tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Health research funding
Authors: David Kingdon
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Contraction and convergence: myth and realityEditor-The review of climate change issues in the BMJ of 10 June was comprehensive.On grounds of morality, the principle of contraction and convergence is unassailable. 1 In the real world, it is a pipe dream.It would work only by being enforcible, which implies an international policing authority with real teeth.Can we seriously believe that the United States, China, or Russia would submit to such an authority?Sadly there is no mileage in morality when affluent lifestyles are threatened.It is right to plead for changes in individual behaviour, but only the de-carbonising of energy at source will make a predictable and sustained impact on carbon dioxide emissions.The only long term route to this goal will be through the adoption of renewable energy technologies on two levels.Firstly, small scale to micro-generation systems are rapidly approaching market viability.Within five to 10 years, millions of homes could become cost effective mini-power stations linked to a local mini-grid under the umbrella of distributed generation.The Energy Saving Trust estimates that this sector could meet 40% of UK electricity demand. 2 Secondly, base load electricity could be provided by gigawatt scale technologies mostly drawing energy from wind, rivers, and seas.Tidal stream, tidal estuary, tidal impoundment, wave power, and offshore wind could more than match the output of today's nuclear power. 3 In the short term, "balancing power" to compensate for intermittency would be provided by combined cycle gas power plants.In the longer term, surplus electricity, which is an intrinsic problem with renewables, will be directed to producing hydrogen for grid connected gigawatt scale fuel cells in a symbiotic coupling with high energy density renewables installations.All this will, of course, depend on massive government investment, but so would nuclear energy.On the demand side, buildings are the biggest carbon culprits.The only effective answer, embracing both new and existing buildings, is the concept of the carbon budget, enforcible by law.This could also be adapted for transport.These have complex implications, perhaps for another time.
Failure of Prophylaxis for Bacterial Endocarditis: American Heart Association Registry
Authors: Alan L. Bisno, David T. Durack, David W. Fraser, Edward L. Kaplan, Mark A. Oliveira
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Letters1 September 1979Failure of Prophylaxis for Bacterial Endocarditis: American Heart Association RegistryALAN L. BISNO, M.D., DAVID T. DURACK, D. PHIL., M.D., DAVID W. FRASER, M.D., EDWARD L. KAPLAN, M.D., MARK A. OLIVEIRAALAN L. BISNO, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, DAVID T. DURACK, D. PHIL., M.D.Search for more papers by this author, DAVID W. FRASER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, EDWARD L. KAPLAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, MARK A. OLIVEIRASearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-91-3-493_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The American Heart Association (AHA) recognizes that its current recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis are necessarily empiric (1). This situation has arisen because important clinical information on the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis is lacking. The present recommendations are therefore based upon secondary sources of information such as the relative propensity of various procedures to cause bateremia, in-vitro studies of bacteria recovered from the blood, the effect of antibiotics on bacteremias, the susceptibility of various heart lesions to infection, anecdotal case reports, and study of experimental models.Although more than 30 individual cases of apparent prophylaxis...Reference1. : Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Circulation. 1977; 56:139A-43A. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ALAN L. BISNO, M.D.; DAVID T. DURACK, D. PHIL., M.D.; DAVID W. FRASER, M.D.; EDWARD L. KAPLAN, M.D.; MARK A. OLIVEIRA PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byCorrection: Area Code for Bacterial Endocarditis Registry 1 September 1979Volume 91, Issue 3Page: 493-493KeywordsAntibiotic prophylaxisBacteremiaBacteriaBloodEndocarditisHeartHeart failureLesionsLongitudinal studiesProphylaxis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 September 1979 PDF downloadLoading ...
The Etiology and Treatment of Chronic Arthritis
Authors: REGINALD BURBANK
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1932)

Although research workers in the field of arthritis have rightfully come to suspect the streptococcus to be a causative factor in so-called rheumatoid or atrophic-deformans arthritides, there has not been a sufficient consensus on the subject to correlate divergent findings and allow general acceptation of the streptococcus as the main etiologic factor in this widespread and disabling disease.  My own clinical and research work has steadily made me more confident that the streptococcus is the sine qua non of what is generally termed nonspecific infectious arthritis. My co-workers and I have attempted to complete the etiologic proof of this theory in every way possible and the recent experimental findings of Hadjopoulos have forcibly confirmed our original contentions.  In our early work with complement-fixation reactions in the arthritides, we regularly found antibodies against various strains of streptococci in the blood serums of afflicted persons.1Since the presence of an antibody
Increase in walk distance is not enough evidence to add a walk to the 6-minute walk test
Authors: H. S. Kulkarni, D. Chandra, F. C. Sciurba
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Increase in walk distance is not enough evidence to add a walk to the 6-minute walk testTo the Editors:We read with interest the work of HERNANDES et al. [1].The authors performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from 1,514 patients with moderate-to-very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who performed 6-min walks on consecutive days and recommended that, because the distance of the second walk was longer than that of the first, two walks should be performed [1].Their finding that the walk distance increases by 7% on the second walk (27-m increase from a baseline of 391 m) validates our previous findings and adds new knowledge about the variables that predict improvement in walk distance [2].These predictors of improvement may be helpful in identifying which subgroups of patients may benefit the most from performing two walks instead of one per 6-min walk test.
