tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diurnal fluctuations in triglyceride, free fatty acids, and insulin during sucrose consumption and insulin infusion in man
Authors: Philip J. Barter, Kevin F. Carroll, Paul J. Nestel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

Serial changes in circulating triglyceride, free fatty acids (FFA), insulin, and glucose have been measured in human subjects fed sucrose as the sole source of calories for 2- or 3-day periods. The sucrose was given either during the day with overnight fasting (19 subjects) or as continual 3-hour meals during the day and night (seven subjects). Insulin was infused overnight in five additional subjects on the day-feeding regimen to determine the effect on triglyceride concentration. The concentration of triglyceride increased during the study in all subjects, but there was a clear diurnal pattern in the response which was present even in the continual feeding studies. The rise in triglyceride occurred mainly overnight, and during the day there was frequently a fall in the concentration. The overnight increase was significantly less when insulin was infused. There were also diurnal fluctuations in FFA and insulin in both daytime and continual feeding regimens. The plasma FFA, like triglyceride, rose during the night and fell during the day while the insulin rose during the day and fell overnight. Separate statistical analysis of the daytime and overnight changes revealed that the changes in triglyceride were significantly but negatively correlated with changes in insulin during both periods. The changes in triglyceride and FFA were positively correlated during the day but not significantly related during the night. The data show that when sucrose is eaten for 2 or 3 days, there is a general increase in triglyceride concentration upon which are superimposed major diurnal fluctuations in the concentrations of triglyceride, insulin, and FFA. It is suggested that the highly significant inverse relationship between changes in triglyceride and insulin may be mediated through an effect of insulin on triglyceride removal.
AN EPIDEMIC OF INFLUENZA AT MANILA, P. I.
Authors: A. FRANCIS COUTANT
Journal: JAMA (1918)

During the month of June, 1918, an epidemic of influenza appeared in the Philippine Islands which presented a number of interesting manifestations. At the time I was in charge of St. Luke's, one of the most popular hospitals in Manila, and will attempt to summarize my notes and records during that period. About 300 cases, the majority of which were hospital patients, came under direct observation. The epidemic, so far as can be determined, began in Manila, although the fact that cases were first noted among longshoremen and other laborers along the waterfront might indicate that it had been brought in from some other part of the world. On the other hand, the statements of Castellani and Chalmers and others that pandemics of influenza have usually started in the Far East further the belief that this epidemic originated here. All of the reports and rumors of influenza occurring elsewhere—in other
Abstract 4569: Digitizing single-cell expression patterns in urine for prostate cancer detection
Authors: Chun-Lin Lin, Chun-Liang Chen, Chiou-Miin Wang, Joseph Liu, Susan Huang, Tim Huang
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Gene expression profiles of microdissected tissue are frequently used to stratify cancer subtypes and to predict patients' clinical outcome. This type of analysis usually operates under the assumption that uniform gene expression is present in a cancer cell population. However, high fluctuation of gene expression in single cells stemming from intra-clonal heterogeneity within a cancer cell population can lead to misinterpretation of the data. An important challenge then lies in developing approaches to decipher this expression chaos for cancer diagnostic and/or prognostic strategies. We have developed a novel digitizing approach to analyze single-cell gene expression in exfoliated prostate cells isolated from urine sediment. In analyzing 1220 single cells, we observed a panel of genes with dichotomous expression patterns (DEP) and further digitized their expression levels to either 1 for high or 0 for low expression. Of 35 androgen-responsive genes examined, 6 genes exhibited DEP characteristics. When aligning the dichotomous numbers of these genes in the order of CXCL6-TGFBR2-GSK3B-CDKN1C-GATA3-EIF4EBP1, we identified 64 (26) types of code; e.g., 1-0-1-0-1-0. With the conversion from original expression levels to a series of dichotomous numbers, these new codes not only reduced the complexity associated with single cell expression, they also enabled us to decipher expression heterogeneity in the samples by considering multiple gene expression codes simultaneously. Importantly, these digitized codes identified distinct clonal prostate cell populations in the urine samples. At the single-cell level, high volumes of cells with the same code (common codes) in a collection of cells suggested the presence of a large clonal cell population. By examining the types of code and the size of clonal populations, we found that increasing clonal size of cells carrying common codes was associated with high-grade cancers. Certain common codes were also found in cells from patients diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. On the other hand, digitized code types appeared to be highly diverse in normal cell populations. Our data suggest that digitizing single-cell expression can stratify benign, low grade and high grade prostate cancer. This analysis pipeline has a wider application for disease diagnosis/prognosis using cancer cells isolated by non-invasive means from biological fluids or washes from biopsy needles and surgical blades. Citation Format: Chun-Lin Lin, Chun-Liang Chen, Chiou-Miin Wang, Joseph Liu, Susan Huang, Tim Huang. Digitizing single-cell expression patterns in urine for prostate cancer detection. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4569. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4569
Appropriateness of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Performed in Northern New England
Authors: Gerald T. O'Connor, Elaine M. Olmstead, William C. Nugent, Bruce J. Leavitt, Robert A. Clough, Paul W. Weldner, David C. Charlesworth, Kristine Chaisson, Donato Sisto, Edward R. Nowicki, Richard P. Cochran, David J. Malenka
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
Patients' Rights Bills and Other Futile Gestures
Authors: Marcia Angell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

