tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Curative Radiotherapy in Hodgkin's Disease: Significance of Haematogenous Dissemination Established by Examination of Peripheral Blood and Spleen
Authors: M. R. Halie, J. J. Seldenrath, H. C. Stam, H. O. Nieweg
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Studies of peripheral blood leucocyte concentrates in patients with Hodgkin9s disease showed two types of cells believed to be typical for the disease in a number of patients. Involvement of the spleen as diagnosed after splenectomy and histological examination showed a close correlation with the presence of these characteristic cells in the peripheral blood. This is believed to be an argument for haematogenous spread or a multicentric origin of the disease in these cases. The results of attempted curative high-voltage radiotherapy with total node irradiation in 24 patients seem to support this concept. On the basis of the Rye classification of clinical stages the results of radiotherapy are not predictable. Six patients in stage II and seven in stage III were in remission, one in each of stages II and IV, and six in stage III had recurrences of the disease within one year. A division into localized or disseminated forms of the disease based on the investigations of blood and spleen showed all localized cases in remission; of the disseminated cases one reached a remission and all others had recurrences. In three patients the therapy could not be completed. These preliminary treatment results are believed to support the idea of a special role of the spleen in the dissemination of the disease. A new classification of clinical stages in Hodgkin9s disease is proposed.
Influence of the dynamics of HCV quasiespecies in the histologicaloutcome of liver transplantation
Authors: A. Sánchez-Fuevo, M. Giménez-Barcons, F. Puig-Basagoiti, A. Rimola, J. Rodés, J.M. Sánchez-Tapias, J.C. Sáiz
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2000)
Oral contraceptive use in older women and fatal myocardial infarction.
Authors: J I Mann, W H Inman, M Thorogood
Journal: BMJ (1976)

A previous study of women who had died from myocardial infarction and of a control group of women matched with them for age suggested a fivefold increase in the risk of death from myocardial infarction among users of oral contraceptive aged 40-44 years compared with women not using such preparations. Only a small proportion of women in the infarction and control groups had used oral contraceptives, however, so the margin of error was wide. We therefore investigated a further 54 women in this age group who died from myocardial infarction and compared their oral contraceptive histories with those of age-matched, living controls. Combination of the findings from the present investigation with the previous results have enabled a revised estimate of a threefold increase in risk to be made. Although this risk estimate is similar to that previously shown for a younger age group, the total mortality attributable to complications associated with the use of oral contraceptives remained considerably greater among women over the age of 40.
Condoms: a wider range needed.
Authors: S J Tovey, C P Bonell
Journal: BMJ (1993)

In England 281 men attending a genitourinary clinic in south London completed a questionnaire designed to allow researchers to better understand condom failure.  This area has one of the highest incidences in the UK of HIV seropositive pregnant women.  25% (70) faced difficulties putting on condoms.  52 of these men (19% of all men) said the condoms were too tight.  These men were more likely to have condoms slip off than those who did not find condoms to be too tight (73% vs. 52%).  Some men frequently had condoms coming off (8% for Blacks 2% for Whites and 21% for Asians).  Condom splitting occurred sometimes for 18% of Blacks and 7% of Whites but not for Asians.  During the last year 56% of all men especially Black men (70% vs. 53% for Whites and 36% for Asians) had had intercourse with at least two partners.  22% of all men always used condoms.  Black men were less likely to always use condoms than Whites and Asians (9% vs. 27% and 36% respectively).  These results indicate that many men may have penises too large for condoms to be placed on with ease.  These men tend to experience the condom slipping off or splitting.  These difficulties may affect their acceptability of condoms.  Condom failure linked to tightness reinforces negative images of condoms.  WHOs guidelines show that more than 33% of penises are larger than the British Standard Institutes standard dimensions for condoms (a flat width of 52 [SD 2] mm).  Thus the standard limits the production of an appropriate range of condom sizes.  Further research is needed in condom design.  The findings suggest that Blacks are at particular risk of HIV infection and that condom promotion efforts should target them.
Papilloedema and Cranial Nerve Palsies Complicating Apparent Benign Aseptic Meningitis
Authors: S Lo, D I W Phillips, J R Peters, M Hall, R Hall
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1991)

