tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Discrimination against people with HIV and AIDS in Poland
Authors: R. Danziger
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The recent increase in HIV seroprevalence in Poland, particularly among injecting drug users, has been accompanied by widespread discrimination against people affected by HIV and AIDS. As in other countries, this discrimination may be attributed to a large extent to fear and ignorance about HIV and AIDS together with pre-existing prejudices against the people who are most commonly associated with the epidemic. In Poland extreme hostility towards drug users combined with the powerful influence of a traditional Catholic church have so far impeded effective education about HIV and AIDS and anti-discrimination strategies.The cumulative number of HIV cases in Poland has risen rapidly from 435 to 2476 between 1990 and 1992. More than 70% of HIV cases are IV drug users. Their HIV prevalence rate has grown from 0.8% to 20% between 1988 and 1991. Availability and wide use of cheap, home-produced heroin; sharing equipment; and lack of needles and syringes set the stage for rapid transmission of HIV in the IV drug use community. Most IV drug users are homeless, unemployed, and unskilled. Most people consider IV drug user to be irresponsible and dangerous. HIV infection among IV drug users exasperates fears, prejudices, and the general intolerance towards all HIV-infected persons. Few homosexuals are HIV infected, and they tend to remain invisible, so they are not targeted for discrimination or violence. Poland's youth antidrugs movement assists drug users and people with AIDS. However communities tend to thwart its efforts (e.g., IV drug users' home being firebombed). Misperceptions about HIV transmission contribute to the fear of HIV/AIDS. Even though most people know the actual modes of HIV transmission in one survey, many (20-31%) believed it could also be transmitted by public toilets and baths, pots, pans, eating utensils, and mosquitoes. 40% of health workers in Sosnowiec did not know that HIV could not be spread by insects, and 30% thought daily contact with HIV-infected people carried a risk of transmission. Many refused to work with HIV-infected patients. Hospitals test patients for HIV, often without their consent or knowledge. Antidiscrimination strategies should include legislation coupled with education. Strong sex and sexuality taboos and opposition to discussion on sexual health by the Catholic church are strong obstacles to HIV/AIDS education inside and outside the schools. Public health officials have a large task identifying a way to accommodate widely held traditional values while also providing effective education on HIV prevention and on the importance of integrating people affected by HIV/AIDS into all levels of society.
Electrophysiologic mechanisms for modification and abolition of atrioventricular junctional tachycardia with simultaneous and sequential atrial and ventricular pacing.
Authors: M Akhtar, C J Gilbert, M Al-Nouri, D H Schmidt
Journal: Circulation (1979)

The role of simultaneous and sequential atrioventricular (AV) stimulation in prevention of tachyeardia induction, and the underlying electrophysiologic mechanisms involved, were studied in 10 patients with documented paroxysmal reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT).Reentry circuit was localized to the AV node in seven of 10.The remaining three cases had Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and the reentrant circuit retrogradely incorporated an accessory pathway.Progressively earlier atrial premature beats (A2) were introduced while the basic cycle length (BCL) consisted of either atrial pacing alone or simul- taneous A and V pacing.Compared with atrial pacing alone, simultaneous A and V pacing during the basic drive completely abolished the PSVT zone in two of seven with AV nodal reentrant PSVT, narrowed the zone in four of seven and facilitated PSVT induction in the other patient.In all patients with AV nodal reentry, significant shortening of AV nodal refractoriness caused by simultaneous antegrade and retrograde AV nodal excitation was responsible for the results.In the three patients with ventricular preexcitation, simultaneous A and V pacing abolished or shortened the PSVT zone in the two cases with type B WPW, but had no effect in the other case (with type A WPW). Introduction of programmed ventricular premature complexes after A2 capable of initiating PSVT (sequential AV premature stimulation) prevented PSVT induction by prematurely interrupting the reentry pathway in all instances.Sequential AV premature stimulation was more effective in preventing PSVT when the BCL consisted of simultaneous A and V pacing than was atrial pacing alone.We conclude that simultaneous or sequential AV pacing can either abolish or significantly narrow the PSVT zone, although paradoxical facilitation of reentrant process can occur.
