tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Channelling the Emperor: what really killed Napoleon?
Authors: F. Mari, E. Bertol, V. Fineschi, S. B Karch
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

Arsenic was present in Napoleon's hair before he arrived on Saint Helena and the findings at necropsy are consistent only with the diagnosis of ulcerating, regionally invasive, gastric carcinoma. The question of whether Napoleon died of, or merely with, arsenic poisoning is illuminated by developments in the treatment of promyelocytic leukaemia. Arsenic trioxide induces remission in many, but treatment can be complicated by QT prolongation, torsades de pointes and sudden death. At clinically relevant concentrations, arsenic blocks both IKr and Iks channels and, at the same time, activates IK-ATP channels. The balance of these forces is easily disrupted, and QT prolongation is worsened by hypokalaemia. Napoleon was chronically treated with tartar emetic for gastrointestinal symptoms, and the day before he died he was given a huge dose of calomel (mercurous chloride) as a purgative. Both treatments would have caused potassium wastage. In addition, the Emperor was being treated with a decoction containing ‘bark’—presumably ‘Jesuit's bark’. The quinine in Jesuit's bark is another cause of QT prolongation. It is likely that the immediate cause of the Emperor's death was torsades de pointes, brought on by chronic exposure to arsenic and a medication error.
Method of Examination of Urine.
Authors: Augustus Detwiler
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Omaha, Neb., Feb. 3, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Apropos of the ingenious method for the detection of casts described by Drs. Haines and Skinner in theJournalof January 29, it may be of interest to describe the method which has been in use in my laboratory for the past few months. I depend entirely on the centrifugal method and use only tubes containing at least 15 c.c. Both tubes are filled to the 15 c.c. mark with the freshest possible specimen of urine and centrifugalized at from 1800 to 2500 revolutions per minute for three minutes; then at least 10 c.c. are withdrawn from the tubes with a pipette, being careful not to shake; the tubes are again carefully filled with the pipette and again centrifugalized; this process is repeated ten or twelve times, so that in about half an hour we have the sediment in each tube from
Qualitative and Quantitative Differences in T Cell Receptor Binding of Agonist and Antagonist Ligands
Authors: S.Munir Alam, G.Mark Davies, Christina M. Lin, Tomasz Zal, Wade Nasholds, Stephen C. Jameson, Kristin A. Hogquist, Nicholas R.J. Gascoigne, Paul J. Travers
Journal: Immunity (1999)
Gemcitabine or Gemcitabine Plus Oxaliplatin in the First-Line Treatment of Patients With Advanced Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urothelium Unfit for Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy: A Randomized Phase 2 Study of the French Genitourinary Tumor Group (GETUG V01)
Authors: Stéphane Culine, Aude Fléchon, Aline Guillot, Sylvestre Le Moulec, Damien Pouessel, Frédéric Rolland, Alain Ravaud, Nadine Houédé, Laurent Mignot, Florence Joly, Stéphane Oudard, Sophie Gourgou
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Fluconazole Prophylaxis in Patients with Leukemia
Authors: Andrew T. Pavia
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters1 November 1993Fluconazole Prophylaxis in Patients with LeukemiaAndrew T. Pavia, MD and Deborah K. Riley, MDAndrew T. Pavia, MDSearch for more papers by this author and Deborah K. Riley, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-9-199311010-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Although commendable, Winston and colleagues' evaluation of the utility of fluconazole prophylaxis among patients with acute leukemia seems overly enthusiastic [1]. Perfect [2] has suggested six criteria for justifying antifungal prophylaxis: safety, efficacy, cost, consequence, prevalence, and resistance. Based on these criteria, fluconazole does not show clear benefits in this study. No difference was observed in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, the most important measure of efficacy. There was a decrease in the rate of superficial fungal infections among fluconazole recipients (6%; 95% CI, 2% to 17%) when compared with placebo recipients (15%); fluconazole recipients also ...References1. Winston DJ, Chandrasekar PH, Lazarus HM, Goodman JL, Silber JL, Horowitz H, et al. Fluconazole prophylaxis of fungal infections in patients with acute leukemia: results of a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118: 495-503. Google Scholar2. Perfect JR. Antifungal prophylaxis: to prevent or not. Am J Med. 1993; 94:233-4. Google Scholar3. Goodman JL, Winston DJ, Greenfield RA, Chandrasekar PH, Fox B, Kaiser H, et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1992; 326:845-51. Google Scholar4. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, Johnson TR, Karp JE, Saral R. Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:1274-7. Google Scholar5. Persons DA, Laughlin M, Tanner D, Perfect J, Gockerman JP, Hathorn JW. Fluconazole and Candida krusei fungemia (Letter). N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:1315. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1993Volume 119, Issue 9Page: 951-952KeywordsAmphotericinAntifungalsBone marrowDeath ratesFeversHospitalizationsNeutropeniaNystatinProphylaxisSafety Issue Published: 1 November 1993 CopyrightCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
James Challoner Wood
Authors: J. Redfern
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Former general practitioner Hull (b 1922; q Aberdeen 1945), died from ischaemic heart disease on 22 August 2003.