Perceptual symbols: The power and limitations of a theory of dynamic imagery and structured frames
Authors: William F. Brewer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

The perceptual symbol approach to knowledge representation combines structured frames and dynamic imagery. The perceptual symbol approach provides a good account of the representation of scientific models, of some types of naive theories held by children and adults, and of certain reconstructive memory phenomena. The ontological status of perceptual symbols is unclear and this form of representation does not succeed in accounting for all forms of human knowledge.
Human speech: A tinkerer's delight
Authors: Harvey M. Sussman, David Fruchter, Jon Hilbert, Joseph Sirosh
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

The most frequent criticism of the target article is the lack of clear separability of human speech data relative to neuroethological data. A rationalization for this difference was sought in the tinkered nature of such new adaptations as human speech. Basic theoretical premises were defended, and new data were presented to support a claim that speakers maintain a low-noise relationship between F2 transition onset and offset frequencies for stops in pre-vocalic positions through articulatory choices. It remains a viable and testable hypothesis that the phenomenon described by the locus equation is a functional adaptation of production mechanisms to processing preferences of the auditory system.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Barrett’s Esophagus
Authors: J. J. Bergman
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Several articles have been published during the last year that may affect the management of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and/or Barrett's esophagus in the near future. A new method of measuring esophageal pH has been introduced that does not require an indwelling transnasal catheter and may allow a more physiological assessment of esophageal acid exposure. Several articles discussed the use of endoscopic antireflux procedures, and a sham-controlled randomized study was published concerning the Stretta procedure. A long-term follow-up study and a decision analysis study have again fueled the debate concerning the relevance of surveillance of Barrett's patients, whereas other studies focused on techniques that may improve the detection of specialized intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia within the Barrett's segment. Finally, several studies have reported promising results with the endoscopic treatment of Barrett's metaplasia and early neoplasia using ablation techniques or endoscopic resection modalities. This review summarizes the most important articles in the field of GERD and Barrett's esophagus that have been published in peer-reviewed journals during the last year that are relevant to the practicing endoscopist.
Psychiatric Disorders in Preschoolers: Continuity From Ages 3 to 6
Authors: Sara J. Bufferd, Lea R. Dougherty, Gabrielle A. Carlson, Suzanne Rose, Daniel N. Klein
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2012)

About half of 127 children meeting criteria for psychiatric diagnoses at age 3 received diagnoses again at age 6, and half of those with psychiatric diagnoses at age 6 also had disorders at age 3. Disorders most likely to remain constant were ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and anxiety disorders. The six cases of depression at age 3 were gone at age 6, but several of these children developed anxiety disorders or oppositional defiant disorder. Switches also occurred from anxiety or ADHD to oppositional defiant disorder and from oppositional defiant disorder to ADHD.
Abstract 2566: Beneficial impact of valproate on the response of small cell lung cancer to cisplatin – etoposide therapy
Authors: Fabian Vandermeers, Roland Hubaux, Maria Cecilia Crisanti, Veena Kapoor, Steven M. Albelda, Luc Willems
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Prognosis of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is particularly poor, less than 5% of patients with extensive stage being alive after two years. We hypothesized that SCLC chemotherapy could be improved by using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors based on their ability to interfere with lysine acetylation and to alter gene expression. The goal of this study was to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of a HDAC inhibitor (valproate: VPA) on SCLC cells in combination with the standard chemotherapeutic first-line regimen (cisplatin + etoposide). We show that VPA induces apoptosis of small cell lung cancer cell lines and improves efficacy of cisplatin combined with etoposide. Both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways are involved in VPA-induced apoptosis. As expected for an HDAC inhibitor, VPA hyperacetylates histone H3. The mechanism of VPA pro-apoptotic activity involves induction of p21, inhibition of Bcl-XL, cleavage of Bid and phosphorylation of Erk and H2AX. In the presence of VPA, Bax is translocated from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria and cleaved in an 18 kDa isoform. Cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria into the cytosol. Transcriptomic analyses by microarray show that VPA modulates transcription of genes (Na+/ K+ ATPase, Bcl-XL) involved in chemoresistance to cisplatin and etoposide. Finally, the efficacy of VPA combined with cisplatin and etoposide is supported by preclinical models of SCLC cells engrafted into SCID mice. Together, these data demonstrate that VPA augments anticancer activity of cisplatin and etoposide, two components of the standard first-line chemotherapy of small cell lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2566. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2566
