tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ABC of colorectal diseases. Appendicitis.
Authors: D. J. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Appendicitis is one of the commonest causes of an acute abdomen in developed countries, with about one in six people undergoing appendicectomy.It is rare before the age of 2 years, but affects all other age groups, especially children and young adults.Late appendicitis.Pathology * ~~The clinical manifestations of acute appendicitis are due to suppurative bacterial infection, but the aetiology is less certain.In a third of patients the appendix is obstructed by faecaliths, parasites, or lymphoid hyperplasia secondary to viral infection.The appendix is swolletn, tense, congested, and lightly coated with fibrin, and the lumen is filled with purulent material.Appendicitis may resolve c ! -_ -spontaneously, but progression to perforation and peritonitis are more likely if the appendix is not removed.The greater omentum tends to migrate to the right iliac fossa and adhere to the inflamed appendix, limiting the spread of infection and producing an inflammatory mass.Migration of pain in appendicitis. (Left) Early pain is communicated through Such a mass will either resolve spontaneously or the visceral nervous system and central in position.(Right) Involvement of the progress to abscess formation with the danger of parietal peritoneum leads to somatic pain which is localised to the right iliac rupture into the peritoneal cavity or adjacent fossa viscera. Clinical featuresAbout a half of patients present with a classic history of appendicitis.They develop central., constant, or colicky abdominal pain associated with anorexia., nausea, and slight vomiting.After several hours the pain migrates to the right iliac fossa.Patients appear flushed, have a tachycardia, and have a fever of up to 3830C, but rarely higher.They tend to lie still as movement exacerbates the pain and have signs of localised peritonitis in the right iliac percussion and not by the sudden release of a deeply palpating hand, which causes extreme discomfort and false positive signs.Generalised peritonitis suggests perforated appendicitis, and a tender mass in the right iliac fossa suggests an appendicular abscess or inflammatory mass.Other patients do not give a classic history but experience less characteristic symptoms and signs, which vary greatly in severity.Those Rebound tenderness is elicited b gentle percussion with an inflamed pelvic appendix may have tenderness only on rectal and not sudden release of a deeply palpating hand.examination.Retrocaecal appendicitis may cause irritation and spasm ofthe psoas muscle, indicated by a limp and pain on hip extension.Diffuse .peritonitis due to perforation ofthe appendix is most common in very young and elderly patients and may not be distinguishable from other causes of generalised peritonitis.
Embolisation of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: results and follow up in 32 patients.
Authors: T J Haitjema, T T Overtoom, C J Westermann, J W Lammers
Journal: Thorax (1995)

