tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The CGD Leukocyte — A Model of Impaired Phagocytic Function
Authors: Robert L. Baehner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Phagocytosis by leukocytes, serum immunoglobulins and lymphocyte function are vital host defenses against invading micro-organisms. Since Metchnikoff's discoveries in 1883, a clearer understanding of the morphologic and metabolic changes that occur during phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi by peripheral blood leukocytes has developed. Serum factors enhance this process, and specific defects of such factors have recently been implicated as a cause for increased susceptibility to infection.1 The dynamic process of particle ingestion by phagocytes involves both expenditure of energy and renewal of cell membranes. Karnovsky2 and his co-workers have established that the leukocyte derives its energy from glycolysis and that . . .
The Dog Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in Man
Authors: Jonathan R. Merrill
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Human infection with the dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) may lead to focal pulmonary infarction with granuloma formation. The resulting roentgenographic coin lesion may require a diagnostic thoracotomy in consideration of malignancy. Because of sometimes enigmatic histopathological characteristics, this process may not be receiving the recognition it deserves. Furthermore, the dramatic increase of primary (canine) host infections in the United States presages an increase of secondary (human) host infections. Many thoracotomies will be performed for this innocuous process unless the dirofilarial agent can be controlled or the human pulmonary lesion can be reliably identified without operation.
Caffeine Increases Tear Volume Depending on Polymorphisms within the Adenosine A2a Receptor Gene and Cytochrome P450 1A2
Authors: Reiko Arita, Yasuo Yanagi, Norihiko Honda, Shuji Maeda, Koshi Maeda, Aya Kuchiba, Takuhiro Yamaguchi, Yoshitsugu Yanagihara, Hiroshi Suzuki, Shiro Amano
Journal: Ophthalmology (2012)
Analysis of molecular inversion probe performance for allele copy number determination
Authors: Yuker Wang, Martin Moorhead, George Karlin-Neumann, Nicholas J Wang, James Ireland, Steven Lin, Chunnuan Chen, Laura M Heiser, Koei Chin, Laura Esserman, Joe W Gray, Paul T Spellman, Malek Faham
Journal: Genome biology (2007)

We have developed a new protocol for using molecular inversion probes to accurately and specifically measure allele copy number. The new protocol provides for significant improvements, including the reduction of input DNA (from 2 mug) by more than 25-fold (to 75 ng total genomic DNA), higher overall precision resulting in one order of magnitude lower false positive rate, and greater dynamic range with accurate absolute copy number up to 60 copies.
Heterotopic Gastric (Fundic) Mucosa in the Duodenum
Authors: G. Franzin, R. Musola, A. Negri, R. Mencarelli, A. Fratton
Journal: Endoscopy (1982)

Twenty cases of heterotopic fundic mucosa in the duodenum are reported. The patients had several small polyps ranging from one to three mm tightly grouped to form a plaque in a limited zone of the duodenal bulb. In some cases the polyps were separated from one another. They were round or conical and manifested a frosted-glass appearance with a pale-pink or redded coloration. In two cases a whitish solitary polyp of five mm was located in the 2nd part of the duodenum. Biopsies obtained from the polyps revealed them to be composed of fundal mucosa, thus representing a particular form of heterotopia, other then the steroid-induced type, and that of patients undergoing regular dialysis for uraemia. The different clinical and morphological data in the various forms of fundal heterotopia are discussed.
Drug prevention of malaria
Authors: G Y Caldwell
Journal: BMJ (1981)

