tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Acute Zinc Toxicity in Haemodialysis
Authors: E. D. M. Gallery, J. Blomfield, S. R. Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1972)

A country patient on home haemodialysis suffered acute nausea, vomiting, and fever during dialyses when she used water stored in a galvanized tank. She subsequently was found to have severe anaemia with raised plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations. Intercurrent hospital haemodialyses and subsequent home dialyses with deionized water were symptom-free.Experimental haemodialyses of dogs against small concentrations of zinc showed a disproportionate rise in plasma zinc and possible uptake of zinc by the liver.
Toxicological effects of chlorite in the mouse.
Authors: G S Moore, E J Calabrese
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

When exposed to a maximum level of 100 ppm chlorine dioxide in their drinking water, neither A/J or C57L/J mice exhibited any hematologic changes. Chlorite exposure under similar conditions produced increases for red blood cells in osmotic fragility, mean corpuscular volume, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity for both strains. Chlorite exposure of pregnant A/J mice resulted in a significant decrease in the weight of pups at weaning and a lower average birth to weaning growth rate. Mice exposed to as much as 100 ppm sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in their drinking water for up to 120 days failed to demonstrate any histopathological changes in kidney structure.
Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis
Authors: A. G. Beckett, A. V. Livingstone, K. R. Hill
Journal: BMJ (1961)

MMICAL JOUR^NALor colpo-microscopy to locate their biopsies, although the work of Grunberger (1951), Grunberger and Antoine (1956), and Navratil et al. (1958) makes it clear that these methods greatly enhance the chance of a biopsy including pathological tissue. SummaryAspiration cell-smears were compared with scrape tests and a limited series of cervical biopsies in their ability to reveal the presence of carcinoma-in-situ proved by biopsy.The most effective method is the Ayre scrape-smear, which can be used alone since there is no overlap with either the aspiration technique or biopsy.We acknowledge the assistance in this study given by our clinical colleagues, M.
Cirrhosis as an independent risk factor for colonic adenomas.
Authors: S Naveau, J C Chaput, P Bedossa, T Poynard, C Pauphilet, O Ink, C Houdayer, A Aubert
Journal: Gut (1992)

This study aimed to determine the relation between cirrhosis and colorectal adenomatous polyps after adjustment for alcoholism and other confounding variables. Four groups of patients aged 40 years or above were studied. Group I included 100 consecutive outpatients with irritable bowel syndrome, group II 100 consecutive alcoholic inpatients without cirrhosis, group III 100 consecutive inpatients with alcoholic cirrhosis, and group IV included 36 consecutive inpatients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis. All patients underwent colonoscopy. The prevalence of adenomatous polyps was 13% in group I, 26% in group II, 58% in group III, and 22% in group IV (p less than 0.001). The prevalence of adenomatous polyps was greater in patients with cirrhosis than in those patients without (48.5% v 19.5%). This difference remained significant after successive adjustment for alcoholism, sex, age, smoking, and serum cholesterol. The prevalence of adenomatous polyps was greater in alcoholic patients than in non-alcoholic patients (42% v 15.4%) (p less than 0.001). This difference remained significant after successive adjustment for cirrhosis, sex, age, smoking, and serum cholesterol. These results suggest that cirrhosis is an independent risk factor for colorectal adenomatous polyps and confirm that alcoholism increases this risk.
The pathologic correlates of the electrocardiogram: complete left bundle branch block.
Authors: C J Havelda, G S Sohi, N C Flowers, L G Horan
Journal: Circulation (1982)