Benefit Language
Authors: David M. Eddy
Journal: JAMA (1996)

WHETHER health system reform occurs at the national, state, or local level, one of the few things everyone can agree on is that costs must be controlled but quality must not suffer. These seemingly incompatible objectives can be accomplished, but doing that will require making controversial decisions about the use of health interventions—discouraging the use of interventions that provide little or no value and encouraging the use of interventions that have high value.<sup>1</sup>An essential step in executing this strategy is to ensure that the benefit language by which health plans determine which interventions will be covered not only supports but encourages these types of decisions. (I will use the word "plan" to include any entity that finances the care of a population, such as government programs, indemnity insurers, and health maintenance organizations. The people covered by a plan will be called its "members.") Coincidentally, in the last few
Report of Acetanilid Mixtures.
Authors: Harris Moak
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Brooklyn, June 8, 1905. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Allow me, as a subscriber toThe Journal, to add my word of approbation for the work of the Committee on Chemistry. The results of this investigation are most profitable to us all as practicing physicians, and perhaps the word of good cheer for this undertaking from many quarters will not be amiss. I only hope that this work may continue.
In Vivo Formation of 8-Iso-Prostaglandin F <sub>2α</sub> and Platelet Activation in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Giovanni Davı̀, Giovanni Ciabattoni, Agostino Consoli, Andrea Mezzetti, Antonio Falco, Stella Santarone, Elsa Pennese, Ester Vitacolonna, Tonino Bucciarelli, Fabrizio Costantini, Fabio Capani, Carlo Patrono
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and persistent platelet activation. We tested the hypothesis that the in vivo formation of the F 2 -isoprostane 8-iso-prostaglandin (PG)F 2α , a bioactive product of arachidonic acid peroxidation, is enhanced in DM and contributes to platelet activation. Methods and Results —Urine samples were obtained from 85 diabetic patients and 85 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects for measurement of immunoreactive 8-iso-PGF 2α and 11-dehydro-thromboxane B 2 (TXM), an in vivo index of platelet activation. Sixty-two had non–insulin-dependent (NID)DM, and 23 had insulin-dependent (ID) DM. Vitamin E supplementation, metabolic control, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors were used to investigate the mechanisms of formation of 8-iso-PGF 2α in this setting. Urinary 8-iso-PGF 2α excretion was significantly higher ( P =0.0001) in NIDDM patients (419±208 pg/mg creatinine; range 160 to 1014) than in age-matched control subjects (208±92; 41 to 433). Urinary 8-iso-PGF 2α was linearly correlated with blood glucose and urinary TXM. 8-iso-PGF 2α excretion was also significantly ( P =0.0001) higher in IDDM patients (400±146; 183 to 702) than in control subjects (197±69; 95 to 353). Vitamin E supplementation (600 mg/d for 14 days) was associated with a statistically significant reduction in both urinary 8-iso-PGF 2α (by 37%) and TXM (by 43%) in 10 NIDDM patients. Improved metabolic control was associated with a significant ( P =0.0001) reduction in 8-iso-PGF 2α and TXM excretion by 32% and 41%, respectively, in 21 NIDDM patients. 8-iso-PGF 2α was unchanged after 2-week dosing with aspirin and indobufen despite profound suppression of TXM excretion. Conclusions —We conclude that DM is associated with increased formation of F 2 -isoprostanes, as a correlate of impaired glycemic control and enhanced lipid peroxidation. This may provide an important biochemical link between impaired glycemic control and persistent platelet activation. These results provide a rationale for dose-finding studies of antioxidant treatment in diabetes.
Metabolism of androgens by human skin in acne
Authors: J. B. HAY, M.B. HODGINS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1974)

Shoulder skin from young men with and without acne was incubated in vitro in Krebs Improved Ringer I medium with 7α‐3Hdehydroepiandrosterone,7α‐3Handrostenedione and 7α‐3Htestosterone. There were no marked differences in steroid metabolism between the acne and control groups but skin from acne patients did form rather more 5α‐dihydrotestosterone from testosterone than did skin from control subjects. Skin from the shoulder (acne area) of acne and control subjects metabolized dehydroepiandrosterone more rapidly than did skin from the thigh (non‐acne area); this appeared to be due to higher activity of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Δ4‐5 isomerase in shoulder than thigh skin. A comparison of steroid metabolism in skin incubated in Krebs Ringer medium with that in cryostat sections of skin incubated in a tris‐buffered medium showed that the method of incubation could affect the quantitative pattern of steroid metabolism in vitro.