<h3>Background</h3> Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly used in paediatric ophthalmology. However, little is known about the distribution of PROM scores among children and young people with visual impairment. <h3>Aim</h3> To investigate the distributions and predictors of scores on the VQoL_CYP (<i>measuring vision-related quality of life</i>) and FVQ_CYP (<i>measuring functional vision</i>). <h3>Methods</h3> Children and young people aged 8–18 years, with visual impairment/blindness (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) worse than 0.48 in the better eye, and/or eligible visual field restriction) completed the VQoL_CYP and FVQ_CYP at home or Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK. Associations between VQoL_CYP and FVQ_CYP scores and sociodemographic and clinical factors were analysed using multiple linear regression models. <h3>Results</h3> Among 93 participants, VQoL_CYP scores ranged from 36.6 to 78.2 (mean=57.9, SD=8.1). FVQ_CYP scores ranged from 23.5 to 70.3 (mean=48.3, SD=10.1). Only 0.4% of the variation in VQoL_CYP scores was explained, with no associations with the variables of interest. By contrast, 21.6% of the variation in FVQ_CYP scores was explained, with a gradient of worse acuity (p&lt;0.001) and female gender (p=0.04) associated with worse self-rated functional vision. Age, ethnicity, time of onset and stability/progression of visual impairment were not associated. <h3>Discussion</h3> Self-rated vision-related quality of life and functional vision are not readily predicted from sociodemographic or clinical characteristics that ophthalmologists measure/record. Routine use of PROMs in clinical practice can offer important insights. Use in research can provide valuable measures of effectiveness of interventions. The reference values provided will aid interpretation in both settings.
Golf Course Dermatitis
Authors: J. V. Handwerker
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Shelley's communication, "Golf-Course Dermatitis Due to Thiram Fungicide" (<i>JAMA</i><b>188:</b>415 [May 4] 1964) brings to mind a personal experience of interest. Shortly after taking up golf, I noticed that a rash appeared after ingestion of alcoholic beverages. In the beginning, reactions were mild, taking the form of an erythema usually involving some portion of the forehead or face and the hands; these were precipitated by all forms of alcohol, whether beer, wine, bourbon, or scotch. Drinking a bottle of beer at the 9th hole would inevitably cause edematous hands and facial erythema with nasal congestion by the 11th hole. One evening an overwhelming reaction occurred after ingestion of three highballs. Flushing was rapidly followed by marked palpitation, laryngeal edema, swelling of the nasal mucosa, conjunctival injection, and a marked feeling of impending disaster. The reaction lasted for approximately 21/2 to 3 hours and responded
SKELETAL SCLEROSIS IN CHRONIC SODIUM FLUORIDE POISONING
Authors: PAUL C. HODGES
Journal: JAMA (1941)

It is established that long industrial exposure to cryolite<sup>1</sup>or to crushed phosphate rock containing sodium fluoride as an impurity<sup>2</sup>eventually causes severe generalized sclerosis of the skeleton, the tendinous attachments of muscles and of other body tissues. It is known also that the enamel of the permanent teeth of children will be mottled in a characteristic manner<sup>3</sup>if the children habitually drink water containing 1 part or more per million of fluorine salts such as sodium fluoride during the years in which the enamel of these teeth is being laid down.<sup>4</sup> Since mottled enamel is cosmetically undesirable, considerable effort has been exerted to avoid the use of contaminated water, but it has been assumed that the use of such water was not followed by deleterious lesions elsewhere in the body. Recently, however, there have been reported from North Africa,<sup>5</sup>India<sup>6</sup>and Argentina<sup>7</sup>
β-Catenin deletion in hepatoblasts disrupts hepatic morphogenesis and survival during mouse development
Authors: Xinping Tan, Youzhong Yuan, Gang Zeng, Udayan Apte, Michael D. Thompson, Benjamin Cieply, Donna B. Stolz, George K. Michalopoulos, Klaus H. Kaestner, Satdarshan P.S. Monga
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