Calcium Supplementation and Bone Mineral Density in Adolescent Girls
Authors: T Lloyd, M B Andon, N Rollings, J K Martel, J R Landis, L M Demers, D F Eggli, K Kieselhorst, H E Kulin
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation on bone acquisition in adolescent white girls.A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of 18 months of calcium supplementation on bone density and bone mass.Ninety-four girls with a mean age of 11.9 + 0.5 years at study entry.University hospital in a small town.Calcium supplementation, 500 mg/d calcium as calcium citrate malate; controls received placebo pills.Bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the lumbar spine and total body were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and calcium excretion from 24-hour urine specimens.Calcium intake from dietary sources averaged 960 mg/d for the entire study group. The supplemented group received, on average, an additional 354 mg/d of calcium. The supplemented group compared with the placebo group had greater increases of lumbar spine bone density (18.7% vs 15.8%; P = .03), lumbar spine bone mineral content (39.4% vs 34.7%; P = .06), total body bone mineral density (9.6% vs 8.3%; P = .05), and 24-hour urinary calcium excretion (90.4 vs 72.9 mg/d; P = .02), respectively.Increasing daily calcium intake from 80% of the recommended daily allowance to 110% via supplementation with calcium citrate malate resulted in significant increases in total body and spinal bone density in adolescent girls. The increase of 24 g of bone gain per year among the supplemented group translates to an additional 1.3% skeletal mass per year during adolescent growth, which may provide protection against future osteoporotic fracture.
Abstract 4803: Epigenome signatures during gastric carcinogenesis detected by MBD-seq and RRBS technologies
Authors: Hee-Jin Kim, Keeok Haam, Tae-Wook Kang, Seon-Young Kim, Seung-Moo Noh, Kyu-Sang Song, Yong Sung Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract DNA methylation plays an important role in the control of eukaryotic gene expression. Many tumor suppressor genes are silenced by aberrant DNA hypermethylation during carcinogenesis, while genome-wide DNA hypomethylation has been observed in human neoplasia, although the extent of this correlation still remains obscure. Hence DNA methylation profiling of a whole genome is essential to our understanding of its relevance for normal development and diseases including cancer. Recently two genome-wide DNA methylation assays combined with a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform can be useful to establish the methylation map for a whole genome of cancer cell. One of the methods use affinity based assay to enrich for methylated DNA, called a ‘MBD-seq’ (methylated DNA binding domain sequencing: Nucleic Acids Res. 2010; 38: 391-9). Another one is ‘RRBS’ (reduced representation bisulfite sequencing: Nat Methods. 2010; 7: 133-6) which generates nucleotide resolution of DNA methylation from bisulfite sequencing library that enrich for CpG-dense regions by methylation-insensitive restriction digestion. In this study, we applied the two different methods to the same batch of genomic DNAs of normal gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric tumor which were isolated microscopically using a laser microdissection system (PALM) with frozen clinical samples of one patient with intestinal type gastric cancer. The epigenome signatures during gastric carcinogenesis will be compared and presented here. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4803. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4803
PIK3CA Mutation/PTEN Expression Status Predicts Response of Colon Cancer Cells to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Cetuximab
Authors: Minaxi Jhawer, Sanjay Goel, Andrew J. Wilson, Cristina Montagna, Yi-He Ling, Do-Sun Byun, Shannon Nasser, Diego Arango, Joongho Shin, Lidija Klampfer, Leonard H. Augenlicht, Roman Perez Soler, John M. Mariadason
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Although approved for use in EGFR-overexpressing advanced colorectal cancer, recent studies have shown a lack of association between EGFR overexpression and cetuximab response, requiring the identification of novel biomarkers predictive of response to this agent. To do so, 22 colon cancer cell lines were screened for cetuximab response in vitro and sensitive and resistant lines were identified. In sensitive cell lines, cetuximab induced a G0-G1 arrest without inducing apoptosis. Notably, cetuximab-sensitive but not cetuximab-resistant cell lines were preferentially responsive to EGF-stimulated growth. Whereas neither EGFR protein/mRNA expression nor gene copy number correlated with cetuximab response, examination of the mutation status of signaling components downstream of EGFR showed that cell lines with activating PIK3CA mutations or loss of PTEN expression (PTEN null) were more resistant to cetuximab than PIK3CA wild type (WT)/PTEN-expressing cell lines (14 ± 5.0% versus 38.5 ± 6.4% growth inhibition, mean ± SE; P = 0.008). Consistently, PIK3CA mutant isogenic HCT116 cells showed increased resistance to cetuximab compared with PIK3CA WT controls. Furthermore, cell lines that were PIK3CA mutant/PTEN null and Ras/BRAF mutant were highly resistant to cetuximab compared with those without dual mutations/PTEN loss (10.8 ± 4.3% versus 38.8 ± 5.9% growth inhibition, respectively; P = 0.002), indicating that constitutive and simultaneous activation of the Ras and PIK3CA pathways confers maximal resistance to this agent. A priori screening of colon tumors for PTEN expression status and PIK3CA and Ras/BRAF mutation status could help stratify patients likely to benefit from this therapy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(6):1953–60]