Health care reform is once more at the top of the political agenda, after some six years of neglect in the wake of the failure of the Clinton plan. During those six years, the issue was generally considered one of the third rails of American politics — not to be touched. What is causing the turnabout? There are three reasons. First, after a period of stagnation during the mid-1990s, inflation in health care costs is again sharply on the increase. Second, the number of Americans without any health care insurance at all, or with inadequate coverage, continues to rise. And . . .
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle marking of a small pancreatic tumor
Authors: M H Larsen, C W Fristrup, M B Mortensen
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

We report a case of endoscopic-ultrasound-guided fine-needle marking (EUS-FNM) of a 6-mm pancreatic tumor. The patient was suspected of having pancreatitis, but instead an isolated and hypoechoic lesion was detected in the tail of the pancreas ([Fig. 1]).
Safer insertion of suprapubic catheters: summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency
Authors: T. Lamont, S. Harrison, S. Panesar, M. Surkitt-Parr
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Suprapubic catheters are used when urethral catheterisation is not possible or desirable because of, for example, urethral stricture, prostatic enlargement, or urethral trauma.1 In some cases the procedure may be carried out as an emergency on the ward. Elective indications include postoperative drainage after lower urinary tract or bowel surgery and the management of the neuropathic bladder. Many patients with conditions such as multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury use long term suprapubic catheter drainage, to simplify catheter management and minimise risks of urethral damage.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that a typical hospital will carry out more than 100 suprapubic catheterisations each year. The doctors who undertake suprapubic catheterisation may lack experience: unless they are urologists, they may rarely perform the procedure. Suprapubic catheterisation is often delegated to junior medical staff.

The procedure involves passing a urinary catheter directly into the bladder through the lower abdominal wall, sometimes guided by ultrasound. Most are done safely, but important risks associated with catheter insertion include haemorrhage and infection of the urine or catheter track, and serious complication from intestinal injury. Bowel damage can lead to fatal peritonitis and is a particular risk in patients with contracted bladders that fail to distend sufficiently for safe catheter passage and in those with adhesions from previous lower abdominal surgery tethering bowel loops to the lower abdominal wall.

From September 2005 to June 2009, staff in England and Wales reported three deaths and seven cases of severe harm relating to insertion of suprapubic catheters. A further 249 incidents related to problems in suprapubic catheter use. Complications are likely to be under-reported, given 30 day mortality rates, in relatively small studies, ranging from 0.82 to 1.8.3

A typical incident report reads: “Patient underwent insertion …
Mediastinoscopy vs Endosonography for Mediastinal Nodal Staging of Lung Cancer
Authors: Jouke T. Annema, Jan P. van Meerbeeck, Robert C. Rintoul, Christophe Dooms, Ellen Deschepper, Olaf M. Dekkers, Paul De Leyn, Jerry Braun, Nicholas R. Carroll, Marleen Praet, Frederick de Ryck, Johan Vansteenkiste, Frank Vermassen, Michel I. Versteegh, Maud Veseliç, Andrew G. Nicholson, Klaus F. Rabe, Kurt G. Tournoy
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Mediastinal nodal staging is recommended for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Surgical staging has limitations, which results in the performance of unnecessary thoracotomies. Current guidelines acknowledge minimally invasive endosonography followed by surgical staging (if no nodal metastases are found by endosonography) as an alternative to immediate surgical staging.To compare the 2 recommended lung cancer staging strategies.Randomized controlled multicenter trial (Ghent, Leiden, Leuven, Papworth) conducted between February 2007 and April 2009 in 241 patients with resectable (suspected) NSCLC in whom mediastinal staging was indicated based on computed or positron emission tomography.Either surgical staging or endosonography (combined transesophageal and endobronchial ultrasound [EUS-FNA and EBUS-TBNA]) followed by surgical staging in case no nodal metastases were found at endosonography. Thoracotomy with lymph node dissection was performed when there was no evidence of mediastinal tumor spread.The primary outcome was sensitivity for mediastinal nodal (N2/N3) metastases. The reference standard was surgical pathological staging. Secondary outcomes were rates of unnecessary thoracotomy and complications.Two hundred forty-one patients were randomized, 118 to surgical staging and 123 to endosonography, of whom 65 also underwent surgical staging. Nodal metastases were found in 41 patients (35%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 27%-44%) by surgical staging vs 56 patients (46%; 95% CI, 37%-54%) by endosonography (P = .11) and in 62 patients (50%; 95% CI, 42%-59%) by endosonography followed by surgical staging (P = .02). This corresponded to sensitivities of 79% (41/52; 95% CI, 66%-88%) vs 85% (56/66; 95% CI, 74%-92%) (P = .47) and 94% (62/66; 95% CI, 85%-98%) (P = .02). Thoracotomy was unnecessary in 21 patients (18%; 95% CI, 12%-26%) in the mediastinoscopy group vs 9 (7%; 95% CI, 4%-13%) in the endosonography group (P = .02). The complication rate was similar in both groups.Among patients with (suspected) NSCLC, a staging strategy combining endosonography and surgical staging compared with surgical staging alone resulted in greater sensitivity for mediastinal nodal metastases and fewer unnecessary thoracotomies.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00432640.
Noninvasive Assessment of Myocardium at Risk by TI-201 SPECT Imaging in a Child with Kawasaki Disease A Case Report
Authors: A. CAHID CIVELEK, ANN KAVANAUGH-McHUGH, MEHMET A. OZGUVEN, KRZYSZTOF DURSKI, EDWALDO E. CAMARGO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

