tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Esophageal cancer: Cases and causes (Part I)
Authors: R. Lambert, P. Hainaut
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

The worldwide burden of esophageal cancer (for both sexes) was estimated in 2002 [1] as 462 000 new cases and 386 000 deaths; the high ratio (0.83) of mortality to incidence confirms a poor prognosis. Asiatic countries share most of the burden with 362 000 new cases annually and 293 000 deaths. Using an age-standardized rate (ASR), incidence is estimated worldwide at 11.5 per 100 000 in men and 4.7 per 100 000 in women. Much higher rates occur in certain regions of Asia, such as Cixian in China ([Table 1]), and of Africa [2].
Killing the goose that laid the golden egg?
Authors: A. Coulter
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Sales of herbal, homoeopathic, and other complementary remedies are growing fast, and increasing numbers of people are visiting complementary practitioners.1 The international market for complementary and alternative medicine is now worth a considerable amount of money—an estimated $21.2bn in the United States in 1997, more than half of which was paid directly by patients,2 and £450m in Britain in 1998, with 90% purchased privately.3

Two articles in this issue illustrate the suspicion of complementary medicine that still exists among many medical practitioners and the potential for integrating complementary and orthodox treatments.4 5 Complementary medicine is marginalised in the healthcare systems of many countries, but calls for a more integrated approach are growing louder and seem to be having an effect.6–8 Hostility to complementary medicine among doctors is starting to erode. Basic courses in various complementary therapies are now available in many medical schools in Britain9 and the United States,10 albeit on an optional basis. Some doctors go on to do more advanced training, enabling them to …
Treatment of Bedwetting
Authors: Mark A. Stewart
Journal: JAMA (1975)

A CONTEMPORARY expert might suggest three forms of treatment for the rascal: advice and encouragement, prescribing antidepressants, or conditioning with an alarm system. The three methods are reviewed in this communication, together with the evidence for their effectiveness. The first method is old and tried, but few data are available on its success; the use of antidepressants has been subjected to rigorous and well-controlled study; and while conditioning does not lend itself to controlled research, careful reports exist on its use that can be compared to the results of other approaches. These are the treatments most often used in the United States, Britain, Canada, and Australia, but several others must be mentioned: bladder training, surgery, psychotherapy, and other drug regimens. The functional capacity of an enuretic child's bladder is smaller, on the average, than that of a normal child, and becoming "dry" may be associated with an increased capacity.<sup>1-3</sup>The
Diphenylhydantoin blocks cardiac calcium channels and binds to the dihydropyridine receptor.
Authors: A Yatani, S L Hamilton, A M Brown
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

Diphenylhydantoin was studied for its effects on Ca currents in single isolated guinea pig ventricular cells. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used, and Ca currents were studied after suppressing Na and K currents. At low frequencies (0.1 Hz) and negative holding potentials (-50 mV), diphenylhydantoin produced a concentration-dependent decrease in Ca currents without any significant change in the current-voltage relations. Half blocking effect occurred at 2 X 10(-4) M. The effects of diphenylhydantoin on Ca currents were dependent upon the holding potential. Inactivation curves for Ca currents were shifted to more negative potentials by the drug. The recovery of Ca currents from inactivation was prolonged by diphenylhydantoin, and the repriming of the current displayed an additional component, attributed to slow release of the drug from the channels. The voltage-dependent block was attributed to preferred binding by the inactivated channel state. Diphenylhydantoin also blocked specific [3H]-nitrendipine binding to guinea pig ventricular membrane preparations. The inhibition of [3H]-nitrendipine binding by diphenylhydantoin was competitive. Diphenylhydantoin also blocks cardiac Na channels in a voltage-dependent manner. We suggest that diphenylhydantoin binding sites exist on both Ca and Na channels.
Genome-Wide Survey and Evolutionary Analysis of Trypsin Proteases in Apicomplexan Parasites
Authors: Aylan Farid Arenas, Juan Felipe Osorio-Méndez, Andres Julian Gutierrez, Jorge E. Gomez-Marin
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2010)

