tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Empty Cradle: Infertility in America From Colonial Times to the Present
Authors: Janet E. Shepherd
Journal: JAMA (1996)

'This 1883 photo shows Matthew D. Mann, professor of obstetrics and gynecology, at right, performing surgery in the first operating room in Buffalo equipped with electric lights. Buffalo General Hospital was one of the first buildings in town to be electrified. Courtesy Buffalo General Hospital Archives." From<i>Another Era: A Pictorial History of the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1846-1996</i>, by Ronald Elmer Batt, Harold Brody, Shonnie Finnegan, et al, 192 pp, with illus, $39.95, ISBM 0-89865-963-9, Buffalo, NY, SUNY Buffalo, School of Medicine (716-829-2775), 1996; reproduced by permission. Portrait of William Scott, MD, professor of anatomy 1856-1883. From<i>McGill Medicine, vol 1: The First Half Century 1829-1885</i>, by Joseph Hanaway and Richard Cruess, 219 pp, with illus, $45, ISBN 0-7735-1324-8, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996; reproduced by permission of the publisher. The volumes in my medical library interest me
Enhanced overexpression of an HIF-1/hypoxia-related protein in cancer cells.
Authors: Hakan Cangul, Konstantin Salnikow, Herman Yee, David Zagzag, Therese Commes, Max Costa
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Cap43 is a protein whose RNA is induced under conditions of severe hypoxia or prolonged elevations of intracellular calcium. Additionally, Ni and Co also induce Cap43 because they produce a state of hypoxia in cells. Cap43 protein is expressed at low levels in normal tissues; however, in a variety of cancers, including lung, brain, melanoma, liver, prostate, breast, and renal cancers, Cap43 protein is overexpressed in cancer cells. The low level of expression of Cap43 in some normal tissues compared with their cancerous counterparts, combined with the high stability of Cap43 protein and mRNA, makes the Cap43 gene a new, important cancer marker. We hypothesize that the mechanism of Cap43 overexpression in cancer cells involves a state of hypoxia characteristic of cancer cells where the Cap43 protein becomes a signature for this hypoxic state.
Abstract 305: Modulation of CXCL-8 expression in human melanoma cells regulates tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis
Authors: Sheng Wu, Seema Singh, Scott Kindle, Michelle L. Varney, Rakesh K. Singh
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract CXCL-8, a chemokine secreted by melanoma and stromal cells, serves as a growth and angiogenic factor for melanoma progression. This study evaluated how modulation of CXCL-8 levels in melanoma cell lines with different tumorigenic and metastatic potentials affected multiple tumor phenotypes. A375P cells (CXCL-8 low expressor) were stably transfected with a CXCL-8 mammalian expression vector to overexpress CXCL-8, whereas A375SM cells (CXCL-8 high expressor) were transfected with a CXCL-8 antisense expression vector to suppress CXCL-8 expression. Subsequent cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and soft-agar colony formation were analyzed and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated using mouse xenograft models. Our data demonstrate that over-expression of CXCL-8 significantly enhanced primary tumor growth and lung metastasis, accompanied by increased microvessel density in vivo, as compared to vector control transfected cells. We also observed increased colonogenic ability, growth and invasive potential of CXCL-8 over-expressing cells in vitro. Knock-down of CXCL-8 using an antisense vector resulted in increased cell death and reduced tumor growth relative to control. Taken together, these data confirm that CXCL-8 expression plays a critical role in regulating multiple cellular phenotypes associated with melanoma growth and metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 305. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-305
An evaluation of ribonuclease protection assays for the detection of beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain gene mutations.
Authors: C A MacRae, H C Watkins, J A Jarcho, L Thierfelder, W J McKenna, J G Seidman, C E Seidman
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Ribonuclease (RNase) protection has been used to identify beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene mutations that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC). Since more than 10 different mutations within this gene have been demonstrated to cause FHC in unrelated individuals, the genetic diagnosis of this condition will involve screening the beta-MHC gene. The accuracy with which RNase protection identifies such mutations is critical to defining the utility of this methodology in detecting mutations that cause FHC. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve unrelated individuals with FHC were selected for further study because their beta-MHC genes had been screened for mutations by use of RNase protection, and no mutation was found. We performed linkage analysis of the families of these 12 probands using polymorphic short tandem repeats within the beta-MHC gene to determine whether FHC was genetically linked to the MHC locus on chromosome 14. FHC was not genetically linked to the MHC locus in 11 families whose beta-cardiac MHC gene did not contain mutations detectable by RNase protection. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that RNase protection is a sensitive method for screening for mutations within the beta-cardiac MHC gene. Further, mutations in the noncoding regions of the beta-MHC gene and mutations in the alpha-cardiac MHC gene are not a common cause of FHC. Negative RNase protection assays of affected individuals suggest that their FHC is due to mutations at other loci.
