tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reducing paracetamol overdoses
Authors: E. Fagan, G. Wannan
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Medicines containing paracetamol (acetaminophen) are the commonest cause of intentional drug overdose in Britain1 2 3 4 and are increasingly implicated elsewhere in Europe3 and the United States. Around 70 000 cases of paracetamol overdose occur annually in Britain, and numbers are growing.4 Fortunately, death from overdose is rare—about 200 cases a year in Britain—against a remarkable safety record of 30 million packs containing paracetamol sold each year.1 2 3 4 Hospital resources have been concentrated on trying to anticipate the few patients most likely to develop serious liver injury after overdose5 6 since many deaths are preventable by early intervention, including treatment with the antidote N-acetylcysteine.5 6 A bigger problem, however, is how to predict who is going to take an overdose and how to stop them.

Last month, Britain's Medicines Control Agency launched a programme of consultation on the availability of solid dose analgesics, including paracetamol.7 The aim is to reinforce …
Benign Adrenal Hemangiomas May Mimic Metastases on PET
Authors: Jed F. Calata, Arun N. Sukerkar, Carey Z. August, Ajay V. Maker
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

CT or MRI are utilized in the initial evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas; however, overlap exists between benign and malignant lesions on these examinations. The American College of Radiology recommends PET scans to complement CT and MRI for patients with adrenal masses and a moderate-to-high likelihood of neoplastic disease. We present images of a PET-avid adrenal lesion in a patient with pulmonary and pancreatic neoplasms that mimicked metastasis, but was found to be a benign adrenal hemangioma on surgical resection. The use of PET for adrenal tumors, specifically adrenal hemangiomas, will be reviewed.
EFFECT OF FATTY ACIDS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: Waro Nakahara
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

Sodium oleate, oleic acid, linolic acid, and linolenic acid injected into mice in suitable amounts induce a material increase in the resistance against subsequent transplantation of cancer grafts, although they fail to exert so marked an influence on cancer grafts already in place. Sodium palmitate and sodium stearate, on the other hand, do not produce immunity, at least in the amounts employed in the present study.
A novel single nucleotide polymorphism in complement component 5 receptor 1 (C5aR) on chromosome 19q13.3 is not associated with asthma in an Afro-Caribbean population
Authors: M. Munoz, A. Zambelli-Weiner, E. Ehrlich, S. Jimenez, L. Caraballo, M. Wills-Karp, K.C. Barnes
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Physical performance as a function of age
Authors: P. O. Astrand
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Several factors are of decisive importance for the individual's capacity to perform physical work: (1) energy output or motor power (aerobic energy yield and anaerobic energy yield); (2) neuromuscular function (strength and technique); and (3) psychological factors (tactics and motivation). Depending on the nature of the demand of job, sport event, or leisure time activity, one, two, or all factors are of great importance. It is therefore impossible to present one formula that takes into account all aspects of the individual's performance capacity. Natural endowment probably has the dominating influence on the physical work capacity but by training and practice any of the factors may be improved. Figure 1 presents an analysis of how the energy demand is covered during exhausting exercise; an experiment on a bicycle ergometer with a work load of 350 w is illustrated at left. From a mechanical efficiency of 22% the energy demand can be
Expression of alpha and beta subunits of the integrin superfamily in articular cartilage from macroscopically normal and osteoarthritic human femoral heads
Authors: K. Ostergaard, D. M Salter, J. Petersen, K. Bendtzen, J. Hvolris, C. B Andersen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1998)

