tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Follow-up Results of the DANTE Trial, a Randomized Study of Lung Cancer Screening with Spiral Computed Tomography
Authors: Maurizio Infante, Silvio Cavuto, Fabio Romano Lutman, Eliseo Passera, Maurizio Chiarenza, Giuseppe Chiesa, Giorgio Brambilla, Enzo Angeli, Giuseppe Aranzulla, Arturo Chiti, Marta Scorsetti, Pierina Navarria, Raffaele Cavina, Michele Ciccarelli, Massimo Roncalli, Anna Destro, Edoardo Bottoni, Emanuele Voulaz, Valentina Errico, Giorgio Ferraroli, Giovanna Finocchiaro, Luca Toschi, Armando Santoro, Marco Alloisio
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

Rationale: Screening for lung cancer with low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) has been shown to reduce lung cancer mortality by 20% compared with screening with chest X-ray (CXR) in the National Lung Screening Trial, but uncertainty remains concerning the efficacy of LDCT screening in a community setting.Objectives: To explore the effect of LDCT screening on lung cancer mortality compared with no screening. Secondary endpoints included incidence, stage, and resectability rates.Methods: Male smokers of 20+ pack-years, aged 60 to 74 years, underwent a baseline CXR and sputum cytology examination and received five screening rounds with LDCT or a yearly clinical review only in a randomized fashion.Measurements and Main Results: A total of 1,264 subjects were enrolled in the LDCT arm and 1,186 in the control arm. Their median age was 64.0 years (interquartile range, 5), and median smoking exposure was 45.0 pack-years. The median follow-up was 8.35 years. One hundred four patients (8.23%) were diagnosed with lung cancer in the screening arm (66 by CT), 47 of whom (3.71%) had stage I disease; 72 control patients (6.07%) were diagnosed with lung cancer, with 16 (1.35%) being stage I cases. Lung cancer mortality was 543 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 413–700) in the LDCT arm versus 544 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 410–709) in the control arm (hazard ratio, 0.993; 95% confidence interval, 0.688–1.433).Conclusions: Because of its limited statistical power, the results of the DANTE (Detection And screening of early lung cancer with Novel imaging TEchnology) trial do not allow us to make a definitive statement about the efficacy of LDCT screening. However, they underline the importance of obtaining additional data from randomized trials with intervention-free reference arms before the implementation of population screening.
Safety of treatment for subclinical osteomalacia in the elderly.
Authors: D J Hosking, G A Campbell, J R Kemm, R E Cotton, R V Boyd
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Forty one elderly patients admitted to hospital for acute illnesses were also found to have subclinical osteomalacia. Immediately before discharge, therefore, all were randomised to receive either vitamin D2 25 micrograms daily, alfacalcidol 0.5 micrograms daily, or placebo. Treatment was given for at least three months, those allocated to placebo then being switched to an active drug. Within the first three months of treatment with either of the active drugs most patients had exhibited a fall to normal in osteoid values. In only four treatment periods was there a mild increase in serum calcium concentration, and in no patient was this accompanied by deterioration in renal function. Any increase in serum creatinine concentration was invariably attributable to the underlying disease for which the patient had been admitted in the first place. Subclinical osteomalacia in the elderly may be corrected by relatively low doses of alfacalcidol (0.5 micrograms daily) or vitamin D2 (25 micrograms daily) given for three months. Such treatment is safe and not accompanied by a serious risk of hypercalcaemia or renal impairment.
Evidence for reduced thermic effect of insulin and glucose infusions in Pima Indians.
Authors: C Bogardus, S Lillioja, D Mott, J Zawadzki, A Young, W Abbott
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Several authors have reported a reduced thermic effect of food in obese subjects. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique has been used to measure one component of the thermic effect of food, insulin and insulin-mediated glucose disposal. We used this technique to measure the thermic responses to insulin and glucose infusions in 120 glucose-tolerant Pima Indians, a population with a high prevalence of obesity. During high-dose insulin infusions (400 mU/m2 per min) the measured increase in energy expenditure (MEE), 150 +/- 6 cal/min, was greater than the predicted increase in energy expenditure (PEE), 72 +/- 2 cal/min, for glucose storage as glycogen. During low-dose insulin infusions (40 mU/m2 per min) the mean MEE, 6 +/- 5 cal/min, was not significantly different from zero and was not greater than the mean PEE, 9 +/- 1 cal/min. These data were in contrast to results obtained from Caucasians by others and suggested a markedly reduced thermic effect of low-dose insulin and glucose infusions in Pima Indians. We also studied 23 glucose-tolerant male Caucasians and compared their results with the results from male Indians matched for glucose storage rates and obesity. The results showed that the thermic response to insulin and glucose infusions was similar in the two racial groups during high-dose insulin infusions but was markedly reduced in the Indians compared with the Caucasians during low-dose insulin infusions.
Actions of growth factors on plasma calcium. Epidermal growth factor and human transforming growth factor-alpha cause elevation of plasma calcium in mice.
Authors: A H Tashjian, E F Voelkel, W Lloyd, R Derynck, M E Winkler, L Levine
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Specific humoral substances produced and secreted by human tumors that cause hypercalcemia have not been identified. Certain growth factors (such as epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factors-alpha and -beta) have been shown to stimulate the resorption of bone in organ culture by both prostaglandin-dependent and prostaglandin-independent pathways. In this report we demonstrate that epidermal growth factor and recombinant human transforming growth factor-alpha induce a significant rise in plasma calcium concentration when administered repeatedly to intact mice for periods ranging from 24 h to 16 d. The elevation of plasma calcium is not dependent on dietary calcium and is not invariably accompanied by an increase in systemic levels of the prostaglandin E2 metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2. The in vivo calcium-mobilizing activity of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha indicate that these or related growth factors need be considered as potential mediators of tumor-induced hypercalcemia.
Approaches to the evaluation of chemical-induced immunotoxicity.
Authors: K Krzystyniak, H Tryphonas, M Fournier
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

