tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Shock or Ether?
Authors: P. Swain
Journal: BMJ (1881)

THE BRITISH MEDICAL 7OURNAL.47infirmary, and it was decided unanimously that Cassarean section afforded to the patient the best chance of escape; and, as the labour had made no progress during the last six hours, although the pains had increased in frequency and severity, it was deemed useless to postpone the operation, lest the patient, by becoming exhausted, would have to incur still greater risks than those necessarily attached to the operation itself.The temperature of the room was now elevated to nearly 7o°F ahr.;
The Framingham Study: The Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Disease
Authors: Robert I. Levy
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Most physicians are familiar with the major "risk factors" for coronary heart disease established by the Framingham study and other epidemiologic studies over the past 30 years. Few physicians know of the early history of the Framingham study and its venture into the long-term investigation of the origins of coronary heart disease in the residents of Framingham, Mass. Dr Dawber, medical director of this Public Health Service-sponsored project from 1949 to 1965, has continued his association with the Framingham study up to the present, more than 30 years. He has produced an informative book whose purpose, he states, is to tell the "entire story of the Framingham Study—a narrative that without being too detailed would give the reader a reasonably complete knowledge of the overall project." Findings from the study on 5,127 men and women, free of coronary heart disease at the time of their first examination, are presented for
Mining the secrets of the CSF: developing biomarkers of neurodegeneration
Authors: William Z. Potter
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Our ability to track the progression of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD) is hampered by a lack of biomarkers, rendering the neuronal changes that underlie clinical symptoms largely a mystery. In this issue of the JCI, Fanara et al. report the development of an innovative approach to biomarker development. They describe a method to measure axonal microtubule function via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling and use this technique to provide evidence of deficiencies in this process in PD patients. This both sheds light on the pathophysiology of PD and has implications for the more general problem of developing biomarkers for any brain process.
Respiratory Function in Ex-Preterm Subjects
Authors: Fernando Maria de Benedictis, Maurizio Dottorini
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

1. Ali NA, O’Brien JM Jr, Hoffmann SP, Phillips G, Garland A, Finley JCW, Almoosa K, Hejal R, Wolf KM, Lemeshow S, et al.; The Midwest Critical Care Consortium. Acquired weakness, handgrip strength, and mortality in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:261–268. 2. Vandenborne K, Elliott MA, Walter GA, Abdus S, Okereke E, Shaffer M, Tahernia D, Esterhai JL. Longitudinal study of skeletal muscle adaptations during immobilization and rehabilitation. Muscle Nerve 1998;21:1006–1012. 3. Pathare NC, Stevens JE, Walter GA, Shah P, Jayaraman A, Tillman SM, Scarborough MT, Parker Gibbs C, Vandenborne K. Deficit in human muscle strength with cast immobilization: contribution of inorganic phosphate. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006;98:71–78. 4. Bailey P, Thomsen GE, Spuhler VJ, Blair R, Jewkes J, Bezdjian L, Veale K, Rodriquez L, Hopkins RO. Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Crit Care Med 2007;35:139–145. 5. Morris PE, Goad A, Thompson C, Taylor K, Harry B, Passmore L, Ross A, Anderson L, Baker S, Sanchez M, et al. Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2008;36:2238–2243.
MDR1 Gene Expression in Lung Cancer
Authors: S.-L. Lai, L. J. Goldstein, M. M. Gottesman, I. Pastan, C.-M. Tsai, B. E. Johnson, J. L. Mulshine, D. C. Ihde, K. Kayser, A. F. Gazdar
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1989)

The MDR1 gene (also known as PGY1) is frequently overexpressed in multidrug-resistant cell lines. We investigated the role of MDR1 gene expression in lung cancer by performing RNA slot blot analysis in samples from a panel of 24 lung cancers, 10 corresponding nontumorous lung tissues, and 67 tumor cell lines of several histologic types. Almost all of the tumors, nontumorous lung tissues, and cell lines expressed low levels of MDR1 RNA. Relatively higher levels were found in only one type of lung cancer, a subgroup of non-small cell lung cancers expressing neuroendocrine markers. No evidence of MDR1 gene amplification or rearrangements was detected. We found no correlation between MDR1 gene expression in cell lines and (a) in vitro chemosensitivity of the cells, (b) prior therapy status of the patients, or (c) clinical response to therapy. We conclude that the clinical multidrug resistance of many lung cancers cannot be explained solely on the basis of expression of the MDR1 gene.
Absorption of protein digestion products: a review.
Authors: D M Matthews, L Laster
Journal: Gut (1965)