Intestine Bypass For Obesity
Authors: Basil R. Meyerowitz
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Buchwald and Varco recommended a modified intestinal surgical bypass for the massively obese patient ( 217 :22, 1971). They point out that the end-to-side jejunoileal shunt may lead to reflux into the bypassed ileum. This is indeed a problem. In one of my patients who failed to lose weight satisfactorily after jejunoileal shunting, end-to-side, I subsequently anastomosed the bypassed bowel into the cecum. Thereafter, the patient failed to lose more weight and a later barium study revealed that there was reflux from the cecum back up into the bypassed segment for some considerable extent (Figure).  As the end-to-side jejunoileostomy appears to be efficacious in the majority of patients, 1,2 it would seem preferable to use this technique in the first instance. For those patients who fail to lose weight, a second procedure disconnecting the ileum immediately proximal to the jejunoileostomy and joining it to the transverse colon may
Statins and Risk of Diabetes
Authors: Goodarz Danaei, Luis A. García Rodríguez, Oscar Fernandez Cantero, Miguel A. Hernán
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Two meta-analyses of randomized trials of statins found increased risk of type 2 diabetes. One possible explanation is bias due to differential survival when patients who are at higher risk of diabetes survive longer under statin treatment.We used electronic medical records from 500 general practices in the U.K. and included data from 285,864 men and women aged 50-84 years from January 2000 to December 2010. We emulated the design and analysis of a hypothetical randomized trial of statins, estimated the observational analog of the intention-to-treat effect, and adjusted for differential survival bias using inverse-probability weighting.During 1.2 million person-years of follow-up, there were 13,455 cases of type 2 diabetes and 8,932 deaths. Statin initiation was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The hazard ratio (95% CI) of diabetes was 1.45 (1.39-1.50) before adjusting for potential confounders and 1.14 (1.10-1.19) after adjustment. Adjusting for differential survival did not change the estimates. Initiating atorvastatin and simvastatin was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes.In this sample of the general population, statin therapy was associated with 14% increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Differential survival did not explain this increased risk.
Association of Cystatin C With Mortality, Cardiovascular Events, and Incident Heart Failure Among Persons With Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Joachim H. Ix, Michael G. Shlipak, Glenn M. Chertow, Mary A. Whooley
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background— Serum creatinine and related estimating equations predict cardiovascular events and mortality among persons with coronary heart disease (CHD). Cystatin C is a novel and sensitive endogenous marker of kidney function. Whether cystatin C concentrations are associated with adverse events among ambulatory persons with CHD is unknown. Methods and Results— Nine hundred ninety ambulatory persons with CHD were categorized into quartiles of serum cystatin C at inception, with ≤0.91 mg/L constituting the lowest quartile (I) and ≥1.30 mg/L constituting the highest (IV). Cox proportional hazards models evaluated time to all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events (composite of CHD death, myocardial infarction, and stroke), and incident heart failure. After a median follow-up of 37 months, 132 participants (13%) died, 101 (10%) had cardiovascular events, and 57 (7%) had incident heart failure. Compared with participants in the lowest cystatin C quartile, those in the highest quartile were at increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.8 to 7.0), cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.8), and incident heart failure (hazard ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.0 to 6.9) in analyses adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Cystatin C in the highest quartile predicted similar risk for these outcomes among participants with lower (≤60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 ) or higher estimated glomerular filtration rate and among participants with or without microalbuminuria. Conclusions— High cystatin C concentrations predict substantial increased risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and incident heart failure among ambulatory persons with CHD. This risk is not completely captured by measures of kidney function routinely used in clinical practice.
CONSISTENCY OF ESTIMATED ORIGIN OF REPRESENTATIVE VENTRICULAR PREMATURE BEATS BY 12-LEAD AMBULATORY ECG AND LATE ENHANCEMENT SITE IN LEFT VENTRICLE BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE WITH QUANTITATIVE VOLUMETRIC THRESHOLD IN HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
Authors: Koya Ozawa, Nobusada Funabashi, Hiroyuki Takaoka, Masae Uehara, Michiko Daimon, Yoshio Kobayashi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Microbes for life
Authors: B. Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Everyone knows that microbes cause disease, and that Louis Pasteur was the first to scrutinise their nefarious activities. Yet few realise that astronomically greater populations of microorganisms are beneficial, and indeed essential, to life on earth. The name of Martinus Beijerinck, who demonstrated our total dependence on the microbial world, is correspondingly unfamiliar.

