tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Place of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy during childhood.
Authors: M A Falconer
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Ammon's horn sclerosis, or mesial temporal sclerosis as it is now often termed, is the most common single lesion found at necropsy in the brains of epileptic patients who have died a natural death. Long regarded as incidental or even secondary to major convulsions at any age, new evidence is accumulating that it is often the result of an asphyxiai episode such as a severe febrile convulsion occurring in infancy. The nerve-cell loss is then followed by gliosis and scarring which ripens into an epileptogenic lesion in its own right and one which occurs commonly. The case histories of four patients, two adults and two in their teens, are described. All four had experienced severe febrile convulsions in infancy and had developed their habitual epilepsy shortly afterwards. In each patient the epilepsy proved resistant to drugs. Eventually each patient, after a long medical pilgrimage from one paediatric or epileptic centre to another, underwent a period of intensive E.E.G. and neuro radiological investigations and was shown to be suffering from unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Each of the four patients then underwent a unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy which disclosed mesial temporal sclerosis. All were subsequently relieved of epilepsy and then began to live normal lives. Their case histories are related in detail as it is felt that there are many other persons with epilepsy in the community who could similarly be helped. Some guide lines are therefore given to the problems of recognition of temporal lobe epilepsy in childhood.
THE PREPARATION OF STAINING SOLUTIONS
Authors: H. J. Conn
Journal: JAMA (1922)

To the Editor:  —In the textbooks dealing with microscopy and with bacteriology, as well as in the periodical literature dealing with these subjects, there are two general types of stain formulas. In one type of formula so much dry stain in weight per given volume of solution is called for; in the other type, so many cubic centimeters of a saturated solution of stain. It will be readily seen that the same staining formula could be prepared by the two methods, provided the solubility of the dry stain and its actual dye content were known. If all batches of dry stain contained the same amount of actual dye, either sort of formula would be perfectly satisfactory.  Unfortunately, however, different lots of any stain vary greatly in the amount of inert material they contain. This is true even in regard to different batches of Grubler stains, and it is especially true
Indoor radon and deaths from lung cancer
Authors: A. Auvinen, G. Pershagen
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Universal coverage of basic anti-radon measures may offer the best public health returns

In the linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.a3110), Gray and colleagues assess the contribution of indoor radon to deaths from lung cancer in the United Kingdom, and the cost effectiveness of policies to control radon.1 

Radon-222 is a chemically inert gas produced from radium, which is formed during the radioactive decay of uranium. Radon gas emits α irradiation, and exposure is defined in terms of activity concentration or level (becquerels per cubic meter of air, Bq/m3). Radon produced by the decay of uranium in the ground seeps upwards and enters buildings through cracks or holes in the foundations. In some cases, building materials or tap water can also be contaminated. The radon concentration of a dwelling depends on the amount of uranium and radium in the underlying soil, the degree of emanation of radon from the soil, how easily it enters a building, and whether it is removed from …
MAY WE NOT FREQUENTLY DO GREAT HARM, RATHER THAN ANY GOOD, BY OFFICE TREATMENT OF FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS?
Authors: MILO BUEL WARD
Journal: JAMA (1900)

The office treatment of female patients, for fancied or real diseases of their generative organs, is so common a practice that nearly every woman has been subjected to some form of treatment through a speculum, during her life. In presenting this question for your consideration, the writer has no thought of condemning in a wholesale way local applications to the vaginal vault and presenting cervix, of such remedies as are harmless, in the treatment of conditions indicating the necessity for such applications. It might be well at the very beginning, however, to make the statement that, so far as my experience goes, the cases are rare among the great mass who come to our offices presenting<i>only</i>such trouble as may be seen through the speculum, and, therefore, require<i>only</i>the application of soothing drugs to the presenting parts. Another statement that will hardly admit of successful controversy is that
THE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF GLOBIN CASEINATE
Authors: Frederick P. Gay, T. Brailsford Robertson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1913)

