tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Social Consequences of Psychiatric Disorders, III: Probability of Marital Stability
Authors: Ronald C. Kessler, Ellen E. Walters, Melinda S. Forthofer
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

The associations of prior DSM-III-R disorders with probability and timing of subsequent divorce were examined.The data came from the part II subsample (N=5,877) of the National Comorbidity Survey. The respondents completed a structured diagnostic interview that retrospectively dated age at onset of each of 14 lifetime DSM-III-R disorders and recorded ages at first marriage and divorce. These data were used to estimate survival models describing the relationships between prior disorders and subsequent divorce. In addition, simulations were used to estimate the number of years spent out of marriage because of these causal relationships in the total U.S. population.Prior psychiatric disorders were associated with a substantially higher risk of divorce. The simulations suggested that the effects of these associations in the U.S. population in the survey's age range are approximately 23 million lost years of marriage among men and 48 million lost years of marriage among women.Psychiatric disorders have a number of adverse consequences for those who suffer from them and for their families and communities. The results reported here suggest that an increase in the number of people who divorce and a decrease in the number of years of marriage in the population may be among them. The debate over whether society can afford to provide universal treatment for psychiatric disorders needs to take these costs into consideration.
Early, transient depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells ameliorates autoimmunity in a lupus model
Authors: Sarah L. Rowland, Jeffrey M. Riggs, Susan Gilfillan, Mattia Bugatti, William Vermi, Roland Kolbeck, Emil R. Unanue, Miguel A. Sanjuan, Marco Colonna
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2014)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus. However, this conclusion has been largely based on a correlative link between the copious production of IFN-α/β by pDCs and the IFN-α/β “signature” often seen in human lupus patients. The specific contribution of pDCs to disease in vivo has not been investigated in detail. For this reason, we generated a strain of BXSB lupus-prone mice in which pDCs can be selectively depleted in vivo. Early, transient ablation of pDCs before disease initiation resulted in reduced splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, impaired expansion and activation of T and B cells, reduced antibodies against nuclear autoantigens and improved kidney pathology. Amelioration of pathology coincided with decreased transcription of IFN-α/β–induced genes in tissues. PDC depletion had an immediate impact on the activation of immune cells, and importantly, the beneficial effects on pathology were sustained even though pDCs later recovered, indicating an early pDC contribution to disease. Together, our findings demonstrate a critical function for pDCs during the IFN-α/β–dependent initiation of autoimmune lupus and point to pDCs as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of SLE.
Differences in airway responsiveness between children and adults living in the same environment: an epidemiological study in two regions of New South Wales
Authors: JK Peat, EJ Gray, CM Mellis, SR Leeder, AJ Woolcock
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

The aim of the present study was to compare the severity of asthma in children and adults living in the same home environments. In winter 1991 and 1992, we studied two large random samples of children living in two different regions; and, three months later, we conducted a study of adults who lived with enrolled children. A total of 805 children and 814 adults attended in Lismore, and 850 children and 711 adults in Wagga Wagga. Questionnaires were used to measure symptom history, histamine inhalation challenge to measure airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and skin-prick tests to measure allergy. There was a higher prevalence of asthma in children than in adults: recent wheeze was 1.5 times higher; asthma medication use was 1.5 times higher; diagnosed asthma was 1.6 times higher; and AHR was two times higher. Current asthma (AHR and recent wheeze) was 9.5-11.3% in children and 5.4-5.6% in adults. These differences were statistically significant. In both regions, airway responsiveness was more severe in children who were sensitized to common allergens than in similarly sensitized adults. These results suggests that airways can develop protective mechanisms with age, or that recent environmental changes in factors such as allergen levels, diet or treatment practices have led to immunological changes and to increased airway responsiveness in this generation of children.
Dripps/Eckenhoff/Vandam Introduction to Anesthesia
Authors: E. S. Siker
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Forty-two contributors have replaced Dripps, Eckenhoff, and Vandam, who authored the first seven editions of this well-known and popular text. It is no accident that the new editors are both faculty members at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and steeped in its teaching traditions and practices. Only eight of the 42 contributors have other listed hospital affiliations, and most of them have previous ties to "HUP." That this text is multiauthored is the most notable departure from previous editions. A usual concern with this format is the chance that noticeably different writing styles can be distracting to the reader. The editors have melded the contributions into a smooth and uniform whole. There are other departures from the seventh edition. In keeping with its declared intent to be introductory, previous sections dealing with cardiac and neonatal anesthesia have been omitted, since these areas are hardly appropriate for the novice.
Reply
Authors: Tetsuya Hosaka, Fumitaka Suzuki, Hiromitsu Kumada
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

