tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Men are more likely than women to die early
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

More men than women under the age of 44 die prematurely in all the 44 countries a new study looked at. And in many cases the causes of the early deaths are avoidable.

The main causes of death in this age group are associated with lifestyle and risk taking, say the researchers, who used data from a World Health Organization mortality database to investigate patterns of mortality in men and women aged between 15 and 44 years in 44 countries around the world (Journal of Men’s Health and Gender 2006;3:139-51).

“In every country there is an excess of male deaths due to potentially avoidable reasons,” write the authors, from Leeds Metropolitan University. “The nature of the risks that men face can be interpreted in many ways, from the physical risk associated with road traffic accidents to the personal lifestyle risk associated with smoking, poor diet and alcohol consumption.

“Policy makers and health practitioners should already start to use the available data to develop better-targeted healthcare services for young men.”

The study shows that although mortality is higher among men in all the 44 countries, the numbers of deaths and the causes vary widely.

The study, which focused on six potentially avoidable causes of death—accidents, suicide, malignant neoplasms, diseases of the circulatory system, homicide, and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis—shows that among men a median of 7.4% of all deaths from all causes in all age groups were in 15-44 year olds, whereas the corresponding figure for women was 3.1%. Men were more likely than women to die in accidents: among 25-34 year olds the median number of deaths from accidents was 42 per 100 000 people among men and nine per 100 000 among women.

Substantial differences were also found in the number of deaths from suicide. In the 25-34 age group, for instance, the median number among men was 21.9 per 100 000 people, while that among women was 4.6. In the same age group numbers of deaths from cardiovascular disease were 11.2 per 100 000 among men and 4.6 per 100 000 among women.

The results show that across all the age groups mortality was higher among men than among women and that there were marked geographical differences. In Estonia and Latvia in the 15-24 and 25-34 years age groups the death rate among men was more than 4.5 times that among women. In Egypt, the Netherlands, and Hong Kong, however, male mortality was just under double female mortality in the same age groups.

Among men the proportion of all deaths that were premature varied widely across countries. In Thailand 35% of all deaths among men were in the 15-44 years age group, whereas the percentage was 3.5% in Sweden and 4.9% in the United Kingdom.

In the eight countries where accidents were not the most frequently reported cause of death among those aged under 44, the main causes were malignant neoplasms (Hong Kong, the Netherlands, and Singapore), cardiovascular diseases (Egypt and the Philippines), homicide (Brazil), suicide (Japan), and mental disorders (Norway).
The potential of label-free nonlinear optical molecular microscopy to non-invasively characterize the viability of engineered human tissue constructs
Authors: Leng-Chun Chen, William R Lloyd, Shiuhyang Kuo, Hyungjin Myra Kim, Cynthia L Marcelo, Stephen E Feinberg, Mary-Ann Mycek
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)

Nonlinear optical molecular imaging and quantitative analytic methods were developed to non-invasively assess the viability of tissue-engineered constructs manufactured from primary human cells. Label-free optical measures of local tissue structure and biochemistry characterized morphologic and functional differences between controls and stressed constructs. Rigorous statistical analysis accounted for variability between human patients. Fluorescence intensity-based spatial assessment and metabolic sensing differentiated controls from thermally-stressed and from metabolically-stressed constructs. Fluorescence lifetime-based sensing differentiated controls from thermally-stressed constructs. Unlike traditional histological (found to be generally reliable, but destructive) and biochemical (non-invasive, but found to be unreliable) tissue analyses, label-free optical assessments had the advantages of being both non-invasive and reliable. Thus, such optical measures could serve as reliable manufacturing release criteria for cell-based tissue-engineered constructs prior to human implantation, thereby addressing a critical regulatory need in regenerative medicine.
Mitotane Use in Inoperable Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
Authors: Joseph A. Lubitz
Journal: JAMA (1973)

One hundred fifteen patients with inoperable adrenal cortical carcinoma were treated with mitotane (o,p' = DDD). Eighty-five percent of the patients with elevated urinary steroid levels showed a marked reduction, 61% of the patients whose conditions we were able to evaluate showed a measurable disease response, and 45% showed an overall clinical response. These results are all markedly better than those described in earlier reports. In previous reports earlier recognition of the disease and institution of chemotherapy with mitotane resulted in the improvements described. There was no evidence of serious organ poisoning, except for the effects upon the adrenal cortex. On the basis of these data, early diagnosis and treatment of inoperable adrenal cortical carcinoma with mitotane seem to be useful.
Intracellular pH and intrinsic H+ buffering capacity in normal and hypertrophied right ventricle of ferret heart
Authors: E. Do, D. Ellis, J. Noireaud
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