Abstract Apicomplexa are an extremely diverse group of unicellular organisms that infect humans and other animals. Despite the great advances in combating infectious diseases over the past century, these parasites still have a tremendous social and economic burden on human societies, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Proteases from apicomplexa have been characterized at the molecular and cellular levels, and central roles have been proposed for proteases in diverse processes. In this work, 16 new genes encoding for trypsin proteases are identified in 8 apicomplexan genomes by a genome-wide survey. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that these genes were gained through both intracellular gene transfer and vertical gene transfer. Identification, characterization and understanding of the evolutionary origin of protease-mediated processes are crucial to increase the knowledge and improve the strategies for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents and vaccines.
A Declaration of Independence for Health System Reform
Authors: L J Morse
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Although the New England Journal of Medicine is owned, published, and copyrighted by the Massachusetts Medical Society, the editorial by its executive editor, Dr. Marcia Angell, “How Much Will Health Care Reform Cost”1? should dispel doubts, if any exist, that the Journal has editorial independence from the Society.The Society agrees that the continuing escalation in health care expenditures is stifling and unsustainable. Although some of our members may disagree, the Society officially supports Health Access America, the plan proposed by the American Medical Association for health-system reform2. As president of the Society, I have a perception of . . .
Psychiatrist is accused of undermining stability of 14 year old
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The Xenopus laevis experimental system has provided significant insight into the development and plasticity of neural circuits. Xenopus neuroscience research would be enhanced by additional tools to study neural circuit structure and function. Rabies viruses are powerful tools to label and manipulate neural circuits and have been widely used to study mesoscale connectomics. Whether rabies virus can be used to transduce neurons and express transgenes in Xenopus has not been systematically investigated. Glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus transduces neurons at the axon terminal and retrogradely labels their cell bodies. We show that glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus infects local and projection neurons in the Xenopus tadpole when directly injected into brain tissue. Pseudotyping glycoprotein-deleted rabies with EnvA restricts infection to cells with exogenous expression of the EnvA receptor, TVA. EnvA pseudotyped virus specifically infects tadpole neurons with promoter-driven expression of TVA, demonstrating its utility to label targeted neuronal populations. Neuronal cell types are defined by a combination of features including anatomical location, expression of genetic markers, axon projection sites, morphology, and physiological properties. We show that driving TVA expression in one hemisphere and injecting EnvA pseudotyped virus into the contralateral hemisphere, retrogradely labels neurons defined by cell body location and axon projection site. Using this approach, rabies can be used to identify cell types in Xenopus brain and simultaneously to express transgenes which enable monitoring or manipulation of neuronal activity. This makes rabies a valuable tool to study the structure and function of neural circuits in Xenopus. <b>Significance Statement</b> Studies in Xenopus have contributed a great deal to our understanding of brain circuit development and plasticity, regeneration, and hormonal regulation of behavior and metamorphosis. Here, we show that recombinant rabies virus transduces neurons in the Xenopus tadpole, enlarging the toolbox that can be applied to studying Xenopus brain. Rabies can be used for retrograde labeling and expression of a broad range of transgenes including fluorescent proteins for anatomical tracing and studying neuronal morphology, voltage or calcium indicators to visualize neuronal activity, and photo- or chemosensitive channels to control neuronal activity. The versatility of these tools enables diverse experiments to analyze and manipulate Xenopus brain structure and function, including mesoscale connectivity.
Metabolism of ursocholic acid in humans: Conversion of ursocholic acid to deoxycholic acid
Authors: Stephen G. Tint, Ashok K. Batta, Bishambar Dayal, Nina Kovell, Sarah Shefer, Gerald Salen
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

