tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Group Releases New Guideline on Options for Treating Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2011)

A NEW GUIDELINE FOR USING EFfective therapies for patients with painful diabetic neuropathy has been issued by the American Academy of Neurology. The guideline, released in April, was established through a systematic review of the literature from 1960 to August 2008 that reported on the efficacy of pharmacological treatments (such as anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and opioids) and nonpharmacological treatments (such as electrical stimulation, magnetic field treatment, low-intensity laser treatment, and Reiki massage). The guideline authors rated the therapies based on the quality of the evidence (Bril V et al. Neurology. 2011; 76[20]:1758-1765). The burning or tingling pain of diabetic neuropathy adversely affects patients’ quality of life. It is estimated that about 16% of patients with diabetes have painful diabetic neuropathy. And while treatments are available, an estimated 39% of cases remain untreated and about 1 in 8 patients do not even report the condition to their physicians. Vera Bril, MD, the lead guideline author and director of the neuromuscular section of the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, explained why the academy decided to publish the guideline. “We did it because there are new treatments available and people are all over the place in thinking of what works and does not work,” Bril said. What works, at least according to the most rigorous study, is the anticonvulsant pregabalin, which the authors said is effective in lessening the pain of diabetic neuropathy and in improving quality of life; the drug also lessens sleep interference, although the effect size is small. Pregabalin was the only treatment to receive the more rigorous level A recommendation by the authors.
TRANSFORMATION OF TYPE SPECIFICITY OF MENINGOCOCCI
Authors: Hattie E. Alexander, Winifred Redman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1953)

Heritable type-specific traits have been induced in meningococcus populations by exposure to desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-containing extracts derived from meningococcus cells of the type desired. The DNA has been shown to be an essential component of the transforming extract. As in the H. influenzae system, the reaction between the susceptible cell and the DNA responsible for the heritable change requires less than 15 minutes. Only a minute proportion of the total cells exposed to the DNA extracts for a short time are susceptible to the change; but in the growth and reproduction of bacteria susceptible cells appear with fairly predictable frequency. Type I specific traits have been induced in populations of RIIa and SIIa cells. Type IIa specificity has been induced in RIIa cells.
What's Ahead for Internal Medicine
Authors: Chester S. Keefer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

THE American Society of Internal Medicine is designed for the following purposes: to define internal medicine as a specialty; to extend the scientific, educational and socioeconomic aspects of internal medicine; to further the practice of medicine; and to supplement the aims and activities of the American College of Physicians.I have been requested to say something about the problems confronting the internist, and I propose to do so within the framework of the Society's stated purposes and aims.Definition of Internal Medicine as a SpecialtyIt is always easier to define a specialist by what he does rather than what . . .
Metastatic tumor antigen 1 is closely associated with frequent postoperative recurrence and poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Soo Hyung Ryu, Young-Hwa Chung, Hyunseung Lee, Jeong A. Kim, Hyun Deok Shin, Hyun Joo Min, Dong Dae Seo, Myoung Kuk Jang, Eunsil Yu, Kyu-Won Kim
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Metastatic tumor antigen 1 (MTA1) is known to play a role in angiogenic processes as a stabilizer of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-alpha). In this study, we examined whether overexpression of MTA1 affects the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after surgical resection and the survival of the patients. A total of 506 HCC patients who underwent hepatic resection were included in the study. They were followed up for a median of 43 months (range, 1-96 months) after hepatectomy. MTA1 expression levels were determined by the proportion of immunopositive cells (none, all negative; +, <50%; ++, >50%). The relationships between MTA1 expression and the HCC histological features, the appearance of recurrent HCC after surgical resection, and the survival of the patients were examined. Eighty-eight cases (17%) of the HCCs were positive for MTA1, although the surrounding liver tissues were all negative for MTA1; 62 cases were + and 26 cases were ++. Increased MTA1 expression levels in HCC were correlated with larger tumors (P = 0.04), perinodal extension (P = 0.03), and microvascular invasion (P = 0.008). Histological differentiation had marginal significance (P = 0.056). However, there was no association between MTA1 expression and age, sex, Child-Pugh class, and capsule invasion of HCC. Interestingly, MTA1 expression levels were significantly greater in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC compared with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated HCC (P = 0.017). The cumulative recurrence rates of MTA1-positive HCCs were markedly greater than those of MTA1-negative HCCs (P < 0.0001). The cumulative survival rates of patients with MTA1-positive HCCs were significantly shorter than those of patients with MTA1-negative HCCs (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, our data indicate that MTA1 is closely associated with microvascular invasion, frequent postoperative recurrence, and poor survival of HCC patients, especially in those with HBV-associated HCC.
The Neglected Purpose of Comparative-Effectiveness Research
Authors: Aanand D. Naik, Laura A. Petersen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

