tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lipid Research Clinics Program
Authors: P. N. Durrington
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The outcome of the Lipid Research Clinics Trial<sup>1</sup>is clearly a landmark in medical history and, as such, is to be applauded. To be certain, however, that doubt has given way to certainty, one aspect of the study requires clarification: tendon xanthomata were not considered either in connection with the randomization or stratification of patients.<sup>2</sup>Tendon xanthomata are a marker for monogenic (receptor-defective or deficient) familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).<sup>3</sup>Their presence confers a risk of CHD morbidity and mortality many times greater than that of most patients with similar levels of LDL cholesterol who come from families without tendon xanthomata.<sup>3-5</sup> Certainly the cholestyramine and placebo groups in the trial were well matched for parental history of myocardial infarction or angina before the age of 60 years.<sup>2</sup>However, this is not a reliable means of identifying patients with monogenic FH, particularly if inherited from the
Overexpression of alpha1-acid glycoprotein in transgenic mice leads to sensitisation to acute colitis
Authors: T Hochepied
Journal: Gut (2002)

<b>Background:</b> α<sub>1</sub>-Acid glycoprotein (α<sub>1</sub>-AGP) is an acute phase protein in most mammalian species whose concentration rises 2–5-fold during an acute phase reaction. Its serum concentration has often been used as a marker of disease, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). High α<sub>1</sub>-AGP levels were found to have a prognostic value for an increased risk of relapse in IBD. <b>Aims:</b> To investigate a possible role for increased serum levels of α<sub>1</sub>-AGP in the development of IBD. <b>Methods:</b> Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) 2% was added to the drinking water of transgenic mice, overexpressing the rat α<sub>1</sub>-AGP gene, to induce acute colitis, thus mimicking the conditions of relapse. Clinical parameters, inflammatory parameters, and histological analyses on colon sections were performed. <b>Results:</b> Homozygous α<sub>1</sub>-AGP-transgenic mice started losing weight and showed rectal bleeding significantly earlier than heterozygous transgenic or wild-type mice. Survival time of homozygous transgenic mice was significantly shorter compared with heterozygous and wild-type mice. The higher susceptibility of homozygous α<sub>1</sub>-AGP-transgenic mice to DSS induced acute colitis was also reflected in higher local myeloperoxidase levels, higher inflammation scores of the colon, and higher systemic levels of interleukin 6 and serum amyloid P component. Local inflammatory parameters were also significantly different in heterozygous transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice, indicating a local dosage effect. In homozygous transgenic mice, significantly higher amounts of bacteria were found in organs but IgA levels were only slightly lower than those of control mice. <b>Conclusion:</b> Sufficiently high serum levels of α<sub>1</sub>-AGP result in a more aggressive development of acute colitis.
Identification of Xanthochromia
Authors: Harry L. Bremer
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  This is in reference to the letter entitled Identification of Xanthochromia by Dr Fisher. 1 He recommends inspecting the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tube in front of an x-ray view box. There is another simple way to inspect the CSF visually at the beside for xanthochromia or pleocytosis (especially if the lumbar puncture is nontraumatic). Instead of looking horizontally through the tube, the physician should unscrew the cap and look vertically down through the tube, using a white background. By using the tube that has the most CSF, the physician can easily identify faint xanthochromia or pleocytosis. I have found this method of CSF examination superior to that suggested by Dr Fisher.  In reviewing the literature, 2,3 and several neurology texts, 4-6 I found that only two books 5,6 briefly mention inspecting the CSF this way.
Tc-99m MDP Bone Scintigraphy and Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) Imaging in Erdheim-Chester Disease
Authors: Sirianong Namwongprom, Rodolfo Núñez, Edmund E. Kim, Homer A. Macapinlac
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare form of systemic non-Langerhans cell histocytosis with an unknown specific etiology and pathogenesis. Symptoms and findings of the disease depend on the site and extent of involvement. We report the case of a 43-year-old man with ECD who presented with fatigue, sweats, and bone pain. The characteristic lesions of ECD, including involvement of the long bones, were detected on Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy and PET/CT imaging.
Calcium Homeostasis in Immobilization: An Example of Resorptive Hypercalciuria
Authors: Andrew F. Stewart, Mark Adler, Cornelia M. Byers, Gino V. Segre, Arthur E. Broadus
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Prolonged immobilization may result in hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and osteoporosis. Although bone resorption is central to this syndrome, the mechanism of resorption is uncertain. In particular, the role of systemic calcium-regulating hormones remains unclear. In 14 immobilized subjects we measured fasting calcium excretion, 24-hour urinary calcium excretion during restricted calcium intake, the renal phosphorus threshold, plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, nephrogenous cyclic AMP, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. Mean serum calcium levels were normal, but fasting and 24-hour calcium excretion were markedly elevated (0.28 mg per deciliter of glomerular filtrate and 314 mg per 24 hours, respectively). The mean levels of serum phosphorus (4.8 mg per deciliter) and the renal phosphorus threshold (4.3 mg per deciliter) were elevated. Mean plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was strikingly reduced (9.9 pg per milliliter), as were nephrogenous cyclic (0.64 nmol per deciliter of glomerular filtrate) and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in both assays. These findings indicate that the parathyroid–1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D axis is suppressed in patients with immobilization-induced hypercalciuria, as would be predicted by a model of resorptive hypercalciuria. (N Engl J Med. 1982; 306:1136–40.)
Interleukin-5-induced granulocyte activation in atopic patients
Authors: A. KAPP, GABRIELE ZECK-KAPP
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Journal Article Interleukin‐5‐induced granulocyte activation in atopic patients Get access A. KAPP, A. KAPP Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Dr A. Kapp. Department of Dermatology. University of Freiburg. Hauptstrasse 7. D‐7800 Freiburg. Germany. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar GABRIELE ZECK‐KAPP GABRIELE ZECK‐KAPP Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg. Freiburg. Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 125, Issue 2, 1 August 1991, Pages 108–115, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb06056.x Published: 01 August 1991
GMC stalls on publication of Colman report
Authors: S. Hargreaves
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The General Medical Council decided last week not to put the independent report into the conduct of council member Jennifer Colman into the public domain until ongoing legal issues have been resolved.

