tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology, diagnostic possibilities, and treatment of tuberculosis
Authors: R Kurth, W H Haas
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

On a worldwide scale, infectious diseases still account for about 25% of all deaths, only surpassed by cardiovascular diseases.1 The picture, however, is dissimilar when industrialised and developing countries are compared. In Germany, for example, only 1% of all deaths are due to infectious diseases, whereas in developing countries—for example, in sub-Saharan Africa 49% of all deaths are due to infections. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the second biggest killer world wide, with only HIV/AIDS responsible for more deaths. Tuberculosis notification rates in the year 2000 in many developing countries reached 100 or more per 100 000 population.2 A relatively high rate of underreporting has to be assumed for many countries, and estimates reach as high as more than 500 new infections per 100 000 people. In general, tuberculosis is a disease of the poor: the less developed health systems are, the higher the rates of new cases of tuberculosis (fig 1).



 Figure 1  
Tuberculosis notification rates, 2000. Reproduced, with permission, from reference 2.



One third of the world population has been infected by M tuberculosis . From this pool, almost nine million acute cases developed in 2000, leading to two million deaths. Twenty two high burden countries in the developing areas of the world carry about 80% of the disease burden. Owing to HIV/AIDS, we see, especially in high burden countries in sub-Saharan Africa, an increase of up to 10% of new tuberculosis infections a year. More than 95% of all cases and 98% of all deaths occur in developing countries.

In the European region, tuberculosis notification rates per 100 000 population are the highest in Russia and the other successor states to the Soviet Union.3 Prisons in Russia are a particular focus of tuberculosis.4 There are about 1.1 million prisoners in Russia, of whom …
Inspiratory muscle strength and endurance in steroid-dependent asthma.
Authors: T Perez, L A Becquart, B Stach, B Wallaert, A B Tonnel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

The adverse effect of long-term steroid treatment on respiratory muscle function remains controversial. We evaluated inspiratory muscle strength and endurance in steroid-dependent asthmatics in comparison with other asthmatics or with patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exhibiting a comparable level of lung hyperinflation. Inspiratory muscle function was assessed by maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax) and by an incremental inspiratory threshold loading test in 19 patients who had had steroid-dependent asthma (SDA) requiring a mean daily dose of 20.7 +/- 0.8 mg prednisone for 5 +/- 1.4 yr. They were compared with 16 healthy control subjects, 30 patients with COPD, and 16 patients with non-steroid-dependent asthma (NSDA). Pimax as percentage of predicted values (%Pimax) was not significantly different in patients with SDA (77 +/- 5%) or NSDA (83 +/- 6%) than in control subjects (93 +/- 4%). In contrast, %Pimax was lower in patients with COPD (59 +/- 4.4%) than in those with SDA or NSDA (p < 0.05) or the control subjects (p < 0.0001). A significant correlation was found between %Pimax and hyperinflation assessed by the FRC/TLC ratio (r = 0.42; p < 0.001). Inspiratory endurance, defined as the ratio of maximal peak inspiratory pressure sustained for 2 min to individual Pimax (Plim2/Pimax), was significantly lower in the SDA (43 +/- 3%; p < 0.0001), NSDA (65 +/- 4%; p = 0.01), and COPD (55 +/- 3%; p < 0.0001) groups than in the control group (76 +/- 2%). Plim2/Pimax was also lower in patients with SDA than in those with COPD (p = 0.0073) or NSDA (p < 0.0001). Hyperinflation plays a major role in inspiratory muscle dysfunction associated with obstructive lung disorders, but the finding of a significantly decreased endurance in patients with SDA when compared with patients with COPD, despite a lower level of hyperinflation in the former group, points to a deleterious effect of long-term corticosteroid treatment on inspiratory muscle function in asthmatics.
Massive cutaneous mucinosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: M. MARUYAMA, S. MIYAUCHI, K. HASHIMOTO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