On February 17, 2009, President Barack Obama signed into law an initiative providing $1.1 billion to support research on the comparative effectiveness of drugs, medical devices, surgical procedures, and other treatments for various conditions. This comparative-effectiveness research (CER) initiative has generated considerable controversy. Industry and free-market advocates have expressed concerns about the role of cost-effectiveness analyses within CER and subsequent governmental intrusion into doctor–patient decisions.Despite such controversy, the broad consensus is that although the amount of funding the federal government provides for research is already large, the translation of this investment into practice, enabling new laboratory discoveries to reach . . .
Immunodominant, protective response to the parasite Toxoplasma gondii requires antigen processing in the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Nicolas Blanchard, Federico Gonzalez, Marie Schaeffer, Nathalie T Joncker, Tiffany Cheng, Anjali J Shastri, Ellen A Robey, Nilabh Shastri
Journal: Nature Immunology (2008)
Rapid, Direct Effects of Statin Treatment on Arterial Redox State and Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Human Atherosclerosis via Tetrahydrobiopterin-Mediated Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Coupling
Authors: Charalambos Antoniades, Constantinos Bakogiannis, Paul Leeson, Tomasz J. Guzik, Mei-Hua Zhang, Dimitris Tousoulis, Alexios S. Antonopoulos, Michael Demosthenous, Kyriakoula Marinou, Ashley Hale, Andreas Paschalis, Costas Psarros, Costas Triantafyllou, Jennifer Bendall, Barbara Casadei, Christodoulos Stefanadis, Keith M. Channon
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background— Treatment with statins improves clinical outcome, but the exact mechanisms of pleiotropic statin effects on vascular function in human atherosclerosis remain unclear. We examined the direct effects of atorvastatin on tetrahydrobiopterin-mediated endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase coupling in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods and Results— We first examined the association of statin treatment with vascular NO bioavailability and arterial superoxide (O 2 ·− ) in 492 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Then, 42 statin-naïve patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomized to atorvastatin 40 mg/d or placebo for 3 days before surgery to examine the impact of atorvastatin on endothelial function and O 2 ·− generation in internal mammary arteries. Finally, segments of internal mammary arteries from 26 patients were used in ex vivo experiments to evaluate the statin-dependent mechanisms regulating the vascular redox state. Statin treatment was associated with improved vascular NO bioavailability and reduced O 2 ·− generation in internal mammary arteries. Oral atorvastatin increased vascular tetrahydrobiopterin bioavailability and reduced basal and N -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester–inhibitable O 2 ·− in internal mammary arteries independently of low-density lipoprotein lowering. In ex vivo experiments, atorvastatin rapidly improved vascular tetrahydrobiopterin bioavailability by upregulating GTP-cyclohydrolase I gene expression and activity, resulting in improved endothelial NO synthase coupling and reduced vascular O 2 ·− . These effects were reversed by mevalonate, indicating a direct effect of vascular hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibition. Conclusions— This study demonstrates for the first time in humans the direct effects of statin treatment on the vascular wall, supporting the notion that this effect is independent of low-density lipoprotein lowering. Atorvastatin directly improves vascular NO bioavailability and reduces vascular O 2 ·− through tetrahydrobiopterin-mediated endothelial NO synthase coupling. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms mediating the beneficial vascular effects of statins in humans. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01013103.
TREATMENT OF A UTERINE ABSCESS BY SENSITIZED BACILLI PROTEI
Authors: W. Broughton-Alcock
Journal: BMJ (1914)

inatervals, ten to fourteen days before the expected date of conifinem-lent.Tue sensitized vaccine is preferable to the ordinary vaccine because of the absence of reaction and tlle more rapid immunization.Appended is a table showing particulars of the cases in this series treated to date.The inclusion of Ca.ses 9, 10, 11, which were all severely ill on adnlission to lhospital, has lowered the recovery-rate in the small series of cases available during tlle last year.
782 CHRONIC HEPATITIS C GENOTYPE 4: EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF THE TREATMENT WITH PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A PLUS RIBAVIRIN
Authors: M. Diago, J. Boadas, R. Planas, R. Sola, J.A. del Olmo, J. Crespo, J.C. Erdozaín, M.D. Anton
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Drowning in Plain Sight
Authors: Helen G. Kim
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Expression of rat complement control protein Crry on tumor cells inhibits rat natural killer cell–mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Theresa A. Caragine, Masaki Imai, Alan B. Frey, Stephen Tomlinson
Journal: Blood (2002)