To assess whether gross pathologic differences exist between hearts with left bundle branch block (LBBB) and left-axis deviation (LAXD) and those with LBBB and a normal frontal plane axis, we examined 70 hearts with LBBB in a series of 1410 sequential dissections (5%). Thirty-two hearts had LAXD and 34 had normal axes on the correlative ECG. Left ventricular enlargement occurred frequently (93%). No significant differences were found in age distribution, left ventricular weight, coronary anatomy or infarct location. Quantitative analysis revealed larger inferoposterolateral and apical infarcts in hearts with LBBB and LAXD (p less than 0.01). The accuracy of various electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular enlargement and myocardial infarction in the presence of LBBB was assessed. Voltage criteria and QRS duration poorly define anatomic chamber enlargement. Anterior infarction is suggested by a q or pathological Q wave in lead I, a q wave in leads I, V5 and V6, or notched S waves in V3 or V4. Pathologic q waves or ST shifts in the inferior leads have high diagnostic specificity but low sensitivity for inferior infarction.
Targeting Translation Initiation Bypasses Signaling Crosstalk Mechanisms That Maintain High MYC Levels in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Armin Wiegering, Friedrich W. Uthe, Thomas Jamieson, Yvonne Ruoss, Melanie Hüttenrauch, Maritta Küspert, Christina Pfann, Colin Nixon, Steffi Herold, Susanne Walz, Lyudmyla Taranets, Christoph-Thomas Germer, Andreas Rosenwald, Owen J. Sansom, Martin Eilers
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2015)

Deregulated expression of MYC is a driver of colorectal carcinogenesis, suggesting that inhibiting MYC may have significant therapeutic value. The PI3K and mTOR pathways control MYC turnover and translation, respectively, providing a rationale to target both pathways to inhibit MYC. Surprisingly, inhibition of PI3K does not promote MYC turnover in colon carcinoma cells, but enhances MYC expression because it promotes FOXO-dependent expression of growth factor receptors and MAPK-dependent transcription of MYC. Inhibition of mTOR fails to inhibit translation of MYC, because levels of 4EBPs are insufficient to fully sequester eIF4E and because an internal ribosomal entry site element in the 5'-untranslated region of the MYC mRNA permits translation independent of eIF4E. A small-molecule inhibitor of the translation factor eIF4A, silvestrol, bypasses the signaling feedbacks, reduces MYC translation, and inhibits tumor growth in a mouse model of colorectal tumorigenesis. We propose that targeting translation initiation is a promising strategy to limit MYC expression in colorectal tumors.
Keynote address: potential of in vitro tests in asbestos-related problems.
Authors: I J Selikoff, A L Frank
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