The long awaited report of the inquiry led by George Staple QC, a leading City of London lawyer and former head of the Serious Fraud Office, was made available to council members in February. The report, which so far has cost the GMC £500 000 ($790 000; ‡730 000), details a year long investigation into Colman's role on the council and a series of issues that have arisen since her election to the GMC in 2000.

Colman claims she has been prevented from sitting on committees and subjected to a whispering campaign since she told the Charity Commission in 2002 that fellow members of the council had fiddled expenses. She told the BMJ that she objects to the inclusion of certain personal information in a report that could …
Sporadic Cases of Legionnaires' Disease in the Netherlands
Authors: PIETER L. MEENHORST
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Sera of 24 patients with an unexplained pneumonia were tested for the presence of antibodies against the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. Fifteen patients had positive serology. The series comprised 12 male and three female patients ranging in age from 17 to 66 years (mean, 51.1 years). All of the patients had a high fever, little or no sputum production, and radiographic evidence of pneumonia. The radiographic abnormalities ranged from a patchy infiltrate to extensive consolidation. In eight patients with confirmed Legionnaires' disease, severe confusion was one of the most striking signs. A variety of antibiotics had no clear effect on the duration of the illness in these cases, although the severity seemed to be influenced. Two of the patients died, and in three the course was protracted. All cases were sporadic. Eight patients had been infected abroad and seven in the Netherlands, two of whom were on immunosuppressive therapy and were infected in a hospital.
Peptic Ulcer in Childhood
Authors: G.N. Christodoulou, A. Gargoulas, A. Papaloukas, A. Marinopoulou, A.D. Rabavilas
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1979)

