tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of regulation of cell-mediated immunity. VII. Suppressor T cells induced by suboptimal doses of antigen plus an I-J-specific allogeneic effect.
Authors: J S Bromberg, B Benacerraf, M I Greene
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

Intravenous injection of 0.01 mM 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-derivatized syngeneic lymphoid cells generates a Thy-1-positive, antigen-specific suppressor cell for contact sensitivity which requires an I-J allogeneic effect to become fully activated. It is necessary and sufficient for all allogeneic effect to be directed solely against the suppressor cell, and once activated, the cell can suppress in an H-2-unrestricted fashion. The results are discussed in the framework of entry into the suppressor pathway, the allogeneic effect as a reflection of normal physiologic processes, and the importance of I-J as a receptor and signal among cells in the suppressor pathway.
Six Gulf states consider introducing checks of sex of immigrant workers
Authors: S. Arie
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Dysregulation of TNF is an important pathophysiological phenotype for many diseases. Recently, certain genetically regulated loci have been identified to regulate several inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that a region on rat chromosome 4 known to regulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, experimental arthritis and experimental autoimmune neuritis harbors a gene regulating central inflammatory molecules, such as TNF. We therefore mapped TNF production using linkage analysis in the 12th generation of an advanced intercross line between DA and PVG.AV1 rats, which differ in susceptibility to several inflammatory conditions. A single TNF-regulating quantitative trait locus with a logarithm of odds score of 6.2 was identified and its biological effect was confirmed in a congenic rat strain. The profound TNF regulation mapped in congenic strains to the macrophage population. Several TLR signaling cascades led to the same reduced proinflammatory phenotype in congenic macrophages, indicating control of a convergence point for innate inflammatory activity. The decreased TNF potential and reduced proinflammatory macrophage phenotype in congenic rats was also associated with reduced clinical severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, pristane-induced arthritis and sepsis experimental models. Determination of genes and mechanisms involved in this genetically determined TNF regulation will be valuable in understanding disease pathogenesis and aid treatment development.
Viagra: a botched test case for rationing
Authors: J. Chisholm
Journal: BMJ (1999)

News p 279 Reviews p 338 

The recent decision of the secretary of state concerning how sildenafil (Viagra) will be made available within the National Health Service1 will have angered most men with erectile dysfunction and has caused grave disquiet among doctors.2 In dressing up a rationing decision as a clinical one, the secretary of state has ended up with the worst of all possible worlds: a decision that makes no sense on clinical, equity, or cost effectiveness grounds and has alienated communities that need to be engaged if rationing is to be acceptable.

Sildenafil was licensed for use in the United Kingdom on 15 September 1998. The previous day the NHS Executive issued guidance about the drug, stating that ministers would be considering the evidence and drawing up substantive policy proposals within the next few weeks; as an interim measure, the Standing Medical Advisory Committee had advised that doctors should not prescribe sildenafil.3 At that time most doctors complied with the interim guidance, explaining to their patients that a definitive ruling on the availability of sildenafil within the NHS would be made within weeks. However, it subsequently became known that the Standing Medical Advisory Committee (which advises the secretary of state on medical matters) …
Reply to Matsushita et al.
Authors: K. Okada
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Further to the letter by Matsushita et al., we basically agree with their opinion that ESD could be dangerous and requires advanced endoscopic skills when performed within the colonic lumen, a thin-walled structure. Fortunately, in our case it was possible to make the giant lipoma hang from the colonic wall by controlling the body position of the patient, and this made it easy to preserve the muscle layer.
Variation in caesarean section rates What difference does it make?
Authors: M Joffe, M H Hall
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - The controversy over the optimal rate of caesarean section continues1,2 in the absence of clear evidence on the relative benefit of higher or lower rates. There is a large literature on the variation in rates, but this is mostly concerned with its determinants3,4 rather than the more fundamental question: what difference does it make?

