tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia and Reduced Glutathione
Authors: Ernest Beutler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

PATIENTS with hemorrhagic disorders are usually found to have a diminished platelet count or a demonstrable defect in the activity of one of the clotting proteins, or both. But there is a small group of patients in whom repeated episodes of easy bruising, epistaxis and other bleeding episodes occur despite a normal platelet count and normal plasma coagulation factors. These patients may have one of a heterogeneous group of defects in platelet function.The process by which platelets stop bleeding embraces a series of events whose complexity has been appreciated only in the past few years. Platelets aggregate when exposed . . .
Great vessel, cardiac chamber, and wall growth patterns in normal children.
Authors: M L Epstein, S J Goldberg, H D Allen, L Konecke, J Wood
Journal: Circulation (1975)

The purpose of this study was to establish normal echocardiographic measurements of valvular motion, cavity dimensions, great vessel diameters, and right, left and septal wall thicknesses of children ranging in size from infants to full growth. The study group was composed of 205 normal, healthy children for whom echocardiograms and subsequent measurements were performed in a standardized manner. The following measurements were performed: left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimension, right ventricular end-diastolic cavity dimension, right ventricular end-diastolic anterior wall thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness, ventricular septal end-diastolic thickness, maximal left atrail dimension, end-diastolic aortic and pulmonary artery diameter, end-diastolic cardiac and septal depth, maximal aortic leaflet separation, and maximal anterior mitral and anterior tricupsid amplitude. Data are grouped into the fifth, fiftieth, and ninety-fifty percentiles according to body surface area. These graphs allow measurements of a single patient to be compared to normal measurements of individuals with similar body surface area.
Lipid Tolerance Testing in Pregnancy
Authors: Richard M Cowett, Stephen R Carr, Paul L Ogburn
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

Objective— Macrosomia in the infant of the well-controlled diabetic mother suggests that a substrate other than glucose may influence fetal growth. We hypothesized that GDM alters lipid homeostasis during pregnancy. Our objective was to determine if an LTT could assist in identification of lipid abnormalities in the GDM individual. Research Designs and Methods— The LTT consisted of bolus infusion of 1.0 mg/kg 10% Intralipid (Cutter Vitrum, Berkeley, CA) followed by measurements of plasma glucose, insulin, glycerol, total triglycerides, and triglyceride fatty acids (18:1 and 18:2), total FFAs, and total phospholipids for 30 min before and 90 min after the bolus. The study groups were composed of 8 nonpregnant, nondiabetic subjects, 8 pregnant, nondiabetic subjects, 8 GDM patients receiving insulin, and 8 GDM patients who were diet controlled. Results— Plasma glucose and plasma insulin concentrations did not change significantly after the bolus. No significant difference was noted in the K2 for glycerol of the nonpregnant, nondiabetic group compared with the pregnant groups. The K2 for total triglycerides, plasma triglyceride 18:1, and plasma triglyceride 18:2 indicated increased rates of disappearance of these substrates for the nonpregnant nondiabetic group compared with all pregnant groups. No significant differences were observed among the pregnant groups for any of these parameters. Conclusions— Pregnancy may be associated with a decreased rate of triglyceride lipolysis compared with nonpregnancy. No differences in lipid metabolism were noted among normal pregnant and relatively well-controlled GDM patients.