Each major phase in the evolution of our present concept of the absorption of proteins and their digestion products has been initiated by an improve- ment in analytical techniques or experimental methods.Before 1900, it was thought that the final products of protein digestion were proteoses and peptones, and it seemed likely that proteins were absorbed in these forms.Then Cohnheim (1901) discovered an intestinal enzyme, 'erepsin', that catalysed the hydrolysis of these larger protein breakdown products to amino-acids.This was followed by the demonstration that amino-acids were present in the small intestine during protein digestion (Kutscher and Seemann, 1901; Abderhalden, K6r6sy, and London, 1907), that animals could live on diets containing only hydrolysed protein (Loewi, 1902; Henderson and Dean, 1903) and could utilize amino-acids given intravenously (Buglia, 1912), and that there was a rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood during the absorption of protein, protein hydrolysates, or amino-acids (Cathcart and Leathes, 1906; Folin and Denis, 1912).These observations suggested that proteins were absorbed from the gut and transported to the tissues as amino-acids, but since the analytical methods then available were not sufficiently specific to show unequivocally the presence of free amino-acids in the bloodstream, it was possible to maintain that amino-acids might be synthesized into protein while passing through the intestinal wall and reach the tissues mainly in this form (Abderhalden, 1912).In 1912, Van Slyke and Meyer, using the recently developed nitrous acid method, showed that there was a large rise in the amino-nitrogen of mesenteric and peripheral blood during the absorption of alanine and after feeding protein, and investigated the metabolic fate of absorbed amino-acids (Van Slyke and Meyer, 1912;
Progesterone and HMOX-1 promote fetal growth by CD8+ T cell modulation
Authors: María Emilia Solano, Mirka Katharina Kowal, Greta Eugenia O’Rourke, Andrea Kristina Horst, Kathrin Modest, Torsten Plösch, Roja Barikbin, Chressen Catharina Remus, Robert G. Berger, Caitlin Jago, Hoang Ho, Gabriele Sass, Victoria J. Parker, John P. Lydon, Francesco J. DeMayo, Kurt Hecher, Khalil Karimi, Petra Clara Arck
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects up to 10% of pregnancies in Western societies. IUGR is a strong predictor of reduced short-term neonatal survival and impairs long-term health in children. Placental insufficiency is often associated with IUGR; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of placental insufficiency and IUGR are largely unknown. Here, we developed a mouse model of fetal-growth restriction and placental insufficiency that is induced by a midgestational stress challenge. Compared with control animals, pregnant dams subjected to gestational stress exhibited reduced progesterone levels and placental heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) expression and increased methylation at distinct regions of the placental Hmox1 promoter. These stress-triggered changes were accompanied by an altered CD8+ T cell response, as evidenced by a reduction of tolerogenic CD8+CD122+ T cells and an increase of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Using progesterone receptor- or Hmox1-deficient mice, we identified progesterone as an upstream modulator of placental Hmox1 expression. Supplementation of progesterone or depletion of CD8+ T cells revealed that progesterone suppresses CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, whereas the generation of CD8+CD122+ T cells is supported by Hmox1 and ameliorates fetal-growth restriction in Hmox1 deficiency. These observations in mice could promote the identification of pregnancies at risk for IUGR and the generation of clinical interventional strategies.
A Test for Hysterical Hemianalgesia
Authors: William E. Bowlus, Robert D. Currier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

ALTHOUGH the diagnosis of nonorganic hemiplegia and hemianesthesia associated with conversion reactions is not difficult for the experienced neuropsychiatrist, neurologist or neurosurgeon it does present difficulties for those with less experience and those in a non-neurologic field. Magee has recently outlined the findings in this common disorder.§ It was believed that our experience with a simple test that has proved to be reliable in confirming this diagnosis might be of value.This test is simply a variation on the old trick in children's play of "mixing up" the fingers of the subject and then asking him to move a designated . . .
Bile Duct Stenting: A Comparison of the One-Action Stent Introduction System with the Conventional Delivery System
Authors: B. W. Lawrie, S. Pugh, R. Watura
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)