Clarification of particle-cellular interactions, in what Policard called the "conflict of living matter with the mineral world," (1) has had slow develop- ment.Even the special potential of crystalline silica (quartz) was not fully understood until Collis' classic description of its unique biological properties in his Milroy lecture of 1915 (2).It was known that some individuals exposed to dust suffered severe lung damage (the knife grinders of Sheffield, for exam- ple).But it was equally known that others exposed to "dust" had no such consequence.Farm laborers in England, who worked in clouds of dusts, had the advantage of long life spans.Evidently, there were dusts and dusts, reacting differently with tissues.This was confirmed when Collis observed that workers exposed to quartz died much more fre- quently of tuberculosis than those with other kinds of dust exposure.Even against this background, elu- cidation of the mechanisms of silica's biological properties is still incomplete; while we have advanced our knowledge of these particles' intracellular activ- ity (3), much study is now directed to membrane ef- fects (4) and the question of immunological mechan- isms (5).Problems associated with the activity of fibrous silicate minerals have remained incompletely ex- plored, with equal delay.The first patient of whom we have record in whom asbestos was appreciated to be a health problem was an asbestos factory worker seen by H. Montague Murray in 1898 at the Charing Cross Hospital in London.The man died the next year of respiratory insufficiency.An au- topsy showed diffuse pulmonary fibrosis.The death was commented on in the records of a Departmental Committee of the British Parliament in 1906 (6).There were additional scattered references to the possibility of asbestos-associated respiratory disease in the following years ( 7), but the first docu-
Abstract P5-15-05: The impact of a change in margin width policy on rates of re-operation for breast conserving surgery
Authors: CE Richardson, Y Arima, GC Wishart, GK Ambler, JR Benson
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: The definition of a negative surgical margin in prospective randomized trials of breast conserving surgery (BCS) is ‘no tumour at ink’ with no conclusive evidence that wider margins of 1mm, 2mm or 5mm are essential for optimal outcomes in the era of modern radiotherapy techniques and systemic therapy. Our group have previously shown that residual tumour is present in only 6% of specimens when re-excision is prompted by a margin of 2 – 5mm compared with 40% for when primary tumour margins are ≤2mm. An audit was undertaken to determine the effect of a change in margin mandate from 5mm to 2mm on rates of re-excision and residual disease in re-excision specimens. Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from 410 women undergoing BCS for symptomatic and screen-detected invasive and non-invasive disease between November 1st 2009 and October 31st 2011. Rates of re-excision and residual disease in re-excision specimens were compared for 215 patients in the 12 months immediately before (Group 1) and 195 patients in a similar time period after (Group 2) a change in margin policy. All impalpable lesions had conventional intra-operative specimen imaging. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Results: Amongst these 410 BCS patients, there were similar proportions of symptomatic and screen-detected cases in each group, but slightly more wire-localized procedures in group 2 (59.5% versus 48.4%; p = 0.029). Rates of patient re-excision were 21.9% (47/215) for group 1 and 25.6% (50/195) for group 2 with no significant difference between margin mandates of 5mm and 2mm respectively (p = 0.42). Eleven patients in each group had a completion mastectomy with 6 and 4 patients in Groups 1 and 2 respectively undergoing &amp;gt;1 re-excision. There was a trend for an increased proportion of residual disease following a change in margin policy (30.2% group 1, 40.7% Group2; p = 0.32) and the majority of re-excision cases had ductal carcinoma in situ alone or combined with invasive cancer in the primary specimen (&amp;gt;80%). There was no significant difference in the proportion of wire-localizations for all re-excisions (≥1) between Group 1 (31/42 = 74%) and Group 2 (25/43 = 58%) (p = 0.17). Conclusion: A reduction in target surgical margin width from 5mm to 2mm has not decreased rates of re-excision but yields a trend towards an increase in proportion of specimens with residual disease. Longer follow up is required to assess rates of local control and further analyses will ascertain whether a less stringent margin policy is more appropriate for contemporary BCS where adjuvant treatments contribute to local control. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-15-05.
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Authors: J. B Winer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

#### Summary points

Guillain-Barre syndrome is a peripheral neuropathy that causes acute neuromuscular failure. Misdiagnosis is common and can be fatal because of the high frequency of respiratory failure, which contributes to the 10% mortality seen in prospective studies.1 Our understanding of the wide spectrum of the disease and its pathogenesis has increased enormously in recent years. Several high quality randomised controlled trials have established the effectiveness of early treatment.

#### Sources and selection criteria

I prepared this review by searching Cochrane reviews, Medline, PubMed, and my personal archive of references. I downloaded and assessed all references that dealt with Guillain-Barre syndrome and its subtypes—acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, acute motor axonal neuropathy, and acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy.

The clinical spectrum of Guillain-Barre syndrome is varied—at least three different types have been identified. In Europe and North America about 95% of cases are acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and the other 5% are acute axonal motor disorder and acute sensory and motor axonal neuropathy.2 The frequency of these axonal neuropathies varies throughout the world, and in Asia and South America they make up about 30% of the syndrome.3 The closely related Miller Fisher syndrome is thought to be an inflammatory neuropathy that affects the cranial nerves to the eye muscles in particular, and it is characterised by ophthalmoplegia, accompanied by areflexia and ataxia but not weakness.4 Some cases of acute …
Comparative Fetal Mortality in Maternal Virus Diseases
Authors: Morris Siegel, Harold T. Fuerst, Nancy S. Peress
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

