tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Long-term Outcomes of Persons With Lyme Disease
Authors: Elyse G. Seltzer
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextFew data exist about the long-term outcomes of patients with Lyme disease.Objective To assess the long-term outcomes of patients with Lyme disease.Design Two-part project including a community-based longitudinal cohort study and a matched cohort study. Setting and ParticipantsSix hundred seventy-eight patients identified from a random sample of all reports of Connecticut residents with suspected Lyme disease submitted to the Connecticut Department of Public Health from 1984-1991 were evaluated in the longitudinal study; for a random subsample of 212 patients from the larger study, 212 age-matched controls without Lyme disease also were enrolled.Main Outcome Measures Self-reports or parents' reports of symptoms and ability to perform certain daily activities since diagnosis of Lyme disease; scores on the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, for adults, by case-definition status and between patients and controls. ResultsOf the 678 patients, 51.6% were female, 34.4% were children, and 64.3% met the national surveillance case definition for Lyme disease.Most patients (85.6%) were treated with antimicrobial agents.Interviews were conducted a median of 51 months after diagnosis (range, 15-135 months).An increased frequency of symptoms (eg, pain, fatigue) or of difficulty with daily activities (eg, performing housework, exercising) was reported by 69% of the patients, although few (19%) of these problems were attributed to Lyme disease.Whenever there was a statistically significant difference in the frequencies of either increased symptoms or increased difficulties with typical activities between those who did or did not meet the surveillance case definition, in all instances the greater frequency of problems was in the group that did not meet the case definition.The frequencies of reports of both increased symptoms and increased difficulties with typical activities among patients who had been diagnosed as having Lyme disease were similar to those among age-matched controls without Lyme disease. Conclusions:In this cohort, although many patients reported increases in symptoms and/or increased difficulties with typical daily activities between 1 and 11 years after diagnosis of Lyme disease, the frequencies of these reports were similar to the frequencies of such reports among age-matched controls without Lyme disease.
Cigarette Smoking and Stroke in a Cohort of U.S. Male Physicians
Authors: Anthony S. Robbins
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Objective: To examine the association between cigarette smoking and the risk for stroke in men. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Participants in the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized trial of aspirin and β-carotene among U.S. male physicians. Patients: 22 071 men, 40 to 84 years of age at entry, free from self-reported myocardial infarction, stroke, and transient ischemic attack; followed for an average of 9.7 years; and classified as never-smokers, current smokers, and former smokers based on self-report. Measurements: Incidence rates of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke. Results: With never-smokers as the reference group (relative risk, 1.00), relative risks (adjusted for age and treatment assignment) for total nonfatal stroke (n = 312) were as follows: former smoking, 1.20 (95% CI, 0.94 to 1.53); currently smoking fewer than 20 cigarettes daily, 2.02 (CI, 1.23 to 3.31); and currently smoking 20 or more cigarettes daily, 2.52 (CI, 1.75 to 3.61) (P for trend, <0.0001). For participants who had total fatal stroke (n = 28), the risk for stroke was not increased with smoking (P > 0.2). In proportional-hazards models that controlled simultaneously for other risk factors, these associations were not materially altered. Conclusions: Current but not former cigarette smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk for stroke in men. Smoking may account for a substantial amount of stroke-associated morbidity and mortality.
Fruits, Vegetables, and Stroke Risk-Reply
Authors: Matthew W. Gillman
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —We appreciate Dr Folts' letter highlighting another possible mechanism by which the intake of fruits and vegetables may protect against the development of stroke. If the chief protective mechanism of flavonoids involves platelet inhibition, the benefit of these compounds might apply principally to ischemic stroke, since a platelet-inhibiting factor would not be expected to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. In our data, the intake of fruits and vegetables appeared to reduce the risk of both types of stroke, although the number of hemorrhagic strokes was small. It would be helpful if Hertog et al 1,2 or others with information on flavonoid intake could address directly the issue of stroke risk.  As the comments of Folts also underscore, we examined the effect of a class of foods on stroke risk without knowing the identity of all beneficial (or harmful) substances these foods contain. However, much of dietary counseling
Eosinophilia Associated With Psyllium Hydrophilic Colloid Ingestion
Authors: Alan M. Nelson
Journal: JAMA (1980)