THE TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD SCHIZOPHRENIA BY METRAZOL SHOCK MODIFIED BY B-ERYTHROIDIN
Authors: FRANCES COTTINGTON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1941)

The method of modification of the metrazol seizure by beta-erythroidin hydrochloride used by other investigators is here applied to the treatment of schizophrenic children, in whom the incidence of fractures sustained by unmodified metrazol convulsions appears high. The physiological effect of the drug is discussed in its application to the diminution of strength of muscular contraction, and modification of the convulsion. Modification of the seizures has resulted in preventing fractures in 9 of 1O cases, the tenth patient sustaining a fracture through a delayed, unmodified seizure. It is suggested that by avoidance of the use of prostigmine, the danger of this complication may be decreased. The safety of this method of modification is assured by careful technique of administration. Clinical results show that 8 of 9 schizophrenic children treated (including two previously treated by unmodified shock) have shown improvement in response to metrazol therapy. Final evaluation of the efficacy of metrazol treatment in these cases must necessarily await further observations, to determine whether patients treated by this method show a better remission rate than the low figures for spontaneous remission indicate.
Endovascular Brachytherapy for Prophylaxis of Restenosis After Femoropopliteal Angioplasty
Authors: Erich Minar, Boris Pokrajac, Thomas Maca, Ramazanali Ahmadi, Claudia Fellner, Martina Mittlböck, Wolfgang Seitz, Roswitha Wolfram, Richard Pötter
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Inasmuch as endovascular brachytherapy (BT) has gained recent interest because of its inhibitory effect on mechanisms leading to restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), we performed this randomized study to determine its efficacy for prophylaxis of restenosis after femoropopliteal PTA.One hundred thirteen patients (63 men, 50 women; mean age 71 years) with de novo or recurrent femoropopliteal lesions were included in this randomized trial comparing the restenosis rate after PTA plus BT (57 patients, PTA+BT group) versus PTA (56 patients, PTA group) without stent implantation. The mean treated length was 16.7 cm (PTA+BT group) versus 14.8 cm (PTA group). In patients randomized to PTA plus BT, a dose of 12 Gy was applied by an (192)Ir source 3 mm from the source axis. Follow-up examinations included measurement of the ankle-brachial index, color-flow duplex sonography, and angiography. The primary end point of the study was patency after 6 months. The overall recurrence rate after 6 months was 15 (28.3%) of 53 in the PTA+BT group versus 29 (53.7%) of 54 in the PTA group (chi(2) test, P<0.05). The cumulative patency rates at 12 months of follow-up were 63.6% in the PTA+BT group and 35.3% in the PTA group (log-rank test, P<0.005).This is the first randomized study to demonstrate the efficacy of endovascular BT for prophylaxis of restenosis after femoropopliteal PTA. The value of this approach should now be improved by modification of the BT procedure and by combination with stent implantation.
Effect of nano-structured bioceramic surface on osteogenic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells
Authors: Lunguo Xia, Kaili Lin, Xinquan Jiang, Bing Fang, Yuanjin Xu, Jiaqiang Liu, Deliang Zeng, Maolin Zhang, Xiuli Zhang, Jiang Chang, Zhiyuan Zhang
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
Protein losing enteropathy associated with collagen diseases.
Authors: A Tsutsumi, T Sugiyama, R Matsumura, M Sueishi, K Takabayashi, T Koike, H Tomioka, S Yoshida
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1991)

Four patients with collagen diseases are described, who developed protein losing enteropathy in the course of their disease. Their protein losing enteropathies subsided after treatment with 60 mg/day oral prednisolone. Immunohistological studies of the small intestine showed deposits of C3 in the capillary walls of villi in two patients. Increased capillary permeability due to autoimmune phenomena may have a role in the pathogenesis of protein losing enteropathy associated with collagen diseases.
