tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Completeness of Reporting of Patient-Relevant Clinical Trial Outcomes: Comparison of Unpublished Clinical Study Reports with Publicly Available Data
Authors: Beate Wieseler, Natalia Wolfram, Natalie McGauran, Michaela F. Kerekes, Volker Vervölgyi, Petra Kohlepp, Marloes Kamphuis, Ulrich Grouven
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Beate Wieseler and colleagues compare the completeness of reporting of patient-relevant clinical trial outcomes between clinical study reports and publicly available data. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Asphyxia of the Newborn Treated by Rocking
Authors: F. C. Eve, N. C. Forsyth
Journal: BMJ (1948)

A NEW ANALGESIC DRUG minutes.Dizziness was slight or absent with physeptone or pethidine.With all three drugs there was a pleasant feel- ing of detachment, and with pethidine euphoria was marked in the majority of cases even though no relief of pain was noted.C.B. 11 produced pupillary contraction in all 10 cases.Clinical Study.-Eighteenpatients suffering from pain of different types and of different degrees of severity were given C.B.1 1 in doses varying between 10 and 30 mg.The oral, intramuscular, and intravenous routes were all employed at different times.The results are summarized in Table II.TABLE II No. of Complete Some No Cases Relief Relief Relief Coronary thrombosis 4 4 _ Teeth extraction
Drug companies cut HIV drug prices in the developing world
Authors: G. Yamey
Journal: BMJ (2000)

The UN has reported that five multinational pharmaceutical companies would cut down HIV drug prices in the developing world. One of these drug companies is GlaxoWellcome, which has promised to reduce the price of zidovudine and lamivudine to US$2 in the poorest nations, a fifth of its price in the US. Although Peter Piot, director of the UN Program on HIV/AIDS, welcomed the companies' promises, he warned that price cuts alone will not curb the epidemic. He stated that this initiative is only one critical factor in what must become a much broader and more urgent effort to help people living with HIV/AIDS. Moreover, health and development agencies expressed concern that AIDS drugs will still be unaffordable for the vast majority of those in need in developing countries. In addition, poor countries lack the infrastructure to deliver these drugs safely and effectively. During the time of the UN announcement, US President Bill Clinton also signed an executive order allowing sub-Saharan Africa to adopt legal measures to obtain cheap HIV drugs. Meanwhile, South Africa's reaction to the offer to cut antiretroviral drug prices has been lukewarm.
A Novel Role for Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: Up-Regulation of Hepatic 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-Glutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Expression Through the Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/Protein Kinase A/Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate–Responsive Element Binding Protein Pathway
Authors: Limin Tian, Yongfeng Song, Mingzhao Xing, Wei Zhang, Guang Ning, Xiaoying Li, Chunxiao Yu, Chengkong Qin, Jun Liu, Xingsong Tian, Xianglan Sun, Rui Fu, Lin Zhang, Xiujuan Zhang, Yan Lu, Jianwen Zou, Laicheng Wang, Qingbo Guan, Ling Gao, Jiajun Zhao
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and hypercholesterolemia commonly coexist, as typically seen in hypothyroidism, but there is no known mechanism directly linking the two. Here, we demonstrated that in liver cells, TSH promoted the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, by acting on the TSH receptor in hepatocyte membranes and stimulating the cyclic adenosine monophosphate / protein kinase A / cyclic adenosine monophosphate–responsive element binding protein (cAMP/PKA/CREB) signaling system. In thyroidectomized rats, the production of endogenous thyroid hormone was eliminated and endogenous TSH was suppressed through pituitary suppression with constant administration of exogenous thyroid hormone, and hepatic HMGCR expression was increased by administration of exogenous TSH. These results suggested that TSH could up-regulate hepatic HMGCR expression, which indicated a potential mechanism for hypercholesterolemia involving direct action of TSH on the liver. (Hepatology 2010)
Azodicarbonamide inhibits HIV-1 replication by targeting the nucleocapsid protein
Authors: William G. Rice, Jim A. Turpin, Mingjun Huang, David Clanton, Robert W. Buckheit, David G. Covell, Anders Wallqvist, Nazli B. McDonnell, Roberto N. DeGuzman, Michael F. Summers, Leon Zalkow, John P. Bader, Rudiger D. Haugwitz, Edward A. Sausville
Journal: Nature Medicine (1997)
Early rheumatoid arthritis and resolving fibroblasts segregate according to Dickkopf related protein 1 expression
Authors: Maria Juarez, Dagmar Scheel Toellner, Emmanuel Karouzakis, Rowan Hardy, Lorraine Yeo, Rachel Bayley, Banesa de Paz, Karim Raza, Mark Cooper, Steffen Gay, Christopher Buckley, Andrew Filer
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
Firearm Access and Suicide
Authors: Paul H. Blackman
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To the Editor.  —I would like to make some comments regarding the small-scale study of adolescent suicide in western Pennsylvania,1even though the basic recommendation—that access to firearms by suicidal teenagers should be restricted by parents—is not controversial.  First, projecting from the authors' data, overall gun ownership levels in the households of suicidal (including attempts and completions) and nonsuicidal teenagers in a psychiatric hospital were at most 45%, but hunting license information and other data suggest that household gun ownership levels are significantly higher in the nontroubled teenaged population of western Pennsylvania. Although the study is too small-scale to be conclusive, the suggestion that household gun ownership is positively associated with mentally healthy teenagers is certainly worthy of more study.  Second, while the small-scale study—a sampling of 67 suicides over a 1½-year period in the western section of a large and populous state—attempted to find all teen suicides, suicides
Black Student Recruitment at the University of Washington
Authors: August G. Swanson
Journal: JAMA (1969)

