tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Controlled Study in Diabetic Children Comparing Insulin-Dosage Adjustment by Manual and Computer Algorithms
Authors: Francesco Chiarelli, Stefano Tumini, Guido Morgese, A Michael Albisser
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

A controlled trial of a new microprocessor device for insulin-dosage adjustment was undertaken in two matched groups of a priori well-controlled diabetic children. A prospective study design with three equal 8-wk periods wasused. In the first period, both groups used manual methods for insulin-dosage adjustment after manual criteria. In the second period, one group of children adjusted insulin dosage by computer algorithms, whereas the other continued to use manual methods. In the third period, both groups again adjusted insulin by traditional methods. Mean premeal glycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin levels did not change in either group throughout the study. During the second period, episodes of hypoglycemia were more frequent in children without the computer than in those who used the device. In keeping with the latter outcome, the group that used the microprocessor device was given less insulin in the second period than the first (0.88 ± 0.02 vs. 0.94 ± 0.02 U · kg−1 · day−1, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and in comparison to the control group of patients who concurrently were given an increased insulin dose in the second period compared with the first. This study showed that insulin treatment through specific computer-mediated dosage-adjusting algorithms was safe and minimized hypoglycemia by effectively accommodating seasonally changing insulin requirements. We recommend the device to help diabetic children and their families in the care of insulindependent diabetes.
Medium chain triglycerides and hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: M. H. Morgan, C. H. Bolton, J. S. Morris, A. E. Read
Journal: Gut (1974)

The oral administration of short (C<sub>6</sub>) and medium (C<sub>8</sub> and (C<sub>10</sub>) chain triglycerides produced no clinical or electroencephalographic changes in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Arterial ammonia levels were also monitored in these patients and showed no significant change after medium chain triglycerides. It was concluded that medium chain triglycerides, known to be of potential value in the treatment of malabsorption in patients with cirrhosis, are not clinically contraindicated, even in patients with evidence of hepatic encephalopathy.
STUDIES ON PRIMARY ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA. II. OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP OF A NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS TO THE DISEASE 12
Authors: Lewis Thomas, George S. Mirick, Edward C. Curnen, James E. Ziegler, Frank L. Horsfall
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1945)

In a preliminary communication from this laboratory (1), the isolation of a non-hemolytic streptococcus from the lungs of 2 fatal cases of primary atypical pneumonia was reported.It was shown that convalescent sera of numerous patients with primary atypical pneumonia were capable of agglutinating this microorganism and some sera yielded precipitates with appropriate extracts of it.It was also shown that, except in rare instances, similar reactions were not demonstrable with acute-phase sera from the same patients, sera from patients with other acute infectious diseases, or sera from normal individuals.Since the publication of these preliminary ob- servations, additional strains of this non-hemo- lytic streptococcus have been isolated from the lungs and sputa of other patients with primary atypical pneumonia.A comprehensive study of the biological and immunological characteristics of this microorganism has been undertaken, and the results are described in detail in separate communications (2, 3).The serological reac- tions obtained with this streptococcus have been investigated, with additional specimens of serum from patients with primary atypical pneumonia, patients with other diseases, and normal persons, by means of a number of different immunological procedures.Of the patients with primary atypical pneumonia, 106 were studied in the Hospital 'Lieutenant Commander (MC), U.S.N.R. 4Lieutenant (MC), U.S.N.R. grew on this medium in the form of small fluorescent colonies. Rabbit antiseraAntiserum was prepared by the intravenous immuniza- tion of rabbits with saline suspensions of heat-killed strep- tococcus MG.The details of the procedure used for '
Apolipoprotein C-I genotype and serum levels of triglycerides, C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease
Authors: Bob Olsson, Bruna Gigante, Kirsten Mehlig, Alicia Bergsten, Karin Leander, Ulf de Faire, Lauren Lissner, Dag S. Thelle, Lena M.S. Carlsson
Journal: Metabolism (2010)
Diabetes Care for Medicare Beneficiaries: Attitudes and behaviors of primary care physicians
Authors: Jan Drass, Sherron Kell, Morris Osborn, Barker Bausell, James Corcoran, Alan Moskowitz, Barbara Fleming
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To obtain information related to primary care physician (PCP) attitudes, knowledge, and practice patterns, as well as perceptions about barriers to care and the use of materials to assist in the delivery of diabetes care for elderly patients in the office setting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A survey was mailed to a random sample (n = 900) of PCPs (internal medicine, family practice, and general practice physicians and endocrinologists) from the states of Alabama, Iowa, and Maryland who met selection criteria and provided diabetes care to ≥25 Medicare beneficiaries during calendar year 1993. RESULTS Respondents provided self-reported information regarding diabetes care for elderly patients. PCP respondents (n = 370) considered blood glucose control to be the most important treatment goal. Most respondents (92%) considered acceptable GHb values to be those &amp;lt; 8%. Blood pressure measurement and foot inspections for the detection of ulcers and infection were the most commonly reported routine procedures performed as part of an office visit. Laboratory tests reported to be frequently ordered included GHb, serum creatinine, and proteinuria tests. Patient nonadherence to the treatment regimen was reported to be the most common barrier to care. The majority of respondents reported using two treatment aids in caring for patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide some evidence that PCP self-reported attitudes, knowledge, and practice patterns in delivering diabetes care for elderly patients in the office setting more closely reflect current recommended practice than reported in previous physician surveys. Opportunities for improvement still exist.
Spontaneous pneumothorax due to metastatic carcinoma of the rectum.
Authors: S Sharma, M Rajani
Journal: Thorax (1989)