The Incidence of AIDS
Authors: Paul R. Gustafson
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  Hardy et al, 1 in their recent article on the incidence rate of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in selected populations, described the difficulties in estimating incidence rates of AIDS. Their calculated data were based on single males aged 15 years or older reported in the 1980 census. This figure served as an estimate of the homosexual or bisexual population and was felt to include most of the homosexual or bisexual men at high risk for AIDS. The reliability of this figure, however, is dependent on the true accuracy of census figures. The figure also pertains to data gathered in 1980 and, thus, it is not the most up-to-date figure for this population.  Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) provide a smaller but probably much more accurate idea of patients in this specified risk group. Monthly statistics on total patient enrollment including ratio of males to females, age, and
Versatile fabrication of vascularizable scaffolds for large tissue engineering in bioreactor
Authors: Alessandro Tocchio, Margherita Tamplenizza, Federico Martello, Irini Gerges, Eleonora Rossi, Simona Argentiere, Simona Rodighiero, Weiwei Zhao, Paolo Milani, Cristina Lenardi
Journal: Biomaterials (2015)
Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior
Authors: J. W. Sayre
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To the Editor.  —The recent publication by Dr Needleman and colleagues 1 linking delinquent behavior to bone lead content causes me great concern. I have had an interest in the lead exposure of children for many years, including demonstrating that lead in dust is a potent contributor to the low levels of lead found in children. 2 As a pediatric primary practitioner in an inner city, I've followed many children with lead exposure. Many have done well and are now in college or working productively, raising families of their own. In these same settings, we see many disrupted families whose children are aggressive and delinquent although the children's lead levels were never high.  Violence and youthful aggression in our time has exploded in the last decade, reaching frightening proportions. Coincident with this worsening of behavior there has been a remarkable drop in blood lead levels. Delinquent behavior has many important
Use of ERCP in the diagnosis of internal pancreatic fistula.
Authors: M Sottomayor, R N Chong, M Dawson
Journal: Gut (1978)

Two cases of internal pancreatic fistula, causing pancreatic ascites, were demonstrated by the use of ERCP. This new technique is a useful way of establishing the diagnosis, and treatment may in the future be determined by the ERCP findings.
THE MISSION OF THE ASSOCIATION OF THE MILITARY SURGEONS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD OF THE UNITED STATES.
Authors: N. SENN
Journal: JAMA (1892)

<i>Surgeons of the National Guard, Ladies and Gentlemen</i>: Every good citizen takes a just pride and a deep interest in the safety and prosperity of his country. His patriotism should bear a direct ratio to the degree of freedom and protection he enjoys and the richness of the natural resources within his reach. If freedom, protection, and prosperity are the elements which are productive of patriotism every citizen of the United States is or should be imbued with love and gratitude for his country and ready to defend it in times of danger. It is a great privilege to be a citizen of the greatest country on the face of the earth, and to belong to the most powerful and progressive nation in the world. Our country has taken a place in the front rank among the ruling nations. Its brief history is an unbroken record of unparalleled growth and
Acute Non-Suppurative Perinephritis
Authors: D. Newman
Journal: BMJ (1902)

JuLY 19, Ig'.]-ACUTE NON-SUPPURATIVE PERINEPHRITIS.[ THU LKITH I67 third nerve-are affected, I think mercury and potassium iodide should be freely and energetically administered in all of them.I have thought that such conditions are possibly the result of true syphilitic lesions associated with the post- syphilitic degeneration which tabes probably is, and that the almost invariable improvement which follows the use of anti- syphilitic remedies is evidence in favour of this view.At all events it is, I am sure, in such cases very desirable to push this treatment.In reference to the optic atro.phy,that, I fear, if it is tabetic, is a most intractable condition.In the cases in which it is an early symptom, it almost invariably, in spite of all treatment, even the hypodermic use of strych- nine goes on to complete atrophy and consequently total
Synthesis and antitumor activity of α-1,4-polygalactosamine and N-acetyl-α-1,4-polygalactosamine immobilized 5-fluorouracils through hexamethylene spacer groups via urea, urea bonds
Authors: Y. Ohya, T.Z. Huang, T. Ouchi, K. Hasegawa, J. Tamura, K. Kadowaki, T. Matsumoto, S. Suzuki, M. Suzuki
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (1991)
