tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HIV-1 Antagonism of CD317 Is Species Specific and Involves Vpu-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation of the Restriction Factor
Authors: Christine Goffinet, Ina Allespach, Stefanie Homann, Hanna-Mari Tervo, Anja Habermann, Daniel Rupp, Lena Oberbremer, Christian Kern, Nadine Tibroni, Sonja Welsch, Jacomine Krijnse-Locker, George Banting, Hans-Georg Kräusslich, Oliver T. Fackler, Oliver T. Keppler
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2009)
Mechanisms of Apoptosis: Integration of Genetic, Biochemical, and Cellular Indicators
Authors: B. W. Stewart
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is defined by morphologic change resulting in nonpathologic cell loss and is relevant to a wide spectrum of biology. The process is best characterized in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans where ced genes mediate the death of specific cells during development. Some corresponding genes have been identified in mammalian cells. Expression of the mammalian bcl-2 gene (homologous to ced-9) suppresses apoptosis in many systems. The ced-3 gene is homologous to a mammalian protease. Increased levels of the tumor suppressor p53 due to DNA damage may result in either blockage of the cell cycle at G or apoptosis. Mutation of p53 is associated with decreased cell death from radiation and cytotoxic drugs. Initiation of the apoptotic pathway may occur as a consequence of conflicting growth signals. Hierarchical relationships variously between bcl-2, p53, myc, and other genes indicate a complex pattern of regulation. Stimuli resulting in apoptosis may cause production of free radicals and increased intracellular calcium concentration. The relationship of these changes to the hallmark of apoptosis, internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA, is unclear, and “laddering” of DNA is not always evident. Apoptotic DNA degradation probably occurs sequentially, initially involving breakage into 50 kilobases or larger fragments. The nuclease(s) responsible have not been identified, but deoxyribonuclease I is implicated. The association between nuclease activation and chromatin condensation is complex, and programmed cell death may be subject to cytoplasmic regulation. Available data suggest that clearer understanding of apoptosis will result in better cancer therapy. [J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 1286–1296, 1994]
Reservoirs for Intraventricular Chemotherapy
Authors: Jerome B. Posner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

IN recent years it has become increasingly popular to place plastic reservoirs of the type described by Ratcheson and Ommaya1 beneath the scalp with a cannula running from the reservoir to the lateral cerebral ventricle through a burr hole in the skull. Such a device allows easy access to cerebrospinal fluid for sampling, and for injection of drugs that do not cross the blood–brain barrier. At least one group is placing such subcutaneous reservoirs routinely for prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system in acute leukemia,2 and at Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, subcutaneous reservoirs are placed in all patients with . . .
The Globalization of Tobacco Use: 21 Challenges For The 21st Century
Authors: T. Glynn, J. R. Seffrin, O. W. Brawley, N. Grey, H. Ross
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2010)

The globalization of tobacco began more than 500 years ago, but the public health response to the death, disease, and economic disruption that it has caused is fewer than 50 years old. In this report, the authors briefly trace the history of tobacco use and commerce as it moved from the Americas in the late 15th century and then eastward. They then discuss the wide range of issues that must be addressed, and the equally wide range of expertise that is needed if the global health community is to be successful in reducing, and eventually eliminating, the rising tide of tobacco use, particularly in the low- and middle-income nations that are the target of the multinational tobacco industry.
A Randomized Trial of Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure in Newborn Infants
Authors: Albert Hofman
Journal: JAMA (1983)

We studied the effect of dietary sodium on BP in a double-blind randomized trial with 245 newborn infants assigned to a normal-sodium diet and 231 to a low-sodium diet during the first six months of life. The sodium intake of the normal-sodium group was almost three times that of the low-sodium group. Systolic BP was measured every month from the first week until the 25th week. At 25 weeks, systolic pressure was 2.1 mm Hg lower in the low-sodium group than in the normal-sodium group. The difference between the groups increased significantly during the first six months of life. These observations are in agreement with the view that sodium intake is causally related to BP level.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura directly linked with ADAMTS13 inhibition in the baboon (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Hendrik B. Feys, Jan Roodt, Nele Vandeputte, Inge Pareyn, Seb Lamprecht, Walter J. van Rensburg, Patricia J. Anderson, Ulrich Budde, Vernon J. Louw, Philip N. Badenhorst, Hans Deckmyn, Karen Vanhoorelbeke
Journal: Blood (2010)
Brain energetics and evolution
Authors: Paul Bach-y-Rita, Gaetano L. Aiello
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

