tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
GRADING OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Gregory Shwartzman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1935)

In this paper there are described methods for grading the local skin reactivity induced by bacterial filtrates. The grading is accomplished by titration of the skin-preparatory factors; and by studies on the duration of ensuing reactivity. It was found that the duration of reactivity depends upon the mode of preparation of filtrates and the microorganisms employed. Thus, it lasts for 96 hours with meningococcus "agar washings" filtrates; for 72 hours with B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates; it disappears within 48 hours with B. typhosus tryptic digest broth culture filtrate and B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates previously heated in the Arnold sterilizer for 20 minutes. Comparative titrations of the preparations employed demonstrate that the duration of reactivity is in direct relationship to the reacting potency. It is also shown that the skin-preparatory potency of the filtrates and the duration of the ensuing local reactivity are not modified by cellular anaphylactic sensitization (Arthus phenomenon) to animal proteins. The exposure of tissues to the effect of certain soluble bacterial factors induces a high susceptibility to humoral toxic principles resulting from intravascular antigen-antibody interaction.
494 Augmented TNFalpha (TNF) expression by activated monocytes and altered T-cell homeostasis in ascitic cirrhosis: Amelioration with norfloxacin
Authors: A ALBILLOS, A DELAHERA, E REYES, J MONSERRAT, L MUNOZ, M NIETO, L RUIZDELARBOL, E SANZ, M ALVAREZMON
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

One central factor in hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) pathogenesis is intravascular accumulation of activated macrophages in small pulmonary arteries. However, molecular mechanism underlying the macrophage accumulation in HPS is unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore whether elevated COX-2 induces the Bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2)/Crossveinless-2 (CV-2) imbalance and then activation of BMP signaling pathway promotes the macrophage accumulation in Common Bile Duct Ligation (CBDL) rat lung.The COX-2/PGE2 signaling activation, the BMP-2/CV-2 imbalance and the activation of Smad1 were evaluated in CBDL rat lung and in cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) under the HPS serum stimulation. The effects of Parecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor), BMP-2 and CV-2 recombinant proteins on 4-week CBDL rat lung were determined, respectively.The COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway was activated in CBDL rat lung in vivo and PMVECs in vitro, which was due to the activation of NF-κB P65. The inhibition of COX-2 by Parecoxib reduced macrophage accumulation, decreased lung angiogenesis and improved HPS. Meanwhile, the CBDL rat lung secreted more BMP-2 but less CV-2, and the imbalance between BMP-2 and CV-2 exacerbated the BMP signaling activation thus promoting the macrophage accumulation and lung angiogenesis. The BMP-2/CV-2 imbalance is dependent on the COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway, and thus the effects of this imbalance can be reversed by adminstration of Parecoxib.Our findings indicate that inhibition of COX-2 by parecoxib can improve the HPS through the repression of BMP signaling and macrophage accumulation.
Lithium inhibits invasion of glioma cells; possible involvement of glycogen synthase kinase-3
Authors: Michal O. Nowicki, Nina Dmitrieva, Andrew M. Stein, Jennifer L. Cutter, Jakub Godlewski, Yoshinaga Saeki, Masayuki Nita, Michael E. Berens, Leonard M. Sander, Herbert B. Newton, E. Antonio Chiocca, Sean Lawler
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2008)

Therapies targeting glioma cells that diffusely infiltrate normal brain are highly sought after. Our aim was to identify novel approaches to this problem using glioma spheroid migration assays. Lithium, a currently approved drug for the treatment of bipolar illnesses, has not been previously examined in the context of glioma migration. We found that lithium treatment potently blocked glioma cell migration in spheroid, wound-healing, and brain slice assays. The effects observed were dose dependent and reversible, and worked using every glioma cell line tested. In addition, there was little effect on cell viability at lithium concentrations that inhibit migration, showing that this is a specific effect. Lithium treatment was associated with a marked change in cell morphology, with cells retracting the long extensions at their leading edge. Examination of known targets of lithium showed that inositol monophosphatase inhibition had no effect on glioma migration, whereas inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) did. This suggested that the effects of lithium on glioma cell migration could possibly be mediated through GSK-3. Specific pharmacologic GSK-3 inhibitors and siRNA knockdown of GSK-3α or GSK-3β isoforms both reduced cell motility. These data outline previously unidentified pathways and inhibitors that may be useful for the development of novel anti-invasive therapeutics for the treatment of brain tumors.
Doctors protest against South Africa's registration system
Authors: P. Sidley
Journal: BMJ (1998)