After service in the Royal Navy, Jimmy, as he was known to everyone, returned to Hull, where he was born and educated. His whole working life was spent in the same general practice. He retired in 1986, shortly after coronary bypass surgery. Jimmy was of cheerful disposition and, happily, during his 17 years of retirement, he was able to follow his second love—on the golf course. He leaves a wife, Valerie; four children; and grandchildren.
Calpains and Disease
Authors: Mayana Zatz, Alessandra Starling
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Calpains are members of a large family of Ca2+-dependent proteolytic enzymes. Some are tissue-specific; others are ubiquitous. Poised to digest numerous intracellular proteins, their potential to cause or contribute to disease is considerable. This review outlines the structure and function of calpains and their involvement in a type of muscular dystrophy, type 2 diabetes, cataracts, and Alzheimer's disease.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic White Children
Authors: Susan R. Tortolero, David C. Goff, Milton Z. Nichaman, Darwin R. Labarthe, Jo Anne Grunbaum, Craig L. Hanis
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Information concerning differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors between Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white children is limited. We conducted a study to determine if there were ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and whether such differences were explained by differences in body mass index. Methods and Results Fasting glucose, insulin, and blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, weight, and height were measured in a cross-sectional survey among 403 third-grade children in Corpus Christi, Tex. We found significantly higher fasting insulin and glucose concentrations among Mexican-American than among non-Hispanic white children. Mexican-American boys had slightly lower levels of HDL cholesterol and higher systolic blood pressure than non-Hispanic white boys. Ethnic differences in insulin and glucose were not explained by body mass index. Conclusions These results provide preliminary evidence that ethnic differences in insulin, glucose, body mass index, and other risk factors occur as early as age 8 to 10 years. Additional research is warranted on differences in risk factors in Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white children and the potential importance of insulin in influencing the natural history of these characteristics.
The Treatment of Thalassemia -- Slow Progress and New Dilemmas
Authors: D.J. Weatherall
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

The thalassemias are common single-gene disorders and pose an important public health problem in many countries. In recent years there has been great progress in determining the molecular pathology of the different forms of thalassemia and in understanding the basis for their remarkable clinical heterogeneity1. This knowledge has been applied in the clinic for the detection of carriers and the prenatal diagnosis of the more severe forms, particularly beta-thalassemia. The result has been a major reduction in the number of new cases of thalassemia, notably in Greece, Italy, and the Mediterranean islands2.Despite these successes, many children continue . . .
Leukotriene receptors are overexpressed in aspirin sensitive asthmatics
Authors: S Jenkins
Journal: Thorax (2003)

Sousa AR, Parikh A, Scadding G, et al . Leukotriene-receptor expression on nasal mucosal inflammatory cells in aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis. N Engl J Med2002;347:1493–9 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Patients with aspirin sensitivity, asthma, and nasal polyps exhibit increased synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes—both basally and in response to exogenous aspirin—and increased responsiveness to inhaled cysteinyl leukotrienes, in contrast to patients with aspirin tolerant asthma. The authors hypothesised that the latter effect … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DSousa%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BR.%26rft.volume%253D347%26rft.issue%253D19%26rft.spage%253D1493%26rft.epage%253D1499%26rft.atitle%253DLeukotriene-Receptor%2BExpression%2Bon%2BNasal%2BMucosal%2BInflammatory%2BCells%2Bin%2BAspirin-Sensitive%2BRhinosinusitis%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa013508%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12421891%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa013508&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12421891&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F58%2F2%2F105.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000179042700004&link_type=ISI
Value of health promotion clinic in detection of non-melanoma skin cancer
Authors: R. Jones
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Journal Article Value of health promotion clinic in detection of non‐melanoma skin cancer Get access R. Jones R. Jones Principal in General Practice, Roborough Surgery, 1 Eastcote Close, Plymouth PL6 6PH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 131, Issue 3, 1 September 1994, Page 447, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08536.x Published: 01 September 1994
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Tolerability of a Single-Dose of NN2211, a Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Derivative, in Healthy Male Subjects
Authors: Bodil Elbrønd, Grethe Jakobsen, Søren Larsen, Henrik Agersø, Lisbeth Bjerring Jensen, Paul Rolan, Jeppe Sturis, Vibeke Hatorp, Milan Zdravkovic
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