We describe a 23-year-old Japanese man with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed massive cutaneous mucinosis. He was diagnosed with SLE when he was 11 years old. Prednisolone therapy (30 mg/day) was initiated and reduced to 10 mg/day 3 months later; the SLE had been well-controlled with this dose of prednisolone for 12 years. However, infiltrated erythematous plaques developed on the middle-lateral area of his back at 17 years old and progressed to erythematous and elastic soft tumorous masses over 20 cm in diameter at 23 years old. Biopsies of the lesions on the nape revealed massive mucin deposition. Topical injection with hyaluronidase decreased the lesion. This cutaneous mucinosis can be distinguished clinically and histopathologically from papular and nodular mucinosis associated with SLE. The present case might be an unusual clinical variant of cutaneous mucinosis associated with SLE.
Why Abena is not having a HIV test
Authors: Y. Adu-Sarkodie
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Abena is 24 years old. She had lived most of her life in a rural area, helping her parents out on the farm. She moved to the city two years ago to look for work. Her ambition was to become a seamstress or hairdresser and return to her village to set up her own business. She sold tomatoes and slept rough with some friends when she came to the city. She was not successful at trading. There were times she thought of returning to the village, but she had made a promise to her parents to return as a seamstress or hairdresser. Abena initially did not think much of her friends who made extra income at night sleeping with lorry drivers and garage porters. She eventually joined them because the extra money was good. They did not consider themselves prostitutes. They sold tomatoes by day and made extra money by night.

I met Abena when she …
Rheumatoid factor tests in the diagnosis and prediction of rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: D J Walker, J D Pound, I D Griffiths, R J Powell
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1986)

Four assays of rheumatoid factor (RF) have been measured on serum from 213 individuals from 13 families containing at least two sufferers from classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Families were not uniformly RF positive or negative, and there was no evidence that non-RA RF positivity was inherited. Four individuals developed definite RA over a two year period, showing that the family members were at increased risk of RA. IgG RF and latex RF assays predicted the RA in the four cases. An association of RF positivity in RA with DR4 was observed, but this may be related to disease severity.
Fetal cardiac and peripheral arterial flow velocity waveforms in intrauterine growth retardation.
Authors: I A Groenenberg, J W Wladimiroff, W C Hop
Journal: Circulation (1989)

Maximum flow velocity waveforms were studied at the cardiac level (ascending aorta, pulmonary artery, and ductus arteriosus) and at the peripheral level (fetal internal carotid artery, descending aorta, umbilical artery, and maternal uteroplacental artery) in 25 patients with intrauterine growth retardation and 25 normal control subjects matched for gestational age and maternal parity. Gestational age ranged from 27 to 35 weeks (median, 30 weeks). All flow velocity waveforms were obtained with a mechanical sector scanner combined with a pulsed and continuous Doppler system with a carrier frequency of 3.5 and 3.0 MHz. Normal pregnancy was characterized by low fetal and placental vascular resistances. The peak systolic velocity in the ascending aorta was significantly higher compared with the pulmonary artery. In patients with intrauterine growth retardation, reduced end-diastolic flow velocities were documented in fetal descending aorta, umbilical artery, and maternal uteroplacental artery, reflecting raised umbilical placental and uteroplacental vascular resistances. Raised end-diastolic flow velocities were observed at the cerebral level, reflecting reduced cerebral vascular resistance ("brain sparing" effect). Reduced peak systolic flow velocities documented at the cardiac level may be secondary to reduced volume flow, increased valve or vessel size, or raised afterload. The noninvasive nature of this study did not allow differentiation between these variables.
The McDowell Biography.
Authors: M. T. Valentine
Journal: JAMA (1893)