To study the metabolism of ursocholic acid, control subjects were injected with radiolabeled cholic and ursocholic acids before and after 1 wk of 900 mg/day oral ursocholic acid. Daily samples of bile were obtained, and biliary bile acids were extracted and purified to determine bile acid kinetics. During ursocholic acid therapy ursocholic acid became the principal bile acid (35% ± 3% of total bile acids, mean ± S.E.M.), and the percentage of biliary cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Cholic acid production fell from 190 ± 15 mg/day to 135 ± 20 mg/day (p = 0.078). The total bile acid pool was increased twofold (p &lt; 0.05), whereas the deoxycholic acid pool was enlarged from 440 ± 170 mg to 1,175 ± 90 mg (p &lt; 0.02). As much as 28% of the fed ursocholic acid was excreted in the urine, 85% as the free acid and 15% as the glycine conjugate. During treatment, ursocholic acid became the source for 69% ± 11% of biliary deoxycholic acid. The time course of the deoxycholic acid specific activity was modeled as a single pool precursor–product system with a variable time delay for the C–7–dehydroxylation of cholic and ursocholic acids (mean delay 0.86 ± 0.11 days, p &lt; 0.001 vs. zero delay). Most of this delay probably arises from a slow process of bacterial C–7–dehydroxylation within the colon. These results demonstrate that during ursocholic acid therapy the synthesis of primary bile acids continues whereas the formation of secondary bile acids is greatly increased. (Hepatology 1992;15:645-650).
EARLY SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULAR JOINT DISEASE.Read in the Section on Surgery and Anatomy at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: EMMET RIXFORD
Journal: JAMA (1894)

In view of the fact that there are to read two papers, besides the present, on the symptoms and diagnosis of tubercular joint disease, it has seemed best to me to confine my remarks to a limited portion of the subject rather than to attempt to cover a larger field. I have chosen as a fitting introduction to the study of tubercular joint disease to say a few words on the value of early diagnosis in these conditions, and the relations between diagnosis and the therapeutic measures at our command. In most medical matters it is best on general principles to make the diagnosis when the case is first seen, but this means that it is best largely as a matter of convenience and to enable the attendant through early prognosis the better to control his patient, for a little delay in instituting treatment would make almost no difference with
Treating Shock — Old Drugs, New Ideas
Authors: Jerrold H. Levy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Circulatory shock is a medical emergency that is characterized by hypotension and decreased tissue perfusion; if left untreated, it can lead to irreversible cellular injury and death. Hypotension associated with shock can be the result of any of a number of factors, depending on the type of shock; these include biventricular dysfunction, intravascular hypovolemia, and the vascular effects of inflammatory responses. Irrespective of the underlying cause of shock, the treatment includes initial resuscitation with vasopressors, volume expansion (performed cautiously in patients with heart failure), and additional therapy for multiorgan system dysfunction, concomitantly with correction of the underlying cause. A critical . . .
ONLY HALF AWARE: A REVIEW
Authors: ORTHELLO R. LANGWORTHY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1964)

This review was designed to stimulate thinking of the symptoms of mental illness in a physiological frame of reference. If the activity of the cerebral cortex is balanced between mechanisms of reaching out and avoiding, this balance may be disturbed by genetic factors or circumstances developing during life, thus altering the mental set of the individual. Disturbances of cerebral function lead to changes in personality which are related rather specifically to the areas involved. Obsessive, catatonic and oral behavior may be considered as release phenomena. Unilateral injury of the parietal lobe may lead to symptoms of apraxia and agnosia confined to the opposite side of the body. Different types of sensory stimuli are related rather specifically to certain types of motor response.
Foot or hand malformations related to deep venous system anomalies of the lower limb in Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome
Authors: Pedro Redondo, Gorka Bastarrika, Leyre Aguado, Antonio Martínez-Cuesta, Alejandro Sierra, Juan Cabrera, Alberto Alonso-Burgos
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2009)
Elective Neck Dissection for Intraoral Cancer
Authors: Harry W. Southwick
Journal: JAMA (1971)