Thirty children (20 girls and 10 boys, aged 6-16 years) with primary peptic ulcers, matched in paris for age, sex and socio-economic standard to a group of 30 ulcer-free controls, were submitted to a structured psychiatric interview, a structured 'present psychiatric state' examination and to personality and intelligence tests. With one exception all patients suffered from duodenal ulcer; 3 male patients had personalities with psychopathic elements, 7 patients had nicknames, 5 suffered from psychiatric disorders, 3 had attempted suicide in the past, and 3 had had homosexual experiences. These parameters were negative in all controls. The patients had lower mean IQ, worse scholastic adaptation, more anxious and overprotective parents, higher frequency of faddiness in food and lower frequency of nail-biting than the controls. Psychotraumatic events had preceded the onset of ulcer symptomatology in 11 cases. The findings are discussed and the contribution of psychological factors in the pathogenesis of childhood peptic ulcer is stressed.
Targeted delivery of chitosan nanoparticles to Peyer’s patch using M cell-homing peptide selected by phage display technique
Authors: Mi-Kyong Yoo, Sang-Kee Kang, Jin-Huk Choi, In-Kyu Park, Hee-Sam Na, Hyun-Chul Lee, Eun-Bae Kim, Nam-Kyung Lee, Jae-Woon Nah, Yun-Jaie Choi, Chong-Su Cho
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
Acute and chronic exposure to ethanol and the electrophysiology of the brush border membrane of rat small intestine.
Authors: F al-Balool, E S Debnam, R Mazzanti
Journal: Gut (1989)

In this study we have investigated the effects of (a) chronic ethanol intake on glucose and galactose absorption across the rat jejunum in vivo and on the potential difference across the isolated brush border membrane (Vm) and (b) acute exposure to ethanol (4% or 8%) and acetaldehyde (0.25%) on changes in Vm associated with Na(+)-dependent galactose absorption across the jejunum and ileum. Chronic ethanol intake was associated with hyperpolarization of Vm and an enhanced galactose but not glucose transport. Acute ethanol and acetaldehyde were without effect on Vm whether or not galactose was present. We conclude that while a greater electrochemical gradient across the brush border membrane is a likely explanation for the stimulation of galactose absorption induced by ethanol feeding, factors other than changes in Vm are responsible for the inhibitory effects of acute ethanol.
Digitalis in the pre-excitation syndrome. Analysis during atrial fibrillation.
Authors: T D Sellers, T M Bashore, J J Gallagher
Journal: Circulation (1977)

The effect of digitalis in 21 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was anlayzed with respect to the ventricular response during atrial fibrillation and antegrade and retrograde refractory periods of accessory pathways. Digitalis shortened the cycle length of the most rapid ventricular response (shortest R-R) (i.e., increased the ventricle response) in 6/21 patients, increased the cycle length in 7/21 patients, had no effect on the cycle length in 5/21, and could not be determined in 3/21. Digitalis could be directly related to the onset of ventricle fibrillation resulting from atrial fibrillation in 9/21 patients. Each of these patients had shortest R-R intervals (220 msec or less) during atrial fibrillation in the control data. The results of this study indicate that no a priori prediction about the effect of digitalis on the antegrade conduction of accessory pathways can be made. By elective induction of atrial fibrillation it is possible to separate WPW patients into groups at high and low risk for developing ventricular fibrillation with the administration of digitalis.
Mechanisms of tolerance and Th2 cell activation in asthma
Authors: R Baghai-Ravary
Journal: Thorax (2004)

▴ De Heer HJ, Hammad H, Soullié T, et al . Essential role of lung plasmacytoid dentritic cells in preventing athmatic reactions to harmless inhaled antigen. J Exp Med2004;200:89–98 [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] ▴ Ostroukhova M, Seguin-Devaux C, Oriss TB, et al . Tolerance induced by inhaled antigen involves CD4+ T cells expressing membrane-bound TGF-beta and FOXP3. J Clin Invest2004;114:28–38 [OpenUrl][3][CrossRef][4][PubMed][5][Web of Science][6] Multiple factors are involved in the correct regulation of an immune response to common antigens. Two studies using asthma models in mice provide an insight into the immunological mechanisms of T helper 2 (Th2) cell activation in atopic asthma. There are two subsets of human and mouse dentritic cells (DC): the myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) types. de Heer et … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BExp%2BMed%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1084%252Fjem.20040035%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15238608%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=jem&resid=200/1/89&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F59%2F10%2F909.atom [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2BClinical%2BInvestigation%26rft.stitle%253DJCI%26rft.issn%253D0021-9738%26rft.aulast%253DOstroukhova%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D114%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D28%26rft.epage%253D38%26rft.atitle%253DTolerance%2Binduced%2Bby%2Binhaled%2Bantigen%2Binvolves%2BCD4%252B%2BT%2Bcells%2Bexpressing%2Bmembrane-bound%2BTGF-%257Bbeta%257D%2Band%2BFOXP3%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1172%252FJCI200420509%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15232609%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1172/JCI200420509&link_type=DOI [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15232609&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F59%2F10%2F909.atom [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000222393800007&link_type=ISI
Lessening of Cell Stiffness Might Serve as New Biomarker for Malignancy
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2008)