Three patients who presented with apparently uncomplicated aseptic meningitis subsequently developed papilloedema and sixth cranial nerve palsies between 11 and 16 days after the onset of the illness. All three patients recovered completely without treatment. Raised intracranial pressure is a poorly recognized complication of aseptic meningitis that may represent a post-infective or 'allergic' response to an enteroviral infection. While clinicians should be aware of this possible complication of aseptic meningitis, differentiation from tuberculous meningitis may be difficult necessitating empirical treatment with anti-TB drugs.
Scintiphotography in Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Lawrence Gould
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Liver scintiphotos were obtained of 11 patients in congestive heart failure in order to measure the hepatic and splenic uptake as well as the liver size. When the patients were compensated, the parameters were repeated. During the failure state the scintiphoto revealed an increased spleen to liver uptake, perihepatic background activity, liver enlargement, and bone marrow uptake. These findings have been considered almost pathognomonic of advanced cirrhosis. When cardiac compensation was restored many of these abnormalities were no longer present. Thus, congestive heart failure can produce a liver scintiphoto which can simulate cirrhosis. Further the absence or presence of this pattern depends on the state of cardiac compensation.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF OXALURIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS FERMENTATIVE ORIGIN
Authors: Helen Baldwin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1900)

1. As varying amounts of calcium oxalate may be held in solution in the urine, conclusions based upon the presence or number of calcium oxalate crystals found therein are of no real value as an indication of the quantity of oxalic acid present. 2. Unless the utmost care is exercised, the results obtained by quantitative estimation of oxalic acid are subject to large percentages of error. This is especially true in the use of Neubauer's or Shultzen's methods, in which the calcium oxalate is precipitated in an alkaline solution. 3. An ordinary mixed diet regularly contains traces of oxalic acid or its salts. 4. A portion of the oxalic acid ingested with the food may be absorbed and reappear unchanged in the urine. 5. The normal daily excretion of oxalic acid in the urine fluctuates with the amount taken in the food, and varies from a few milligrammes to two or three centigrammes, being usually below ten milligrammes. 6. In health, no oxalic acid, or only a trace, is formed in the body, but that present in the urine has been ingested with the food. 7. In certain clinical disturbances which in some of the cases studied above were associated with absence of free hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice, oxalic acid is formed in the organism. 8. This formation in the organism is connected with fermentative activity in the alimentary canal. (a) The prolonged feeding of dogs with excessive quantities of glucose, together with meat, leads eventually to a state of oxaluria. (6) This experimental oxaluria is associated with a mucous gastritis, and with absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric contents. (c) The oxaluria and the accompanying gastritis are referable to fermentation induced by the excessive feeding with sugar. (d) The experimental gastritis from fermentation is associated with the formation of oxalic acid in the gastric contents. 9. The symptoms attributed to an oxalic acid diathesis, with the exception of those due to local irritation in the genitourinary tract, do not appear to be due to the presence in the system of soluble oxalates, but are more likely to depend on other products of fermentation and putrefaction.
Presence of LDL Modified by Myeloperoxidase in the Penis in Patients with Vascular Erectile Dysfunction: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia, Thierry Roumeguere, Paul Delree, Nicole Moguilevsky, Jean Ducobu, Michel Vanhaeverbeek, Eric Wespes
Journal: European Urology (2006)
ABC of blood pressure measurement: infancy and childhood.
Authors: E T O'Brien, K O'Malley
Journal: BMJ (1979)

As in the adult, blood pressure measurement in children should be an indispensible part of clinical assessment-since doctors are becoming increasingly aware that hypertension may occur in childhood.If blood pressure readings in children are to be of value, however, the examiner must devote considerable care and time to his technique of measurement.~~~~~~~~~~~~.-......-Thephysical stimui affecting blood pressure-anxiety, fear, apprehension., agitation, activity, respiration, and temperature-are likely to be greater in children than adults.Again, the observer may also have to allow for the effect of crying and restraint.The child must be relaxed, and in small children it may be helpful to give them a rubber teat to
Inactive ERBB Receptors Cooperate With Reactive Oxygen Species To Suppress Cancer Progression
Authors: Matthew R Hart, Hsin-Yuan Su, Derrick Broka, Aarthi Goverdhan, Joyce A Schroeder
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2013)