A "One-Action Stent Insertion System" (OASIS) for use with biliary stents has been produced, which is said to be easier to use than conventional insertion systems. The aim of this study was to assess whether there was any measurable difference in the technique in a comparison between the two methods.A prospective study was carried out. Twenty consecutive patients requiring stents for biliary obstructing lesions were randomly allocated to have the stent inserted either using the OASIS system or the conventional system. All the sent insertions were performed by two experienced endoscopists. The actual time of the insertion procedure and the screening time were recorded.Patients' tolerance for the procedure was similar in the two groups. In nine out of ten OASIS stent insertions, the endoscopist considered the procedure to be easy, compared with five out of ten conventional stent placements. Both techniques resulted in satisfactory positioning of the stent in nine out of ten patients. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the screening times for the two methods (p = 0.16), the actual time taken using the conventional method was significantly longer than with the OASIS method (p < 0.001).The One-Action Stent Insertion Set (OASIS) allows easier insertion of biliary stents. The system decreases the number of exchanges that need to be undertaken, precluding inadvertent wire displacement and the need to reinitiate cannulation and guide wire insertion. The actual time required for insertion is significantly less using this method, and this may also reduce the radiation exposure.
DIFFERENCE OF NEOINTIMAL FORMATION OF STENT STRUTS ACROSS SIDE BRANCH AMONG 4 KINDS OF DRUG-ELUTING STENTS: SERIAL OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY STUDY
Authors: Takahiro Yoshimura, Masami Nishino, Naotaka Okamoto, Akihiro Tanaka, Atsushi Kikuchi, Takeshi Masaki, Naoki Mori, Daisuke Nakamura, Yasuharu Lee, Masayuki Taniike, Nobuhiko Makino, Hiroyasu KATO, Yasuyuki Egami, Ryu Shutta, Hisaki Morita, Jun Tanouchi, Yoshio Yamada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Abstract 2886: Multidimensional single-cell analysis of BCR signaling reveals proximal activation defect as a hallmark of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B cells.
Authors: M. Lia Palomba, Kelly Piersanti, Carly G. K. Ziegler, Jesse Cotari, Robert Balderas, Sami N. Malek, Erlene Seymour, Andrew D. Zelenetz, Marcel R. M. van den Brink, Gregoire Altan-Bonnet
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is defined by a perturbed B-cell receptor-mediated signaling machinery. To assess the aberrant behavior of BCR signaling in CLL B cells, we developed an experimental methodology combining immunophenotyping, multiplexed phosphospecific flow cytometry, and multifactorial statistical modeling. Utilizing patterns of signaling network covariance, we modeled the complex nature of BCR signaling using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) to gain new insights into the strongest predictors of discrimination between CLL and normal B cells. We identified a dynamic and variable imbalance between proximal (pSYK, pBTK) and distal (pPLCγ2, pBLNK, ppERK) phosphoresponses. Furthermore, PLSR identified the relationship between upstream tyrosine kinase SYK and its target, PLCγ2, as maximally predictive and sufficient to distinguish CLL from healthy samples, pointing to this juncture in the signaling pathway as key to the pathogenic properties of CLL B cells. Specific BCR pathway signaling signatures that correlate with the disease and its degree of aggressiveness were identified. Single-cell multidimensional analysis of BCR signaling permitted focused study of the variability and heterogeneity of signaling behavior from patient-to-patient, and from cell-to-cell. Heterogeneity in the PLSR response variable within the B cell population is both a characteristic mark of healthy samples and predictive of disease aggressiveness. Citation Format: M. Lia Palomba, Kelly Piersanti, Carly G. K. Ziegler, Jesse Cotari, Robert Balderas, Sami N. Malek, Erlene Seymour, Andrew D. Zelenetz, Marcel R. M. van den Brink, Gregoire Altan-Bonnet. Multidimensional single-cell analysis of BCR signaling reveals proximal activation defect as a hallmark of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2886. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2886 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Immunosuppressive properties of methotrexate: apoptosis and clonal deletion of activated peripheral T cells.
Authors: L Genestier, R Paillot, S Fournel, C Ferraro, P Miossec, J P Revillard
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