The natural history of intraoral cancer is well documented. Over 90% of such cancers are epidermoid; the primary route of metastases is through the lymphatic channels, hematogenous dissemination is rare except as a terminal event and then such disease is usually not of clinical significance,<sup>8,10</sup>and finally, the vast majority of treatment failures die with their disease still regionally confined. Although the principle of en bloc excision of the primary tumor and its regional lymph nodes together with the intervening lymphatics has been accepted almost universally in the treatment of other epithelial lesions, such as, breast and colon, the application of this principle to the treatment of intraoral cancer has been slow in its acceptance. However, accumulating evidence leaves little doubt today that there is merit in performing a regional node dissection as a part of the primary treatment of such disease. For a time the issue was confused
Abstract P3-06-24: Decrease of mortality from breast cancer in Brazil: Data from a population-based cancer registry
Authors: GV Ismael, AL Coradazzi, ÉR Mattos, A Cantarelli, CM Beato, MV Ikoma, DB Veneziano, JRF Caldeira, JGM Segalla
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: The incidence rates of breast cancer in developed countries increased between 1980 and 1990 due to use of breast cancer screening and lifestyle changes. Since 2000, however, breast cancer incidence has decreased in these areas, which is possibly attributed to less exposure to hormone replacement therapy. Since 1990, the United States, United Kingdom, and France have reported a reduction in breast cancer related deaths, mainly due to improved early detection and more effective therapies. Data considering the trend of incidence and mortality rates in Brazil are scarce. Herein, we have evaluated these trends in a population-based cancer registry. Methods: We have collected the data from annual rates of breast cancer incidence (BCI) and mortality from breast cancer (MBC) in a population-based cancer registry in Jau (Sao Paulo State, Brazil) and joinpoint regression analysis was used to evaluate the incidence and mortality trends. Annual average percentage change (AAPC) was estimated and increase or decrease in rates was considered when AAPC was statistically significant (p value less than 0.05), otherwise it was considerable stable. Results: BCI and MBC rates are exposed in Table 1 and 2, respectively. Table 1. BCI in Jau-SP, from 2000 to 2009.YearNumber of casesBCI (/100,000 women)20003160.9720012944.6520024367.4520033857.6520043143.8820053957.2320062739.2020073744.0320083946.6220093839.33 AAPC for BCI was -3.02% (p = 0.1226) and for MBC was -9,77% (p = 0.0082). Conclusion: This data from a population-based cancer registry demonstrates that in Jau (Sao Paulo, Brazil), from 2000 to 2009, BCI was stable and MBC has decreased. Table 2. MBC in Jau-SP, from 2000 to 2009.YearBreast Cancer Related DeathsMBC (/100,000 women)20001320.3620010915.4720021219.8620031216.5620040813.652005067.9520061318.6220070911.312008078.382009076.96 Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-06-24.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF APIXABAN COMPARED WITH WARFARIN FOR STROKE PREVENTION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS TAKING CONCOMITANT ASPIRIN
Authors: John H. Alexander, Renato Lopes, John McMurray, Dan Atar, Daniel Wojdyla, Philip Aylward, Steen Husted, Marco Alings, Kurt Huber, Michael Hanna, Prem Pais, Basil Lewis, Shinya Goto, Hubert Pouleur, Philippe Steg, Freek Verheugt, Christopher Granger, Lars Wallentin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Multimodality Imaging of a Dissecting Intramyocardial Hematoma Extending into the Left Atrial Wall Following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Joel R. Wilson, Robert J. Marshall, Sujata M. Shanbhag, Reza Sanai, Philip Corcoran, Andrew E. Arai, W. Patricia Bandettini
Journal: Circulation (2012)

F ive days after the onset of substernal chest pain, a 60-year-old man with a history of hypertension, smoking (60 pack-years), severe bullous emphysema, and epilepsy presented with acutely worsening chest pain.Pharmacological management for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction was initiated based on 12-lead ECG findings of subtle anterolateral ST segment changes (V2-V5) and a troponin I level of 6.36 ng/mL (normal Ͻ0.04 ng/mL).Invasive angiography demonstrated a distal occlusion of a right posterolateral branch and a nonocclusive stenosis in the distal circumflex artery (Figure 1A andB).Cineangiography showed two small craters of contrast protruding outside the contrast-filled left ventricular contour within a dyskinetic basal inferior wall (Figure 1C and D and online-only Data Supplement Movie I).Because the occlusion was distal, percutaneous coronary intervention was not performed.
Forecasting physician workforce requirements
Authors: N. W. Levin
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To the Editor.  —In regard to Dr Weiner's 1 article on the physician staffing that will be required with health system reform, I would like to be assured that the comparison of staffing patterns in nephrology between HMOs and the US supply is a valid one. Because the prevalent end-stage renal disease population (in December 1991) was 721 patients per million population 2 and since a substantial fraction of nephrologists' clinical work is in the care of end-stage renal disease patients, it is important to know the prevalence of such patients in the 16 HMOs used for the comparison. In this group, the nephrology staffing was 0.6 to 0.9 nephrologist per 100 000 population compared with 1.1 per 100 000 in the United States. I hope that Weiner will provide this information.  The adjusted end-stage renal disease prevalence rate is growing at an average rate of 9.3% per year, but
Signaling in leukemia: which messenger to kill?
Authors: Warren S. Pear
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