The ERBB receptors are a family of heterodimerization partners capable of driving transformation and metastasis. While the therapeutic targeting of single receptors has proven efficacious, optimal targeting of this receptor family should target all oncogenic members simultaneously. The juxtamembrane domains of ERBB1, ERBB2, and ERBB3 are highly conserved and control various aspects of ERBB-dependent biology. In an effort to block those functions, we have targeted this domain with decoy peptides synthesized in tandem with a cell-penetrating peptide, termed EJ1. Treatment with EJ1 induces cell death, promotes the formation of inactive ERBB multimers, and results in simultaneous reduction of ERBB1, ERBB2, and ERBB3 activation. Treatment also results in the activation of myosin light chain-dependent cell blebbing while inactivating CaMKII signaling, coincident with the induction of cell death. EJ1 also directly translocates to mitochondria, correlating with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species. Finally, treatment of a mouse model of breast cancer with EJ1 results in the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis without associated toxicities in normal cells. Overall, these data demonstrate that a portion of the ERBB jxm domain, when used as an intracellular decoy, can inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, representing a novel anticancer therapeutic.
STABILITY OF U. S. P. ETHER AFTER THE METAL CONTAINER IS OPENED
Authors: HARRY GOLD
Journal: JAMA (1934)

While examining a record of the drugs dispensed in one of the hospital pharmacies, we observed that ether was listed under two headings: (1) "Ether U. S. P. in 27 pound drums at 11 cents a pound," and (2) "Ether for anesthesia in ¼ pound cans at 63 cents a pound." The cost of ether in the small cans was therefore nearly six times as much as that in the large drums, although the latter had been filled with ether which complied with standards for purity set up by the United States Pharmacopeia for ether of anesthetic quality. Our interest was aroused in this matter by the fact that the considerable difference in cost implies essential differences in the quality of the two kinds of ether, and we undertook to look into it further. The latest edition of the United States Pharmacopeia (U. S. P. X) makes the following statement
THE RESPONSIBILITY IN INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.Read in the Section of Medical Jurisprudence at the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, at Nashville, Tenn., May, 1890.
Authors: BENJAMIN T. SHIMWELL
Journal: JAMA (1890)

