tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gunshot Wounds of the Abdomen
Authors: A. L. Lockwood
Journal: BMJ (1940)

The success of Richards and Fraser (now Sir John) in gunshot wounds of the abdomen in 1915, in the Second Army under Sir Cuthbert Wallace, was overlooked and not given the attention and publicity that the extraordinary results warranted.However, by the autumn of 1915 and certainly the early spring of 1916 it was generally recog- nized-if not universally adopted-that early operation was indicated in gunshot wounds of the abdomen; that FIG.1.-Distribution of wounds of the abdomen according to their gravity and their tendency to heal sporitaneously.The gravity of wounds corresponds to the density of the shadows: the darkest region to the highest degree of gravity.approximately 50 per cent.could then be saved, depending largely on how early operation could be undertaken; and that the policy of abstention in undoubted peritoneal wounds was tragically wrong.The scope of this article will not permit me to deal at length with gunshot wounds of the abdomen further than to point out the necessity for operating at the earliest possible moment, preferabl-y not later than four to twelve hours after being wounded; accurate localization of the missile, if retained; purse- string or mattress suture of the bowel and patching with
Integrated molecular analysis to investigate the role of microRNAs in pancreatic tumour growth and progression
Authors: Adam E Frampton, Leandro Castellano, Teresa Colombo, Elisa Giovannetti, Jonathan Krell, Jimmy Jacob, Loredana Pellegrino, Laura Roca-Alonso, Niccola Funel, Tamara M H Gall, Raida Ahmad, Nagy A Habib, Thomas Knösel, Justin Stebbing, Long R Jiao
Journal: The Lancet (2015)
Mechanism of Ca2+ overload in endothelial cells exposed to simulated ischemia
Authors: Y Ladilov
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Objective: Several studies have shown that myocardial ischemia leads to functional failure of endothelial cells (EC) whereby disturbance of Ca2+ homeostasis may play an important role. The mechanisms leading to Ca2+ disbalance in ischemic EC are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to test effects of different components of simulated ischemia (glucose deprivation, anoxia, low extracellular pH (pHo) and lactate) on Ca2+ homeostasis in EC. Methods: Cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai), cytosolic pH (pHi) and ATP content were measured in cultured rat coronary EC. Results: In normoxic cells 60 min glucose deprivation at pHo 7.4 had no effect on pHi. It only slightly increased Cai and decreased ATP content. Reduction of pHo to 6.5 under these conditions led to marked cytosolic acidosis and Cai overload, but had no effect on ATP content. Anoxia at pHo 6.5 had no additional effect on Cai overload, but significantly reduced cellular ATP. Addition of 20 mmol/l lactate to anoxia at pHo 6.5 accelerated Cai overload due to faster cytosolic acidification. Acidosis-induced Cai overload was prevented by inhibition of Ca2+ release channels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with 3 μmol/l ryanodine or by pre-emptying the ER with thapsigargin. Re-normalisation of pHo for 30 min led to recovery of pHi, but not of Cai. Conclusion: The ischemic factors leading to cytosolic acidosis (low pHo and lactate) cause Cai overload in endothelial cells, while anoxia and glucose deprivation play only a minor role. The ER is the main source for this Cai rise. Cai overload is not readily reversible.
The Significance of Type 14 Pneumococcus Infection and the Therapeutic Value of Specific Rabbit Serum for This Type of Pneumonia in Infants and Children
Authors: Edward C. Curnen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1939)

Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — The Significance of Type 14 Pneumococcus Infection and the Therapeutic Value of Specific Rabbit Serum for This Type of Pneumonia in Infants and Children
Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity in patients with acute lung injury
Authors: G D Perkins
Journal: Thorax (2005)