To the Editor.—  Bulk-forming laxatives derived from psyllium seed are commonly used in the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Adverse reactions are rare. In the patient described here, eosinophilia developed from a psyllium hydrophilic colloid preparation.  Report of a Case.—  A 60-year-old woman was admitted to Bridgeport (Conn) Hospital because of chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain. Six weeks earlier, barium contrast studies, sigmoidoscopy, and lactose tolerance tests had given normal findings. She was believed to have an irritable colon syndrome and was treated with psyllium hydrophilic colloid, 5 mL three times a day, and a low residue diet. She denied allergies, wheezing, urticaria, rashes, dyspnea, pets, travel, hobbies, or occupational exposure. Physical findings were unremarkable.  The initial WBC differential count showed a 17% eosinophilia. When no apparent cause for the eosinophilia was found, administration of the psyllium hydrophilic colloid was discontinued; within three days, the eosinophil count returned to normal
Effect of Bromocriptine on Pituitary Tumors
Authors: Bruno Ambrosi, Marina Nissim, Maura Arosio, Giovanni Faglia
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We read with interest the article by Spark and co-workers (1982;247:311) about the effects of bromocriptine on the size of prolactin-secreting, human-growth-hormone-secreting and nonsecretory pituitary tumors and would like to make a comment about some of the issues raised therein. During the past five years, we administered bromocriptine (2.5 to 15 mg/day) for two to 46 months to 26 patients (12 females and 14 males) with prolactin-secreting pituitary macroadenomas with computed tomographic (CT) scan controls before, during, and after bromocriptine therapy. Eighteen of them had previously undergone pituitary surgery (by transsphenoidal or transfrontal route), telecobaltotherapy, or both, while eight had never been treated before. In our experience, the normalization of prolactin levels was not always related to the reduction of the tumor mass: in fact, bromocriptine normalized serum prolactin concentration in 19 cases (73%), while a shrinkage of the adenoma was documented at CT scan in only
Surgery as Placebo
Authors: Henry K. Beecher
Journal: JAMA (1961)

BIAS IN CONNECTION with a given procedure on the part of the physician, or the patient, is a complex and often misleading factor in the treatment of disease. Bias has many components, but it is nevertheless possible to separate and examine one of its powerful determinants, the placebo effect.<sup>1-3</sup>Specific attention could be directed to various areas in medicine; I have chosen to look into the matter as it concerns surgery. Surgery offers admirable possibilities for such study. Wolf<sup>2</sup>defines a placebo effect as "... any effect attributable to a pill, potion, or procedure, but not to its pharmacodynamic or specific properties." There is the possibility, then, that the surgeon or a surgical procedure can exert a placebo effect. In short, the problem is to investigate (1) the existence, nature, and extent of the placebo effect in surgery, and (2) the possibility that the placebo effect of the
A novel phenotype related to partial loss of function mutations of the follicle stimulating hormone receptor.
Authors: I Beau, P Touraine, G Meduri, A Gougeon, A Desroches, C Matuchansky, E Milgrom, F Kuttenn, M Misrahi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

A single natural loss of function mutation of the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) has been described to date. Present in the Finnish population it markedly impairs receptor function, blocking follicle development at the primary stage and presenting as primary amenorrhea with atrophic ovaries. When Western European women with this phenotype were examined for FSHR mutations the result was negative, suggesting that other etiologies corresponding to this clinical pattern are markedly more frequent. We now describe a novel phenotype related to mutations provoking a partial loss of function of the FSHR. A woman with secondary amenorrhea had very high plasma gonadotropin concentrations (especially FSH), contrasting with normal sized ovaries and antral follicles up to 5 mm at ultrasonography. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the ovaries showed normal follicular development up to the small antral stage and a disruption at further stages. The patient was found to carry compound heterozygotic mutations of the FSHR gene: Ile160Thr and Arg573Cys substitutions located, respectively, in the extracellular domain and in the third intracellular loop of the receptor. The mutated receptors, when expressed in COS-7 cells, showed partial functional impairment, consistent with the clinical and histological observations: the first mutation impaired cell surface expression and the second altered signal transduction of the receptor. This observation suggests that a limited FSH effect is sufficient to promote follicular growth up to the small antral stage. Further development necessitates strong FSH stimulation. The contrast between very high FSH levels and normal sized ovaries with antral follicles may thus be characteristic of such patients.
Embryotoxic effects of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in rats.
Authors: S J Harris, H C Cecil, J Bitman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were given 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg of a commercial polybrominated biphenyl, FireMaster BP-6 (PBB), in olive oil by gavage each day from days 7 through 15 of pregnancy. Laboratory chow and water were given ad libitum. Treatment with PBB had no significant effect on body weight gain, food and water consumption, and urine production. The mothers were killed on day 20, and the only significant effect observed was an increased liver weight of those given 1, 5, and 10 mg PBB. Spleen, kidney, ovarian, gravid uterine, and perirenal fat pad weights were similar to those of control mothers. PBB had no significant effect on number of live/dead fetuses, crown-rump length or fetal weight. No grossly malformed fetuses were observed in PBB-treated mothers. The effects of PBB transfer from mothers to nursing pups was studied by reciprocal exchange of pups between control mothers and mothers treated with 10 mg PBB. When the pups were 21 days old, they were weaned and fed control chow. The following four combinations of prenatal-postnatal exposure were studied: control-control (C:C); control-PBB (C:PBB); PBB-control (PBB:C); and PBB-PBB. Although the birth weights of pups from PBB-treated mothers were similar to those of the controls, body weights of 60-day-old males exposed prenatally and postnatally (PBB:C, C:PBB, and PBB:PBB) were less (p less than 0.05) than those of the controls (C:C). The weights of the perirenal fat pads of male and female pups exposed to PBB were less (p less than 0.05) than the control. Liver weights, on a body weight basis, were higher in male and female pups exposed to PBB. Vaginal openings were delayed; the percentages of 36-day-old pups with open vaginas were 50 (C:C), 38 (PBB:C), 28 (C:PBB), and 30 (PBB:PBB).
Reconciling the Epidemiology, Physiology, and Molecular Biology of Colon Cancer
Authors: John D. Potter
Journal: JAMA (1992)