This study of globin and its compound with casein (globin caseinate) shows that globin fails to produce fixation antibodies in rabbits after repeated injections, thus agreeing with our own work and with that of others with similar histon bodies which are primarily toxic. When globin is combined with casein, however, it gives rise to antibodies that react not only with globin caseinate and casein but also with globin. The antibodies in antiglobin casein serum are apparently separate, one for globin and one for casein. In other words, the change in globin undergone on combination with casein has apparently rendered it antigenic. We did not succeed in demonstrating the genesis of this new antigenic property by anaphylaxis experiments. A further investigation of similar and more complex combined proteins is indicated and gives promise of more light on the nature of biological specificity.
Hepatitis B virus mutations in the pre-S genome before and after liver transplantatio
Authors: C Trautwein, H Schrem, H L Tillmann, S Kubicka, D Walker, K H Böker, H J Maschek, R Pichlmayr, M P Manns
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Mutational changes in the pre–S region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were analyzed in 20 patients who experienced HBV reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). HBV DNA was extracted from patient sera before and after OLT. The pre–S sequence was amplified via polymerase chain reaction, subcloned, sequenced, and analyzed. In 18 of 20 patients, mutational changes were found in the pre–S region pre– or post–OLT; 11 showed point mutations (1–10) and 7 cases major changes (insertions/deletions). For the point mutations, there was no trend in the selection of wild–type (wt) HBV before or after OLT in the pre–S region. Additional HBV reinfection during hepatitis B surface antigen antibody (anti–HBS) administration had no influence on selection pressure in the pre–S region. In contrast, insertions/deletions were more frequently found before OLT. In the 7 patients with deletions/insertions, changes in the hepatocyte attachment site were not seen after OLT. Interestingly, the only patient with changes in a major virus population after OLT had changes in the CCAAT–box of the S–promoter. As shown by gel shift analysis, this mutation was associated with loss of specific binding to this element and thus probably led to dysregulation of S–gene transcription. Major changes in the pre–S genome are mainly seen before OLT, and HBV reinfection does occur with the intact hepatocyte attachment sites after OLT. Anti–HBs (hepatitis B immune globulin [HBIg]) creates no selection pressure on the pre–S region. The mutation in the CCAAT–box of the S–promoter potentially leads to its dysregulation and may be associated with the occurrence of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis after OLT.
Sequential release kinetics of two (gentamicin and BMP-2) or three (gentamicin, IGF-I and BMP-2) substances from a one-component polymeric coating on implants
Authors: Catrin Strobel, Nicole Bormann, Anke Kadow-Romacker, Gerhard Schmidmaier, Britt Wildemann
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
From the Editors: Cancer Statistics, 2006, Article
Authors: T. Gansler, H. Eyre
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2006)