Abstract Crry is a rodent membrane–bound inhibitor of complement activation and is a structural and functional analog of the human complement inhibitors decay-accelerating factor and membrane cofactor protein. We found previously that expression of rat Crry on a human tumor cell line enhances tumorigenicity in nude rats. In this study, we investigated the effect that rat Crry expressed on tumor cells has on rat cell–mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The expression of rat Crry on the surface of different human tumor cell lines inhibited ADCC mediated by rat natural killer (NK) cells. C3 opsonization is known to enhance NK cell–mediated cytolysis, and a potential mechanism for Crry-mediated inhibition of NK cell lysis is through Crry modulation of C3 deposition on target cells. However, the transfection of tumor cell lines with Crry enhanced their resistance to NK cell–mediated lysis in the absence of exogenous complement. The resistance of Crry-expressing tumor cells to NK cell–mediated ADCC could be reversed by treatment with anti–Crry F(ab)2. In addition, anti–Crry F(ab)2 enhanced the susceptibility of 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells (that endogenously express Crry) to ADCC mediated by allogeneic rat NK cells in the absence of added complement. We found no evidence that rat NK cells were a source of complement for target cell deposition during the in vitro cytolysis assay. These data suggest a novel function for rat Crry in tumor immune surveillance that may be unrelated to complement inhibition.
Ecology and metabolism of the beneficial intestinal commensal bacterium<i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i>
Authors: Sylvie Miquel, Rebeca Martín, Chantal Bridonneau, Véronique Robert, Harry Sokol, Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán, Muriel Thomas, Philippe Langella
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is a major commensal bacterium, and its prevalence is often decreased in conditions of intestinal dysbiosis. The phylogenic identity of this bacterium was described only recently. It is still poorly characterized, and its specific growth requirements in the human gastrointestinal tract are not known. In this review, we consider F. prausnitzii metabolism, its ecophysiology in both humans and animals, and the effects of drugs and nutrition on its population. We list important questions about this beneficial and ubiquitous commensal bacterium that it would be valuable to answer.
Training in advanced trauma life support
Authors: A. Price, G. Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Advanced trauma life support offers clear protocols for managing major trauma and is now regarded as a common international language of trauma care.1-3 In 1993 Teanby et al highlighted the generally poor care given to trauma victims in Britain and recommended that protocols for advanced trauma life support should be instituted in prehospital care as well as accident and emergency departments.4 Most, if not all, major British accident departments now use the protocols in their resuscitation rooms. Similarly, the number of advanced trauma life support courses have expanded since the first one in Britain in 1988 (Royal College of Surgeons, personal communication). But is this training being provided to those who need it most?

Despite the maturation of accident and emergency medicine as a specialty and the formation of trauma teams in many hospitals, a senior house officer is often still the first doctor to assess and provide initial care for …
Erythema nodosum and Hodgkin's disease
Authors: R.J.G. CHALMERS, S.J. PROCTOR, JANET M. MARKS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

SUMMARY Three patients with unexplained recurrent erythema nodosum were found to have Hodgkin's disease. The latter diagnosis should be considered in patients with unexplained recurrent erythema nodosum.
Identification of casein as the major allergenic and antigenic protein of cow's milk
Authors: G. H. Docena, R. Fernandez, F. G. Chirdo, C. A. Fossati
Journal: Allergy (1996)

