tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Unintended pregnancies and contraceptive use.
Authors: D Metson
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Pituitary growth hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease SIR,-Dr C R Buchanan and colleagues report six cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, verified neuropathologically, in patients treated with human pituitary growth hormone in the United Kingdom.'They comment that "All presented with clinical features typical of spongiform en- cephalopathy after pituitary hormone treatment: rapidly progressive cerebellar dysfunction, ataxia as an early feature (with or without myoclonus), followed by dementia and death within 12 months of onset."In Brazil we have identified Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a patient who received human pituitary growth hormone for hypopituitarism between 1968 and 1977.The clinical diagnosis was made according to the criteria ofMasters etal.' Dementia, characterised by loss of memory, psychotic be- haviour, and visual hallucinations, preceded the appearance of cerebellar ataxia.The patient had severe progressive dementia associated with a progressive cerebellar syndrome and, later, myoclonus and mutism.He died 33 months after the onset of symptoms; necropsy was not performed.Although neuropathological verification was not possible, the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of abnormal proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid.Cerebrospinal fluid submitted to two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electro- phoresis' showed two abnormal 30 kilodalton proteins characteristic of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.45The patient had never had any opera- tions.Like the patients reported on by Dr Buchanan and colleagues, he had received pituitary growth hormone prepared before column chroma- tography was introduced into the purification methods.He had been given growth hormone extracted and purified by Raben, in the United States.The batches of hormone and origin of the pituitaries could not be determined.
Intraneutrophilic malaria rings: A rare finding
Authors: Jaya Sinha, Niladri Mal
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

Malaria is a protozoan infection that is transmitted by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito, the insect that serves as both the reservoir and the vector for the infective organisms.The life cycle of the malaria parasite is complex, with stages in the female Anopheles mosquito followed by liver and erythrocyte involvement in the human host.The diagnosis of malaria is established by preparing thick and thin blood smears, staining them with Wright-Giemsa, and then identifying the plasmodia within red cells.Serological tests to detect the presence of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) secreted by the parasites are also available for rapid diagnosis (DiaMed OptiMAL).Free, extracellular parasites are not seen, although phagocytosis of malarial pigment by monocytes or macrophages and less frequently by neutrophils can occasionally be found in the peripheral blood films of patients with severe cerebral malaria [1-3].The presence of intact, intraneutrophilic rings of falciparum malaria is a very rare finding, although it, too, has been reported in cases of fulminant cerebral malaria [2,3].
Sex differences in the association of endogenous sex hormone levels and glucose tolerance status in older men and women.
Authors: D Goodman-Gruen, E Barrett-Connor
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

OBJECTIVE: Some evidence suggests an inverse association between type 2 diabetes and androgens in men and a positive association between type 2 diabetes and androgens in women. The purpose of this community-based study was to evaluate sex differences in the association between endogenous total and bioavailable estrogen and testosterone levels and glucose tolerance status. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We included in this study 775 men and 633 postmenopausal non-estrogen-using women, all &amp;gt; or =55 years of age (mean ages 72 and 75 years, respectively). A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered to fasting subjects from 1984 to 1987, when sera were frozen for measurement of total and bioavailable hormone levels. Total testosterone and estradiol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, and bioavailable hormone levels were determined using a modified ammonium-sulfate precipitation method. The association between steroid hormones and glucose tolerance status was tested. RESULTS: In sex-specific age- and BMI-adjusted analyses, men with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) had significantly lower total testosterone levels. Women with IGT or type 2 diabetes had significantly higher bioavailable testosterone and total and bioavailable estradiol levels than those with normal glucose tolerance. Total testosterone and fasting plasma glucose were inversely associated in men (P = 0.0001), whereas bioavailable testosterone and estradiol were positively associated with fasting plasma glucose in women (P = 0.0001 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Additional studies are needed to further develop the hormone-diabetes connection.
The world's best system of compensating injury?
Authors: R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1982)

