tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chest complications after upper abdominal surgery: their anticipation and prevention.
Authors: C. D. Collins, C. S. Darke, J. Knowelden
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Though many advances have been made in surgery, anaesthetics, and physiotherapy in the past few years, the incidence of post operative chest infection has changed little in the last 30 years. Since the report by King (1933) it has been recognized that upper abdominal operations carry an increased risk of chest complications (Palmer, 1955; Wightman, 1967). This survey was planned primarily to determine whether a combination of penicillin and streptomycin would reduce this incidence if used prophylactically. Crystamycin was used because it contains standard quantities of both penicillin and streptomycin and is easily administered by the nursing staff. Previous trials have failed to show any benefit from prophylactic antibiotics (Palmer and Sellick, 1952; Griffiths, 1957; Thulbourne and Young, 1962) because the antibiotic-penicillin -used in each series is not effective against Haemophilus influenzae. Miller and Jones (1964) examined the sputum of 130 working men in London capable of producing early morning phlegm and found H. influenzae in 45 % and pneumococci in 38%. Mulder et al. (1952) and May (1953) reported that H. influenzae could be isolated from the sputum of 80-90% of patients with chronic mucopurulent bronchitis. Stuart-Harris et al. (1953) found that in Sheffield H. influenzae and pneumococci were the important pathogenic bacteria. It was therefore thought essential to use an antibiotic regimen capable of destroying both the pathogenic bacteria likely to be found in the bronchial system of patients, 40% of whom were expected to have bronchitic symptoms. Penicillin with strepto mycin, given in a five-day course, is known to be therapeutically effective in acute exacerbations of bronchitis and to be free from toxic effects in all but a few hypersensitive patients. This was therefore thought to be the drug combination most likely to reduce the incidence of postoperative chest infections. A secondary objective was to establish the value of isoprenaline inhalations and morphine in frequent regular doses in preventing postoperative chest complications. The opportunity was also taken to assess the importance of preoperative history and ventilatory function on the develop ment of chest complications. From these data an attempt was made to define the characteristics of a group of patients who would be most likely to suffer these complications, and in whom it would therefore be justifiable to institute such prophylactic measures as were shown by the trial to be effective.
A persisting puzzling pneumonia in a young man
Authors: J. Baker, D. McClelland, O. J. Dempsey
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A 23 year old immunocompetent man with a history of childhood asthma was referred to the respiratory physicians with a four week history of productive cough, painful throat, fever, rigors, generalised myalgia, and vague discomfort in his left chest. He also had slight abdominal tenderness in the left upper quadrant. He was a non-smoker, with no history of recent foreign travel, seizures, or misuse of alcohol or drugs. There was no family history of note. A chest radiograph organised by his general practitioner showed multiple cavities and consolidation in the left lower lobe. A radiological diagnosis of cavitating pneumonia in the left lower lobe was made. On examination he had a fever (39°C), looked unwell, and had a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min, resting oxygen saturation of 96% on air, and blood pressure of 130/72 mm Hg. He was tachycardic (112 beats/min), with reduced chest expansion, dullness on percussion, and reduced breath sounds over his left lower lobe. Blood tests confirmed an acute phase response, with a raised C reactive protein of 187 mg/L (normal range 0-4), white cell count 17.2×109/L (4.0-10) (with neutrophilia 15.3×109/L), urea 4.7 mmol/L (3.4-7), and albumin 35 g/L (37-49). The results of urinalysis and electrocardiography were normal. Blood and sputum cultures were consistently negative. Despite antibiotics (oral amoxicillin) given as per regional guidelines, his fever continued over the next four days and he underwent computed tomography of the chest. This confirmed left lower lobe basal segment consolidation, with multiple air and fluid filled cavities, and associated left hilar and subcarinal lymphadenopathy. In addition, an 18 mm lesion was seen in his left lower lobe bronchus. Bronchoscopy was performed and the lesion biopsied. The bronchoscopic biopsy samples confirmed a diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoid tumour.
Cause of outbreak of E coli in Germany is still uncertain
Authors: A. Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The cause of the outbreak of severe bloody diarrhoea and potentially lethal kidney failure from infection with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in Germany has still not been identified, but is no longer thought to be caused by Spanish cucumbers, as originally announced by the German authorities. 