A PATIENT’S CANCER CELLS ARE nearly 4 times softer than similar but normal neighboring cells, according to recent research. The findings suggest that a “mechanical signature” might be a new biomarker of malignancy and could aid in the diagnosis, and even treatment, of cancer (Cross SE et al. Nature Nanotechnology. 10.1038/nnano.2007.388 [published online December 2, 2007]). “My hope is that eventually it could be used in a clinical setting,” said principal investigator James Gimzewski, PhD, a professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California at Los Angeles.
Functional Repression of Islet-2 by Disruption of Complex with Ldb Impairs Peripheral Axonal Outgrowth in Embryonic Zebrafish
Authors: Hiroshi Segawa, Toshio Miyashita, Yoshikazu Hirate, Shin-ichi Higashijima, Naoichi Chino, Keiichi Uyemura, Yutaka Kikuchi, Hitoshi Okamoto
Journal: Neuron (2001)
Cheap malaria drug is going to wrong people, says charity
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria is being urged to end a scheme aimed at providing cheap malaria treatment to poor countries because the people selling the drugs are not trained in malaria diagnosis.

The call has been made by the UK charity Oxfam in a damning critique of the affordable medicines facility—malaria (AMFm), which the Global Fund runs.1

The facility, which was launched in 2009 in eight pilot sites in seven countries in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, aimed to expand access to artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT) to treat malaria.2 The Global Fund negotiated with drug manufacturers to reduce the price of the combination and to require that prices must be the same in the public and private sectors. …
Cannulation of the Cystic Duct and Gallbladder
Authors: G. L. Miller, B. H. Laurence, J. H. McCarthy
Journal: Endoscopy (1989)

A hydrophilic polymer-coated, steerable guide wire with graduated stiffness can be used to cannulate the gallbladder. A catheter can then be placed in the gallbladder. This technique was successful in 9 out of 12 patients and took less than 10 minutes from the time of introduction of the guide wire until the catheter was placed in the gallbladder. There was one episode of perforation which was managed conservatively and two failures of cannulation. This technique will open up a new era in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy.
Divergent Functions of Toll-like Receptors during Bacterial Lung Infections
Authors: Pankaj Baral, Sanjay Batra, Rachel L. Zemans, Gregory P. Downey, Samithamby Jeyaseelan
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<Innate and Adaptive Immun...Role of TLRs in Bacterial...Role of TLRs in Bacterial...Methods Used by Pathogeni...ConclusionsReferencesCITING ARTICLES
Booze on the telly.
Authors: R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1985)

