tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HIV and Cardiovascular Disease: Contribution of HIV-Infected Macrophages to Development of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Michael Bukrinsky, Dmitri Sviridov
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

s PLoS Medicine, Daniel Reidpath and Kit Yee Chan challenge the widely cited link between HIV-related stigma and the spread of the epidemic [1].This is an important question, given the heavy emphasis on stigma in policies of the World Health Organization, the Joint United Programme on HIV/AIDS, and other public health institutions, but in making their argument Reidpath and Chan misrepresent the connections that other authors have made between stigma and viral transmission, ignore evidence that does suggest an association, and propose a model of their own for which they offer no evidence.HIV infection establishes itself fi rst in certain high-risk groups-men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, sex workers, mobile populations-and only later moves into the general population.In the early stages of the epidemic, stigma facilitates transmission within high-risk groups, because these already marginalized groups receive little attention from policy makers and the health-care community and are further discriminated against when they are identifi ed with HIV and AIDS [2].Stigma also prevents or makes it more diffi cult for members of high-risk groups to access preventive services, including HIV antibody testing [3].Reidpath and Chan distort this dynamic by describing a model in which stigma leads to fear which leads to unsafe behavior.We know of no one who suggests that stigma causes sex between men or intravenous drug use.Instead, there is evidence that HIV-related stigma makes it diffi cult for people to take actions to reduce their risks; for example, by accessing HIV education [4], exchanging needles [5], and negotiating condom use [6].Stigma may even lead women who know they are HIV positive to breast-feed their infants rather than arouse suspicion of their serostatus through formula feeding [7].This undoubtedly increases the risk of vertical viral transmission.Reidpath and Chan go on to propose that stigma may actually "slow the spread of infection from those [highrisk] groups to the general population."Although there is a plausible logic to this suggestion, there is no evidence for it.Even if stigma does reduce the opportunities that marginalized groups have to transmit HIV to the broader population, this would have little effect on the dynamics of a generalized epidemic.While they recognize that stigma presents a barrier to the treatment and care of people living with HIV, Reidpath and Chan fail to recognize the association this may have with increased transmission.HIV-related stigma discourages people from disclosing their status, entering care, and adhering to antiretroviral regimens, all of which represent missed opportunities for prevention.Around the world HIV capitalizes on and reinforces social stigma and discrimination, especially the low status of women.Defeating the epidemic requires an honest examination of all these phenomena and interventions that target both the virus itself and its widespread social impacts.
Immunological Abnormalities and Hydantoins
Authors: P. J. Grob, G. E. Herold
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Various immunological features were measured in 20 patients with epilepsy who had received prolonged treatment with hydantoins. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) was shown to be absent or low in five patients, β<sub>1</sub>C/A was low in 10 patients. Five patients showed negative reactions to skin tests, and two could not be sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene. The corresponding features were normal in 14 control patients with epilepsy but without hydantoins. It is suggested that the hydantoins influence humoral immunity, whereas other immunosuppressant agents have been found to affect cellular immunity.
In Search of a Few Good Apps
Authors: Adam C. Powell, Adam B. Landman, David W. Bates
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract P5-01-13: Poly(I:C), an innate adjuvant receptor ligand, can induce the antitumor effects on human breast cancer cells
Authors: T Inao, N Harashima, Y Yamamoto, M Harada, H Iwase
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract [Background] Innate adjuvant receptors are expressed in immune cells and some types of cancers. If antitumor therapies targeting adjuvant receptors in cancer cells are established, it could be therapeutically useful because antitumor effects and activation of the immune system can be induced simultaneously. [Objective]Poly(I:C) is one of innate adjuvant receptors ligands and triggers signaling through not only endosome Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 but also cytoplasmic melanoma differentiation-associated gene (MDA) 5. In this study, we investigated antitumor effects of poly(I:C) on human breast cancer cell lines, and then elucidated the mechanisms. [Methods] Three breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and BT-549) were used in this study. Poly(I:C) was transfected into these cancer cells, and cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by WST8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of adjuvant receptors and cell cycle-related molecules were examined by immunobotting. Autophagy was evaluated by immunoblotting and confocal imaging. In vivo antitumor effect was determined using a xenograft mouse model. [Results] All three cell lines were positive for both TLR3 and MDA5. Poly(I:C) transfection drastically reduced their cell viabilities in a partially MDA5-dependent manner. Poly(I:C)-transfected cancer cells showed caspase-dependent apoptosis and growth arrest as a result of suppression of c-Myc and cyclinD1. Interestingly, poly(I:C) transfection was accompanied by autophagy, which is known to work cytoprotectively under starvation and stress, and knockdown of beclin-1, an essential molecule for autophagy, by RNA interference promoted poly(I:C) transfection-induced apoptosis. In vivo poly(I:C) transfection exerted the antitumor effect on xenografted MDA-MB-231 in nude mice. [Conclusions] These results suggest that the innate adjuvant receptors are promising targets in human breast cancer and that autophagy plays a protective role in this treatment modality. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-01-13.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF I1311
Authors: Neal S. Bricker, Charles J. Hlad
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1955)