<b>Background:</b> Reduced bioactive vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been demonstrated in several inflammatory lung conditions including the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). sVEGFR-1, a soluble form of VEGF-1 receptor, is a potent natural inhibitor of VEGF. We hypothesised that sVEGFR-1 plays an important role in the regulation of the bioactivity of VEGF within the lung in patients with ARDS. <b>Methods:</b> Forty one patients with ARDS, 12 at risk of developing ARDS, and 16 normal controls were studied. Bioactive VEGF, total VEGF, and sVEGFR-1 were measured by ELISA in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for sVEGFR-1 was performed on BAL cells. <b>Results:</b> sVEGFR-1 was detectable in the BAL fluid of 48% (20/41) of patients with early ARDS (1.4–54.8 ng/ml epithelial lining fluid (ELF)) compared with 8% (1/12) at risk patients (p = 0.017) and none of the normal controls (p = 0.002). By day 4 sVEGFR-1 was detectable in only 2/18 ARDS patients (p = 0.008). Patients with detectable sVEGFR-1 had lower ELF median (IQR) levels of bioactive VEGF than those without detectable sVEGFR-1 (1415.2 (474.9–3192) pg/ml <i>v</i> 4761 (1349–7596.6) pg/ml, median difference 3346 pg/ml (95% CI 305.1 to 14711.9), p = 0.016), but there was no difference in total VEGF levels. BAL cells expressed mRNA for sVEGFR-1 and produced sVEGFR-1 protein which increased following incubation with tumour necrosis factor α. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study shows for the first time the presence of sVEGFR-1 in the BAL fluid of patients with ARDS. This may explain the presence of reduced bioactive VEGF in patients early in the course of ARDS.
CASE OF PUERPERAL SEPTICAEMIA TREATED BY AUTOGENOUS VACCINE, WITH RECOVERY
Authors: W. Grier
Journal: BMJ (1916)

PUE:RPEA& SEPTICAEt'IIA, rSEPT. 30,191t to mne that the poisoni has only acte(d as a mild stimulant to the liver tissue and has had no toxic effect.
Improved Criteria for Admission to Cardiac Care Units
Authors: Richard Fuchs
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Patients requiring specialized cardiac care unit interventions (CCUIs) were identified from 414 consecutive admissions with known or suspected myocardial infarction (MI). Cardiac care unit interventions included administration of lidocaine hydrochloride, atropine sulfate, sodium nitroprusside, or vasopressors; Swan-Ganz or arterial catheterization; insertion of temporary pacemaker; and electroshock. Almost all interventions occurred in a high-risk group that had one or more of three findings: (1) ongoing chest pain, (2) pulmonary rales, or (3) one or more ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) on 12-lead ECG. Of 306 high-risk patients, 41% received at least one CCUI, and 4% died in the CCU. In contrast, of the 108 low-risk patients with none of the three criteria, only 6% received any CCUI, and none died in the CCU. This study suggests that patients who do not have ongoing pain, congestive heart failure, or VPCs when first evaluated have a very low risk of early complications and may not require intensive care. (<i>JAMA</i>1981;246:2037-2041)
Sustained Enzymatic Correction by rAAV-Mediated Liver Gene Therapy Protects Against Induced Motor Neuropathy in Acute Porphyria Mice
Authors: Carmen Unzu, Ana Sampedro, Itsaso Mauleón, Manuel Alegre, Stuart G Beattie, Rafael Enríquez de Salamanca, Jolanda Snapper, Jaap Twisk, Harald Petry, Gloria González-Aseguinolaza, Julio Artieda, María Sol Rodríguez-Pena, Jesús Prieto, Antonio Fontanellas
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is characterized by a hereditary deficiency of hepatic porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) activity. Clinical features are acute neurovisceral attacks accompanied by overproduction of porphyrin precursors in the liver. Recurrent life-threatening attacks can be cured only by liver transplantation. We developed recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors expressing human PBGD protein driven by a liver-specific promoter to provide sustained protection against induced attacks in a predictive model for AIP. Phenobarbital injections in AIP mice induced porphyrin precursor accumulation, functional block of nerve conduction, and progressive loss of large-caliber axons in the sciatic nerve. Hepatocyte transduction showed no gender variation after rAAV2/8 injection, while rAAV2/5 showed lower transduction efficiency in females than males. Full protection against induced phenobarbital-attacks was achieved in animals showing over 10% of hepatocytes expressing high amounts of PBGD. More importantly, sustained hepatic expression of hPBGD protected against loss of large-caliber axons in the sciatic nerve and disturbances in nerve conduction velocity as induced by recurrent phenobarbital administrations. These data show for the first time that porphyrin precursors generated in the liver interfere with motor function. rAAV2/5-hPBGD vector can be produced in sufficient quantity for an intended gene therapy trial in patients with recurrent life-threatening porphyria attacks.
Long-term culture of adult murine epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: S. Yano, H. Okochi
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Long-term cultures of epidermal cells from mouse skin have been notoriously difficult to establish.To develop a modified serum-free medium and technique for long-term culture of adult mouse epidermal keratinocytes.Epidermal cells from trypsin-treated adult mouse dorsal and ventral skin were grown on type I collagen-coated dishes without feeder layers in a serum-free medium supplemented with only 10 ng mL(-1) epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 10(-10) mol L(-1) cholera toxin (CT).After removing coexisting fibroblasts several times, we were able to obtain almost pure basal epidermal keratinocytes. Our technique supports sustained multiplication of mouse basal keratinocytes for more than 100 population doublings, and they retained the capacity to undergo terminal differentiation when given the appropriate stimulus. The epithelial nature of these cultivated cells was demonstrated both by phase-contrast microscopy and by immunostaining with antikeratin antibodies. EGF and CT, which have been reported to accelerate the cellular growth rate, were essential for successful long-term cultivation during multiple passages.Our technique is very simple. It provides a useful and suitable model for investigations of growth, differentiation and skin remodelling in vitro.
Short-Term Effects of a High-Fiber, High-Carbohydrate Diet in Very Obese Diabetic Individuals
Authors: C Russell Hoffman, S Edwin Fineberg, Daniel C Howey, Charles M Clark, Zaneta Pronsky
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

