tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Adult Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Managed by Double Pyloroplasty
Authors: George J. Brahos
Journal: JAMA (1980)

HYPERTROPHIC pyloric stenosis is a relatively rare cause of gastricoutlet obstruction in adults. Although various classifications and possible causes have been described, 1 when the secondary forms are eliminated, there remains an entity that appears to be distinct and truly congenital in origin. 1-4 As in infants with the congenital form, the pylorus in the adult disorder is characterized by thickening and hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle, but with absence of fibrosis, which would imply inflammation. 1 The two conditions differ mainly in that obstructive symptoms in the adult form become manifest much later in life.  Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is well known, and its surgical management seems clearly defined. However, probably because experience is limited, the most appropriate surgical approach for the adult form is as yet undetermined. We describe a case that is, to our knowledge, the first to be managed by the double pyloroplasty technique, and it
The Learning-Disabled or Hyperactive Child
Authors: Aaron Ament
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I am afraid that the article by Stephen I. Sulzbacher, PhD, entitled "The Learning-Disabled or Hyperactive Child" (234:938, 1975), is misleading in a number of ways. Dr Sulzbacher seems to present a continuity between children who are merely hyperactive or obstreperous and those who are classic pictures of the hyperkinetic syndrome, which has been so clearly described for so many years now. The author overlooks the fact that the classic hyperkinetic syndrome is a problem of brain metabolism, essentially an organic condition that is alleviated to a large extent by amphetamine and other medications. It appears that Dr Sulzbacher relies heavily on behavior modification approaches in his diagnostic process. Setting the parents and teachers to counting units of behavior is properly scientific; unfortunately, it wastes much time, since the diagnosis can usually be made quickly from a brief medical history and clinical observation of the child. In
Error in Medicine
Authors: Barry Krakow
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Leape<sup>1</sup>is to be commended for his challenging look at the problem of error in medicine. However, his approach to understanding and preventing these errors, while thoughtful and provocative, all but neglects the conditions of sleepiness and fatigue as more obvious and potentially more fixable causes of mistakes.<sup>1</sup> Undiagnosed sleep disorders, effects of shift work, and chronic sleep loss are likely to cause sleepiness in many health care professionals.<sup>2</sup>Numerous investigations have shown that sleepiness causes detrimental effects on psychomotor skills, memory, judgment, vigilance, concentration, attention, and learning, all of which could contribute to accidents and mistakes.<sup>2</sup>Substantial evidence already exists to implicate sleepiness as one of the main pathways for errors in medicine and elsewhere, such as in motor vehicle crashes.<sup>3</sup>Sleepiness and fatigue have been implicated<sup>3</sup>as contributing factors associated with the well-known catastrophes (<i>Challenger</i>, Bhopal, Chernobyl) mentioned
A rare intestinal malignancy: mantel cell lymphoma
Authors: J. Penyige, E. Farczadi, K. Boer, I. Kaszas, J. Csomor, P. Demeter
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Approximately 30 % of primary extranodal lymphomas occur in the gastrointestinal tract. Most of these present as single lesions, although gastrointestinal polyposis occurs in some 10 % of cases, including conditions such as multiple lymphomatous polyposis (MLP) and immunoproliferative small-intestinal disease (IPSID) [1]. MLP is a rare intestinal malignancy characterized by the presence of numerous gastrointestinal polypoid lesions of malignant lymphoma. It is a non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphoma that is the gastrointestinal counterpart of mantle-cell lymphoma [2]. The polyps range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in size and involve the small and large bowel in 80 - 90 % of cases and the stomach or duodenum in 50 % of cases [3]. The condition often shows extra-abdominal dissemination, especially to peripheral lymph nodes.
Vascular relaxation and cyclic guanosine monophosphate in a rat model of high output heart failure
Authors: J.-F. Arnal, C. Schott, J.-C. Stoclet, J.-B. Michel
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Objective: Low output heart failure induces abnormalities of endothelium dependent vasodilatation, but the mechanisms responsible for this remain unclear. As blood flow can alter endothelial cell function, in particular nitric oxide (NO) release, the activity of endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF) was investigated in a rat model of high output heart failure. Methods: The thoracic aorta upstream of an aorto-caval fistula in rats was submitted to hormonal changes (similar to those in heart failure) and to high blood flow (opposite to that found in low output heart failure). Functional and biochemical arterial properties were studied in aorto-caval fistula rats and in sham operated rats three months after operation. The vascular responses were studied by exposing aortic segments from fistula and sham operated rats to increasing concentrations of agonists. Aortic cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration was assessed as an index of NO synthase activity. The effect of NO synthase blockade on functional and biochemical arterial properties was also studied. Results: Plasma atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) was increased in fistula rats compared to sham operated rats. The concentrations of acetylcholine or the calcium ionophore A23187 required to produce 10% and 50% maximum relaxation (EC, and EC50) were similar in the two groups. Relaxation in response to low concentrations of Sin-1 (an NO donor) was shifted rightwards in fistula rats and EC10 was greater than in the controls. The aortic cGMP concentration was higher in aorto-caval fistula rats than in sham operated rats (p=0.008). The differences between aorto-caval fistula rats and sham operated rats were probably the result of increased basal EDRF-NO release in the former, since NO synthase blockade abolished the differences in both aortic cGMP and the dose-response curve to Sin-1. Conclusions: The arterial wall upstream of a chronic aorto-caval fistula has increased cGMP content and hyposensitivity to Sin-1, which may be due to enhanced basal EDRF-NO release. These changes, strikingly different from those found in the low output heart failure, suggest that haemodynamic rather than neuroendocrine factors play a determinant role in the altered vasodilator response in heart failure. Cardiovascular Research 1993;27:1651-1656
Obstructive Jaundice Due to Isolated Tuberculosis of the Pancreas: Endoscopic Treatment Instead of Surgery?
Authors: P. Rolny, A. Falk, J. Olofsson
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