The human brain does not use more energy than the smaller brains of animals of comparable corporal weight. Uniquely, human functions localized largely in parts of the human brain that show greatest size increase over other animals may be mediated primarily by nonsynaptic neurotransmission, with reduced energy cost per kilogram of brain. This may affect the energetic constraints on evolution.
Aplidin, a Marine Organism–Derived Compound with Potent Antimyeloma Activity <i>In vitro</i> and <i>In vivo</i>
Authors: Constantine S. Mitsiades, Enrique M. Ocio, Atanasio Pandiella, Patricia Maiso, Consuelo Gajate, Mercedes Garayoa, David Vilanova, Juan Carlos Montero, Nicholas Mitsiades, Ciaran J. McMullan, Nikhil C. Munshi, Teru Hideshima, Dharminder Chauhan, Pablo Aviles, Gabriel Otero, Glynn Faircloth, M. Victoria Mateos, Paul G. Richardson, Faustino Mollinedo, Jesus F. San-Miguel, Kenneth C. Anderson
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Despite recent progress in its treatment, multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable, thus necessitating identification of novel anti-MM agents. We report that the marine-derived cyclodepsipeptide Aplidin exhibits, at clinically achievable concentrations, potent in vitro activity against primary MM tumor cells and a broad spectrum of human MM cell lines, including cells resistant to conventional (e.g., dexamethasone, alkylating agents, and anthracyclines) or novel (e.g., thalidomide and bortezomib) anti-MM agents. Aplidin is active against MM cells in the presence of proliferative/antiapoptotic cytokines or bone marrow stromal cells and has additive or synergistic effects with some of the established anti-MM agents. Mechanistically, a short in vitro exposure to Aplidin induces MM cell death, which involves activation of p38 and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase signaling, Fas/CD95 translocation to lipid rafts, and caspase activation. The anti-MM effect of Aplidin is associated with suppression of a constellation of proliferative/antiapoptotic genes (e.g., MYC, MYBL2, BUB1, MCM2, MCM4, MCM5, and survivin) and up-regulation of several potential regulators of apoptosis (including c-JUN, TRAIL, CASP9, and Smac). Aplidin exhibited in vivo anti-MM activity in a mouse xenograft model. The profile of the anti-MM activity of Aplidin in our preclinical models provided the framework for its clinical testing in MM, which has already provided favorable preliminary results. [Cancer Res 2008;68(13):5216–25]
RECOGNITION OF THE EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER PATIENT UNSUITED TO THYROIDECTOMY
Authors: WILLARD BARTLETT
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Cheever<sup>1</sup>voiced a universally approved sentiment when he stated that operations for hyperthyroidism will always be attended by a peculiar factor of danger not present in other procedures that are technically similar. I have, with this in mind, chosen a definitely limited field in thyroid surgery in order that the subject may be viewed from as many different angles as possible and in rather minute detail. One's personal experience seems to be reflected most adequately by considering this clinical material under the following headings: diagnosis; patients unsuited to operation; preparation for operation; the impossible patient; the patient who is ready; when to operate. <h3>DIAGNOSIS</h3> A sharply defined diagnosis of exophthalmic goiter is generally accepted by surgeons of the representative goiter clinics in our country and abroad. Wilson states, however, that 30 per cent of the hyperplastic thyroids in the Mississippi Valley states present multiple adenomas; hence one is, I
Myocardial positron emission computed tomographic images obtained with fluorine-18 fluoro-2-deoxyglucose predict the response of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy patients to beta-blockers
Authors: Shinji Hasegawa, Hideo Kusuoka, Kaoru Maruyama, Tsunehiko Nishimura, Masatsugu Hori, Jun Hatazawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
Authors: F. C. Lam, A. Law, W. Wykes
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 65 year old woman attends your practice with a two day history of a vesicular rash around her right eye. She also reports a general feeling of fatigue and malaise and has been slightly feverish over the past week. She had noticed a pain around her right eye even before the skin eruption began.