To answer the questions: (a) What is the effect of hypertrophy on the intracellular pH (pHi) and buffering power of cardiac muscle, and (b) How does hypertrophy affect the ability of cardiac muscle to recover from intracellular acidosis induced by hypoxia. In nominally HCO3−-free, HEPES-buffered Tyrode solution (35 °C), pHi and the intrinsic buffering power (βi, measured in the presence of amiloride) was investigated using pH-sensitive microelectrodes. βi was similar in both preparations (25 mM/pH unit at pH, 7.04). βi was inversely related to pHi but the relationship was not significantly modified by hypertrophy. In the absence of amiloride, the time constant of pHi recovery (τr) on removal of NH4+, was similar in normal (4.0 ± 0.2 min, n = 5) and in hypertrophied muscles (4.3 ± 0.3 min, n = 4; n.s.). In both preparations, net acid extrusion (JH) was similarly increased at lower values of pHi. Lowering temperature from 35 ° to 22 ° caused an alkalinization (0.15 pH units) of pHi. At 22 °C the mean values of pHi, βi, τr and JH were similar in normal and in hypertrophied muscles. At both temperatures and in both groups of preparations, recovery of pHi following hypoxia is approximately exponential. The time constant of recovery of pHi following hypoxia (τrh) at 22 °C was not significantly different in hypertrophied muscles (7.2 ± 0.9 min, n = 8) compared to controls (10.6 ± 1.8 min, n = 13). However, at 35 °C, there was a significant difference in the mean values of τrh which was smaller for hypertrophied muscles (3.9 ± 0.3 min, n = 7) than for normal (7.1 ± 1.1 min, n = 4, P < 0.005). For pHi 6.8–7.0, net acid extrusion in hypertrophied preparations was increased by a factor of 4 compared to normal. The intracellular buffering capacity and the pHi regulating capacity via Na+/H+ exchange are not significantly modified by right ventricular hypertrophy in ferret heart. The faster pHi recovery from hypoxia-induced acidification can be interpreted in terms of the role of lactate efflux in pHi control. The possible role of energy compartmentalization, its influence on the Na+ gradient and thus on pHi control after hypoxia, is discussed.
Inhibition of carbachol stimulated acid secretion by interleukin 1β in rabbit parietal cells requires protein kinase C
Authors: I L P Beales, J Calam
Journal: Gut (2001)

BACKGROUND Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Regulatory actions at several levels have previously been demonstrated, including direct inhibition of parietal cell acid secretion. Although IL-1β may activate several intracellular signalling pathways, the mechanisms responsible for inhibition of carbachol stimulated acid secretion have not been determined. AIMS To investigate the roles of protein kinase C (PKC) and the sphingomyelinase signalling pathways in the regulation of acid secretion by IL-1β. METHODS Rabbit parietal cells were obtained by collagenase-EDTA digestion and centrifugal elutriation. Acid secretion stimulated by carbachol and A23187 (to mimic elevations in intracellular calcium) was assessed by 14 C aminopyrine uptake in response to IL-1β, PKC, and sphingomyelinase manipulation. RESULTS IL-1β inhibited carbachol and A23187 stimulated acid secretion in a dose dependent manner. The inhibitory actions were completely reversed by each of three different PKC inhibitors, staurosporine, H-7, and chelerythrine, as well as by PKC depletion with high dose phorbol ester pretreatment. IL-1β did not downregulate parietal cell muscarinic receptor. IL-1β significantly increased membrane PKC activity. Activation of the sphingomyelinase/ceramide pathway had no effect on basal or stimulated acid secretion. The inhibitory action of IL-1β was independent of protein kinase A and protein kinase G activity. CONCLUSIONS IL-1β directly inhibits parietal cell carbachol stimulated acid secretion. This action occurs distal to muscarinic receptor activation and elevations in intracellular calcium and requires PKC.
Comparative Effectiveness of Generic and Brand-Name Statins on Patient Outcomes
Authors: Joshua J. Gagne, Niteesh K. Choudhry, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Jennifer M. Polinski, David Hutchins, Olga S. Matlin, Troyen A. Brennan, Jerry Avorn, William H. Shrank
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Background: Statins are effective in preventing cardiovascular events, but patients do not fully adhere to them. Objective: To determine whether patients are more adherent to generic statins versus brand-name statins (lovastatin, pravastatin, or simvastatin) and whether greater adherence improves health outcomes. Design: Observational, propensity score–matched, new-user cohort study. Setting: Linked electronic data from medical and pharmacy claims. Participants: Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older with prescription drug coverage between 2006 and 2008. Intervention: Initiation of a generic or brand-name statin. Measurements: Adherence to statin therapy (measured as the proportion of days covered [PDC] up to 1 year) and a composite outcome comprising hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome or stroke and all-cause mortality. Hazard ratios (HRs) and absolute rate differences were estimated. Results: A total of 90 111 patients who initiated a statin during the study was identified; 83 731 (93%) initiated a generic drug, and 6380 (7%) initiated a brand-name drug. The mean age of patients was 75.6 years, and most (61%) were female. The average PDC was 77% for patients in the generic group and 71% for those in the brand-name group (P < 0.001). An 8% reduction in the rate of the clinical outcome was observed among patients in the generic group versus those in the brand-name group (HR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.86 to 0.99]). The absolute difference was −1.53 events per 100 person-years (CI, −2.69 to −0.19 events per 100 person-years). Limitation: Results may not be generalizable to other populations with different incomes or drug benefit structures. Conclusion: Compared with those initiating brand-name statins, patients initiating generic statins were more likely to adhere and had a lower rate of a composite clinical outcome. Primary Funding Source: Teva Pharmaceuticals.
Needle Biopsy of the Parietal Pleura in Malignant Disease
Authors: P. O. Leggat
Journal: BMJ (1959)