Surgical Treatment and Prognosis of Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Thorax
Authors: Adalet Demir, Mehmet Zeki Gunluoglu, Nergiz Dagoglu, Akif Turna, Yavuz Dizdar, Kamil Kaynak, Sukru Dilege, Nil Molinas Mandel, Dilek Yilmazbayhan, Seyyit Ibrahim Dincer, Atilla Gurses
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
Truth in Mending
Authors: Alex Weisskopf
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Eben Alexander, Jr, MD (243:1241, 1980), "A 'Truth in Mending' Act," hits straight and true when he deplores cheating by patients and their attempt to involve their physicians to defraud insurance carriers, whether government or private. However, Dr Alexander's arguments, though on a high ethical plane, are not functional in today's world of consumeristic bending of the rules and "if its good for me it must be good" philosophy. His moralism is impeccable, except that it can trap us into inaction and impotence as Samuel Vaisrub, MD (243:1264, 1980), stressed in his editorial. Is the patient a malingerer or hysterical? Does he need treatment or police action? Are all self-serving symptoms suspect? These questions may be avoided by using the issue of enlightened self-interest. With this philosophy we do not cheat, simply because bending the rules diminishes us as physicians. Cheating the insurance company
Traveling Fakirs: A Remedy.
Authors: W. B. Patton
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Springfield, Ohio, Dec. 10, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Our city was recently afflicted by an unusually blatant pair of fakirs, and the way in which we got rid of them may be of interest. They advertised under the name of "Dr. Otto Urban," or "Prof. Joseph Otto Urban and his staff of magnetic healers." They carried full-page advertisements in our local papers, gave public exhibitions in the city hall and opened offices in a hotel. The first day they had between 30 and 40 patients. Our medical society has a committee to look after illegal practitioners, and it was soon learned that "Dr." Urban was not licensed by the state board. A warrant for his arrest was secured and the fact demonstrated that Urban was a myth. R. E. Brake was the man brought into court, and he was regularly licensed. A warrant was then secured for the arrest of
Some mechanisms of working memory may not be evident in the human EEG
Authors: Emrah Düzel
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Ruchkin et al. use brain-activity data from healthy subjects to assess the physiological validity of a cognitive working memory model and to propose modifications. The conclusions drawn from this data are interesting and plausible, but they have limitations. Much of what is known about the neural mechanisms of working memory comes from single neuron recordings in animals, and it is currently not fully understood how these translate to scalp recordings of EEG.
Congenital Cardiovascular Disease and Anomalies of the Third and Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch
Authors: ROBERT M. FREEDOM, FRED S. ROSEN, ALEXANDER S. NADAS
Journal: Circulation (1972)

