tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PLoS launches open access journal for clinical trials
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2006)

An open access journal that will publish reports of clinical trials was launched this week by the Public Library of Science, with the aim of increasing the transparency of clinical research.

The journal, PLoS Clinical Trials , will peer review and publish reports of randomised clinical trials in all areas of medicine and public health. In common with other journals published by the Public Library of Science (PLoS), a coalition of researchers and doctors founded in 2000, it is available on the internet to read and download at no cost to the user (www.plosclinicaltrials.org). …
New infection controls worry doctors in Australia
Authors: C Zinn
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Australia's football players and health professionals are caught up in controversial new guidelines concerning the control of HIV infection, which they claim are akin to compulsory testing. The Australian Football League now has the power to demand that any players suspected of being infected with HIV or hepatitis B virus should have a blood test or face a pounds sterling 1000 fine. And in New South Wales the health department plans to make doctors, nurses, and dentists sign affidavits guaranteeing that they agree to be tested for HIV as regularly as every six months.

The Australian Football League has been attacked by the …
INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY BY MEANS OF THE SODIUM SALT OF 5-IODO2-PYRIDON-N-ACETIC ACID
Authors: MOSES SWICK
Journal: JAMA (1930)

In 1923 Rowntree and his co-workers 1 of the Mayo Clinic were the first to attempt to visualize the urinary tract by means of the intravenous injection of a 10 per cent solution of sodium iodide and also by the oral administration of that salt. The urinary bladder, and in some cases the pelvis and ureter, could be visualized.  The following year Rosenstein and von Lichtenberg 2 reported at the urologic congress in Berlin their results, repeating the work of Rowntree and his co-workers with sodium iodide but in conjunction with perirenal pneumoradiography.  In the same year Volkmann 3 reported his observations with the use of different halogen compounds; he found the intravenous injection of a 10 per cent solution of sodium iodide to be best.  In 1927 Lenarduzzi and Pecco, 4 tying off the ureter and injecting sodium iodide intravenously in animals, obtained positive roentgenograms of the kidney, pelvis
GPs taking on out of hours work face higher indemnity fees
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The impact of nitrogen (N) fertilization in the vineyard on vine productivity, fermentation, and wine sensory properties was compared to that of winery N addition on enological characters in Chardonnay between 2016 and 2018. Five treatments, including no vineyard or winery N addition (No N), addition of diammonium phosphate in the winery (+DAP), addition of organic N in the winery (+Org N), and addition of N to the vineyard soil (Soil N), or to foliage (Foliar N) were evaluated. The Foliar N treatment was evaluated in 2017 and 2018 only, while the other treatments were assessed in all years. Soil N increased leaf and petiole N status in all years and increased canopy growth and yield in years two and three. Foliar N had only a minor influence on leaf or petiole N status and did not alter vine growth or yield. Both Soil N and Foliar N elevated juice yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), although the extent of increase was greater for Soil N. Addition of DAP in the winery boosted juice YAN similar to the Soil N treatment, and addition of organic N was similar to the Foliar N musts. Fermentations proceeded more quickly in Soil N musts than in No N musts, with the Foliar N, +DAP, and +Org N treatments intermediate between Soil N and No N treatments. Wine sensory analysis revealed that Soil N wines were most distinct, with greater tropical fruit aromas. These findings show that while winery N additions provide similar fermentation kinetics to vineyard N fertilization in Chardonnay, they may not produce a wine with similar sensory characteristics.
A Comprehensive Care Program for Chronic Airway Obstruction
Authors: THOMAS L. PETTY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

