tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Injuries from in-Line Skating and the Effectiveness of Safety Gear
Authors: Richard A. Schieber, Christine M. Branche-Dorsey, George W. Ryan, George W. Rutherford, Judy A. Stevens, Joann O'Neil
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

Of the estimated 22.5 million people participating in in-line skating in the United States in 1995, about 100,000 were sufficiently injured so as to require emergency department care. We investigated the effectiveness of wrist guards, elbow pads, knee pads, and helmets in preventing skating injuries.We used data from the 91 hospital emergency departments participating in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a national probability sample of randomly selected hospitals with 24-hour emergency departments. Injured in-line skaters who sought medical attention between December 1992 and July 1993 were interviewed by telephone. We conducted a case-control study of skaters who injured their wrists, elbows, knees, or heads as compared with skaters with injuries to other parts of their bodies.Of 206 eligible injured subjects, 161 (78 percent) were interviewed. Wrist injuries were the most common (32 percent); 25 percent of all injuries were wrist fractures. Seven percent of injured skaters wore all the types of safety gear; 46 percent wore none. Forty-five percent wore knee pads, 33 percent wrist guards, 28 percent elbow pads, and 20 percent helmets. The odds ratio for wrist injury, adjusted for age and sex, for those who did not wear wrist guards, as compared with those who did, was 10.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.9 to 36.9). The odds ratio for elbow injury, adjusted for the number of lessons skaters had had and whether or not they performed trick skating, was 9.5 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.6 to 34.4) for those who did not wear elbow pads. Non-use of knee pads was associated with a nonsignificant increase in the risk of knee injury (crude odds ratio, 2.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 7.2). The effectiveness of helmets could not be assessed.Wrist guards and elbow pads are effective in protecting in-line skaters against injuries.
Circulating Immune Complexes in the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Authors: Robert B. Dreisin, Marvin I. Schwarz, A. N. Theofilopoulos, Ray E. Stanford
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

We determined circulating immune complex levels and their correlation with pulmonary histopathology, immunofluorescence and steroid responsiveness in 24 patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Levels were elevated in all but three of 16 patients with cellular disease, but in none of eight with diffuse fibrosis (P<0.001). Granular deposition of IgG, usually with C3, was present in 94 per cent of patients with elevated levels, but in only 11 per cent of those with normal levels (P<0.001). The radiographic and physiologic response to corticosteroid therapy was better in patients with initially elevated levels than in those with normal levels (P<0.03). Circulating immune complexes are present in patients with cellular idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, have a pathogenetic role in this disease and may identify a patient population that is potentially steroid responsive. (N Engl J Med 298:353–357, 1978)
Histological changes in liver biopsies after one year of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Yoshiyuki Suzuki, Hiromitsu Kumada, Kenji Ikeda, Kazuaki Chayama, Yasuji Arase, Satoshi Saitoh, Akihito Tsubota, Masahiro Kobayashi, Morio Koike, Nobuya Ogawa, Kyuichi Tanikawa
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1999)
Effects of nifedipine and diltiazem on coronary reactive hyperaemia
Authors: D. J DYMEK, R. J BACHE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1984)

