tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Quantitative imaging of airway liquid absorption in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Landon W. Locke, Michael M. Myerburg, Matthew R. Markovetz, Robert S. Parker, Lawrence Weber, Michael R. Czachowski, Thomas J. Harding, Stefanie L. Brown, Joseph A. Nero, Joseph M. Pilewski, Timothy E. Corcoran
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

New measures are needed to rapidly assess emerging treatments for cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Using an imaging approach, we evaluated the absorptive clearance of the radiolabeled small molecule probe diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) as an in vivo indicator of changes in airway liquid absorption. DTPA absorption and mucociliary clearance rates were measured in 21 patients with CF (12 adults and nine children) and nine adult controls using nuclear imaging. The effect of hypertonic saline on DTPA absorption was also studied. In addition, in vitro studies were conducted to identify the determinants of transepithelial DTPA absorption. CF patients had significantly increased rates of DTPA absorption compared with control subjects but had similar mucociliary clearance rates. Treatment with hypertonic saline resulted in a decrease in DTPA absorption and an increase in mucociliary clearance in 11 out of 11 adult CF patients compared with treatment with isotonic saline. In vitro studies revealed that ∼50% of DTPA absorption can be attributed to transepithelial fluid transport. Apically applied mucus impedes liquid and DTPA absorption. However, mucus effects become negligible in the presence of an osmotic stimulus. Functional imaging of DTPA absorption provides a quantifiable marker of immediate response to treatments that promote airway surface liquid hydration.
Hepatic carboxylesterase 1 is essential for both normal and farnesoid X receptor-controlled lipid homeostasis
Authors: Jiesi Xu, Yuanyuan Li, Wei-Dong Chen, Yang Xu, Liya Yin, Xuemei Ge, Kavita Jadhav, Luciano Adorini, Yanqiao Zhang
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major health concerns worldwide. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is considered a therapeutic target for treatment of NAFLD. However, the mechanism by which activation of FXR lowers hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels remains unknown. Here we investigated the role of hepatic carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in regulating both normal and FXR-controlled lipid homeostasis. Overexpression of hepatic CES1 lowered hepatic TG and plasma glucose levels in both wild-type and diabetic mice. In contrast, knockdown of hepatic CES1 increased hepatic TG and plasma cholesterol levels. These effects likely resulted from the TG hydrolase activity of CES1, with subsequent changes in fatty acid oxidation and/or de novo lipogenesis. Activation of FXR induced hepatic CES1, and reduced the levels of hepatic and plasma TG as well as plasma cholesterol in a CES1-dependent manner. Conclusion : Hepatic CES1 plays a critical role in regulating both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and FXR-controlled lipid homeostasis. (Hepatology 2014;59:1761–1771)
Cimetidine and gastric cancer: preliminary report from post-marketing surveillance study.
Authors: D G Colin-Jones, M J Langman, D H Lawson, M P Vessey
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Widespread publicity has been given to te possibility that cimetidine treatment might cause gastric cancer. Preliminary data are given from a post-marketing surveillance study in four centres. A total of 9940 patients taking the drug entered study and 9504 were observed for at least a year. Seventy-four cases of gastric cancer were identified in those taking cimetidine, but 23 of these were diagnosed before the use of the drug and 29 others with advanced malignancy had received cimetidine within the previous six months only. Ten of the remaining 22 had gastric cancer diagnosed within a year of starting treatment, and 12 after more than a year; only four of the total group had histologically "early" cancer. The occurrence of gastric cancer a long time after starting cimetidine treatment cannot be explained in every case, but it is noteworthy that in control group (which is not directly comparable) gastric cancer was observed in eight patients. The hypothesis that cimetidine treatment predisposes to gastric cancer cannot be excluded by our findings: in our view, however, they do not support such an association.
Abstract 33: Cancer-associated IDH1 mutations produce 2-hydroxyglutarate
Authors: Valeria R. Fantin, Lenny Dang, David W. White, Stefan Gross, Mark A. Bittinger, Edward M. Driggers, Hyun Gyung Jang, Shengfang Jin, Marie C. Keenan, Kevin M. Marks, Katharine E. Yen, Patrick S. Ward, Robert M. Prins, Linda M. Liau, Bryson D. Bennett, Joshua D. Rabinowitz, Lewis C. Cantley, Craig B. Thompson, Matthew Vander Heiden, Shinsan M. Su
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Mutations in the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) are a common feature of most gliomas and secondary glioblastomas, as well as approx 10% acute myeloid leukemias. This event results in loss of the enzyme's ability to catalyze conversion of isocitrate to α -ketoglutarate. However, these mutations are all heterozygous and occur at a single amino acid residue of the IDH1 active site consistent with an enzymatic gain of function rather than a simple loss of function. To test this hypothesis we characterized mutant IDH1 (IDH1m) biochemically. We have shown that cancer-associated IDH1 mutations result in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of α-ketoglutarate to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). Patients with an inherited, neurometabolic disorders called 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria exhibit an accumulation of 2-HG in their CNS, and an increased risk of developing malignant brain tumors. Similarly, in human malignant gliomas harboring IDH1 mutations, we find elevated levels of 2-HG. Altogether our data demonstrate that the IDH1 mutations result in production of 2-HG, and suggest that the excess 2HG which accumulates in vivo contributes to the formation and malignant progression of gliomas. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 33.
Endogenous Estrogen, Androgen, and Progesterone Concentrations and Breast Cancer Risk Among Postmenopausal Women
Authors: S. A. Missmer, A. H. Eliassen, R. L. Barbieri, S. E. Hankinson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2004)

