tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Operative Surgery: Fundamental International Techniques, Colon, Rectum and Anus
Authors: Franklin Lounsbury
Journal: JAMA (1977)

This excellent treatise is a practical approach to the operative treatment of many common problems in the colon, rectum, and anus. It is a compendium of many contributions from eminent surgeons, mostly of the United Kingdom and Australia, but a few from North and South America. A wide variety of topics is discussed, ranging from hemorrhoidectomy to the total removal of the rectum and sigmoid by various procedures. The relatively short expositions are grouped under nine broad headings: endoscopy, operations for inflammatory bowel disease, operations for diverticular disease, operations for neoplasms, and on through the treatment of combined fistulas. There has been a substantial expansion of the material dealing with pelvic floor problems. Some of the operations are but little used; some are controversial. Several contributors have set forth varying approaches to the treatment of hemorrhoids. The book is unusual in its format. The material of the text is nicely
Risk of suicidal behaviour is similar for SSRIs and tricyclics
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Risk of suicidal behaviour after starting to take antidepressants was similar for four antidepressant drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants, a study in JAMA has found (2004;292:338-43). Suicidal behaviour is more likely in the first month after starting antidepressants, especially during the first nine days.

The researchers—Dr Hershel Jick and colleagues with the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University, Massachusetts—compared the risk of non-fatal suicidal behaviour in patients in the United Kingdom who began treatment with one of three antidepressants (the SSRIs fluoxetine and paroxetine and the tricyclic amitriptyline) …
Increased Synthesis of Rat Liver Alkaline Phosphatase by Bile Duct Ligation
Authors: Marshall M. Kaplan, Akiyuki Ohkubo, Elaine G. Quaroni, Duncan Sze-Tu
Journal: Hepatology (1983)

The following studies were done to determine the mechanism of the increse in rat liver alkaline phosphatase activity after bile duct ligation. Antiserum was raised in rabbits to highly purified rat liver alkaline phosphatase. In immune titration experiments, the 350% increase in rat liver alkaline phosphatase activity caused by bile duct ligation was paralleled by a similar increase in immuno-precipitated alkaline phosphatase protein. In a second set of experiments, rat liver alkaline phosphatase was labeled with L-[ 3 H]leucine injected into portal veins. Alkaline phosphatase was purified by antibody affinity chromatography followed by immunoprecipitation. The incorporation of L-[ 3 H]leucine into alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in bile duct-ligated rats than in controls, 68,357 ± 7,144 vs. 19,297 ± 3,076 dpm per gm liver (p &lt; 0.001) and 349 ± 36 vs. 104 ±17 dpm per gm protein (p &lt; 0.001). In a third set of experiments, the incorporation of L- 3 H-amino acid into highly purified rat liver alkaline phosphatase was measured. Rat liver alkaline phosphatase was purified by means of sequential iV-butanol extraction, antibody affinity column chromatography, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There was significantly more L- 3 H-amino acid incorporated into alkaline phosphatase in bile duct-ligated rats compared to sham-operated rats, 3,565 vs. 704 dpm per gm liver and 19,656 vs. 3,843 dpm/gm protein. The data suggest that bile duct ligation increases the synthesis of rat liver alkaline phosphatase.
Medical care utilization and mortality in sickle cell disease: A population-based study
Authors: Sadhna M. Shankar, Patrick G. Arbogast, Ed Mitchel, William O. Cooper, Winfred C. Wang, Marie R. Griffin
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of medical care utilization and mortality in children and adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the state of Tennessee. Rates of hospitalization, emergency department visits, and deaths were measured in a cohort of adults and children with SCD enrolled in TennCare, Tennessee's Medicaid managed health care program, from January 1995 to December 2002. TennCare data linked to Tennessee vital records were used to define the population and identify the outcomes. For children less than 5 years of age, the mortality rate was similar to that of other black Tennessee children (P = 0.71). Among children, the death rate was highest in 10–19 years of age and was 8-fold higher than Tennessee's race- and age-specific rate. Among 20- to 49-year-old patients with SCD, mortality was significantly higher in males than in females (P < 0.001). As compared to the black population without SCD in TennCare, patients with SCD had 7–30 times higher rate of hospitalization and 2–6 times higher rates of emergency department visits (P < 0.001). The death rate in adolescents and young adults with SCD continues to be much higher than population-specific rates. Interventions to prevent morbidity and mortality related to SCD are urgently needed. Am. J. Hematol. 80:262–270, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Abstract 4555: Protein and glycan biomarkers of malignant potential in pancreatic cyst fluid
Authors: Kevin Maupin, Bryan Curnutte, Zheng Cao, Katie Partyka, Mitch McDonald, Richard Kwon, Peter Allen, Randall Brand, Diane Simeone, Brian B. Haab
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The early detection of a portion of pancreatic cancer precursors_cystic neoplasms of the pancreas_is possible through high-resolution abdominal imaging, providing an opportunity to successfully treat these lesions before they become invasive. The increased use of abdominal imaging has led to a higher rate of identifying pancreatic cysts, but currently it is not possible to accurately determine which cysts have high malignant potential and should be removed. Our previous work showed that the glycosylation and abundance of specific proteins in the cyst fluid was significantly different between potentially malignant cysts and benign cysts, providing leads for biomarkers to guide patient management. In this work we tested the hypothesis that a panel of specific protein glycoforms forms an accurate biomarker for pancreatic cysts with high malignant potential. Using antibody-lectin sandwich arrays, screens of nearly 100 different candidate markers and multiple glycoforms of each marker confirmed previous results and also showed that two distinct glycan structures are present on several proteins at high levels in the cyst fluid of cancer precursors (intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN)) but not in benign cysts (serous cystadenomas (SC) and pseudocysts (PC)). The glycans, N-acetyl glucosamine and the blood group H structure, previously have not been recognized as cancer biomarkers. A six-marker panel comprising the measurement of one of these glycans on MUC5AC, MUC16, endorepellin, and fibronectin correctly detected 37 of 39 (95%) potential cancer precursors and 16 of 18 (89%) of the benign cysts. This performance significantly surpasses current diagnostic accuracy. The validation of this biomarker panel could lead to more accurate treatment decisions for patients with potentially malignant cysts while sparing patients with benign cysts from unnecessary procedures. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4555. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4555
Editorial Retrospective
Authors: D.J. Weatherall, M.J. Pippard, S.T. Callender
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