The short-term effects of a weight-maintenance diet high in fiber and carbohydrate (HFHC) was studied in seven very obese individuals with type II diabetes mellitus. Such diets contained 68% of kcal as carbohydrate and total fiber content of 81 g (in contrast to 42% and 28 g during baseline). Fasting glucose concentrations, summed glucose concentrations, and 24-h glucosuria were unaffected in six of seven individuals. Fasting insulin levels decreased (– 6.0 ± 2.0 μU/ml, P &amp;lt; 0.05), but meal-stimulated insulin concentrations were not altered. Triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations were also unaffected. Total cholesterol concentrations fell in four individuals whose initial values exceeded 200 mg/dl. Basal glucose production rates were similar in the obese diabetic subjects, in five nonobese normal subjects, and in one obese normal individual (2.05 ± 0.19 versus 2.63 ± 0.30 and 1.85 mg/kg/min for the obese normal individual) while on baseline diets, and did not change with HFHC. During isoglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp procedures (maintenance of basal glucose concentrations), 40 mU/m2/min was infused intravenously for 2 h. Glucose disappearance rates increased significantly in the normal-weight control subjects, but: did not increase during baseline diets in the obese type II diabetic subjects (4.65 ± 0.80 versus 0.68 ± 0.40 mg/kg/min). HFHC diet had no effect on glucose disappearance rates. Plasma insulin levels were 131.0 ± 11.0, 120.0 ± 11.0, and 120.0 ± 5.0 μU/ml during these studies. These studies indicate that short-term HFHC diets without caloric restriction were ineffective in improving glycemic control or lessening insulin resistance in very obese patients with type II diabetes
Gestational Pituitary-Tumor Apoplexy
Authors: Shimon Ginath, Abraham Golan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