Hamburg senator Cornelia Prufer-Storcks announced that a bacterium has been found on cucumbers, but not of the type 0104, which led to the outbreak of E Coli . By …
ACUTE CIRCUMSCRIBED EDEMA (QUINCKE)
Authors: H. H. DRYSDALE
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Angioneurotic edema is an extremely interesting problem—interesting not only because of the strange behavior of its manifestations but from the fact that its etiology remains inexplicable. Three forms of the condition have been recognized: (<i>a</i>) Charcot's edema; (<i>b</i>) Sydenham's edema, and (<i>c</i>) Quincke's circumscribed edema. True circumscribed edema corresponds to the angioneurotic edema of Quincke, and it is this phase of the disorder that constitutes the subject of my thesis. The disease has been known to the profession for almost 200 years, but not until 1882, when Quincke<sup>1</sup>published his interpretation of the symptoms, did it attract general attention. Since then a considerable number of cases have been reported in the literature under such titles as acute circumscribed edema, wandering edema, giant urticaria, hydrops hypostrophos, noninflammatory edema and chronic neuropathic edema. Innumerable theories have also been advanced to account for this mysterious symptom complex, but so far our conception
A Novel Lung Slice System with Compromised Antioxidant Defenses
Authors: Simon J. Hardwick, Aishah Adam, Lewis L. Smith, Gerald M. Cohen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

In order to facilitate the study of oxidative stress in lung tissue, rat lung slices with impaired antioxidant defenses were prepared and used. Incubation of lung slices with the antineoplastic agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) (100 microM) in an amino acid-rich medium for 45 min produced a near-maximal (approximately 85%), irreversible inhibition of glutathione reductase, accompanied by only a modest (approximately 15%) decrease in pulmonary nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH) and no alteration in intracellular ATP, NADP+, and NADPH levels. The amounts of NADP(H), ATP, and NPSH were stable over a 4-hr incubation period following the removal from BCNU. The viability of the system was further evaluated by measuring the rate of evolution of 14CO2 from D-[14C(U)]-glucose. The rates of evolution were almost identical in the compromised system when compared with control slices over a 4-hr time period. By using slices with compromised oxidative defenses, preliminary results have been obtained with paraquat, nitrofurantoin, and 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone.
Experimental expression in mice and spontaneous expression in human SLE of polyomavirus T-antigen. A molecular basis for induction of antibodies to DNA and eukaryotic transcription factors.
Authors: O P Rekvig, U Moens, A Sundsfjord, G Bredholt, A Osei, H Haaheim, T Traavik, E Arnesen, H J Haga
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