[A Card from the granddaughter of Ephraim McDowell, M.D.] <h3>To the Editor:</h3> Members of the medical profession and others, who have kindly subscribed to my work, "The Biography of Ephraim McDowell, M.D.," and who have not yet received their copy, are hereby notified that the delay has been unavoidable, owing to the magnitude of the undertaking, the necessity of my securing a certain number of subscribers before I could publish the second edition, and my desire to thoroughly revise the work and incorporate new articles of interest gathered since the issue of my first edition, which was exhausted before all orders could be filled. I have now nearly completed this revision, and hope to have the new edition published and delivered in the earlypart of the new year. As I will have to make my deliveries in the consecutive order in which the subscriptions were taken, I must ask the
Accuracy assessment for three fiberoptic pulmonary artery catheters for $$S\bar vO_2 $$ monitoring
Authors: A. Armaganidis, J. F. Dhainaut, J. L. Billard, K. Klouche, J. P. Mira, F. Brunet, A. T. Dinh-Xuan, J. Dall'Ava-Santucci
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1994)
Effects of pericardial effusates of various conductivities on body-surface potentials in dogs. Documentation of the eccentric spheres model.
Authors: D A Kramer, R L Hamlin, H R Weed
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

The purpose of this study was to discover the cause and magnitude of changes in the body-surface potentials occurring when: (1) fluids of various conductivity were added to the pericardial sac, or (2) the volume of the blood within chambers of the heart was either increased or decreased. Fluids added to the pericardium were physiological saline, whole-blood, and mineral oil. Magnitudes of body-surface potentials were compared to the predictions based on a mathematical eccentric spheres model of the heart and torso developed previously by Rudy and Plonsey. Data demonstrated conclusively that there is a nonlinear relationship between the body-surface potentials and the conductivity of the pericardial layer. This relationship is one in which the body-surface potentials of the anterior chest were found to decrease when conductivity of the pericardial layer was either increased or decreased. These changes in body-surface potentials were caused solely by alterations in the conductivity and volume of the fluid effusate. It was demonstrated that these changes were not caused by any "stretching" or "compression" of the cardiac tissue caused by the altered fluid volumes in and around the heart. Findings were accurately predicted by the eccentric spheres model, thereby confirming the model's usefulness as a predictive instrument. The model provides an explanation for the nonlinear relationship that was exhibited by the data.
Retainer Medicine: An Ethically Legitimate Form of Practice That Can Improve Primary Care
Authors: Thomas S. Huddle, Robert M. Centor
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Retainer medicine has become an important yet controversial form of primary care practice in the United States, coming under attack for its purported failure to measure up to professional ethics. Critics opine that retainer medicine obstructs professional commitments to health care access and social justice. Some ethicists urge that society should restrict or ban retainer medicine; professional organizations have yet to take a stand. The authors believe that retainer medicine is compatible with professional ethics and will more likely aid in solving the difficulties facing primary care rather than add to them. Although professional ethics should evolve to address new conditions, a condemnation of retainer medicine is warranted neither by traditional ethical precepts nor by contemporary developments in medical ethics. Any move to sanction retainer medicine under the banner of professionalism or professional ethics will be counterproductive. The primary care shortage will only get worse if physicians in retainer practice leave primary care altogether, a likely outcome of legal or professional condemnation of retainer practice.
THE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HEMOLYSIS BY INDOL IN DOGS FED DEFICIENT DIETS
Authors: C. P. Rhoads, W. Halsey Barker, D. K. Miller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1938)

1. Indol is more hemolytic in the presence of a deficiency complex than when a normal diet is fed. 2. The hemolytic effect can be abolished by supplementing the deficient diet with liver extract curative of pernicious anemia in man. 3. The hemolysis affects all hemoglobin-containing cells, including reticulocytes. 4. The repair of the anemia resulting from the administration of indol in the presence of a deficiency represents the cessation of a hemolytic process. 5. An abnormally low rate of production of erythrocytes may well be a factor in the production of the anemia.
STANDARDS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
Authors: GEORGE S. DERBY
Journal: JAMA (1924)