Craig R Leitch and James J Walker state a commonly held view - that the focus of study should be the reasons or indications for caesarean section.2 Yet, as they also state on the basis of their unit's experience over 30 years, a large difference in caesarean section rates (7% rising to 17%, judging from their figure) is compatible with the absence of change in the most common indications, failure to progress and fetal distress. Both these indications are continuous variables, so it is …
Detoxification of Sick Addicts in Prison
Authors: Vincent P. Dole
Journal: JAMA (1972)

More than 22,000 heroin addicts have been successfully detoxified during the past nine months in the detention jails of New York City. By standardizing the dosage schedules and the dispensing routines, it has been possible to conduct this large program within the cell blocks of the institutions. Violence and suicides, which occurred frequently before the treatment was started, have been completely absent in the detoxification areas. The treatment program now is a starting point for placement of addicts in community-based narcotics treatment programs.
Sexual Differences in Cancer Survival: Hormones or Stage at Diagnosis?-Reply
Authors: Hans-Olav Adami
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Lowenfels points out that differences in survival (hazard rate) that we have reported may arise not only from a more malignant behavior of cancers in young males but also from a systematically earlier diagnosis in young females, which causes a more favorable stage distribution and introduces a lead time bias. The major determinants of stage of disease at diagnosis are probably time (patient's delay and physician's delay) and biologic features of the tumor. These are interdependent, since high biologic malignancy will increase the prevalence of nodal spread and distant metastases at the time of diagnosis and thus cause a tumor to be at a more advanced stage. Stage of disease can accordingly be looked on both as a confounding variable (as suggested by Dr Lowenfels) and as an intervening variable. The latter alternative is in our view more important in the context of our study. Dr Lowenfels
Genetically modified artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC) for expansion of melanoma tumor infiltrating lymphocytes with optimal properties for adoptive cell therapy
Authors: Marie-Andrée Forget, Shruti Malu, Hiu Liu, Christopher Toth, Sourindra Maiti, Charuta Kale, Chantale Bernatchez, Helen Huls, Ena Wang, Patrick Hwu, Laurence J Cooper, Laszlo G Radvanyi
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with expanded autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has emerged to be a powerful salvage therapy for metastatic melanoma with response rates up to 50%. However, the generation of the TIL ACT product is technically challenging with current
Basal-Cell Carcinoma at Trauma Site
Authors: T. G. Reah
Journal: BMJ (1947)

After 40 years of attributing high rates of physician career dissatisfaction, attrition, alcoholism, divorce and suicide to ‘burnout’, there is growing recognition that these outcomes may instead be caused by moral injury. This has led to a debate about the relative diagnostic merits of these two terms, a recognition that interventions designed to treat burnout may be ineffective, and much perplexity about how—if at all—this changes anything. The current research seeks to develop the construct of moral injury outside military contexts, generate more robust validity tests and more fully describe and measure the experiences of persons exposed to moral harms. Absent from the literature is a mechanism through which to move from the collective moral injury experience of physicians to a systematic change in the structure of medical practice. To address this, after providing a brief history, definitions and contrasts between burnout, moral distress and moral injury, we review the interplay of moral and ethical codes in the context of moral injury. We conclude by suggesting that professional associations can potentially prevent moral injury by providing protections for physicians within their codes of ethics.
Deletion of Hydroxyethylstarch From University of Wisconsin Solution Induces Cell Shrinkage and Proteolysis During and After Cold Storage of Rat Liver
Authors: N Neveux, J De Bandt, C Charrueau, E Savier, J C Chaumeil, L Hannoun, J Giboudeau, L A Cynober
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Among the numerous components of the University of Wisconsin (UW) solution used for organ preservation, the usefulness of hydroxyethylstarch (HES), the colloido-osmotic support of this solution, is controversial. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of HES on hepatic metabolism and intracellular hydration state during hypothermic preservation and after reperfusion in a model of isolated perfused rat liver. Three groups of eight livers were perfused either immediately or after 18 hours of cold storage in a UW-based preservation solution with or without HES. Omission of HES results in 1) a stimulation of protein degradation shown by the marked increase in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) release (211 +/- 55 vs. 87 +/- 28 nmol/min/g; P < .05, modified UW group vs. UW group), 2) an increase in oxygen consumption (81.7 +/- 4.8 vs. 61.5 +/- 5.0 micromol/h/g; P < .05), 3) a decrease in glucose production (2.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 5.0 +/- 0.6 micromol/min/g; P < .05), and 4) a reduction in intracellular volume (414 +/- 36 vs. 557 +/- 41 microL/g; P < .05). We conclude that HES plays an important role in liver preservation by limiting proteolysis, possibly through the observed preservation of cell volume.
Adverse Effects of <scp>D</scp>-Penicillamine in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: HOWARD B. STEIN, A. CAROLINE PATTERSON, ROBERT C. OFFER, CHRISTOPHER J. ATKINS, ALVENA TEUFEL, HAROLD S. ROBINSON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Adverse effects to D-penicillamine were studied prospectively over 3 years in 259 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ninety-five percent had had gold therapy previously, yet 70% benefited from D-penicillamine therapy. Of the 275 courses given, 160 (58%) were complicated by at least one reaction, including rashes (44%), dysgeusia (20%), gastrointestinal upset (18%), stomatitis (10%), proteinuria (7%), thrombocytopenia (3%), and leukopenia (2%). Their occurrences peaked in the first 6 months of treatment, except for proteinuria and thrombocytopenia, which peaked in the second 6 months. Reactions were commoner at daily doses above 250 mg; mean daily doses for proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia were higher (approximately 600 mg/d) than for the others (approximately 500 mg/d). Of 114 discontinued courses, 73 (27%) were due to adverse reactions. The remaining reactions were controlled by altering dosages and symptomatic treatment. Only obliterative bronchiolitis (two cases) was irreversible; it resulted in the only death in our series, possibly attributable to penicillamine.
Time course of histological changes in patients with a sustained biochemical and virological response to interferon-α therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Akihito Tsubota, Hiromitsu Kumada, Kazuaki Chayama, Yasuji Arase, Satoshi Saitoh, Isao Koida, Yoshiyuki Suzuki, Masahiro Kobayashi, Naoya Murashima, Kenji Ikeda
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1997)
Polymorphism of DNA Sequence in the β-Globin Gene Region
Authors: Yuet Wai Kan, Kathleen Y. Lee, Mario Furbetta, Antonella Angius, Antonio Cao
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