minutes, before a dose of phentolamine could be administered.After the attack the blood pressure was egain 160/90.The histology of the liver was normal.On further questioning the patient gave a history of occasional similar attacks which she had had for about eight years.These usually occurred in the mornings, especially on bending down in the course of her housework.They usually lasted about half an hour and vomiting occurred occasionally.She would sit down during the attacks and wait for them to pass off.Attempts made to precipitate an attack by pressure in the loins, by walking, and by bending all failed.Several very short spontaneous attacks occurred, none lasting long husbands, who have illegitimate children.It also notes the increase of illegitimate pregnancies among teen-age girls.Another serious problem is the number of foreign unmarried mothers, 247 of whom were helped by the Council last year.Sixty-four were German and 57 Italian girls.(39th; Report, National Council for the Unmarried Mother and her Child.)
Emergency Treatment of Insect-Sting Allergy
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1978)

A CONSENSUS development conference on the emergency treatment of insect-sting allergy was held at the National Institutes of Health on Sept 14,1978. The principal concern of the participants was the use of insect-sting kits by nonmedical personnel and what might be done to make such kits available to persons trained in their use. It is generally not appreciated that stings inflicted by species of the order Hymenoptera—bees, yellow jackets, hornets, wasps, and ants—can result in serious and even fatal anaphylactic reactions. Although most persons at risk of such reactions have been sensitized by previous stings and are aware of their hypersensitivity, many are not so aware and may unexpectedly go into a state of shock and collapse after being stung. Accurate figures on the number of susceptible people and the number of people who experience serious reactions each year are not available, but approximately 40 deaths per year from hymenopteran
Full-time Atropine, Intermittent Atropine, and Optical Penalization and Binocular Outcome in Treatment of Strabismic Amblyopia
Authors: Kurt Simons, Leah Stein, Emin Cumhur Sener, Susan Vitale, David L. Guyton
Journal: Ophthalmology (1997)

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the monocular and binocular outcome of three types of "penalization" (blurring of the sound eye) treatment of amblyopia: traditional full-time atropine or optical penalization and a new intermittent atropine regimen involving atropine instillation 1 to 3 days a week.The study design was a retrospective study.A total of 163 patients with strabismic amblyopia treated by full-time atropine (n = 38), intermittent atropine (n = 73), or optical (n = 52) penalization participated.Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity, and binocularity index were determined.All three forms of penalization produced statistically significant mean reduction in amblyopia (1.7-2.7 logMAR lines) and mean improvement in binocularity by the end-of-treatment or long-term follow-up visit or both, with minimal mean loss after discontinuation or slight mean improvement on these measures at long-term mean follow-up of 1.9 to 4 years across groups. Few patients achieved high-grade stereoacuity. Compliance was high. Comparable efficacy was found for all three treatment groups after controlling for age, depth of amblyopia, and binocularity at the initial visit. Initial-visit amblyopia depth was strongly and significantly associated with amblyopia depth at both post-treatment visits. Pretreatment and post-treatment binocularity showed a similar strong relationship. Surprisingly, however, there was no consistent or significant association found between depth of amblyopia and binocularity in any visit combination. Post-treatment measures of these two variables also were not associated with initial-visit age or refractive error at any clinically significant level. Mean treatment duration was 1.1 to 2.9 years and was not found to be associated with visual outcome. Amblyopia reversal was found in one (full-time atropine) case at a clinically important level.The authors confirmed previous reports of penalization's efficacy as a primary treatment of moderate amblyopia (20/100 or better acuity) and, in some cases, relatively severe amblyopia (>20/100) and also confirmed its ability to significantly improve mean binocularity. Amblyopia and binocularity appear to respond to treatment independently and, within the postinfancy age range of the sample studied, the responses appear to be independent of initial-visit age. The high acceptability to patients and parents of atropine penalization, and particularly of the intermittent regimen introduced here, suggests the need for prospective-study-based re-evaluation of the relative merits of penalization and occlusion as the standard of care for mild-to-moderate amblyopia.
THE WARBLE-FLY--HYPODERMA
Authors: A. E. Shipley
Journal: BMJ (1915)