Patients with the third and fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome, thymic and parathyroid aplasia or hypoplasia, have a very high incidence of aortic arch anomalies and congenital heart disease. These patients present with a unique syndrome characterized by profound hypocalcemia, defective thymic-mediated cellular immune function, and cardiovascular anomalies. The cardiac abnormalities most frequently are conotruncal malformations of the tetralogy of Fallot or truncus arteriosus types and are often the cause of death. Patients with profound neonatal hypocalcemia should be screened for evidence of normal thymic function and congenital heart disease.
Abstract B52: Loss of anterior gradient protein in high-grade prostate cancer is associated with loss of tumor cell adhesion and epithelial cell polarity
Authors: Diptiman Chanda, Anandi Sawant, Jonathan Adam Hensel, Tatyana Isayeva, Stephanie D. Reilly, Gene P. Siegal, Claire Smith, Selvarangan Ponnazhagan
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Prostate cancer has the highest rate of incidence among all cancers in men in the United States and the second leading cause of death behind lung cancer. The human homologue of the frog (Xenopus) anterior gradient protein (AGR-2) has gained considerable attention in recent years for its putative role in neoplastic growth, metastasis and poor survival of patients with breast and prostate cancers. AGR-2 is reported to be androgen dependent and expressed only during the early stages of prostate cancer progression, whereas significant decline in AGR-2 levels in higher grades tumors coincided with metastatic disease. Human primary prostate cancer tissues and regional metastasis were immunostained for AGR-2 expression. Results indicated that AGR-2 was localized in the glandular epithelium of the prostate gland. No significant difference in AGR-2 staining was observed between normal, BPH and well-differentiated prostate cancers, except in normal prostate, where AGR-2 was mostly concentrated in the nuclei. Similar results were observed in a spontaneously developing transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. AGR-2 expressions was reduced significantly in moderately and poorly-differentiated tumors in both human and TRAMP mice. Higher AGR-2 levels were found in the metastatic tissue albeit lower expressions in the highest grades prostate tumors within the same individual, suggesting further requirement of AGR-2 for growth at the metastatic sites. Targeted silencing of AGR-2 in a bone metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC3, resulted in significantly reduced cellular adhesion to various extracellular matrix proteins and a failure to form acinar structures following 3-dimensional growth on matrigel. We also determined that AGR-2 silencing led to down-regulation of crucial integrins in PC3 cells, which possibly explains mechanism by which AGR-2 maintains polarized morphology of epithelial cells through promotion of cell adhesion. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that loss of AGR-2 in prostate cancer cells allows detachment from the basement membrane of the primary site and initiates metastasis. AGR-2 as well as integrin levels are restored during passage through circulation and at the metastatic site(s), helping them re-attach to the new microenvironment. Citation Format: Diptiman Chanda, Anandi Sawant, Jonathan Adam Hensel, Tatyana Isayeva, Stephanie D. Reilly, Gene P. Siegal, Claire Smith, Selvarangan Ponnazhagan. Loss of anterior gradient protein in high-grade prostate cancer is associated with loss of tumor cell adhesion and epithelial cell polarity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B52.
Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis
Authors: D. Hind
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b> To assess the evidence for the clinical effectiveness of ultrasound guided central venous cannulation. <b>Data sources</b> 15 electronic bibliographic databases, covering biomedical, science, social science, health economics, and grey literature. <b>Design</b> Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. <b>Populations</b> Patients scheduled for central venous access. <b>Intervention reviewed</b> Guidance using real time two dimensional ultrasonography or Doppler needles and probes compared with the anatomical landmark method of cannulation. <b>Data extraction</b> Risk of failed catheter placement (primary outcome), risk of complications from placement, risk of failure on first attempt at placement, number of attempts to successful catheterisation, and time (seconds) to successful catheterisation. <b>Data synthesis</b> 18 trials (1646 participants) were identified. Compared with the landmark method, real time two dimensional ultrasound guidance for cannulating the internal jugular vein in adults was associated with a significantly lower failure rate both overall (relative risk 0.14, 95% confidence interval 0.06 to 0.33) and on the first attempt (0.59, 0.39 to 0.88). Limited evidence favoured two dimensional ultrasound guidance for subclavian vein and femoral vein procedures in adults (0.14, 0.04 to 0.57 and 0.29, 0.07 to 1.21, respectively). Three studies in infants confirmed a higher success rate with two dimensional ultrasonography for internal jugular procedures (0.15, 0.03 to 0.64). Doppler guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein in adults was more successful than the landmark method (0.39, 0.17 to 0.92), but the landmark method was more successful for subclavian vein procedures (1.48, 1.03 to 2.14). No significant difference was found between these techniques for cannulation of the internal jugular vein in infants. An indirect comparison of relative risks suggested that two dimensional ultrasonography would be more successful than Doppler guidance for subclavian vein procedures in adults (0.09, 0.02 to 0.38). <b>Conclusions</b> Evidence supports the use of two dimensional ultrasonography for central venous cannulation.
Young Girl in Pink
Authors: M. Therese Southgate
Journal: JAMA (2006)