β-Catenin, the central component of the canonical Wnt pathway, plays important roles in the processes of liver regeneration, growth, and cancer. Previously, we identified temporal expression of β-catenin during liver development. Here, we characterize the hepatic phenotype, resulting from the successful deletion of β-catenin in the developing hepatoblasts utilizing Foxa3-cyclization recombination and floxed - β-catenin (exons 2 through 6) transgenic mice. β-Catenin loss in developing livers resulted in significantly underdeveloped livers after embryonic day 12 (E12) with lethality occurring at around E17 stages. Histology revealed an overall deficient hepatocyte compartment due to (1) increased cell death due to oxidative stress and apoptosis, and (2) diminished expansion secondary to decreased cyclin-D1 and impaired proliferation. Also, the remnant hepatocytes demonstrated an immature phenotype as indicated by high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, poor cell polarity, absent glycogen, and decreased expression of key liver-enriched transcription factors: CCAAT-enhancer binding protein-α and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α. A paucity of primitive bile ducts was also observed. While the stem cell assays demonstrated no intrinsic defect in hematopoiesis, distorted hepatic architecture and deficient hepatocyte compartments resulted in defective endothelial cell organization leading to overall fetal pallor. Conclusion: β-Catenin regulates multiple, critical events during the process of hepatic morphogenesis, including hepatoblast maturation, expansion, and survival, making it indispensable to survival.
Fatal carbon monoxide poisoning--a new circumstance.
Authors: A J Crisp, K M Sherry
Journal: BMJ (1979)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Common mental disorders (CMDs) are a major cause of rising disability benefit expenditures. We urgently need evidence on programmes that can increase work participation in CMDs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of work-focused cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and individual job support for people struggling with work participation due to CMDs. <h3>Methods</h3> A randomised controlled multicentre trial (RCT) including 1193 participants was conducted. Participants were on sick leave, at risk of going on sick leave or on long-term benefits. The intervention integrated work-focused CBT with individual job support. The control group received usual care. The main outcome was objectively ascertained work participation at 12 months follow-up, with changes in mental health and health-related quality of life as secondary outcomes. <h3>Results</h3> A larger proportion of participants in the intervention group had increased or maintained their work participation at follow-up compared to the control group (44.2% vs 37.2%, p=0.015). The difference remained significant after 18 months (difference 7.8%, p=0.018), and was even stronger for those on long-term benefits (difference 12.2%, p=0.007). The intervention also reduced depression (t=3.23, p≤0.001) and anxiety symptoms (t=2.52, p=0.012) and increased health-related quality of life (t=2.24, p=0.026) more than usual care. <h3>Conclusions</h3> A work-focused CBT and individual job support was more effective than usual care in increasing or maintaining work participation for people with CMDs. The effects were profound for people on long-term benefits. This is the first large-scale RCT to demonstrate an effect of a behavioural intervention on work participation for the large group of workers with CMDs. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number: NCT01146730.
Augmentation of Myocardial Oxygen Consumption in Hyperthyroid Cats
Authors: C. LYNN SKELTON, HENRY NEAL COLEMAN, KERN WILDENTHAL, EUGENE BRAUNWALD
Journal: Circulation Research (1970)

To clarify the effects of hyperthyroidism on myocardial oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), a polarographic method was employed to compare the VO 2 of isolated papillary muscles from 13 normal euthyroid cats with that of 11 hyperthyroid cats. Basal VO 2 was greater in the hyperthyroid group (3.03±0.20 vs. 2.36±0.19 SE filter-ing dry wrr 1 · hour 1 , P &lt; 0.05). In muscles studied under afterloaded isotonic conditions, hyperthyroidism shifted the forcevelocity curve upward and to the right, with an increase in both extent and velocity of shortening at equivalent loads. These changes in myocardial behavior in hyperthyroidism were associated with an increase in myocardial VO 2 . Isometrically contracting muscles from hyperthyroid animals demonstrated significant increases in both developed tension (6.3±0.7 vs. 4.7±0.4 g/mm 2 , P &lt; 0.05) and rate of tension development (32.6±3.5 vs. 19.4±1.5 g/mm 2 · second- 1 , P &lt; 0.01), as compared to the euthyroid group. Myocardial VO 2 , expressed per g/mm 2 isometric developed tension, was significantly greater in the hyperthyroid group (0.641±0.09 vs. 0.42±0.04 milliter · mg dry wt- 1 · beat-, P &lt; 0.02). Thus, experimental hyperthyroidism augments myocardial VO 2 whether measured in resting or contracting cardiac muscle. This increase can be attributed, at least in part, to $ie altered contractile function of the heart in hyperthyroidism.
Absence of Hepatic Uptake of Tc-99m Phytate in a Man With Chronic Toluene Hepatotoxicity
Authors: SUSUMU SHIOMI, TETSUO KUROKI, TOMOYASU KURODA, TADASHI UEDA, SHUHEI NISHIGUCHI, KENZO KOBAYASHI, HIRONOBU OCHI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

