication of hepatitis C virus following antiviral therapy can lead to disappearance of hepatic steatosis only to recur on viral relapse.4 Thus it would appear that hepatic steatosis in association with hepatitis C is not simply secondary to obesity. …
What should we do with child sex offenders?
Authors: Tony Delamothe
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Differentiation and lineage specification are controlled by cooperation of growth factor signalling. The involvement of epigenetic regulators in lineage specification remains largely elusive. Here, we show that the histone methyltransferase Mll1 prevents intestinal progenitor cells from differentiation, whereas it is also involved in secretory lineage specification of Paneth and goblet cells. Using conditional mutagenesis in mice and intestinal organoids, we demonstrate that loss of Mll1 renders intestinal progenitor cells permissive for Wnt-driven secretory differentiation. However, Mll1-deficient crypt cells fail to segregate Paneth and goblet cell fates. Mll1 deficiency causes Paneth cell-determined crypt progenitors to exhibit goblet cell features by unleashing Mapk signalling, resulting in increased numbers of mixed Paneth/goblet cells. We show that loss of Mll1 abolishes the pro-proliferative effect of Mapk signalling in intestinal progenitor cells and promotes Mapk-induced goblet cell differentiation. Our data uncover Mll1 and its downstream targets Gata4/6 as a regulatory hub of Wnt and Mapk signalling in the control of lineage specification of intestinal secretory Paneth and goblet cells.
Leptin promotes neointima formation and smooth muscle cell proliferation via NADPH oxidase activation and signalling in caveolin-rich microdomains
Authors: Marco R. Schroeter, Maren Leifheit-Nestler, Astrid Hubert, Bettina Schumann, Roland Glückermann, Norman Eschholz, Nenja Krüger, Susanne Lutz, Gerd Hasenfuss, Stavros Konstantinides, Katrin Schäfer
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2013)

AimsApolipoprotein E (apoE) may act as a vasculoprotective factor by promoting plasma lipid clearance and cholesterol efflux. Moreover, apoE accumulates at sites of vascular injury and modulates the effect of growth factors on smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Experimental data suggested that hypothalamic apoE expression is reduced in obesity and associated with leptin resistance. In this study, we examined the role of apoE in mediating the effects of leptin on vascular lesion formation.
Manifestations of Toxic Lung Effects on Ga-67 Scans in Aggressive Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma with High-Dose CHOP Chemotherapy
Authors: MILOS J. JANICEK, KITT SHAFFER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2000)

Patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma may benefit from high-dose chemotherapy. This treatment is, however, associated with relatively severe toxic effects. Ga-67 and computed tomography (CT) are used for early restaging and follow-up, and recognition of therapy-related changes on both scans may be essential to prevent interpretation of false-positive images of recurrent disease or infectious complications. These two cases illustrate typical patterns of benign Ga-67 uptake in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with high-dose chemotherapy. Intense diffuse or centrally distributed abnormal lung uptake on Ga-67 scans was observed in 12% of the authors’ patients on midtreatment scans and in 24% at the end of high-dose CHOP chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) with or without focal, rather symmetric bihilar focal activity. Ga-67 abnormalities correlated with diffuse ground-glass lung parenchymal opacity on high-resolution CT, which showed no abnormality in the hila. Changes related to the toxic effects of treatment resolved spontaneously even with continued therapy during a period of several months.
NHS walk-in centres fail to assess patients properly
Authors: J. Jones
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Staff at NHS walk-in centres are failing to assess patients adequately, according to an undercover investigation carried out by the Consumers' Association. The Department of Health has spent more than £30m ($45m) on setting up 36 such centres around England, which patients can go to from early morning to late evening for free medical advice and for treatment …
Appropriate end points for the characterization of behavioral changes in developmental toxicology.
Authors: V Cuomo, M A De Salvia, S Petruzzi, E Alleva
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

The present paper is devoted to second- and higher-tier test methods for the characterization of behavioral changes produced in rodents by exposure to noxious agents during development. The paper analyzes a series of end points that are informative about specific processes and underlying regulatory mechanisms but require greater technical sophistication and larger investments than first-tier end points. This applies to ultrasonic emissions in successive postnatal periods; to mother-pup interactions, including appropriate cross-fostering controls; to social (including sexual) interaction tests from the infantile to the young adult stage; and to a variety of conditioning and learning tests using both positive and negative reinforcement.
Presence and meaning of anti-HBc IgM as determined by ELISA in patients with acute type B hepatitis and healthy HBsAg carriers
Authors: Peter Kryger, Lars R. Mathiesen, Jan Aldershvile, Jens O. Nielsen
Journal: Hepatology (1981)