We used a restriction endonuclease to analyze the beta-thalassemia gene in Sardinia. When we digested human DNA with the restriction enzyme Bam HI, the beta-globin gene split into a 5' portion contained in a fragment of DNA 1.8 kb in length and a 3' portion in a fragment 9.3 kb in length. In some subjects, a variation in the nucleotide sequence affecting the site recognized by this enzyme on the 3' side of the beta-globin gene resulted in a different fragment, 22 kb in length, which contained the 3' portion of the beta-globin gene. In Sardinians without beta-thalassemia, the frequency of the 9.3-kb fragment was 0.67, and that of the 22-kb fragment was 0.33. In contrast, all the beta 0-thalassemia genes were associated exclusively with the 9.3-kb fragment. Thus, the beta 0-thalassemia lesion in Sardinians apparently arose on a chromosome that had the 9.3-kb Bam HI fragment. This observation can be used in prenatal diagnosis of beta 0-thalassemia in Sardina, since demonstration of the 22.0-kb fragment would indicate the normal beta-globin genotype and exclude the beta 0-thalassemia lesion on that chromosome. (N Engl J Med 302:185-188, 1980).
Do airborne particle and allergen exposures in inner city homes of asthmatic children differ from exposures in suburban homes of asthmatic children?*1
Authors: E. Simons, D. Bunce, J. Curtin-Brosnan, K. Callahan, R.A. Wood, C. Rand, S. Kanchanaraksa, L. Swartz, N. Durkin, P. Eggleston
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Reflex responses to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Role of prostaglandins.
Authors: M D Thames, A J Minisi
Journal: Circulation (1989)

