tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The influence of study characteristics on reporting of subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials: systematic review
Authors: X. Sun, M. Briel, J. W. Busse, J. J. You, E. A. Akl, F. Mejza, M. M. Bala, D. Bassler, D. Mertz, N. Diaz-Granados, P. O. Vandvik, G. Malaga, S. K. Srinathan, P. Dahm, B. C. Johnston, P. Alonso-Coello, B. Hassouneh, J. Truong, N. D. Dattani, S. D. Walter, D. Heels-Ansdell, N. Bhatnagar, D. G. Altman, G. H. Guyatt
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To investigate the impact of industry funding on reporting of subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials. <b>Design</b> Systematic review. <b>Data sources</b> Medline. <b>Study selection</b> Randomised controlled trials published in 118 core clinical journals (defined by the National Library of Medicine) in 2007. 1140 study reports in a 1:1 ratio by high (five general medicine journals with largest number of total citations in 2007) versus lower impact journals, were randomly sampled. Two reviewers, independently and in duplicate, used standardised, piloted forms to screen study reports for eligibility and to extract data. They also used explicit criteria to determine whether a randomised controlled trial reported subgroup analyses. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of prespecified study characteristics with reporting versus not reporting of subgroup analyses. <b>Results</b> 469 randomised controlled trials were included, of which 207 (44%) reported subgroup analyses. High impact journals (adjusted odds ratio 2.64, 95% confidence interval 1.62 to 4.33), non-surgical (versus surgical) trials (2.10, 1.26 to 3.50), and larger sample size (3.38, 1.64 to 6.99) were associated with more frequent reporting of subgroup analyses. The strength of association between trial funding and reporting of subgroups differed in trials with and without statistically significant primary outcomes (interaction P=0.02). In trials without statistically significant results for the primary outcome, industry funded trials were more likely to report subgroup analyses (2.29, 1.30 to 4.72) than non-industry funded trials. This was not true for trials with a statistically significant primary outcome (0.79, 0.46 to 1.36). Industry funded trials were associated with less frequent prespecification of subgroup hypotheses (31.3% <i>v</i> 38.0%, adjusted odds ratio 0.49, 0.26 to 0.94), and less use of the interaction test for analyses of subgroup effects (41.4% <i>v</i> 49.1%, 0.52, 0.28 to 0.97) than non-industry funded trials. <b>Conclusion</b> Industry funded randomised controlled trials, in the absence of statistically significant primary outcomes, are more likely to report subgroup analyses than non-industry funded trials. Industry funded trials less frequently prespecify subgroup hypotheses and less frequently test for interaction than non-industry funded trials. Subgroup analyses from industry funded trials with negative results for the primary outcome should be viewed with caution.
National Institute on Drug Abuse May Join in Anabolic Steroid Research
Authors: Virginia S. Cowart
Journal: JAMA (1989)

WHILE MOST recent public attention on anabolic steroids has been drawn to the Canadian hearings to determine the extent of use in sports, a group of US experts met a few days ago in Rockville, Md, to review what is known about these drugs from a research standpoint. Their consensus is that prospects for reducing the demand are bleak. "The use of anabolic steroids is too consistent with societal values—bigger, stronger, taller, faster—to be eradicated," James E. Wright, PhD, said in his summation remarks. The technical review meeting on anabolic steroid abuse was sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) at a hotel near its Rockville headquarters. Wright, author of two books on anabolic steroids, is research director of the Adirondack Mountain Foundation, Jay, NY. Other points brought out at the meeting include the following: A secretive subculture exists that is built around the use of anabolic steroids,
Symptomatic Disseminated Cystic Medial Necrosis
Authors: Raymond C. Read, Paul Wolf
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