Abstract S2-2: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Before or After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy - Final Results from the Prospective German, multiinstitutional SENTINA-Trial -
Authors: T Kuehn, IGP Bauerfeind, T Fehm, B Fleige, G Helms, A Lebeau, C Liedtke, G von Minckwitz, V Nekljudova, P Schrenk, A Staebler, M Untch
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: The optimal timing for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in the neoadjuvant setting is still unclear. Evidence for both, feasibility (detection rate, DR) and accuracy (false negative rate, FNR) of SLNB before and after primary systemic treatment (PST) is restricted to monocentric and/or retrospective trials. The success rates for SLNB are particularly unclear for patients who are downstaged from a cN1 to a ycN0 status. Material and Methods: The German SENTINA (SENTInel NeoAdjuvant) trial is a 4-arm prospective multicenter cohort study designed to evaluate a specific algorithm for the timing of a standardized SLNB procedure in patients, who undergo PST and to provide reliable data for the DR and FNR in different settings. Patients were categorized into four treatment arms according to the clinical axillary staging before and after chemotherapy. Patients with a cN0 status underwent SLNB prior to PST and were categorized as arm A and B: If the SLN was histologically negative no further axillary surgery was performed after PST (arm A), whereas in case of histologically positive SLN status, a second SLNB and axillary dissection (AD) was performed after PST (arm B). Patients with a cN1 status prior to PST underwent no axillary surgery prior to PST and were stratified as arm C and D: If patients converted to cN0 after PST, SLNB and AD were performed (arm C); patients presenting with cN1 status after PST underwent classical AD (arm D). Results: 1737 eligible patients from 103 institutions entered the trial. From these 662 patients were classified as arm A, 360 pts as arm B, 592 pts as arm C and 123 pts as arm D. The DR for SLNB was 1013/1022 (99.1%) before PST (arms A and B), 474/592 (80.1%) in Arm C (after PST), and 219/360 (60.8%) in arm B (after prior SLNB and PST) (p &amp;lt; 0.001). 226/474 pts (47.7 %) in arm C with a detected SLN after PST had a positive and 248 (52.3 %) had a negative axillary status. The SLN was false negative in 32 pts (14.2 %, 95% CI 9.9%–19.4%). From 219 patients in arm B with a detected SLN after PST 64 (29.2 %) had a positive and 155 (70.8 %) a negative axillary status. The SLN was false negative in 33 pts (51.6 %, 95% CI 38.7%–64.2%). Conclusion: In patients, who convert from a positive to a negative cN stage during PST the DR for the SLNB is significantly lower compared to patients, who undergo SLNB prior to any other treatment. The FNR is less favorable compared to primary SLNB. Prior systemic and/or surgical treatment significantly impairs the success rates of SLNB. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr S2-2.
Late results of treatment of deep vein thrombosis
Authors: V. V. Kakkar, C. T. Howe, J. W. Laws, C. Flanc
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Twenty-two patients who had an acute episode of thrombosis in the deep veins of the legs were studied by a new technique of ascending functional cinephlebography 6 to 12 months after the episode of thrombosis.If the condition was diagnosed within 36 hours and the thrombus was dissolved rapidly valve function was preserved. When diagnosis was delayed there was a very great risk of permanent damage to the valves.
Prevention of cardiomyopathy in mouse models lacking the smooth muscle sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex
Authors: Ronald D. Cohn, Madeleine Durbeej, Steven A. Moore, Ramón Coral-Vazquez, Sally Prouty, Kevin P. Campbell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Cardiomyopathy is a multifactorial disease, and the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both hereditary and acquired forms of the disease. Using mouse models of cardiomyopathy made by ablating genes for components of the sarcoglycan complex, we show that long-term treatment with verapamil, a calcium channel blocker with vasodilator properties, can alleviate the severe cardiomyopathic phenotype, restoring normal serum levels for cardiac troponin I and normal cardiac muscle morphology. Interruption of verapamil treatment leads again to vascular dysfunction and acute myocardial necrosis, indicating that predilection for cardiomyopathy is a continuing process. In contrast, verapamil did not prevent cardiac muscle pathology in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, which neither show a disruption of the sarcoglycan complex in vascular smooth muscle nor vascular dysfunction. Hence, our data strongly suggest that pharmacological intervention with verapamil merits investigation as a potential therapeutic option not only for patients with sarcoglycan mutations, but also for patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy associated with myocardial ischemia not related to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.