Serial two-dimensional echocardiograms documented the formation of giant aneurysms, measuring from 0.55 to 3.1 cm in diameter, in the distribution of the left and right coronary arteries, in a 2 1/2-year-old boy with Kawasaki disease. His global left ventricular function, assessed by M-mode echocardiography, was normal, and no significant wall motion abnormalities could be detected on two-dimensional evaluation. Cardiac catheterization showed multiple aneurysms with no evidence of stenosis. Although he had no clinical symptoms or electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia, pharmacologic stress and delayed TI-201 SPECT images revealed prominent stress-induced myocardial ischemia in the left ventricle. A resting gated blood pool study showed hypokinesia in corresponding regions of the left ventricle. This case demonstrates the usefulness of TI-201 myocardial SPECT imaging and resting gated blood pool studies in the management of coronary artery disease in children with Kawasaki disease.
Is the unconscious, if it exists, a superior decision maker?
Authors: Hilde M. Huizenga, Anna C. K. van Duijvenvoorde, Don van Ravenzwaaij, Ruud Wetzels, Brenda R. J. Jansen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract Newell &amp; Shanks (N&amp;S) show that there is no convincing evidence that processes assumed to be unconscious and superior are indeed unconscious. We take their argument one step further by showing that there is also no convincing evidence that these processes are superior. We review alternative paradigms that may provide more convincing tests of the superiority of (presumed) unconscious processes.
The effects of environmental factors on health are more complex than thought, seminar is told
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Researchers and policy makers need to get beyond the one chemical or one gene effect when considering the impact of environmental factors on health. The field must become more sophisticated, taking into account interactions between environmental factors, episodic exposure, and the timing of exposures.

Those were central themes in the first focus issue on environmental challenges for health in the journal Health Affairs , which was released at a forum on 4 May in Washington, DC.

Children and young adults undergo “windows of development,” from their time in the womb until they are in their early 20s, …
Abstract 3840: Bone morphogenetic proteins require the type II TGFβ receptor for growth arrest in mammary tumor cells
Authors: Philip Owens, Agniesszka E. Gorska, Mary E. Aakre, Harold L. Moses
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are members of the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) superfamily of signaling molecules. BMPs can elicit a wide range of effects in many cell types and have previously been shown to induce growth arrest in cancers as well as normal epithelia. Recently, it has been demonstrated that BMP4 and BMP7 are overexpressed in human breast cancers. We sought to understand how a potential tumor suppressor could be overexpressed in human breast cancers. We analyzed several tumor cell lines and normal mammary epithelia and found that BMPs are sufficient to induce growth arrest in normal and transformed mammary epithelia. Surprisingly, when we treated cells derived from the PyVmT mouse model lacking the type II TGFβ receptor with BMP-4, these cells failed to undergo growth arrest. We determined by flow cytometry that BMP treated cells did not undergo apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that cells with functional TGFβ signaling were arrested in G1 and cells lacking TGFβ signaling capabilities remained in a typical distribution of the cell cycle. We also found that Smads which mediate both BMP and TGFβ signaling were not only still present, but also responsive to BMP stimulation resulting in BMP Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we assessed the ability for synergy between BMP-4 and TGFβ1 and found that BMP-4 could induce an increased growth response in the presence of maximal TGFβ inhibition. We conclude that the dual functions of TGFβ as a tumor suppressor and promoter are connected to a BMP mediated tumor suppressive mechanism that shares common and distinct pathways. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3840.
Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with Local Hydrocortisone Hemisuccinate Sodium
Authors: S. C. Truelove
Journal: BMJ (1957)