The immune system plays a crucial role in maintaining health; however, accumulating evidence indicates that this system can be the target for immunotoxic effects caused by a variety of chemicals including the environmental pollutants of polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, pesticides, and heavy metals. Adverse chemical-induced immunomodulation, which is studied within the discipline of immunotoxicology, may be expressed either as immunosuppression/immunodepression or immunoenhancement. The former may be manifested either as decreased resistance to opportunistic viral, bacterial, fungal, and other infectious agents or increased susceptibility to cancer. Immunoenhancement on the other hand may either increase the risk of autoimmune reactions or result in allergic reactions. This paper attempts to integrate several aspects of the immune system that are relevant to the assessment of potentially immunotoxic chemicals.
The Inadequacies of Routine Bleeding and Clotting Times
Authors: Louis K. Diamond, F. Stanley Porter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

A ROUTINE laboratory test once well established is often slavishly adhered to, with little further thought about how it originated, why it is done or what it means. To justify it, the phrases "for the record" and "for protection" are often heard. Tests done only for these reasons not only are generally a waste of time and money but also can be quite misleading, and may give to the physician a false sense of security, or produce worry and concern over potentially serious disease when no disease actually exists. To be worth while, routine tests should give a maximum of . . .
Corrigendum to: Incidence of postoperative infections in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery receiving antimicrobial prophylaxis with original and generic cefuroxime [Journal of Infection 2008 (56) 35–39]
Authors: Ekaterini Mastoraki, Argyris Michalopoulos, Ioannis Kriaras, Ero Mouchtouri, Matthew E. Falagas, Dimitra Karatza, Stefanos Geroulanos
Journal: Journal of Infection (2008)
Power output of skeletal muscle ventricles in circulation: short-term studies.
Authors: J D Mannion, M A Acker, R L Hammond, W Faltemeyer, S Duckett, L W Stephenson
Journal: Circulation (1987)