Background: Levels of endogenous hormones have been associated with the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Little research, however, has investigated the association between hormone levels and tumor receptor status or invasive versus in situ tumor status. Nor has the relation between breast cancer risk and postmenopausal progesterone levels been investigated. We prospectively investigated these relations in a case–control study nested within the Nurses’ Health Study. Methods: Blood samples were prospectively collected during 1989 and 1990. Among eligible postmenopausal women, 322 cases of breast cancer (264 invasive, 41 in situ , 153 estrogen receptor [ER]-positive and progesterone receptor [PR]-positive [ER + /PR + ], and 39 ER–negative and PR–negative [ER − /PR − ] disease) were reported through June 30, 1998. For each case subject, two control subjects (n = 643) were matched on age and blood collection (by month and time of day). Endogenous hormone levels were measured in blood plasma. We used conditional and unconditional logistic regression analyses to assess associations and to control for established breast cancer risk factors. Results: We observed a statistically significant direct association between breast cancer risk and the level of both estrogens and androgens, but we did not find any (by year) statistically significant associations between this risk and the level of progesterone or sex hormone binding globulin. When we restricted the analysis to case subjects with ER + /PR + tumors and compared the highest with the lowest fourths of plasma hormone concentration, we observed an increased risk of breast cancer associated with estradiol (relative risk [RR] = 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0 to 5.4), testosterone (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.4), androstenedione (RR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.4 to 4.3), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (RR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.3 to 4.1). In addition, all hormones tended to be associated most strongly with in situ disease. Conclusion: Circulating levels of sex steroid hormones may be most strongly associated with risk of ER + /PR + breast tumors.
Immunocytological studies of lymph nodes in rheumatoid arthritis and malignant lymphoma.
Authors: R.F Willkens, G.F Roth, G Husby, R.C Williams
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1980)