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to detail the topographical and zonal distribution of α and β subunits of the integrin superfamily in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. METHODS Immunohistochemistry utilising antibodies towards α and β subunits was performed on cryostat sections of human articular cartilage from macroscopically normal (n = 6) and osteoarthritic (n = 6) femoral heads. Samples of articular cartilage were obtained from 12 topographically distinct sites from each femoral head. Each section was divided into zones (superficial, middle, deep) and staining scores were recorded. RESULTS Normal cartilage stained for integrin subunits α1, α5, αV, β1, β4, and β5, but not for α2, α3, α4, α6, β2, β3, and β6. Intact and non-intact residual cartilage from osteoarthritic femoral heads stained for α1, α2, α5, αV, β1, β4, and β5. Staining was occasionally seen for α4 and β2, but not for α3, α6, β3, and β6. There was no topographical variation in the staining for any of the subunits in either normal or osteoarthritic cartilage. The only subunit that displayed a zonal variation was αV; staining for this subunit was most pronounced in the superficial zone compared with the middle and deep zones. CONCLUSION Chondrocytes in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage express the integrin subunits α1, α5, αV, β1, β4, and β5. Chondrocytes in osteoarthritic cartilage, in addition, express the α2, α4, and β2 subunits. The αv subunit is expressed by more chondrocytes in the superficial zone in comparison with cells in the deeper zones. None of the subunits display topographical variation in expression.
Reviews and Notes: Cardiology: Academic Heritage: The Transmission of ExcellenceCardiology at the Ohio State University
Authors: Steven C. Martin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Literature of Medicine1 December 1993Reviews and Notes: Cardiology: Academic Heritage: The Transmission of ExcellenceCardiology at the Ohio State UniversitySteven C. Martin, MDSteven C. Martin, MDAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-11-199312010-00031 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Academic Heritage: The Transmission of ExcellenceCardiology at The Ohio State UniversityCharles F. Wooley. 321 pages. Mount Kisco, New York: Futura Publishing Company; 1992. $50.00.Dr. Charles Wooley, who has spent nearly his entire professional career in the Division of Cardiology at The Ohio State University, has written a useful overview of the history of cardiology at his institution. This book emphasizes the critical importance of mentor-mentee relationships. Dr. Wooley shows that these relationships inculcate a series of professional values and attitudes that, as students grow into professors, division chiefs, and departmental chairs, reverberate beyond the confines of a single relationship.The heart ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 December 1993Volume 119, Issue 11Page: 1154KeywordsAcademic medicineHeartHistory of medicinePatients Issue Published: 1 December 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Ten Questions about Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gavin Yamey, Virginia Barbour
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2004)

Question 1.In the year 2000, roughly how many adults (20 years of age and older) worldwide had diabetes mellitus?50 million 170 million 500 million Question 2. What is the approximate annual direct cost of intensive insulin treatment?About $3,500 per patient About $7,000 per patient About $10,000 per patient Question 3. What is the approximate cost of islet cell transplantation?$50,000 per patient, per transplant $150,000 per patient, per transplant $250,000 per patient, per transplant Question 4. After 20 years of type 1 diabetes, what is the estimated cumulative risk of albuminuria?Around 5% Around 16% Around 30% Around 50% Question 5. Which of the following interventions for reducing the risk of progression of early diabetic nephropathy is best supported by evidence?Tight blood pressure control Protein restriction Lipid lowering
A capsule history of US emergency medical care
Authors: Beverly J. Montgomery
Journal: JAMA (1980)

"Not so long ago, serious injury was considered an 'acceptable' reason for death," says David R. Boyd, MD, head of the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's (DHEW) national emergency medical services (EMS) program. Indeed, it was only in 1966 that a national civilian trauma care network began. It was predated by the MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) network developed during the Korean and Vietnam conflicts, which gave many surgeons their first experience with a transportation-dependent method of triaging and saving the most seriously injured patients. Now seriously injured patients in the United States are generally considered to be salvageable— if they receive the right treatment. Following is a capsulized history of how America became the world's leader in the delivery of emergency medical care: 1966—Civilian concern over trauma injuries was catalyzed by the National Academy of Science's study entitled "Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Biology, Treatment, and Prevention
Authors: STEPHEN E. STRAUS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Herpes simplex viruses cause common mucocutaneous infections, but many aspects of their epidemiology and transmission are incompletely defined. Although the incidence of oral herpes remains relatively unchanged, the incidence of genital herpes is increasing significantly. Definitive diagnosis of herpes remains dependent on virus isolation, but techniques involving direct examination of clinical specimens are increasingly sensitive and may simplify and speed diagnosis. With the advent of acyclovir, effective therapy and suppression of infection are feasible for immunodeficient and selected normal patients. Unanswered questions remain regarding the long-term safety of acyclovir and the potential for emergence of clinically significant drug resistance. No effective vaccines are yet available for herpes virus infections. Promising strategies for vaccine development include preparation of immunogenic proteins, engineering of specially attenuated live virus strains, and incorporation of selected herpes genes into live vaccinia virus vectors.
Prevalence of Anderson-Fabry Disease in Male Patients With Late Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: John P. Veinot
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Sachdev et al 1 describe the utility of plasma ␣-galactosidase for diagnosing Anderson-Fabry disease.As the authors emphasize, this disease is not particularly common, but it may be potentially treatable or stabilized with recent advances in treatment.A recent study 2 documented stabilization of cardiac disease using galactose infusions in a patient with Fabry's disease who had been a transplant candidate.Fabry's disease may also be diagnosed using endomyocardial biopsy.Fabry's disease may be encountered in individuals being examined because of unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. 3In the investigation of patients with unexplained cardiomyopathy or ventricular hypertrophy, the pathologist responsible for assessing the biopsy specimens and the clinician must consider the possibility of Fabry's disease.Fabry's disease has a characteristic electron microscopic appearance, with lysosomal lamellar bodies, and thus requires special processing and fixation for this evaluation.The biopsy specimens may also be easily evaluated for the presence of myocyte iron and interstitial amyloid.Hemochromatosis and amyloidosis enter into the differential diagnosis of disorders causing systolic and diastolic dysfunction.Variants of Fabry's confined to the heart have been described. 3,4Cardiomyopathy in heterozygote individuals has been detected using endomyocardial biopsy. 5As Sachdev et al 1 note, biopsy evaluation may be important because the female heterozygotes may be difficult to diagnose biochemically because of intermediate levels of enzyme activity overlapping with that of normal individuals. 1se of endomyocardial biopsy is declining, except in the evaluation of post-transplant rejection, and it may be forgotten as an important tool for diagnosis.In addition to the assessment of transplant rejection, these biopsies may be evaluated for myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, drug toxicity, cardiac neoplastic involvement, and secondary myocardial involvement by systemic diseases, including hemochromatosis, amyloidosis, and storage diseases.Some of these disorders might be diagnosed, treated, and cured or controlled.
Management of Ileostomy and Colostomy
Authors: Gordon A. Donaldson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