Studies of the renal excretion of iodide have been reported from several laboratories in recent years (1-6).8Despite this accumulation of in- formation, many properties of the renal mecha- nisms for excretion of the iodide ion remain un- known.The present study represents an attempt to explore the behavior of the renal clearance of Il1 under a variety of experimental conditions in human subjects.The clearance of I"-" has been determined simultaneously with other measure- ments of renal function and all values, including those for Ilsi clearance, were obtained using a continuous infusion technique.It is assumed that the data derived from the study of I13' may be applied freely to explain the behavior of stable in- organic iodide. METHODS Case materialThe observations are based upon 58 renal clearance studies performed on 49 adult human subjects.Four general groups of patients were included:1. Euthyroid subjects uith normal renal function:Thirty-four clearance studies were performed on 31 sub- jects, all of whom were either convalescent hospitalized patients, or out-patients, without clinical or physiologic evidence of renal disease.The mean age was 33, with a range of 20 to 65 years.2. Euthyroid subjects with renal disease: Thirteen studies were performed on seven patients.Four patients had polycystic renal disease, two chronic glomerulonephritis, and one probable chronic pyelonephritis.Glomerular filtration rates ranged from 9 to 100 cc. per min.per 1.73 sq.m.The mean age was 40 with a range of 23 to 75 years.
STUDIES OF COPROPORPHYRIN. IV. THE PER DIEM EXCRETION AND ISOMER DISTRIBUTION IN THE URINE IN INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS, INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, AND MECHANICAL JAUNDICE 1
Authors: Cecil James Watson, Violet Hawkinson, Richard B. Capps, Emanuel M. Rappaport
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1949)

The occurrence of increased amounts of por- phyrin in the urine in cases of liver disease was first duly emphasized by Archibald Garrod (1, 2).Garrod believed this to be hematoporphyrin, a confusion with coproporphyrin which was cor- rected by H. Fischer and Zerweck (3), and which undoubtedly depended upon the very close similarity of the absorption spectra of the two por- phyrins.When examined with the relatively crude spectroscopes available at the time of Garrod's study, these porphyrins were indistinguishable.The investigations of H. Fischer, however, made it clear that hematoporphyrin does not occur in the urine, if, indeed, it occurs as a natural product at all.Studies of urinary porphyrin excretion in liver disease, subsequent to that of Garrod, have been for the most part of rather fragmentary na- ture, consisting of one or not more than a few examples of any one affection.The pertinent literature has been reviewed within recent years (4, 5) and need not be considered here.Attention may be drawn, however, to the papers of Nesbitt and Snell (6, 7) and Localio and co-workers (8), in which considerable data were reported on the feces- urine ratio of coproporphyrin both in obstructive jaundice and liver disease.The papers of Watson (9, 10) and Dobriner (11 ) present limited data on
Two-hour methyl isocyanate inhalation and 90-day recovery study in B6C3F1 mice.
Authors: G A Boorman, L C Uraih, B N Gupta, J R Bucher
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