A QUESTION relevant to the etiology of cancer that is seldom asked is: What gets cancer—the genes, the cell, the organ, the organism, or perhaps even the population? The potential answers are not necessarily exclusive, even given reductionist tendencies and the genuine and justified excitement over discoveries in the molecular biology of cancer. Rather, these are<i>levels</i>of explanation that may be more or less coherent within themselves but provide even more information when they exist in a framework provided by all of the explanatory modes. For the purpose of exemplifying this framework, consider that theories of the etiology of colon cancer have been presented at a number of levels—epidemiologic, physiological, and cellular/ molecular. It is proposed herein that it is worthwhile considering both the coherence and interdependence of these levels of explanation, not as a sterile exercise, but because of its heuristic value and its capacity to shape a
48 HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION AFTER PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY IS ACCELERATED IN MYD88 NULL MICE DESPITE THE ABROGATION OF EARLY CYTOKINE ACTIVATION
Authors: J. Vaquero, J.S. Campbell, J. Haque, R.S. McMahan, R.L. Bauer, N. Fausto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Scotland breaks rank to offer compensation to hepatitis C victims
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Scottish ministers have signalled their intention to compensate people who contracted hepatitis C from contaminated blood products, in the latest health policy split to emerge in the United Kingdom. A compensation package has already been ruled out in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

The Scottish Executive is prepared to make £15m ($25m; ‡23m) available to help 568 people who are registered as having contracted hepatitis C before screening was introduced to remove it from blood supplies. It is not planned to offer payments to dependants of infected people who have already died. …
Production and Excretion of Hydrogen Gas in Man
Authors: Michael D. Levitt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Technics employing intestinal infusions of gas were used to study H2 production in the human intestine. The volume of H2 in the bowel of 10 normal subjects varied from 0.06 to 29 ml. H2 production, which averaged 0.24 ml per minute in the fasting state, sharply increased after intestinal instillation of lactose to a mean peak rate of 1.6 ml per minute. Ingestion of food also increased H2 production by seven-fold to 30-fold. In the normal intestine, more than 99 per cent of H2 production was colonic, but small-bowel production was increased in a patient with excessive numbers of small-bowel bacteria. H2 production in man is primarily dependent upon the delivery of ingested, fermentable substrates to an abundant intestinal flora that normally is present only in the colon. A mean of 14 per cent of the total H2 production was excreted by the lungs, and rates of breath H2 excretion and H2 production correlated well (r = 0.94). Respiratory H2 excretion can therefore be used as an indicator of intestinal H2 production.
Distant Lymph Node Metastases in Esophageal Cancer: Impact of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy
Authors: None Giovannini, None Monges, None Seitz, None Moutardier, None Bernardini, None Thomas, None Houvenaeghel, None Delpero, None Giudicelli, None Fuentes
Journal: Endoscopy (1999)