A comprehensive care program for patients witn chronic airway obstruction (emphysema and chronic bronchitis) is described. The major portion of the program uses systematic, organized outpatient and home care using relatively few personnel and existing hospital facilities. Effective clinical care is based on patient education, bronchial hygiene using simple home equipment, breathing retraining, and physical reconditioning. Portable oxygen equipment allows the participation of otherwise very disabled hypoxemic individuals. An intensive care unit is used for episodes of acute respiratory failure. The program has resulted in marked subjected improvement in the majority of patients and a highly significant increase in exercise tolerance. Modest but significant objective pulmonary function improvement was observed in patients with up to 1 year of follow-up. A return to gainful employment was possible in certain individuals in spite of marked disability, and a reduction in necessary hospitalization for the group was observed.
Cardiac arrhythmias: theory and practice.
Authors: J K Aronson
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Cardiac arrhythmias: theory and practiceEffective treatment of the fast, irregular pulse with digitalis was established by Withering 200 years ago,' and Wenckebach's observations on quinine2 led to the introduction of quinidine in 1918.3Other antiarrhythmic drugs did not emerge until around 1950, but since then many new drugs have been discovered and the choice is now bewildering.The development of systems of classification has lent some order to the apparent chaos, but do such systems help the clinician to choose the most appropriate drugs for the individual patient?Vaughan Williams has grouped antiarrhythmic drugs into four classes on the basis of their effects in vitro on the cardiac action potentials ofnormal cells.5 Class I drugs inhibit the fast
Gemcitabine in Brief versus Prolonged Low-Dose Infusion, both Combined with Cisplatin, for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial
Authors: Matjaz Zwitter, Viljem Kovac, Uros Smrdel, Martina Vrankar, Vesna Zadnik
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
Imaging and Alignment for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy
Authors: James M. Balter, Marc L. Kessler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Image-guided radiation therapy is an exciting new area that focuses heavily on the potential benefit of advanced imaging and image registration to improve precision, thus limiting morbidity and potentially allowing for safe delivery of increased dose. This review explores the issues surrounding the use of imaging and image registration for treatment planning and verification, with emphasis on the underlying patient model and alignment algorithms.
Communication Skills in Psychiatry Residents – How Do They Handle Patient Concerns?
Authors: Michela Rimondini, Lidia Del Piccolo, Claudia Goss, Mariangela Mazzi, Monica Paccaloni, Christa Zimmermann
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2006)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; The main focus of the training of psychiatrists is on diagnosis and treatment based on the traditional doctor-centered approach to the psychiatric interview. Less attention is given to the correct handling of patients’ emotional concerns, which is crucial for the patient-physician relationship, but also for improving diagnostic and treatment decisions. The aim of this study is to assess psychiatrists’ responses to patients’ concerns and worries. &lt;i&gt;Method:&lt;/i&gt; 118 consultations, conducted by 10 residents in psychiatry with 20 simulated patients, have been coded using the Verona Psychiatric Interview Classification System. Lag1 sequential analysis and a multinomial logit regression analysis were performed to investigate the relationship between patients’ expressions of concern and psychiatrists’ subsequent interventions in terms of patient-centered skills. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Compared to doctor-centered interventions, all patients’ expressions of concern increased the probability of passive listening (odds ratios between 2.4 and 4.2). They also increased the occurrence of emotion focusing interventions (odds ratios between 3.3 and 1.7), which however remained rare (4% of residents’ total responses). A small although significant increase in the likelihood of active listening expressions was observed as a response to two types of patient expressions of concern: statements of feelings (odds ratio 1.4) and expression of opinions regarding problematic psychosocial issues (odds ratio of 1.7). &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Young psychiatrists are good passive listeners but need to improve active listening skills which, together with emotion focusing skills, should be a major learning target in psychiatry. These patient-centered interviewing skills should integrate those traditionally used for attributing ICD-10 and/or DSM-IV categories.
Adverse drug reactions in elderly patients as contributing factor for hospital admission: cross sectional study
Authors: C. K Mannesse, F. H M Derkx, M. A J de Ridder, T. J M van der Cammen, A. J M. in 't Veld
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Adverse reactions to drugs in elderly patients are a major clinical problem.1 Patients' perceptions about the presence of drug reactions may contribute to their earlier detection,2 but no studies have related patients' complaints about adverse reactions to the objective presence of reactions, and no study has been performed in elderly patients.

All admissions of patients aged 70 and over to our medical wards from 1 February to 1 May 1994 were analysed. We excluded patients transferred from other wards and those readmitted within a month. Patients gave their informed consent. Data were collected on drug treatment, and patients were asked whether they thought any of their medical problems were caused by their drugs. The presence and severity of an adverse reaction was assessed from the history, examination, and laboratory tests, using the methods of Kramer et al3 and Hutchinson …
Are Evening Surgeries Necessary?
Authors: W. Hedgcock
Journal: BMJ (1964)