In 1906, the American Medical Association held a meeting in Boston, and my interest in what this section offered to me personally was instantly awakened. What especially appealed was an association open to all men of good standing in their respective communities; well run meetings with papers printed in advance, and discussions quite as carefully prepared as the papers themselves. Our papers are often of great merit, but I think you will agree that it is the excellent discussion that distinguishes our section from the other societies that we attend. In 1913, with much joy and greater trepidation, I became secretary of the section, and served in that capacity with the exception of two years during the war, until you did me the great honor of electing me chairman, an honor for which I thank you from the bottom of my heart. These nine years of service have been a
Treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated peripheral T-cell lymphoma
Authors: S. Imashuku, T. Teramura, K. Konishi, A. Kikuchi, S. Tamura, Y. Maeda, H. Kuroda
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Journal Article Treatment of Epstein–Barr virus‐associated peripheral T‐cell lymphoma Get access S. Imashuku, S. Imashuku Kyoto City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 1–2 Higashi‐Takada‐cho, Mibu, Nakagyo‐ku, Kyoto, Japan 604‐8845, and Divisions of *Dermatology and †Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan E‐mail: shinim95@mbox.kyoto‐inet.or.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. Teramura, T. Teramura Kyoto City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 1–2 Higashi‐Takada‐cho, Mibu, Nakagyo‐ku, Kyoto, Japan 604‐8845, and Divisions of *Dermatology and †Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan E‐mail: shinim95@mbox.kyoto‐inet.or.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. Konishi, K. Konishi Kyoto City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 1–2 Higashi‐Takada‐cho, Mibu, Nakagyo‐ku, Kyoto, Japan 604‐8845, and Divisions of *Dermatology and †Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan E‐mail: shinim95@mbox.kyoto‐inet.or.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Kikuchi, A. Kikuchi Kyoto City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 1–2 Higashi‐Takada‐cho, Mibu, Nakagyo‐ku, Kyoto, Japan 604‐8845, and Divisions of *Dermatology and †Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan E‐mail: shinim95@mbox.kyoto‐inet.or.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Tamura, S. Tamura Kyoto City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 1–2 Higashi‐Takada‐cho, Mibu, Nakagyo‐ku, Kyoto, Japan 604‐8845, and Divisions of *Dermatology and †Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan E‐mail: shinim95@mbox.kyoto‐inet.or.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y. Maeda, Y. Maeda Kyoto City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 1–2 Higashi‐Takada‐cho, Mibu, Nakagyo‐ku, Kyoto, Japan 604‐8845, and Divisions of *Dermatology and †Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan E‐mail: shinim95@mbox.kyoto‐inet.or.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Kuroda H. Kuroda Kyoto City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 1–2 Higashi‐Takada‐cho, Mibu, Nakagyo‐ku, Kyoto, Japan 604‐8845, and Divisions of *Dermatology and †Pediatrics, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan E‐mail: shinim95@mbox.kyoto‐inet.or.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 150, Issue 5, 1 May 2004, Pages 1038–1040, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05945.x Published: 01 May 2004
Abstract PD10-05: HLA-DQA1*02:01/DRB1*07:01 as a biomarker for lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity: prospective confirmation in a large randomised clinical trial (TEACH, EGF105485)
Authors: CF Spraggs, DJ Schaid, LR Parham, SK McDonnell, LP Briley, KS King, E Rappold, PE Goss
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Hepatotoxicity is associated with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in use for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Retrospective studies have identified and confirmed that specific Class II Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles are strongly associated with ALT elevation in women treated with the TKI lapatinib for breast cancer. This study aimed to further evaluate and validate the role of the specified HLA alleles as predictors of elevated ALT in a pre-defined analysis of a large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of lapatinib monotherapy in early stage HER2 positive breast cancer, the TEACH study (Tykerb Evaluation After Chemotherapy, EGF105485). This prospectively defined pharmacogenetic study compared the frequency of hepatobiliary adverse events between pre-specified Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genetic variants, including the HLA alleles DQA1*02:01 and DRB1*07:01. The primary focus was on elevated ALT, as well as rare cases of concurrent ALT (&amp;gt;3x ULN) and bilirubin (&amp;gt;2x ULN) elevation, which represent possible Hy's Law