The effects of nifedipine and diltiazem on the reactive hyperaemic response which followed 10 s occlusions of the left circumflex coronary artery was studied in 18 chronically instrumented awake dogs. Nifedipine (0.010 mg X kg-1, iv) and diltiazem (0.30 mg X kg-1, iv) were administered to produce 2 1/2 to 3-fold peak increases in left circumflex coronary blood flow. Coronary flow returned to the control value within 30 min after drug administration, and reactive hyperaemia was examined from 30 min to 2 h after drug administration, when resting coronary blood flow, heart rate, arterial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were not different from pretreatment values. Both nifedipine and diltiazem caused blunting of the reactive hyperaemic response following 10 s coronary occlusions with reduction of excess blood flow during reactive hyperaemia from 20.5 +/- 2.65 ml during control conditions to 11.4 +/- 3.2 ml 30 min after nifedipine (P less than 0.001), and from 21.0 +/- 3.74 ml to 13.8 +/- 3.2 ml 30 min after diltiazem (P less than 0.001). Coronary reactive hyperaemia remained depressed for 60 min after nifedipine and throughout the entire 2 h observation period after diltiazem. Measurements of myocardial blood flow with radioactive microspheres demonstrated that neither nifedipine nor diltiazem increased collateral flow during coronary occlusion. Thus, blunting of the reactive hyperaemic response could not be attributed to relief of ischaemia by enhanced collateral blood flow.
Manufacturers urge German government to revise proposals for pricing new drugs
Authors: N. Stafford
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Europe’s pharmaceutical industry has appealed to the German government to take “urgent action” to revise the German model for assessing the benefits of new drugs and setting their prices.

In a joint press release the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations and the German Association of Research Based Pharmaceutical Companies said that the reference pricing system now in use “is being used to force German pricing for new medicines towards generic prices.”

“Recent years have seen the introduction of a series of punitive measures in Germany,” said Richard Bergstrom, director general of the European federation. Specifically, he noted mandatory rebates paid by drug firms to public health insurers; an international reference pricing system that links German prices to “countries like Greece”; and a national …
Metastatic Consequences of Immune Escape from NK Cell Cytotoxicity by Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Bin Wang, Qiang Wang, Zhe Wang, Jun Jiang, Shi-Cang Yu, Yi-Fang Ping, Jing Yang, Sen-Lin Xu, Xian-Zong Ye, Chuan Xu, Lang Yang, Cheng Qian, Ji Ming Wang, You-Hong Cui, Xia Zhang, Xiu-Wu Bian
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSC) are crucial for metastasis but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells failed to limit metastasis and were not associated with improved therapeutic outcome of BCSC-rich breast cancer. Primary BCSCs were resistant to cytotoxicity mediated by autologous/allogeneic NK cells due to reduced expression of MICA and MICB, two ligands for the stimulatory NK cell receptor NKG2D. Furthermore, the downregulation of MICA/MICB in BCSCs was mediated by aberrantly expressed oncogenic miR20a, which promoted the resistance of BCSC to NK cell cytotoxicity and resultant lung metastasis. The breast cancer cell differentiation–inducing agent, all-trans retinoic acid, restored the miR20a–MICA/MICB axis and sensitized BCSC to NK cell–mediated killing, thereby reducing immune escape–associated BCSC metastasis. Together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism for immune escape of human BCSC and identify the miR20a–MICA/MICB signaling axis as a therapeutic target to limit metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res; 74(20); 5746–57. ©2014 AACR.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIPHTHERIA CARRIER AS AN AGENT IN THE SPREAD OF DIPHTHERIA
Authors: F. M. MEADER
Journal: JAMA (1924)