Docena GH, Fernandez R, Chirdo FG, Fossati CA. Identification of casein as the major allergenic and antigenic protein of cow's milk. The objective of this study was to analyze both the allergenicity and immunogenicity of cow's milk proteins. To this end, 80 milk‐atopic patients were selected on the basis of the presence of cow's milk‐specific IgE antibodies in serum and compatible clinical history. Fifteen patients allergic to other allergens and 10 nonatopic subjects were studied as controls. The specificity of serum IgG and IgE antibodies was determined by immunoblotting, employing both cow's milk and milk components, i.e., α‐ and β‐casein, β‐lactoglobulin, and α‐lactalbumin separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). The experiments showed that casein‐specific IgE antibodies were present in all (80/80) sera examined; 10/80 showed reactivity to β‐lactoglobulin, and 5/80 showed reactivity to α‐lactalbumin. None of the 25 negative control sera analyzed showed the presence of specific IgE antibodies against milk proteins. These results were similar to those corresponding to the detection, by the radioallergosorbent test, of IgE antibodies against the milk components coupled to paper disks. All sera from milk‐atopic patients also showed IgE reactivity against a high‐molecular‐mass fraction that hardly enters the gel. This fraction, after separation by gel filtration and treatment with β‐mercaptoethanol and urea, was shown by SDS‐PAGE analysis to be formed by casein monomers. All sera analyzed by immunoblotting reacted against the components corresponding to casein monomers. Inhibition of immunoblotting by adsorption with different milk components confirmed that those high‐molecular‐mass aggregates are formed by casein components. The results presented here strongly suggest that casein is the major allergenic component of cow's milk.
P1086 QUANTITATIVE HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIBODY LEVEL IS A NEW BASELINE PREDICTOR FOR TREATMENT RESPONSE IN HBeAg-POSITIVE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS RECEIVING PEGINTERFERON THERAPY
Authors: G.-Q. Wang, F.-Q. Hou, L.-W. Song, N.-S. Xia, Q. Yuan, L.-L. Fang, S.-X. Ge, J. Zhang, L. Sun, J.-F. Sheng, D.-Y. Xie, J. Shang, S.-H. Wu, Y.-T. Sun, S.-F. Wei
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Death in the air
Authors: C. Chu
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Alternating pressure mattresses are being used with increasing frequency throughout the NHS. Each mattress is essentially an airbed with several compartments or cells, between which the air is cycled. Designed to minimise pressure damage to immobilised patients, they can present some unexpected challenges to doctors.

As one manufacturer explains, the “individual cells, which gently inflate and deflate alternately, mimic natural body movement.” This can, …
Is endotoxemia a therapeutic target in liver injury?
Authors: Tetsuji Fujita
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Dr. Nolan states1 that alcoholic liver disease is the target for earlier interventions with antiendotoxin therapy, although it is still difficult to prevent or suppress the progression of endotoxin-mediated liver injury by antiendotoxin therapy in clinical settings despite solid evidence of its effectiveness in the experimental models. Nolan refers to a study that showed a progressive rise of mean plasma endotoxin levels from 10 pg/mL in mild fatty liver to 60 pg/mL in severe cirrhosis with alcoholic hepatitis.2 However, positive correlations of endotoxin levels with the severity of liver injury do not necessarily mean the harmful effects of modest endotoxemia on the liver. A high plasma concentration of endotoxin exceeding 1,000 pg/mL is the predictor of death in hepatic failure, while the clinical implications of modest endotoxemia is unclear. Endotoxin activates tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, which are involved in the maintenance of the ordered balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis in the liver. Modest endotoxemia in chronic liver injury might be a response to an increased demand for TNF-α and NF-κB signaling. In such conditions, antiendotoxin therapy should be performed with caution. The gut is a reservoir of endotoxin because a single Escherichia coli contains about 2 million lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules per cell and 1 g of human feces contain 1.0-10 mg endotoxin.3 As mentioned in the present article, changing the gut flora with the use of prebiotics, probiotics, or both (symbiotics) seems a safe and promising approach in chronic liver disease. However, to confirm the effectiveness of probiotic or symbiotic therapy, larger randomized controlled trials would be required, because each sample size in previous trials is too small to yield level 1 evidence.4 In a small clinical trial, symbiotic-related improvement in ICGR15 was not related to endotoxin levels.5 I hope that such treatment strategies using probiotics or symbiotics for patients with chronic liver disease will be performed regardless of plasma endotoxin levels, because endotoxin activity in vitro does not actually reflect its biological toxicity in vivo.6 Tetsuji Fujita M.D.*, * Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Motorcycle and bicycle accidents.
Authors: H M Walker
Journal: BMJ (1979)

surgeons), who would no doubt be happy to co-operate.In one town the surgeon in charge of the accident unit gave police officers tuition in airway control at the hospital, and this was greatly appreciated.Equipment of most police cars was inadequate and often consisted only of first- aid boxes containing bandages and dressings.Patrol cars attending road accidents should have modern respiratory resuscitation equip- ment, spinal boards, cervical collars, inflatable splints, and waterproof sheets.They should also carry light rescue and cutting equipment for the release of trapped casualties, particu- larly in rural districts.
Mitochondrial bioenergetics is not impaired in nonobese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mrittika Chattopadhyay, Ishita GuhaThakurta, Prajna Behera, Kumar Rajeev Ranjan, Manoj Khanna, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Sasanka Chakrabarti
Journal: Metabolism (2011)