Skeletal muscle ventricles (SMVs) were constructed from preconditioned latissimus dorsi muscles in eight dogs and then connected to each animal's systemic arterial circulation in short-term experiments. The lengths of time that SMVs could produce hemodynamic work as left ventricular assist devices were recorded. After 4 hr of continuous pumping at approximately 55 beats/min, six of eight SMVs were able to generate systolic pressures of 128 +/- 23 mm Hg and flows of 340 +/- 31 ml/min, representing 20 +/- 4% of the animals' cardiac output. After 8 hr of continuous pumping, five of the eight SMVs generated pressures of 110 +/- 15 mm Hg and flows of 308 +/- 88 ml/min, or 15 +/- 7% of the animals' cardiac output. The stroke work produced by the SMVs was intermediate between that of the animals' left and right ventricles. Although the SMVs were stimulated to contract at only about one-third the heart rate, the power output of the SMVs approximated that of the right ventricles because of the greater stroke work of the SMVs. Two SMVs functioned as LVADs for 14 hr. Deterioration in SMV function eventually occurred. In each case, however, complications such as anemia, hypoxia, and hypotension, which are inherent to prolonged short-term experiments of this type, contributed to the deterioration of SMV function. The results presented here suggest that skeletal muscle has the potential to directly support the circulation; however, the length of time such muscle pumps are capable of functioning has yet to be determined.
New Commission for Study of Accreditation of Selected Health Education Programs
Authors: Joseph F. Volker
Journal: JAMA (1971)

During the 1960s there were many evidences of an increasing interest in education programs and service roles of allied health personnel. The Allied Health Professions Personnel Training Act of 1966, the report of the Allied Health Professions Education subcommittee of the National Advisory Health Council in 1967, the formation of the Association of Schools of Allied Health Professions, and the<i>Report of the National Advisory Commission on Health Manpower</i>are expressions of the concern.<sup>1,2</sup> There is every indication of immediate and continuing need for allied health manpower. A recent publication of the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare projects that the numbers of physicians will expand from 305,500 in 1967 to 407,300 in 1980. During the same period, the number of allied health workers with at least a baccalaureate degree will increase from 175,000 to 320,000, and those with less than a bacallaureate degree will expand from 276,500
Pilot Study of 1650-G: A Simplified Cellular Vaccine for Lung Cancer
Authors: Edward A. Hirschowitz, Alan Mullins, Dattatraya Prajapati, Thomas Baeker, Goetz Kloecker, Teresa Foody, Kristine Damron, Celia Love, John R. Yannelli
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
Plasticity in high-order cognition: Evidence of dissociation in aphasia
Authors: Rosemary Varley
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract High-order constructs such as intelligence result from the interaction of numerous processing systems, one of which is language. However, in determining the role of language in intelligence, attention must be paid to evidence from lesion studies and, in particular, evidence of dissociation of functions where high-order cognition can be demonstrated in face of profound aphasia.
Building a Medical Neighborhood for the Medical Home
Authors: Elliott S. Fisher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Recent efforts to improve primary care in the United States have focused largely on the development and implementation of practice models and payment reforms intended to create a "medical home" for patients. The notion of a medical home makes intuitive sense and indeed has great promise. But unrealistic expectations about this approach abound, and insufficient attention is being paid to several important barriers to the clinical and financial success of the medical-home model.The concept of a medical home first emerged in pediatrics, where it was recognized that children with special needs would benefit from a delivery model that effectively . . .
Sausage digit due to radish bacillus.
Authors: E C Huskisson, D V Doyle, E F Fowler, E J Shaw
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1981)

We wish to draw attention to a very characteristic but little known syndrome. An elderly woman presented with a 'sausage finger', rheumatological jargon used to describe diffuse swelling of the digit. This proved to be a proliferative tenosynovitis caused by an atypical mycobacterium, Mycobacterium terrae, or the radish bacillus.
Effects of exercise training on ventricular function in patients with recent myocardial infarction.
Authors: F R Cobb, R S Williams, P McEwan, R H Jones, R E Coleman, A G Wallace
Journal: Circulation (1982)

