tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Elemental modifications and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in human fibroblasts
Authors: R. W. Hart, F. B. Daniel, O. R. Kindig, C. A. Beach, L. B. Joseph, R. C. Wells
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1980)

Mineral fibers and particulates represent one of the best documented, economically important, and ubiquitously occurring categories of human carcinogens. Yet, while a wealth of information exists concerning the mechanism of action of physical, chemical, and viral carcinogens, virtually nothing is known relative to the mechanism of action of this economically important class of carcinogenic compounds known as mineral fibers and particulates. While the length and diameter of various forms of asbestos have been associated with both cellular toxicity in vitro and tumor occurrence in vivo, nothing is known about whether or not these same physical properties are responsible for the purported synergistic interaction between cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure relative to the induction of bronchogenic carcinoma. Thus, while the risk of bronchogenic carcinoma for nonsmokers exposed to asbestos appears to be only slightly greater than that for unexposed nonsmoking populations, the risk of occurrence of this same tumor in asbestos workers who also smoke is approximately 100-fold greater than in nonsmoking asbestos workers. The risk of bronchogenic carcinoma is increased approximately 8-fold in asbestos workers who smoke over non-exposed smokers. Since it is clear that cigarette smoke contains over 150 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are known animal carcinogens, and since other laboratories have reported that metals associated with asbestos redirect the metabolism of these agents, it was of interest to us to investigate the effects of mineral fibers on the metabolism and biochemistry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Dysplastic changes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and the effect of corticosteroids to increase dysplasia and cause hyperdiploid macropolycytes
Authors: Lale Olcay, Sevgi Yetgin, Hamza Okur, Selim Erekul, Murat Tuncer
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2000)

This study evaluates the dysplastic hematological changes in nine patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in 11 attacks, before and after corticosteroid treatment. The pretreatment blood smears of patients with ITP, displayed more neutrophils with bizarre nuclei (P < 0.001), Döhle or Döhle-like inclusions (P < 0.01), irregular distribution of granules (P < 0.05), hypo-agranulation (P < 0.05), pseudo-Pelger-Huet-like cells (P < 0.01), and nuclei with chromatine clumping (P < 0.01) than the normal children. The eosinophils of ITP patients were also dysplastic, before treatment. The pretreatment diameter of the neutrophils and the percentage of macropolycytes were greater than those of the patients with viral infections and normal group (P < 0.05 for all). The percentage of neutrophils with bizarre nuclei and nuclei with chromatine clumping and the diameter of neutrophils and macropolycyte percentage increased with corticosteroid therapy (P < 0.01, < 0.01, < 0.01, and < 0.05, respectively). The neutrophil diameter, percentage of macropolycytes, and number of neutrophils with bizarre nuclei decreased within 1–4 weeks after the therapy was stopped. In the neutrophils of two patients, diploidy and hyperdiploidy were established before and on the last day of therapy, respectively, and diploidy reversed after therapy was stopped. In conclusion, ITP patients display dysplastic findings in both neutrophils and eosinophils before treatment and corticosteroids cause transient significant increase in some of the dysplastic changes in neutrophils. Am. J. Hematol. 65:99–104, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The HBS1L-MYB intergenic region on chromosome 6q23.3 influences erythrocyte, platelet, and monocyte counts in humans
Authors: Stephan Menzel, Jie Jiang, Nicholas Silver, Joy Gallagher, Juliette Cunningham, Gabriela Surdulescu, Mark Lathrop, Martin Farrall, Tim D. Spector, Swee Lay Thein
Journal: Blood (2007)

Common sequence variants situated between the HBS1L and MYB genes on chromosome 6q23.3 (HMIP) influence the proportion of F cells (erythrocytes that carry measurable amounts of fetal hemoglobin). Since the physiological processes underlying the F-cell variability are thought to be linked to kinetics of erythrocyte maturation and differentiation, we have investigated the influence of the HMIP locus on other hematologic parameters. Here we show a significant impact of HMIP variability on several types of peripheral blood cells: erythrocyte, platelet, and monocyte counts as well as erythrocyte volume and hemoglobin content in healthy individuals of European ancestry. These results support the notion that changes of F-cell abundance can be an indicator of more general shifts in hematopoietic patterns in humans.
Empirical treatment of uncomplicated cystitis
Authors: A. Baerheim
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Acute uncomplicated cystitis in healthy non-pregnant women is a common problem, affecting 10-15% of women each year.1 It is readily managed by treatment for up to three days, and courses of three days or less seldom give rise to the development of bacterial resistance in the gut. 2 3