Spontaneous pneumothorax due to metastatic carcinoma ofthe rectum The paper by Mr PE Beam and Mr OJ Lau (June 1988;43: 496) mentions that pneumothorax can be produced by metastasis from osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing's tumour, Wilm's tumour, melanoma, and endometrial adenocarcinoma, and that metastatic carcinoma of the rectum has previously not been reported as a cause of pneumothorax.We wish to add that various other primary malignancies, including fibrosarcoma, angiosarcoma, synovial cell sar- coma, leiomyosarcoma, etc, have also been reported to result in pneumothorax.'Although breakdown of the tumour directly into the pleural space, as mentioned by the authors, can result in pneumothorax, alternative mechanisms of pneumothorax formation have also been reported.These include tumour embolus and subsequent infarction and necrosis of the lung with air leak,2 and rupture of lung tissue due to secondary deposits beneath the pleura, producing free interstitial air that may trek along the vascular sheaths to the mediastinum and rupture through the mediastinal pleura.3The occasional association of pneumomediastinum and the spontaneous resolution of pneumothorax in some patients strongly support the latter hypothesis of pneumothorax formation in metastatic lung disease.'2
Functional polymorphism in Z-DNA–forming motif of promoter of SLC11A1 gene and type 1 diabetes in Japanese subjects: Association study and meta-analysis
Authors: Masanori Nishino, Hiroshi Ikegami, Tomomi Fujisawa, Yoshihiko Kawaguchi, Yumiko Kawabata, Maki Shintani, Masaya Ono, Toshio Ogihara
Journal: Metabolism (2005)
Some cognitive tools for word learning: The role of working memory and goal preference
Authors: Mihály Racsmány, Ágnes Lukács, Csaba Pléh, Ildikó Király
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