### What is it and why has she got it?

After an attack of chickenpox the virus (varicella zoster) remains dormant in the body. This virus is kept in check by the immune system. However, in 20% of people the virus is reactivated, resulting in a localised painful rash with blisters (shingles). The commonest cause is a weakening of the immune system with age; most patients are aged over 50 years. Other causes include stress, fatigue, and a weakening of the immune system from other illnesses or from medical treatment (such as chemotherapy or immunosuppression).

When the eruption involves the area around the eye (the ophthalmic or first division of the trigeminal nerve), this is called herpes zoster ophthalmicus, irrespective of whether the actual eye itself is involved. Ophthalmic herpes zoster accounts for 10-25% of all cases of shingles.

### Have I got the right diagnosis?

The main differential diagnosis is herpes simplex infection. In herpes simplex the patients are usually young, and the rash will not follow a dermatome, nor will …
COST EFFECTIVENESS OF ZOFENOPRIL IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A POST-HOC ANALYSIS OF THE SMILE-4 STUDY
Authors: Claudio Borghi, Ettore Ambrosioni, Stefano Omboni, Arrigo FG Cicero, Stefano Bacchelli, Daniela Degli Esposti, Salvatore Novo, Dragos Vinereanu, Giuseppe Ambrosio, Giorgio Reggiardo, Dario Zava
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Transference and Countertransference in a Third-Party Payment System (HMO)
Authors: SIDNEY S. GOLDENSOHN, ESTHER HAAR
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1974)

The authors discuss the transference and countertransference reactions characteristic of a mental health service in a health maintenance organization. Among the transference issues considered of greatest interest are responses to payment premium rather than fee-for-service; attitudes toward the limited duration of treatment and the circumscribed return-to-function goals; reactions to the therapist and to the HMO as authorities; and the effects of being a clinic patient on one's self-image. The countertransference issues considered most significant include reactions by the therapist to being salaried rather than receiving fees for service; responses to self-exposure, peer review, and quality control; and alterations of the therapist's self-image related to such factors as his value system, cultural milieu, and therapeutic orientation.
A Machine-Learning Approach Reveals That Alignment Properties Alone Can Accurately Predict Inference of Lateral Gene Transfer from Discordant Phylogenies
Authors: M. Roettger, W. Martin, T. Dagan
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

Among the methods currently used in phylogenomic practice to detect the presence of lateral gene transfer (LGT), one of the most frequently employed is the comparison of gene tree topologies for different genes. In cases where the phylogenies for different genes are incompatible, or discordant, for well-supported branches there are three simple interpretations for the result: 1) gene duplications (paralogy) followed by many independent gene losses have occurred, 2) LGT has occurred, or 3) the phylogeny is well supported but for reasons unknown is nonetheless incorrect. Here, we focus on the third possibility by examining the properties of 22,437 published multiple sequence alignments, the Bayesian maximum likelihood trees for which either do or do not suggest the occurrence of LGT by the criterion of discordant branches. The alignments that produce discordant phylogenies differ significantly in several salient alignment properties from those that do not. Using a support vector machine, we were able to predict the inference of discordant tree topologies with up to 80% accuracy from alignment properties alone.
How Statistical Expertise Is Used in Medical Research
Authors: Douglas G. Altman, Steven N. Goodman, Sara Schroter
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Investigation of the nature and frequency of statistician involvement in medical research and its relation to the final editorial decision.Authors of original research articles who submitted to BMJ and Annals of Internal Medicine from May through August 2001 were sent a short questionnaire at the time of manuscript submission. Authors were asked if they received assistance from a person with statistical expertise, the nature of any such contribution, and reasons why, if no statistical input was received.The response rate was 75% (704/943); methodological input was reported for 514 (73%) of these papers. In 435 papers (85%), such input was provided by biostatisticians or epidemiologists and, if deemed significant, was typically associated with authorship. A total of 33 of 122 methodologists (27%) whose main contribution started at the analysis stage received neither acknowledgment nor authorship. Research without methodological assistance was more likely to be rejected without review (71% vs 57%; chi(2) = 10.6; P =.001) and possibly less likely to be accepted for publication (7% vs 11%; chi(2) = 2.37; P =.12).Statistical input to medical research is widely recommended but inconsistently obtained. Individuals providing such expertise are often not involved until the analysis of data and many go unrecognized by either authorship or acknowledgment.
Public and Occupational Health
Authors: H A Waldron
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2002)