BACKGROUND--Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations may cause a number of complications when left untreated. Embolisation of the feeding vessels is a relatively new approach and information concerning its efficacy and long term results is scarce. METHODS--Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations with feeding arteries of &gt; 3 mm were treated by embolisation. Right to left shunt fraction and arterial oxygen pressure breathing air (PaO2) were measured before and after treatment. Six monthly measurement of shunt fraction was used for follow up. RESULTS--In 32 patients 92 pulmonary arteriovenous malformations were treated by coil embolisation. Mean shunt fraction decreased from 16.6% to 7.4% and PaO2 increased from 9.6 kPa to 11.5 kPa. Treatment was incomplete in two patients, one of whom was subsequently treated surgically. Serious complications occurred in one patient. Recanalisation of embolised vessels occurred in two cases after 22 and 28 months, respectively. Mean period of follow up was 25 months. CONCLUSIONS--Embolisation is a safe and efficacious treatment for most pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Long term studies are necessary to determine the risk of recanalisation.
MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN
Authors: Theodore LeBoutillier
Journal: JAMA (1933)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I have just read your editorial, October 21, on malnutrition in children. Since the Washington meeting, October 6, I have been looking into this question in the dispensary and children's wards of the Philadelphia General Hospital, where I find from records of social workers and dispensary physicians, and in my wards, that there is distinctly less malnutrition in children than there was in much better times. So far, there has been only one true case of malnutrition in the wards this month, which is distinctly unusual. Most of our patients come from homes that are being supplied with food from different agencies in the city, and my feeling is that the children are getting much more nourishing food than they had obtained when the parents were self supporting and supplying much unnessary and faulty foods. In my own practice I have not seen any cases of malnutrition,
Myeloid cell–specific serine palmitoyltransferase subunit 2 haploinsufficiency reduces murine atherosclerosis
Authors: Mahua Chakraborty, Caixia Lou, Chongmin Huan, Ming-Shang Kuo, Tae-Sik Park, Guoqing Cao, Xian-Cheng Jiang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo biosynthetic pathway of sphingomyelin (SM). Both SPT and SM have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the development of which is driven by macrophages; however, the role of SPT in macrophage-mediated atherogenesis is unknown. To address this issue, we have analyzed macrophage inflammatory responses and reverse cholesterol transport, 2 key mediators of atherogenesis, in SPT subunit 2-haploinsufficient (Sptlc2(+/-)) macrophages. We found that Sptlc2(+/-) macrophages have significantly lower SM levels in plasma membrane and lipid rafts. This reduction not only impaired inflammatory responses triggered by TLR4 and its downstream NF-κB and MAPK pathways, but also enhanced reverse cholesterol transport mediated by ABC transporters. LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice transplanted with Sptlc2(+/-) bone marrow cells exhibited significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions after high-fat and high-cholesterol diet feeding. Additionally, Ldlr(-/-) mice with myeloid cell-specific Sptlc2 haploinsufficiency exhibited significantly less atherosclerosis than controls. These findings suggest that SPT could be a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
Metabolic Response to Oral Glucose in Healthy South African White, Indian, and African Subjects
Authors: A. H. Rubenstein, H. C. Seftel, K. Miller, I. Bersohn, A. D. Wright
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The response of serum insulin, growth hormone, plasma free fatty acids, triglycerides, and blood glucose to an oral glucose load was investigated in healthy White, African, and Indian subjects. Serum cholesterol, uric acid, platelet adhesiveness, and urine insulin clearance were also measured. Each racial group responded differently. Most striking were the differences between Africans and Whites; despite similar mean blood glucose values at all times during the test, the Africans had lower serum insulin levels, a lower urine insulin clearance, a much greater rise of growth hormone, a more definite and prolonged suppression of free fatty acid release, lower serum cholesterol and uric acid levels, and a trend towards lower plasma triglyceride values.The Indians tended to resemble Whites rather than Africans with respect to their insulin, growth hormone, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Their glucose tolerance was decreased compared with that of the other two groups, but suppression of their free fatty acids was enhanced. Platelet adhesiveness was similar in all three groups.The reasons for these differences are unknown, but must be related to genetic and environmental differences among the three races.
Polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis of the elderly: a clinical, laboratory, and scintigraphic comparison.
Authors: H Hantzschel, H A Bird, W Seidel, W Kruger, G Neumann, G Schneider, V Wright
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1991)

Clinical, laboratory, and scintigraphic features of 16 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and 23 patients matched for age presenting with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (American Rheumatism Association 1958 criteria) of the elderly were compared in order to define features that might distinguish between these two syndromes. The sensitivity of proposed diagnostic criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica was always higher in the group with polymyalgia rheumatica, though only significantly so for morning stiffness. A comparison of 27 different laboratory features showed few significant differences between the diseases, though correlation between laboratory variables within each of the disease groups differed, perhaps suggesting a fundamental pathogenetic difference between them. Scintigraphy of the shoulder joint proved of no value in differential diagnosis. It was concluded that polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis of the elderly are probably discrete clinical entities. Bilateral upper arm tenderness, lack of positive rheumatoid factor, and a normal caeruloplasmin are the most valuable features for distinguishing polymyalgia rheumatica from rheumatoid arthritis of the elderly.
Tooth loss patterns in older adults with special needs: a Minnesota cohort
Authors: Xi Chen, Jennifer J Clark
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2011)