The optimal treatment for relieving biliary obstruction due to isolated pancreatic tuberculosis has not so far been defined, and most previously reported patients were treated surgically. We describe a 17-year-old, immunocompetent girl who was admitted with obstructive jaundice caused by a tuberculous mass in the head of the pancreas. Antituberculous therapy alone failed to alleviate the jaundice, and she was therefore treated by stent insertion and, subsequently, balloon dilation of the common bile duct stricture. At follow-up 5 years later, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed no evidence of stricture in the common bile duct.
Abdominal Lymphoma With Malabsorption
Authors: Shmuel Eidelman
Journal: JAMA (1974)

LYMPHOMA of the small intestine and mesenteric nodes has been recognized as a rare cause of malabsorption since 1937.<sup>1</sup>Reviews in Western medical literature indicate that the small intestine may be involved as either part of a generalized lymphoma or as a primary disease of the intestine. The disease predominates in middle-aged patients, except for localized lymphomas of the ileum, which occur mainly in young children.<sup>2,3</sup> In 1959, the late Simon Brandstaetter, MD, working at the Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, drew attention to the relative frequency of abdominal lymphoma with malabsorption; 11 of 24 of the cases occurred in Arab patients, and more than one half were under 30 years of age. Later studies and reviews in Israel have confirmed the initial impression that this syndrome is limited almost entirely to Arabs and Jews who were born in, or whose parents migrated from, Near Eastern or North
Open Access to Scientific Publications
Authors: Inder M. Verma
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

Like many of my contemporaries, I subscribe to a dozen or so journals and my major lament in the past was that I could never find the newest issues. They invariably wandered to the laboratory, as they exchanged hands between inquisitive graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. In the last few years, however, I have noticed that most of the newest arrivals now sit unwrapped in my office. What has happened? Near universal access to the Internet, institutional subscriptions to journals, and PubMed Central now allow students to browse through most journals online long before the printed edition is available.
Joint motion: clinical measurement and evaluation
Authors: J A Ashton-Miller
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Roger Soames. 182 illustrations: Published by Churchill Livingstone, 2003, £16.99, pp 216. ISBN 443058083

Over the past five years more than a dozen books have appeared on how to measure joint range of motion. One of the least expensive but most enjoyable of these is Roger Soames’ handy guide to measuring joint motion aimed at the student, clinician, therapist, trainer, or anyone interested in measuring range of joint motion. Introductory chapters cover joint structure and function, joint flexibility and motion, and the principles of measurement. The main chapters describe how to measure the …
Brown Adipose Tissue — When It Pays to Be Inefficient
Authors: Francesco S. Celi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and complications related to obesity contribute substantially to health care costs and mortality. Since the accumulation of fat is the net result of a prolonged state of imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, one would think that an ideal fat mass in obese persons could be achieved relatively simply by either decreasing food intake or increasing energy expenditure, ultimately causing a sustained negative energy balance. Unfortunately, this is not so easy to achieve, because evolutionary pressure has rewarded those individuals and species able to store sufficient energy to survive famines; also, the unrestricted availability . . .
Cholera attacks former Soviet Union
Authors: P Conradi
Journal: BMJ (1994)

More than 35 people have died and over 1000 fallen ill because of a cholera epidemic that has swept across the republics of the former Soviet Union this summer. The disease is now reported to be heading south through the Ukraine towards the Crimean peninsula.

