tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of Arterial Hypoxemia in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: YOSVI SUKUMALCHANTRA, RONALD DANZIG, STEVEN E. LEVY, H. J. C. SWAN
Journal: Circulation (1970)

Arterial blood gases were measured before and during oxygen breathing in 34 patients with acute myocardial infarction of whom 12 exhibited the shock syndrome, 14 showed evidence of left ventricular failure, and eight had no complications. Initial mean values for Po 2 of 58, 60, and 72 mm Hg, respectively, were found for the three groups. When the same patients breathed oxygen via a nasal cannula or face mask at flow rates of 8 to 12 L/min, values were 106, 128, and 160 mm Hg, respectively. In all instances hemoglobin saturation values in excess of 95% were obtained when the patient breathed oxygen. In 15 patients measurements of the oxygen saturation of right atrial blood permitted calculation of the degree of venous admixture. Saturation of mixed venous blood was found to be 34, 56, and 73% for the groups of patients, while the degree of venous admixture was calculated at 18, 27, and 23%, respectively. Furthermore, from the data obtained while the patients breathed oxygen, the magnitude of true right-to-left shunt was identical for all three groups at 11%. It was concluded that the initial pulmonary defect is similar for all patients with acute myocardial infarction, and possibly is due to elevated pulmonary venous pressure in all patients. As time progresses, however, the pulmonary defect changes according to the general progress and circulatory response of the subject. Thus, in those patients in whom general deterioration occurred, pulmonary function also deteriorated; whereas, in those who demonstrated clinical and hemodynamic improvement, pulmonary function improved progressively.
iNKT cells require TSC1 for terminal maturation and effector lineage fate decisions
Authors: Jinhong Wu, Jialong Yang, Kai Yang, Hongxia Wang, Balachandra Gorentla, Jinwook Shin, Yurong Qiu, Loretta G. Que, W. Michael Foster, Zhenwei Xia, Hongbo Chi, Xiao-Ping Zhong
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Terminal maturation of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells from stage 2 (CD44+NK1.1–) to stage 3 (CD44+NK1.1+) is accompanied by a functional acquisition of a predominant IFN-γ–producing (iNKT-1) phenotype; however, some cells develop into IL-17–producing iNKT (iNKT-17) cells. iNKT-17 cells are rare and restricted to a CD44+NK1.1– lineage. It is unclear how iNKT terminal maturation is regulated and what factors mediate the predominance of iNKT-1 compared with iNKT-17. The tumor suppressor tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1) is an important negative regulator of mTOR signaling, which regulates T cell differentiation, function, and trafficking. Here, we determined that mice lacking TSC1 exhibit a developmental block of iNKT differentiation at stage 2 and skew from a predominantly iNKT-1 population toward a predominantly iNKT-17 population, leading to enhanced airway hypersensitivity. Evaluation of purified iNKT cells revealed that TSC1 promotes T-bet, which regulates iNKT maturation, but downregulates ICOS expression in iNKT cells by inhibiting mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). Furthermore, mice lacking T-bet exhibited both a terminal maturation defect of iNKT cells and a predominance of iNKT-17 cells, and increased ICOS expression was required for the predominance of iNKT-17 cells in the population of TSC1-deficient iNKT cells. Our data indicate that TSC1-dependent control of mTORC1 is crucial for terminal iNKT maturation and effector lineage decisions, resulting in the predominance of iNKT-1 cells.