A 31-year-old woman with a history of prolactinoma was admitted at the 39th week of her first pregnancy for headache and nausea. She had been receiving bromocriptine until she became pregnant. The neurologic examination, which included a dilated fundus examination and visual-field screening, was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), consisting of a T2-weighted image in the axial plane (Panel A) and a T1-weighted image in the midsagittal plane (Panel B), revealed an intrasellar mass with suprasellar extension (arrows) and fluid levels consistent with recent bleeding into the macroadenoma. These findings are typical of pituitary-tumor apoplexy. Pituitary-tumor . . .
Levodopa In Hepatic Failure
Authors: Mario Stefanini
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Parker, noting earlier observations in 1963 by Tsukijama, administered 5 gm of levodopa to five patients with acute hepatic failure in coma or stuporous state.<sup>1</sup>The drug produced a striking, brief improvement in the level of consciousness, together with amelioration of a previously abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. Serum ammonia level was unchanged. More recently, Fischer and James administered levodopa with nasogastric tube to eight patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.<sup>2</sup>One patient, moribund on arrival, failed to respond. Four patients in profound hepatic coma awakened within three to four hours, while the remaining four regained consciousness in 48 hours. The cardiac output decreased while peripheral vascular resistance, urinary sodium levels, and diuresis increased. Discontinuation of the drug was followed by further deterioration of the patients' conditions. We studied the effects of average oral doses of levodopa in a patient with severe, chronic, active hepatitis, who developed severe
Treatment of Endometrial Cancer-Reply
Authors: J. Frank Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Our experience with preoperative irradiation in cases of endometrial carcinoma occurring in patients up to 86 years indicates that advanced age is not a contraindication to external beam therapy of the pelvis in the management of this disease. In fact, the median age of women in our series who received either external pelvic irradiation alone or combined with an intracavitary procedure was slightly greater (60 years vs 59 years) than that of those who received only intracavitary irradiation. The incidence of complications secondary to radiological sequelae was identical in either group, occurring in 4% of patients. It is important to emphasize this observation, since elderly women are more likely to be seen with poorly differentiated or advanced-stage disease,<sup>1</sup>both highly associated with extrauterine spread, including metastases to lateral pelvic lymph nodes. In these patients, external pelvic irradiation preoperatively appears not only to be safe but is likely to
The response to overdrive pacing of triggered atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in the canine heart.
Authors: G Malfatto, T S Rosen, M R Rosen
Journal: Circulation (1988)