Powerful vasodepressor and cardioinhibitory reflexes are activated in humans during inferior wall myocardial ischemia or infarction and during restoration of flow to the ischemic region. Experiments in dogs have demonstrated that these responses are due to stimulation of afferent vagal fibers that are located mainly in the inferior wall of the heart. Prostaglandins are released during myocardial ischemia and possibly during reperfusion. Prostaglandins stimulate chemosensitive but not mechanosensitive endings in the ventricles. Our studies determined whether blockade of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin or sodium meclofenamate decreased the reflex inhibitory responses to coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Experiments were done in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs after sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation. Occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery for 5 minutes resulted in decreases in arterial pressure and in renal sympathetic nerve activity. During the first 5 minutes after release of the occlusion, renal nerve activity remained inhibited. After treatment with indomethacin (n = 6, 5 mg/kg i.v.) or sodium meclofenamate (n = 3, 4 mg/kg i.v.), coronary occlusion resulted in significantly less inhibition of renal nerve activity. Renal nerve activity returned to control during the first minute of reperfusion. In six additional experiments the responses to coronary occlusion and reperfusion were not altered by treatment with vehicle. Our data suggest that prostaglandins serve as the major stimulus to ventricular sensory endings during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Our data further suggest that reflex inhibitory responses during ischemia and reperfusion are due mainly to stimulation of chemosensitive endings.
Identification of a new structural variant of human apolipoprotein E, E2(Lys146 leads to Gln), in a type III hyperlipoproteinemic subject with the E3/2 phenotype.
Authors: S C Rall, K H Weisgraber, T L Innerarity, T P Bersot, R W Mahley, C B Blum
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

A type III hyperlipoproteinemic subject having the apolipoprotein E (apo E) phenotype E3/2 was identified. From isoelectric focusing experiments in conjunction with cysteamine treatment (a method that measures cysteine content in apo E), the E2 isoform of this subject was determined to have only one cysteine residue, in contrast to all previously studied E2 apoproteins, which had two cysteines. This single cysteine was shown to be at residue 112, the same site at which it occurs in apo E3. From amino acid and sequence analyses, it was determined that this apo E2 differed from apo E3 by the occurrence of glutamine rather than lysine at residue 146. When phospholipid X protein recombinants of the subject's isolated E3 and E2 isoforms were tested for their ability to bind to the human fibroblast apo-B,E receptor, it was found that the E3 bound normally (compared with an apo E3 control) but that the E2 had defective binding (approximately 40% of normal). Although they contained E3 as well as E2, the beta-very low density lipoproteins (beta-VLDL) from this subject were very similar in character to the beta-VLDL from an E2/2 type III hyperlipoproteinemic subject; similar subfractions could be obtained from each subject and were shown to have a similar ability to stimulate cholesteryl ester accumulation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The new apo E2 variant has also been detected in a second type III hyperlipoproteinemic subject.
The mechanical properties and osteoconductivity of hydroxyapatite bone scaffolds with multi-scale porosity
Authors: Joseph R. Woodard, Amanda J. Hilldore, Sheeny K. Lan, C.J. Park, Abby W. Morgan, Jo Ann C. Eurell, Sherrie G. Clark, Matthew B. Wheeler, Russell D. Jamison, Amy J. Wagoner Johnson
Journal: Biomaterials (2006)
Decease, Demise, and Divine
Authors: Max Millard
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I am most happy to see Alexander Gode's attack on "decease" and "demise" ("Just Words,"<i>JAMA</i><b>187</b>:403 [Feb 8] 1964). As a pathologist, I am frequently impelled to speculate upon the gloomy religious views of my colleagues who constantly report that their patients went gradually downhill. Do none of their patients go to Heaven?
Adenomatous polyps of the colon. A rational approach
Authors: B. Felson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