We have previously demonstrated that experimental expression of the polyomavirus transcription factor T-antigen has the potential to induce anti-DNA antibodies in mice. Two sets of independent evidences are presented here that demonstrate a biological relevance for this model. First, we describe results demonstrating that mice inoculated with T-antigen-expressing plasmids produced antibodies, not only to T-antigen and DNA, but also to the DNA-binding eukaryotic transcription factors TATA-binding protein (TBP), and to the cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB). Secondly, we investigated whether polyomavirus reactivation occurs in SLE patients, and whether antibodies to T-antigen, DNA, and to TBP and CREB are linked to such events. Both within and among these SLE patients, frequent polyomavirus reactivations were observed that could not be explained by certain rearrangements of the noncoding control regions, nor by corticosteroid treatment. Linked to these events, antibodies to T-antigen, DNA, TBP, and CREB were detected, identical to what we observed in mice. Antibodies recognizing double-stranded DNA were confined to patients with frequent polyomavirus reactivations. The results described here indicate that cognate interaction of B cells recognizing DNA or DNA-associated proteins and T cells recognizing T antigen had taken place as a consequence of complex formation between T ag and DNA in vivo in the context of polyomavirus reactivations.
Mismatch of F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Tc-99m Pertechnetate Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) in a Euthyroid Multinodular Goiter
Authors: Ingeborg Goethals, Kris Mervillie, Oliver De Winter, Louke Delrue, Katia Mekeirele, Hamphrey Ham
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Imaging results of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT scanning and Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy of the thyroid gland are described and compared with pathology in a patient who was followed after left nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma diagnosed 10 years earlier. On F-18 FDG PET/CT scanning, a multinodular struma with increased localized F-18 FDG uptake in 4 nodules was seen. Two nodules with increased glucose metabolism appeared normal on Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy. Pathology indicated hyperplastic nodules. High focal F-18 FDG uptake was also seen in a lesion that corresponded with a "cold" nodule on Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy, suggesting malignant disease. However, pathology revealed hyperplastic nodules with a background of aspecific lymphocytic thyroiditis. A fourth nodule with increased F-18 FDG uptake appeared mixed ("cold"/"hot") on Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy. On pathology, a well-differentiated follicular carcinoma was found. These findings, in a single patient, illustrate the wide spectrum of matched and mismatched F-18 FDG and Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid uptake along with their variable pathologic correlates.
Hypnosis gains legitimacy, respect, in diverse clinical specialties
Authors: Jack Martin
Journal: JAMA (1983)

From the birth to the death process, and at many points in between, hypnosis continues to be a valuable adjunctive therapeutic tool. But it is only an adjunct, emphasized speaker after speaker at the recent meeting of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis in Denver. With that caveat, the practitioners went on to tell of the help hypnosis has been in an imposing array of medical situations (see also<i>JAMA</i>[MEDICAL NEWS] 1978; 239:475-479; 483-484; 493). In obstetrics, for example, Simon W. Chiasson, MD, of Youngstown, Ohio, said: "I use it during labor and delivery, and finally at episiotomy." Like many other delegates to the meeting, Chiasson, a past president of the society, started using hypnosis after the American Medical Association determined in 1958 that the technique "has a recognized place in medicine." Since then, he said, he has used it in "several thousand cases." Chiasson begins training at varying
Controlled Clinical Trial of Ergotamine Tartrate
Authors: W. E. Waters
Journal: BMJ (1970)

A double-blind controlled clinical trial of cross-over design for the treatment of headache was conducted in 88 women identified during a community survey as having headaches with the features of migraine. Of 79 subjects who completed the trial, 40 benefited from oral ergotamine tartrate and 46 benefited from the placebo. There was no evidence that ergotamine in doses of 2 or 3 mg. was more effective than the placebo. Ergotamine aggravated the attack significantly more often than the placebo. Neither the colour of the tablets nor the order of therapy significantly affected the results of the treatment.
Coffee and pregnancy
Authors: Edmund Hey
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Over the past two decades, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have successfully advanced our understanding of genetic basis of complex traits. Despite the fruitful discovery of GWASs, most GWAS samples are collected from European populations, and these GWASs are often criticized for their lack of ancestry diversity. Trans-ancestry association mapping (TRAM) offers an exciting opportunity to fill the gap of disparities in genetic studies between non-Europeans and Europeans. Here we propose a statistical method, LOG-TRAM, to leverage the local genetic architecture for TRAM. By using biobank-scale datasets, we showed that LOG-TRAM can greatly improve the statistical power of identifying risk variants in under-represented populations while producing well-calibrated <i>p</i>-values. We applied LOG-TRAM to the GWAS summary statistics of 29 complex traits/diseases from Biobank Japan (BBJ) and UK Biobank (UKBB), and achieved substantial gains in power (the effective sample sizes increased by 49% in average compared to the BBJ GWASs) and effective correction of confounding biases compared to existing methods. Finally, we demonstrated that LOG-TRAM can be successfully applied to identify ancestry-specific loci and the LOG-TRAM output can be further used for construction of more accurate polygenic risk scores (PRSs) in under-represented populations.
Severe Hypoglycemia in IDDM Children
Authors: Ignacio Bergada, Samy Suissa, Jackie Dufresne, Alicia Schiffrin
Journal: Diabetes Care (1989)