INFORMATION on the incidence of fetal deaths is generally inadequate because of incomplete reporting in early pregnancy, when fetal deaths occur most commonly.1 The under-reporting is attributable in part to spontaneous abortions before prenatal care is sought, and is therefore a source of error if the population under study consists of women registered in an antenatal-care service. The error varies with the number of women seeking obstetric care in different months of gestation. This, in turn, depends on such factors as ethnic group, gravidity and availability of obstetric services. Consequently, there is little agreement on the frequency of fetal deaths . . .
CCL21 mediates CD4+ T-cell costimulation via a DOCK2/Rac-dependent pathway
Authors: Kathrin Gollmer, François Asperti-Boursin, Yoshihiko Tanaka, Klaus Okkenhaug, Bart Vanhaesebroeck, Jeffrey R. Peterson, Yoshinori Fukui, Emmanuel Donnadieu, Jens V. Stein
Journal: Blood (2009)
Cost Containment in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Stephen Karas
Journal: JAMA (1980)

High-cost laboratory tests, roentgenograms, medications, and supplies were the focus of a voluntary cost-containment effort initiated in a community hospital emergency department. The department microcomputer determined that 100 of 1,560 possible chargeable items were responsible for 90.9% of the total cost to patients. Emphasis on cost containment in general and specific emphasis on the 100 high-cost items resulted in a 10.2% reduction in laboratory and radiology charges and a 3.3% total savings to patients.
The TLR-mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells is positively regulated by estradiol in vivo through cell-intrinsic estrogen receptor α signaling
Authors: Cyril Seillet, Sophie Laffont, Florence Trémollières, Nelly Rouquié, Claude Ribot, Jean-François Arnal, Victorine Douin-Echinard, Pierre Gourdy, Jean-Charles Guéry
Journal: Blood (2011)
SOME ASPECTS OF PSYCHIATRY IN THE TRAINING STATION
Authors: LEON J. SAUL
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1943)

We have endeavored to touch upon certain points in the purpose, organization and operation of the psychiatric unit on a training station, and upon a few of the results and some of the problems—in particular screening, including the use of the questionnaire, criteria for disposition, malingering, correlations of accumulating data, therapy, the maintenance of the scientific level and efficiency of the staff, and the integration of clinical psychiatry with the life and activities of the station.
The Internist's Reading: Contextualizing Illness
Authors: Rebecca J. Kurth
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Literature of Medicine15 December 1994The Internist's Reading: Contextualizing IllnessRebecca J. KurthRebecca J. KurthSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00023 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail I had just returned from a week's vacation and had stopped at the local post office to pick up the mail that had accumulated in my absence. The woman behind the counter brought out two large bins and concluded, “I'd never go away if I got this much mail”. I spent the next 2 hours sorting through stacks of journals, letters from drug companies marked “urgent” and “important update,” notices of continuing education opportunities, and requests for donations. The compulsive part of me had to open every piece of mail because in the past, when I didn't, I often threw ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 December 1994Volume 121, Issue 12Page: 997-998KeywordsAIDSAlcoholismDrugsHeroinLibrariesPlagueSchizophreniaSubstance abuseSuicideTaxes ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 December 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract P4-10-01: Twenty-Five Year Results in the Treatment of Early Breast Carcinoma with Mastectomy Versus Breast Conservation Therapy: The National Cancer Institute Randomized Trial
Authors: NL Simone, TD Dan, SL Smith, JH Shih, E Lita, L Sciuto, D Danforth, K. Camphausen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Breast conservation therapy (BCT) has become an accepted treatment in women with early stage breast cancer due to multiple randomized trials showing equivalent mortality rates when compared to modified radical mastectomy (MRM). Results of the National Cancer Institute's prospective randomized trial comparing MRM to BCT are now reported at a median follow up of 25.4 years. Methods: Between 1979 and 1987, 237 evaluable patients with biopsy proven clinical Stage I or Stage II primary breast cancer were randomized to receive a MRM or a lumpectomy followed by definitive radiation to the entire breast followed by a boost to the tumor bed. An axillary dissection was performed in both arms. Negative margins were not required. Patients with node positive disease in either arm were treated with adriamycin and cytoxan. The primary endpoints were overall survival and disease-free survival. Results: At a median follow-up of 25.4 years, there was no statistical difference in overall survival between either arm, with 45.7% of patients alive in the MRM group and 38.0% alive in the BCT group (p=0.43). Although disease-free survival was significantly worse in patients randomized to BCT (57% vs 82%, P&amp;lt;0.001), the additional treatment failures in the BCT group were primarily isolated ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences (IBTR's) which were salvaged by MRM. 22.3% of BCT patients experienced an IBTR but those patients had no significant decrease in overall survival. There were no differences in distant metastasis between the groups. Clinical factors associated with a worse prognosis include the presence of nodal disease (HR 2.46, 95% CI 1.71-2.71, P&amp;lt;0.05) and tumor size (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.346-2.711, P&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: The 25 year survival rate among women receiving BCT vs MRM in the National Cancer Institute randomized trial appears to be equivalent and is consistent with findings across multiple trials. In patients receiving BCT there is an increased incidence of IBTR's. Despite a higher risk of local failure in the BCT group, there is no increased risk of distant failure or mortality. The risk of local failure however, should be discussed when counseling patients regarding their treatment options. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-10-01.
Altered expression and activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) in hepatitis C virus infection: in vivo and in vitro studies
Authors: Esther Larrea, Rafael Aldabe, Elvira Molano, Conrado M Fernandez-Rodriguez, Amagoia Ametzazurra, Maria Pilar Civeira, Jesus Prieto
Journal: Gut (2005)

