tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Influenza Type B-Related Encephalopathy
Authors: Fred H. Hochberg, Kenrad Nelson, William Janzen
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Between Jan 15 and March 15, 1971, forty-eight grade-school patients living in western Chicago were hospitalized with an encephalopathic illness. Fourteen of these children had illnesses compatible with Reye syndrome (encephalopathy with liver impairment). Most of the children showed evidence of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction within ten days after onset of a febrile upper respiratory tract illness. Seizures developed in 11 of the 48 patients (including 4 of the 14 with Reye syndrome). Eight of the encephalopathic patients, including 6 of the 14 with Reye syndrome, died. Two children without Reye syndrome had abnormalities of liver enzymes coincident with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Sixteen of the 24 patients tested had titer rises in serum against influenza type B only; influenza type B was isolated from throat cultures of 2 patients. This, the seventh report of CNS complications (Reye syndrome) associated with influenza type B, suggests that surveillance for neurologic sequelae should become part of the epidemiologic evaluation of influenza epidemics. (<i>JAMA</i>231:817-821, 1975)
Abstract 3342: Overexpression of transcription factor Fra-1 drives murine 4TO7 breast cancer stem cells out of dormancy and render them sensitive to chemotherapy
Authors: Dan Lu, Si Chen, Debbie Liao, Ze Liu, Rong Xiang, Ralph Reisfeld
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Fra-1 is a member of the Fos family of transcription factors, which is highly expressed in multiple tumors and plays important roles in the transformation of malignant cells. Prior studies clearly illustrated some of the mechanisms of Fra-1 involvement in tumor proliferation and metastasis. However, the function of Fra-1 in cancer stem cells (CSCs) still remains to be resolved. We either overexpressed or silenced Fra-1 in murine 4TO7 breast cancer cells, and investigated its effects on regulation of the cell cycle, maintenance of side populations (SP) and determination of sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of Fra-1 in 4TO7 cells significantly decreased the population of G0/G1-phase cells by DNA content analysis of fixed cells with propidium iodide (PI), as well as the intracellular flow cytometry (FCM) analysis of Ki-67 expression in fixed and permeabilized 4TO7 cells. We also performed the Hoechst 33342 dye exclusion assay, and detected a remarkable decrease of SP cells, which was further confirmed by intracellular staining of cancer stem cell marker Sca-1. Importantly, overexpression of Fra-1 correlated with a significant increase in chemosensitivity to either Doxorubicin (Dox) or cyclophosphamide (CTX) treatment both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, extinction of Fra-1 increased the proportion of both G0/G1-phase cells and SP cells. These events in turn increased resistance of 4TO7 cells to chemotherapy both in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings indicate that up- or down- regulation of Fra-1 in murine 4TO7 breast cancer cells can drive CSCs out of or back into dormancy, which may subsequently render them sensitive or resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. In conclusion, we describe here a novel function of transcription factor Fra-1 in breast CSCs, which may hold important implications for future diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3342. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3342
PREVALENCE AND PROGNOSTIC IMPACT OF ANEMIA AND RENAL INSUFFICIENCY: RELATION TO HEART FAILURE SEVERITY
Authors: Gulmisal Guder, Goetz Gelbrich, Susanne Brenner, Burkert Pieske, Rolf Wachter, Frank Edelmann, Bernhard Maisch, Sabine Pankuweit, Georg Ertl, Stefan Störk, Christiane E. Angermann
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
[644] HEPATIC STEATOSIS PREDICTS OUTCOME OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C THERAPY WITH PEG-INTERFERON PLUS RIBAVIRIN, INDEPENDENTLY OF GENOTYPE OR BMI BUT IN CORRELATION TO INSULIN RESISTANCE (HOMA-IR)
Authors: S. Savvidou, J. Goulis, P. Tsekoura, G.V. Papatheodoridis, S. Manolakopoulos, K. Makrikostas, C. Triantos, O. Anagnostou, N. Chrysanthos, K. Thomopoulos, V. Nikolopoulou, A. Archimandritis, D. Tzourmakliotis, D. Chrysagis
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Oral Contraceptives and Coronary Thrombosis
Authors: M. F. Oliver
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Criticism is made of some conclusions drawn from case reports of women who developed thrombosis and died while taking oral contraceptives.  There is no reason to presume that pregnancy precipitates myocardial infarction in young women nor that cardiac infarction is rare in young women not of hypercholesterolemic stock.  There is no certain evidence to associate oral contraceptives with an increased risk of coronary thrombosis though evidence is accumulating which suggests that ischemic heart disease has been underdiagnosed in women of reproductive age.
US branded drug makers pay to prevent generic competition
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Companies that make branded drugs make payments or beneficial agreements called “side deals” to prevent or restrict marketing of a generic form of a patented drug, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) reported last month.