One of the unique things about New Zealand, along with flightless birds and an absence of poisonous creatures, is its no fault scheme for compensating accidental injury. Since 1974 anybody injured in an accident has had no need to take legal action : he or she is compensated by the Accident Compensation Corporation (previously Commission), a statutory body. About 130 000 claims a year are dealt with by the Accident Compensa? tion Corporation (in a country of three million people) and it is, indeed, impossible to bring a common law action for personal injury. Problems persist with the scheme (particularly over defining what is an accident and what is not), but it works, and most New Zealanders are convinced that it will continue; nobody will put the clock back. Lawyers, insurers, social reformers, academics, and journalists journey from all over the world to look at the scheme; members of the British Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury (the Pearson Commission) went there in September 1975.r (This was too early, I was told, both because little experience had been generated and because the new commissioners were anxious that the new scheme should be seen only in the best light.) The Pearson Commission reported on British problems in 1978, but most of its proposals remain on the drawing board.2 The problems, however, persist. I recently joined the flow of journalists to New Zealand to look at the Accident Compensation Corporation scheme. I wanted primarily to look at the New Zealand way of compensat? ing drug injury, but I took the opportunity to look also at the general working of the scheme and the particular problems of compensating for medical misadventure. This first article will describe the whole scheme, a second article will consider the problems with the scheme, and a third article will look at the particular problems of compensation for drug injury and medical misadventure. My information comes from the many members of the Accident Compensation Corporation whom I met; from independent lawyers, doctors, and academics; and from books, articles, and reports. In addition to the government reports I have found three books particularly useful: Compensation for Inequality: a Study of Law and Social Change in New Zealand and Australia* by Geoffrey Palmer, a former professor of law at Victoria University in Wellington, and now a New Zealand member of Parliament; Accident Compensation* by Terence G I son, a Canadian professor of law who spent three months in New Zealand studying the scheme; and Accident Compensation Coverage5 by J L Fahy, who is now the managing director of the Accident Compensation Corporation.
Muscle-specific transgenic complementation of GLUT4-deficient mice. Effects on glucose but not lipid metabolism.
Authors: T S Tsao, A E Stenbit, J Li, K L Houseknecht, J R Zierath, E B Katz, M J Charron
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

We have taken the approach of introducing the muscle-specific myosin light chain (MLC)-GLUT4 transgene into the GLUT4-null background to assess the relative role of muscle and adipose tissue GLUT4 in the etiology of the GLUT4-null phenotype. The resulting MLC-GLUT4-null mice express GLUT4 predominantly in the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. GLUT4 is nearly absent in female white adipose tissue (WAT) and slow-twitch soleus muscle of both sexes of MLC-GLUT4-null mice. GLUT4 content in male MLC-GLUT4-null WAT is 20% of that in control mice. In transgenically complemented EDL muscle, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) uptake was restored to normal (male) or above normal (female) levels. In contrast, 2-DOG uptake in slow-twitch soleus muscle of MLC-GLUT4-null mice was not normalized. With the normalization of glucose uptake in fast-twitch skeletal muscle, whole body insulin action was restored in MLC-GLUT4-null mice, as shown by the results of the insulin tolerance test. These results demonstrate that skeletal muscle GLUT4 is a major regulator of skeletal muscle and whole body glucose metabolism. Despite normal skeletal muscle glucose uptake and insulin action, the MLC-GLUT4-null mice exhibited decreased adipose tissue deposits, adipocyte size, and fed plasma FFA levels that are characteristic of GLUT4-null mice. Together these results indicate that the defects in skeletal muscle and whole body glucose metabolism and adipose tissue in GLUT4-null mice arise independently.
RENAL SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES MEAN HEART RATE AND EXERTS A FAVORABLE EFFECT ON ATRIAL AND VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN RESISTANT HYPERTENSIVES
Authors: Konstantinos P. Tsioufis, Vasilios Papademetriou, Dimitrios Tsiachris, Kyriakos Dimitriadis, Costas Thomopoulos, Anna Kefala, Velissarios Antonakis, Dimitrios Tousoulis, Ioannis Kallikazaros, Christodoulos Stefanadis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Recent advances: Anaesthesia
Authors: A. J Fox, D. J Rowbotham
Journal: BMJ (1999)