cases and a high risk of acute liver failure, among 1194 patients randomized to lapatinib treatment from whom pharmacogenetic data was available. This study prospectively validated prior reports of the association of the specified MHC variants with elevated ALT among women treated with lapatinib. The strongest effects were observed for carriers of the HLA alleles DQA1*02:01 and DRB1*07:01, with odds ratios of 20 (95% CI: 8–40) between cases (n = 34) and controls (n = 807–808). These two HLA alleles are highly correlated, inherited together in most individuals and are consistent with a single genetic association. The overall risk of patients having an ALT (&amp;gt;3xULN) elevation was 3.0% and 0.7% during treatment with lapatinib and placebo respectively. Carriers of either HLA allele had a 12% chance (positive predictive value) of having an elevated ALT (&amp;gt;3xULN), in contrast to a 0.9% risk (negative predictive value, 99.1%) for non-carriers of the specified HLA alleles. These associations were maintained for higher ALT elevation thresholds and for cases of concurrent ALT and TBL elevation, consistent with possible Hy's Law cases. These results strongly support the role of Class II HLA-modulated immune mechanisms in lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity. Our results validate the large strength of association of the HLA alleles DRB1*07:01 and DQA1*02:01 with hepatotoxicity and provide the possibility of managing the risk of hepatotoxicity in women receiving lapatinib for early or late stage HER2 positive breast cancer. This association with immune mechanisms may have implications for toxicities with other TKIs in current use in cancer patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD10-05.
Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: cross sectional telephone survey
Authors: G J. Rubin, R. Amlot, L. Page, S. Wessely
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objective</b> To assess whether perceptions of the swine flu outbreak predicted changes in behaviour among members of the public in England, Scotland, and Wales. <b>Design</b> Cross sectional telephone survey using random digit dialling. <b>Setting</b> Interviews by telephone between 8 and 12 May. <b>Participants</b> 997 adults aged 18 or more who had heard of swine flu and spoke English. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Recommended change in behaviour (increases in handwashing and surface cleaning or plans made with a "flu friend") and avoidance behaviours (engaged in one or more of six behaviours such as avoiding large crowds or public transport). <b>Results</b> 37.8% of participants (n=377) reported performing any recommended behaviour change "over the past four days . . . because of swine flu." 4.9% (n=49) had carried out any avoidance behaviour. Controlling for personal details and anxiety, recommended changes were associated with perceptions that swine flu is severe, that the risk of catching it is high risk, that the outbreak will continue for a long time, that the authorities can be trusted, that good information has been provided, that people can control their risk of catching swine flu, and that specific behaviours are effective in reducing the risk. Being uncertain about the outbreak and believing that the outbreak had been exaggerated were associated with a lower likelihood of change. The strongest predictor of behaviour change was ethnicity, with participants from ethnic minority groups being more likely to make recommended changes (odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 2.0 to 5.3) and carry out avoidance behaviours (4.1, 2.0 to 8.4). <b>Conclusions</b> The results support efforts to inform the public about specific actions that can reduce the risks from swine flu and to communicate about the government's plans and resources. Tackling the perception that the outbreak has been "over-hyped" may be difficult but worthwhile. Additional research is required into differing reactions to the outbreak among ethnic groups.
The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904
Authors: Harry Torsman
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The new edition of the Freud-Fliess correspondence replaces an earlier edition of the correspondence published in 1954 as<i>The Origins of Psycho-Analysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes, 1887-1902</i>, edited by Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, and Ernst Kris. For those readers who turn to the correspondence for the first time, it may be of value to know that as Sigmund Freud became progressively more isolated in his professional work in Vienna toward the end of the 19th century, he turned to a friend, Wilhelm Fliess, an otolaryngologist, about two years younger, who lived in Berlin. For a number of years, Freud maintained a close personal relationship with Fliess, sharing with him his new findings in psychoanalysis and looking to him for emotional support. Freud and Fliess would meet on occasion to discuss their work, and Freud obtained a great deal of confidence and support from this relationship. Fliess, a