As a state university with a long-stated tradition of offering equal opportunity to all qualified students, the University of Washington granted the MD degree to two black students during the first 20 years of its medical school's history. It is impossible to tell how many black students applied and were rejected, for existing records give no evidence of race. Recognizing that conventional recruiting and admissions policies were not adequate to attract black students into medicine, an active program of counseling and information dissemination was started in 1968. The first major step was taken when the admissions officers of the School of Medicine and the School of Dentistry asked the black physicians and dentists of the Puget Sound area to begin a series of meetings. In these meetings the problems of motivation and counseling of black students enrolled in undergraduate programs on our own university campus were identified. These students had
A PATIENT SENSITIZED TO AN ART GUM ERASER
Authors: June Adkinson
Journal: JAMA (1933)

Although this case is not of widespread interest to the community at large, it does concern those who use extensively art gum erasers, such as artists, art students, architects and masseurs. A woman, aged 25, normal with the exception of a defect of vision which is corrected by wearing glasses, daily used a binocular microscope for from one to five hours a day without eyestrain. Recently she began to draw from the microscopic field for several hours at night and often for all day on Sunday. After a short time the patient noticed a persistent itching of the eyes and edema of the eyelids, which could be relieved temporarily by rubbing the eyes with her hands. Later on, even when she did not touch the drawing materials for several days, the swelling and redness of the eyelids would persist and there was a marked increase of the symptoms whenever the
The Epidemic of Suicide.
Authors: S. S. Bishop
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Epidemics of suicide are reported from London, Paris, Chicago and other large cities. On one day within the past week eight cases of attempted suicide with six fatal results occurred in Chicago. Can we account for these melancholy facts, and furnish any promising remedy? It won't do to say that all these people are crazy. Some of them are far above the average in intelligence and thrift, have made deliberate preparations, and have acted and written with that calm contemplation and philosophical reasoning that discredit the theory of insanity. Was Socrates insane? He courted death with utter indifference. Was Demosthenes insane when he preferred death to defeat? The past few days have furnished numerous instances in which insanity will not satisfactorily account for suicide. The stringency in the money market will account for a certain proportion of suicidal deaths in the present epi demic, but not for
Negative and Positive Predictive Value of a Whole-Blood Interferon-γ Release Assay for Developing Active Tuberculosis
Authors: Roland Diel, Robert Loddenkemper, Stefan Niemann, Karen Meywald-Walter, Albert Nienhaus
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