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) play a critical role in antiviral defence. STAT3 is also important in cell protection against inflammatory damage. STAT proteins are activated by interferons and by hepatoprotective cytokines of the interleukin 6 superfamily, including cardiotrophin 1.We analysed the status of STATs in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected livers and the relationship between expression and activation of STATs and HCV replication in Huh7 cells transfected with HCV genomic replicon.STAT3alpha expression was reduced in HCV infected livers showing an inverse correlation with serum alanine aminotransferase. In patients with HCV infection, nuclear staining for phosphorylated STAT3 was faint in parenchymal cells (although conspicuous in infiltrating leucocytes), in contrast with strong nuclear staining in hepatocytes from control livers. Expression and activation of STAT1 (a factor activated by both interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN-gamma) were increased in HCV infected livers, particularly in those with high inflammatory activity. Conversely, phosphorylated STAT2 (a factor selectively activated by IFN-alpha) was undetectable in livers with HCV infection, a finding that was associated with marked downregulation of the two functional subunits of the IFN-alpha receptor. HCV replication in Huh7 cells caused STAT3alpha downregulation and blocked STAT3 phosphorylation by either IFN-alpha or cardiotrophin 1. HCV replication in Huh7 cells also inhibited STAT1 and STAT2 activation by IFN-alpha while there was no impairment of STAT1 phosphorylation by the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma.STAT3 is downregulated in HCV infected livers and in Huh7 cells bearing the full length HCV replicon. HCV replication is associated with impaired Jak-STAT signalling by antiviral and cytoprotective cytokines. These effects may favour viral replication while facilitating the progression of liver disease.
Interferon-gamma is necessary for the expression of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Authors: G Gudmundsson, G W Hunninghake
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Farmers lung disease is a common form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and is characterized by inflammation and granuloma formation in the lung. Interferon-gamma is important for the expression of granulomatous diseases caused by infectious agents; however, the role this mediator in regulating expression of the granulomatous response to inhaled antigen is not known. To evaluate this, we compared the response to inhaled antigen of mice that do not express the gene coding for interferon-gamma (GKO) with that of their normal littermates (WT). GKO and WT mice on a BALB/c background were exposed to 150 microg of the thermophilic bacteria Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula or saline alone, for three consecutive days a week, for 3 wk. After exposure to antigen, WT mice developed a marked granulomatous inflammation associated with an increase in lung weight and numbers of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). Although GKO mice also exhibited an increase in lung weight and numbers of cells in BAL fluid, they developed minimal inflammation and no granulomas after a similar exposure to antigen. To further evaluate if the lack of a response to antigen in GKO mice was due to lack of IFN-gamma, we replaced this mediator via intraperitoneal injections. When given replacement IFN-gamma, the GKO mice developed granulomatous inflammation in the lung. These studies show that IFN-gamma is essential for the expression of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.