Lymph nodes obtained from 9 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were stained by immunological techniques permitting identification of B and T cell areas within the nodes. The lymph nodes were also compared with those obtained from patients with lymphoma. The rheumatoid lymph nodes showed prominent B cell staining in the follicular centres by the EAC and fluoresceinated immunoglobulin techniques. Interfollicular areas were intensely stained with anti-theta globulin. In contrast, lymphoma nodes stained less intensely with fluoresceinated immunoglobulins but stained like benign nodes with EAC. The difference in staining may reflect the degree of disorganisation of the neoplastic follicle and/or the different sensitivity of these 2 methods in the detection of B cells. The differences in staining are helpful in distinguishing the benign changes associated with chronic inflammation from neoplastic B cell proliferative changes seen in lymph nodes.
Visualization of Suppressed Normal Thyroid Tissue by Thallium-201 in Patients with Toxic Nodular Goiter
Authors: YASUHIRO IIDA, KANJI KASAGI, TAKASHI MISAKI, KEISUKE ARAI, YASUTAKA TOKUDA, JUNJI KONISHI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Thyroid imaging using TI-201 was useful to visualize the normal thyroid tissue, which was not visualized by conventional imaging using I-123 or Tc-99m, in three patients with toxic nodular goiter.
Rhinovirus Infection in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis: A Controlled Prospective Study
Authors: A. C. Stenhouse
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Natural rhinovirus infection in adults is usually associated with an afebrile coryzal syndrome (Hobson and Schild, 1960 ; Hamre and Procknow, 1961 ; Reilly et al., 1962 ; Forsyth et al., 1963), and, depending on the population studied, rhino viruses as a group are associated with 8 to 25% of minor upper respiratory illnesses in adults and from 5 to 20% of such illnesses in children (Tyrrell and Bynoe, 1961 ; Johnson et al., 1962 ; Kendall et al., 1962 ; Bloom et al, 1963 ; Hamparian et al., 1964). Forsyth et al. (1963) found in Servicemen from whom rhinoviruses were isolated that 50% experienced chest pain and 86% reported a cough. Taylor-Robinson et al. (1963) and Hamparian et al, (1964) each reported the isolation of a rhinovirus from an adult with bronchitis. In the collaborative study on the aetiology of acute respiratory infections in Great Britain ?From 1961 to 1964, 179 patients were reported as having bronchitis. No indication was given regarding the age of the subjects, but 23% were associated with infective agents and in four instances rhinoviruses were isolated (Medical Research Council, 1965b). In a direct study of 15 chronic bronchitis patients over a period of two and a half years, Eadie et al. (1966) studied 75 acute respiratory illnesses and reported the isolation of 12 rhinoviruses. Eleven rhinoviruses were isolated from 47 illnesses affecting the chest, whereas only one rhino virus was isolated from 28 illnesses not affecting the chest. The only other study of acute exacerbations of bronchitis which employed techniques for rhinovirus isolation failed to detect these agents (Carilli et al., 1964). The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a controlled prospective study designed to determine the signi ficance of rhinovirus infection on the aetiology of acute exacerbations in patients with chronic bronchitis and to describe the clinical picture associated with such infections.
Docetaxel or pemetrexed with or without cetuximab in recurrent or progressive non-small-cell lung cancer after platinum-based therapy: a phase 3, open-label, randomised trial
Authors: Edward S Kim, Marcus Neubauer, Allen Cohn, Lee Schwartzberg, Lawrence Garbo, John Caton, Francisco Robert, Craig Reynolds, Terry Katz, Sreeni Chittoor, Lorinda Simms, Scott Saxman
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2013)
Prognosis after cochlear implantation
Authors: Richard T Ramsden
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Children benefit the most as do many adults Multichannel cochlear implant systems were approved by the Food and Drug Administration for adults in 1985 and for children in 1990. NHS funding became available in the early 1990s. About 4000 patients have received implants in the United Kingdom (50 000 worldwide). Children now outnumber adults by 2:1. Cochlear implants are reliable, and cochlear implant surgery is safe despite recent concerns regarding a risk of meningitis. The numbers of suitable candidates is rising as selectioncriteria change, and it is timely to consider the benefits and risks of the technique. A cochlear implant takes the place of the damaged organ of Corti and stimulates the spiral ganglion cells directly. Acquired causes of hair cell loss include infection such as rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, mumps, measles, meningitis, and middle ear infection, drug toxicity, trauma, and autoimmune disease, as well as Menière's disease and cochlear otosclerosis. Congenital hair cellloss may be due to recessive inheritance or may be the result of failure of normal intrauterine development of the inner ear due to causes of which some are known, some as yet unidentified. ### Indications and requirements for cochlear implantation
Use of Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction in the United States
Authors: Hal V. Barron, Laura J. Bowlby, Tim Breen, William J. Rogers, John G. Canto, Yuan Zhang, Alan J. Tiefenbrunn, W. Douglas Weaver
Journal: Circulation (1998)

There is clear evidence that reperfusion therapy improves survival in selected patients with an acute myocardial infarction. However, several studies have suggested that many patients with an acute myocardial infarction do not receive this therapy. Whether this underutilization occurs in patients appropriate for such therapy remains unclear.We examined the use of reperfusion therapy in patients with an acute myocardial infarction hospitalized at 1470 hospitals participating in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2. We identified 84 663 patients who were eligible for reperfusion therapy as defined by diagnostic changes on the initial 12-lead ECG, presentation to the hospital within 6 hours from symptom onset, and no contraindications to thrombolytic therapy. Twenty-four percent of these eligible patients did not receive any form of reperfusion therapy (7.5% of all patients). When multivariate analyses were used, left bundle-branch block (odds ratio [OR]=0.22; 95% CI=0.20 to 0.24), lack of chest pain at presentation (OR=0.22; 95% CI=0.21 to 0.24), age >75 years (OR=0.40, 95% CI=0.36 to 0.43), female sex (OR=0.88, 95% CI=0.83 to 0.92), and various preexisting cardiovascular conditions were independent predictors that the patient would not receive reperfusion therapy.Reperfusion therapy may be underutilized in the United States. Increased use of reperfusion therapy could potentially reduce the unnecessarily high mortality rates observed in women, the elderly, and other patient groups with the highest risk of death from an acute myocardial infarction.
Oxytocin and Water Intoxication
Authors: Peggy J. Whalley, Jack A. Pritchard
Journal: JAMA (1963)

INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS of dilute solutions of oxytocin are widely used in obstetrics and gynecology. While it is generally recognized that oxytocin therapy may sometimes endanger mother and fetus by evoking intense myometrial contractions, it is less well appreciated that oxytocin can, under certain circumstances, cause another serious complication, namely, water intoxication. Within a period of 8 months we observed two puerperal women in whom water intoxication developed severe enough to result in convulsions and coma. Both had been delivered very recently and both had received oxytocin plus relatively large volumes of electrolyte-free aqueous fluid intravenously. These two cases as well as controlled experiments illustrating the antidiuretic property of oxytocin will be described. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.</h3> A 15-year-old, unmarried, white primigravida was brought to the hospital in active labor on Dec 31, 1961. She was a small individual who prior to this time had successfully concealed her pregnancy from
Health department gives £12m backing to Dr Foster company
Authors: Michael Day
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The Department of Health in England is paying the healthcare research company Dr Foster £12m ($21m; €17m) to set up a public-private venture aimed at making better use of medical records.

The NHS and Dr Foster will each have a 50% stake in the new company, called Dr Foster Intelligence.

Patricia Hewitt, the secretary of state for health, hailed the deal as a “welcome example of the public and private sectors combining to work in partnership” to boost the care of patients.

Observers said the move showed that ministers were keen to use the NHS's own data on hospital outcomes to obtain much needed boosts in productivity.

Alan Maynard, professor of health economics at York University, said there were “masses of data …
A NEW AUTOMATIC METHOD FOR CALCULATING MYOCARDIAL DEFECT SIZE IN Tl-201 SPECT
Authors: J C Cauvin, J Maublant, J Y Boire, J M Bonny, M Zanca, A Veyre, I Mena
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Cauvin, J C; Maublant, J; Boire, J Y; Bonny, J M; Zanca, M; Veyre, A; Mena, I Author Information
Minimum unit pricing for alcohol
Authors: T. Stockwell
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Europe to follow Canada’s lead, if the courts allow

Rarely has a public health policy attracted as much national attention as minimum unit pricing for alcohol, the harm reduction strategy at the centre of an intense and unresolved debate in the United Kingdom. Indeed, the Scottish parliament’s 2012 legislation to introduce minimum unit pricing is now being contested in a European Union wide legal battle. In a linked paper (doi:10.1136/bmj.g5452) Brennan and colleagues’ report estimates that introducing minimum unit pricing in England would be 40 to 50 times more effective than the government’s recent policy of a ban on below cost selling as a means of tackling problems caused by cheap alcohol.1

The concept of minimum unit pricing in the United Kingdom involves setting a floor price, such as £0.50 (€0.62; $0.81) for a “unit” or 8 g of alcohol (approximately half a pint of beer, a small glass of wine, or measure of spirits). From a public health perspective it has elegance and an evidence base: the harm from alcohol is directly related to the dose taken by people and populations,2 price powerfully determines dose,3 and cheap alcohol is sought by the heaviest drinkers.4 Furthermore, cheap alcohol is highly responsive …
Bacterial endarteritis. A probable case in an arteriovenous fistula used for long-term hemodialysis
Authors: C. M. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1969)

A probable case of staphylococcal endarteritis occurred in an internal arteriovenous (AV) fistula created for chronic hemodialysis. A cure was effected with penicillin, and dialysis did not have to be interrupted.
ELEVATED LEVELS OF HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR DISTINGUISH CARDIAC AMYLOID FROM LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE
Authors: Evan L. Brittain, Jesalyn Tate, Jared P. LeBoeuf, Quinn S. Wells, Yan R. Su, Mary E. Keebler, Douglas B. Sawyer, Daniel J. Lenihan
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Genetic link to depression is replicated by two separate research teams
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Two groups of researchers working independently have identified variations in the same region of a chromosome in people with severe depression. Although the association may contribute to only a small proportion of the risk of depression, it is hoped that the finding will help to locate the genes affected in people with depression, enable better understanding of the mechanism underlying the disease, and ultimately lead to more personalised treatments that reflect the wide variation in how depression presents.

Although many previous studies have linked depression to variations on a number of other chromosomes and identified possible genes for depression, it is believed that none of these findings has been replicated, meaning that they could be false. Normally replication is very difficult and can take years to emerge, if …
THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL
Authors: E. B. KRUMBHAAR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1951)

Editorial1 May 1951THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITALE. B. KRUMBHAARE. B. KRUMBHAARSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-34-5-1280 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn May of this year, the oldest hospital in what is now the United States entered its third century. The date of origin of institutions of a similar kind and age is often more or less in doubt, but in the case of the Pennsylvania Hospital the records allow no such obscurity. The charter given by the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania—with some reluctance to be sure—still is on exhibition at the hospital—bearing the date of January 23, 1751, and the minutes of the Board of Managers—carefully prepared and carefully preserved from the beginning—provide easily available original sources for... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1951Volume 34, Issue 5Page: 1280-1283 Issue Published: 1 May 1951 PDF DownloadLoading ...