Histopathology of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Jeffrey B. Schwimmer, Cynthia Behling, Robert Newbury, Reena Deutsch, Caroline Nievergelt, Nicholas J. Schork, Joel E. Lavine
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are common in children and adolescents. However, standard histological criteria for pediatric NAFLD and NASH are undeveloped. We reviewed consecutive patients ages 2 to 18 years with biopsy-proven NAFLD diagnosed between 1997 and 2003. Biopsies were evaluated by two pathologists for individual features of steatohepatitis. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrated two different forms of steatohepatitis. Type 1 was characterized by steatosis, ballooning degeneration, and perisinusoidal fibrosis; type 2 was characterized by steatosis, portal inflammation, and portal fibrosis. The study included 100 children with NAFLD. Simple steatosis was present in 16% of subjects, and advanced fibrosis was present in 8%. Type 1 NASH was present in 17% of subjects, and type 2 NASH was present in 51%. Boys were significantly ( P &lt; .01) more likely to have type 2 NASH and less likely to have type 1 NASH than girls. The NASH type differed significantly ( P &lt; .001) by race and ethnicity. Type 1 NASH was more common in white children, whereas type 2 NASH was more common in children of Asian, Native American, and Hispanic ethnicity. In cases of advanced fibrosis, the pattern was generally that of type 2 NASH. In conclusion , type 1 and type 2 NASH are distinct subtypes of pediatric NAFLD, and type 2 is the most common pattern in children. NASH subtypes should be considered when interpreting liver biopsies and planning studies of the pathophysiology, genetics, natural history, or response to treatment in pediatric NAFLD. (Hepatology 2005;42:641–649.)
NAEVOXANTHOENDOTHELIOMA WITH PIGMENTARY ABNORMALITIES.
Authors: R. H. MARTEN, I. SARKANY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1960)

Journal Article NAEVOXANTHOENDOTHELIOMA WITH PIGMENTARY ABNORMALITIES. Get access R. H. MARTEN, R. H. MARTEN Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, London, S.E.5 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar I. SARKANY I. SARKANY Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, London, S.E.5 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 72, Issue 8-9, 1 August 1960, Pages 308–311, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1960.tb13899.x Published: 01 August 1960
Intractable problems need long term solutions, not quick fixes
Authors: S. Stewart-Brown, S. Griffiths
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR—Sometimes it is difficult to be pleased about progress. The new green paper Our Healthier Nation represents progress. For the first time, a government has made an unequivocal statement about the importance of socioeconomic factors for health. Previous governments have been reluctant to acknowledge that poverty kills or that poor housing makes people ill, and any problem cannot begin to be solved until it is acknowledged.

The government clearly wants to tackle the root causes of health inequalities—such as social exclusion—but the green …
Soluble TWEAK is markedly elevated in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Masayuki Nagasawa, Zhu Yi, Shinsaku Imashuku, Shigeaki Nonoyama, Kazuyuki Ogawa, Ko Okumura, Shuki Mizutani
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2007)

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a newly identified monocyte derived cytokine, which has weak apoptosis inducing function against sensitive tumor cell lines in vitro. Also, TWEAK has been reported to have proangiogenic and proinflammatory activities in vivo. However, its functions in pathological situation remain to be elucidated. Here, we analyzed soluble TWEAK in serum of 24 patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in combination with interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and killer‐specific secretory protein of 37 kDa (Ksp37). Soluble TWEAK was not detected in serum of healthy individuals. Soluble TWEAK was markedly elevated in all six primary HLH patients and 12 of 18 secondary HLH patients. Serum IFN‐γ, which is an only known mediator to stimulate TWEAK production in monocyte in vitro, was not elevated despite elevated serum TWEAK in three of six primary HLH patients, although IFN‐γ was markedly elevated in other cases. Ksp37 was only slightly increased in HLH patients. These results indicate that TWEAK may be involved in pathogenesis of HLH and is useful as a clinical marker. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The osteogenic effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on the collagen scaffold conjugated with antibodies
Authors: Yannan Zhao, Jing Zhang, Xia Wang, Bin Chen, Zhifeng Xiao, Chunying Shi, Zhanliang Wei, Xianglin Hou, Qiangbin Wang, Jianwu Dai
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2009)
REPORT OF A CASE OF RAYNAUD'S DISEASE WITH PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS.