The commission reported that there were 33 final settlements in the fiscal year 2007. Fourteen included payment to the aspiring generic manufacturer and a restriction on the generic company’s ability to market the generic drug, a number similar to the previous year. The report did not name the companies involved.

“‘Pay for delay’ settlements continue to proliferate,” …
Dr Gee's cross examination continues.
Authors: C Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The trial of Dr Sidney Gee's ?bel action against the BBC over allegations about his slimming treatment broadcast on That s Life adjourned for the Christmas break on 20 December, Dr Gee's 28th day in the witness box. In a lengthy cross examination about Dr Gee's use of thyroid extract in treating obesity Andrew Rankin QC, leading counsel for the BBC, suggested that to give a eu thyroid patient just one of Dr Gee's thyroid tablets a day would result in virtual suppression of the thyroid gland over a period of time. This would cause no harm because the gland would remain suppressed and the patient would receive sufficient thyroid hormone from the tablet. But given two tablets, patients would become hyperthyroid within months. In reply Dr Gee referred to a 1968 article that showed that thyroxine was poorly absorbed. Thyroid extract, he said, had an even worse absorption rate?only 30-40%. Mr Rankin countered that the replacement dose of 300 \x% for patients without any thyroid function mentioned in the article was now outdated; 150 jig was now considered to be the correct dose. Dr Gee replied that at the absorption rate specified in the article 150 \ig would mean only about 60 ug available to the body. He did not accept Mr Rankin's suggestion that the replacement dose already took into account the rate of absorption. Counsel quoted from an article on the administration of thyroid hormone to obese patients: Four out of 21 subjects had to discontinue thyroid because of ill effects. The subjects developed angina on effort in the absence of a prior history of coronary disease. Though he accepted that the dosage of thyroid hormone was 480 mg a day (230 mg a day more than Dr Gee's dose), the article showed that giving thyroid hormone in a particular dose could produce angina. He quoted further: Cardiac arrhythmias have been reported during weight loss. Under such circumstances a subject may well be more vulnerable to the sympathomimetic effect of thyroid and develop a variety of cardiac abnormalities. Dr Gee replied that the adverse circumstances in these cases were due to a combination of large doses and potassium depletion. The patients were receiving not thyroid extract but a synthetic mixture, and the daily doses were 360-840 mg. The paper, he pointed out, went on: With four exceptions, these subjects seemed to tolerate the large amounts of thyroid given without developing the usual manifestations of toxicity. This experience parallels the observations of others who described only minor ill effects in obese subjects or in mildly overweight, healthy volunteers to whom thyroid in equivalent as well as larger doses was given.
Psychiatric Aspects of Hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Julian Iancu, Moshe Kotler, Baruch Spivak, Margaret Radwan, Avraham Weizman
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1994)

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a potentially dangerous disorder of pregnancy characterized by severe and protracted vomiting. It is suggested that psychosocial factors may have a role in determining whether the pregnant woman experiences a transient spell of mild vomiting or progresses towards the much rarer but more significant pernicious vomiting. Psychotherapy, hypnotherapy and behavior therapy have been reported to contribute to the treatment of patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. A review of the etiological factors as well as of the therapeutic approaches is presented.
Donald Melvin MacKay
Authors: R Boersma, Andrew Mackay, William Mackay, D W L Smith
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Donald Melvin MacKay was born on 18 July 1924 in Stockton on Tees into a medical family. Both parents were medical practitioners in Thornaby during the second world war.