We evaluated the effects of 6 months of exercise training (bicycle ergometry, walking and jogging) on exercise performance and ventricular function in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Fifteen patients were selected on the basis of myocardial infarction at least 6 weeks but not more than 6 months before the study and age younger than 65 years. The patients were evaluated by maximal treadmill exercise testing and radionuclide angiography at rest and exercise before and after training. Before exercise training, maximal treadmill exercise time ranged from 1.5 to 11 minutes, ejection fraction at rest from 18% and 67% and end-diastolic volume from 108 to 208 ml. The mean EF was 48 +/- 5% (+/- SD) at rest and did not change at maximal exercise (48.5 +/- 5%). All 11 patients who completed the exercise training program achieved a significant training effect, as defined by a reduction in heart rate at 50% maximal pretraining effort or an increase in maximal treadmill time. The mean ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume and wall motion abnormalities at rest and at comparable pretraining exercise work loads and heart rates were not significantly different after training. Despite a wide range of rest and exercise ventricular function, patients with recent uncomplicated myocardial infarcts significantly increased their exercise performance. Because rest and exercise ventricular function were comparable before and after training, improvement in exercise performance probably resulted from training effects on the peripheral vasculature.
Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
Authors: Lloyd K. Mark
Journal: JAMA (1978)

POPLITEAL artery entrapment syndrome refers to intermittent claudication, usually in the young, produced by an anomalous course of the popliteal artery medial to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In this position, the artery is traumatized and repeatedly compressed between bone and contracting muscle. As a result, the vessel may undergo degeneration with aneurysmal dilation, plaque formation, thromboses, and eventually occlusion. The popliteal artery normally courses between the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius artery. In this syndrome, it passes medially across the posterior aspect of the medial gastrocnemius, separated from its companion vein, then courses laterally and anteriorly to rejoin the vein and descend normally into the leg. The medial course of the artery varies depending on the locus of insertion of the medial head of the gastrocnemius on the femoral metaphysis. Rarely, the artery, although following a normal course, is compressed by an aberrant segment of
Caspase-8 prevents sustained activation of NF-κB in monocytes undergoing macrophagic differentiation
Authors: Cédric Rébé, Séverine Cathelin, Sophie Launay, Rodolphe Filomenko, Laurent Prévotat, Coralie L'Ollivier, Emmanuel Gyan, Olivier Micheau, Steven Grant, Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt, Michaëla Fontenay, Eric Solary
Journal: Blood (2006)
Sustained Virological Response Correlates With Reduction in the Incidence of Glucose Abnormalities in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Rafael Simó, Albert Lecube, Joan Genescà, Joan Ignaci Esteban, Cristina Hernández
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

There is evidence to suggest that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a high-risk condition for developing type 2 diabetes. However, there are no interventional studies that confirm that HCV infection causes diabetes. The main aim of this study was to compare the incidence of glucose abnormalities (diabetes plus impaired fasting glucose) between HCV-infected patients with or without sustained virological response (SVR) after antiviral therapy.Patients with normal fasting glucose (<100 mg/dl) with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C without cirrhosis and with at least 3 years of follow-up after finishing antiviral therapy were included in the study (n = 234). Patients received interferon alpha-2b (alone or with ribavirin) for 6 or 12 months according to genotype. Cumulative incidence of glucose abnormalities was evaluated by using the Kaplan-Meier method comparing subjects with and without a SVR to antiviral treatment. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to explore the variables independently associated with the development of glucose abnormalities.During follow-up, 14 of 96 (14.6%) patients with SVR and 47 of 138 (34.1%) nonsustained responders developed glucose abnormalities (P = 0.001). Patients with SVR did not develop diabetes during follow-up, whereas nine cases of diabetes were detected in nonsustained responders (P = 0.007). After adjustment for the recognized predictors of type 2 diabetes, the hazard ratio for glucose abnormalities in patients with SVR was 0.48 (95% CI [0.24-0.98], P = 0.04).Our results provide evidence that eradication of HCV infection significantly reduces the incidence of glucose abnormalities in chronic hepatitis C patients. In addition, this study supports the concept that HCV infection causes type 2 diabetes.
CADMIUM "FOOD POISONING"
Authors: SAMUEL FRANT
Journal: JAMA (1941)