Uncomplicated cystitis accounts for a substantial part of all prescribed antimicrobials. Results of standard treatment in general practice have until recently been satisfying: cure rates for most antibiotics have varied between 85% and 95%.4 Rising levels of resistance cause concern, because the increase may lead to the liberal use of newer antimicrobials with broader spectrums, resulting in increased resistance to these drugs too. Local variation in levels of community based prescribing may be reflected in changes in local levels of antibiotic resistance in uropathogens.5

A recent national survey has described susceptibility among 103 223 isolates of uropathogens from microbiological laboratories in nine geographical regions of the United States.6 The resistance …
A Matter of Clarity-Reply
Authors: William H. Harris
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The term osteopenia has been introduced by the people who are studying metabolic bone disease, to serve a specific purpose and to aid in facilitating accurate thinking. It is a general term, a nonspecific term of the same general type as anemia or leukopenia. It is simply a term which reflects the observation that there is less bone present than one normally would expect, just as anemia reflects the fact that the hemoglobin level is not normal. These general terms are used to avoid the subconscious habit of attaching<i>diagnostic</i>importance to these<i>descriptive</i>terms. The word osteoporosis has come to mean in general parlance the postmenopausal condition described by Albright and Reinfenstein, and yet it is possible to find by x-ray examination identical changes on many other etiological bases. In other words, everything that looks like "osteoporosis" on x-ray film is not necessarily the condition described by Albright and
Enhanced Upper-Airway Muscle Responsiveness Is a Distinct Feature of Overweight/Obese Individuals without Sleep Apnea
Authors: Scott A. Sands, Danny J. Eckert, Amy S. Jordan, Bradley A. Edwards, Robert L. Owens, James P. Butler, Richard J. Schwab, Stephen H. Loring, Atul Malhotra, David P. White, Andrew Wellman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Body habitus is a major determinant of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, many individuals do not have OSA despite being overweight/obese (body mass index > 25 kg/m(2)) for reasons that are not fully elucidated.To determine the key physiologic traits (upper-airway anatomy/collapsibility, upper-airway muscle responsiveness, chemoreflex control of ventilation, arousability from sleep) responsible for the absence of OSA in overweight/obese individuals.We compared key physiologic traits in 18 overweight/obese subjects without apnea (apnea-hypopnea index < 15 events per hour) with 25 overweight/obese matched patients with OSA (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15 events per hour) and 11 normal-weight nonapneic control subjects. Traits were measured by repeatedly lowering continuous positive airway pressure to subtherapeutic levels for 3 minutes during non-REM sleep.Overweight/obese subjects without apnea exhibited a less collapsible airway than overweight/obese patients with apnea (critical closing pressure: -3.7 ± 1.9 vs. 0.6 ± 1.2 cm H2O; P = 0.003; mean ± 95% confidence interval), but a more collapsible airway relative to normal-weight control subjects (-8.8 ± 3.1 cm H2O; P < 0.001). Notably, overweight/obese subjects without apnea exhibited a threefold greater upper-airway muscle responsiveness than both overweight/obese patients with apnea (Δgenioglossus EMG/Δepiglottic pressure: -0.49 [-0.22 to -0.79] vs. -0.15 [-0.09 to -0.22] %max/cm H2O; P = 0.008; mean [95% confidence interval]) and normal-weight control subjects (-0.16 [-0.04 to -0.30] %max/cm H2O; P = 0.02). Loop gain was elevated (more negative) in both overweight/obese groups and normal-weight control subjects (P = 0.02). Model-based analysis demonstrated that overweight/obese individuals without apnea rely on both more favorable anatomy and collapsibility and enhanced upper-airway dilator muscle responses to avoid OSA.Overweight/obese individuals without apnea have a moderately compromised upper-airway structure that is mitigated by highly responsive upper-airway dilator muscles to avoid OSA. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying enhanced muscle responses in this population may provide clues for novel OSA interventions.
Ballistocardiography
Authors: MAURICE B. RAPPAPORT, HOWARD B. SPRAGUE, WILLIAM B. THOMPSON
Journal: Circulation (1953)