The folate antagonist methotrexate (MTX) is extensively used in graft-versus-host disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic inflammatory disorders. In addition to its antiinflammatory activity associated with increased release of adenosine, MTX exerts antiproliferative properties by inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and other folate-dependent enzymes. However, the mechanisms of immunosuppressive properties associated with low-dose MTX treatments are still elusive. We report here that MTX (0.1-10 microM) induces apoptosis of in vitro activated T cells from human peripheral blood. PBL exposed to MTX for 8 h, then activated in drug-free medium, underwent apoptosis, which was completely abrogated by addition of folinic acid or thymidine. Apoptosis of activated T cells did not require interaction between CD95 (Fas, APO-1) and its ligand, and adenosine release accounted for only a small part of this MTX activity. Apoptosis required progression of activated T cells to the S phase of the cell cycle, as it was prevented by drugs or antibodies that interfere with IL-2 synthesis or signaling pathways. MTX achieved clonal deletion of activated T cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Finally, in vitro activation of PBL taken from rheumatoid arthritis patients after MTX injection resulted in apoptosis. Altogether, the data demonstrate that MTX can selectively delete activated peripheral blood T cells by a CD95-independent pathway. This property could be used as a new pharmacological end point to optimize dosage and timing of MTX administration. It may account for the immunosuppressive effects of low-dose MTX treatments.
Influence of an Antiarrhythmic Premedication on the Development of Premature Ventricular Contractions During Fiberoptic Gastroduodenoscopy
Authors: H. Pristautz, H. Biffl, W. Leitner, P. Parsché, P. Schmid
Journal: Endoscopy (1981)

Heart rate, blood pressure and ECG changes during fiberoptic gastroscopy were examined in 128 patients, 60 of whom had been orally premedicated with Mexiletine. 55% of the non-premedicated patients developed occasional, and 22% of this group developed accumulated or frequent, premature ventricular contractions. In the patient group with antiarrhythmic premedication, the respective figures were 25% and 8%, and in this group patients with a normal ECG developed premature ventricular contractions less frequently than patients with pathological changes in the ST segment. The antiarrhythmic premedication had no influence on pulse or blood pressure.
Providing nomadic people with health care
Authors: Deborah Cohen
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The Kenyan government and medical charities are fighting hard to deliver good health care to the people of Kenya. Deborah Cohen looks at the particular difficulties involved in providing care to the nomadic people of Turkana, in the north west of the country

Tuberculosis is killing half a million people a year in Africa, and the World Health Organization has declared the situation an emergency. Tackling the disease in settled communities is hard enough because of the long period of treatment needed. For nomadic people, delivering the treatment poses even greater problems.

One charity that has been trying to deliver treatment is Merlin. This medical charity was founded in 1993 and specialises in medical relief and health care. The followup of patients with a nomadic lifestyle, such as the Turkana people, has always challenged Kenyan doctors, says Malweyi Inwani, Merlin's emergency medical coordinator in Kenya. DOTS (directly observed treatment short course), the preferred method of delivering treatment, is difficult to maintain. Patients start treatment only to abandon it when the community moves to a different area.

The Turkana are nomadic pastoralists in northwest Kenya, who raise livestock for milk, meat, and blood for nourishment. They need …
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA OF ALBINO RATS
Authors: David Perla, J. Marmorston-Gottesman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