accident-prone at the time when they have already been inoculated with tetanus.Only the future will show how adequate antibiotics are as a prophylactic against tetanus.Active immunization of the whole population remains the ideal prophylaxis.In spite of the great difficulties of such a cam- paign this ought to be considered if surgical excision and antibiotics do not substantially reduce the incidence of tetanus.-Weare, etc.,
Abstract 2042: The RAX/PACT-PKR stress-signaling pathway promotes p53 sumoylation and stability to induce G1 arrest
Authors: Richard L. Bennett, Yu Pan, Teng Hui, W. Stratford May
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Cellular stresses including IL-3 withdrawal from factor-dependent hematopoietic cells, inflammatory cytokine treatment or viral infection promote RAX/PACT-dependent activation of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase PKR. Previously, we and others demonstrated that activated PKR phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eIF2 to inhibit protein synthesis and initiate apoptosis. In addition, recent reports indicate that PKR may regulate the transcription factors p53, STAT1 and NF-κB. Now we find that RAX/PACT interacts with the SUMO E2 ligase Ubc9 to stimulate p53-Ubc9 association and reversible p53 sumoylation on lysine 386. In addition, stable or transient expression of RAX/PACT in a variety of cell lines promotes p53 stability and activity to increase p53 target gene expression. Significantly, while expression of RAX/PACT, PKR or p53 alone has little effect on the cell cycle of p53-null H1299 cells, co-expression of p53 with either RAX/PACT or PKR promotes a 25 - 35% increase of cells in G1. In contrast, co-expression of RAX/PACT with the sumoylation-deficient p53 (K386R) mutant or with p53 and the desumoylase SENP1 fails to induce such a G1 arrest. Furthermore, RAX/PACT-induced, p53-dependent G1 growth arrest is inhibited by expressing the dominant-negative PKR (K296R) mutant, and expression of RAX/PACT in pkr+/+ but not pkr-/- MEF cells promotes p53 and p21 expression following gamma irradiation. Significantly, expression of exogenous RAX/PACT promotes phosphorylation of wild-type but not p53 (K386R) on serine 392, and p53 stability is decreased in cells with reduced RAX/PACT or PKR following doxorubicin treatment. Collectively, results indicate that in response to stress the RAX/PACT-PKR signaling pathway may promote p53 translational activation leading to G1 cell cycle arrest by a mechanism dependent on p53 sumoylation and phosphorylation that regulates protein turnover. Importantly, these novel findings may indicate a wider role for the RAX/PACT-PKR signaling pathway to direct sumoylation-dependent subcellular localization, protein stability or protein-protein interactions of downstream targets in response to cellular stress. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2042. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2042
Private Practice Attacked and Defended
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

THE present Secretary of State for Health and Social Security, Sir Keith Joseph, has made it clear since taking office that he is anxious to explore every means of financing the National Health Service and in particular of discovering sources of finance that will not increase the direct burden on central exchequer funds. It is well known that the ideology of the Conservative Government does not commit it so rigidly to the principle that all medical attention should appear to be free at the time of need as the Socialist ideology does. It is not surprising, therefore, that Sir Keith . . .
Medical Aspects of the Imported Fire Ant
Authors: E. Dorinda LOEFFEL
Journal: JAMA (1978)

The red fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, arrived in the United States from Brazil in the 1930s. It subsequently spread over 50 million ha in 13 southeastern states, apparently finally confined by frost lines and desert terrain. In 1958 it tangled successfully with the US government, which tried eradication with sprays containing heptachlor and dieldrin. The resulting deaths of numerous insects, birds, and mammals led to the publication of Rachel Carson's<i>Silent Spring</i>, which awakened environmental interest in the dangers of pesticides and led to their decreasing use. The use of mirex, the one chemical that did control the ants, was curtailed by Environmental Protection Agency restrictions; mirex was declared a potential carcinogen by the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and finally removed from the market by the manufacturer. Score one for the fire ant! Why is the fire ant such a great nuisance? Environmentally, it hinders grazing, damages
Landmark article Oct 19, 1964: Suppression of plasma renin activity in primary aldosteronism. Distinguishing primary from secondary aldosteronism in hypertensive disease. By Jerome W. Conn, Edwin L. Cohen and David R. Rovner
Authors: J. W. Conn
Journal: JAMA (1985)

THE OCCURRENCE in a hypertensive patient of increased production of aldosterone, and of the hypokalemia which often accompanies it, is due either to the presence of an aldosterone-secreting adrenocortical tumor (primary aldosteronism), or the presence of a functional renal hemodynamic change which stimulates the renal juxtaglomerular cells to secrete into the blood abnormally large amounts of renin. In the latter case, an increased quantity of angiotensin II is thus generated. Angiotensin II has been established to be a potent stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortices of man.<sup>1,2</sup>Although increased secretion of aldosterone can be induced in man by other mechanisms, it is now clear that, when hypersecretion of aldosterone occurs in human renal hypertension (secondary aldosteronism), it is the result of increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system. This seems to be true whether the decreased "stretch"<sup>3</sup>at the renal baroreceptor site (the juxtaglomerular cells)
Problems in Treatment of Enuresis
Authors: Samuel J. Arnold
Journal: JAMA (1965)