Beijerinck worked in Delft, which became a Mecca for microbiologists from all over the world from 1885 until he retired in 1921. There he established that bacteria, living in nodules on the roots of legumes, fix nitrogen from the air. He studied organisms responsible for many other natural processes—including …
Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is associated with a specific platelet polymorphism located on the glycoprotein Ibα gene
Authors: Ophira Salomon, Nurit Rosenberg, David M Steinberg, Ruth Huna-Baron, Joseph Moisseiev, Rima Dardik, Oren Goldan, Shimon Kurtz, Aviya Ifrah, Uri Seligsohn
Journal: Ophthalmology (2004)
Whither Dialysis and Renal Transplantation?
Authors: Benjamin T. Burton
Journal: JAMA (1974)

ABOUT a year ago, on July 1, 1973, the federal government activated a new law under which it assumed fiscal responsibility for the treatment of end-stage kidney disease in all patients covered by Social Security. This marks the culmination of a decade and a half during which two dramatic therapies for irreversible kidney failure have come to maturity: hemodialysis with artificial kidneys, and renal transplantation. Even though both cannot yet be regarded as optimal treatment modalities, they are probably here to stay as long as the nation is confronted with an annual toll of 60,000 uremic deaths. According to the National Dialysis Registry of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the number of patients who are currently being maintained with the aid of chronic dialysis approaches 14,000. According to the American College of Surgeons/NIH Organ Transplant Registry, more than 8,000 renal transplants have been performed thus far in the United
Time dependence of the oxygen cost of force development during systole in the canine left ventricle.
Authors: R Teplick, G S Haas, E Trautman, J Titus, G Geffin, W M Daggett
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

To determine whether the oxygen cost of force development in the canine left ventricle is constant throughout systole, we inserted fluid-filled Latex balloons into eight isolated canine left ventricles perfused via support dogs. Balloon volumes were varied by a hydraulic servoactuator designed to withdraw preset volumes rapidly (0.5 ml/msec) beginning at a specified ejection pressure. Oxygen consumption was related to force-time integrals for 9-12 different ejections patterns formed by ejecting three or four different volumes from the same end-diastolic volume, each ejection beginning at three different pressures, isovolumic beats with four or five different end-diastolic volumes, including those used for the ejections. The force-time integral vs. oxygen consumption data are nonlinear for ejections that began at low pressures, with oxygen consumption exceeding that predicted from regression lines fitted to the isovolumic data. This difference appeared to peak at relatively low force-time integrals and then curve back to converge with the isovolumic line. This pattern was not evident for ejections that began late in systole. Although these results suggest that the energy required for force development is greater than expected early in systole, they also are consistent with the hypothesis that oxygen consumption is a function only of instantaneous ventricular volume.
NEW APPARATUS FOR REHABILITATION FOLLOWING INJURIES TO THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
Authors: G. Lynn Krause
Journal: JAMA (1934)