OBJECTIVE—The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a single dose of NN2211, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) derivative, in healthy male subjects. The secondary objective was to investigate the pharmacodynamics of NN2211. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In a double-blind, randomized dose, escalation, placebo-controlled study, healthy male subjects were enrolled at eight consecutive dose levels (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0 μg/kg) with eight subjects per dose level at a 3:1 active:placebo randomization. After subcutaneous dosing with NN2211, 48-h pharmacokinetic, and 24-h glucose, insulin and glucagon profiles were assessed. In addition, three subjects at each dose level were randomly assigned (one placebo/two active) to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) 9 h after the dose (corresponding to the time to maximal plasma concentration of NN2211). RESULTS—After subcutaneous administration, the half-life of NN2211 was found to be 11–15 h. Overall, although there were no statistically significant differences compared with placebo in the area under the curve (0–9 h for insulin or glucagon), there was a borderline- significant lowering of glucose levels (P = 0.066). During the IVGTT, there was a statistically significant increase in insulin secretion (P = 0.0002), but there was no significant effect on glucagon levels. Although no significant effect was observed on glucose levels during the IVGTT, there was a dose-dependent increase in the glucose disappearance constant. Whereas no serious adverse events were observed, there was a higher incidence of adverse events after active treatment compared with placebo treatment (notably headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting). CONCLUSIONS—This study provides evidence that NN2211 has a pharmacokinetic profile consistent with once-daily dosing in humans.
Reconstruction of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery
Authors: Harold C. Urschel
Journal: JAMA (1971)

A combination of proximal vein bypass graft and distal (CO2) gas endarterectomy for revascularizing a diffusely and totally obstructed left anterior descending coronary artery was successfully performed in five patients. This technical improvement provides immediate blood flow in an artery not previously considered amenable to surgical reconstruction.
Peptic Ulcer
Authors: LAY MARTIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1932)

Article1 November 1932Peptic UlcerEarly and Late Effects of Parenteral Injections of a Nonspecific Protein: Conclusions Drawn from Experimental Work on the Modus Operandi of the Therapeutic Agent, and on the Etiology of the Lesion Helped by ItLAY MARTIN, B.S., M.D., F.A.C.P.LAY MARTIN, B.S., M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-6-5-622 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptINTRODUCTIONSeveral years ago I reported to the American Gastro-enterological Association on a small series of cases of peptic ulcer.1 They had been treated only by means of parenteral injections of milk from which fat and bacteria had been removed. Since that time I have followed, with some interest, similar cases and it is now possible to report on a larger series and also upon the duration of relief in the cases so treated.In the preliminary paper I gave an exhaustive review of the literature on the subject. Very little has been added to our knowledge since then, so...References1 MARTIN L: Peptic ulcer: The effect of parenteral injections of purified milk proteins on the symptoms and progress, Arch. Int. Med., 1929, xliii, 299-325. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2 _____: Ibid, page 303. Google Scholar3 SCHIFFNORRIS LRJ: Nonspecific protein therapy in duodenal ulcer. (Paper read before the Ohio State Medical Association in May, 1930.) Jr. Med., 1931, xii, 179-186. Google Scholar4 MARTINHILL LJH: I. The effects of mercurochrome and milk protein upon anaphylaxis. II. Development of skin sensitization in guinea pigs in response to intradermal injections of bacteria. III. Milk protein as an inhibitor of skin sensitization in guinea pigs previously injected intradermally with pneumococci, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 1930, xlvi, 232-258. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Baltimore, MarylandFrom the Gastro-intestinal Division of the Department of Medicine of the Johns Hopkins University. Received for publication, January 16, 1932. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited By�ber stickstoffhaltige, insbesondere eiweissartige Substanzen im MageninhaltThe components of the gastric secretion 1 November 1932Volume 6, Issue 5Page: 622-631KeywordsBacteriaFatsGastroenterology and hepatologyMilkPeptic ulcers Issue Published: 1 November 1932 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Cytogenetic characterization of primary refractory anemia
Authors: Martin Gyger, Giovanni d'Angelo, Robert Bélanger, Lorraine Forest, Pauline Lussier, Lambert Busque, Claude Perreault, Jacques Boileau, Yvette Bonny, René Lavallée, Michel Lacombe, Denis‐Claude Roy
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1992)