Every year since 1967, the American Cancer Society (ACS) has published the annual Cancer Statistics articles in the January/February issue of CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. During this period, clinicians have turned to this article for a concise summary of the most up-to-date cancer incidence, mortality, and survival data, as well as estimates of new cancer cases and deaths for the current year based on incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Due to a delayed release of mortality data from NCHS, we regret to inform you that Cancer Statistics, 2006, will not appear in this issue, but in a future issue. Because the publishing process for the American Cancer Society's Cancer Facts and Figures has a shorter lead time than is possible for CA, the booklet, which provides much of the information that will appear in Cancer Statistics, 2006, may be available on the ACS Web site (http://www.cancer.org) before the CA article is published. In order to give our readership access to the data as quickly as possible, a direct link to Cancer Facts and Figures 2006 will also be provided on the CA Online homepage until the Cancer Statistics, 2006, article is published. The annual Cancer Statistics article continues to be one of the most important articles published in CA. We will work closely with NCHS staff with the goal of returning this article to the January/February issue next year. Sincerely, Ted Gansler, MD, MBA Editor, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians Harmon Eyre, MD Editor-in-Chief, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
Solutions for Improving Patient SafetySolutions for Improving Patient Safety
Authors: Edward H. Livingston
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Harry C. Sax, MD; Patrick Browne, BMil; Raymond J. Mayewski, MD; Robert J. Panzer, MD; Kathleen C. Hittner, MD; Rebecca L. Burke, RN, MS; Sandra Coletta, MBAObjective: To quantify effects of aviation-based crew resource management training on patient safety–related behaviors and perceived personal empowerment. Design: Prospective study of checklist use, error self-reporting, and a 10-point safety empowerment survey after participation in a crew resource management training intervention. Setting: Seven hundred twenty-two–bed university hospital; 247-bed affiliated community hospital. Participants: There were 857 participants, the majority of whom were nurses (50%), followed by ancillary personnel (28%) and physicians (22%). Main Outcome Measures: Preoperative checklist use over time; number and type of entries on a Web-based incident reporting system; and measurement of degree of empowerment (1-5 scale) on a 10-point survey of safety attitudes and actions given prior to, immediately after, and a minimum of 2 months after training. Results: Since 2003, 10 courses trained 857 participants in multiple disciplines. Preoperative checklist use rose (75% in 2003, 86% in 2004, 94% in 2005, 98% in 2006, and 100% in 2007). Self-initiated reports increased from 709 per quarter in 2002 to 1481 per quarter in 2008. The percentage of reports related to environment as opposed to actual events increased from 15.9% prior to training to 20.3% subsequently (P &lt; .01). Perceived self-empowerment, creating a culture of safety, rose by an average of 0.5 point in all 10 realms immediately posttraining (mean [SD] rating, 3.0 [0.07] vs 3.5 [0.05]; P &lt; .05). This was maintained after a minimum of 2 months. There was a trend toward a hierarchical effect with participants less comfortable confronting incompetence in a physician (mean [SD] rating, 3.1 [0.8]) than in nurses or technicians (mean [SD] rating, 3.4 [0.7] for both) (P &gt; .05). Conclusions: Crew resource management programs can influence personal behaviors and empowerment. Effects may take years to be ingrained into the culture.
Successful treatment of persistent bacteremia after endoscopic injection of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate for gastric varices bleeding
Authors: S. Liao, C. Ko, H. Yeh, C. Chang, S. Yang, G. Chen
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Local injection of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate has been used successfully for the hemostatic treatment of bleeding gastric varices [1]. Various complications associated with the procedure have been reported [2]. The prevalence of infectious complications could range from 4.3 % to 50 %, and most are transient and uneventful [3]. Because prolonged and persistent septic complications have been rarely reported, the appropriate strategy of management in this situation has become a challenge.
Primary care ethics: a body of literature and a community of scholars?
Authors: Andrew Papanikitas, Peter Toon
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2011)