We thank Dr. Lo for his comments on our article "Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection."1 We appreciate his concerns. In this study we calculated the propensity score (PS) estimated for all patients treated with entecavir (ETV). Variables used in the model did not include alcohol consumption. We recalculated a PS including alcohol consumption and conducted PS matching using this revised PS. The revised PS matching process resulted in a matched sample size that consisted of 316 patients in each group. There was no difference in baseline characteristics between ETV and control groups, as was the case in our original cohort. We compared the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with ETV versus untreated control groups. The result was similar to our original report. Cumulative HCC incidence rates were significantly lower in the ETV group than in the control group (Fig. 1). Seven factors were associated with HCC development as determined by Cox proportional hazard regression at 5 years: age, alcohol consumption, cirrhosis, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), platelet count, and ETV treatment. The multivariate adjusted hazard ratio of ETV treatment was 0.27 (95% confidence interval; 0.12-0.62). These results were reanalyzed using the updated data until June 2013. The median follow-up duration in the PS-matched ETV group was extended to 4.5 years (original: 3.3 years). Because prothrombin time was lacking in our pooled data, we could not represent cirrhosis severity in this study. The study endpoint was HCC incidence over 1 year after the start of observation. Patients who developed HCC within 1 year were included in those with a follow-up duration <1 year. Therefore, patients with HCC or suspicion of HCC on enrollment were excluded from this study. It is impossible to avoid any bias because this study is a retrospective cohort study. We think that the method of this study is the next best method of ensuring that the experimental and control groups are similar in the absence of randomization, as Prof. Sherman described.2 Our findings are consistent with those recently published from Hong Kong.3 A recent meta-analysis, which included our results, demonstrated a reduction in HCC incidence with oral antiviral agents.4 The risk reduction of HCC by nucleos(t)ide analogs needs to be confirmed in other long-term studies of ETV or tenofovir with high antiviral potency. Tetsuya Hosaka, M.D., Fumitaka Suzuki, M.D., Ph.D. Hiromitsu Kumada, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Hepatology Toranomon Hospital Tokyo, Japan
Transient regulatory T-cell (Treg) depletion with IL-2 diphtheria toxin fusion protein enhances clearance of acute myeloid leukemia by haploidentical natural killer (NK) cells
Authors: Veronika Bachanova, Sarah Cooley, Todd Defor, Michael R Verneris, Bin Zhang, David McKenna, Julie Curtsinger, Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari, Dixie Lewis, Keli Hippen, Philip McGlave, Daniel Weisdorf, Bruce R Blazar, Jeffrey S Miller
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts Adoptive transfer of haploidentical natural killer (NK) cells can induce remissions in patients with AML. Despite lymphodepleting chemotherapy failure may result from suppression by host regulatory T cells (Treg). We report outcomes of 57 refractory AML patients treated with
PLASMA CELL NEOPLASIA IN A SINGLE HOST: A MOSAIC OF DIFFERENT PROTEIN-PRODUCING CELL TYPES
Authors: Michael Potter
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1962)

The peritoneal plasma cell neoplasias that develop in strain BALB/c mice after the injection of adjuvant-staphylococcus mixtures or mineral oil alone appear in the form of multiple nodules in the mesentery and on peritoneal surfaces. Experiments were done to determine if these nodules were metastases or multiple primary neoplasms. Nodules or pieces of masses were transplanted subcutaneously by the trochar method or by insertion of tissue under the kidney capsule from 6 primary cases and parallel transplant lines were established. The serum and urinary protein abnormality (a stable heritable characteristic) of each of the various transplant lines was characterized by agar gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. Different protein-producing lines were found in 3 cases; in one case 5 different protein-producing lines were isolated. Two different lines were found for each of the other 2 cases. When transplantation studies were begun early, it was demonstrated that the nodules were multiple primary plasma cell neoplasms; when delayed, only one protein-producing plasma cell neoplasm was found.
A Caspase-activated Factor (CAF) Induces Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization and Cytochrome c Release by a Nonproteolytic Mechanism
Authors: Margino Steemans, Vera Goossens, Marc Van de Craen, Franky Van Herreweghe, Katia Vancompernolle, Kurt De Vos, Peter Vandenabeele, Johan Grooten
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