More than 150 years ago William Morton successfully used diethyl ether as general anaesthesia. Advances in anaesthesia have made many new surgical techniques possible, and mortality directly attributable to anaesthesia is now rare. Most recent advances have contributed to an important decrease in morbidity from anaesthesia and to an increase in quality of perioperative management.
Resuscitation of President Lincoln
Authors: J. Willard Montgomery
Journal: JAMA (1961)

MY knowledge of mouth-to-mouth breathing and external cardiac massage was not gained by primary research of it; it is a by-product of research in the medical history of the shooting, death, and autopsy of President Abraham Lincoln at the termination of the Civil War. However, neither procedure as an adjunct in emergency resuscitation is new, as reported in certain periodicals for lay consumption. There is a report in current medical literature of a case of mouth-to-mouth respiration as far back as 1743.<sup>1</sup>Prehistoric man very probably practiced both methods of resuscitation; if his cerebration was advanced to the extent that he could manufacture tools and weapons, plant and irrigate land, overcome wild creatures many times his size, and interpret his surroundings on cave walls, surely he could in adult life observe a process that had repeatedly deprived him of the companionship of a loved one or friend and have
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF NEPHRITIS.
Authors: ALEXANDER HUGH FERGUSON
Journal: JAMA (1903)

"The Surgical Treatment of Nephritis or Bright's Disease" was the title of a paper published by me March 11, 1899, inThe Journalof the American Medical Association. This is the first announcement that has ever appeared recommending a surgical treatment for Bright's disease. The date of this publication has been overlooked by Dr. G. M. Edebohls in all his articles. Dr. Edebohls' first paper, entitled "Chronic Nephritis Affecting a Movable Kidney as an Indication for Nephropexy," appeared in the Medical News, New York, April 22, 1899, one month and eleven days after my first article. Feb. 10, 1899, a symposium on nephritis was the program of the Chicago Academy of Medicine, and the surgical treatment was assigned to me. At this meeting I related two cases of interstitial nephritis symptomatically cured by<i>decapsulation and multiple punctures</i>. I removed a portion of the kidney in each case, which was pathologically
PEGylation of antibody fragments greatly increases their local residence time following delivery to the respiratory tract
Authors: Salome Juliette Koussoroplis, Geneviève Paulissen, Donatienne Tyteca, Hadi Goldansaz, Julie Todoroff, Céline Barilly, Catherine Uyttenhove, Jacques Van Snick, Didier Cataldo, Rita Vanbever
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2014)
IFN-γ–induced protein 10 is a novel biomarker of rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations
Authors: Peter A.B. Wark, Fabio Bucchieri, Sebastian L. Johnston, Peter G. Gibson, Lynnsey Hamilton, Joanna Mimica, Giovanni Zummo, Stephen T. Holgate, John Attia, Ammarin Thakkinstian, Donna E. Davies
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)