The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was determined in a 1-yr prospective study of 350 insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) children. There were no significant differences in mean glycosylated hemoglobin, age, and duration of disease between the patients who had severe hypoglycemia and those who did not. There were 25 episodes in 24 patients (6.8%). Their insulin doses at the time of the episode (U · kg−1 · day−1) were significantly higher than those of the nonhypoglycemic group (mean ± SD 1.01 ± 0.30 vs. 0.89 ± 0.29; P = .04). The hypoglycemic group had a significantly higher mean number of previous episodes of severe hypoglycemia than the nonhypoglycemic group (0.92 ± 1.18 vs. 0.25 ± 0.68; P = .01). In only 64% of the episodes, an unusual circumstance such as strenuous physical activity or missed or delayed meals preceded the event. Multivariate analysis of the data by logistic regression showed risks of developing hypoglycemia of 2.5 per 0.5 U/day insulin and of 2.0 per previous episode of severe hypoglycemia. We conclude that severe hypoglycemia may be a recurrent problem in some diabetic children, but it does not appear to be related to age or blood glucose control. The presence of previous episodes may be a guide to identify patients at greater risk of developing severe hypoglycemia. Adherence to regular testing, strict spacing and consistency of meals, and extra food for extra activity may reduce this serious complication.
Two Cases of Locked Twins
Authors: I. D. Macintyre, G. M. Barr
Journal: BMJ (1951)

One hundred and sixty-five strains of lactose-fermenting coliform organisms isolated from contaminated and infected urines have been studied, and an attempt has been made to derive from them a simple classification suitable for routine reporting.The need for such a simple but informative description based on the data available at the end of 24 hours is stressed, and the unsuitability of the Ministry of Health classification for this purpose is demonstrated.A routine method for reporting Bact.coli, atypical coli- form strains, and Bact.aerogenes is described, and the signifi- cance of this grouping in relation to the penicillin-and sulphonamide-sensitivity is discussed.No correlation between the type of organism and pathology of lesion, with the possible exception of purely obstruc- tive lesions, was found in this series.
Soluble CD86 Is a Costimulatory Molecule for Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Pascale Jeannin, Giovanni Magistrelli, Jean-Pierre Aubry, Gersende Caron, Jean-François Gauchat, Toufic Renno, Nathalie Herbault, Liliane Goetsch, Aline Blaecke, Pierre-Yves Dietrich, Jean-Yves Bonnefoy, Yves Delneste
Journal: Immunity (2000)
Endoscopic and Bioptic Findings in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract in Patients with Crohn's Disease
Authors: M. Alcántara, R. Rodriguez, J. L. M. Potenciano, J. L. Carrobles, C. Muñoz, R. Gomez
Journal: Endoscopy (1993)

A prospective study was carried out on 41 patients diagnosed as having Crohn's disease (CD) to evaluate the degree of upper gastrointestinal tract involvement. In 23 patients (56%), endoscopic alterations were found most frequently affecting the antrum and duodenum. Lesions encountered were: Aphthoid erosions, ulcers, thickening of folds, nodules, erythema and stenosis. Granulomas were found in biopsies in 19.5% of the patients: They were more frequent in those demonstrating endoscopic alterations (26%) than in those with normal endoscopic findings (11%). Clinical evolution was favorable with conventional treatment for CD and ranitidine, although the endoscopic lesions did not totally disappear in any cases. We conclude that upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies is useful in evaluating the extension of disease and can be of diagnostic value in cases of indeterminate colitis.
Coronary Thrombosis with Myocardial Infarction in a Newborn Infant
Authors: M. H. Gault, Robert Usher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