Chromosomal translocations can activate oncogenes either by juxtaposing an inappropriate enhancer or promoter with a proto-oncogene or by fusing different genes to create novel combinations of protein-coding domains (1). The former mechanism is typical of lymphoid leukemias; in such cases, the regulatory region involved determines which cell types are at risk of transformation. For example, follicular lymphoma, a class of B-cell tumor, arises in cells containing a t(14;18) chromosomal translocation that places the Bcl2 gene under the control of immunoglobulin regulatory sequences. When novel fusion proteins drive oncogenesis, on the other hand, cell specificity may have other sources: new activities resulting from gain or loss of specific sequences, protein relocalization leading to both gain and loss of substrate access, or modulation of activity by 1 of the fusion partners. Such fusion proteins are typically found in myeloid leukemias. For example, the t(8;21) translocation creates the AML1/ETO fusion gene associated with the M2 subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia, and t(9;22) creates the bcr/abl oncogene which causes chronic myeloid leukemia. In this issue of the JCI, Tomasson et al. report an in vivo mutation analysis of another chimeric oncoprotein of this class, the TEL/PDGFβR fusion protein found in a subset of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (2). These new data indicate that the oncotropicity of TEL/PDGFβR depends critically on interactions between specific phosphotyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic portion of the oncoprotein, and a variety of signaling proteins containing the SH2 domain.
Exclusive! Journalist admits to getting it wrong
Authors: C. Brewer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Medicine is one of the most trusted professions. Journalism almost certainly isn’t, and perhaps this causes envy among some journalists. Take the example of Tchaikovsky. As is well known, he died of cholera during an epidemic in St Petersburg. Conspiracy lovers insist that he deliberately killed himself by drinking water contaminated with cholera because his homosexuality was about to be exposed. This unlikely theory was invented by a journalist years after Tchaikovsky’s death, but Tchaikovsky’s doctors received some equally absurd criticism from journalists. In a media frenzy worthy of today’s tabloids, Russian journalists claimed that Tchaikovsky’s life …
Differential dropout and bias in randomised controlled trials: when it matters and when it may not
Authors: M. L. Bell, M. G. Kenward, D. L. Fairclough, N. J. Horton
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Dropout in randomised controlled trials is common and threatens the validity of results, as completers may differ from people who drop out. Differing dropout rates between treatment arms is sometimes called differential dropout or attrition. Although differential dropout can bias results, it does not always do so. Similarly, equal dropout may or may not lead to biased results. Depending on the type of missingness and the analysis used, one can get a biased estimate of the treatment effect with equal dropout rates and an unbiased estimate with unequal dropout rates. We reinforce this point with data from a randomised controlled trial in patients with renal cancer and a simulation study.
Food, injurious food
Authors: Wendy Moore
Journal: BMJ (2008)

With rumblings about the colourings, flavourings, and preservatives secreted in our everyday food growing loud enough to make us choke on our television dinners, it is tempting to yearn for a golden age when we could all trust in the purity of good honest victuals.

Certainly our Victorian ancestors tucked happily into their daily bread and butter, washed down with quantities of tea and coffee, in the confidence that the basic ingredients they bought from their friendly corner shop were entirely wholesome—at least until they were disillusioned by Arthur Hill Hassall.

A London GP with a penchant for making trouble, Hassall (1817-94) first turned his …