SPONTANEOUS dissection and rupture of the aorta may occur in a grossly normal vessel, but microscopical examination reveals degeneration of the media, either secondary to arteriosclerosis extending from the intima or as the only lesion.1 The latter change is popularly referred to as idiopathic cystic necrosis even though many of its features such as focal loss of muscle fibers, fragmentation of elastic tissue and avascular replacement fibrosis without inflammation were described2 before Erdheim3 suggested that an overabundant mucoid ground substance was its main characteristic. This pathologic entity is rare outside the aorta, and even in that vessel it is restricted . . .
The vascular effects of L-Arginine in humans. The role of endogenous insulin.
Authors: D Giugliano, R Marfella, G Verrazzo, R Acampora, L Coppola, D Cozzolino, F D'Onofrio
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

This study aimed at evaluating whether increased availability of the natural precursor of nitric oxide, L-arginine, could influence systemic hemodynamic and rheologic parameters in humans and whether the effects of L-arginine are mediated by endogenous insulin. 10 healthy young subjects participated in the following studies: study I, infusion of L-arginine (1 g/min for 30 min); study II, infusion of L-arginine plus octreotide (25 microg as i.v. bolus + 0.5 microg/min) to block endogenous insulin and glucagon secretion, plus replacement of basal insulin and glucagon; study III, infusion of L-arginine plus octreotide plus basal glucagon plus an insulin infusion designed to mimic the insulin response of study I. L-Arginine infusion significantly reduced systolic (11+/-3, mean+/-SE) and diastolic (8+/-2 mmHg, P < 0.001) blood pressure, platelet aggregation (20+/-4%), and blood viscosity (1.6+/-0.2 centipois, P < 0.01), and increased leg blood flow (97+/-16 ml/min), heart rate, and plasma catecholamine levels (P < 0.01). In study II, plasma insulin levels remained suppressed at baseline; in this condition, the vascular responses to L-arginine were significantly reduced, except for plasma catecholamines which did not change significantly. In study III, the plasma insulin response to L-arginine was reestablished; this was associated with hemodynamic and rheologic changes following L-arginine not significantly different from those recorded in study I. These findings show that systemic infusion of L-arginine in healthy subjects induces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation and blood viscosity. These effects are mediated, in part, by endogenous released insulin.
Measurement of Nonlinearity in the Arterial System of the Dog by a New Method
Authors: D. E. DICK, J. E. KENDRICK, G. L. MATSON, V. C. RIDEOUT
Journal: Circulation Research (1968)

One method of measurement of the nonlinearity of a vascular system is to apply a sinusoidal input perfusion flow and to examine the resultant pressures and flows at the input and elsewhere in the system for harmonic content. Unfortunately the pump may contain much higher harmonic content than will be generated by the nonlinearities in the arterial system of dogs. If two fixed flow pumps are available and can simultaneously be used in parallel to perfuse the system at two incommensurate frequencies f 1 and f 2 , then the appearance of intermodulation frequencies, such as f 1 + f 2 , f 1 - f 2 , will provide a sensitive measurement of nonlinearity. This scheme has been used, and the recorded measurements have been reduced to power spectral density form with the aid of a hybrid computer. The most important result of these studies is that the intermodulation scheme is shown to be a very sensitive method for detecting the presence of nonlinear characteristics in the arterial system of the dog, even though the system was found to be nearly linear. This scheme also proved useful in detecting changes in nonlinearity since, when injection of norepinephrine considerably increased the mean pressure, the nonlinearity was significantly less.
Cellular Immunity to Tumor-Associated Antigens in Man
Authors: Karl Erik Hellstróm, Ingegerd Hellstróm
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