To the Editor:—  Replies to Dr. Cook's inquiry ( 193 :752, 1965) whether electrical apparatuses are recommended in treating nocturnal enuresis, in my opinion, stress excessively psychiatric etiology and seriously overlook organic disease. They do not appreciate fully the central ingredient of sleep, and lean dangerously on the opinion that children outgrow their problem.  The concept that enuresis is almost always emotionally determined does not withstand, in my judgement, critical examination. Burrows 1 states, In about half the patients with persistent enuresis an organic abnormality can be found... Authors with vast experience claim that the stenotic meatus is the first thing to consider in enuresis, and I have found, in a series of 186 cases, a 64% incidence of pertinent disease. The more detailed the medical and urological examination, the higher the incidence of disease found. Deep sleep, by clinical and laboratory studies 2 , is a common denominator.  Nor should one
Dietary Fat and Fiber in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Walter C. Willett
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To address the hypotheses that dietary fat increases and fiber decreases the risk of breast cancer.Prospective cohort study with dietary assessment at baseline, using a validated, self-administered food frequency questionnaire.89,494 women in the Nurses' Health Study who were 34 through 59 years of age in 1980 and who were followed up for 8 years (> 95% complete).1439 incident cases of breast cancer were diagnosed, including 774 among postmenopausal women. After adjustment for age, established risk factors, and total energy intake, we observed no evidence of any positive association between total fat intake and breast cancer incidence (relative risks [RRs] for increasing quintiles of fat intake were 1.0, 0.85, 0.96, 0.91, and 0.90; 95% confidence interval for highest vs lowest quintile, 0.77 to 1.07). Among postmenopausal women alone, corresponding RRs were 1.0, 0.89, 1.00, 0.95, and 0.91. Comparing extreme deciles of total fat intake (> or = 49% vs < 29% of total energy intake), the RR was 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.08). A similar absence of any positive association was observed without adjustment for energy intake; for tumors less than 2 cm as well as 2 cm or greater in diameter; for saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat; and after excluding the first 4 years of follow-up. Also, we found no suggestion of any positive association when using a more detailed and precise dietary questionnaire completed in 1984 (666 subsequent cases), even when women consuming less than 25% of energy from fat were used as the comparison group. No suggestion of a protective effect of dietary fiber was observed (RRs for increasing quintiles were 1.0, 0.95, 0.93, 1.02, and 1.02).These data provide evidence against both an adverse influence of fat intake and a protective effect of fiber consumption by middle-aged women on breast cancer incidence over 8 years. Nevertheless, the positive association between intake of animal fat and risk of colon cancer observed in many studies provides ample reason to limit this source of energy.
Fasting Plasma Glucose in Screening for NIDDM in the U. S. and Israel
Authors: Michaela Modan, Maureen I Harris
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the inadequacy of fasting plasma glucose for screening for NIDDM, even among groups at high risk for diabetes. RESEARCH PESIGN AND METHODS Representative samples of adults 40–69 years of age in the U. S. (n = 2,035) and Israel (n = 2,316) were selected. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was measured and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered. Subjects with undiagnosed NIDDM were identified using internationally accepted diagnostic criteria (FPG ≥7.8 mM or 2-h plasma glucose ≥11.1 mM). RESULTS Only 31–38% of subjects with undiagnosed NIDDM had fasting hyperglycemia (2:7.8 mM), and 36% in the U. S. and 19% in Israel had normoglycemia (&amp;lt;6.1 mM). Postchallenge glucose, diagnostic of diabetes, was associated with all fasting values, including values &amp;lt;5.0 mM. Based on sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value, no FPG level provided a satisfactory cutoff point to use in screening for undiagnosed NIDDM. Sensitivity at each FPG cutoff point varied little among groups classified by age, sex, race, blood pressure status, or body mass index (BMI) levels &amp;gt;23, but sensitivity was lower among those with BMI levels &amp;lt;23. CONCLUSIONS In the clinical setting, FPG is commonly used in screening for NIDDM. However, fasting values ≥7.8 mM are highly insensitive for detecting NIDDM. Lower FPG cutoff points that achieve acceptable sensitivity are accompanied by inadequately low specificity, require a high percentage of patients to be retested, and result in a low yield of diabetes among those screened. Clinicians and researchers who seek detection of undiagnosed NIDDM should use the OGTT, because FPG lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity for this purpose.
VITAMIN POTENCY OF COD LIVER OIL
Authors: John F. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1926)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I was interested in the query on the emulsification of cod liver oil and vitamins (The Journal, February 27, p. 645), and do not believe that general opinion agrees with your statements that emulsified cod liver oil is equal in vitamin potency to the unemulsified cod liver oil. This would hardly seem true if for no other reason than that emulsified oil contains not more than 50 per cent of cod liver oil and consequently there would be 50 per cent less vitamin in the same dose. Tests made on a number of samples of emulsified cod liver oil have shown that even when allowance is made for the difference in cod liver oil content, there is proportionately less vitamin A content in emulsified cod liver oil. This may be due to the fact that vitamin A in emulsified oil is less stable than in oils not