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biopsy in patients with esophageal carcinoma where distant lymph nodes which were possibly metastatic were visualized using EUS.Out of 198 patients (150 men, mean age 66 years) examined over a 4-year period by EUS for local staging of esophageal cancer (121 squamous cell carcinomas and 77 adenocarcinomas), there was EUS visualization of distant lymph nodes in 40 (20%). EUS-guided biopsy was carried out in the latter patients, of cervical nodes with mediastinal tumors (n = 19), of celiac nodes with cervical tumors (n = 2) or superior mediastinal tumors (n = 9), and upper mediastinal lymph nodes in the case of distal adenocarcinomas (n = 10).On EUS-guided biopsy, results were positive in 31 patients, eight were correctly negative (as confirmed by surgery), and in one patient there was a technical failure, with positive findings on subsequent surgery. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of malignant lymph nodes were therefore 97% and 100% respectively. The positive results of EUS-guided biopsy modified the tumor staging in 31 of these cases (77.5%), proving distant lymph node metastasis which is classified as stage M1. With regard to actual clinical management, surgery was withheld from 24 patients (60% of 40 cases) who were then treated with concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy.EUS-guided biopsy of distant lymph nodes was indicated in 20% of patients with esophageal cancers, and the biopsy results led to upgrading of the tumor stage in about 80% of cases and influenced the treatment decision in about 60%.
Pancreatitis Due to Mumps
Authors: Charles L. Witte
Journal: JAMA (1968)

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Infantile Spasms, Hypsarhythmia, and Mental Retardation
Authors: J. Gordon Millichap
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Twenty-one patients with infantile spasms and hypsarhythmia were treated with corticotropin (ACTH) or cortisone or both. The frequency of seizures was reduced in 11, and the electroencephalogram became normal or was improved in 8 of 18 patients who had recordings made before and after therapy. A beneficial response was obtained in 6 of 11 patients with seizures of undetermined etiology and in 5 of 10 patients with a history of anoxia or encephalitis. The response was better in the younger children; 8 of 10 infants less than 1 year of age and 2 of 9 children 1 year of age or older were benefited. Seizures were controlled in 5 to 7 patients whose intelligence quotients were 70 or more before treatment and in 6 of 14 patients who were mentally retarded.
Abstract 4409: A modular polymer platform for the delivery of cytokines is effective in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
Authors: Yuan Lin, Arnold Suwarnasarn, Jie Luo, David Elashoff, Steven Dubinett, Ben Wu, Maie St John
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Educational objective: At the conclusion of this presentation, the participants should be able to discuss the benefits of a modular polymer platform, which will improve the outcome for patients with advanced HNSCC. Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of an immunomodulator secreting polymer platform in the treatment of HNSCC. Study Design: in vivo animal study. Setting: Academic research laboratory. Subjects and Methods: C3H/HeJ mice were injected with SCCVII/SF cells. After tumors reached 1 cm in size, animals then underwent surgery and were randomized to receive implantation of (1) no polymer; (2) plain polymer; (3) plain polymer with dendritic cells (DC) secreting the chemokine CCL21; (4) plain polymer with DC alone; and 5) plain polymer + daily CCL21 injection. Tumor size was measured until the mice were euthanized. At necropsy, the tumors were excised and weighed. Results: We were able to demonstrate that DC are viable and functionally secrete CCL21 up to 14 days in the polymer. DC-CCL21 secreting polymer effectively reduced tumor growth mice by over 16-fold (P &amp;lt; 0.01) as compared to control, plain polymer, and plain polymer + intratumoral CCL21 injection groups. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that there was a significant increase in CD4+ T cells, as well as a significant decrease in CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells in the tumor site, underlying the significant tumor regression observed. Conclusion: The major limitation for the clinical use of cytokines is the lack of an effective protocol for the sustained delivery of cytokines to the tumor milieu. We demonstrate the efficacy of a novel polymer platform in delivering DC-CCL21 to SCCA in a murine model. Our results indicate that this polymer may represent a new therapeutic modality for patients with HNSCC. Once this polymer platform is optimized we will plan for validation in the context of a prospective trial in patients with unresectable advanced or recurrent HNSCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4409. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4409
Pneumatic Tourniquet Electromyographic Changes-Reply
Authors: George W. Waylonis
Journal: JAMA (1979)

In Reply.—  Dr Rau's comments may mislead the reader not familiar with EMG. The EMG changes described in our article can be explained only on the basis of nerve compression and not disuse as suggested. Membrane irritability (denervation) has never been described in the EMG literature as the result of disuse secondary to pain unless the pain itself was caused by nerve compression.  Our research activities are continuing and will be presented before the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in November 1979. We are now able to demonstrate nerve compression using femoral nerve and F studies that were not utilized in our original study.  It was impossible to examine a sufficient number of patients preoperatively because before this study, few orthopedic surgeons would even regard an EMG as indicated in a meniscectomy patient. We are planning to study a group of patients undergoing total knee replacement both preoperatively