We propose that Bloom's focus on cognitive factors involved in word learning still lacks a broader perspective. We emphasize the crucial relevance of working memory in learning elements of language. Specifically, we demonstrate through our data that in impaired populations knowledge of some linguistic elements can be dissociated according to the subcomponent of working memory (visual or verbal) involved in a task. Further, although Bloom's concentration on theory of mind as a precondition for word learning is certainly correct, theory of mind being a necessary condition does not make it a sufficient one. On the basis of our studies we point out the importance of a theory of mind related goal preference in acquiring spatial language. In general, we claim that more specific cognitive preferences and constraints should be outlined in detail for the preconditions of acquiring linguistic elements.
364 The HBV transcription/replication process is regulated by the recruitment of a HBX/PCAF complex on the HBV CCCDNA minichromosome
Authors: T. Pollicino, L. Belloni, M. Di Padova, G. Raffa, G. Squadrito, M. Fanciulli, G. Raimondo, M. Levrero
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Predicting Premature Delivery — No Easy Task
Authors: Charles J. Lockwood
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Premature delivery is a leading cause of infant death. Approximately 5000 infants die each year in the United States from complications of prematurity and low birth weight. During the past decade, mechanisms contributing to prematurity have been identified.1 The observation that several pathways are involved in its pathogenesis may explain why premature delivery has proved so difficult to predict and prevent.Premature activation of the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis may result from maternal psychosocial or fetal physiological stress (for example, when there is insufficient uteroplacental blood flow). This mechanism may account for up to one third of premature births.1,2 The . . .
Abstract 1391: Inhibition of Hsp90 induces BRCA1 degradation and hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation
Authors: Shane R. Stecklein, Lisa M. Harlan-Williams, Wenjia Wang, Jeffrey D. Eskew, Vamsee Chaguturu, Roy A. Jensen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Cells expressing high levels of breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) are resistant to ionizing radiation and alkylative chemotherapeutic agents. Ablation of BRCA1 expression in vitro and in vivo can enhance and/or restore sensitivity to these agents. BRCA1 is a nuclear phosphoprotein that is critical for resolving double-strand DNA (dsDNA) breaks. Thus, its overexpression likely confers an advantage to cancerous cells targeted by anti-neoplastic agents that induce this form of DNA damage. In vitro evidence suggests that ablating BRCA1 expression may present a novel mechanism to enhance or restore radio- and chemosensitivity in refractory cancers. Like BRCA1, high expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has been associated with resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, though the mechanism(s) behind this phenotype are poorly characterized. Hsp90 is a cytoplasmic chaperone that is upregulated or exists in a hyperfunctional state in many human malignancies. Previous studies have demonstrated that Hsp90 regulates the assembly of several molecules involved in the homology-directed repair of dsDNA breaks, including BRCA2/FANCD1, FANCA, MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN), and RAD51. Using in vitro culture of breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancer cell lines, we demonstrate that inhibition of Hsp90 by the pharmacologic agent 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), which is currently in clinical evaluation, targets BRCA1 for ubiquitylation and proteasome-mediated degradation. Furthermore, inhibition of Hsp90 and the subsequent loss of BRCA1 expression are associated with decreased repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage and increased tumor cell death. Using lentiviral shRNA expression, we also demonstrate that loss of BRCA1 is epistatic to the ability of 17-AAG to sensitize cells to the effects of ionizing radiation, consistent with the central role of BRCA1 in assembling the dsDNA break repair machinery. These results suggest that inhibition of Hsp90 using an existing therapeutic agent (17-AAG) may be an effective mechanism to transiently inhibit BRCA1 expression and improve or restore radio- and/or chemosensitivity in breast and ovarian cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1391.
Long-term beta-blockade in dilated cardiomyopathy. Effects of short- and long-term metoprolol treatment followed by withdrawal and readministration of metoprolol.
Authors: F Waagstein, K Caidahl, I Wallentin, C H Bergh, A Hjalmarson
Journal: Circulation (1989)

To evaluate the short- and long-term effects of beta-adrenergic blockade (metoprolol) as well as the reaction to withdrawal and readministration of metoprolol in severe heart failure, 33 patients (25 men and eight women; mean age, 47.6 +/- 14.0 years) with dilated cardiomyopathy were studied by right and left heart catheterization, right ventricular biopsy, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, and external pulse recordings. Twenty-six of 33 patients survived more than 6 months, and 24 of the 26 patients improved their functional class (from mean 3.3 to 1.8, p less than 0.0001). These 24 patients were subjected to withdrawal of metoprolol until the number of symptoms increased and deterioration occurred as observed noninvasively (group 1, n = 16), whereas the eight patients did not deteriorate during a 12-month period (group 2). During long-term treatment with metoprolol, there was an increase in ejection fraction from 0.24 to 0.42 (p less than 0.0001), whereas there was a decrease in the left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension (from 7.3 to 6.4 cm, p less than 0.0001), in the grade of mitral regurgitation (from 1.7 to 0.4, p less than 0.0001), and in the grade of tricuspid regurgitation (from 0.6 to 0.05, p less than 0.007). There was a decrease in pulmonary wedge pressure (from 23.8 to 10.7 mm Hg, p less than 0.0001), LV end-diastolic pressure (from 24.1 to 13.4 mm Hg, p less than 0.002), and systolic vascular resistance (from 1,782 to 1,499 dynes/sec/cm, p less than 0.04). There was an increase in systolic blood pressure (from 116 to 132 mm Hg, p less than 0.003), cardiac index (from 2.17 to 2.58 l/min/m2, p less than 0.005), and LV stroke work index (from 31 to 65 g.m/m2, p less than 0.0001). During withdrawal of metoprolol, the heart rate and left atrial dimension increased (p less than 0.0001), whereas ejection fraction decreased (p less than 0.0001). The 12 (of 16) patients in group 1 who survived the withdrawal period had metoprolol readministered, and subsequently, ejection fraction increased (from 0.23 to 0.33, p less than 0.002). Patients had a low number of ventricular beta-adrenergic receptors compared with healthy control subjects (30.3 +/- 2.9 vs. 97.4 +/- 8.7 fmol/mg protein, p less than 0.001), but long-term treatment with metoprolol caused a moderate up-regulation (from 30.3 +/- 2.9 to 49.0 +/- 7.1 fmol/mg protein, p less than 0.05), which may facilitate a more normal response to sympathetic stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Pharmacological Relevance of Endoxifen in a Laboratory Simulation of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Patients
Authors: Philipp Y. Maximov, Russell E. McDaniel, Daphne J. Fernandes, Puspanjali Bhatta, Valeriy R. Korostyshevskiy, Ramona F. Curpan, V. Craig Jordan
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2014)