Abstract PD08-08: Exercise for Health: A Randomised, Controlled Trial of an Exercise Intervention for Women with Breast Cancer — Effect on Upper-Body Function
Authors: SC Hayes, S Rye, E Eakin, D. Battistutta
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Impairments in upper-body function are common during and following breast cancer and may persist into long-term survivorship. An objective of the Exercise for Health program was to assess the effect participation in an 8 month exercise program (initiated 6 weeks after breast cancer surgery) has on upper-body function and associated symptoms. Methods: Women residing in an Australian metropolitan city and diagnosed with invasive breast cancer were eligible to participate in this randomised, controlled trial. Consenting women were allocated to either a face-to-face delivered exercise group (FG, n=67), a telephone-delivered exercise group (TG, n=67) or a usual-care group (UG, n=60). At 6 weeks (pre-intervention), 6 months (mid-intervention) and 12 months (postintervention) after surgery upper-body function was assessed via self-report using the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire and clinically using an incremental maximal upper-body strength test. The presence and severity of upper-body symptoms such as pain, weakness and numbness were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale, while lymphoedema was measured clinically using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Results: Women in the exercise intervention groups reported greater improvements (p=0.02) in perceived upper-body function (indicated by negative scores) between 6 weeks and 6 months post-surgery, (FG, mean=-6.3; TG, mean=-11.9) when compared to changes observed in the UG (mean=-4.2) and maintained these improvements by 12-months PS. Similar findings were observed for clinically measured upper-body function (P&amp;lt;0.01). At 12 months post-surgery, those in the UG were 1.5 times more likely to report at least one moderate to severe upper-body function symptom. The number of lymphoedema cases did not differ between the groups at mid-or post-intervention. Discussion: These results demonstrate that exercise interventions, delivered over the phone or face-to-face, can facilitate improvements in upper-body function during and following breast cancer treatment without adversely increasing risk of developing lymphoedema or other arm-related symptoms. This is particularly important since function is directly associated with a woman's ability to carry out daily tasks and has been shown to predict quality of life. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD08-08.
Recommendations for the standardization of clinical outcomes used in allergen immunotherapy trials for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: an <scp>EAACI</scp> Position Paper
Authors: O. Pfaar, P. Demoly, R. Gerth van Wijk, S. Bonini, J. Bousquet, G. W. Canonica, S. R. Durham, L. Jacobsen, H. J. Malling, R. Mösges, N. G. Papadopoulos, S. Rak, P. Rodriguez del Rio, E. Valovirta, U. Wahn, M. A. Calderon
Journal: Allergy (2014)

Abstract Background Allergen immunotherapy ( AIT ) has been thoroughly documented in randomized controlled trials ( RCT s). It is the only immune‐modifying and causal treatment available for patients suffering from I g E ‐mediated diseases such as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic asthma and insect sting allergy. However, there is a high degree of clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the endpoints in clinical studies on AIT , for both subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy ( SCIT and SLIT ). At present, there are no commonly accepted standards for defining the optimal outcome parameters to be used for both primary and secondary endpoints. Methods As elaborated by a Task Force ( TF ) of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology ( EAACI ) Immunotherapy Interest Group, this Position Paper evaluates the currently used outcome parameters in different RCT s and also aims to provide recommendations for the optimal endpoints in future AIT trials for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Results Based on a thorough literature review, the TF members have outlined recommendations for nine domains of clinical outcome measures. As the primary outcome, the TF recommends a homogeneous combined symptom and medication score ( CSMS ) as a simple and standardized method that balances both symptoms and the need for antiallergic medication in an equally weighted manner. All outcomes, grouped into nine domains, are reviewed. Conclusion A standardized and globally harmonized method for analysing the clinical efficacy of AIT products in RCT s is required. The EAACI TF highlights the CSMS as the primary endpoint for future RCT s in AIT for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
769-3 Lipid Intervention and Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: U.F.E. Rensing, H.P. Bestehorn, J. Petersen, K. Peters, P. Betz, K. Braunagel, M. Spinder, L. Samek, H. Roskamm, L. Benesch, K. Schemeitat, G. Blümchen, J. Claus, P. Mathes, L. Kappenberger, H. Wieland, J.F. Böcker, A. Neiss
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)