CORONARY occlusion with myocardial infarction has been reported several times from the newborn period through childhood. In most cases it has been due to inflammatory disease or medial calcification of the coronary arteries. Stryker1 has reviewed these rare diseases.A second area of interest in the coronary arteries of infants has been related to foci of intimal irregularity and thickening seen in many newborn infants. Such intimal changes have been suggested as a possible factor in the genesis of coronary arteriosclerosis in the adult.2 3 4 5 The following case is exceptional, because of the relation of a coronary-artery thrombus to such an . . .
A new rapid ecarin clotting time assay but not activated clotting time strongly correlates with bivalirudin concentration: a percutaneous coronary intervention study
Authors: Leslie Cho, Joel Reginelli, A.Michael Lincoff, Marco Roffi, Teresa Kaldus, Kandice Kottke-Marchant, Patrick D. Mize, David J. Moliterno
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Clinical Laboratory Management: A Guide for Clinical Laboratory Scientists
Authors: Rex B. Conn
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Ostensibly this is a textbook on management of medical laboratories; it is instead a medium chosen by a group of career medical technologists to vent their dissatisfactions with their profession, their disappointments about the place of medical technology in our medical care system, and their frustrations generated by failures in various attempts to change the system.  The editors obviously do not like the designation medical technologist, since the subtitle and preface indicate the text was written for clinical laboratory scientists. It has taken decades of effort to gain recognition for medical technologists among groups responsible for laboratory licensure, laboratory accreditation, and setting policies affecting reimbursement for medical care. The editors do the profession of medical technology a disservice by abandoning the title. Also, there are no accredited educational programs in clinical laboratory science and no one really knows what a clinical laboratory scientist is.  The book is aimed at undergraduate
Mindfulness-Based Intervention and Substance Abuse Relapse
Authors: Anita Slomski
Journal: JAMA (2014)

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DDR1-deficient mice show localized subepithelial GBM thickening with focal loss of slit diaphragms and proteinuria
Authors: Oliver Gross, Bogdan Beirowski, Scott J. Harvey, Catherine Mcfadden, Dilys Chen, Stephanie Tam, Paul S. Thorner, Neil Smyth, Klaus Addicks, Wilhelm Bloch, Yoshifumi Ninomiya, Yoshikazu Sado, Manfred Weber, Wolfgang F. Vogel
Journal: Kidney International (2004)
Checkpoint Abrogation in G2 Compromises Repair of Chromosomal Breaks in Ataxia Telangiectasia Cells
Authors: Georgia I. Terzoudi, Kaliopi N. Manola, Gabriel E. Pantelias, George Iliakis
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Checkpoint abrogation in G2 compromises repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and confers enhanced G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity in ataxia telangiectasia (AT) cells. To directly test this hypothesis, we combined calyculin A–induced premature chromosome condensation with conventional cytogenetics to evaluate chromosome damage before and after the G2 checkpoint in irradiated primary AT and normal human lymphocytes and their lymphoblastoid derivatives. Direct analysis of radiation damage in G2 by premature chromosome condensation reveals practically indistinguishable levels of chromosomal breaks in AT and normal cells. Yet a 4-fold increase in metaphase chromosome damage is observed in AT cells as compared with normal cells which, in contrast to AT cells, exhibit a strong G2 arrest manifest as an abrupt reduction in the mitotic index. Thus, an active checkpoint facilitates repair of chromosomal breaks in normal cells. Treatment with caffeine that abrogates the G2 checkpoint without significantly affecting DSB rejoining increases metaphase chromosome damage of normal cells to the AT level but leaves unchanged interphase chromosome damage in G2. Caffeine has no effect on any of these end points in AT cells. These observations represent the first direct evidence that the G2 checkpoint facilitates repair of chromosome damage, presumably by supporting repair of DNA DSBs. Failure to arrest will lead to chromatin condensation and conversion of unrepaired DNA DSBs to chromosomal breaks during G2-to-M phase transition. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(24): 11292-6)