This study was conducted to detail tooth loss patterns in older adults with special needs. A total of 491 elderly subjects with special needs were retrospectively selected and followed during 10/1999-12/2006. Medical, dental, cognitive, and functional assessments were abstracted from dental records and used to predict risk of tooth loss. Tooth loss events were recorded for subjects during follow-up. Chi-squared tests were used to study the association between tooth loss and the selected risk factors. Logistic, poisson, and negative binomial regressions were developed to study tooth loss patterns. Overall, 27% of the subjects lost at least one tooth during follow-up. Fourteen subjects had tooth loss events per 100 person-years. Tooth loss pattern did not differ significantly among different special-needs subgroups (i.e. community-dwelling vs. long-term care, physically disabled vs. functionally independent). Special-needs subjects with three or more active dental conditions at arrival had more than twice the risk of losing teeth than those without any existing conditions. After adjusting other factors, the number of carious teeth or retained roots at arrival was a significant predictor of tooth loss for older adults with special needs (P = 0.001). These findings indicate that appropriately managing active caries and associated conditions is important to prevent tooth loss for older adults with special needs.
Alpha-fetoprotein concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay in diagnosing and excluding hepatocellular carcinoma.
Authors: P J Johnson, B Portmann, R Williams
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations were estimated by sensitive radioimmunoassay in 30 patients with cirrhosis complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma and in 100 patients with cirrhosis in whom malignancy was excluded. Twenty-nine of the 30 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had concentrations above 10 IU/ml (10.5 ng/ml) (median 3500 IU/ml (3675 ng/ml)), whereas only one of the 100 patients with cirrhosis and no tumour development had a raised concentration. Eleven out of 20 patients in whom hepatocellular carcinoma had developed in an apparently normal liver had raised AFP concentrations. In this group the differential diagnosis is usually secondary carcinoma, and three of 50 such patients had AFP concentrations above 10 IU/ml. Noting raised AFP concentrations is thus of considerable value both in detecting and in excluding hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis, for in this case such concentrations gave only 1% false-positive and 3% false-negative results. They are less useful, however, in distinguishing between primary tumours arising in patients without cirrhosis and secondary hepatic deposits, giving 6% false-positive and 45% false-negative results.
JAK2V617F-Mediated Phosphorylation of PRMT5 Downregulates Its Methyltransferase Activity and Promotes Myeloproliferation
Authors: Fan Liu, Xinyang Zhao, Fabiana Perna, Lan Wang, Priya Koppikar, Omar Abdel-Wahab, Michael W. Harr, Ross L. Levine, Hao Xu, Ayalew Tefferi, Anthony Deblasio, Megan Hatlen, Silvia Menendez, Stephen D. Nimer
Journal: Cancer Cell (2011)
Hemolytic‐Uremic syndrome in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia treated with interferon alpha
Authors: Daniel Schlaifer, Philippe Dumazer, Nathalie Spenatto, Madeleine Mignon‐Conte, Pierre Brousset, Catherine Lumbroso, Mike Cooper, Catherine Muller, Françoise Huguet, Michel Attal, Guy Laurent, Jacques Pris
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)
JAK3 mutants transform hematopoietic cells through JAK1 activation, causing T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a mouse model
Authors: Sandrine Degryse, Charles E. de Bock, Luk Cox, Sofie Demeyer, Olga Gielen, Nicole Mentens, Kris Jacobs, Ellen Geerdens, Valentina Gianfelici, Gert Hulselmans, Mark Fiers, Stein Aerts, Jules P. Meijerink, Thomas Tousseyn, Jan Cools
Journal: Blood (2014)
Global operation tackles internet trade in fake drugs
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2012)

An international operation to crack down on the internet trade in counterfeit and unlicensed drugs has resulted in the seizure of £6.5m (€8m; $10.5m) worth of pharmaceuticals worldwide and the closure of 18 000 illegal online pharmacy websites.