A physical analysis is presented of the Starr, Nickerson, and Dock methods for registering the ballistocardiogram. It is shown that many forms of distortion are present. Some of the distortion may be present in the instrumentation which may be controlled, and other forms of distortion are inherent in the subject under test which are most difficult to control or evaluate. The effects which some of the uncontrollable variables have upon the amplitudes and temporal positioning of the registered ballistocardiographic waves is analyzed. The status of static and dynamic standardization procedures is discussed. A "Glossary of Technical Terms" is appended.
Outside Medicine: A building in Bloomsbury: drawing BMA House
Authors: D. Gentleman
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Bloomsbury is a district of handsome tree filled squares and elegant terraces, now mostly turned into offices but still retaining the pleasant human quality that clings to buildings that once were houses.Tucked in among these are, of course, many newer buildings, unlikely to be thought of as part of the typical Bloomsbury and easy to ignore unless one has a particular reason to look at or to visit them.BMA House is one of the biggest of these; but the casual passer by would hardly suspect this, since one never sees it whole.Its two public facades, the western on Southampton Row and the eastern on Burton Street, are so far apart that they seem unconnected, hardly part of the same building; and indeed they are by different architects.Sir
Administration of oral activated charcoal in variegate porphyria results in a paradoxical clinical and biochemical deterioration
Authors: R.J. Hift, G. Todd, P.N. Meissner, R.E. Kirsch
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Background Porphyrinogens are the obligate intracellular precursors of haem. These compounds are, however, unstable and are easily oxidized to the corresponding porphyrins, which are the form in which they are usually measured in the laboratory. A substantial enterohepatic cycling of porphyrins has been shown. Administration of oral activated charcoal, by interrupting this cycle, may reduce plasma and urine porphyrin levels in patients with some forms of porphyria. The effect of charcoal in subjects with variegate porphyria (VP) has not been reported. Objectives To determine the clinical and biochemical effects of the administration of oral activated charcoal in patients with VP. Methods Oral activated charcoal was administered to eight subjects with VP. Clinical activity was assessed by skin lesion counts fortnightly for 6 weeks, 6 weeks after cessation of therapy, and during a subsequent 6-week control period during which no charcoal was taken. Urine and plasma porphyrins and urine precursors were measured by standard techniques. Results Treatment resulted in a significant increase in skin disease, urine and plasma porphyrins. Conclusions Oral charcoal administration results in a paradoxical aggravation of VP, suggesting a complex and as yet undefined interaction of hepatic porphyrin metabolism and bowel porphyrin reabsorption. Oral sorbents should not be prescribed to subjects with VP.
A gene expression signature of CD34+ cells to predict major cytogenetic response in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib
Authors: Shannon K. McWeeney, Lucy C. Pemberton, Marc M. Loriaux, Kristina Vartanian, Stephanie G. Willis, Gregory Yochum, Beth Wilmot, Yaron Turpaz, Raji Pillai, Brian J. Druker, Jennifer L. Snead, Mary MacPartlin, Stephen G. O'Brien, Junia V. Melo, Thoralf Lange, Christina A. Harrington, Michael W. N. Deininger
Journal: Blood (2009)
ABC of Breast Diseases: CARCINOMA IN SITU AND PATIENTS AT HIGH RISK OF BREAST CANCER
Authors: D L Page, C M Steel, J M Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Ductal carcinoma in situ: (left) comedo type carcinoma with extensive necrosis adjacent to viable malignant cells enclosed by basement membrane; (above) with central visible microcalcification.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... .
The Problems of Sleep-Related Respiratory Disorders
Authors: Richard J. Martin
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The incidence of respiratory abnormalities during sleep continues to increase as more physicians are becoming aware of these clinical entities. However, the medical literature on this subject is somewhat confusing in that different problems have been tied together under the diagnosis of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome or Pickwickian syndrome. These terms were useful in calling our attention to previously seldom-recognized clinical problems. Precise definitions of these sleep-related problems are now needed to understand better the physiological processes involved in the evolution of primary (central) alveolar hypoventilation, central apnea, upper airway occlusion, and mixed apnea. This will eventually lead to the proper noninvasive treatment regimens for these entities, which can present with the exact awake-symptom complex. Elsewhere in this issue, Strohl et al (p 1230) describe the use of medroxyprogesterone acetate as a therapeutic agent in patients with mainly sleep-associated upper airway occlusions. Only four of nine responded, but in these four a
RECTO-URETHRAL FISTULA WITH INVOLVEMENT OF PROSTATE AND SEMINAL VESICLE
Authors: J. J. Valentine
Journal: JAMA (1935)