A group of foreign educated doctors, who are now naturalised South African citizens, are challenging regulations in South Africa that prohibit them from gaining full registration as medical practitioners unless they retake their final medical examinations.

The doctors' limited registration restricts them to occupying posts in state hospitals and denies them the right to go into private practice. The doctors have brought their case against the health minister, Dr Nkosazana Zuma, in the Pretoria High Court, and they allege that the regulations are discriminatory and that they are being …
Targeting the Calpain/Calpastatin System as a New Strategy to Prevent Cardiovascular Remodeling in Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension
Authors: Emmanuel Letavernier, Joëlle Perez, Agnès Bellocq, Laurent Mesnard, Alexandre de Castro Keller, Jean-Philippe Haymann, Laurent Baud
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

In hypertension, angiotensin (Ang) II is a critical mediator of cardiovascular remodeling, whose prominent features include myocardial and vascular media hypertrophy, perivascular inflammation, and fibrosis. The signaling pathways responsible for these alterations are not completely understood. Here, we investigated the importance of calpains, calcium-dependent cysteine proteases. We generated transgenic mice constitutively expressing high levels of calpastatin, a calpain-specific inhibitor. Chronic infusion of Ang II led to similar increases in systolic blood pressure in wild-type and transgenic mice. In contrast, compared with wild-type mice, transgenic mice displayed a marked blunting of Ang II-induced hypertrophy of left ventricle. Ang II-dependent vascular remodeling, ie, media hypertrophy and perivascular inflammation and fibrosis, was also limited in both large arteries (aorta) and small kidney arteries from transgenic mice as compared with wild type. In vitro experiments using vascular smooth muscle cells showed that calpastatin transgene expression blunted calpain activation by Ang II through epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. In vivo and in vitro models of inflammation showed that impaired recruitment of mononuclear cells in transgenic mice was attributable to a decrease in both the release of and the chemotactic response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Finally, results from collagen synthesis assay and zymography suggested that limited fibrogenesis was attributable to a decrease in collagen deposition rather than an increase in collagen degradation. These results indicate a critical role for calpains as downstream mediators in Ang II-induced cardiovascular remodeling and, thus, highlight an attractive therapeutic target.
Medicine's Ethical Responsibilities
Authors: Russell B. Roth
Journal: JAMA (1971)