INDUSTRIAL advances in recent years, particularly in the fields of plastics and adhesives, have done much to lighten the load carried by patients burdened with an artificial anus. The cumbersome, odor-retaining receptacles of the past have been replaced by lightweight, disposable plastic materials that may now be effectively fixed to the abdominal skin by the newer adhesives. The physician assigned to the care of these patients, however, continues to encounter the complications of the past, and each case continues to tax his ability and ingenuity.IleostomyBecause the dejecta from the lower small bowel are quite different in character from . . .
A NEW TECHNIC FOR ADMINISTRATION OF RACTAL ANALGESIA IN OBSTETRICS
Authors: David L. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1928)

Rectal analgesia as introduced by Dr. J. T. Gwathmey and perfected at the New York Lying-In Hospital has become generally accepted as a valuable analgesic in labor. However, it seemed desirable to simplify the technic of administration of the rectal medication, and by so doing make the procedure even more popular. The apparatus needed for the rectal instillation according to the original technic was a funnel and a catheter. The gravity flow through this apparatus was often too slow, so that it was frequently necessary to accelerate the rate of flow by "milking" the tube between the thumb and the fingers. This sometimes caused spilling and loss of part of the medication and was a bit mussy and troublesome. The new apparatus worked out at the Coleman Hospital for Women, in conjunction with the Eli Lilly Company of Indianapolis, overcomes this disadvantage. In the accompanying illustration<i>A</i>is an ordinary
Mossman's Problem-Oriented Approach to Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Henry H. Stonnington
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This textbook has a unique quality in that it is suitable for all the allied health professionals as well as the physicians who make up a rehabilitation team. In other words, this is a good basic text for any stroke rehabilitation program, describing the various problems stroke patients have, by what means these problems are solved, and which allied health professional provides the solutions. Each one of the 25 chapters deals with a particular problem in detail, giving the methodology to relieve the problem not only with a concise and accurate text but also with many excellent illustrations. There is nothing controversial in the book. It should be acceptable to any program that is interested in the rehabilitation of stroke. The book, therefore, is eminently suitable for physicians and residents who are interested in improving their expertise in stroke rehabilitation generally and knowing what can be done by the various
Correlation Between Polymorphisms of the Reduced Folate Carrier Gene (SLC19A1) and Survival After Pemetrexed-Based Therapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A North Central Cancer Treatment Group-Based Exploratory Study
Authors: Araba A. Adjei, Oreste E. Salavaggione, Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Grace K. Dy, Katie L. Allen Ziegler, Chiaki Endo, Julian R. Molina, Steven E. Schild, Alex A. Adjei
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
CHEMICAL CAUSES OF PAIN AND ITCH
Authors: C. A. Keele
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1970)