Authors: C. EUGENE RIGGS
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Mrs. M., age 64, weight 195 pounds, American, housewife. Had typhoid fever at age of 19. pneumonia at 53, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, acute articular rheumatism at 50 years. Father died at the age of 76. Mother died at age of 71 of cancer of the breast. Has two sisters living, in average health, and one brother, whereabouts and condition not known. Two years before, the patient had noticed a peculiar numbness of sometimes one finger sometimes another of the left hand, which would last about half an hour. This continued at intervals for over a year. During this period the attacks of numbness came on about once a week, sometimes two mornings consecutively. She was, however, apparently well, when on the evening of Feb. 6, 1896, while going upstairs she was suddenly attacked with extreme numbness of the left hand and forearm, with a complete paralysis of motion and
Pulmonary function in tropical eosinophilia before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine.
Authors: M S Nesarajah
Journal: Thorax (1975)

Spirometric and lung volume measurements were carried out before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine in 19 patients with tropical eosinophilia. The total lung capacity and vital capacity returned to or nearly to normal while the FEV1 and PEFR, though improved, tended to remain below normal, indicating some residual airways obstruction especially in patients whose treatment began more than one month from the onset of symptoms. The time taken for the pulmonary function to return to normal with treatment was found to be much longer than for the clinical and haematological response.
A Doppler-two-dimensional echocardiographic method for quantitation of mitral regurgitation.
Authors: K J Ascah, W J Stewart, L Jiang, J L Guerrero, J B Newell, L D Gillam, A E Weyman
Journal: Circulation (1985)

A noninvasive method to accurately quantitate the severity of mitral insufficiency would be of major clinical value. In theory, in the absence of confounding variables, regurgitant mitral flow should represent the difference between forward mitral blood flow and aortic blood flow. Since Doppler-two-dimensional echocardiographic (D2DE) methods for measuring transvalvular mitral and aortic flow have been validated, it should be possible to use mitral and aortic flows derived by this method to calculate regurgitant mitral flow. To assess the validity and accuracy of this combined approach for quantitation of regurgitant flow, we developed an open-chest canine preparation in which we could simulate, vary, and accurately measure degrees of mitral regurgitation. Seven animals were anesthetized and prepared to allow controlled right heart output. Mitral regurgitation was than simulated by placing a flexible conduit incorporating a one-way valve and electromagnetic flowmeter between the left ventricular apex and left atrium. Flow through the tube (effective mitral regurgitation) was varied between 0.2 and 1.8 liters/min and forward cardiac output ranged between 0.5 and 4 liters/min. Transmitral and transaortic flows were calculated by previously reported Doppler methods. Doppler-derived estimates of forward flow through the aortic valve correlated well with the flow measured by flowmeter (r = .92), and regurgitant flow and regurgitant fraction calculated by the D2DE approach also compared well with those measured by flowmeter (r = .84 and .83, respectively). This study demonstrates that mitral regurgitant flow and regurgitant fraction calculated by the D2DE method provide an acceptable measure of both absolute regurgitant flow and the regurgitant fraction in the experimental setting.