The after-care of patients recovering from fractures of the lower extremities has always been a considerable problem both to the patient and to the physician. From the time that the patient is ready to bear his weight on the lower extremities until his discharge he is constantly apprehensive of falling and disturbing the healing of the fracture. In order to remove these fears from his mind and to restore self confidence in his power of locomotion, I have devised an apparatus that has proved successful in a number of cases. <h3>CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF THE APPARATUS</h3> The apparatus consists of a framework of galvanized iron pipe joined together by tees and elbows. The base of the frame is 25 by 25 inches and is mounted on ball bearing rubber tired casters. It can be opened in front and wheeled up to the patient and then fastened. The upper framework is
Blood Mercury Reporting in NHANES: Identifying Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, and Multiracial Groups
Authors: Jane M. Hightower, Ann O’Hare, German T. Hernandez
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans are a potentially high-risk group for dietary exposure to methylmercury through fish consumption. However, blood mercury levels in this group have not been identified in recent reports of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 1999-2002.We used NHANES data from 1999-2002 to obtain population estimates of blood mercury levels among women of childbearing age classified as belonging to the "other" racial/ethnic group (Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, and multiracial; n = 140). Blood mercury levels in this group were compared with those among all other women participants, classified as Mexican American, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and "other" Hispanic.An estimated 16.59 +/- 4.0% (mean +/- SE) of adult female participants who self-identified as Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, or multiracial (n = 140) had blood mercury levels > or = 5.8 microg/L, and 27.26 +/- 4.22% had levels > or = 3.5 microg/L. Among remaining survey participants (n = 3,497), 5.08 +/- 0.90% had blood mercury levels > or = 5.8 microg/L, and 10.86 +/- 1.45% had levels > or = 3.5 microg/L.Study subjects in NHANES who self-identified as Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, or multiracial had a higher prevalence of elevated blood mercury than all other racial/ethnic participants in the survey. Future studies should address reasons for the high mercury levels in this group and explore possible interventions for lowering risk of methylmercury exposure in this population.
Single, high-dose intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide versus weekly oral methotrexate in life-threatening asthma: a double-blind study.
Authors: R G Ogirala, T M Sturm, T K Aldrich, F F Meller, E B Pacia, A M Keane, R I Finkel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Effective and less toxic treatments are needed for patients with severe, steroid-dependent asthma. Both low-dose oral methotrexate and high-dose intramuscular triamcinolone have been recommended for these patients. We compared the effects of these two medications on pulmonary function, peak flow rates, airway reactivity, oral steroid use, emergency room (ER) visits, and hospitalizations in patients with steroid-dependent, life-threatening asthma. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we investigated 19 such patients. Six of the patients (Group I) received a single dose of 360 mg triamcinolone intramuscularly with placebo methotrexate; seven patients (Group II) received placebo triamcinolone followed by low-dose oral methotrexate (a first dose of 7.5 mg followed by 15 mg weekly); and six patients (Group III) received placebo triamcinolone with placebo methotrexate. All patients used the same high-dose inhaled steroids. The patients took tapering courses of oral steroids when needed, but attempted to reduce their oral steroid use whenever possible. Methacholine challenge testing was performed every 6 wk, pulmonary function tests every 4 wk, and home peak-flow measurements twice daily. Oral steroid use, ER visits, and hospitalizations were also monitored. The patients in the triamcinolone treatment group showed a significant and sustained increase in home peak-flow rates, and their FEV1 persistently improved by a mean of 40% (p < 0.05), whereas the FEV1 of the patients in the methotrexate treatment and placebo groups remained near baseline. The PC20 in the triamcinolone group increased progressively (p > 0.05), and the improvements in total mean reactivity were greater in this group than in either of the other two groups (p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assessing the Appropriateness of Care—Its Time Has Come
Authors: Robert H. Brook
Journal: JAMA (2009)

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General practitioners in partnership with management: an organisational model for debate.
Authors: N Starey, N Bosanquet, J Griffiths
Journal: BMJ (1993)

The role of general practitioners is changing and expanding. Doctors have more control over the treatment received by their patients but remain largely unaccountable to the public and management. This article proposes an organisational model for integrating primary and secondary care which retains the advantages of fund-holding while giving management control over overall strategy. It proposes that general practitioners control funds for all primary and secondary care. Secondary care will be contracted through a joint team of managers and an elected general practice executive committee. A new health care purchasing authority will contract for primary services with individual practices or primary care provider units. General practitioners will have local contracts reflecting their desire to provide an expanded range of services and the needs of the community.
Research ethics committees deserve support
Authors: John Alexander
Journal: BMJ (2005)

qualitative research elicits a wealth of data from participants.In return, researchers have a responsibility to ensure that the expectations of patients are realistic and that data are managed responsibly to avoid patients being continually frustrated by media hype over supposed cures.Issues around consent are paramount and particularly difficult in conditions such as dementia.The Mental Capacity Bill should provide clearer guidelines on research on people with dementia, and past wishes and advance directives will need to be included.In practice I would argue that there is less of an imbalance in power in dementia as doctors are effectively powerless because they can do little to treat it.Carers of such patients are often well informed "experts" and are acknowledged by some as being better able to judge moral issues relating to their relative than professionals.Despite the attention given to ethical research, sadly, no evidence exists of anyone having moral or ethical concerns about low standards of care for tens of thousands of patients in care homes.Lack of activities and stimulation in care settings, staff shortages, high staff turnover, and lack of funding contribute to poor quality of life for all parties.The impact on patients and their carers should always be considered when deciding on the level of ethical scrutiny of research, audit, medical practice, and social care.Although SN works in a voluntary capacity for the Alzheimer's Society and serve as a member of the MRC Advisory Group on Public Involvement, I have written this article giving a personal perspective following my experiences of 16 years as a carer.It is not necessarily representative of the Alzheimer's Society, although they read and approved the draft of my original version.