To evaluate the clinical implication of IgM antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc IgM), a consecutive series of 87 patients with acute type B hepatitis and 16 healthy carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were studied by a newly developed reverse ELISA technique. Anti-HBc IgM was present for at least 2 months in 81 of the 82 patients with HBsAg at the time of admission. Seroconversion from HBsAg to anti-HBs was observed in 38 patients during the time of observation, and in all patients, anti-HBc IgM was present until clearance of HBsAg. Thirty-three of the 38 patients remained anti-HBc IgM positive, at least until the appearance of anti-HBs. Quantitation of anti-HBc IgM by ratio unit (RU) values revealed that 3 of 8 patients with RU values ≧5 for more than 6 months subsequently developed chronic liver disease, as compared to 1 of 72 patients with anti-HBc IgM above this level for less than 6 months. Anti-HBc IgM was demonstrated in 3 of 5 patients with total anti-HBc titer above 1:100 despite the presence of anti-HBs. In these patients, anti-HBc IgM steadily decreased after the onset of illness indicating a recent acute hepatitis B infection. Anti-HBc IgM was present in 12 of 16 healthy HBsAg carriers (75%). However, these 12 carriers had RU values between 2.5 to 5.5, compared with RU values above 5 (mean RU value 11.3) at the onset of illness in 80 of 82 HBsAg-positive patients with acute hepatitis. Anti-HBc IgM seems to be a specific serological marker for recent or ongoing hepatitis B infection which may be useful in differentiation between hepatitis B infection with or without HBsAg and acute non-A, non-B hepatitis.
Road traffic deaths in the Middle East: call for action
Authors: Emily Christensen-Rand, Adnan A Hyder, Timothy Baker
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Obstacles to health in the Arab worldEditor-Health indicators in the Arab world show stark differences between individual countries.But aggregate figures provide only a narrow perspective.They do not show variation according to socioeconomic group, sex, education, or political affiliation.The scarcity of databases available to collect such detailed data reflects the fact that inadequate political support exists for rigorous intersectoral research of relevance for health in the region.National development agendas and public policies are focused on economic development.Funding for health tends largely to be directed at providing curative medical services designed to emulate Western health systems. 1 Patriarchal and religious principles embedded in the state structures of many Arab countries-such as Lebanon, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia-are a further obstacle to unpicking and taking action to tackle poor health and health inequity in the region.The conservative values of the Arab world render public debates about religion, politics, and sexuality unacceptable and place social stigma around drug users, commercial sex workers, and mentally ill people.As a result, health data on such groups are limited and unreliable, 2 which presents an obstacle for the development of appropriate services.Although national cultural, social, and economic structures are to blame for patchy and inequitable public health services, particularly in Egypt, Morocco, and Lebanon, 3 regional and global forces influence health provision too.The Arab-Israeli conflict, the wars in Iraq, the Gulf, Lebanon, Yemen, and Sudan have brought about hunger, epidemics, displacement, and death.These wars have been tacitly bolstered by multinational corporations, which have sold billions of dollars worth of weapons to Arab countries in conflict.Governments' expenditures on defence in some Arab countries are greater than their expenditure on health. 4 International political action (and inaction), notably in Iraq and Lebanon, has played a part too.Similarly, global decisions have led to fluctuations of funding for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), the leading health and social service provider to Palestinian refugees. 5 Multilateral and bilateral aid has also influenced public policy making in many economies of the Arab world, owing to demands for reform and reduced public sector spending.These have had a dispro-portionate effect on low income groups.Although several Arab countries have banned tobacco advertisements, tobacco companies continue to reach Arab homes through satellite television stations, another global feature.Tobacco related mortality is expected to reach 0.5 million deaths in the Arab world by 2020.Further investigation of the ways that powerful regional and global agents effect health in the Arab world and beyond is crucial for a clearer perspective on obstacles to health.Only then will the possibility of advocacy for lasting health see the light.
The Blue Baby — Circulation or Ventilation or Both?
Authors: William H. Tooley, Paul Stanger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

IN this issue of the Journal Shannon and his co-workers call attention to a diagnostic technic that helps establish whether cyanosis in the newly born infant is caused by abnormalities of circulation or ventilation. We also have used this method and found it useful in the occasional infant with profound cyanosis (an oxygen tension in arterial blood less than 40 mm of mercury), whose physical examination, chest x-ray film and electrocardiogram are not characteristic of either heart or lung disease. However, the diagnosis is not often in doubt. Since January 1, 1966, our pediatric cardiology service has performed cardiac catheterization . . .
Biologic Properties of Polynucleotides. IV. Studies on the Mechanism of Complement Inhibition by Polyinosinic Acid Together with Observations on the In Vivo Effect of Polyinosinic Acid on Complement Activity*
Authors: Stanley Yachnin, Daniel Rosenblum
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1964)

The following abbreviations are used: C', comple- ment; anti-C', anticomplementary; C'H50, 50%o hemolytic unit of complement; C'1, C'2, C'3, C'4, the first, second, third, or fourth component of complement; R1, R2, R3, R4, serum lacking the designated component of comple- ment; EA, sensitized sheep erythrocytes; EAC' . .., persensitized erythrocytes bearing complement components as designated by numerical subscript; E*, red cells
Lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (CRd) for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: Results from a phase 2 trial
Authors: Shaji K. Kumar, Martha Q. Lacy, Suzanne R. Hayman, Keith Stewart, Francis K. Buadi, Jacob Allred, Kristina Laumann, Philip R. Greipp, John A. Lust, Morie A. Gertz, Steven R. Zeldenrust, P. Leif Bergsagel, Craig B. Reeder, Thomas E. Witzig, Rafael Fonseca, Stephen J. Russell, Joseph R. Mikhael, David Dingli, S. Vincent Rajkumar, Angela Dispenzieri
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2011)