LOCAL ORGAN HYPERSENSITIVENESS
Authors: David Seegal, Beatrice Carrier Seegal
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. Rabbit eyes sensitized with guinea pig red blood cells or fresh egg white respond with an inflammatory reaction following the intravenous injection of the homologous antigen, but not the heterologous. 2. Two-tenths of 1.0 cc. of a multiple antigen containing ten separate ingredients, or in other words, 0.02 cc. of each foreign protein, when introduced into the rabbit's anterior chamber, is sufficient to produce an altered ocular reactivity such that when 1 cc. of one of the ten antigens is introduced intravenously the eye shows hyperemia of the iris and conjunctiva with more or less edema and lacrimation during the next 24 hours. 3. For as long as 8 months after sensitization eyes will respond with an inflammatory reaction following the intravenous injection of fractions of the total antigen. 4. Repeated daily intravenous injections of a single antigen usually produce no reaction in the sensitized eye after the first few days. Injection of different antigens intravenously on succeeding days produces a continued sterile inflammatory process in the sensitized eye. After the total number of single antigens has been injected, repetition of these injections now fails to produce a similar response. Instead, the eye reaction is at a much lower level and the inflammatory response is manifested only to a few of the antigens injected intravenously. 5. Unless massive doses of antigen are used to desensitize, permanent desensitization of the eye has not occurred in animals which have been followed for at least 8 months. Animals may develop maximal eye responses following repeated intravenous injections of the same antigen, if sufficient time has elapsed between injections. Nevertheless, the eye reactions which can be elicited 6 or 7 months after sensitization are less intense than the initial responses. 6. The ability of the eye inflammation to light up following the intravenous injection of homologous antigen is not due to an initial tissue injury as proven by the fact that the reaction is specific and anterior chambers injured with typhoid vaccine, iodine, saline, glycerine, or albolene will not respond subsequently when the various proteins used for sensitization of the other eyes are injected intravenously. 7. It has been impossible to demonstrate sensitivity in the eye by the intravenous shocking route until at least the 5th day following introduction of the antigen into the anterior chamber. 8. The eye reaction can be produced by the subcutaneous as well as the intravenous injection of antigen. 9. Rabbits vary considerably in the intensity of the eye reaction which can be elicited in them, but only rarely was an animal found which failed completely to give a reaction.
Biosynthesis of interleukin-6, an autocrine growth factor for melanoma, is regulated by melanoma-derived histamine
Authors: Eszter Lázár Molnár, Hargita Hegyesi, Sára Tóth, Zsuzsa Darvas, Valéria László, Csaba Szalai, András Falus
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (2000)
Simultaneous comparison of intracoronary spectral and zero cross flow velocity measurements by doppler angioplasty guidewire and catheter techniques
Authors: Elizabeth Ofili, M.Asad Karim, Morton J. Kern, Ubeydullah Deligonul, Frank Aguirre, Harvey Serota, Satyanarayana Tatineni
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Can financial incentives improve health equity?
Authors: A. Oliver
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Evidence shows that they might, if targeted appropriately

Recently, much interest has been shown in how financial incentives can increase health enhancing behaviours.1 2 3 Two centres are studying the subject—the Centre for the Study of Incentives in Health (a joint initiative between King’s College, Queen Mary, and the London School of Economics; www.kcl.ac.uk/schools/biohealth/research/csincentiveshealth/) and the Center for Health Incentives at the University of Pennsylvania (www.med.upenn.edu/ldichi/). By encouraging healthier behaviours, it is hoped that incentives will help to contain healthcare costs and improve health. If the incentives motivate people in higher socioeconomic groups more than those in lower socioeconomic groups, however, they could exacerbate health inequalities. In the linked analysis article (doi:10.1136/bmj.b3504), Schmidt and colleagues highlight this as a potential problem in Germany, where a sickness fund rewards people for engaging in preventive activities and for minimising use …
P95 Why have TB notifications decreased by 50% in four years, in a rural district of Zimbabwe?