only limited data are available on the predictive value of interferon-γ release assays for progression from latent tuberculosis infection to active tuberculosis (TB).to build on our initial study comparing the QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube assay (QFT) with the tuberculin skin test (TST) in close contacts of patients with TB and evaluating progression to active TB for up to 4 years.a cohort of close contacts of smear-positive index cases established between May 2005 and April 2008 was tested with QFT and TST. Through April 2010, progressors to active TB were consecutively recorded.of the 1,414 contacts (141 children), 1,033 were still resident in Hamburg at the end of the study period, and results of both tests were available for 954. QFT, but not TST, results were associated with exposure time (P < 0.0001). For QFT, 198 of 954 (20.8%) were positive; 63.3% (604) were TST positive at greater than 5 mm and 25.4% at greater than 10 mm. Nine hundred and three contacts refused chemoprevention and 19 developed active TB. All 19 (100%) had been QFT positive with a progression rate of 12.9% (19 of 147) over the observation period. Corresponding values for the TST were significantly lower: 89.5% (17 of 19) and 3.1% (17 of 555) at greater than 5 mm, and 52.6% (10 of 19) and 4.8% (10 of 207) at greater than 10 mm, respectively. The progression rate of 28.6% (6 of 21) for QFT-positive children was significantly higher than 10.3% (13 of 126) for adults (P = 0.03).results suggest that QFT is more reliable than the TST for identifying those who will soon progress to active TB, especially in children.
Antagonization of TNF attenuates systemic hemodynamic manifestations of envenomation in a rat model of Vipera aspis snakebite
Authors: Oded Szold, Ron Ben-Abraham, Avi A. Weinbroum, Talma E. Englender, Dror Ovadia, Marc Sorkine, Cassian Bon, Ron Flaison, Patrick Sorkine
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2001)
Retention in HIV Care between Testing and Treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sydney Rosen, Matthew P. Fox
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Improving the outcomes of HIV/AIDS treatment programs in resource-limited settings requires successful linkage of patients testing positive for HIV to pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) care and retention in pre-ART care until ART initiation. We conducted a systematic review of pre-ART retention in care in Africa.
Trans Fat Bans and Human Freedom
Authors: David Resnik
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2010)

A growing body of evidence has linked consumption of trans fatty acids to cardiovascular disease. To promote public health, numerous state and local governments in the United States have banned the use of artificial trans fats in restaurant foods, and additional bans may follow. Although these policies may have a positive impact on human health, they open the door to excessive government control over food, which could restrict dietary choices, interfere with cultural, ethnic, and religious traditions, and exacerbate socioeconomic inequalities. These slippery slope concerns cannot be dismissed as far-fetched, because the social and political pressures are place to induce additional food regulations. To protect human freedom and other values, policies that significantly restrict food choices, such as bans on types of food, should be adopted only when they are supported by substantial scientific evidence, and when policies that impose fewer restrictions on freedom, such as educational campaigns and product labeling, are likely to be ineffective.
Novel immune-based therapies for psoriasis
Authors: B. Kirby, C.E.M. Griffiths
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

SummaryThe primacy of the immune system in the pathogenesis of psoriasis is a well-established concept to the extent that psoriasis has been classified as a T-cell-mediated, autoimmune disease. An explosion of knowledge concerning immunological events in psoriasis and the clinical efficacy of immunologically directed therapies, such as cyclosporin, support this concept. Armed with this understanding and modern biotechnology, novel interventions have been developed to treat psoriasis. The aim of these therapies is to provide selective, immunologically directed intervention with the hope that such specificity will result in fewer side-effects than traditional therapies. Of interest and importance, these pharmaceutical interventions also act as a form of investigational tool in psoriasis. Their relative efficacy in the psoriatic process provides useful insights into the hierarchial importance of immune events in the disease process and recent evidence suggests that innate rather than acquired immunity has a key role. This article reviews recent developments in immune-based therapies for psoriasis.
Rapamycin induces growth retardation by disrupting angiogenesis in the growth plate
Authors: Óscar Álvarez-García, Enrique García-López, Vanessa Loredo, Helena Gil-Peña, Julián Rodríguez-Suárez, Flor Á. Ordóñez, Eduardo Carbajo-Pérez, Fernando Santos
Journal: Kidney International (2010)
Children in Clinical Research: A Conflict of Moral Values
Authors: Vera Hassner Sharav
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2003)