IN this issue of the Journal Rocklin et al. report that lymphocytes from 12 of 18 patients with familial form of medullary thyroid carcinoma produce macrophage migration inhibitory factor when exposed to antigenic extracts from allogeneic thyroid-carcinoma cells. Furthermore, six of 12 healthy members of the patients' family, who were considered at risk of development of tumor, appeared to have cellular immunity for thyroid-carcinoma antigens. In contrast, lymphocytes from control subjects reacted in only two of 25 cases and from family members not considered at risk in two of nine cases.Rocklin's paper is interesting for at least two reasons. . . .
Fundamentals of Oncology
Authors: David T. Carr
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Many physicians in practice today in the United States attended medical school before the discovery of much of the present knowledge about cancer. Although Pitot did not write this book for them, they would find it to be a reliable source of information about the fundamentals of oncology. The book grew out of course notes for graduate classes in oncology. The first edition was so successful that it has been updated twice, the current book being the third edition. While it is not an encyclopedia of oncology, it thoroughly covers the fundamental aspects of the etiology of cancer, its natural history, the immunobiology of cancer, and the relationships between the host and the tumor. The principles of chemotherapy of cancer are presented in a chapter on chemotherapy, along with a brief history of the development of chemotherapeutic agents and a discussion of the complex program of drug development from screening
Expanding the diagnostic capabilities of endoscopy: Common bile duct stones. Amouyal P, Amouyal G, Lévy P, Tuzet S, Palazzo L, Vilgrain V, Gayet B, Belghiti J, Fékété F, Bernades P. Diagnosis of choledocholithiasis by endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1062–1067
Authors: William R. Brugge
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Background/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasonography is a promising procedure for the diagnosis of extrahepatic cholestasis. Accuracy for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis by ultrasonography and computed tomography were prospectively compared with endoscopic ultrasonography in 62 consecutive patients. Methods: Final diagnosis was determined by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with or without sphincterotomy or intraoperative cholangiography with or without choledochoscopy. All of the patients had abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography, and either an endoscopic retrograde (n = 40) or intraoperative cholangiography (n = 32) performed. Results: Choledocholithiasis was confirmed in 22 patients. Thirteen patients had a stone with a diameter < 1 cm, and 14 had a nonenlarged common bile duct. Endoscopic ultrasonography was more sensitive (97%) than ultrasonography (25%; P < 0.0001) and computed tomography (75%; P < 0.02). Specificity and positive predictive value were not significantly different. Negative predictive value of endoscopic ultrasonography (97%) was better than that of ultrasonography (56%; P < 0.0001) and computed tomography (78%; P < 0.02). Results were unchanged after six patients in whom the absence of choledocholithiasis was considered probable after follow-up were excluded. Endoscopic ultrasonography results did not depend on stone diameter or common bile duct dilatation. Conclusions: Endoscopic ultrasonography appears to be the best diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis compared with other noninvasive procedures.
Photodynamic Killing of Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Using a Monoclonal Antibody-Photosensitizer Conjugate
Authors: Frank N. Jiang, Daniel J. Liu, Herma Neyndorff, Michael Chester, Shi-yi Jiang, Julia G. Levy
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1991)

Journal Article Photodynamic Killing of Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Using a Monoclonal Antibody-Photosensitizer Conjugate Get access Frank N. Jiang, Frank N. Jiang Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Daniel J. Liu, Daniel J. Liu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Herma Neyndorff, Herma Neyndorff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael Chester, Michael Chester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Shi-yi Jiang, Shi-yi Jiang Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Julia G. Levy Julia G. Levy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 83, Issue 17, 4 September 1991, Pages 1218–1225, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/83.17.1218 Published: 04 September 1991
Hemodynamic, pulmonary vascular, and myocardial abnormalities secondary to pharmacologic constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus. A possible mechanism for persistent pulmonary hypertension and transient tricuspid insufficiency in the newborn infant.
Authors: D L Levin, L J Mills, A G Weinberg
Journal: Circulation (1979)