Although triggered activity has been identified in isolated atrial tissue with the use of cellular electrophysiologic techniques, there has been no identification of triggered atrial arrhythmias in situ. Moreover, it is unclear whether triggered rhythms of different causes and sites of origin in the heart exhibit uniform responses to pacing that might aid in their identification. We therefore studied arrhythmias induced by overdrive pacing in three canine preparations, and based the analysis of our results on guidelines derived from microelectrode studies. We studied ventricular tachycardias induced by ouabain or by anterior wall myocardial infarction and atrial (coronary sinus) arrhythmias induced by the infusion of epinephrine into the great cardiac vein. In the ouabain and postinfarction preparations, right ventricular epicardial pacing induced ventricular premature beats or tachycardias whose recovery intervals after cessation of pacing shortened and showed overdrive acceleration as pacing rate increased. The first postpacing beat displayed progressive fusion with the paced beats but transient entrainment could not be induced. In the coronary sinus, the recovery intervals of impulses induced by epinephrine and pacing decreased as the drive rate increased, and inducibility of the paced rhythms increased at faster drive rates. Thus, the recovery intervals of triggered activity induced in the coronary sinus are phenomenologically similar to those of infarct- and digitalis-induced triggered rhythms. This is the first demonstration of consistent behavior in response to pacing of diverse types of triggered activity. Considered in light of the failure to induce transient entrainment, the results emphasize the potential utility of pacing in clinical identification of triggered rhythms and their differentiation from reentry.
902-5 Do High Pressure Balloon Inflations Improve Acute Gain within Flexible Metallic Coil Stents? An Intravascular Ultrasound Assessment
Authors: Suresh P. Jain, Ming W. Liu, Sriram S. Iyer, J. Michael Parks, Ramesh B. Babu, Sanjay Yadav, Larry S. Dean, William A. Baxley, Navin C. Nanda, Gary S. Roubin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Identification of genetic polymorphisms associated with risk for pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease
Authors: Allison E. Ashley-Koch, Laine Elliott, Melanie E. Kail, Laura M. De Castro, Jude Jonassaint, Terry L. Jackson, Jennifer Price, Kenneth I. Ataga, Marc C. Levesque, J. Brice Weinberg, Eugene P. Orringer, Ann Collins, Jeffery M. Vance, Marilyn J. Telen
Journal: Blood (2008)
Does catatonia have a specific brain biology?
Authors: Bernhard Bogerts
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Dr. Northoff's comprehensive comparison of clinical symptoms and neurobiological findings in catatonia with that of Parkinson's disease through integration of various levels of investigation, from neurochemistry up to the subjective experience, is a good example of the new strategies we need to improve our understanding of psychiatric disorders. His multimodal approach, leading to the hypothesis that different pathophysiologies of transcortical “horizontal modulation” and “bottom-up/top-down” – orbitofrontal/basal ganglia – “vertical modulations,” may explain many clinical aspects of catatonia and Parkinson's disease, and thereby fills an important gap in current theories of psychomotor syndromes. However, to analyze more specifically the pathophysiology of catatonia, comparison not only with Parkinson's disease, but also with schizophrenia and anxiety disorders would be helpful. As long as the pathohistological and molecular basis of catatonic syndromes is unknown, theories based mainly on functional considerations remain preliminary.
Forty eight hour working week becomes law
Authors: L. Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Consultants in Britain are worried that if the European Union's working time directive, which comes into force on 1 October, is applied rigidly the NHS will be unable to operate effectively.

Under the directive all senior hospital doctors will be entitled to work only an average of 48 hours a week and have a weekly rest period of 24 hours every week, 11 hours' consecutive rest each day, and a minimum 20 minute rest break if the working day is longer …
Grass pollen immunotherapy inhibits allergen-induced infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes and eosinophils in the nasal mucosa and increases the number of cells expressing messenger RNA for interferon-γ
Authors: Stephen R. Durham, Sun Ying, Veronica A. Varney, Mikila R. Jacobson, Robert M. Sudderick, Ian S. Mackay, A.Barry Kay, Qutayba A. Hamid
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1996)
The Growth of Hospitalists and the Changing Face of Primary Care
Authors: Mary Beth Hamel, Jeffrey M. Drazen, Arnold M. Epstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Two decades ago, most doctors who chose a career as a primary care physician did not imagine a professional life restricted to the outpatient setting. The architects of training programs in primary care believed physicians would serve patients best if they developed skills to work expertly in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Thus, they designed programs with a substantial amount of training in outpatient settings, but the majority of the training still occurred in the hospital. Trainees were attracted to general medicine and family medicine for their broad scope; they enjoyed the variety of caring for healthy, acutely ill, and . . .
Physiotherapy in Certain Aspects of Psychosomatic Medicine
Authors: Nils H. Houge
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1979)

The author describes a combined approach, called psychomotoric treatment, for patients with emotionally conditioned, somatic symptoms, such as headache, backache, neck-shoulder-arm pains, postural disorders and inhibited respiration. Many of these patients have previously been treated in vain with tranquilizers and ordinary physiotherapy. The physiotherapeutic part of the treatment (psychomotoric physiotherapy) is based on a comprehensive view of the muscular apparatus and functioning as a whole with emphasis on correction of postural disorders and liberation of respiration. It should also include close cooperation with the doctor, who may be called upon when emotional inhibition impedes further progress of the physiotherapy. The main indication area for this treatment is the clientele of the general practitioner. Patients with clear psychiatric symptoms should be treated only if anchored in a secure psychotherapeutic situation.