The object of this paper is to discuss the question of responsibility in the treatment of intestinal obstruction. It will have reference to the results occasioned by the delay of the attending physician in trusting to relief by medication in preference to operation. The knowledge of abdominal diseases is making such marked advances, that the question of responsibility must enter into all cases that partake of a surgical aspect. The surgical part of our art is establishing, by its success, definite rules that must be at some future date, so formulated, that they will become not only clinical, but legal points in the treatment of all cases that affect the abdominal cavity. This is getting to be so understood that all advanced workers are compelled to appreciate this branch of the profession. The profession owes to itself, that proper measures should be taken to maintain its standing. If
Relationship Between Ethnicity and Glycemic Control, Lipid Profiles, and Blood Pressure During the First 9 Years of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Timothy M. E. Davis, Carole A. Cull, Rury R. Holman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE—To assess the relationship among self-reported ethnicity, metabolic control, and blood pressure during treatment of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied 2,999 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients recruited to the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study who were randomized to conventional or intensive glucose control policies if their fasting plasma glucose levels remained &amp;gt;6 mmol/l after a dietary run-in. A total of 2,484 patients (83%) were white Caucasian (WC), 265 patients (9%) were Afro-Caribbean (AC), and 250 patients (8%) were Asian of Indian origin (IA). Variables were assessed at 3, 6, and 9 years. RESULTS—During the 9-year study period, body weight increased more in WC patients (mean 5.0 kg) than in AC (3.0 kg) and IA (2.5 kg) patients (P &amp;lt; 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, baseline value, treatment allocation, and change in weight, there were no consistent ethnic differences in mean change in fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c. After adjustment for antihypertensive therapy, increase in systolic blood pressure at 9 years was greatest in AC patients (7 mmHg; P &amp;lt; 0.01 vs. WC patients). Mean diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol decreased progressively during the 9 years in each group. In AC patients, the mean increase in HDL cholesterol (0.16 mmol/l) at 3 years, maintained to 9 years, and the mean decrease in plasma triglyceride level (0.4 mmol/l) at 9 years were greater than in WC and IA patients (P &amp;lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS—This study shows important ethnic differences in body weight, lipid profiles, and blood pressure, but not glycemic control, during 9 years after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. AC patients maintained the most favorable lipid profiles, but hypertension developed in more AC patients than WC or IA patients. Ethnicity-specific glycemic control of type 2 diabetes seems unnecessary, but other risk factors need to be addressed independently.
Evaluation of a New Antidiuretic Agent, Desmopressin Acetate (DDAVP)
Authors: Mary Ellen Kosman
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Desmopressin acetate is a synthetic vasopressin analogue administered by the intranasal route. It is long-acting and well tolerated and may be the agent of choice for treating central diabetes insipidus. (<i>JAMA</i>240:1896-1897, 1978)
Antenatal screening for carriers of cystic fibrosis: randomised trial of stepwise v couple screening
Authors: Z. H Miedzybrodzka, M. H Hall, J. Mollison, A. Templeton, I. T Russell, J. C S Dean, K. F Kelly, T. M Marteau, N. E Haites
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To perform a rigorous comparative evaluation of stepwise and couple approaches to antenatal carrier screening for cystic fibrosis. <b>Design</b>: Pragmatic randomised trial. <b>Setting</b>: Hospital antenatal clinic serving a regional population. <b>Subjects</b>: 2002 women (couples) attending for booking antenatal visit at less than 17 weeks9 gestation with no family history of cystic fibrosis. <b>Interventions</b>: Offering counselling and carrier testing for cystic fibrosis, either to women in the first instance (stepwise) or to couples (couple screening). <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Uptake rates; anxiety; knowledge of cystic fibrosis and carrier status (both partners); attitudes to health, pregnancy, the baby, and screening (both partners); and uptake of carrier testing by relatives. <b>Results</b>: Uptake of screening was the same for both approaches (90%). After delivery most women remembered test results and their meaning, but 53/253 (21%) of those with negative results of couple testing had forgotten that repeat testing would be advisable if they had a pregnancy with a new partner. With stepwise screening women identified as carriers had high levels of anxiety when results were received (mean anxiety score 52.3). This dissipated with a reassuring partner9s result (carriers9 mean anxiety score 36.1) to levels similar to those receiving negative results from couple screening. Of those receiving negative results, women who had stepwise screening were significantly less anxious than those who had couple screening (mean score with result 32.1 v 35.4, 95% confidence interval for difference −4.7 to −2.1). <b>Conclusions</b>: Couple screening allows carriers to avoid transient high levels of anxiety, but is associated with more anxiety and false reassurance among most screenees who will test negative. Stepwise screening gives carriers and their relatives genetic information and is, in our opinion, the better method. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages This study compares the stepwise and couple approaches to antenatal screening for carriers of cystic fibrosis With stepwise screening carriers experience transiently high levels of anxiety that dissipate when the partner9s negative result becomes available Carriers identified by stepwise screening inform most of their siblings about their genetic risk Couple screening is associated with more anxiety and more false reassurance among most screenees, who will have negative results On balance, the authors judge stepwise screening to be the better method
Induction of an IL7-R+c-Kithi myelolymphoid progenitor critically dependent on IFN-γ signaling during acute malaria
Authors: Nikolai N Belyaev, Douglas E Brown, Ana-Isabel Garcia Diaz, Aaron Rae, William Jarra, Joanne Thompson, Jean Langhorne, Alexandre J Potocnik
Journal: Nature Immunology (2010)
Fatal Aplastic Anaemia after Treatment of Thyrotoxicosis with Potassium Perchlorate
Authors: R. S. Johnson, W. G. Moore
Journal: BMJ (1961)