THE MANAGEMENT of adenomatous polyps of the colon is a controversial subject. We have taken an approach that utilizes the points of agreement among clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists to offer a rational basis for the diagnosis and treatment of these lesions. Pathologists agree that an adenomatous polyp on a long stalk is at most a lesion of low-grade<i>clinical</i>malignancy. Even if the head of the polyp histologically harbors carcinoma cells, these cells rarely traverse the pedicle into adjacent lymph nodes. Grinnell and Lane,<sup>1</sup>in a series of 2,000 patients, did not find a single patient who had a polyp on a long stalk with a head measuring less than 1.5 cm in whom metastasis had occurred. Enterline<sup>2</sup>recently restated this view, noting that he had never seen metastasis when a carcinoma is confined to the head of a polyp on a stalk. Ackerman and Spratt,<sup>3</sup>Castleman
PWE-179 Nutritional Assessment and Management in Patients with Decompensated Liver Disease
Authors: D Rogers, V Gordon, J Stewart, C Tilley
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Good nutrition is an effective intervention in decompensated liver disease<sup>1</sup>. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is found in 65–90% of patients with advanced liver disease and almost 100% of those awaiting transplant<sup>1</sup>. There is an association between nutritional status and mortality<sup>1</sup> and PEM before transplantation leads to higher rates of post-transplant complications. Reasons for PEM include ascites causing early satiety, alcohol use and malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins in cholestatic liver disease. Patients with cirrhosis have an altered metabolic response to starvation and overnight fasting can result in muscle depletion<sup>2</sup>. Daytime and evening snacks are therefore important, and hospital catering struggles to meet the nutritional needs of these patients. Clinicians should consider nutritional supplementation when admitting patients with cirrhosis. <h3>Methods</h3> We audited 30 patients with decompensated liver disease who had been reviewed by a dietitian. Demographics, aetiology, prevalence of alcohol use and ascites were reviewed along with if the clerking or senior review doctor considered nutrition in their management plan. Dietetic reviews were audited to calculate the deficit in calorie and protein intake and if this was eliminated by the next review. <h3>Results</h3> There were 18 male (60%) and 12 female (40%) patients with a mean age of 53 years (range 16–79). The most common aetiology was alcohol (25 patients) followed by Hepatitis C (2). 65% of those with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) were current drinkers (mean consumption 76 units/week, range 12–280). All non ALD aetiology were non-drinkers. Reason for admission was ascites (37%), alcoholic hepatitis (30%), encephalopathy (23%) and variceal bleeding (10%). 22/30 had ascites. No supplements or night time snacks were given and in only 3 was nutritional assessment planned. 18 (60%) were consuming under 500kcal/day and 15 (50%) were consuming under 10g of protein/day. 10 (33%) had a deficit of over 2000kcal/day and 12 (40%) had a protein deficit of over 80g/day. By the second visit the deficit had been eliminated in 8 (26%); 4 with supplements and 4 with NG feeding. 10 (34%) had a reduced deficit, 9 (30%) had no reduction and 3 patients had been discharged or died prior to review. <h3>Conclusion</h3> We found a huge burden of PEM that is poorly recognised and acted upon. A Nutrition Care Pathway has been developed which should improve the nutritional care of these patients and encourage the use of supplements and snacks in addition to the hospital menu. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared. <h3>References</h3> Henckel, AS, Buchman AL (2006) Nutritional support in chronic liver disease.<i> Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology</i> 3(4):202–9 The Nutrition and Hydration Digest: Improving Outcomes through Food and Beverage Services. British Dietetic Association (2012)
“Speckled” Radiogallium Images in Disseminated Mycobacterium fortuitum Skin Infection
Authors: NORMAN K. K. LEE, JAMES D. SLAVIN, RICHARD P. SPENCER, EYTAN M. RUBINSTEIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

A woman with medication-induced remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia developed multiple erythematous skin lesions. Ga-67 citrate imaging revealed innumerable “speckled” areas that corresponded to the skin lesions. Biopsy revealed the presence of Mycobacterium fortuitum, a rapidly growing mycobacterium. No internal sites of abnormal accumulation were detected.
Iatrogenic Immunotherapy of Lung Cancer
Authors: George E. Moore
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

IN attempts to rid himself of cancerous growths, man has used fire and cryogenics, laser and x-ray beams, caustics and excision, and an infinite spectrum of diets, drugs and suggestion. Every few years one or another method is rediscovered when one or several physicians record unusual responses of patients with cancer to one or another circumstance. A report in this issue provides evidence that empyema in the postoperative period may improve survival in some patients with lung cancer.The American literature concerned with the anticancer activity of micro-organisms traces its historical roots to the reports of Coley, who in 1891 . . .
THE USE OF PRIVATE PATIENTS FOR PSYCHIATRIC TEACHING IN A MEDICAL SCHOOL
Authors: TITUS H. HARRIS, JOHN L. OTTO
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1947)

It is our belief that the teaching of undergraduate psychiatry should be directed toward equipping a general practitioner to satisfactorily deal with the most common types of psychiatric disorders that ordinarily do not require care in a psychopathic hospital. A means of accomplishing this objective by the almost exclusive use of private patients for case material during the senior year has been described.