This paper examines the culture, the dynamics and the financial underpinnings that determine how medical research is being conducted on children in the United States. Children have increasingly become the subject of experiments that offer them no potential direct benefit but expose them to risks of harm and pain. A wide range of such experiments will be examined, including a lethal heartburn drug test, the experimental insertion of a pacemaker, an invasive insulin infusion experiment, and a fenfluramine "violence prediction" experiment. Emphasis, however, is given to psychoactive drug tests because of the inherent ethical and diagnostic problems involved in the absence of any objective, verifiable diagnostic tool. Effort is made to provide readers comprehensive reference sources to evidence-based reports about the serious risks these drugs pose for adults and children so that the reader may judge whether the benefits (if any) outweigh the risks for children.
Lipid-Binding Capacity of Intimal Globulins in Human Aortic Atherosclerosis
Authors: K. S. MATHUR, R. D. SHARMA, S. K. KASHYAP, R. P. SAPRU
Journal: Circulation (1964)

One hundred forty-seven aortas obtained from medicolegal autopsies were studied. According to the extent of involvement of the intimal surface and the types of lesions, aortic atherosclerosis was classified as mild, moderate, and severe. The globulin content of the intima and its lipid-binding, and cholesterol-binding capacity were determined in each specimen. No relation could be established between the globulin content of aortic intima and the degree of atherosclerosis. A direct correlation was observed, however, between the lipid-binding capacity and the cholesterol-binding capacity of the globulins and the severity of atherosclerosis, suggesting the possibility of a qualitative change in the globulins of the ground substance in atherosclerosis.
Continued Needs for Epidemiological Studies of Mental Disorders in the Community
Authors: Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2004)

Faravelli et al. [1, 2] present findings on the lifetime, point and 1-year prevalence of mental disorders from their recent Sesto Fiorentino community survey in Italy. The publication of these study findings occurs at a time where some researchers and journal editors seem to have come to the conclusion that there is currently no further need for such cross-sectional studies on the prevalence of mental disorders. In fact, there have been pleas for a pause of such studies [3]. Highlighting several noteworthy features and findings from the survey of Faravelli et al. [1, 2], this editorial will challenge this attitude. The status, past and recent progress in the field of epidemiology of mental disorders will be critically discussed, in an attempt to underline the continued core role of descriptive epidemiological studies for our field and to identify future research needs.
The Rise of Litigation in Human Subjects Research
Authors: Michelle M. Mello, David M. Studdert, Troyen A. Brennan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Owing to widespread public concern about the adequacy of protections for human research subjects and recent instances of serious injury to subjects at several major research institutions, lawsuits against investigators, institutional review boards, and academic institutions are becoming increasingly common. Several claim-promoting conditions are ripe to promote the further growth of this litigation and raise the stakes for research institutions. While this litigation may serve a valuable compensation function for injured subjects, it will also have profound effects on institutional review boards, leading to a more legalistic, mechanistic approach to ethical review that does not further the interests of human subjects or scientific progress.
THE ULTIMATE RESULTS OF KIDNEY FIXATION.
Authors: J. H. CARSTENS
Journal: JAMA (1906)