Walter Holland's essay on public health (April 2002 JRSM1) is timely and one hopes that the Department of Health will act upon it in order to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past. Even if his suggestions were acted upon, however, an important cause of ill health will remain to be dealt with. Occupational disease is still a cause of substantial morbidity and not inconsiderable mortality2. Individuals do not transmute into other beings when they go to work; they carry with them wherever they go the conditions that are due to their occupation, their environment, their personal habits, their genes, or whatever combination of these is ultimately responsible. To separate occupational health from the mainstream of healthcare is thus not only illogical but also inefficient and ineffective. There is no remit for any of the new tiers of NHS administration to consider the role of occupation as a determinant of disease among the populations for which they are responsible and this omission urgently needs repair. To rely upon the Health and Safety Executive to provide the necessary framework within which this can be done is fanciful, not because HSE does not have excellently qualified people, but because it does not have nearly enough physicians and nurses or enough money to do so, nor does it have access to other parts of the health service.

NHS Plus is heralded as a means by which occupational health services can be provided throughout the country—another fanciful notion. The occupational health services within the NHS provide a service to their own trusts and sometimes to outside bodies, but there is no guaranteed uniformity of standard; there are too few consultants and trainees, and too few nurses, to provide anything like a comprehensive service on a large scale. Moreover, there is no money to correct any of these deficiencies other than what can be raised by departments carrying out contract work—an example of a dog chasing its tail in ever decreasing circles with the result we can all imagine.

Now is the time for the Department of Health to seize the opportunity to establish a health service that is truly comprehensive and which deals with all aspects of health and disease. All that is required is the will, the money and some vision. Oh dear...
ACCESSORY LOBE OF LIVER ATTACHED ONLY TO THE GALLBLADDER
Authors: Harris Fenton Brownlee
Journal: JAMA (1926)

While recently exploring the abdomen of a young woman, with a clinical and a roentgen-ray diagnosis of chronic appendicitis with adhesions deforming the duodenum, which diagnosis was correct, I encountered a neat curiosity never previously noted in my work.  Attached to the upper surface of a perfectly normal gallbladder was a miniature lobe of liver tissue, measuring about 1½ inches (3.7 cm.) transversely and about 1 inch (2.5 cm.) in the opposite direction.  The center was about one-fourth inch (0.6 cm.) thick and was attached firmly to the gallbladder, while the edges were thin, well defined, and could be lifted a short distance from the surface of the gallbladder.  This little accessory lobe had no connection whatever with the liver, being some distance away, and no connecting blood vessels were visible.  As the gallbladder appeared perfectly normal and it seemed unwise to add any more raw surfaces to those already
Obesity and Risk for Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Elisabeth Ejerblad, C. Michael Fored, Per Lindblad, Jon Fryzek, Joseph K. McLaughlin, Olof Nyrén
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