It is well established that apoptosis is accompanied by activation of procaspases and by mitochondrial changes, such as decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and release of cytochrome c. We analyzed the causal relationship between activated caspases and these mitochondrial phenomena. Purified recombinant caspase-1, -11, -3, -6, -7, and -8 were incubated with mitochondria in the presence or absence of additional cellular components, after which ΔΨm was determined. At lower caspase concentrations, only caspase-8 was able to activate a cytosolic factor, termed caspase-activated factor (CAF), which resulted in decrease in ΔΨm and release of cytochrome c. Both CAF-mediated activities could not be blocked by protease inhibitors, including oligopeptide caspase inhibitors. CAF-induced cytochrome c release, but not decrease of ΔΨm, was blocked in mitochondria from cells overexpressing Bcl-2. CAF is apparently involved in decrease of ΔΨm and release of cytochrome c, whereas Bcl-2 only prevents the latter. Hence, CAF may form the link between death domain receptor–dependent activation of procaspase-8 and the mitochondrial events studied.
Long-term Plasmapheresis in Conjunction With Thalidomide and Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Cutaneous Ulcers and Neovascular Glaucoma in Recalcitrant Type I Cryoglobulinemia
Authors: Chao H. Yang, Abrar A. Qureshi, Winthrop H. Churchill, Arturo P. Saavedra
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Cryoglobulins are cold-precipitating immunoglobulins that occur secondary to lymphoproliferative disorders, chronic viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. The treatment of cryoglobulinemia should target the underlying disorder; however, such an approach may be difficult, and therapeutic options remain limited for type I cryoglobulinemia. <h3>Observations</h3> We report a case of recalcitrant type I cryoglobulinemia treated successfully with long-term plasmapheresis in conjunction with thalidomide and dexamethasone. A woman in her 50s with cryoglobulinemia and bilateral lower extremity ulcers of 1 year's duration developed acute angle-closure glaucoma following the appearance of new macules on her upper extremities. An initial short course of 5 plasmapheresis treatments improved the patient's cutaneous lesions as well as the glaucoma. Three weekly doses of rituximab were not associated with any evidence of clinical improvement, so thalidomide and dexamethasone were administered as replacement therapy. Because of the increasing pain and persistence of the woman's ulcers, intensive plasmapheresis was resumed and continued 3 to 4 times per week for approximately 4 months, after which a slow tapering regimen was initiated. This therapy was associated with progressive, rapid healing of the ulcers, stabilization of the skin lesions, and control of the patient's intraocular pressure. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> The long-term use of plasmapheresis may be a well-tolerated treatment option for therapeutically challenging cases of cryoglobulinemia.
Medical Education and the Regents of the State of New York
Authors: Barry Stimmel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

ON October 23, 1980, the New York Board of Regents adopted a policy of state accreditation of foreign medical schools to facilitate the ability of United States citizens studying in these schools (USFMSs) to participate in clinical clerkships and ultimately practice in the state of New York.1 The State Education Department was subsequently charged with the task of developing regulations to put this policy into effect.The Regents' action was of considerable concern to those who are engaged in medical education and the provision of health care in the state, and it provoked formal statements of disagreement from the Association . . .
Cell-mediated immunity and transfer factor in Crohn's disease.
Authors: R P Ng, F R Vicary
Journal: BMJ (1976)

IL-25 is an important immune regulator that can promote Th2 immune response-dependent immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair in asthma, intestinal infection, and autoimmune diseases. In this study, we examined the effects of IL-25 in renal ischemic/reperfusion injury (IRI). Treating IRI mice with IL-25 significantly improved renal function and reduced renal injury. Furthermore, IL-25 treatment increased the levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in serum and kidney and promoted induction of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in kidney. Notably, IL-25 treatment also increased the frequency of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and multipotent progenitor type 2 (MPP<sup>type2</sup>) cells in kidney. IL-25–responsive ILC2 and MPP<sup>type2</sup> cells produced greater amounts of Th2 cytokines that associated with the induction of M2 macrophages and suppression of classically activated (M1) macrophages <i>in vitro</i>. Finally, adoptive transfer of ILC2s or MPP<sup>type2</sup> cells not only reduced renal functional and histologic injury in IRI mice but also induced M2 macrophages in kidney. In conclusion, our data identify a mechanism whereby IL-25-elicited ILC2 and MPP<sup>type2</sup> cells regulate macrophage phenotype in kidney and prevent renal IRI.
Hepatitis A Vaccine: Which Dose Is Best?-Reply
Authors: Robert Steffen
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Dr Lonergan is right—Havrix administered at a dose of 1440 ELISA units does not offer significantly more protection than a dose of 720 ELISA units. The seroconversion rate after the primary course of two doses of the 720-unit Havrix vaccine already exceeds 95%. The advantages of the 1440-unit hepatitis A vaccine, in contrast, are that travelers need only one injection instead of two of 720 units prior to departure, and a high seroconversion rate is achieved more rapidly (ie, within 2 weeks instead of 4 weeks). The 1440-unit vaccine is marketed in several countries, including the United Kingdom and Switzerland, and the safety of this dosage has been extensively studied. In addition to the initial small studies cited by Lonergan, Victor et al,<sup>1</sup>Briem and Safary,<sup>2</sup>and van Damme et al<sup>3</sup>have recently published their results. Additional German and Swiss studies have been presented at
Pneumothorax Following Subdiaphragmatic Surgery
Authors: William K. Hamilton
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The following four cases are presented as evidence that "unusual" complications occur with surprising frequency. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 21-year-old man in excellent health was anesthetized for a nephrectomy on the left side. The operation was performed to obtain a kidney for transplant to a sibling. The patient was of small stature and presented no unusual problem for the surgeon or anesthetist. The operation was performed without event with the patient in the lateral position and with the kidney rest elevated. A subcostal incision on the left side was utilized and the 11th rib resected. Anesthesia was accomplished with fluroxene supplemented by tubocurarine chloride. Respiration was manually controlled. Near the termination of the procedure, the surgeon requested hyperinflation of the lungs. This was accomplished easily and revealed nothing unusual. When the incision was closed, atropine sulfate and neostigmine methylsulfate were administered until curarization was satisfactorily reversed. The endotracheal
Structure and expression of germline epsilon transcripts in human B cells induced by interleukin 4 to switch to IgE production.
Authors: J F Gauchat, D A Lebman, R L Coffman, H Gascan, J E de Vries
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Interleukin 4 (IL-4)-induced IgE production coincides with the appearance of the 2.2-kb productive epsilon-mRNA, but is preceded by synthesis of a 1.7-kb epsilon-RNA. Analysis of cDNA copies of the 5' end of this RNA indicated that the 1.7-kb epsilon-RNA is a germline epsilon immunoglobulin heavy chain transcript with an exon mapping 5' to the switch region. Transcription through switch regions has been implicated in the control of class switching. However, IL-4 or cloned CD4+ T cells were able to induce germline epsilon transcripts without inducing IgE synthesis, for which both signals were required. These results indicate that induction of human germline epsilon-RNA does not necessarily result in IgE synthesis, and that additional regulatory mechanisms are involved in class switching.
I of the Storm
Authors: Paula S. Butterfield
Journal: JAMA (1990)