He was educated at Merchiston School and Edinburgh University, graduating in 1946. …
Community Medicine: Teaching, Research and Health Care
Authors: Amasa B. Ford
Journal: JAMA (1971)

This book presents a pale reflection of a burning issue. In 1968 the Rockefeller Foundation sponsored a conference in Italy which brought together 22 medical educators, health administrators, government officials, and foundation executives from nine nations and five continents. They met to consider how to study and teach the delivery of health care, especially health care for the rural populations of developing countries. This book is a transcript of the conference and suffers from the predictable faults of such a work: the tone of voice is missing, and the papers do not seem to be addressed to present readers. In addition, the speakers, authoritative though they are, are officials and administrators and are therefore dealing with the subject at a distance. Their concerns are how to reach or investigate community medicine, and only secondarily how to improve the health of the people. There are good ideas in the book. Medical
Investigation of auranofin-induced diarrhoea.
Authors: R Behrens, M Devereaux, B Hazleman, K Szaz, J Calvin, G Neale
Journal: Gut (1986)

Gastrointestinal function was assessed in six patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had developed diarrhoea on treatment with Auranofin. With the administration of Auranofin whole gut transit time decreased markedly (to 50% or less of control values) in five of six patients. The speed of passage of intestinal contents through the colon was certainly increased but attempts to assess transit through the upper gastrointestinal tract failed because the breath hydrogen method gave inconclusive results. There was no evidence of colitis and in all cases biopsy of the rectal mucosa appeared normal by light microscopy. In the five patients with rapid intestinal transit faecal weight increased more than two-fold (range +44 to +335%) although in only three cases were the changes sufficient to cause an increased frequency of bowel action. Overall the concentration of sodium in faecal water increased three-fold (mean values rose from 10.6 to 38.3 mmol/l). There were no significant changes in the concentrations of either potassium or chloride but bicarbonate was reduced. Faecal pH fell from a mean value of 7.5 (range 6.8-7.9) to a mean value of 6.4 (range 6.0-7.4). In the three patients who developed overt diarrhoea and in two others taking Auranofin the intestinal uptake of 51Cr-EDTA was increased on average three-fold and there was a similar change in the ratio of the absorption of lactulose/mannitol. The mean clearance of alpha-1-antitrypsin from the circulation into the gastrointestinal tract was doubled. These data indicate an increase in intestinal permeability. In contrast the absorption of vitamin B12 was unaffected and there was no significant change in the excretion of faecal fat although one patient developed mild steatorrhoea. Thus in a selected group of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis the administration of Auranofin caused diarrhoea in association with a reversible defect in intestinal permeability but without significant change in the absorption of nutrients.
The nitric oxide donor, V-PYRRO/NO, protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice
Authors: Jie Liu, Chengxiu Li, Michael P. Waalkes, James Clark, Page Myers, Joseph E. Saavedra, Larry K. Keefer
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