Abstract The combination of lenalidomide and low‐dose dexamethasone is an effective treatment for multiple myeloma (MM). Addition of alkylating agents to lenalidomide or thalidomide results in increased response rates and deeper responses. We designed this trial to study the combination of cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (CRd) as initial therapy for MM. Fifty‐three patients with previously untreated symptomatic MM was enrolled. Patients received 4‐week treatment cycles consisting of lenalidomide (25 mg daily for 3 weeks), dexamethasone (40 mg weekly), and cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m 2 weekly for 3 weeks). A partial response or better was seen in 85% of patients including 47% with a very good partial response or better. The toxicities were manageable with over 80% of planned doses delivered; six patients went off study for toxicity. The median progression free survival (PFS) for the entire group was 28 months (95% CI: 22.7–32.6) and the overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 87% (95% CI: 78–96). Importantly, 14 patients with high‐risk MM had similar PFS and OS as the standard‐risk patients ( n = 39). CRd is an effective and well‐tolerated regimen for upfront therapy of MM with high response rates and excellent 2‐year OS, and is suitable for long‐term therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase for treating hypercholesterolaemia.
Authors: J D Barth, O A Kruisbrink, A L Van Dijk
Journal: BMJ (1990)

the first recorded association of dysphagia with fluspirilene, although four episodes of dystonia and one dyskinetic reaction have occurred since 1975.Acute dystonic reactions are well recognised with neuroleptic drugs,' but acute dystonic dys- phagia has only recently been reported; Newton- John described the condition in two patients, the causal drug probably being metoclopramide, although prochlorperazine was implicated in one.'The treatment of choice for acute dystonic reactions is an anticholinergic drug.Persistent dystonia, however, may prove resistant to drugs.The treatment options include anticholinergic drugs, levodopa, benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, tetrabenazine, and even phenothiazines or butyro- phenones.'Also, with the recognition of the therapeutic use of botulinum toxin A in spasmodic dysphonia' this may offer an alternative acceptable solution to the problem of dystonic dysphagia when withdrawal of the causal neuroleptic is not clinically feasible.
Different effects of strenuous exercise and moderate exercise on platelet function in men.
Authors: J S Wang, C J Jen, H C Kung, L J Lin, T R Hsiue, H I Chen
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. It is also noticed that on one hand, regular exercise can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and on the other hand, vigorous exercise provokes sudden cardiac death. We therefore hypothesize that various intensities of exercise may affect platelet function differently. METHODS AND RESULTS Strenuous and moderate exercise (about 50% to 55% of peak oxygen consumption, VO2peak) on a bicycle ergometer in 10 sedentary and 10 physically active healthy young men was executed on two separate occasions. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise. A newly designed tapered parallel plate chamber was used to assess platelet adhesiveness. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP was evaluated by the percentage of reduction in single platelet count. beta-Thromboglobulin (beta-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) were measured by ELISA. In addition, a similar study on 5 patients with stable angina were also conducted. Our results showed that (1) in the sedentary healthy group, platelet adhesiveness and aggregation were increased by strenuous exercise and depressed by moderate exercise; (2) in the active healthy group, platelet adhesiveness and aggregation were enhanced by severe exercise, whereas only aggregation was decreased by moderate exercise; (3) in the patients with stable angina, platelet adhesiveness and aggregation were enhanced by strenuous exercise and adhesiveness was suppressed by moderate exercise; (4) the degree of hemoconcentration induced by acute exercise tended to be related to the severity of exercise in all subjects; and (5) although severe exercise elevated beta-TG and PF4, there were no significant changes in beta-TG, PF4, and the ratio of beta-TG to PF4 in healthy subjects after exercise. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that platelet adhesiveness and aggregability may be sensitized by strenuous exercise in both healthy subjects and patients with stable angina. In contrast, platelet function can be suppressed significantly by moderate exercise in the healthy and tends to be depressed in patients with stable angina. The former may increase the risk of cardiac arrest and the latter may protect us from cardiovascular diseases. In addition, the effects of acute exercise tend to be more pronounced in the sedentary than in the active.
Skin Reactions From Gold Jewelry Contaminated With Radon Deposit
Authors: Norman Simon
Journal: JAMA (1967)

GOLD JEWELRY may be contaminated sufficiently with radiation to represent a hazard to the wearer. The finding of gold rings containing decay products of radon has prompted this report. <h3>Report of Cases</h3> A professor and his wife were seen by us because of chronic skin lesions of their ring fingers and the recent finding of radioactivity in their wedding rings. In December 1940, 26 years ago, they were married in a double ring ceremony. They wore their rings constantly, and the bride noticed a rash under her ring after about a year. Subsequently a skin reaction also developed under the husband's ring. In those early years of their marriage they were living in Indiana, and the skin rashes were considered to be due to detergents which had just been available to the housewife. The itching, redness, and later blistering of the fingers finally forced both husband and wife to remove