The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin was given orally or intravenously to pregnant ewes. This resulted in a significant rise in the fetal pulmonary-to-systemic arterial mean blood pressure difference across the ductus arteriosus, presumably secondary to constriction of the ductus arteriosus. In five experiments the pressure difference could be promptly but temporarily reversed by the administration of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) into the fetal inferior vena cava. Fetal lungs from study and control animals were fixed by perfusion at measured pulmonary arterial mean blood pressure, and fifth-generation resistance vessels were studied. The medial width/external diameter ratio was significantly increased in the study vs the control lungs due to increased smooth muscle and decreased external diameter. In addition, study fetuses had acute degenerative myocardial changes in the tricuspid valve papillary muscles, the right ventricular free wall and the interventricular septum. Similar changes were not seen in control fetuses. Indomethacin administration during pregnancy causes constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus, fetal pulmonary arterial hypertension, and right ventricular damage. If severe, this may cause rapid fetal death. If less severe, in the newborn infant, this mechanism may be one cause of persistent pulmonary hypertension due to vasoconstriction and increased pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and/or tricuspid insufficiency due to papillary muscle infarction.
Diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children: summary of updated NICE guidance
Authors: V. D. Nunes, L. Sawyer, J. Neilson, G. Sarri, J. H. Cross
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterised by recurring epileptic seizures; it is not a single diagnosis but is a symptom with many underlying causes, more accurately termed the epilepsies. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to prevent recurrence of seizures form the mainstay of treatment. Diagnosis can be challenging, making accurate prevalence estimates difficult. With a prevalence of active epilepsy of 5-10 cases per 1000,1 epilepsy has been estimated to affect between 362 000 and 415 000 people in England, but with a further 5-30% (up to another 124 500 people) misdiagnosed with epilepsy.2 Consequently, it is a physician or paediatrician with expertise in epilepsy who should diagnose and manage the condition. The 2004 guideline from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence on the management of the epilepsies in adults and children was recently partially updated with regard to drug management. This article summarises the main recommendations of the updated version; new recommendations are indicated in parentheses.3 NICE recommendations are based on the best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group's experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### After a first seizure
Mutation of ALMS1, a large gene with a tandem repeat encoding 47 amino acids, causes Alström syndrome
Authors: Tom Hearn, Glenn L. Renforth, Cosma Spalluto, Neil A. Hanley, Karen Piper, Sarah Brickwood, Chris White, Vincent Connolly, James F.N. Taylor, Isabelle Russell-Eggitt, Dominique Bonneau, Mark Walker, David I. Wilson
Journal: Nature Genetics (2002)
Teaching dogs new tricks
Authors: T J Cole
Journal: BMJ (2004)

“You can't teach an old dogma new tricks”

Dorothy Parker

Dogs are widely recognised as smelling smells that humans miss. Yet the idea of turning this canine skill to clinical diagnosis is novel. The study by Willis et al takes a first cautious step in testing such an idea by training dogs to detect bladder cancer from urine samples and then seeing if their detection rate when tested blind is better than expected by chance.1

The design of the trial was simple and elegant. Six dogs were trained to recognise urine …
Designer D-form self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds for 3-dimensional cell cultures
Authors: Zhongli Luo, Yuanyuan Yue, Yanfang Zhang, Xiao Yuan, Jianping Gong, Liangliang Wang, Bin He, Zhong Liu, Yuelin Sun, Jiao Liu, Mingfeng Hu, Jie Zheng
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
SIRT6 protects human endothelial cells from DNA damage, telomere dysfunction, and senescence
Authors: Anna Cardus, Anna K. Uryga, Gareth Walters, Jorge D. Erusalimsky
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

AimsAlthough endothelial cell senescence is known to play an important role in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, mechanisms that attenuate this process have not been extensively investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SIRT6, a member of the sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases/ADP-ribosyltransferases, protects endothelial cells from premature senescence and dysfunction, and if so which is its mode of action.
Herpes Simplex Lesions of Face Treated with Idoxuridine Applied by Spray Gun: Results of a Double-blind Controlled Trial
Authors: B. E. Juel-Jensen, F. O. MacCallum
Journal: BMJ (1965)