The liver-selective nitric oxide (NO) donor, O 2 -vinyl 1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (V-PYRRO/NO), is metabolized by P-450 enzymes to release NO in the liver, and is shown to protect the liver from tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis and D-glactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of V-PYRRO/NO on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Mice were given V-PYRRO/NO via osmotic pumps (1.8-5.4 mg/mL, 8 μL/h) 4 to 16 hours before a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen (600 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [ip]). V-PYRRO/NO administration dramatically reduced acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as evidenced by reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, reduced hepatic congestion, apoptosis, and improved hepatocellular pathology. The protection afforded by V-PYRRO/NO does not appear to be caused by a decrease in the formation of toxic acetaminophen metabolites, which consumes glutathione (GSH), because V-PYRRO/NO did not alter acetaminophen-induced hepatic GSH depletion. Acetaminophen-induced lipid peroxidation, as determined by the concentrations of 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA), was reduced significantly by V-PYRRO/NO treatment. Although pretreatment was most effective, administration of V-PYRRO/NO simultaneously with acetaminophen also was able to reduce acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Genomic analysis of the liver samples 10 hours after acetaminophen intoxication showed the enhanced expression of genes associated with stress/oxidative stress, apoptosis/cell death, and DNA damage/repair. Acetaminophen-induced alterations in gene expression were attenuated significantly by V-PYRRO/NO. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western-blot analysis confirmed microarray results. In conclusion, V-PYRRO/NO is effective in blocking acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. This protection may involve the reduction of oxidative stress, the inhibition of apoptosis, and possibly the maintenance of hepatic vasculature to prevent congestion.
Coping with loss: Bereavement in childhood
Authors: D. Black
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Background</h3> <i>ZNF597</i>, encoding a zinc-finger protein, is the human-specific maternally expressed imprinted gene located on 16p13.3. The parent-of-origin expression of <i>ZNF597</i> is regulated by the <i>ZNF597</i>:TSS-DMR, of which only the paternal allele acquires methylation during postimplantation period. Overexpression of <i>ZNF597</i> may contribute to some of the phenotypes associated with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 16 (UPD(16)mat), and some patients with UPD(16)mat presenting with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) phenotype have recently been reported. <h3>Methods</h3> A 6-year-old boy presented with prenatal growth restriction, macrocephaly at birth, forehead protrusion in infancy and clinodactyly of the fifth finger. Methylation, expression, microsatellite marker, single nucleotide polymorphism array and trio whole-exome sequencing analyses were conducted. <h3>Results</h3> Isolated hypomethylation of the <i>ZNF597</i>:TSS-DMR and subsequent loss of imprinting and overexpression of <i>ZNF597</i> were confirmed in the patient. Epigenetic alterations, such as UPD including UPD(16)mat and other methylation defects, were excluded. Pathogenic sequence or copy number variants affecting his phenotypes were not identified, indicating that primary epimutation occurred postzygotically. <h3>Conclusion</h3> We report the first case of isolated <i>ZNF597</i> imprinting defect, showing phenotypic overlap with SRS despite not satisfying the clinical SRS criteria. A novel imprinting disorder entity involving the <i>ZNF597</i> imprinted domain can be speculated.
Overexpression of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: A Novel Biomarker for Poor Survival in Resected Early Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Tony Dhillon, Francesco A. Mauri, Guido Bellezza, Lucio Cagini, Mattia Barbareschi, Bernard V. North, Michael J. Seckl
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
RAT BITE FEVER
Authors: G. A. Byers
Journal: JAMA (1941)

To the Editor:—  In perusingThe Journalof May 24, page 2393, I saw the report of Dr. John Greenwood and Dr. Edmond R. Hess of rat bite fever in an infant aged 11 days. I was once awakened from my sleep within three hours after an infant was born by its crying; I saw a rat biting the child's toe. Following this rat bite the child had rat bite fever.
"Black boxing:" response by editor of Hospital Doctor
Authors: P. Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—I found the BMJ 's condemnation1 2 of the editorial in Hospital Doctor on “black boxing”3 a typically entertaining read, but I should like to correct a few inaccuracies.

According to you, we at Hospital Doctor argued “in a portentous editorial” that the BMJ “is putting money ahead of principle.” Actually, we didn't.