It is the practice of the Detroit Department of Health, whenever a case of diphtheria is reported, to ask the police department immediately to post a quarantine sign on the home in which the case is reported. A nurse is detailed to the home as soon as practicable in order to adjust quarantine signs, give instructions relative to the observance of quarantine, and take cultures from all contacts. She also notes and reports to the department the names and ages of contacts, and whether or not they have received immunizing doses of diphtheria antitoxin.    Persons who receive an immunizing dose of diphtheria antitoxin are released from quarantine as soon as a report from the laboratory indicates that there are no diphtheria organisms in their throats. Persons who do not receive an immunizing dose of antitoxin are required to obtain two negative culture reports from the laboratory before they are released
Abstract 405: Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction augments Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)-Mediated Cardiac Gene Transfer after Systemic Administration in Adult Rats
Authors: Oliver J Muller, Stefanie Schinkel, Jurgen A Kleinschmidt, Hugo A Katus, Raffi Bekeredjian
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background:  AAV-6 or AAV-9 pseudotyped vectors are suitable for an efficient cardiac gene transfer upon intravenous injections in mice. However, a systemic application in larger organisms such as rats is limited by higher doses of vector. Furthermore, an intravenous delivery may lead to potential side-effects in other organs. Therefore, aim of our study was to analyse whether ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction is able to target cardiac tranduction after intravenous vector administration in rats.   Material and Methods:  The ability of AAV vectors to be loaded on lipid stabilized microbubbles was shown by localization of intact AAV particles on the bubble surface using immunofluourescence. In order to analyze efficiency and specificity of gene transfer, microbubbles loaded with 4x10(10) genomic particles of AAV6 or AAV9 harbouring a luciferase reporter gene under the control of a CMV-enhanced 1.5 kb myosin-light chain promoter were infused into the jugular vein of adult (250g) Sprague-Dawley rats. During the infusion, high mechanical index ultrasound was administered to the heart. After 4 weeks, organs were harvested and analyzed for reporter gene expression.   Results:  In contrast to low cardiac expression after systemic transfer of the vector solution without ultrasound, ultrasound-mediated destruction of microbubbles significantly increased cardiac reporter activities between 6- and 20-fold. In contrast to previous observations in mice, no significant difference was found between AAV-6 and AAV-9 pseudotyped vectors. Specificity of gene transfer was also increased since background activities in extracardiac organs such as liver were similar with or without ultrasound. Analyzing the spatial distribution with 10 11  genomic particles of AAV-9 vectors with an EGFP reporter gene, more than 20% EGFP positive cells in ventricular myocardium using this approach.   Conclusion:  In conclusion, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction augments cardiac gene transfer with AAV-6 or AAV-9 serotype vectors in rats. This approach may be suitable also for increasing efficiency and specificity of AAV-mediated gene transfer in larger species and holds promise for human gene therapy.
Therapeutic blockade of PD-L1 and LAG-3 rapidly clears established blood-stage Plasmodium infection
Authors: Noah S Butler, Jacqueline Moebius, Lecia L Pewe, Boubacar Traore, Ogobara K Doumbo, Lorraine T Tygrett, Thomas J Waldschmidt, Peter D Crompton, John T Harty
Journal: Nature Immunology (2011)
Protective effect of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors against epidermal basement membrane damage: skin equivalents partially mimic photoageing process
Authors: S. Amano, Y. Ogura, N. Akutsu, Y. Matsunaga, K. Kadoya, E. Adachi, T. Nishiyama
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