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The Treatment of Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia with Bilateral Cervico-Thoracic Sympathetic-Ganglionectomy
Authors: RICHARD LLOYD, ROBERT OKADA, JAMES STAGG, ROBERT ANDERSON, BRACK HATTLER, FRANK MARCUS
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Two patients had bilateral cervico-thoracic sympatho-ganglionectomy for treatment of disabling symptoms due to refractory ventricular tachycardia. In both patients treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs singly, in combination, or together with pacemaker overdrive had been ineffective in controlling this arrhythmia. Both patients had normal coronary arteriograms. Bilateral thoracic sympathectomy appears to facilitate medical management of ventricular tachycardia in selected patients who are refractory to the usual medical treatment.
Type and Prevalence of Medication Used in the Treatment of Hyperactive Children
Authors: John M. Krager, Daniel J. Safer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

ACCORDING to a widely quoted 1970 newspaper account1 and to subsequent magazine articles,2 3 4 approximately 5 to 10 per cent of children in elementary school receive medication for disorders of behavior. Although such publicized estimates have been grossly inaccurate, only one study has appeared to date providing scientific data on this issue. This was a questionnaire survey of Chicago physicians who were asked to estimate the dose and frequency of psychotropic medication that they prescribed for school-age children. The survey was done at the Children's Research Center of Urbana, Illinois.5 The major conclusions of the Children's Research Center survey were as . . .
Long-term follow-up of symptomatic patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia treated with the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab
Authors: Steven P. Treon, Jacob D. Soumerai, Zachary R. Hunter, Christopher J. Patterson, Leukothea Ioakimidis, Brad Kahl, Michael Boxer
Journal: Blood (2011)
Intrinsic Hepatic Phenotype Associated with the Cyp1a2 Gene as Shown by cDNA Expression Microarray Analysis of the Knockout Mouse
Authors: AG Smith
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Several forms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) appear to metabolize principally pharmaceutical agents, as well as other dietary and plant chemicals. Other CYP forms have major roles in steroid, sterol, and bile acid metabolism. CYP1A2 expression is constitutively high in mouse liver and is well known for metabolizing several drugs and many procarcinogens to reactive intermediates that can cause toxicity or cancer. CYP1A2 is also known to carry out several endogenous functions such as uroporphyrinogen and melatonin oxidation and the 2- and 4-hydroxylations of estradiol. We have used cDNA microarray analysis of the untreated Cyp1a2(-/-) knockout mouse to search for changes in gene expression that might indicate important intrinsic roles for this enzyme. For 15 of the up- or downregulated genes, these increases or decreases were corroborated by reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. Other than upregulation of the Hprt gene (used in the selection procedure for disrupting the Cyp1a2 gene), we found several genes upregulated that are associated with cell-cycle regulation and lipid metabolism. Besides Cyp1a2, the gene exhibiting the greatest downregulation was Igfbp1 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1), showing only 12% expression of that in the Cyp1a2(+/+) wild-type liver. Recurrent themes between both up- and downregulated genes include cell-cycle control, insulin action, lipogenesis, and fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthetic pathways. Histologically, the Cyp1a2(-/-) mouse exhibited an approximately 50% decrease in lipid stored in hepatocytes, and 50% increase in lipid present in interstitial fat-storing cells compared with that in the Cyp1a2(+/+) wild-type. These data suggest that the CYP1A2 enzyme might perform additional hepatic endogenous functions heretofore not appreciated.
Regulation of the immune response to peptide antigens: differential induction of immediate-type hypersensitivity and T cell proliferation due to changes in either peptide structure or major histocompatibility complex haplotype.
Authors: P Soloway, S Fish, H Passmore, M Gefter, R Coffee, T Manser
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

The immunodominant CD4 T cell epitope of the bacteriophage lambda cI repressor protein in several inbred mouse strains can be represented by a peptide encompassing amino acids 12-26. Here, we show that this peptide, and a variety of its sequence variants, can induce immediate-type hypersensitivity in mice. 12-26 variants that differ by as little as single amino acid residues deviate greatly in their ability to induce hypersensitivity. Further, differences in major histocompatibility complex class II alleles appear to be as influential as changes in peptide structure in determining whether hypersensitivity is developed. The ability of a given peptide-class II combination to induce hypersensitivity correlates with production of peptide-specific antibody, but not with ability or inability to induce a T cell proliferative response. Administration of anti-interleukin 4 (IL-4) mAb prevents the development of hypersensitivity, and analysis of cytokine production by T cell hybridomas derived from peptide-immunized mice suggests that whether a given peptide-class II combination can induce hypersensitivity depends on its ability to induce IL-4 production. The data demonstrate that changes in the nature of the epitope(s) recognized by the CD4 T cell population can result in qualitative differences in the response elicited in this population, ultimately leading to dramatic quantitative and qualitative variations in the effector phase of the immune response.
Direct T helper-B cell interactions induce an early B cell activation antigen.
Authors: M K Crow, J A Jover, S M Friedman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