suspension and rapidly becomes inactive in this form.Orphenadrine may be suspended in solution but remains stable for only 14 days at a pH below 5. Our patient had been obtaining monthly supplies of each drug, and often up to six weeks elapsed between her obtaining and finishing each supply.Her rapid deterioration was probably due to the inactivity of her drugs in suspension.Amantadine syrup was continued, the bromocriptine suspension stopped, and benzhexol suspension substituted for orphenadrine.As the dose of benzhexol was gradually increased her akathisia resolved and her tremor and dysphagia improved.After removal of the nasogastric tube she could manage a soft diet and started gaining weight.She was discharged taking this drug regimen and subsequently made satisfactory progress. DiscussionImpaired mastication, dysphagia, and drooling of saliva have been recognised features of paralysis agitans since James Parkinson's original description of this condition.'They occur commonly in, and are present at, all stages of the condition.2Despite extensive studies no single cause of these symptoms in Parkinson's disease is generally accepted, and various hypotheses have been advanced.26Recommendations for treatment are equally varied.Case reports have been published showing improvement in dysphagia after the administration of levodopa.7xA controlled study, however, showed no appreciable change in deglutition before or after such treatment.9Our patient seemed to respond satisfactorily to the centrally acting anticholinergic drug benzhexol.Patients with dysphagia from whatever cause, whether they are elderly, unconscious, or terminally ill, often require drugs in the form of syrups or suspensions to overcome the problems of swallowing tablets.Great care needs to be taken to ensure that the drugs are not being inactivated by administering them in this manner.Manufacturers' formulations should be used when poss- ible.If the formulation of a drug needs to be altered expert pharma- ceutical advice must be obtained.The table gives details of the availability of common drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and precautions to be taken when the preparations can be given as a syrup or suspension. Anti-parkinsonian drugsPreparation Tablets or capsules Svrup Amantadine 100 mg 50 mg in 5 ml Levodopa 125, 250, 500 mg Yes* Levodopa and benserazide Madopar 62 5, 125, 250 No Levodopa and carbidopa Sinemet 110, 275, Plus No Bromocriptine 2-5, 5, 10 mg No Benzhexol 2, 5 mg 5 mg in 5 ml Orphenadrine 50 mg Yest Procvclidine 5 mg 2 5 or 5 mg in 5 ml Benztropine 2 mg Yest Selegilene 5 mg Yes § *Extemporarv formula available.Stable for 14 davs.Protect from light.tExtemporarv formula available.Stable for 14 days at pH<5.4Highly soluble in water.Stable for seven days in syrup.§Extemporary formula available.Stable for five days.We thank Dr P Hudgson for permission to report this case and for his helpful advice and criticism.We also
Protecting Research Participants While Reducing Regulatory Burdens
Authors: Bernard Lo, Mark Barnes
Journal: JAMA (2011)

THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (HHS) has proposed sweeping revisions to the federal regulations for the protection of human research participants. The goal is to “enhance protection while simultaneously eliminating unreasonable burdens.” Although the goal is admirable, some changes intended to remove unnecessary regulatory burdens may allow serious risks (ie, the probability of harm is significant, not merely possible or conceivable), particularly to highly vulnerable participants (ie, participants’ ability to give free and informed consent is seriously compromised). In this Commentary, 3 major issues in the Advance Notice of Proposed Rule-Making (ANPRM)—ensuring riskbased protections, institutional review board (IRB) reviews of multisite studies, and informed consent—are discussed. New policies to reduce regulatory burdens should be coupled with procedures to protect participants if research poses serious risks, involve highly stigmatizing conditions, or include significantly vulnerable participants.
Alteration of Physicians' Orders by Nonphysicians
Authors: Albert F. Finn
Journal: JAMA (1988)

We prospectively evaluated the accuracy with which clerical and laboratory staff carried out physicians' written orders for thyroid function testing in 181 patients at two institutions. In 54% of the patients studied, support staff were found to have added or deleted one or more tests from the original written orders. When the ordering physicians were asked to identify the clinical indications for the tests they had ordered, 37% of their orders either lacked an appropriate test or included an unnecessary test request. In contrast, after clerical and laboratory staff had changed orders, only 25% of patients had inappropriate tests performed or necessary tests omitted. Clerical staff using computer-based ordering menus significantly improved the appropriateness of physicians' orders compared with clerks who lacked such guidance. Laboratory technologists who used informal, knowledge-based rules also tended to improve the appropriateness of physicians' orders. We conclude that a substantial proportion of physicians' orders for diagnostic tests may be modified during the test requisitioning process. The use of testing regimens by ward clerks and laboratory technologists may explain their ability to improve on physicians' orders.
331 Antioxidants vitamin E and C attenuate hepatic fibrosis in secondary biliary cirrhosis; An experimental animal study
Authors: A.R. Soylu, U.N. Basaran, S. Altaner, O. Tartin, N. Gedik, H. Umit, A. Tezel, L. Doganay, G. Dokmeci, H. Baloglu, M. Ture, K. Kutlu
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)