An interesting question arises at formal conferences, where the nature of physician activities is discussed under the general heading of ethics. Time was when the physician graduated from medical school, gave testimony to his competence in passing assorted examinations for licensure or recognition as a specialist, and then devoted himself rather exclusively to the business of exercising his talents and his skills on behalf of those who came to him as patients. So long as he dealt with his patients equitably and ministered to them with competence he was regarded as a paragon of ethical probity. Today it would appear that such professional isolationism is not so completely defensible. There is the implication that, when one undertakes a career in medicine, one, at the same time, assumes responsibilities extending beyond a one-to-one physician-patient relationship. The interesting question is this: to what extent is this implication true? In certain circumscribed
Abnormal Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve After Coronary Artery Stenting in Patients
Authors: Morton J. Kern, Sanjeev Puri, Richard G. Bach, Thomas J. Donohue, Patrick Dupouy, Eugene A. Caracciolo, W. Randall Craig, Frank Aguirre, Eduardo Aptecar, Thomas L. Wolford, Carol J. Mechem, Jean-Luc Dubois-Rande
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Absolute coronary flow velocity reserve (CVR) after stenting may remain abnormal as a result of several different mechanisms. Relative CVR (rCVR=CVR(target)/CVR(reference)) theoretically normalizes for global microcirculatory disturbances and facilitates interpretation of abnormal CVR.To characterize potential mechanisms of poststent physiology, CVR was measured using a Doppler-tipped angioplasty guidewire in 55 patients before and after angioplasty, after stenting, and in an angiographically normal reference vessel. For the group, the percent diameter stenosis decreased from 75+/-13% to 40+/-18% after angioplasty and to 10+/-9% (all P<0.05) after stent placement. After angioplasty, CVR increased from 1.63+/-0.71 to 1.89+/-0.55 (P<0.05) and after stent placement, to 2.48+/-0.75 (P<0.05 versus pre- and postangioplasty). After angioplasty, rCVR increased from 0.64+/-0.26 to 0.75+/-0.23 and after stent placement to 1.00+/-0.34. In 17 patients with CVR(stent) < or = 2.0, increased basal coronary flow, rather than attenuated hyperemia, was responsible in large part for the lower CVR(stent) compared with patients having CVR(stent) >2.0. In 8 patients with CVR(stent) <2.0, a normal rCVR supported global microvascular disease. The subgroup of 9 patients with CVR(stent) <2.0 and abnormal rCVR (16% of the studied patients) may require a pressure-derived fractional flow reserve to differentiate persistent obstruction from diffuse atherosclerotic disease or microvascular stunning.Although a majority of patients after stenting normalize CVR for the individual circulation (ie, normal CVR or normal rCVR), in those with impaired CVR(stent), the analysis of coronary flow dynamics suggests several different physiological mechanisms. Additional assessment may be required to fully characterize the physiological result for such patients to exclude remediable luminal abnormalities.
Thrombogenic Properties of Murine Anti-Cardiolipin Antibodies Induced by β <sub>2</sub> Glycoprotein 1 and Human Immunoglobulin G Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Authors: Silvia S. Pierangeli, Xiao Wei Liu, G. Anderson, J.H. Barker, E.N. Harris
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Recurrent arterial thrombosis and venous thrombosis are frequent complications of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Patients produce anti-cardiolipin antibodies, but the role of these antibodies in thrombus formation is uncertain. This study used a unique CD-1 mouse model of thrombosis to determine whether anti-cardiolipin and anti-β 2 glycoprotein 1 (β 2 GP1) antibodies induced immunologically in these animals are thrombogenic. Methods and Results The CD-1 mouse model enables measurement of the kinetics of a thrombus induced in the femoral vein of the animal. Animals are first anesthetized, then one femoral vein is exposed and subjected to a standardized, nonpenetrating “pinch” injury that induces a thrombus. The vein is transilluminated, and the growing thrombus is visualized on a television screen. The rate of formation and disappearance of the thrombus as well as its area can be measured by a computer attached to the television. Three groups of CD-1 mice (each group comprising seven animals) were studied. Group 1 mice were actively immunized with β 2 GP1, resulting in production of anti-β 2 GP1 and anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Group 2 mice were actively immunized with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-cardiolipin antibodies and produced anti-human IgG as well as anti-cardiolipin antibodies (the latter by an idiotype–anti-idiotype reaction). These animals did not produce anti-β 2 GP1 antibodies. Group 3 mice were immunized with human serum albumin (HSA) and produced anti-HSA but not anti-cardiolipin antibodies. The kinetics of thrombus formation induced in the femoral veins of the experimental mice were compared. Results showed that the mean thrombus area as well as mean time during which thrombi persisted were significantly greater in group 1 and group 2 mice compared with group 3. There was no statistical difference between group 1 or group 2. Conclusions Demonstration of a thrombogenic effect of murine anti-cardiolipin antibodies suggests that these antibodies may be pathogenic in humans with APS.
A glimpse of Cre-mediated controversies in epicardial signalling
Authors: Wenjun Zhang, Anthony B. Firulli, Weinian Shou
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2013)