We have explored the consequences for the B cell of cognate interaction with T cells. Early expression of the B cell-restricted cell surface activation antigen, BLAST-2, has been used as an assay system to measure direct T-B cell collaboration. BLAST-2 is preferentially expressed by allogenic B cells cultured with MHC class II antigen-restricted Th clone cells matched to the DR specificity of the target B cells. B cells cultured with DR-mismatched allospecific Th cells express minimal BLAST-2. Th cell-induced BLAST-2 expression appears to be accessory cell independent and occurs as early as 8 h after initiation of culture, with peak expression at 18 h. Direct T-B cell contact, rather than Th-derived lymphokines, provides the most efficient stimulus for BLAST-2 expression. Crosslinking of sIg on B cells is a poor stimulus for BLAST-2 expression. The BLAST-2 assay permits the evaluation of early events associated with B cell activation through cognate interactions, and may facilitate subsequent studies of the mechanism of B cell differentiation.
Europe to have its own centre for disease control
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The European Union will have its own centre for disease prevention and control from next year after the European parliament gave the go-ahead for the initiative on 10 February.

John Bowis, the British Conservative MEP who steered the legislation through the Strasbourg Assembly, insisted that the centre's resources would supplement, rather than replace, national measures reacting to health threats. It would also strengthen the informal ad hoc cooperation that now exists.

“This demonstrates the positive contribution the EU can make by sharing good practice, …
Systolic Ventricular Dysfunction Causes Selective Diaphragm Atrophy in Rats
Authors: GAËTANE STASSIJNS, GHISLAINE GAYAN-RAMIREZ, PAUL DE LEYN, GUIDO VERHOEVEN, PAUL HERIJGERS, VERA de BOCK, RENÉ DOM, ROELAND LYSENS, MARC DECRAMER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

In order to examine the relative impairment of the diaphragm and other skeletal muscles in systolic ventricular dysfunction (VD), their structure and function were compared between rats with VD induced by left coronary artery ligation (n = 17) and sham-operated rats (Co, n = 10). In addition, in an attempt to unravel the mechanism of the observed impairment, we examined alterations in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) serum levels and IGF-I expression in the liver, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius. In a second series of rats (VD, n = 5 and Co, n = 5) hemodynamic measurements were performed. All measurements were performed 3 mo after the operation. Infarct size averaged 32 ± 10 and 44 ± 20% in the two series, respectively (NS). Hemodynamic measurements revealed a decrease in left ventricular peak systolic pressure of 19% (p < 0.05). Significant diaphragm atrophy (weight: 622 ± 52 mg in VD versus 750 ± 54 mg in Co, p < 0.0005), without alterations in diaphragm contractile properties was present in VD animals. For all animals combined, the reduction in diaphragm weight was related to infarct size (r = − 0.74, p < 0.001). No alterations were observed in the other inspiratory and peripheral muscles. ATPase staining of the diaphragm showed atrophy of type I and type IIx/b fibers, their cross-sectional area (CSA) being reduced by 13 and 16%, respectively (p < 0.05). There were no signs of myopathic alterations. IGF-I expression was increased by 55% in the diaphragm of rats with VD (p < 0.05). IGF-I expression in the liver and gastrocnemius and serum IGF-I levels were unaltered. These data suggest the presence of compensatory mechanisms aimed at minimizing diaphragmatic fiber atrophy. We conclude that systolic VD caused: (1) selective diaphragm atrophy, which was related to infarct size; (2) a decrease in diaphragm type I and IIx/b CSA not associated with myopathic changes; (3) an increase in the IGF-I mRNA content of the diaphragm. The selective diaphragm involvement in the present study may be related to the moderate degree of ventricular dysfunction induced.