Infiniite tormenet of flies."-TENNNYSON-.B1RITAIN wants mi1any mliaterials in this wvar, and as longc as our back door is opeln we are getting themii.Petrol, rubber, zinc, copper, miolybdentum, vaniadiumi, thorium, nicikel, saltpetre, wool, cotton, are all coining to us in greater- inmmlieasurably greater-quantities tlmap tlhcy cain filter througll neutral countries inito Germany.These -tlhillgs count.Thje shortacge of leeclhes in Great Britain on wlich
Bronchial blood vessel dimensions in asthma.
Authors: N G Carroll, C Cooke, A L James
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

The extent to which the bronchial vasculature contributes to airway wall thickening in large and small airways in patients with asthma is unknown. The aim of this study was to quantify the number and the area occupied by blood vessels in the airway submucosa of patients with and without asthma. We used the monoclonal antibody Factor VIII to measure the blood vessels between the airway basement membrane and the outer border of the smooth muscle. In large cartilaginous airways in patients with fatal asthma, the number and area of large blood vessels were increased and the number and area of small blood vessels were decreased, compared with that in patients with nonfatal asthma and control subjects. However, the total number of blood vessels and the total area occupied by blood vessels per square millimeter in the airway submucosa were similar in patients with fatal asthma or nonfatal asthma and in control subjects in all airway size groups. Blood vessels were distended to a mean value of 80% of their estimated maximal area. The increased number of larger vessels in patients with fatal asthma raises the possibility that vascular congestion associated with an acute severe asthma attack may distend blood vessels. The finding of similar numbers of blood vessels per square millimeter of submucosa in control subjects and in patients with asthma suggests that blood vessels increase in number in patients with asthma only in proportion to increased airway wall area. It is unlikely that submucosal vessels could act as capacitance vessels and significantly alter inner airway wall thickness.
Raynaud's Disease and Prostacyclin
Authors: DONALD KENNERLY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 February 1983Raynaud's Disease and ProstacyclinDONALD KENNERLY, M.D., PH.D.DONALD KENNERLY, M.D., PH.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-2-258_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The recent paper by Jobe and associates, (1) provides not only a simple treatment for mild Raynaud's symptoms but perhaps more importantly raises an interesting scientific issue. Although the data reported are compatible with classic Pavlovian conditioning because the symptoms in the patient's legs did not respond to the "conditioning" of the arms with warm water, another interpretation is possible. The treatment may directly alter local vascular responsiveness to cold stimuli without involving a central nervous system pathway. A long-term change in a locally active "factor" or in the intrinsic cellular responsiveness may be induced by these...References1. JOBESAMPSONROBERTSBEETHAM JJDW. Induced vasodilation as treatment for Raynaud's disease. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:706-9. LinkGoogle Scholar2. BELCHNEWMANDRURY JPJ. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of prostacyclin in the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome. In: Program and Abstracts of the Fifth International Conference on Prostaglandins. Milan, Italy: Fondazione Gioranni Lorenzini; 1982: Abstract 291. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByProstaglandin infusion therapy for intermittent digital ischemia in a patient with mixed connective tissue diseaseMiscellanea and rarities 1 February 1983Volume 98, Issue 2Page: 258-258KeywordsCentral nervous systemProstacyclinResearch design Issue Published: 1 February 1983 PDF DownloadLoading ...
LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSSYNCHRONY IS ASSOCIATED WITH WORSE DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE AND PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION
Authors: Angela B.S. Santos, Elisabeth Kraigher-Krainer, Michael Zile, Burkert Pieske, Adriaan A. Voors, John J.V. McMurray, Milton Packer, Toni Bransford, Marty Lefkowitz, Amil Shah, Scott D. Solomon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
CD8α+ Dendritic Cells Are Required for Efficient Entry of Listeria monocytogenes into the Spleen
Authors: Michael Neuenhahn, Kristen M. Kerksiek, Magdalena Nauerth, Michael H. Suhre, Matthias Schiemann, Friedemann E. Gebhardt, Christian Stemberger, Klaus Panthel, Samira Schröder, Trinad Chakraborty, Steffen Jung, Hubertus Hochrein, Holger Rüssmann, Thomas Brocker, Dirk H. Busch
Journal: Immunity (2006)