John was admitted through the emergency department on a brilliantly clear autumn afternoon. A healthy kid from an upper middle-class neighborhood, he had run in a high school cross-country track meet the previous afternoon. That night he'd awakened complaining of a fever and headache. By the time his physician saw him the next afternoon, the boy was severely purpuric from fulminating meningococcemia. He was referred to our emergency department and admitted to intensive care almost immediately. From the day he arrived, John's situation was special. As rarely happens in a tertiary-care center, John's disease and the medical complications arising from it were overshadowed by the human context and consequences of his situation. Its impact rippled out from the intensive care unit. By Friday, 2 days after he was admitted, even people who had never met him were asking, "How's the kid in the unit?" This was not just banal curiosity
Dengue and Yellow Fever — Challenges for the Development and Use of Vaccines
Authors: Thomas P. Monath
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

We currently have no vaccines to prevent dengue and there have been substantial recent problems with the yellow fever vaccine. Dr. Thomas Monath discusses the challenges in developing vaccines against these insect-borne viruses. Dr. Thomas Monath discusses the global threat represented by dengue and yellow fever and the challenges faced in the development and use of vaccines against them. Dr. Monath, an adjunct professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, spent many years studying, and developing vaccines against, dengue and yellow fever.
A Case of Scarlet Fever Complicated by Abscesses of Right Eyelid and of Tibia, and by Broncho-Pneumonia: Recovery
Authors: M. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1895)

SCARLET FEVER WITH COMPLICATIONS.[IM THz BRiTro 641 enough to have his nutrition stimulated by it, will produce absence of urates from the blood, and so long as it continues to do so there will be no arthritis.An excess of uric acid is being introduced, but it does not remain in the blood because the conditions are unfavourable to its solubility.4Hence meat diet may prevent rather than produce arthritis.Unfortunately, however, some patients are too old, others are already too feeble and wasted, to respond to any stimulus ;
ESOPHAGOTOMY FOR THE REMOVAL OF A TOOTH PLATE IMPACTED FIVE DAYS IN THE UPPER THIRD OF THE ESOPHAGUS.
Authors: JOHN O. ROE
Journal: JAMA (1898)

On Saturday, March 28, 1896, as I returned to the city after an absence of two days, I found Elisha L. Gates, a man of 66 years, impatiently awaiting me, and complaining of a difficulty in swallowing and of a severe pain in the neck. I elicited from his attendant the following history of the trouble: On the previous Monday evening, while eating his dinner, his tooth-plate, which was an upper one, slipped into his throat and passed down into his esophagus. At the time, he choked but little and coughed only two or three times. He stated to those present that he had swallowed his plate, and in evidence called attention to a lump in his neck. The family physician was called soon after, but found no lump in his neck other than the pomum Adami, and as he could swallow liquids without difficulty and complained of no pain