Rhinovirus-induced acute asthma is the most frequent trigger for asthma exacerbations.We assessed which inflammatory mediators were released from bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) after infection with rhinovirus and then determined whether they were also present in subjects with acute virus-induced asthma, with the aim to identify a biomarker or biomarkers for acute virus-induced asthma.BECs were obtained from bronchial brushings of steroid-naive asthmatic subjects and healthy nonatopic control subjects. Cells were infected with rhinovirus 16. Inflammatory mediators were measured by means of flow cytometry with a cytometric bead array. Subjects with acute asthma and virus infection were recruited; they were characterized clinically by using lung function tests and had blood taken to measure the inflammatory mediators identified as important by the BEC experiments.IFN-gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and RANTES were released in the greatest quantities, followed by IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha. Dexamethasone treatment of BECs only partially suppressed IP-10 and TNF-alpha but was more effective at suppressing RANTES, IL-6, and IL-8. In acute clinical asthma serum IP-10 levels were increased to a greater extent in those with acute virus-induced asthma (median of 604 pg/mL compared with 167 pg/mL in those with non-virus-induced acute asthma, P < .01). Increased serum IP-10 levels were predictive of virus-induced asthma (odds ratio, 44.3 [95% CI, 3.9-100.3]). Increased serum IP-10 levels were strongly associated with more severe airflow obstruction (r = -0.8; P < .01).IP-10 release is specific to acute virus-induced asthma.Measurement of serum IP-10 could be used to predict a viral trigger to acute asthma.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HIGHER GLUCOSE VARIABILITY, DETERMINED BY CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING SYSTEM, AND POOR CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN STEMI PATIENTS WITH DYSGLYCEMIA, IN COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL GLYCEMIC PARAMETERS
Authors: Kozo Okada, Shunsuke Kataoka, Masami Gohbara, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Zenko Nagashima, Keiko Takano, Eiichi Akiyama, Yasushi Matsuzawa, Masaaki Konishi, Nobuhiko Maejima, Mitsuaki Endo, Noriaki Iwahashi, Kengo Tsukahara, Yoshio Tahara, Kenichiro Saka, Kiyoshi Hibi, Masami Kosuge, Toshiaki Ebina, Satoshi Umemura, Kazuo Kimura
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
The Accuracy of Diagnostic Radiology
Authors: John Evans
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Cancer of the kidney frequently presents without overt signs or symptoms. Almost one third of such patients, in our experience, do not have signs or symptoms suggesting renal disease. Many patients with unsuspected renal neoplasms are discovered to have a renal mass during some nonurologic roentgenographic examination. Differentiation between renal cyst and neoplasm is usually not possible by conventional urographic means, except in those cases where there is characteristic deformity of the renal collecting system. In order to test the diagnostic vulnerability of conventional pyelography in the differentiation of renal cyst from neoplasm, we presented a series of 50 cases of undiagnosed renal masses to five experienced radiologists and found that a careful study allows correct diagnosis of either cyst or neoplasm in only 50% of cases. It is of further interest that in only 10% of the series was there agreement among the five observers in the diagnosis of
Abstract 2887: Nanoconstructs for the efficient delivery of siRNA molecules against Aquaporin-1 for anti-angiogenic therapies
Authors: Cinzia Stigliano, Jeyarama Ananta, Swetadrinadha Acharya, Yuri Mackeyev, Lon Wilson, Grazia Paola Nicchia, Maria Svelto, Paolo Decuzzi
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Aquaporins (AQPs) are water-specific, membrane-channel proteins expressed in diverse tissues. In particular, AQP1 has been reported to be specifically and strongly expressed in most tumor microvascular endothelial cells. Angiogenesis and tumor progression have been dramatically impaired, in AQP1-null mice [Saadoun et al. Nature 434:2005]. These findings support the notion that AQP1 could be considered as a specific target for the treatment of various neoplasias. The AQP1 proteins can be specifically blocked by using small interference RNA molecules (siRNAs). However, despite the considerable potential of RNA interference for the treatment of cancer, the proper systemic delivery of exogenous siRNA molecules is still a challenge. The most significant obstacle is ensuring specific and effective delivery of siRNAs to the cytoplasm of the target cell, limiting toxic effects and serum degradation by RNAses. The use of nanoparticles, as intravascular delivery vehicles, has