B6C3F1 mice were exposed by inhalation to 0, 3, 10, and 30 ppm methyl isocyanate for 2 hr followed by a 90-day recovery period. Sixteen of eighty (20%) male mice in the 30 ppm group died following exposure. There were no other unscheduled deaths in the mice. Five mice/sex/group were examined at 2 hr or at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 49, or 91 days following exposure. Chemical-related changes were restricted to the respiratory system. At 30 ppm there were extensive necrosis and erosion of the respiratory and olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. Severe necrosis and epithelial erosion were also found in the trachea and main bronchi. Regeneration of the mucosal epithelium occurred rapidly in the nasal cavity and airways. In the turbinates, mild incomplete olfactory epithelial regeneration persisted to day 91 in the male mice. Intraluminal fibrotic projections covered by respiratory epithelium and bronchial fibrosis were found in the major airways of the 30 ppm male and female mice by day 7. The intraluminal fibrosis persisted to day 91. In males with severe bronchial fibrosis, chronic alveolitis and atelectasis were found. In mice exposed to 3 or 10 ppm, persistent pulmonary changes were not found. These studies indicate that methyl isocyanate inhalation at or near lethal concentrations can cause persistent fibrosis of the major bronchi in mice.
Adoption of SI Units
Authors: Rodney E. Willard
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Metrication in US medicine is still proceeding at a painfully slow pace (240:1618, 1978). Physicians appear reluctant to accept a change for several reasons. The numbers reflecting the usually encountered ranges in health and various diseases will have to be revised. Decision points established by years of clinical experience must be altered. Clear-cut advantages in improving patient care are not immediately apparent. An older generation accepted a change in electrolyte reporting units because they could use Gamble's approach to electrolyte balance more conveniently. We lack similar schemes for easily showing the interrelationships of other laboratory data. Side issues in implementing the International System of Units (SI) distract attention from the main thrust. Molar vs mass units, Celsius vs Kelvin temperature, IU vs Katal enzyme units, and mm Hg or torr vs pascal pressure controversies have stirred emotions and divided efforts. Metrication using the officially
Comparison of Excess Costs of Care and Production Losses Because of Morbidity in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Jonny Olsson, Ulf Persson, Claes Tollin, Sven Nilsson, Arne Melander
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To assess and compare excess costs of care and production losses because of morbidity in diabetic patients and the general population of a Swedish community. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Costs of production losses were calculated from medical and social insurance records on sickness benefit days (short-term illness) and premature retirement (permanent disability) in people with diabetes and in the entire population of the community (a municipality comprising a town and rural surroundings, with 28,000 inhabitants). Care costs included those of consultations and inpatient care, as well as costs of insulin, oral antidiabetic medications, other drugs, test material, and treatment devices, and they were obtained from patient records, the health care administration, and the statistics of community pharmacy sales. RESULTS Of the diabetic patients &amp;lt; 65 years of age, above which both diabetic and nondiabetic people get retirement pension, and sickness benefits cease, 62% of those on insulin treatment in each gender had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). All insulin-treated non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients were &amp;gt; 40 years of age. Both the insulin-treated and the non-insulin-treated diabetic patients were prematurely retired twice as often as the average population and had twice as many inpatient days. The insulin-treated subjects also had twice as many sickness benefit days. The excess costs of production losses as a result of morbidity in people with diabetes were about $7,000 per individual and year. The corresponding excess costs of inpatient care were $800. The therapeutic expenditures for control of diabetes were about $600 per individual and year. If converted to U.S. conditions, the costs of lost production as a result of excess morbidity (&amp;lt; 65 years of age) would be $12 billion and $9 billion for people with insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated diabetes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS If improved metabolic control by intensified treatment would reduce excess morbidity in both IDDM and NIDDM, the predominant costs of production losses imply that intensified antidiabetic treatment might save costs.
A multicenter retrospective clinical study of CD5/CD10‐negative chronic B cell leukemias
Authors: Maria Goldaniga, Andrea Ferrario, Sergio Cortelazzo, Andrea Guffanti, Enzo Pavone, Achille Ambrosetti, Luigi Marcheselli, Francesca Rossi, Stefano Luminari, Andrea Rossi, Lilla Cro, Massimo Federico, Giorgio Lambertenghi Deliliers, Luca Baldini
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2008)

Abstract CD5‐negative chronic B cell lymphoproliferative disorders in leukemic phase (B‐CLPD) are heterogeneous and relatively uncommon pathologies that often lack a histopathological definition because of the absence of accessible pathological tissue. We describe the clinical features and evolution‐related variables of 156 patients with CD5/CD10‐negative B‐CLPD (median age 66 years, range 25–86). The median follow‐up was 51 months (range 6–216), and overall 3‐ and 5‐year survival was respectively 87 and 76%; 50 patients needed therapy at diagnosis, 56 during follow‐up, and 50 remained untreated until the last control. A combined clinical, histological, cytomorphological, immunophenotypical, and cytogenetic diagnostic approach allowed the complete classification of only a minority of patients as being affected by splenic marginal zone or lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma; the majority of cases remained unclassifiable. Multivariate analysis showed that the clinicohematological variables adversely related to overall survival were serum LDH levels and age, whereas high serum LDH levels, hemoglobin levels of &lt;11 g/dl, and splenomegaly related to treatment‐free time (in “wait and see” cases); only splenomegaly related to time to progression (in treated patients). In conclusion, our retrospective study describes the clinical features and variables related to evolution in a large group of patients with CD5/CD10‐negative chronic B‐cell lymphoid leukemias and underlines the fact that a probable lymphoplasmacytic or marginal zone normal cell origin can be supposed in such leukemic forms, but never surely demonstrated. Am. J. Hematol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arnold S Relman
Authors: J. Kassirer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Bacteria typically reside in heterogeneous environments with various chemogradients where motile cells can gain an advantage over non-motile cells. Since motility is energetically costly, cells must optimize their swimming speed and behavior to maximize their fitness. Here we investigate how cheating strategies might evolve where slow or non-motile microbes exploit faster ones by sticking together and hitching a ride. Starting with physical and biological first-principles we computationally study the effects of sticking on the evolution of motility in a controlled chemostat environment. We find stickiness allows slow cheaters to dominate when nutrients are dispersed at intermediate distances. Here, slow microbes exploit faster ones until they consume the population, leading to a tragedy of commons. For long races, slow microbes do gain an initial advantage from sticking, but eventually fall behind. Here, fast microbes are more likely to stick to other fast microbes, and cooperate to increase their own population. We therefore find the nature of the hitchhiking interaction, parasitic or mutualistic, depends on the nutrient distribution.
Neurological Surgery: A Comprehensive Reference Guide to the Diagnosis and Management of Neurosurgical Problems
Authors: Edward Tarlov
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This expanded new edition of an already comprehensive and excellent neurosurgical reference will be a valuable addition to hospital libraries and the bookshelves of any physicians who care for or regularly consult on neurosurgical patients. The massive expansion of the earlier three-volume first edition has paralleled the expansion of the neurosurgical field. These six volumes consist of 148 chapters written by 196 contributors. They will continue to be a useful source for review of the literature on any subject even peripherally related to clinical neurosurgery, ranging from genetics to rehabilitation. Some of the chapters contain bibliographies of as many as 500 or more references. The exhaustive bibliographies and the wide scope of subjects expands the potential readership to include nearly all practicing clinicians.  The subjects covered include clinical and radiological diagnosis; special testing, including neurophthalmology, neurotology, and psychological testing; cerebral death; neurophysiology; neuroendocrinology; anesthesia; and noninvasive vascular diagnosis. Complications, microoperative
Pfizer accused of testing new drug without ethical approval
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2001)