Pain and itch are among the commonest symptoms of disease and are most frequently caused by changes in the chemical environment which sur­ rounds the nerve terminals (I, 2). Itch can be aroused only from the outer­ most fringe of the skin (3), whereas pain can be evoked not only from the skin and mucous membranes but also from most deeper structures of the body. Both pain and itch can be best regarded as the senses of injury, and their presence is an indication that cell damage is actually taking place.
Costs of Treatment for Elderly Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer in Fee-for-Service Settings
Authors: J. L. Warren
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: This study provides population-based estimates of the treatment costs for elderly women with early-stage breast cancer, with emphasis on costs of modified radical mastectomy (MRM) compared with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and radiation therapy (RT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Women with breast cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries were linked with their Medicare claims, 1990 through 1998. Each claim was assigned to an initial, continuing, or terminal care phase after a cancer diagnosis. Mean monthly phase-specific costs were determined for all health care and for treatment related only to cancer. Cumulative long-term costs of care that accrue during a women’s remaining lifetime were calculated by treatment group. RESULTS: Initial care costs for the 6 months after diagnosis for women who underwent BCS with RT were approximately $450 per month higher than for women with MRM. During the continuing-care phase, costs for women undergoing BCS with RT were significantly less expensive than for MRM cases. The two groups had similar costs in the terminal-care phase. Assuming the same survival distributions, long-term costs for women undergoing BCS with RT were not statistically different than for women undergoing MRM. CONCLUSION: Although mastectomy was less costly in the initial phase, the lifetime costs of BCS with RT and mastectomy were equivalent. Thus, women’s preferences, resources to cover out-of-pocket costs, and life situations should be the major factors addressed in shared decision making about treatment options.
Abstract 4290: c-Myc and Ras differentially regulate mitochondrial apoptotic priming and chemosensitivity.
Authors: Kristopher A. Sarosiek, Triona Ni Chonghaile, Alison Karst, Luv Patel, Ronny Drapkin, Anthony Letai
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Successful treatment of most human cancers is dependent on tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapy yet the basis for chemosensitivity is poorly understood. We have previously shown that a cancer's proximity to the apoptotic threshold, a property we call "apoptotic priming," governs its chemosensitivity in patients with multiple myeloma, ALL, AML and ovarian cancer. The genetic and molecular events that underlie the differential priming in tumors, however, are currently unknown. Utilizing in vitro ovarian, kidney and lung tumorigenesis models we find that oncogenes are powerful modulators of apoptotic priming and are consequently responsible for differential chemosensitivity. For example, forced expression of the c-Myc oncogene increases priming and chemosensitivity of immortalized normal epithelium. In contrast, Ras activation in isogenic cells dramatically decreases both priming and chemosensitivity. Our in vitro findings are validated by clinical observations. Apoptotic priming, an important determinant of patient outcomes, is modulated in contrasting manners by oncogenes. Citation Format: Kristopher A. Sarosiek, Triona Ni Chonghaile, Alison Karst, Luv Patel, Ronny Drapkin, Anthony Letai. c-Myc and Ras differentially regulate mitochondrial apoptotic priming and chemosensitivity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4290. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4290
Victor Gordon Walker
Authors: Belinda Bateman
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former senior consultant surgeon Isle of Wight (b Melbourne, Australia, 1919; q Melbourne 1942; DL, FRCS 1947), died from bronchopneumonia on 23 July 2004.​2004.




Figure 1




After qualifying Gordon Walker joined the Royal Australian Air Force and took part in the D Day landings. He became resident surgical officer in Colchester and surgical registrar at St George's, Hyde Park Corner, before moving to the Isle of Wight as consultant surgeon and surgeon to the island's prisons and to Osborne House Convalescent Home. He was an active fundraiser, in particular for the Police Convalescent and Rehabilitation Trust, which led to the establishment of convalescent homes in the south of England. In 1979 he took up a position in Saudi Arabia, returning the following year to teach surgery. He leaves a wife, Judith; four children; and five grandchildren.
Interleukin‐4‐independent production of Th2 cytokines by nasal lymphocytes and nasal eosinophilia in murine allergic rhinitis
Authors: M. Okano, A. R. Satoskar, M. Abe, D. A. Harn, M. Okano, K. Nishizaki, Y. Takeda, T. Yoshino, F. Brombacher, A. A. Satoskar
Journal: Allergy (2000)

Background: Interleukin (IL)‐4 is believed to play an important role in the atopic pathogenesis. However, the precise role of IL‐4 in the in vivo initiation of allergic rhinitis is not fully understood. We have recently found that BALB/c mice sensitized intranasally with Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen (SEA) mount a Th2 response that initiates allergic rhinitis. Thus, we sought to determine the role of IL‐4 in the initiation of allergic rhinitis in vivo with this model. Methods: IL‐4 gene‐deficient (IL‐4−/−) BALB/c and wild‐type (IL‐4+/+) control mice were sensitized by intranasal SEA administration, and their immunologic responses were examined both in vivo and in vitro . Results: IL‐4+/+ mice sensitized with SEA displayed significantly higher titers of SEA‐specific IgG1 and IgE antibodies than IL‐4−/− mice, while the latter produced significantly more SEA‐specific IgG2a. Antigen‐stimulated nasal lymphocytes from SEA‐sensitized IL‐4−/− and IL‐4+/+ mice produced similar amounts of IL‐5 and IL‐10, but neither produced IFN‐γ. Furthermore, the severity of nasal eosinophilia was similar in both groups. Conclusions: These results indicate that although IL‐4 is necessary for the production of Th2‐associated antibodies – in particular, IgE – it is not required for either the production of the Th2‐associated cytokines IL‐5 and IL‐10, or the induction of nasal eosinophilia.