In recent years cases of gastroenteritis in groups, designated for want of a better term as food poisoning, have been much more thoroughly investigated, and as a result the distinctive characteristics peculiar to various individual etiologic factors have been more clearly defined. For example, the description of the symptoms of staphylococcic food poisoning almost invariably follows a definite pattern, and as a result the experienced investigator often suspects the condition long before the final confirmatory bacteriologic report is completed. A similar situation exists in the case of acute poisoning with cadmium, a characteristic type of gastritis caused by the accidental contamination of certain food and drink with soluble cadmium compounds. In our experience the history of the preparation of the food or drink and the clinical pictures are so similar in all outbreaks that the diagnosis is evident once the condition is thought of and the pertinent facts have been
Dopamine in amygdala gates limbic processing of aversive stimuli in humans
Authors: Thorsten Kienast, Ahmad R Hariri, Florian Schlagenhauf, Jana Wrase, Philipp Sterzer, Hans Georg Buchholz, Michael N Smolka, Gerhard Gründer, Paul Cumming, Yoshitaka Kumakura, Peter Bartenstein, Raymond J Dolan, Andreas Heinz
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2008)
Current Therapy in Internal Medicine
Authors: Larry R. Kirkland
Journal: JAMA (1991)

I urge sophomore medical students, as they begin their clinical training, to develop an approach to diagnosis. Later in their careers, after making a diagnosis, they can usually look up the treatment. This book is a major source of where to "look it up." As the title implies, this is not a textbook of internal medicine in competition with<i>Harrison's, Cecil</i>, and others. It is one of 27 titles in the<i>Current Therapy</i>series by the same publisher. Many of the chapters on specific diseases were taken verbatim from the subspecialty books (<i>Current Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease, Current Therapy in Nephrology and Hypertension</i>, and others) to constitute a volume aimed at the general internist. It is comparable in price to some of the separate subspecialty books. Readers familiar with the second edition (1987, under different editorship) will find that this is a very different and mainly improved book. The number
Segmental Antigen Challenge Increases Fibronectin in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
Authors: JOANN MEERSCHAERT, E. A. BECKY KELLY, DEANE F. MOSHER, WILLIAM W. BUSSE, NIZAR N. JARJOUR
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Fibronectin may contribute to asthma pathogenesis by recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells, and by promotion of subepithelial fibrosis. Fibronectin is produced by several types of airway cells, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and alveolar macrophages. To test the hypothesis that antigen-induced airway inflammation is associated with increased local generation of fibronectin, segmental bronchoprovocation (SBP) with antigen and saline was performed in 17 atopic patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed at 5 min and 48 h after segmental challenge with saline or antigen. Fibronectin concentrations in BAL fluid, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), increased more than 5-fold 48 h after antigen challenge (65 [47 to 110] versus 407 [240 to 697] ng/ml, median and 25 to 75% interquartiles, p < 0.05). Fibronectin concentrations 48 h after antigen challenge correlated with histamine concentrations 5 min after antigen challenge and numbers of eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and total cells in BAL fluid 48 h after antigen challenge. BAL was more enriched in fibronectin 48 h after challenge than would be predicted solely from increased permeability of plasma proteins. Western blot analysis showed that fibronectin in BAL fluid was largely intact and contained the extra domain-A (ED-A) splice variant of cellular fibronectin, indicative of local production. We conclude that antigen challenge in atopic subjects causes increased production of fibronectin by airway cells and speculate that this response may contribute to airway remodeling in allergic inflammation.
RECENT ADVANCES IN TRACHOMA
Authors: F. H. Stewart
Journal: BMJ (1935)

Trachoma is a disease affecting infants, children, and adults; it frequently destroys or impairs sight, is painful and troublesome, and greatly reduces individual efficiency.It is distributed round the whole tropical and subtropical zones, with extensions into temperate climates.The proportion of the population affected may be as high as 90 to 99 per cent.It is probably no exaggeration to say that one-quarter of the population of the globe suffers from it.The discovery of the cause of this disease is therefore one of the prizes of scientific medicine.
Thrombospondin 1 is expressed by proliferating mesangial cells and is up-regulated by PDGF and bFGF in vivo
Authors: Christian Hugo, Raimund Pichler, Rick Meek, Katherine Gordon, Themis Kyriakides, Jürgen Floege, Paul Bornstein, William G. Couser, Richard J. Johnson
Journal: Kidney International (1995)