Autoplastic splenic transplants were made in adult albino rats 4 weeks and 7 weeks prior to splenectomy and the protective effects against infection with the Bartonella muris anemia observed. 1. One-fourth of the spleen left in situ will protect adult albino rats against the Bartonella muris anemia. 2. Autotransplantation of splenic tissue in adult rats is successful in over 90 per cent of instances. 3. Autoplastic splenic transplants performed 7 weeks prior to splenectomy afford protection against Bartonella muris anemia in more than 50 per cent of instances, whereas 4 week old transplants do not protect. 4. A comparative histological study of the transplants of protected and unprotected rats reveals a regeneration of the pulp cells in the protected rats and an exhaustion destruction of the pulp in the unprotected rats. 5. The reticular cells play a specific rôle in protecting the adult albino rat against Bartonella muris anemia.
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Authors: Gary Gitnick
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Dramatic advances have occurred in many areas of gastroenterology. For example, new drugs are being developed for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. One of the most important is salicylazosulfapyridine, which has been used for years to treat acute attacks of ulcerative colitis and to minimize the risk of relapse. The drug reaches the colon intact and there it is split into 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine. Aminosalicylic acid is the active moiety, with sulfapyridine acting as a carrier but also being responsible for many side effects such as nausea and vomiting. New oral and rectal formulations of 5-aminosalicylic are under investigation. The oral preparations can be divided into two groups: diazoderivatives, in which 5-aminosalicylic is linked through a diazobond to a similar molecule, and preparations of 5-aminosalicylic encapsulated in a slow-release or time-release capsule and liberated by physical or chemical mechanisms. Both formulations have been found to be
Abnormal blood pathways in left ventricular cavity in acute myocardial infarction. Experimental observations with special reference to regional wall motion abnormality and hemostasis.
Authors: S Beppu, S Izumi, K Miyatake, S Nagata, Y D Park, H Sakakibara, Y Nimura
Journal: Circulation (1988)

To elucidate the mechanism of regional hemostasis in the left ventricular (LV) cavity during myocardial infarction, the blood pathway in LV cavity was examined with contrast echocardiography injected from the left atrium before and after coronary ligation in nine canines. Before coronary ligation, contrast echoes spread over LV cavity with one rush. After ligation, smokelike echoes indicating hemostasis were observed at the apical middle of the LV cavity in five dogs with apical akinesis and at the apical area in four dogs with apical dyskinesis. The contrast echoes did not reach the apex within one diastolic period but turned upward to the outflow tract in the middle of the cavity in all dogs. In the cardiac beats that followed, some contrast echoes spread slowly toward the apex, forming a thin layer along the posterior wall in cases with akinesis but not in cases with dyskinesis. The area separated from the blood pathway developed where the smokelike echoes had been developed. Tachycardia exaggerated the abnormality of blood pathway and widened the contrast echo-free area. The abnormal pathway of the blood in apical myocardial infarction develops hemostasis in the apex. This should be one of the mechanisms of thrombus formation in myocardial infarction.
Foetal and Neonatal Pathology
Authors: V. Chernick
Journal: JAMA (1971)

The reader should not be misled by the title of this book; it is not a classical textbook of pathology but rather one of the most intelligent and intellectual approaches to perinatal pathophysiology that this reviewer has encountered. The author provides us with a highly critical and yet at the same time imaginative account of the important topics in this field. There are three major sections. The first of these is concerned with disturbances of perinatal life and includes chapters on environmental and hereditary influences, congenital abnormalities, placental physiology, normal and abnormal fetal growth, fetal death, multiple births and congenital tumors. Next are seven chapters in which adaptation to extrauterine life is discussed; these include the onset of respiration at birth, lesions involving the major organ systems which influence or interfere with extrauterine adaptation, postnatal metabolism, excretion, and growth. The last section is devoted entirely to infections in fetal and
The Ideal Patient?
Authors: Andrew A. Recsei
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Mrs Montgomery lived in a 15-room mansion surrounded by 5 acres of garden. Her husband had been a successful real estate developer but had died of a heart attack, leaving her a large estate. They had no children. She had not only been a thoughtful wife but she was also beautiful and talented. She played the piano, painted colorful landscapes, wrote romantic poetry, and gardened.  Mrs Montgomery had a well-ordered life. At seven in the morning, her maid would announce that her bath was ready. After her bath she had breakfast in bed and read the morning paper. From nine to noon, she trimmed roses, puttered with her rare cacti, and directed the two gardeners. She ate a light lunch, had a nap, and spent the rest of the afternoon with planned activities. From two to three, she played the piano, from three to four she painted, from four to