Few large-scale epidemiologic studies have quantified the possible link between obesity and chronic renal failure (CRF). This study analyzed anthropometric data from a nationwide, population-based, case-control study of incident, moderately severe CRF. Eligible as cases were all native Swedes who were aged 18 to 74 yr and had CRF and whose serum creatinine for the first time and permanently exceeded 3.4 mg/dl (men) or 2.8 mg/dl (women) during the study period. A total of 926 case patients and 998 control subjects, randomly drawn from the study base, were enrolled. Face-to-face interviews, supplemented with self-administered questionnaires, provided information about anthropometric measures and other lifestyle factors. Logistic regression models with adjustments for several co-factors estimated the relative risk for CRF in relation to body mass index (BMI). Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) at age 20 was associated with a significant three-fold excess risk for CRF, relative to BMI <25. Obesity (BMI ≥30) among men and morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 35) among women anytime during lifetime was linked to three- to four-fold increases in risk. The strongest association was with diabetic nephropathy, but two- to three-fold risk elevations were observed for all major subtypes of CRF. Analyses that were confined to strata without hypertension or diabetes revealed a three-fold increased risk among patients who were overweight at age 20, whereas the two-fold observed risk elevation among those who had a highest lifetime BMI of >35 was statistically nonsignificant. Obesity seems to be an important—and potentially preventable—risk factor for CRF. Although hypertension and type 2 diabetes are important mediators, additional pathways also may exist.
Developmental regulation, expression, and apoptotic potential of galectin-9, a beta-galactoside binding lectin.
Authors: J Wada, K Ota, A Kumar, E I Wallner, Y S Kanwar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Galectin-9, a beta-galactoside binding lectin, has recently been isolated from murine embryonic kidney. In this study, its biological functions and expression in embryonic, newborn, and adult mice tissues were investigated. By Northern blot analyses, it was found widely distributed and its expression was developmentally regulated. In situ hybridization studies revealed an accentuated expression of galectin-9 in liver and thymus of embryonic mice. In postnatal mice, antigalectin-9 immunoreactivity was observed in various tissues, including thymic epithelial cells. The high expression of galectin-9 in the thymus led us to investigate its role in the clonal deletion of thymocytes. Fusion proteins were generated, which retained lactose-binding activity like the endogenous galectin-9. Galectin-9, at 2.5 microM concentration, induced apoptosis in approximately 30% of the thymocytes, as assessed by terminal deoxytransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. The apoptotic effect was dose dependent and lactose inhibitable. At higher concentrations, it induced homotypic aggregation of the thymocytes. Electron microscopy revealed approximately 60% of the thymocytes undergoing apoptosis in the presence of galectin-9. By immunofluorescence microscopy, some of the thymocytes undergoing apoptosis had plasmalemmal bound galectin-9. Galectin-9 failed to induce apoptosis in hepatocytes. Taken together, these findings indicate that galectin-9, a developmentally regulated lectin, plays a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus.
Cold stress and muscular exercise, with special reference to accidental hypothermia.
Authors: L. G. Pugh
Journal: BMJ (1967)

An investigation of "exposure " accidents among walkers and climbers revealed the fact that wet clothing and walking to the point of exhaustion were the two outstanding features in fatal accidents (Pugh, 1966a).Subsequent experiments in a climatic chamber showed that the combination of exercise, wind, and wetting reduced the effective thermal insulation of a typical clothing assembly to one-tenth of its nominal value determined at rest in dry, still conditions (Pugh, 1966b).The results also showed that when the subject was exercising at a given work rate in the wet-cold situation his oxygen intake was 50% higher than it was at the same work rate in dry conditions.This finding suggested a possible explanation of the premature fatigue commonly described in exposure accidents, and it seemed desirable to study the phenomenon in more detail. MethodsExperiments were conducted in a climatic chamber at an ambient temperature of 5' C. D.B. (2' C. W.B.).Three young physiologists with experience of hill-walking acted as subjects (Table I).They wore a set of clothing which had been used by one of the hypothermia casualties in the Four Inns Walk (Pugh, 1964).The items were as follows: string vest, woollen shirt and jersey, padded anorak with hood, jeans, heavy woollen socks, gym shoes, and woollen gloves.TABLE I.
Learn Nothing, Forget Nothing — The Medicare Commission Redux
Authors: B C Vladeck
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Two years ago, I wrote about the National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare, of which I was a member.1 The commission went out of business in March 1999, having failed to adopt recommendations or issue a report. Since then, a fair amount of mythology has grown up about why the commission's process came out as it did. More important, major political leaders — including President George W. Bush — have continued to speak in favor of some sort of Medicare “reform” consistent with the recommendations that were proposed by the commission's cochairs, Senator John Breaux (D-La.) and Representative . . .