The epidermal basement membrane (BM) plays important roles in adhesion between epidermis and dermis, and in controlling epidermal differentiation. The BM has been reported to be damaged in sun-exposed skin. Although matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are believed to be involved in the BM damage, there is no good in vitro model for examining BM damage by MMPs or for exploring methods to protect the BM.To examine the involvement of MMPs in BM damage and approaches to protect the BM from such damage by using an in vitro skin-equivalent (SE) model.SE was prepared by culturing human keratinocytes on contracted collagen gel including human fibroblasts. MMP-1, -2, -3 and -9, laminin 5 and type IV and VII collagens were determined by specific sandwich ELISAs, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 were analysed by gelatin zymography. Histological examination of SE was also carried out.Despite production of BM components such as laminin 5 and type IV and VII collagens in SEs, BM was rarely observed at the dermal-epidermal junction. Several MMPs, such as MMP-1, -2, -3 and -9, were observed to be present in conditioned media and some of them were in active forms. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 was not detected, although TIMP-1 was present. Synthetic MMP inhibitors, CGS27023A and MMP-inhibitor I, which inhibit MMP-1, -2, -3 and -9, markedly augmented deposition of laminin 5 and type IV and VII collagens at the dermal-epidermal junction, resulting in the formation of continuous epidermal BM.Our results indicate that MMPs are involved in the degradation of BM in SEs, and that MMP inhibitors exert a protective effect against BM damage.
Use of alveolar carbon monoxide measurements to assess red blood cell survival in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Angela Medina, Carol Ellis, Michael D. Levitt
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Abstract We recently described a simple technique for measuring RBC survival based on measurements of the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in alveolar air, corrected for environmental CO using a device that equilibrates with atmospheric CO at the same rate as does the patient. The purpose of the present report is to demonstrate the clinical utility of this method via measurements of RBC turnover in hemodialysis patients. Prior to dialysis, the mean RBC survival of 9 chronic dialysis patients was 70 ± 9 days, about 50% shorter than that of 32 healthy subjects. During the dialysis, the endogenous P co increased by 14% (P &lt; 0.05) while subjects not undergoing dialysis had a 6% fall in endogenous P co over this same time period. Thus, this technique demonstrated that the hemodialysis procedure resulted in about a 20% increase in RBC destruction. This increased RBC destruction has not been detectable with previous methodologies (including conventional measurements of CO production) due to the insensitivity and lack of reproducibility of conventional techniques. We conclude that the simple, non‐invasive measurement of endogenous P co provides the most accurate available means of assessing the influence of a variety of acute manipulations on RBC survival. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Results of a Multicentric In Silico Clinical Trial (ROCOCO): Comparing Radiotherapy with Photons and Protons for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Erik Roelofs, Martijn Engelsman, Coen Rasch, Lucas Persoon, Sima Qamhiyeh, Dirk de Ruysscher, Frank Verhaegen, Madelon Pijls-Johannesma, Philippe Lambin
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
Salaried GPs should not be exploited, conference hears
Authors: D. Cohen
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The matter of salaried GPs has the potential to “divide the profession,” a member of the BMA’s General Practitioners Committee said at the annual conference of local medical committees this week.

Nigel Watson, chief executive of Wessex local medical committee and chairman of the commissioning and service development subcommittee of the BMA’s general practice committee, called on partners to offer posts to salaried colleagues that were valued and not “tantamount to exploitation.”

However, he also cautioned that salaried GPs “need to be realistic about what it means to be part of a profession and recognise the additional commitment, workload, employment responsibilities, and financial risks …
Plasma testosterone concentrations in asthmatic men treated with glucocorticoids.
Authors: I R Reid, H K Ibbertson, J T France, J Pybus
Journal: BMJ (1985)

CorrectionImportance of hypovolaemic shock and endoscopic signs in predicting recurrent haemorrhage from peptic ulceration: a prospective evaluation Three errors occurred in this paper by P C Bornman et al (27 July, p 245).In table I the number of rebleeds in patients with endoscopic signs of a clot should have read 12 (25) not 11 (23).In table II the value 112 under "No endoscopic sign, black spots" should have read 86, and the remaining 26 patients should have been tabulated under "Endoscopic sign, no rebleed.
Adverse Events With Transvenous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
Authors: Mårten Rosenqvist, Thorsten Beyer, Michael Block, Karel den Dulk, Jaak Minten, Fred Lindemans
Journal: Circulation (1998)

A newly developed classification system relates adverse events to the surgical procedure or the function of the implantable defibrillator.Adverse events were monitored during prospective clinical evaluation of the Medtronic model 7219 Jewel ICD and were classified according to the definitions of the ISO 14155 standard for device clinical trials into 3 groups: severe and mild device-related and severe non-device-related adverse events. In addition, events were related to the surgical procedure, treatment with the device, or cardiac function. Seven hundred seventy-eight patients were followed up for an average of 4.0 months after ICD implantation. In total, 356 adverse events were observed in 259 patients. At 1, 3, and 12 months after ICD implantation, 99%, 98%, and 97% of the patients, respectively, survived; 95%, 93%, and 92%, respectively, were free of surgical reintervention; and 79%, 68%, and 51%, respectively, were free of any adverse event. Twenty patients died: 6 deaths were related to the surgical procedure, 12 deaths were considered unrelated to ICD treatment, and 2 patients died of an unknown cause. Of 111 nonlethal severe adverse device effects, 47 required surgical intervention, 19 times for correction of a dislodged lead. Inappropriate delivery of therapy was observed 128 times in 111 patients, and the events were typically resolved by reprogramming or drug adjustment. Nine of these required rehospitalization.Approximately 50% of patients experience an adverse event within the first year after ICD implantation. The observed adverse event rate depends on the definitions and the prospective monitoring. The incidence of inappropriate therapy emphasizes the need for improved detection algorithms and for quality-of-life evaluations, especially when considering ICD treatment in high-risk but arrhythmia-free patients.
Soluble CD146 displays angiogenic properties and promotes neovascularization in experimental hind-limb ischemia
Authors: Karim Harhouri, Abdeldjalil Kebir, Benjamin Guillet, Alexandrine Foucault-Bertaud, Serge Voytenko, Marie-Dominique Piercecchi-Marti, Caroline Berenguer, Edouard Lamy, Frédéric Vely, Pascale Pisano, L'Houcine Ouafik, Florence Sabatier, José Sampol, Nathalie Bardin, Françoise Dignat-George, Marcel Blot-Chabaud
Journal: Blood (2010)
EXTREME LEUKOPENIA IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: William C. Menninger
Journal: JAMA (1925)

A. S., a man, aged 34, whose past general health has been good, was a liberal consumer of alcoholic beverages. Five days before admission to the hospital, following an alcoholic spree, he developed a chill, pain in the right chest, fever, and a cough productive of "black or brown" phlegm. These symptoms continued, and the bowels did not move in the four days prior to admission. The patient was markedly dyspneic and acutely ill, with cyanotic face and extremities. The lips were dry, the tongue was coated, and the pharynx was congested. Over the right lower lobe, there were typical signs of consolidation. The size of the heart was normal, but the rhythm was irregular as a result of numerous extrasystoles. The abdomen was soft, and the liver and spleen were not felt. During the twenty-two hours in which the patient was observed, the temperature ranged between 104 and 105
A day in the life of an advertising man: review of internal documents from the UK tobacco industry's principal advertising agencies
Authors: Gerard Hastings, Lynn MacFadyen
Journal: BMJ (2000)

In July 1999 the Health Select Committee began an investigation into the British tobacco industry to determine what action it had taken and was taking in response to the known harmful effects of smoking and the addictive nature of tobacco.One of the committee's key achievements was to force the disclosure of a large quantity of internal company documents, includingfor the first time-material from the UK tobacco industry's leading advertising agencies.These documents cover all matters to do with tobacco promotion.They shed a unique light on the social research that has been done over the past 20 years to establish if and how tobacco promotion affects smoking behaviour.This research has been extensive but by necessity limited to studying observable outputs.The documents complete the picture by disclosing the inputs.In the process the documents corroborate the key findings of research and also yield much about the motivations and mindset of the UK tobacco industry.
What Makes the Airways Contract Abnormally? Is It Inflammation?
Authors: JULIAN SOLWAY
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

What airway smooth muscle definitely does in asthma is contract. Because it encircles the airway, smooth muscle contraction narrows the airway lumen, thereby obstructing airflow, promoting airflow limitation and pulmonary hyperinflation, and thus producing dyspnea in a typical “asthma attack.” However, little is known about airway smooth muscle function in individuals with asthma or how inflammation actually alters airway smooth muscle function. Therefore, we should consider the following as “partially known or conflicting data.”
Obama and Romney disagree on contraception in second presidential debate
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Barack Obama has cast women’s decisions about healthcare issues, such as contraception and abortion, together with equal pay for women as a family and economic issue in the second presidential debate on 16 October.

In an appeal to women voters the president pointed out that he and his sister had been raised by a single mother who had put herself through university and that his grandmother, who had only a high school education, had become vice president of a bank even though she had to train men who were promoted above her.

Mitt Romney countered that as governor of Massachusetts he had told his staff to seek qualified women candidates …