Operation Pangea V involved police, customs, and national medicines regulators working together in 100 countries. The weeklong operation, coordinated by Interpol, led to 86 people being arrested or placed under investigation worldwide.

Nimo Ahmed, acting head of enforcement at the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), described it as the most successful operation against the illicit trade in pharmaceuticals ever carried out.

The operation, named after the term for the supercontinent when Africa, Europe, and the Americas were still joined together, was instigated by the MHRA in 2006 as a UK “internet day of action” and expanded in 2008 to an international day of action involving eight countries. The next year it became an international week of action. This year it involved more than 100 countries.

This year’s operation for the first time …
Vena Cava Thrombosis After Plication for Pulmonary Emboli
Authors: Robert D. Brickman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

IN THE TREATMENT of recurrent pulmonary emboli, many operative approaches have been advocated. These include femoral ligation, inferiorvena-cava (IVC) ligation,<sup>1,2</sup>and, more recently, partial caval interruption with a "harp-grid" suture filter,<sup>3</sup>suture plication,<sup>4</sup>or Teflon clips.<sup>5 6</sup>The partial interruption techniques all attempt to avoid the postligation sequelae of edema, pain, induration, chronic dermatitis, and ulceration by preserving the caval flow while preventing any large emboli from passing the site of caval filtration.<sup>7</sup> A dreaded and anticipated complication of all partial interruption techniques is thrombosis of the middle segment of the IVC and the renal veins. To our knowledge, this complication has not been reported. Thus, in addition to all the complications of IVC thrombosis,<sup>8</sup>there also would be the problems of renal-vein thrombosis<sup>9,10</sup>in the same patient. This report describes such a patient in whom propagation of a thrombus beyond a "Miles"
A Novel Low-Energy Electrotherapy That Terminates Ventricular Tachycardia With Lower Energy Than a Biphasic Shock When Antitachycardia Pacing Fails
Authors: Ajit H. Janardhan, Wenwen Li, Vadim V. Fedorov, Michael Yeung, Michael J. Wallendorf, Richard B. Schuessler, Igor R. Efimov
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Gastric Dilatation on Cardiac Exercise Studies Probably Aerophagia
Authors: RICHARD D. BALDWIN, RICHARD P. SPENCER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

The authors present two cases concerning a massive photopenic area under the heart (likely a dilated stomach) during radiothallium studies. Aerophagia appears the most reasonable explanation. A dilated stomach might be contributing to the patient's symptoms and distorting anatomic relationships.
Cost-Effectiveness of Community-Based Strategies for Blood Pressure Control in a Low-Income Developing Country
Authors: Tazeen H. Jafar, Muhammad Islam, Rasool Bux, Neil Poulter, Juanita Hatcher, Nish Chaturvedi, Shah Ebrahim, Peter Cosgrove
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Evidence on economically efficient strategies to lower blood pressure (BP) from low- and middle-income countries remains scarce. The Control of Blood Pressure and Risk Attenuation (COBRA) trial randomized 1341 hypertensive subjects in 12 randomly selected communities in Karachi, Pakistan, to 3 intervention programs: (1) combined home health education (HHE) plus trained general practitioner (GP); (2) HHE only; and (3) trained GP only. The comparator was no intervention (or usual care). The reduction in BP was most pronounced in the combined group. The present study examined the cost-effectiveness of these strategies.Total costs were assessed at baseline and 2 years to estimate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios based on (1) intervention cost; (2) cost of physician consultation, medications, diagnostics, changes in lifestyle, and productivity loss; and (3) change in systolic BP. Precision of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio estimates was assessed by 1000 bootstrapping replications. Bayesian probabilistic sensitivity analysis was also performed. The annual costs per participant associated with the combined HHE plus trained GP, HHE alone, and trained GP alone were $3.99, $3.34, and $0.65, respectively. HHE plus trained GP was the most cost-effective intervention, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $23 (95 confidence interval, 6-99) per mm Hg reduction in systolic BP compared with usual care, and remained so in 97.7 of 1000 bootstrapped replications.The combined intervention of HHE plus trained GP is potentially affordable and more cost-effective for BP control than usual care or either strategy alone in some communities in Pakistan, and possibly other countries in Indochina with similar healthcare infrastructure.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Hans Zinsser, M. Ruiz Castaneda
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