Our editorial expressed no view on the rights and wrongs of black boxing non-standard posts. It criticised the …
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura mimicking acute small bowel Crohn's disease.
Authors: P J Winwood, J P Iredale, P J Williamson, M Lesna, C A Loehry
Journal: Gut (1992)

A 39 year old woman presented with a short history of bloody diarrhoea. She subsequently developed microangiopathic haemolysis, platelet consumption, and renal impairment. Initial investigations suggested underlying Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum complicated by sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. However, after resection of a perforated caecum and terminal ileum, the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was made. There was weak serological evidence of yersinia infection, this may have caused the early localisation of the lesions to the terminal ileum. This is believed to be the first report of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura affecting the small bowel alone at presentation.
Thyroid eye disease
Authors: P. Perros, C. Neoh, J. Dickinson
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Despite the frequency of divorce, there are no comprehensive guidelines for the relative rights of custodial and noncustodial parents. Since there are no definite rules for the parties to follow, divorced parents receive conflicting advice and are more likely to engage in bitter misunderstandings. This paper creates a framework for defining whether the noncustodial parent has a right to authorize emergency medical care, routine medical care, serious nonemergency medical care, psychiatric evaluation, and psychiatric treatment. The author suggests that the noncustodial parent should be able to authorize routine medical treatment, but not routine psychiatric treatment.
Pathogenetic mechanisms of vitiligo in a patient with Sezary syndrome
Authors: A.C. Knol, G. Quereux, S. Marques-Briand, M.C. Pandolfino, A. Khammari, Y. Guilloux, B. Dreno
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Patients exhibiting association between vitiligo and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) remain rare and it is not known whether some T-cell subpopulations of CTCL in the skin are able to recognize specific melanocytic epitopes and thus induce vitiligo. The aim of our study was to determine whether T cells specific to melanocyte differentiation antigens were detectable among tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in the hypopigmented skin of a patient with Sézary syndrome (SS). A 71-year-old patient presented with SS and developed vitiligo during the course of her disease. Immunohistochemical studies showed staining with HMB45 and MelanA antibodies in the pigmented skin biopsy, whereas no staining was observed in the hypopigmented skin biopsy. To analyse responses to melanocyte differentiation antigens, we used a transient COS transfection assay that permits an estimation of CD8 T-cell responses against a large number of HLA/antigen combinations. This technique allowed the detection of melanocyte differentiation antigen-specific T lymphocytes, directed mainly against Melan-A/MART1 antigen in the HLA-A*23 context. Our study supports the concept that vitiligo that has developed during the evolution of a CTCL is related to the presence of a T-lymphocyte subpopulation reactive against melanocyte differentiation antigens (mainly Melan-A/MART1) present in skin lesions. The role of interferon in the induction of this T-lymphocyte subpopulation is discussed.
Effect of protein and lactulose on the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid by faecal Escherichia coli.
Authors: H al Mardini, B al Jumaili, C O Record, D Burke
Journal: Gut (1991)

The value of lactulose treatment in hepatic encephalopathy is widely recognised but its mode of action remains controversial. Much evidence supports a role for gamma-aminobutyric acid in hepatic encephalopathy, and lactulose could alter its bacterial production in the gut. Using the rat synaptic membrane assay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid by faecal Escherichia coli, with and without the addition of albumin, haemoglobin, whole blood, and lactulose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was determined. Using an inorganic medium, maximal gamma-aminobutyric acid production occurred after a culture period of between 25 and 50 hours. The concentration after 30 hours of aerobic culture at 37 degrees C by a single strain was mean (SEM), 101 (5) mumol/l (99% confidence intervals 87-114 mumol/l; n = 8; interassay coefficient of variation 14.7%). gamma-aminobutyric acid production was significantly increased by the addition of albumin and haemoglobin. Under anerobic conditions, it was one fifth of that produced aerobically, but the addition of albumin and haemoglobin increased production by greater than 700%. Lactulose did not significantly attenuate gamma-aminobutyric acid production under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. gamma-aminobutyric acid determined by the rat synaptic membrane assay showed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.99) with that detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. These data confirm that gamma-aminobutyric acid is produced by faecal E coli and that protein enhances its production considerably, and suggest that lactulose does not exert its therapeutic effect by attenuating gamma-aminobutyric acid production.