The outbreak was first monitored in June in Daghestan, an isolated and backward rural region in Russia's part of the Caucasus mountains. Twenty five people died, more than 1000 fell sick, and another 1000 were identified as carriers before the outbreak could be brought under control. The disease was reportedly brought there by a group of Muslim pilgrims returning home overland from Saudi Arabia through Turkey, Iran, and Azerbaijan.

More alarming is the current …
Racial differences in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and lung function in children.
Authors: J Cunningham, D W Dockery, D R Gold, F E Speizer
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

We recently reported that suburban white schoolchildren whose mothers smoked during pregnancy have significantly reduced lung function. Because inner-city and minority children may be at greater risk for respiratory morbidity, we evaluated the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and lung function in 493 white and 383 black schoolchildren 9 to 11 yr of age in three areas of Philadelphia. The child's passive smoking history was determined from reports by the mother. Spirometry was performed at school. After adjusting for height, weight, age, sex, area of city, race, socioeconomic status, and current exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with significant deficits in FEF25-75 (-8.1%) and FEV1/FVC (-2.0%). The observed deficits were larger for black children than for white children, and they were larger for boys than for girls. These results provide additional evidence of an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and reduced pulmonary function in children, and they suggest that the association may be modified by race and/or sex.
Hydroxyurea in Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: George J. Lucas
Journal: JAMA (1969)

To the Editor:—  Due to the anatomic location, malignant nasopharyngeal tumors are frequently silent for some time and are only recognized when they have extended beyond the limit of surgical correction. Hydroxyurea (Hydrea) has been found particularly useful for chemotherapy of head and neck malignancies in combination with irradiation. 1,2   Report of a Case:—  In 1967 a 53-year-old Chinese psychiatric patient (schizophrenic) was noted to have a dense leukoma in the right cornea relative to an ulcer which had been cauterized about five years before. A disturbance in extraocular motility was manifested by sixth nerve palsy bilaterally. Approximately seven months later serosanguineous discharge and difficulty in swallowing occurred. Enlarged lymph nodes over the posterior triangle were noted bilaterally.  X-ray films of the sinus and skull revealed marked tumor invasion in the base of the skull and paranasal sinuses, later diagnosed as a poorly differentiated infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma. An extrinsic compression
The Q-T Interval in Normal Infants and Children
Authors: MARIANO M. ALIMURUNG, LESTER G. JOSEPH, ERNEST CRAIGE, BENEDICT F. MASSELL
Journal: Circulation (1950)

Because of renewed clinical interest in the Q-T interval and because of a need of normal values for an accompanying investigation in rheumatic fever, the Q-T was studied in 517 normal infants and children from birth to 13 years of age. A mean K of 0.404 for Bazett's formula and of 0.378 for Ashman and Hull's formula was obtained. With Bazett's curve approximating the data more closely, a Bazett's scattergram of the normal Q-T at varying heart rates was constructed. Although no difference in K value was noted between the sexes, significant differences were observed in certain age groups.
Abstract 152: Nicotine inhibits the therapeutic effects of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells <i>in vitro</i> and in a mouse xenograft model
Authors: Jheelam Banerjee, Hussein A.N. Al-Wadei, Hildegard M. Schuller
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in developed countries. The nucleoside analog Gemcitabine, which induces apoptosis, is widely used for the therapy of pancreatic cancer. Smoking is an established risk factor for pancreatic cancer and nicotine replacement therapy often accompanies chemotherapy. Using the two human pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and BXPC-3 in vitro, our data show that low concentrations of nicotine significantly reduces the growth inhibiting effects of gemcitabine while also significantly inhibiting gemcitabine-induced apoptosis as indicated by determination of cleaved caspase-3 in immunoassays. Analysis of other signaling proteins is currently in progress. In a mouse xenograft model with BXPC-3 cells, a 1 micromolar concentration of nicotine in the drinking water significantly reduced the therapeutic response to gemcitabine while additionally reducing the induction of pro-apoptotic proteins and the inhibition of growth stimulating proteins by gemcitabine. Our data suggest that nicotine replacement therapy and possibly also the exposure to second hand smoke may negatively impact therapeutic outcomes of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer patients. Nicotine addiction should be treated with non nicotine agents in such patients and exposure to tobacco smoke in any form should be avoided. Supported by grants RO1CA130888 and RO1CA042829 with the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 152. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-152
Atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery. A necropsy analysis of 152 patients with fatal coronary heart disease and varying degrees of left main narrowing.
Authors: B H Bulkley, W C Roberts
Journal: Circulation (1976)