An official inquiry has been set up into allegations that the drug manufacturer Pfizer did not obtain official approval before testing a new drug on children during a meningitis epidemic in Nigeria five years ago.

The Nigerian doctor who supervised the clinical trial has said that his office backdated an approval letter and this may have been written a year after the study had taken place.

Pfizer, whose headquarters are in New York city, has admitted that the local ethics approval given to conduct the trial may not have been properly documented: “Pfizer takes this issue very seriously and is fully cooperating with the Nigerian authorities.”

In 1996 Pfizer sent …
Non-invasive femoropopliteal assessment: is that angiogram really necessary?
Authors: C P Shearman, B R Gwynn, F Curran, M X Gannon, M H Simms
Journal: BMJ (1986)

A method of non-invasive preoperative assessment of chronically ischaemic legs was developed that used clinical data and data derived from Doppler ultrasonography to produce a numerical score that could be compared with an angiographic score for stenosis of the popliteal artery trifurcation. The two scoring systems were applied retrospectively to 144 legs after femorodistal bypass. A close correlation was observed (r = 0.89, p less than 0.001), and both systems tended to predict the level of grafting undertaken. A prospective comparison was then made in 81 ischaemic legs that were examined by arteriography; the correlation between the two scoring systems remained close (r = 0.89, p less than 0.001), and the level of bypass was correctly predicted by the non-invasive assessment in 44 of 50 legs that were operated on. Use of the non-invasive assessment subsequently greatly reduced the indications for preoperative arteriography in patients requiring femorodistal vascular reconstruction.
1-Desamino-8-D-arginine Vasopressin (Desmopressin) Decreases Operative Blood Loss in Patients Having Harrington Rod Spinal Fusion Surgery
Authors: NATHAN L. KOBRINSKY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

To evaluate the effect of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (desmopressin) on blood loss in surgery, we conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of the drug in 35 patients with normal hemostatic function who were having spinal fusion with Harrington rod instrumentation. Seventeen patients were designated to receive 10μg/m2 of desmopressin, and 18, to receive a placebo. Preoperative testing showed that desmopressin increased factor VIII coagulant activity, von Willebrand antigen concentrations, glass bead platelet retention, and prothrombin consumption and decreased the partial thromboplastin and bleeding times (p ≤ 0.0003). During surgery, desmopressin reduced blood loss by 32.5% (547 mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 19 to 1075; p = 0.015) and reduced the need for concentrated erythrocyte transfusions by 25.6% (0.86 units; 95% CI, 0.08 to 1.65; p = 0.022). After surgery, desmopressin reduced the duration of treatment with analgesic agents by 13.1% (34.0 hours; 95% CI, — 5.2 to 72.7; p = 0.105), presumably by decreasing bleeding in the surgical wound. When adjusted for the origin of the scoliosis by two-way analysis of variance, this effect was even more evident (p = 0.014). Multiple regression analysis showed that the best three predictors of blood loss in surgery and transfusion requirements were the bleeding time, glass bead platelet retention, and the use of desmopressin.