Among the many important aspects of cardiac development, formation of the epicardium and the underlining signalling pathways that direct the mobilization and differentiation of epicardial cells have been one of the highly pursued research subjects within the past decade. These epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) are reported to contribute to several critical cell types which include cardiac myofibroblasts and coronary smooth muscle contributing to the formation of the coronary vasculature network within the developing embryonic heart.1 Recent data suggesting that epicardial progenitor cells (EPCs) can contribute to newly formed cardiomyocytes in injured hearts2,3 has drawn further attention into the mechanisms of epicardiogenesis, as the successful use of epicardial cells in cell replacement therapies will undoubtedly have a high clinical impact on treating heart disease. To achieve this goal, a better understanding of the molecular mechanism that drive epicardiogenesis will be required.

As the outermost cell layer of the vertebrate heart, the epicardium is derived from the proepicardial organ (PE), which originates from splanchnic mesenchyme within the septum transversum that is juxtaposed near the venous pole of the embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) mouse heart (E22 for human). EPCs detach from the PE, migrate into pericardial cavity, and adhere to the myocardial surface where they rapidly spread to form a mesothelial monolayer covering the atria, atrioventricular canal, and ventricles, and in doing so, establish a primary epicardium by E10.5 in the mouse. Two days later, at E12.5, some of the primary epicardial cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition to convert into highly mobile and developmentally plastic EPDCs ( Figure 1 ). These EPDCs proceed to invade the subepicardial matrix and subsequently migrate into the myocardium, where they differentiate into interstitial …
Psychotherapist and Expansion of Awareness
Authors: Chang-Yong Chung
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1990)

The author emphasizes the therapist's well-integrated and matured personality as the crucial element for being a good psychotherapist; therefore, it is essential for a psychotherapist to make ceaseless efforts regarding his own personality growth with his ongoing therapeutic experiences. Nevertheless, nowadays students are apt to satisfy themselves with or cling to the theories and techniques of psychotherapy, neglecting their own personality growth. The author attributes such a tendency, on the one hand, to the contemporary thought of 'technology first and convenience first', on the other, to the current system of medical education which is extremely faithful to scientism. He warns that concepts or theories sometimes serve as a barrier in one's mind and falsify the reality. He reiterates the importance of the therapist's own maturity and expansion of awareness. In this context, the author recommends Zen meditation or Theravada meditation as one of the advanced courses of training for psychotherapists. He elucidates a way of promoting one's awareness in Zen meditation and what the ultimate state of 'no-self' of Zen should be, based on his own experience of Zen practices.
Granulosa Cell Tumor of the Ovary With High FDG Uptake
Authors: Cécile Caoduro, Constantin Marius Ungureanu, Cristina Maria Singeorzan, Orland Angoue, Oleg Blagosklonov, Hatem Boulahdour
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) of the ovary is a rare tumor accounting for 2%-5% of ovarian malignancies. Although the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT is well demonstrated in the staging and follow-up of the great majority of ovarian cancers, GCTs are known to cause false-negative results on FDG PET because of very low FDG avidity. We present a case of a GCT in which an 18F-FDG PET/CT proved very useful in the detection of recurrence.
Beethoven's Deafness
Authors: V. S. Naiken
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  In his recent letter toThe Journal( 215 :119, 1971), Golding mentioned the possibility of Paget's disease of bone in connection with  deafness. The following may therefore interest your readers.  Heinrich Newman in 1927, 1 and Asherson 2 in 1966 thought about Paget's disease, but both dismissed it outright without any further or deeper analysis. In a study attempted to prove or disprove an alleged syphilitic basis for  deafness, I independently thought of and worked on the possibility of Paget's disease. My collected data were presented as a paper at the 22nd International Congress of the History of Medicine, held in Bucharest, Rumania, in the first week of September 1970. It was entitled Beethoven's deafness: A composite viewpoint: Paget's disease of bone.  In essence, the hypothesis rests on three main lines of evidence: (1) the physical characteristics of the skull, face, and body of Beethoven;
Survey of gastroenteritis in children admitted to hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1971-5.
Authors: C R Pullan, H Dellagrammatikas, H Steiner
Journal: BMJ (1977)