‘Primary care ethics has acquired a definitive place on the “bioethics map”’.1

Ethics has long been recognized as an important aspect of primary healthcare.2 But what are the ethical issues in primary care? How do GPs and other members of the primary healthcare team make moral decisions? How should they decide which actions are good, or right in a moral sense? And why is this important for academia, education and practice?
Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Are Involved in Multidrug Resistance–Induced Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines
Authors: Nadia Lasagna, Ornella Fantappiè, Michela Solazzo, Lucia Morbidelli, Serena Marchetti, Greta Cipriani, Marina Ziche, Roberto Mazzanti
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Based on literature, it is possible to hypothesize that multidrug resistance (MDR) and angiogenic phenotypes are linked to each other in human liver cancer cells. Our goal is to assess whether MDR cells trigger angiogenesis and to study the possible molecular mechanisms involved. Conditioned medium from parental drug-sensitive P5 cells (P5-CM) and MDR-positive P1(0.5) cells [P1(0.5)-CM] stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) survival, proliferation, migration, and microtubular structure formation, but P1(0.5)-CM had a significantly greater effect than P5-CM. Cell implants were done in the rabbit avascular cornea to measure angiogenesis in vivo: P1(0.5) cells induced an important neovascular response in rabbit cornea after 1 week, whereas P5 cells had no effect. P1(0.5) and P5 cells produced vascular endothelial growth factor, but only P1(0.5) secreted hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) into the medium, and small interfering RNA specific for MDR1 clearly reduced HGF production in P1(0.5) cells. The transcription factor Ets-1 and the HGF receptor c-Met were up-regulated in P1(0.5) cells and in HUVEC cultured in P1(0.5)-CM. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) seemed to play a major role in the proangiogenic effect of P1(0.5), and its inhibition by 1400W blunted the capacity of P1(0.5) cells to stimulate HUVEC proliferation, migration, and Ets-1 expression. In conclusion, these data show that development of MDR and angiogenic phenotypes are linked to each other in MDR cells. HGF production, Ets-1 and c-Met up-regulation, and iNOS expression can be part of the molecular mechanisms that enhance the angiogenic activity of the MDR-positive hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(5): 2673-82)
Priority setting processes for health care
Authors: A. Pollock
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,—My review of Priority Setting Processes for Health Care made two criticisms.1 Firstly, the authors failed to discuss the policy and political contexts in which priority setting is taking place. For example, the Oregon system, with which they open the book, was about redistributive justice—that is, politicians recognising the need to extend health care to large sections of the community which formerly had little …
New York City votes to ban e-cigarettes from public places
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

New York City Council has voted to ban electronic cigarette devices from public indoor spaces—including restaurants, bars, theaters, and sports arenas—as well as private office buildings.

Under the legislation, which amends the 1995 Smoke-Free Air Act, the city’s current law regulating smoking in public spaces, e-cigarettes will also be prohibited in many public open spaces, such as parks, beaches, and pedestrian plazas.

The outgoing mayor, Michael Bloomberg, a strong opponent of tobacco use, is expected to sign the legislation into law before he leaves office at the end of the year. …
Strategies for prognostic assessment of uncomplicated first myocardial infarction: 5-year follow-up study
Authors: Montserrat Olona, Jaume Candell-Riera, Gaietà Permanyer-Miralda, Joan Castell, José A. Barrabés, Enric Domingo, Josep Rosselló, Josep Vaqué, Jordi Soler-Soler
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Abstract 1940: Non-Linear Power Loss During Exercise in Single Ventricle Patients After the Fontan - Insights from Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Kevin K Whitehead, Kerem Pekkan, Hiroumi D Kitajima, Stephen M Paridon, Mark A Fogel, Ajit P Yoganathan
Journal: Circulation (2006)

We have previously demonstrated that power loss (PL) through the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) in single ventricle pts undergoing Fontan can be calculated by computational fluid dynamic (CF...
Inhibitory role of the coronary arterial endothelium to alpha-adrenergic stimulation in experimental heart failure.
Authors: J S Main, C Forster, P W Armstrong
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

The role of the endothelium in regulating coronary alpha-adrenergic tone was evaluated in isolated coronary arterial rings from dogs with and without pacing-induced congestive heart failure (CHF). The maximal contractile response to methoxamine was attenuated approximately 43% (p less than 0.05) in both intact and denuded CHF rings compared with control. Conversely, norepinephrine-induced contractions were diminished 58% in intact CHF vessels and 39% in denuded CHF vessels (p less than 0.05). Denudation did not alter responses to methoxamine but significantly (p less than 0.05) augmented the tension generated by norepinephrine in both control (1.7-fold) and CHF (2.4-fold) arteries. In both intact control and CHF coronary arteries, norepinephrine elicited rapid, transient relaxations that preceded slow, sustained contractions; the initial relaxation phase was endothelium dependent, because denudation eliminated the response. Relaxations to the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist BHT 920 were also dependent on the presence of an endothelium. At peak CHF, endothelium-dependent relaxations to norepinephrine and BHT 920 were enhanced, whereas relaxations to nitroglycerin and acetylcholine were unaltered. The data suggest that alpha-adrenergic tone in canine coronary arteries is diminished by pacing-induced CHF because of a decrease in alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated constriction and an enhanced capacity of the endothelium to antagonize the direct vascular smooth muscle response of norepinephrine through endothelium-dependent, alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxations.
Intratumor Heterogeneity: Seeing the Wood for the Trees
Authors: Timothy A. Yap, Marco Gerlinger, P. Andrew Futreal, Lajos Pusztai, Charles Swanton
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2012)