Abstract Refractory anemia (RA) is the only myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) devoid of quantitative marrow diagnostic criteria. The diagnosis rests mainly on the subjective identification of qualitative abnormalities according to the French‐American‐British criteria (FAB) involving one or more bone marrow hematopoietic cell lineages. The occurrence of nonrandom chromosome abnormalities remains the hallmark of the disease and the only means of investigation which confirms the disease objectively. With the purpose in mind to further characterize RA among MDS, we have undertaken a prospective high resolution banding chromosome analyses of bone marrow cells in patients with primary refractory anemia (PRA) with the aim of defining a cytogenetic phenotype and of assessing the clinical relevance of clonal abnormalities at initial diagnosis. Of 39 patients consecutively referred for chromosome analyses with a diagnosis of RA according to the FAB criteria, 27 patients had PRA and fulfilled our criteria for adequate chromosome analyses. Median age was 68 years. Fourteen of 27 patients (52%) had clonal chromosomal abnormalities at diagnosis. None of the patients showed a complex karyotype; 9/14 (64%) had a mixture of normal and abnormal cells. Interstitial or terminal deletions, involving chromosomes 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, and 20, were found in 11/14 (79%) of the patients. Comparison of survival between patients with and without abnormalities showed no difference. The presence of clonal abnormalities did not predict transformation to acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) nor was it associated with poor survival. In this study, patients with PRA were found to have a predominant pseudodiploid karyotypic pattern characterized by interstitial and/or terminal deletions as opposed to derivatives, specific and non‐specific balanced translocations, or other structural and numerical abnormalities. We were unable to reveal any prognostic significance to the presence of these clonal abnormalities at initial diagnosis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematic review and evidence based recommendations for the use of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in the open abdomen
Authors: A. Bruhin, F. Ferreira, M. Chariker, J. Smith, N. Runkel
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)

Introduction: Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is widely used in the management of the open abdomen despite uncertainty regarding several aspects of usage. An expert panel was convened to develop evidence-based recommendations describing the use of NPWT in the open abdomen. Methods: A systematic review was carried out to investigate the efficacy of a range of Temporary Abdominal Closure methods including variants of NPWT. Evidence-based recommendations were developed by an International Expert Panel and graded according to the quality of supporting evidence. Results: Pooled results, in non-septic patients showed a 72% fascial closure rate following use of commercial NPWT kits in the open abdomen. This increased to 82% by the addition of a ‘dynamic’ closure method. Slightly lower rates were showed with use of Wittmann Patch (68%) and home-made NPWT (vac-pack) (58%). Patients with septic complications achieved a lower rate of fascial closure than non-septic patients but NPWT with dynamic closure remained the best option to achieve fascial closure. Mortality rates were consistent and seemed to be related to the underlying medical condition rather than being influenced by the choice of dressing, Treatment goals for open abdomen were defined prior to developing eleven specific evidence-based recommendations suitable for different stages and grades of open abdomen. Discussion and conclusion: The most efficient temporary abdominal closure techniques are NPWT kits with or without a dynamic closure procedure. Evidence-based recommendations will help to tailor its use in a complex treatment pathway for the individual patient.
Hospital management commended for first trimester spontaneous abortion
Authors: D. C Brown
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Regular funduscopy should therefore be under- taken by expedition doctors to detect the presence of baemorrhages in otherwise symptomless people.Direct ophthalmoscopy in a darkened tent should be sufficient.While the presence of a small (diameter less than one half disc) uncomplicated haemorrhage may not necessarily be an indication for descent, certain factors may lead to long term damage to the eye-for instance, rebleeding, involvement of the vitreous, the presence of a detectable scotoma, or symptoms of early retinal detachment-and descent should be advocated when these are present.The desire to climb has to be balanced against the possibility of long term visual impairment.
Serum gastrin in patients with chronic renal failure
Authors: I L Taylor, R A Sells, R B McConnell, G J Dockray
Journal: Gut (1980)

The realisation that circulating gastrin is heterogeneous necessitates a reappraisal of gastrin9s role in the increased incidence of duodenal ulcer disease that occurs in chronic renal failure. Radioimmunoassays employing region-specific antisera have been used to examine renal and extrarenal factors controlling serum gastrin concentration in patients with chronic renal failure. The present study has shown that basal serum gastrin concentrations measured with a carboxyl-terminal specific antibody were significantly higher in eight patients with chronic renal failure treated by dietary restriction (388±196 pM) than in 14 patients with chronic renal failure treated by haemodialysis (28·7±4·6 pM). However, basal gastrin concentrations in both groups of patients were significantly higher than in 25 normal subjects (12·3±1·8 pM) and showed significant negative correlations with maximal gastric acid secretion (p &lt; 0·01). Markedly raised basal gastrin concentrations were observed only in chronic renal failure patients who were also achlorhydric. Although the peak postprandial increment in big gastrin concentration in 11 chronic renal failure patients (34·0±7·5 pM) was significantly greater (p &lt; 0·05) than in 25 normal subjects (19·5±4·6 pM), the little gastrin responses were not significantly different. In addition, clearance of exogenous little gastrin was similar in four chronic failure patients (clearance half time: 8·1±0·7 min) and four normal subjects (clearance half time: 6·5±1·2 min). These studies suggest that the human kidney is unimportant in the metabolism of little gastrin. As circulating little gastrin is six times more potent than big gastrin in stimulating acid secretion, these studies suggest that the raised gastrin concentrations observed in patients with chronic renal failure have little significance in terms of their increased incidence of duodenal ulcer disease.