nodes in the neck.Blood: haemoglobin 630%; W.B.C. 2,900 (98% lymphocytes, 2% polymorphs); platelets 20,000; bleeding-time (Duke) 30 minutes; coagulation time 4 minutes.Sternal marrow (April 20): complete absence of erythropoietic and granulopoietic cells and of mega- karyocytes.The cells present were mostly lymphocytes and plasma and reticulum cells; and the marrow picture was typical of aplastic anaemia.In her final illness the patient was treated with penicillin, streptomycin, fresh blood trans- fusion, and steroids; but she died five days later with signs of severe pulmonary infection.Post-mortem Examination.-Thebody was adequately nourished and slightly jaundiced, with scattered purpuric spots.There were scattered petcchiae on the pericardium and on mucous membranes, with haemorrhagic consolida- tion in the lungs and pleurisy on the surface of the lower lobes.The spleen was firm and dark, the marrow of vertebrae appeared normal, but the femoral marrow was pale.The right lobe of the thyroid was slightly enlarged.
EFFECT OF METABOLIC FACTORS ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ALBINO MICE TO EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: René J. Dubos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

Mice maintained on various types of diets were found to become more susceptible to tuberculosis when deprived of food for periods of 30 hours shortly after infection. In contrast, the susceptibility of the animals to the disease was unaffected by undernutrition resulting from limitation of food intake to a low but constant daily level. The resistance of mice to tuberculosis appeared to be independent-within wide limits-of the protein content of the diet. It is true that mice fed a diet very low in protein and high in carbohydrate proved highly susceptible, but resistance was normal if part of the carbohydrate was replaced by fat (peanut oil)-without any change in the protein content of the food. Resistance to tuberculosis could be consistently and markedly decreased by adding sodium citrate (or glutarate) to a variety of diets. The survival time following infection was greatly shortened if dinitrophenol or thyroxine were administered per os in amounts sufficient to limit the weight gains of non-infected controls. There was usually a lag period of several days before the infection-enhancing effect of these metabolic stimulants became manifest. The procedures which increased the susceptibility of mice to infection with virulent tubercle bacilli also made it possible to establish in these animals a fatal infection with BCG. There was no constant relation between weight gains of uninfected mice on the various regimens, and the effect of the latter on susceptibility to tuberculosis. These findings appear compatible with, but do not prove, the hypothesis that a decrease in resistance to infection can be brought about by metabolic disturbances which cause either a depletion of the glycogen reserves of the body, or a reduction in the glycolytic activity of inflammatory cells, or an increase in the concentration of certain polycarboxylic acids and ketones in the tissues.
Resuscitation and Anesthetic Management of Casualties
Authors: David J. Torpey
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Resuscitative efforts for the severely wounded casualties were directed toward adequate pulmonary ventilation and oxygenation, replacement of blood and extracellular fluid volumes, correction of existing acidosis, and the maintenance of adequate cardiac and renal function. Definitive surgical procedures were performed after adequate resuscitative measures had been accomplished. A light plane of general anesthesia combined with a muscle relaxant was the most satisfactory technique for the extensively injured patient. Spinal, epidural, and axillary blocks were used with relative frequency, especially in those patients having lower abdominal, genitourinary, or extremity injuries. Accurate and frequent monitoring during anesthesia and surgery was performed within the clinical means available. Application of the basic sciences to clinical medicine and the knowledge of reliable publications allowed for the up-to-date management of the battle casualties under field conditions.
Report calls for urgent action on ageism in treating stroke patients
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2007)

A radical shake-up of stroke services in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland is urged in a new report, which found that patients admitted at weekends are less likely to have an immediate brain scan or be admitted to a specialist unit.

Urgent action is also needed to tackle ageism in access to stroke services, say the authors of the report, published by the Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit of the Royal College of Physicians (London) ( Age and Ageing advance access, doi: 10.1093/ageing/afm007). 

“Overall, the standards of care for stroke patients of all ages are …