Most advanced solid tumors remain incurable, with resistance to chemotherapeutics and targeted therapies a common cause of poor clinical outcome. Intratumor heterogeneity may contribute to this failure by initiating phenotypic diversity enabling drug resistance to emerge and by introducing tumor sampling bias. Envisaging tumor growth as a Darwinian tree with the trunk representing ubiquitous mutations and the branches representing heterogeneous mutations may help in drug discovery and the development of predictive biomarkers of drug response.
Cervical neuropathology in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: P J Rooney
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To determine whether antibiotics are prescribed appropriately for acute tonsillitis in an emergency department (ED). <h3>Methods</h3> Cross-sectional observational study in large district general hospital in London. Patients diagnosed and coded with ‘acute tonsillitis’ in the ED over a 3-month period in 2015. Medical records were reviewed for Centor criteria, which is a clinical scoring system to guide antibiotic prescribing in UK general practice. Drug charts were reviewed for the specific antibiotic(s) prescribed, and throat swab (TS) cultures were recorded. <h3>Results</h3> 273/389 patients with tonsillitis were analysed—186 children, 87 adults. Exclusions were missing patient records (86), patients had/awaiting tonsillectomy (22), receiving antibiotics (6) and immunocompromised (2). Centor score (CS) was not recorded for any patient. Based on derived CS from documented signs/symptoms, antibiotics were prescribed inappropriately to 196/273 patients (80%; 95% CI 74% to 85%) including broad-spectrum antibiotics to 25%. These included co-amoxiclav (18%), amoxicillin (6%), azithromycin (0.5%) and ceftriaxone (0.5%). TSs were taken in 66/273(24%) patients; 10/66 were positive for group A streptococcus (GAS). However, 48/56 GAS negative patients were prescribed antibiotics. <h3>Conclusions</h3> CS was not being used in the ED to guide antibiotic prescribing for acute tonsillitis. Antibiotic prescribing was based on clinical judgement. Based on derived CS (&lt;3), 80% of patients were inappropriately prescribed antibiotics, particularly broad-spectrum antibiotics. Further studies need to assess use of CS to guide antibiotic prescription in ED. TSs were commonly performed in the ED but did not either improve diagnosis or guide antibiotic prescription.
HUMAN IMMUNITY TO THE MENINGOCOCCUS
Authors: Emil C. Gotschlich, Irving Goldschneider, Malcolm S. Artenstein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1969)

Purified meningococcal polysaccharides were administered to army recruits. No adverse reactions were observed in 145 men who received group C polysaccharide, and in 53 men who were injected with group A polysaccharide. Hemagglutinating and bactericidal activity developed in the sera of all individuals with the exception of two recruits injected with A polysaccharide. During the 6 wk period of observation, the proportion of unvaccinated recruits who acquired group C meningococci in the three companies studied was 38, 42, and 69 per cent. A significantly lower proportion of the individuals vaccinated with group C polysaccharide acquired group C meningococci; 4.6, 24, and 31 per cent respectively.
Control of degradation rate and hydrophilicity in electrospun non-woven poly(d,l-lactide) nanofiber scaffolds for biomedical applications
Authors: Kwangsok Kim, Meiki Yu, Xinhua Zong, Jonathan Chiu, Dufei Fang, Young-Soo Seo, Benjamin S. Hsiao, Benjamin Chu, Michael Hadjiargyrou
Journal: Biomaterials (2003)