tiated glycogen-storage disease into a number of different types, and has revealed that the peripheral part of the glycogen molecule can undergo metabolic change independently of the central part.What light these new observations will throw on medicine will become clear early in the second century of glycogen.I believe that we can confidently assume that Claude Bernard would have given his interested approval to the many investi- gations into the structure and biosynthesis of glycogen which have taken place during the last twenty-five years of the first century of this substance.
Back to basics with the three Rs
Authors: T. Groves
Journal: BMJ (2012)

We’ve known for years that the world is running out of effective antibiotics. What should we do? Epidemiologists Ramanan Laxminarayan and David Heymann contrast the widespread misuse of antibiotics in lower income countries with the undertreatment that contributes to one million deaths of children from pneumonia each year (doi:10.1136/bmj.e1567). In India alone, per capita antibiotic use increased by 37% between 2005 and 2010, and in New Delhi in 2003-4 more than 70% of Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from the urine of healthy women were resistant to ampicillin and nalidixic acid. Weak public healthcare and private systems that benefit from drug sales, they say, …
Metastatic Bone Disease
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The essay by Krishnamurthy et al (237:2504-2506, 1977) demonstrates the importance of total body imaging for detection of metastatic bone disease. The authors' findings also verify variations in routes of metastasis that depend on sites of the primary tumors. For example, primary neoplasms of the breast and prostate metastasized preponderantly to axial bones because these tumors frequently pass via the vertebral venous system (235:2524, 1976). In contrast, metastases from lung cancer involved appendicular and axial bones with about equal frequency because lung tumors gain access to the general arterial circulation by invading the pulmonary veins. (Malignant neoplasms rarely penetrate arterial walls.) Distribution of metastases by way of the arterial circulation would not be expected to favor one set of bones over the other.
Sexual Experience and Urethral Colonization with Genital Mycoplasmas
Authors: WILLIAM M. MCCORMACK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Cultures for genital mycoplasmas and anonymous questionnaires on sexual experience were obtained from 191 normal male college students. Men who had not had sexual intercourse were virtually free of mycoplasmas, whereas more than 26% of those who had had intercourse with two partners and 56.3% of those who had had intercourse with more than 14 partners were colonized with T-strain mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma hominis was less prevalent but followed the same general pattern. These data indicate that colonization with T-mycoplasmas is related to sexual experience and that T-mycoplasmas are part of the urethral flora of many normal sexually active men. Moreover, the rates of colonization among the more sexually active normal men are similar to those that have been reported for patients with nongonococcal urethritis, which raises some questions about the proposed causative role for T-mycoplasmas in this disorder.
Features Associated with Recurrence Beyond 5 Years After Nephrectomy and Nephron-Sparing Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Development and Internal Validation of a Risk Model (PRELANE score) to Predict Late Recurrence Based on a Large Multicenter Database (CORONA/SATURN Project)
Authors: Sabine Brookman-May, Matthias May, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Evanguelos Xylinas, Christian Stief, Richard Zigeuner, Thomas Chromecki, Maximilian Burger, Wolf F. Wieland, Luca Cindolo, Luigi Schips, Ottavio De Cobelli, Bernardo Rocco, Cosimo De Nunzio, Bogdan Feciche, Michael Truss, Christian Gilfrich, Sascha Pahernik, Markus Hohenfellner, Stefan Zastrow, Manfred P. Wirth, Giacomo Novara, Marco Carini, Andrea Minervini, Claudio Simeone, Alessandro Antonelli, Vincenzo Mirone, Nicola Longo, Alchiede Simonato, Giorgio Carmignani, Vincenzo Ficarra
Journal: European Urology (2012)
Early Androgen Deprivation for Prostate Cancer?
Authors: Mario A. Eisenberger, Patrick C. Walsh
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

The dependence of the growth of prostate cancer on androgens is well documented. Androgen ablation triggers a cascade of biologic events that ends in irreversible damage to the DNA of androgen-sensitive prostate-cancer cells.1 Such treatment, traditionally reserved for men with metastatic disease, results in major objective and subjective benefits in most patients. However, in approximately 50 percent of patients, disease progression occurs 12 to 18 months after the initiation of treatment, and as a result, survival rates have not increased over the past five decades.2 Androgen ablation controls the tumor only temporarily because prostate cancer consists of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent . . .