tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
TYPHOID FEVER IN AN INFANT UNDER ONE YEAR OF AGE.
Authors: E. F. BRUSH
Journal: JAMA (1903)

In this age of serotherapy and prophylaxis the question of immunity is one of prominence. Typhoid is a prevalent and constant disease. Its causation and its avenues of attack are comparatively well known. No one to-day disputes the fact that a characteristic bacillus most commonly water borne and cultivated in the intestinal canal is the prime cause, but there has been a question in the literature of typhoid regarding the immunity of infants under one year old. Previous to 1840 infantile intermittent fever was a commonly described disease with nurslings. About this time, 1840, Rilliat and Taupan each independently published articles to show that what was previously described as infantile intermittent fever was in truth typhoid fever. I have not been able to discover exactly on what Rilliat and Taupan based their deductions. We find, however, in 1847, Condie, in his book, "Diseases of Children," saying:
Physician Substance Abuse and Recovery
Authors: David R. Gastfriend
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Endosonographic elastography in the diagnosis of mediastinal lymph nodes
Authors: J. Janssen, C. Dietrich, U. Will, L. Greiner
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Ultrasonographic elastography is a new technique for describing the mechanical properties of tissue during real-time ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of this method in endosonography (EUS) of the dorsal mediastinum, and to compare the elastographic patterns of lymph nodes with results from EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB).50 consecutive patients undergoing EUS-guided FNAB of at least one paraesophageal lymph node were included. Each of these targeted lymph nodes was examined also elastographically. The elastographic patterns were described and compared with the histologic results by a first examiner. The elastographic classification was subsequently further tested by two blinded reviewers.In total, 66 lymph nodes were examined; 37 lymph nodes revealed benign and 29 malignant tissue at the histologic evaluation. Good elastographic records were obtained for all lymph nodes. Of the 37 benign lymph nodes, 31 showed a homogeneous pattern of intermediate elasticity, whereas a dominance of hard tissue with variable patterns was found in 23 of 29 malignant lymph nodes. Applying these criteria, the accuracy range among the three examiners was between 81.8 % and 87.9 % for benign lymph nodes and between 84.6 % and 86.4 % for malignant ones. The interobserver agreement was excellent (kappa = 0.84).EUS elastography of mediastinal lymph nodes can be performed reliably. The results are good for a noninvasive technique, but they remain inferior to the success rate of EUS-guided FNAB. The method might occasionally be useful for targeting the most suitable lymph nodes for FNAB.
Translocation of Sickle Cell Erythrocyte MicroRNAs into Plasmodium falciparum Inhibits Parasite Translation and Contributes to Malaria Resistance
Authors: Gregory LaMonte, Nisha Philip, Joseph Reardon, Joshua R. Lacsina, William Majoros, Lesley Chapman, Courtney D. Thornburg, Marilyn J. Telen, Uwe Ohler, Christopher V. Nicchitta, Timothy Haystead, Jen-Tsan Chi
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2012)
Oral intake of hydrogen-rich water inhibits intimal hyperplasia in arterialized vein grafts in rats
Authors: Qiang Sun, Tomohiro Kawamura, Kosuke Masutani, Ximei Peng, Qing Sun, Donna B. Stolz, John P. Pribis, Timothy R. Billiar, Xuejun Sun, Christian A. Bermudez, Yoshiya Toyoda, Atsunori Nakao
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

AimsArterialized vein grafts often fail due to intimal hyperplasia. Hydrogen potently protects organs and cells from many insults via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We investigated the efficacy of oral administration of hydrogen-rich water (HW) for prevention of intimal hyperplasia.
IMPORTANCE OF OUT-PATIENT SURVEILLANCE FOR ACHIEVING LONG-TERM PATENCY AFTER PERCUTANEOUS REVASCULARIZATION OF LONG FEMORAL ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: Thomas M. Todoran, Gerard Connors, Brian A. Engelson, Piotr S. Sobieszczyk, Andrew C. Eisenhauer, Scott Kinlay
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Cardiologist Wilmshurt faces further claims of libel over radio comments
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Peter Wilmshurst, the British cardiologist who is being sued for libel by US medical device manufacturer NMT Medical, faces a further libel claim by the company over remarks he made about defamation law during a BBC radio broadcast in 2009.

The original libel action against him, started in 2007 and still ongoing, was over comments he made to a US based medical website about the conduct of a clinical trial of the company’s STARFlex device. Dr Wilmshurst, a consultant cardiologist at the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, was a lead investigator in the trial of the septal repair device for …
Cyclosporin A monotherapy versus cyclosporin A and methotrexate combination therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind randomised placebo controlled trial
Authors: A H Gerards, R B M Landewé, A P A Prins, G A W Bruijn, R F J M Laan, B A C Dijkmans
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

<b>Objective:</b> To compare the efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporin A (CsA) monotherapy with CsA plus methotrexate (MTX) combination therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). <b>Patients and methods:</b> 120 patients with active RA, rheumatoid factor positive and/or erosive, were randomly allocated to receive CsA with MTX (n=60) or CsA with placebo (n=60). Treatment with CsA was started in all patients at 2.5 mg/kg/day and increased to a maximum of 5 mg/kg/day in 16 weeks. MTX was started at 7.5 mg/week and increased to a maximal dose of 15 mg/week at week 16. Primary outcomes were clinical remission (Pinals criteria) and radiological damage (Larsen score), at week 48. <b>Results:</b> Treatment was discontinued prematurely in 27 patients in the monotherapy group (21 because of inefficacy, and six because of toxicity) and in 26 patients in the combination therapy group (14 and 12, respectively). At week 48, clinical remission was achieved in four patients in the monotherapy group and in six patients in the combination therapy group (p=0.5). The median Larsen score increased to 10 (25th, 75th centiles: 3.5; 13.3) points in the monotherapy group and to 4 (1.0; 10.5) points in the combination therapy group (p=0.004). 28/60 (47%) of patients in the monotherapy group <i>v</i> 34/60 (57%) of patients in the combination therapy group had reached an American college of Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) response (p=0.36) at week 48; 15/60 (25%) <i>v</i> 29/60 (48%) of patients had reached an ACR50 response (p=0.013); and 7 (12%) <i>v</i> 12 (20%) of patients had reached an ACR70 response (p=0.11).Their was a tendency towards more toxicity in the combination therapy group. <b>Conclusions:</b> In patients with early RA, neither CsA plus MTX combination therapy nor CsA monotherapy is very effective in inducing clinical remission. Combination therapy is probably better at improving clinical disease activity, and definitely better at slowing radiological progression. Combination therapy should still be compared with methotrexate monotherapy.
Strain-dependent viral dynamics and virus-cell interactions in a novel in vitro system supporting the life cycle of blood-borne hepatitis C virus #
Authors: Hussein Hassan Aly, Yue Qi, Kimie Atsuzawa, Nobuteru Usuda, Yasutsugu Takada, Masashi Mizokami, Kunitada Shimotohno, Makoto Hijikata
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

We developed an in vitro system that can be used for the study of the life cycle of a wide variety of blood-borne hepatitis C viruses (HCV) from various patients using a three-dimensional hollow fiber culture system and an immortalized primary human hepatocyte (HuS-E/2) cell line. Unlike the conventional two-dimensional culture, this system not only enhanced the infectivity of blood-borne HCV but also supported its long-term proliferation and the production of infectious virus particles. Both sucrose gradient fractionation and electron microscopy examination showed that the produced virus-like particles are within a similar fraction and size range to those previously reported. Infection with different HCV strains showed strain-dependent different patterns of HCV proliferation and particle production. Fluctuation of virus proliferation and particle production was found during prolonged culture and was found to be associated with change in the major replicating virus strain. Induction of cellular apoptosis was only found when strains of HCV-2a genotype were used for infection. Interferon-alpha stimulation also varied among different strains of HCV-1b genotypes tested in this study.These results suggest that this in vitro infection system can reproduce strain-dependent events reflecting viral dynamics and virus-cell interactions at the early phase of blood-borne HCV infection, and that this system can allow the development of new anti-HCV strategies specific to various HCV strains.
Prevention of HTLV-III Infection
Authors: Paul R. Gustafson
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the absence of effective therapy for infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), efforts to contain the epidemic have by necessity focused on prevention. This has been accomplished by broad-based educational programs stressing "safe sex" and reduction in the number of sexual contacts. Studies reporting a decreased incidence of gonorrhea during the last few years suggest that these programs have been successful.<sup>1</sup> The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has recently recommended that voluntary testing for HTLV-III infection be offered and encouraged when members of high-risk groups present to health care providers.<sup>2</sup>Careful consideration of this proposal raises a number of critical questions that need to be addressed before screening is initiated. Mayer et al<sup>3</sup>and Groopman et al<sup>4</sup>have recently reported seronegative HTLV-III-infected patients. The incidence of this phenomenon in asymptomatic high-risk populations and in those with symptoms is unknown
Effects of diet on hepatic triglyceride synthesis
Authors: Harold J. Fallon, E. Leon Kemp
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

The effects of diet on the rate of triglyceride synthesis by rat liver homogenates was measured. Changes in triglyceride synthesis were correlated with the level of activity of L-alpha-glycerophosphate acyltransferase, the enzyme catalyzing the first specific reaction in hepatic glycerolipid synthesis. Fasting for 48-72 hr depressed the synthesis of triglyceride from L-alpha-glycerophosphate. High carbohydrate diets, fed to rats for 6 days, resulted in increased triglyceride synthesis. Diets high in starch were less effective than high glucose, sucrose, or fructose diets in increasing triglyceride synthesis. Diets high in corn oil did not alter triglyceride synthesis. These studies established the importance of dietary factors in the regulation of hepatic triglyceride synthesis.L-alpha-Glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity was measured after the same dietary changes. Both high carbohydrate and high fat diets resulted in increased enzyme specific activity. Fasting for 72 hr did not decrease activity. Thus, the specific activity of this enzyme did not correlate well with the measured rate of triglyceride synthesis indicating that other factors must participate in the regulation of triglyceride biosynthesis.
MORE ON WOMEN IN MEDICINE
Authors: BERNADINE Z. PAULSHOCK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

Letters and Comments1 October 1967MORE ON WOMEN IN MEDICINEBERNADINE Z. PAULSHOCK, M.D.BERNADINE Z. PAULSHOCK, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-67-4-907_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: I have read Dr. Shirley Rubler's letter (ANNALS, July 1967) commenting on Drs. Rosenlund and Oski's article (ANNALS, May 1967) and must disagree with her disagreement.I am also a female internist, but my experience in medicine has been so different from Dr. Rubler's that I feel compelled to point out that one cannot accept her experience as a generalization of the situation in the current medical world for a female internist.I have never felt my male colleagues to be unaccepting of my worth as a physician either while I was in training or in my... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: 1306 Marsh Rd., Wilmington, Del. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1967Volume 67, Issue 4Page: 907-907 Issue Published: 1 October 1967 PDF downloadLoading ...
Correction: RETRACTION: Enhanced insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure and thermogenesis in adipose-specific Pten suppression in mice
Authors: N Komazawa, M Matsuda, G Kondoh, W Mizunoya, M Iwaki, T Takagi, Y Sumikawa, K Inoue, A Suzuki, T W Mak, T Nakano, T Fushiki, J Takeda, I Shimomura
Journal: Nature Medicine (2005)
Counterevidence from psychopharmacology, psychopathology, and psychobiology
Authors: Donald F. Klein
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Davey's discussion of phobias is criticized because of the lack of distinctions between the various classes of phobias. Psychopharmacological evidence indicates differing pathophysiologies. Clinical psychopharmacological distinctions are not congruent with either a strict phylogenetic preparedness model or with cognitive biases. Davey's critique of the laboratory bred animal studies seems far fetched. His hypothesis concerning the importance of historical significance is clearly ad hoc rather than based on comparative data.
Ceramide induces caspase-independent apoptosis in rat hepatocytes sensitized by inhibition of RNA synthesis
Authors: Brett E. Jones, Chau R. Lo, Anu Srinivasan, Karen L. Valentino, Mark J. Czaja
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Ceramide has been implicated as a second messenger in intracellular signaling pathways leading to apoptosis in nonhepatic cells. To determine whether ceramide can mediate hepatocyte apoptosis, the cytotoxicity of ceramide was determined in rat hepatocytes. The rat hepatocyte cell line, RALA255-10G, and primary rat hepatocytes were completely resistant to toxicity from 10 to 100 micromol/L C2 ceramide. Resistance was not the result of a failure to take up ceramide, because ceramide treatment did cause nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. Because ceramide may mediate cell death from tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), the ability of RNA synthesis inhibition and NF-kappaB inactivation to sensitize hepatocytes to ceramide toxicity was examined. RALA hepatocytes were sensitized to ceramide toxicity by coadministration of actinomycin D (ActD). Cell death occurred by apoptosis as determined by the presence of morphological evidence of apoptosis, caspase activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) degradation, and DNA hypoploidy. Despite the induction of apoptosis associated with caspase activation, cell death from ActD/ceramide was not blocked by caspase inhibition. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation also sensitized RALA hepatocytes to ceramide toxicity, but to a lesser extent than for TNF-alpha. Thus, unlike many nonhepatic cell types, rat hepatocytes are resistant to cell death from ceramide because of the transcriptionally dependent up-regulation of a protective gene(s). The ability of ActD and NF-kappaB inactivation to sensitize RALA hepatocytes to ceramide toxicity suggests that ceramide may act as a downstream mediator of TNF-alpha toxicity.
One Hundred Years of Lung Cancer
Authors: Stephen G. Spiro, Gerard A. Silvestri
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

A hundred years ago, lung cancer was a reportable disease, and it is now the commonest cause of death from cancer in both men and women in the developed world, and before long, will reach that level in the developing world as well. The disease has no particular symptoms or signs for its detection at an early stage. Most patients therefore present with advanced stage IIIB or IV disease. Screening tests began in the 1950s with annual chest x-ray films and sputum cytology but they resulted in no improvement in overall mortality compared with control subjects. The same question is now being asked of spiral low-dose computed tomographic scanning. There have been big refinements in the staging classification of lung cancer and advances in stage identification using minimally invasive technology. Postsurgical mortality has declined from the early days of the 1950s but 5-year cure rates have only barely improved. The addition of chemotherapy to radical radiotherapy, together with novel radiotherapy techniques, is gradually improving the outcome for locally advanced, inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Chemotherapy offers modest survival improvement for patients with non-small cell lung cancer, the modern agents being better tolerated resulting in an improved quality of life. The management of small cell lung cancer, which appeared so promising at the beginning of the 1970s, has hit a plateau with very little advance in outcome over the last 15 years. The most important and cost-effective management for lung cancer is smoking cessation, but for those with the disease, novel agents and treatment approaches are urgently needed.
Abstract 5139: Thymidine phosphorylase expression correlate with lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in metastatic gastric cancer
Authors: You Keun Shin, Xianglan Jiang, Hye Ryung Lee, Sun Young Rha, Jae Kyung Rho, Sung Hoon Noh, Hyun Cheol Chung, Hei-Cheul Jeung
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Thymidine Phosphorylase (TP) (platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, PD-ECGF) is known as a proangiogenic factor. High TP expression in the primary tumor has been thought as a risk factor for hepatic and lymph node metastasis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. However, the molecular basis for induction of invasion and lymph node metastasis by TP and its therapeutic implication is largely unknown. First, as a pilot study, the (lymph)angiogenic activity (D2-40, LYVE-1, VEGFC, VEGFR3) and TP expressions were evaluated in resected tumor samples. Sixty patients of gastric cancer with metastatic lymph nodes and in 46 patients without lymph node metastasis were included. With immunohistochemical study, we demonstrated that tumoral and stromal TP expressions were moderately correlated (Pearson correlation = 0.455). TP expression was also correlated with depth of invasion and nodal stage. TP-positive tumors had also increased lymphovascular invasion compared with TP-negative tumors (P = 0.044), and node positive tumor had higher density of lymphatic vessels, and it is correlated with TP expression (P = 0.023). Then, we have shown that nude mice injected intraperitoneally with TP-overexpressing MKN-45 cells (MKN-45/TP) had decreased survival times compared with those injected with control cells (MKN-45/CV). MKN-45/TP tumors were more angiogenic (positive for CD31) and lymphangiogenic (positive for D2-40 and LYVE-1), and they were more invasive than MKN-45/CV tumors. A specific TP inhibitor, TPI, partially extended the survival period of TP tumor bearing mice, and its angiogenic activity was significantly reduced. All these findings imply that TP expression may be related to lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer, and it could be further investigated as therapeutic targets for anti-metastatic therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5139. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5139
Action plans for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: G. P. Currie, D. Miller
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Useful in motivated patients and when combined with other resources

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) tends to be punctuated by repeated episodes of acute and sustained worsening of respiratory symptoms that require patients to seek medical help or alter treatment.1 The number of such exacerbations presenting to primary and secondary healthcare services will probably increase in the future as populations age, rates of smoking worldwide are maintained, and people in developing countries burn indoor biomass fuels for heating and cooking. 

Patients who experience repeated exacerbations have an accelerated decline in lung function and health status,2 impaired quality of life,3 more troublesome symptoms,4 and higher mortality than those without such exacerbations.5 Because prompt recognition and treatment result in quicker resolution of symptoms and reduced risk of hospital admission,6 a simple intervention that could facilitate this and thereby reduce the need for contact with community healthcare services or hospital is attractive. In the linked paper (doi:10.1136/bmj.e1060) Bucknall and colleagues investigate whether self management in COPD—the keeping of a symptom diary and use of an action plan comprising advice on what …
Effect of Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Obesity in the Next Generation
Authors: Matthew W. Gillman, Helena Oakey, Peter A. Baghurst, Robert E. Volkmer, Jeffrey S. Robinson, Caroline A. Crowther
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may cause obesity in the offspring. The objective was to assess the effect of treatment for mild GDM on the BMI of 4- to 5-year-old children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 199 mothers who participated in a randomized controlled trial of the treatment of mild GDM during pregnancy and their children. Trained nurses measured the height and weight of the children at preschool visits in a state-wide surveillance program in the state of South Australia. The main outcome measure was age- and sex-specific BMI Z score based on standards of the International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS At birth, prevalence of macrosomia (birth weight ≥4,000 g) was 5.3% among the 94 children whose mothers were in the intervention group, and 21.9% among the 105 children in the routine care control group. At 4- to 5-years-old, mean (SD) BMI Z score was 0.49 (1.20) in intervention children and 0.41 (1.40) among controls. The difference between treatment groups was 0.08 (95% CI −0.29 to 0.44), an estimate minimally changed by adjustment for maternal race, parity, age, and socio-economic index (0.08 [−0.29 to 0.45]). Evaluating BMI ≥85th percentile rather than continuous BMI Z score gave similarly null results. CONCLUSIONS Although treatment of GDM substantially reduced macrosomia at birth, it did not result in a change in BMI at age 4- to 5-years-old.