The statistical methods we have used are extremely simple, and in most instances we have attempted to compare groups showing a single difference.While this approach could lead to oversimplification or distortion of results, an alternative method (Birch, 1964) allows more than one factor to be con- sidered at a time, and the results obtained are substantially the same as our own.TABLE VI.-Effect of Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia on Tissue Culture Response of Amnion "Normal" Women Pre-eclamptic Delivering at Women Delivering 37-38 Weeks' at 37-38 Weeks' Differ-S.E.Gestation Gestation ence in of Percen-Differ-No.Growing No. Growing tages ence
Vectorcardiographic analysis of ventricular tachycardia
Authors: S TALBOT, D KILPATRICK, B WEEKS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1980)

Journal Article Vectorcardiographic analysis of ventricular tachycardia Get access S TALBOT, S TALBOT * From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London *Address for reprints: Dr S Talbot, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London W12. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D KILPATRICK, D KILPATRICK From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B WEEKS B WEEKS From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 14, Issue 2, February 1980, Pages 73–80, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/14.2.73 Published: 01 February 1980
Aleukaemic Myeloid Leukaemia Presenting as Aplastic Anaemia
Authors: A. B. Black, M. J. Meynell
Journal: BMJ (1951)

DILUTING FLUID FOR EOSINOPHIL COUNT BIRTJIRNHFive healthy young adults were used as subjects.From each, two pipettes were filled consecutively from a sing'e finger-prick.One of the pipettes was treated according to the method described, but the second pipette was mixed and then allowed to stand for half an hour on the bench.It was then vigorously reshaken, and four counting chambers were filled.After five minutes a count was made.The results are given in the Table.Results of Experiments Case Normal Count After
Osteoarthritis Treated by Acid Injection
Authors: R. Mawson
Journal: BMJ (1946)

MEDICALSoURNAl 691 setting up a local focus where staphylococci from the infected tooth socket lodged.Case 5.-A naval rating aged 25 was admitted to hospital because of a sinus of the posterior chest wall following the incision of an abscess at this site eight months previously.A skiagram showed an increased density of the left side of the bodies of the third and fourth thoracic vertebrae, and the intervertebral space between these was narrowed.An oblique view showed beak formation of the
Endothelial-targeted Gene Transfer of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α Augments Ischemic Neovascularization Following Systemic Administration
Authors: Reshef Tal, Aviv Shaish, Karen Rofe, Erez Feige, Nira Varda-Bloom, Arnon Afek, Iris Barshack, Livnat Bangio, Israel Hodish, Shoshana Greenberger, Michael Peled, Eyal Breitbart, Dror Harats
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is a key regulator of the response to low oxygen levels and has been used for therapeutic angiogenesis. Various routes of administration have been used for delivering genes to the ischemic region including the intramuscular (IM) and intraarterial routes. When compared with these delivery methods, the intravenous (IV) route confers many advantages, including less invasiveness and lower cost. However, its use is hampered by the fact that it does not result in specific and robust tissue expression of the genes. Our aim was to determine the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic efficacy of systemic administration of adenoviral-mediated HIF-1alpha targeted to the endothelium. Using confocal microscopy and biodistribution studies we demonstrated that a modified murine preproendothelin-1 promoter (PPE1-3x) can target gene expression specifically to endothelial cells within ischemic muscle following systemic IV administration in C57BL/6 mice. Accordingly, an adenovirus expressing a PPE1-3x-regulated stabilized HIF-1alpha molecule, further activated by constitutive activation of its C-transactivation domain (C-TAD), was created. Systemic tail-vein administration of this adenovirus in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model resulted in enhanced blood perfusion, improved clinical outcome, and increased capillary density without systemic toxicity, in contrast to the profound systemic side effects and lack of therapeutic efficacy following cytomegalovirus (CMV)-regulated HIF-1alpha administration. Collectively, these data suggest that transcriptionally controlled systemic proangiogenic gene therapy is feasible, safe, and efficacious.