potential in supporting the efficient, effective and safe systemic delivery of siRNAs. Herein, multiple nanotechnological platforms (nanoconstructs) are used to deliver siRNAs against AQP1. The performance of the different nanoconstructs is assessed in vitro using HeLa cells, transfected to express AQP1 molecules. Three nanoconstructs are studied: fullerenes (C60), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanospheres and hydrogel-template nanoparticles. Positively charged fullerenes are sub-nanometer spheres (diameter ∼ 0.71 nm) that complex with the negatively charged siRNA molecules forming a stable compound under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4). Differently, the PLGA nanospheres and hydrogel-template nanoparticles are loaded with siRNA molecules during their synthesis process. The silencing performance of the three different nanoconstructs is assessed in vitro at multiple time points, over a period of 6 days post incubation. The loading efficiency, the release rate, the cell-entry mechanisms and potential cytotoxic response are analyzed. The performance of the nanoconstructs is compared with traditional delivery systems based on the use of transfection agents (oligofectamine). AQP1 is here used as a model system, and the optimized nanoconstructs could be utilized also for other siRNA therapeutics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2887. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2887
Functionally active Epstein-Barr virus-transformed follicular dendritic cell-like cell lines.
Authors: E Lindhout, A Lakeman, M L Mevissen, C de Groot
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are unique nonlymphoid cells found only in germinal centers. FDC can be distinguished from other accessory cells based on a characteristic set of cell surface markers. It is known that FDC are able to rescue germinal center B cells from apoptosis. To investigate the role of FDC in the process of selection and maturation of B cells during germinal center reactions, we tried to establish factor-independent immortalized FDC-like cell lines. Because freshly isolated FDC express the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) receptor CD21, we attempted EBV transformation on isolated FDC. After incubation of FDC-enriched cell populations with EBV, cell lines were obtained consisting of slowly duplicating very large cells. These cell lines have a fibroblast-like morphology but could be clearly distinguished from several human fibroblast cell lines by displaying a different phenotype including intercellular adhesion molecule 1, CD40, and CD75 expression. Detection of the EBV-encoded proteins latent membrane protein 1 and Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 in our FDC-like cell lines implicated successful EBV transformation. FDC-like cells are able to bind nonautologous B cells and preserve the latter from apoptosis. The binding of B cells to FDC-like cells is dependent on adhesion via lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1/intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and closely resembles the pattern of emperipolesis as described by others. These data demonstrate that FDC can be successfully infected by EBV, and that the cell lines obtained share phenotypic and functional characteristics with freshly isolated FDC.
Prostaglandin E2 is a mediator of 5-hydroxytryptamine induced water and electrolyte secretion in the human jejunum.
Authors: L K Munck, A Mertz-Nielsen, H Westh, K Bukhave, E Beubler, J Rask-Madsen
Journal: Gut (1988)

Studies in the rat jejunum in vivo have shown that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) causes secretion of fluid and luminal release of prostaglandin (PG) E2. These effects can be blocked by indomethacin and ketanserin, which suggests that PGE2 may be an important intermediate in the transduction mechanism leading to 5-HT induced fluid secretion. To test this hypothesis in man 9steady state9 perfusions (9 ml/min) were done in eight healthy volunteers using the triple lumen technique. The proximal jejunum was perfused with Ringer9s solution which contained 51Cr-EDTA as a non-absorbable marker. Before and after the administration of indomethacin (1.0 mg/kg iv) the effects of exogenous 5-HT (10 micrograms/kg/min iv) on jejunal net transport of fluid and electrolytes and jejunal flow rate (JFR) of PGE2 were measured in 15-min periods for 2 x 60 minutes after a 60 minute control period. 5-HT reversed fluid and electrolyte absorption into profuse secretion (p less than 0.01, Duncan9s multiple range test) and significantly increased JFR of PGE2 (p less than 0.01). Indomethacin partly restored fluid and electrolyte absorption (p less than 0.01) and inhibited JFR of PGE2 (p less than 0.05). These results provide further evidence in favour of the theory that PGs are involved in 5-HT induced intestinal fluid secretion.