Tamoxifen is metabolically activated via a CYP2D6 enzyme system to the more potent hydroxylated derivatives 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen. This study addresses the pharmacological importance of endoxifen by simulating clinical scenarios in vitro. Clinical levels of tamoxifen metabolites in postmenopausal breast cancer patients previously genotyped for CYP2D6 were used in vitro along with clinical estrogen levels (estrone and estradiol) in postmenopausal patients determined in previous studies. The biological effects on cell growth were evaluated in a panel of estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer cell lines via cell proliferation assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed with one- and two-way analysis of variance and Student's t test. All statistical tests were two-sided. Postmenopausal levels of estrogen-induced proliferation of all test breast cancer cell lines (mean fold induction ± SD vs vehicle control: MCF-7 = 11±1.74, P < .001; T47D = 7.52±0.72, P < .001; BT474 = 1.75±0.23, P < .001; ZR-75-1 = 5.5±1.95, P = .001. Tamoxifen and primary metabolites completely inhibited cell growth regardless of the CYP2D6 genotype in all cell lines (mean fold induction ± SD vs vehicle control: MCF-7 = 1.57±0.38, P = .54; T47D = 1.17±0.23, P = .79; BT474 = 0.96±0.2, P = .98; ZR-75-1 = 0.86±0.67, P = .99). Interestingly, tamoxifen and its primary metabolites were not able to fully inhibit the estrogen-stimulated expression of estrogen-responsive genes in MCF-7 cells (P < .05 for all genes), but the addition of endoxifen was able to produce additional antiestrogenic effect on these genes. The results indicate that tamoxifen and other metabolites, excluding endoxifen, completely inhibit estrogen-stimulated growth in all cell lines, but additional antiestrogenic action from endoxifen is necessary for complete blockade of estrogen-stimulated genes. Endoxifen is of supportive importance for the therapeutic effect of tamoxifen in a postmenopausal setting.
Impaired forearm oxygen consumption during static exercise in patients with congestive heart failure.
Authors: J Longhurst, W Gifford, R Zelis
Journal: Circulation (1976)

In this study, the effects of forearm static exercise were determined on local blood flow and oxygen consumption in 15 normal individuals (NL) and their responses were compared with ten patients in congestive heart failure (CHF). Forearm blood flow was determined by a plethysmographic technique before and during 15% of maximum voluntary contraction of the forearm. Regional arterial and venous oxygen contents were sampled and forearm oxygen consumption calculated by the Fick principle. At rest, forearm blood flow was less in patients with heart failure than in normal individuals; however, this was compensated for by an increased oxygen extraction, thus maintaining forearm oxygen consumption at a normal level. In contrast, during static exercise, forearm blood flow failed to rise normally with heart failure (NL 9.31; CHF 4.35 ml/min-100 ml, P less than 0.001) and the increased oxygen extraction was not sufficient to maintain a normal forearm oxygen consumption (NL .82; CHF .44 ml/min-100 ml, P less than 0.01). Therefore, patients with congestive heart failure demonstrate regional circulatory and metabolic abnormalities during static exercise that are comparable to those present during dynamic exercise. Because of a limited ability of their skeletal muscle resistance vessels to respond to dilator stimuli, they have an attenuation of their exercise hyperemia which leads to an earlier shift to anaerobic metabolism.
Effect of Pressor Amines on Myocardial Blood Flow in the Dog
Authors: Harold K. Dunn
Journal: JAMA (1961)

THE LACK of a precise method for quanitatively measuring myocardial blood flow has severely limited investigation of the effects of drugs and surgery on this vital segment of the circulatory system. Methods previously employed to measure coronary flow both directly and indirectly have readily apparent disadvantages. A new technique developed in our experimental laboratory can now be used to measure simultaneously total myocardial blood flow and cardiac output with the heart intact and functioning in a physiological manner. This technique involves the continuous injection of radioiodinated (I<sup>131</sup>) human serum albumin into the left atrium while separate samples of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery are being monitored to obtain radiodilution curves. Although various pressor amines are widely used clinically in the treatment of shock, little is known of their effect on coronary flow. Early investigators realized that these drugs caused increased myocardial flow, but they could not
Supreme Court tells UK government to cut nitrogen dioxide levels
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The United Kingdom’s highest court has ordered the government to draw up a plan within months to cut the levels of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere to protect public health.

The Supreme Court unanimously ordered the next UK government—which will be formed after the 7 May election—to deliver an air quality action plan, with a timetable, to the European Commission by 31 December 2015. …