In a survey of 674 children admitted to the main gastroenteritis unit in Newcastle upon Tyne from 1971 to 1975 there was a noticeable reduction in the incidence of severe dehydration and hypernatraemia, though there was no appreciable change in many characteristics of the patients. This period coincided locally (and nationally) with a determined effort on the part of health visitors and doctors to encourage mothers to breast-feed and to advise them to avoid giving concentrated milk feeds and ensure an adequate water intake during febrile illnesses. This may have contributed towards a reduction in the severity of the illness in children with gastroenteritis admitted to hospital. The overall mortality and the incidence of neurological complications in cases of hypernatraemia are low compared with previous reports.
Use of Anti-infectives In Five Common Operations
Authors: Jack M. Perlman
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent study we found that teaching hospitals administer anti-infectives to patients undergoing operations at only a slightly lower rate than nonteaching hospitals. But the rates were surprisingly high for both types of hospitals. The records of 516,064 patients discharged from 1,183 hospitals which participated in the Professional Activity Study (PAS) during 1968 were studied. Each patient studied had one of the following procedures coded as his most important operation: (1) repair of inguinal hernia (40.0), (2) appendectomy (45.1), (3) hemorrhoidectomy (49.3), (4) cholecystectomy (53.5), or (5) total abdominal hysterectomy (72.4).<sup>1</sup>The percent of these patients who received sulfa drugs or antibiotics was determined. The data are shown in the Figure with hospitals grouped according to teaching status. A high proportion of the patients in all hospitals received anti-infectives; for example, nearly half of the patients who underwent cholecystectomy and appendectomy received the drugs. <h3>Comment.—</h3>
EIGHTY-SIX CASES OF DERMATITIS DUE TO DYED FUR
Authors: A. C. ROXBURGH
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1925)

Journal Article EIGHTY‐SIX CASES OF DERMATITIS DUE TO DYED FUR Get access A. C. ROXBURGH, M. D., M.R.C.P. A. C. ROXBURGH, M. D., M.R.C.P. Assistant Physician, St. John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin; Chief Assistant, Skin‐Department, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 37, Issue 3, 1 March 1925, Pages 126–132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1925.tb09937.x Published: 01 March 1925
Physiological scoring systems and audit
Authors: P.M. Rothwell, RenéW.S. Chang, DavidJ. Bihari, W. Hasibeder, M. Haisjackl, R. Germann, R. Vergeiner, M. Seyr, H. Sparr, Mark Palazzo, Neil Soni, Charles Hinds, A.W. Holt, A.D. Bersten, L.I. Worthley, A.E. Vedig
Journal: The Lancet (1993)
Insulin Receptor Deficiency in Genetic and Acquired Obesity
Authors: Andrew H. Soli, C. Ronald Kahn, David M. Neville, Jesse Roth
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

We have previously shown that in the insulin-resistant obese hyperglycemic mouse (ob/ob) there is a deficiency in the number of insulin receptor sites on hepatocytes, adipocytes, and thymic lymphocytes. We now find that concentration of insulin receptors on liver plasma membranes is decreased in the db/db mouse, another form of inherited obesity, and in normal mice that became obese after treatment with gold thioglucose, while thin mice, heterozygous for the ob mutation (ob/+), have normal insulin binding. With acute and chronic food restriction of the ob/ob and gold thioglucose obese mice, there is reduction in hyperinsulinemia and an associated increase in the insulin receptor concentration toward normal. In contrast, when fasting ob/ob mice were given exogenous insulin to maintain the hyperinsulinemia, insulin receptors failed to increase. Thus, in all cases, there was a consistent relationship between the degree of hyperinsulinemia and of insulin receptor loss. These findings suggest that decreased insulin binding is a characteristic feature of the insulin resistance of obesity, and that sustained hyperinsulinemia is a major factor in the control of the concentration of insulin receptors on target cells.