We have adduced evidence that guinea pigs can be completely or partially protected by three injections of typhus tunica material in which there are moderate numbers of Rickettsiae, treated for from 24 to 48 hours with a 0.2 per cent formalin solution. We believe that the immunization is due to the presence of the Rickettsiae, since in our preceding experiments we have satisfied ourselves that these organisms are the true etiological factors of the disease. For the reasons stated above, we believe that the formalinized vaccine does not contain living, but attenuated organisms, and that the immunizing effect is the result of treatment with formalin-killed Rickettsiae. This point, however, we admit, is not absolutely determined. These experiments, together with the results obtained in the concentration of Rickettsia material by the diet method of reducing resistance as described in the paper which follows, furnish a hopeful method and a reasonable theoretical basis for a procedure of active immunization against this disease in human beings.
Epidemic of asthma possibly related to thunderstorms
Authors: V. Murray, K. Venables, T. Laing-Morton, M. P. J. Thurston, D. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1994)

nursing, or other staff trained in health care, in the same law.These reforms represent our way of modern thinking.We believe that Finland is the first country in Europe to include all health care professionals in the same law, in the same way as it was the first country to have a law defining patients' rights.
An evaluation of the functions of the short-stay observation ward in the accident and emergency department.
Authors: V Dallos, G L Mouzas
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are two of the most prevalent sleep disorders and can coexist within the same patient. Nonetheless, the recognition of RLS among OSA patients has important clinical implications, since RLS can disrupt sleep despite adequate treatment of sleep disordered breathing and should be treated accordingly. Furthermore, the presence of OSA can also increase the severity of RLS. Therefore, it is important to be able to correctly identify both disorders and treat them effectively. The present article reviews our current knowledge on this comorbidity and discusses potential treatment options for RLS in the context of OSA.
The murine equivalent of the A181E TACI mutation associated with common variable immunodeficiency severely impairs B-cell function
Authors: John J. Lee, Ingrid Rauter, Lilit Garibyan, Esra Ozcan, Tatyana Sannikova, Stacey R. Dillon, Anthony C. Cruz, Richard M. Siegel, Richard Bram, Haifa Jabara, Raif S. Geha
Journal: Blood (2009)
CHOP is a critical regulator of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity
Authors: Dotan Uzi, Liran Barda, Viviana Scaiewicz, Maya Mills, Tobias Mueller, Agueda Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Angela M. Valverde, Takao Iwawaki, Yaacov Nahmias, Ramnik Xavier, Ray T. Chung, Boaz Tirosh, Oren Shibolet
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Early Response Assessment in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors With FDG PET Scan 24 Hours After a Single Dose of Imatinib
Authors: Ajit Shinto, Narendra Nair, Anil Dutt, Nawab S. Baghel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), rare mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, are gaining the interest of researchers because of the impressive metabolic response to the targeted molecular therapeutic drug imatinib mesylate. FDG PET is now routinely used to assess treatment response in cases of GIST because this has proven to give metabolic information, which demonstrates response earlier than anatomic imaging modalities. A 50-year-old man presented with abdominal pain and the CT scan showed a large lobulated heterogeneously enhancing mass in the abdomen. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) confirmed GIST with strong immunoreactivity to C-Kit protein. A baseline FDG PET done before initiation of therapy showed intense nonhomogenous FDG uptake in the mass (standard uptake value maximum, SUVmax of 13.45). A whole body FDG PET, repeated 24 hours after a single dose of imatinib mesylate 400 mg, showed a significant reduction in FDG uptake with a SUVmax of 4.26.