Histologic sections of the left main (LM) and the other three major coronary arteries were studied in 152 patients. The lumen of the LM in 35 patients was greater than 75% narrowed; in thirty, 50-75%; and in 87, less than 50% narrowed. The patients with greater than 75% narrowing were younger. Angina pectoris and hyperlipoproteinemia, specifically type II, were more common (P less than 0.02) and acute transmural and healed subendocardial myocardial infarcts were less frequent (P less than 0.05) in the patients with greater 75% LM narrowing than in those with less than 50% narrowing. Of the three other major coronary arteries, the average number narrowed in the patients with greater than 75% LM narrowing was 2.9; in those with 50-75% LM narrowing 2.7, and in those with less than 50% LM narrowing, 2.4. Of the 35 patients with greater than 75% LM narrowing, 33 had greater than 75% luminal narrowing of each of the other three major coronary arteries. Narrowing of the LM, therefore, indicates severe narrowing of usually all major coronary arteries.
Preventive strategies and supportive treatment
Authors: E. Brady Hancock, Donald H. Newell
Journal: Periodontology 2000 (2001)

There is a preponderance of evidence in the literature that periodontal and other oral diseases, such as caries, can be treated and controlled by thorough mechanical plaque removal by the patient, the use of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics when necessary, and participation with the therapist in a well monitored, long-range program of supportive periodontal therapy. Recent evidence suggests that the control and prevention of oral disease, especially periodontitis, is especially important for patients with various systemic conditions that can be impacted by oral infections. It is far better for patients and therapists to practice primary and even secondary prevention with effective plaque control and regular, consistent supportive periodontal therapy, than having to rely on tertiary prevention for disease that has progressed to a level that requires costly treatment, is time-consuming and carries a greater risk of morbidity.
A Long Noncoding RNA Activated by TGF-β Promotes the Invasion-Metastasis Cascade in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Ji-hang Yuan, Fu Yang, Fang Wang, Jin-zhao Ma, Ying-jun Guo, Qi-fei Tao, Feng Liu, Wei Pan, Tian-tian Wang, Chuan-chuan Zhou, Shao-bing Wang, Yu-zhao Wang, Yuan Yang, Ning Yang, Wei-ping Zhou, Guang-shun Yang, Shu-han Sun
Journal: Cancer Cell (2014)
Darzi review: Reward hospitals for improving quality, Lord Darzi says
Authors: R. Coombes
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Hospitals will be required to publish a range of data on outcomes, from surgeons’ death rates and infection levels to patients’ ratings of whether staff were compassionate, under changes included in the final report of Ara Darzi’s review of the NHS this week. These data would in part affect the amount of funding given to healthcare providers. 

The long awaited report from the health minister Lord Darzi did not set any new national targets or herald any substantial reorganisation for the NHS but instead emphasised the need to improve quality of care after a decade of investment in services. Lord Darzi said that providers would have to publish quality indictors so that patients could choose where, when, and how to be treated in the NHS.

For the first time, patients’ own detailed views on their treatment will be collected and published, alongside more objective measures of safety and clinical outcomes. Data will be available on NHS websites but will also be displayed in hospitals and general practices—for example, information on length of stay and how soon patients are seen.

Lord Darzi said, …
EPILEPSY, ITS ETIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT BRIEFLY CONSIDERED.
Authors: WILLIAM P. SPRATLING
Journal: JAMA (1902)

In the United States one person in every 500 suffers from epilepsy. In continental Europe the proportion is thought to be somewhat less, though this may be an error due to imperfect statistics; in England the ratio is about the same as in this country. Epilepsy is one of the oldest diseases of which we have any record. Five centuries before Christ it was described by Greek physicians with much clinical accuracy. It may be in the infant at birth, or develop immediately after, or its coming may be deferred until man has passed the milestone of life that marks to his credit threescore years and ten. It comes irrespective of race, environment, occupation, social condition or position; affecting alike the poverty-stricken dweller of the tenement along with the rich who live in palaces. American statistics show it to be slightly more common in males than in females, while European