The case reported here is of a 28-year-old man diagnosed as having toluene hepatotoxicity. He had a 5-year history of exposure to toluene and was admitted to hospital complaining of two episodes of loss of consciousness. The high total bilirubin and the low prothrombin time suggested serious liver dysfunction. Based on histologic examination of a liver biopsy specimen, the diagnosis of toxic liver dysfunction caused by toluene poisoning was made. Hepatic images were not present in Tc-99m phytate scintigrams, but they were present in hepatobiliary scintigrams done with the Tc-99m N-pyridoxyl-5-methyltryptophan. The diagnosis of hepatic reticuloendothelial failure was made.
Development of bioassays and approaches for the risk assessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds.
Authors: S Safe
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) are industrial compounds or by-products that have been identified as contaminants in almost every component of the global ecosystem. 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most toxic HAH, and studies in rodents have shown that this compound is a carcinogen. Analysis of environmental samples for HAHs has shown that these extracts contain complex mixtures of isomers and congeners, and this greatly complicates risk assessment due to the paucity of data available for most of the individual compounds. Extensive research has demonstrated a common receptor-mediated mechanism of action for TCDD and related toxic HAHs, and this has led to the development of a mechanism-based risk assessment approach for HAHs. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs; relative potency compared to TCDD) have been developed for selected HAH congeners, and the TEF values can be used to determine "toxic equivalents" (TEQs) for HAH mixtures. In addition, several bioassays that use receptor-mediated end points have been developed and can be used directly to determine the TEQs for HAH mixtures. The applications of the TEF/TEQ approach for the risk assessment of HAHs are considerable, particularly with the conversion of complex analytical data into TEQs. However, there appear to be several limitations to this approach, particularly with PCBs because their potential nonadditive (antagonistic), interactive effects with "2,3,7,8-TCDD-like" compounds may invalidate the use of the risk assessment procedure for some environmental matrices.
Phospholipid and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibodies in Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Aaron I Vinik, Steven B Leichter, Gary L Pittenger, Kevin B Stansberry, Marie T Holland, Alvin C Powers, Sompongse Suwanwalaikorn
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and significance of phospholipid autoantibodies (PLAs) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies in the circulation of normal patients and diabetic patients with and without neuropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured PLAs in a total of 78 patients (a diabetic group with somatic or autonomic neuropathy [n = 40] another group without neuropathy [n = 38]), and GAD autoantibodies in a subset of 22 patients. RESULTS PLAs are found in 2% of the general population. We found PLAs in 32% of the diabetic population without neuropathy, in 88% of those with neuropathy, in 55% of those with retinopathy, and in 25% of those with established nephropathy. The frequencies of immunoglobulins in the neuropathic group were: IgG = 78%, IgM = 33%, and IgA = 23%. There was no correlation between PLAs and microalbuminuria, macrovascular disease, fibrinogen, duration of diabetes, or neuropathy, but there was a strong correlation with total neuropathy score. Sera with high PLA IgG titers bound to the surface of neuroblastoma cells and inhibited cell growth. Antibodies to GAD65 were present in 32% and to GAD67 in 0% of patients. No titers of GAD65, GAD67, or the GAD65 ratio were associated with the degree of neuropathy of the presence of PLAs. CONCLUSIONS PLAs occur frequently in the sera of patients with diabetes and correlate with the extent of neuropathy, suggesting a role for PLAs in the etiology thereof. The measurement of PLAs may constitute a marker for ongoing damage to nerves.
940 A BELGIAN PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF LIVER DYSFUNCTION IN PREGNANCY
Authors: P.H. Langlet, N. Dolle, P. Devos, M.D. Deleuse, J. Lecart, F. Neckerbroeck, H. Balasse, D. Leleux, P. Ley, M. Nosbusch, I. Govaerts, I. Kram, F. Janssens, A. Renneboog, J.P. Claes
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Species-specific binding of CD4 to the beta 2 domain of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.
Authors: D A Vignali, J Moreno, D Schiller, G J Hämmerling
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