As a more or less movable kidney seldom occurs without other morbid conditions of the body, it is often very difficult to tell which of the various symptoms found in a case are produced by the movable kidney and which are produced by the other pathologic condition; therefore, the controversy about the symptomatology and the relief obtained in fixing movable kidneys. My object in writing this paper is to help clear up some of the points at issue, and I have taken my own experience as a basis from which to draw conclusions. I have gone back five years—to July 1, 1900—and selected all those cases operated on in which the kidney was apparently the only trouble and in which there were no other serious complications or only such other light operations required as curettage, hemorrhoids and catarrhal appendicitis, etc. Cases in which complicated operations were required, such as gall-bladder
Possible therapeutic potential of a recombinant group 2 grass pollen allergen-specific antibody fragment
Authors: E. Gadermaier, S. Flicker, K. Blatt, P. Valent, R. Valenta
Journal: Allergy (2013)

The induction of blocking IgG antibodies that compete with IgE for allergen binding is one important mechanism of allergen-specific immunotherapy. The application of blocking antibodies may be an alternative treatment strategy. A synthetic gene coding for a single-chain fragment (ScFv) specific for the major timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 2 was inserted into plasmid pCANTAB 5 E, and the recombinant ScFv was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The ScFv was tested for allergen binding by ELISA, and its association and dissociation were measured by surface plasmon resonance (Biacore) technology. The ability of the ScFv to inhibit allergic patients' IgE binding to Phl p 2 and Phl p 2-induced basophil degranulation was studied by ELISA competition and basophil activation (CD203c) assays. We report the expression, purification, biochemical and immunological characterization of a monomeric single-chain fragment (ScFv) of human origin specific for the major timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 2. The Phl p 2-ScFv showed high affinity binding to the allergen and blocked the binding of allergic patients' polyclonal IgE to Phl p 2 up to 98%. Furthermore, it inhibited allergen-induced basophil activation. The Phl p 2-ScFv inhibited allergic patients' IgE binding to Phl p 2 as well as Phl p 2-induced basophil activation and might be useful for passive immunotherapy of grass pollen allergy.
Treatment of Severe Cases of Respiratory Paralysis by the Engstrom Universal Respirator
Authors: C.-G. Engstrom
Journal: BMJ (1954)

We studied the prevalence of antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 262 men (132 homosexual, 20 bisexual, and 108 heterosexual) attending the sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic at this hospital. Antibody to CMV at a titre of 1/4 or more was found in 92% of the homosexuals, 80% of the bisexuals, and 56% of the heterosexuals (p less than 0.0001). Among heterosexuals, but not homosexuals, nationality and social class showed a significant association with antibody to CMV. In both heterosexuals and homosexuals a history of gonorrhoea was more common in patients with antibody to CMV than in those without it. A similar finding was seen in heterosexual men with a history of non-specific urethritis (NSU). Using a series of log linear models, sexual orientation was shown to be the most important determinant of antibody to CMV in this population.
Airway response to inhaled salbutamol in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients before and after treatment.
Authors: R N Harrison, A E Tattersfield
Journal: Thorax (1984)

For many years the development of thyrotoxicosis has been known to cause a deterioration in asthma but the mechanism is unknown. We have studied the effect of thyroid function on airway beta adrenergic responsiveness in 10 hyperthyroid and six hypothyroid subjects before and after treatment of their thyroid disease. Airway adrenergic responsiveness was assessed by measuring specific airway conductance (sGaw) after increasing doses of inhaled salbutamol (10-410 micrograms). After treatment there was no difference in resting FEV1, sGaw, or thoracic gas volume. FVC increased in the hyperthyroid subjects but did not change in the hypothyroid subjects. In the hyperthyroid subjects there was a significant increase in delta sGaw after 35, 60, 110, and 41 micrograms salbutamol; in sGaw after 60, 110, and 410 micrograms salbutamol; and in the area under the salbutamol dose response curve (AUC) after treatment of the thyroid disorder. In the hypothyroid subjects there was a significant reduction in sGaw after 10 and 60 micrograms salbutamol and in the AUC after treatment. When all subjects were considered, there was a negative correlation between the AUC and serum thyroxine values. These findings suggest that an inverse relationship exists between the level of thyroid function and airway beta adrenergic responsiveness.