Authors: HE Patrick, E Manomano, S Sah, N Kwenzakwenkosi, C Mushore, RD Barker
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Annual TB notifications in Buhera District, Manicaland, peaked at 1,665 in 2008 and fell to 866 in 2012. The fall in TB notifications is disproportionate to national trends.<sup>1</sup> We considered three possible reasons for the fall in TB incidence; a real reduction related to improved health of the population, an apparent reduction due to failure to identify or register new cases, and an apparent reduction due to fewer patients coming from outside the district to use relatively high quality services. We analysed existing data and planned further exploration. <h3>Methods</h3> We used the district’s electronic TB database maintained by the charity TB Alert. We also accessed data relating to a recent pilot of the use of GeneXpert in the District. We planned further analyses to explore within district variation in notifications. We planned interviews with TB coordinators, primary care, hospital staff and senior staff from within and outside the province. <h3>Results</h3> The district TB register appeared complete. Treatment success rates increased from 2006 (55%) but stabilised at 65–70%. The proportion of TB patients who died peaked at 20% in 2006 and reduced to 10.5% in 2011 possibly due to changes in case ascertainment. Re-treatment cases increased from 2% in 2007 to 8.5% in 2012. Use of the GeneXpert machine identified 1 case of multi-drug resistant TB in 2008, increasing to 29 cases in 2012. The proportion of TB patients coming from outside the district seeking services appears to be constant, but high, at 22% in 2008 and 23% in 2012. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Initial analyses suggest that TB documentation in the district is well maintained.<sup>2</sup> However there are significant changes in the local epidemiology of TB and the dramatic fall in the local incidence of tuberculosis is not completely explained. Further exploration of local TB documentation and practice associated with consultation with national and international TB experts should help to clarify the situation. <h3>References</h3> World Health Organisation. Global Tuberculosis Report, 2012. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr12_annex2.pdf Scott KM, Millard FJC, Smith RM, Manomano E, Glenshaw M, Barker RD. Five years of support for a tuberculosis programme in rural Zimbabwe: What has been achieved? <i>Thorax</i> 2009;64 (Suppl IV):A11.
Inhibition by lithium of the hydroosmotic action of vasopressin in the isolated perfused cortical collecting tubule of the rabbit.
Authors: E Cogan, M Abramow
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Because treatment with lithium salts may impair renal concentrating ability, we investigated the possibility of a direct effect of lithium ions on the permeability to water of the collecting duct epithelium. The coefficient of hydraulic conductivity (Lp) of isolated perfused rabbit cortical collecting tubules (CCT) was measured in the presence and absence of arginine-8-vasopressin (AVP), or 8-bromo (Br) cyclic AMP (cAMP) and/or lithium chloride (Li 10 mM). In the absence of AVP, Li in the lumen for 30 min failed to affect basal water permeability; however, in tubules preincubated with Li in the lumen for 80 min, basal water permeability was reduced to 30% of the value found in control tubules (P less than 0.01). In CCT incubated at 25 degrees C with Li in the lumen for 3 h, the hydroosmotic response to 2.5 microU X ml-1 AVP (Lp = 6.88 +/- 1.54 nl X cm-2 X s-1 X atm-1) was significantly lower than that in the control tubules (13.98 +/- 1.59, P less than 0.01); the inhibition was not reversible. When Li was present in the peritubular medium only, the hydroosmotic effect of AVP was not different from that of the controls. The hydroosmotic effect of 25 microU/ml AVP was investigated at 37 degrees C. CCT exposed to Li in the lumen had a 49% inhibition of peak Lp under AVP (Lp = 10.98 +/- 1.17) as compared with control tubules (Lp = 21.39 +/- 1.51; P less than 0.005). In contrast, the hydroosmotic response to 8-Br-cAMP was not affected by lithium. The results are compatible with the view that Li inhibits the action of AVP at the level of the regulating protein or the catalytic unit of the membrane adenylate cyclase and that the site of the interaction can be reached by lithium only from the cytoplasmic side. The Li-antidiuretic hormone (ADH) interaction found here may represent the earliest pathophysiological event underlying the renal concentrating defect observed after Li administration.
Small but smart--microRNAs in the centre of inflammatory processes during cardiovascular diseases, the metabolic syndrome, and ageing
Authors: B. Schroen, S. Heymans
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

With a progressively growing elderly population, ageing-associated pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases are becoming an increasing economic, social, and personal burden for Western societies. Interestingly, all ageing-associated diseases share a common denominator: inflammation. Recently, microRNAs were shown to be implicated in the full range of processes of ageing, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on their role in cardiovascular diseases with emphasis on their implication in the inflammatory processes that accompany heart failure, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and finally obesity and diabetes as components of the ageing-associated metabolic syndrome.