Exon-shuffled constructs between mouse (IA beta b) and human (DR3 beta) class II beta chains were made to study the interaction sites between CD4 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, and to determine whether a species barrier is involved. The overall structure and the peptide binding groove appeared to be unaffected by the exon shuffling procedure as determined by monoclonal antibody and peptide binding assays, respectively. While purified CD4+ BALB/c T cells responded strongly in a mixed leukocyte reaction to transfectants expressing the whole IA molecule, the response to IA molecules containing a DR beta 2 domain was substantially reduced. In addition, the presence of an IA beta 2 domain in DR failed to restore the weak xenoreactivity to the whole DR molecule. Similar observations were made with murine HEL-specific, IA alpha k beta b-restricted T cell hybridomas which responded significantly stronger to the whole compared with the exon-shuffled IA molecules. The involvement of CD4 in these differential responses was confirmed by the observation that CD4 loss variants responded to both molecules comparably, and transfection of CD4 into these cells restored the parental phenotype. In contrast, CD4 loss variants transfected with human CD4 responded equally to both the whole and the exon-shuffled molecules. Taken together, these data imply the existence of a partial species barrier, and suggest that CD4 interacts with the beta 2 domain of MHC class II molecules, probably in addition to other contact sites. Models for the interaction of CD4 with MHC class II molecules are presented.
THE VALUE OF AN INJURY
Authors: L. SEXTON
Journal: JAMA (1904)

We all understand that compensation is both an underlying law of nature and also the law of the country in fixing the amount of damages, and it may be said that in fixing the value, cost or price, as you may choose to term it, of any injury, the law of compensation is the guiding star by which the measure of damages in the instant case is to be determined. The difficulty in the situation is to apply the rule of compensation to each individual case as it arises. We are told by the law books that "compensation is the basic principle of the law of damages, the measure thereof being limited and controlled, and the elements of recovery primarily determined by this fundamental consideration." We are also told by the books that "there are frequently elements involved so wholly insusceptible of money valuation that the measure of recovery must
Every allograft needs a silver lining
Authors: Alan G. Contreras, David M. Briscoe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

The development of chronic allograft rejection is based on the hypothesis that cumulative, time-dependent tissue injury eventually leads to a fibrotic response. In this issue of the JCI, Babu and colleagues found that alloimmune-mediated microvascular loss precedes tissue damage in murine orthotopic tracheal allografts (see the related article beginning on page 3774). The concept that injury to the endothelium may precede airway fibrosis suggests that interventions to maintain vascular integrity may be important, especially in the case of lung transplantation. Further, for all solid organ allografts, it is possible that the key to long-term allograft survival is physiological vascular repair at early times following transplantation.
Tenosynovitis Due to<i>Mycobacterium marinum</i>
Authors: Roxann Powers, Melanie Fisher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

A healthy 60-year-old woman presented with a painful left hand. She noted that she had pulled a splinter from her left thumb while on vacation three months previously. She reported no history of exposure to fish tanks, sea water, or fresh water. Despite two courses of treatment with antimicrobial agents and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, the initial inflammation and tenderness of her thumb had gradually progressed to diffuse swelling, tenderness, and stiffness of her entire left hand, wrist, and forearm. On examination, the patient appeared healthy and had a temperature of 37.1°C. Her left hand was diffusely swollen, and her fingers . . .