Although fistulous tracts involving portions of the urinary apparatus are relatively common, this case report would seem to be of particular interest because of the unusual course of the fistulous tract, its chronicity and rare clinical manifestations, the difficulties presented in arriving at not too certain a preoperative diagnosis, and its satisfactory outcome. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> G. R., a man, aged 40, whose wife had never become pregnant and whose family history is irrelevant, at the age of 5 had to be catheterized three or four times a day for retention of urine. This persisted for a period of six months, when a spontaneous discharge of pus through the rectum relieved the urinary retention and thereafter he was able to void voluntarily. He stated that for many years following he experienced no difficulty. He never acquired a venereal infection. He married at the age of 24 and immediately thereafter
Mucocutaneous Granulomatous Disease in a Patient With Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome
Authors: Heather L. Salvaggio, Kristen E. Graeber, Loren E. Clarke, Bethanee J. Schlosser, Seth J. Orlow, Jennie T. Clarke
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, platelet dysfunction, and in some patients, pulmonary fibrosis and granulomatous colitis. The granulomatous inflammation in the bowel of patients with HPS can be indistinguishable clinically and histologically from that of Crohn disease (CD); however, mucocutaneous granulomatous lesions have not been considered among the typical skin findings of HPS.We report a case of an albino woman in her 40s with a history of CD and pulmonary fibrosis who presented with ulcers, plaques, and nodules in the vulva, perineum, inguinal creases, and left axilla. These cutaneous findings had the typical clinical and histologic findings of metastatic cutaneous CD. However, she also had a genetically confirmed diagnosis of HPS.It is unclear whether our patient's cutaneous findings were due to CD or secondary to HPS. This report reviews the features of HPS and CD, 2 entities characterized by a granulomatous inflammatory reaction pattern but with unique genetic and clinical features, and discusses the possible overlap between the 2 diagnoses.
Abnormal Liver Function Test Predicts Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Nam H. Cho, Hak C. Jang, Sung Hee Choi, Hyung R. Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Juliana C.N. Chan, Soo Lim
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Increased activities of liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) are indicators of hepatocellular injury. Increased activity of these markers is associated with insulin resistance (1), metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (2–9). However, most of these studies were performed in Western countries (2–5,7,9), and the two studies from Japan and Korea were not community based (6,8). In this prospective community-based study, we evaluated the relationships between markers of liver function and the onset of type 2 diabetes after adjusting for potential risk factors including inflammatory markers.

In 2001, the Korean government funded a large community-based epidemiological survey to investigate the trends in diabetes and the associated risk factors (10). For this study, two communities, one from a rural Ansung and the other from an urban Ansan community, were selected. The baseline examination was performed in 2001–2002, and biennial follow-up examinations will continue through 2010. The age range for eligibility was 40–69 years. Of the 7,192 eligible individuals in Ansung, 5,018 were surveyed (70% response rate) using a cluster sampling method. A total of 15,580 individuals were eligible in Ansan, and we successfully recruited 5,020 (32.4%) using a random sampling method of the local telephone directory. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Korean Health and Genome Study.

Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were measured by standard methods. Fasting plasma glucose, lipid profiles, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive …
Hepatic steatosis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus: A meta-analysis of the risk factors
Authors: Mariana Verdelho Machado, António Gouveia Oliveira, Helena Cortez-Pinto
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

Hepatic steatosis (HS) is frequent in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, occurring in 40%-80%, associating with metabolic and virus-related factors, namely, genotype 3 and viral load. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral treatment seem to be risk factors for HS. Several studies addressed this issue in coinfected patients, with discrepant results. A meta-analysis was performed on the HS risk factors in coinfected patients. Eligible studies were identified through structured keywords including coinfection, HCV, HIV, and steatosis in relevant databases including PubMed. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and confidence limits (CIs) were obtained with the random-effects model and the DerSimonian-Laird method. Twelve studies, including 1,989 coinfected patients, were selected. Twenty percent were infected with HCV genotype 3. The overall prevalence of HS was 50.8% (23%-72%). Four studies also included 1,540 HCV monoinfected patients, not showing an increased risk for HS in coinfected patients (OR 1.61, 95% CI 0.84-3.10, P = 0.151). In coinfected patients, HS was associated with higher body mass index (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07-1.19, P &lt; 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.32-4.07, P = 0.003), elevated alanine aminotransferase levels (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.61, P = 0.035), necroinflammatory activity (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.11-2.67, P = 0.016), and fibrosis (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.20-2.34, P = 0.003). No associations were found between HS and gender, other metabolic factors (dyslipidemia, glucose, metabolic syndrome), HCV-related factors (genotype, viral load), or HIV-related factors (viral load, CD4 count, antiretroviral therapy, and class of medication). Conclusion: In coinfected patients, HS does not seem to be more frequent than in HCV monoinfected patients and is mostly associated with metabolic factors, such as increased weight, diabetes mellitus, and more severe liver disease. The fact that no associations with HCV factors were found may be due to the small percentage of genotype 3-infected patients. Hepatology 2010
Epidemiology and Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Community Population
Authors: K Ellemann, J Noertved Soerensen, L Pedersen, B Edsberg, O Ortved Andersen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1984)

We evaluated the epidemiology of diabetic ketoacidosis in the period 1960–1979. In Frederiksborg County, Denmark, the incidence of ketoacidosis at the county hospital increased from 60 per 100,000 in the period 1943–1963 to 120 per 100,000 in the period 1960–1979. In the investigation period we found an increasing incidence confined to urban areas. Precipitating factors were not somatic in 53% of the cases. Patients in the lowest social class (V) were in a higher risk group, experiencing ketoacidosis more often and having a higher frequency of severe acidosis. Forty-nine percent of the patients have had a diabetes duration of more than 5 yr. The lethality rate decreased from the period 1943–1963 and was 4.7% in the investigation period 1960–1979.
Transcription factor haploinsufficiency: when half a loaf is not enough
Authors: J.G. Seidman, Christine Seidman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Two articles in this issue of the JCI (1, 2) describe haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor Nkx2-1 (also known as TTF1) as the cause of a heretofore unrecognized human syndrome characterized by neurological, thyroid, and pulmonary dysfunction.Definition of the disorder and elucidation of its cause is a real tribute to the astute clinicians who looked beyond unusual laboratory values and carefully considered the multisystem manifestations in very young patients.Affected infants had elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, and indeed some were identified by neonatal screening protocols; but this was not typical hypothyroidism, since serum thyroxine (T4) levels were normal in several infants.CNS findings were prominent but pleiotropic, including microcephaly, basal ganglia malformations, choreoathetosis, ataxia, muscular hypotonia, and developmental delays.Pulmonary problems further complicated the presentation, and symptoms ranged from neonatal, sometimes lethal respiratory distress syndromes to severe recurrent infections.While management of each individual phenotype undoubtedly consumed considerable medical attention, recognition of the composite clinical triad, CNS, thyroid, and pulmonary disease, provided the critical foothold that ultimately solved this medical mystery.Comparable multisystem deficits had been described in homozygous Nkx2-1null mice (3), which prompted genetic analyses of the human homologue NKX2.1 (also referred to as TTF1, T1TF1, and T/EBP) in these patients.Definition of mutations in NKX2.1 elucidated the molecular basis for this novel clinical triad and further indicated transcription factor haploinsufficiency as the basis for yet another human syndrome.