The more severe forms of β-thalassemia, which are among the commonest single-gene disorders in the world, are particularly distressing, because affected children who receive adequate transfusions grow and develop normally, only to die of cardiac failure secondary to iron loading of the myocardium toward the end of the second decade.1 Although chelating agents, such as deferoxamine, were introduced in the early 1960s to treat iron loading in thalassemia,2 early experiences were disappointing, and their use was largely abandoned. However, in 1974 a small study carried out in London showed that patients with β-thalassemia who had received regular bolus injections of . . .
Upregulation of Penile Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Activation of the JAK/STAT Signalling Pathway in the Major Pelvic Ganglion of the Rat After Cavernous Nerve Transection
Authors: Anthony J. Bella, Guiting Lin, Maurice M. Garcia, Kavirach Tantiwongse, William O. Brant, Ching-Shwun Lin, Tom F. Lue
Journal: European Urology (2006)
Oxidants spontaneously released by alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers can inactivate the active site of alpha 1-antitrypsin, rendering it ineffective as an inhibitor of neutrophil elastase.
Authors: R C Hubbard, F Ogushi, G A Fells, A M Cantin, S Jallat, M Courtney, R G Crystal
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Current concepts relating to the pathogenesis of emphysema associated with cigarette smoking is that an imbalance exists within the lower respiratory tract between neutrophil elastase and the local anti-neutrophil elastase screen, enabling uninhibited neutrophil elastase to destroy the alveolar structures over time. The possible role of alveolar macrophages in contributing to this imbalance was investigated by evaluating the ability of cigarette smokers' alveolar macrophages to inactivate alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT), the major anti-neutrophil elastase of the human lower respiratory tract. In vitro, alveolar macrophages of smokers spontaneously released 2.5-fold more superoxide anion and eightfold more H2O2 than macrophages of nonsmokers (P less than 0.01, both comparisons). Using a model system that reproduced the relative amounts of alveolar macrophages and alpha 1AT found in the epithelial lining fluid of the lower respiratory tract, we observed that smokers' macrophages caused a 60 +/- 5% reduction in the ability of alpha 1AT to inhibit neutrophil elastase. In marked contrast, under the same conditions, nonsmokers' macrophages had no effect upon the anti-neutrophil elastase function of alpha 1AT. Addition of superoxide dismutase, catalase, mannitol, and methionine prevented inactivation of alpha 1AT by smokers' macrophages, implying that the release of oxidants mediated the inactivation of alpha 1AT. In addition, by utilizing a recombinant DNA produced modified form of alpha 1AT containing an active site substitution (met358----val), the inactivation of alpha 1AT by smokers' alveolar macrophages was prevented, suggesting that the smokers' macrophages inactivate alpha 1AT by oxidizing the active site of the alpha 1AT molecule. These results suggest that in cigarette smokers, the alveolar macrophage can modulate the activity of alpha 1AT as an inhibitor of neutrophil elastase and thus play a role in the pathogenesis of emphysema associated with cigarette smoking.
Fully Automated Assessment of Inflammatory Cell Counts and Cytokine Expression in Bronchial Tissue
Authors: Jacob K. Sont, Willem I. de Boer, W. Annemarie A. M. van Schadewijk, Katrien Grünberg, J. Han J. M. van Krieken, Pieter S. Hiemstra, Peter J. Sterk
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Automated image analysis of bronchial tissue offers the opportunity to quantify stained area and staining intensity in a standardized way to obtain robust estimates of inflammatory cell counts and cytokine expression from multiple large areas of histopathologic sections. We compared fully automated digital image analysis with interactive digital cell counting and semiquantitative scoring of cytokine expression in terms of repeatability and agreement in bronchial biopsies in 52 patients with mild to moderate atopic asthma. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against CD3, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and interferon-γ protein was performed on frozen tissue sections, using 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole as chromogen and hematoxylin as counterstaining. IL-4 and IL-5 messenger RNAs were localized by in situ hybridization without hematoxylin staining. Separation of 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole and hematoxylin-stained pixels was achieved by linear combination of red- and blue-filtered gray-scale images. Using baseline biopsy specimens, fully automated CD3+ cell counts showed perfect repeatability (r = 1.0) and a strong linear relationship with the interactive procedure (r = 0.98). Automated densitometry showed perfect repeatability (1.0) and a moderate to strong relationship with semiquantitative scoring of protein and messenger RNA expression (r = 0.43–0.89). Relationships between automated and semiquantitative assessments of changes in cytokine expression during 2 years of follow-up were moderate to strong (r = 0.40–0.84). We conclude that fully automated cell counts and automated densitometric analyses in bronchial tissue of patients with asthma are unbiased and help to reduce variability in inflammatory outcomes.
Calcium measurements with electron probe X-ray and electron energy loss analysis.
Authors: A LeFurgey, P Ingram
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

This paper presents a broad survey of the rationale for electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) and the various methods for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information on the distribution and amount of elements, particularly calcium, in cryopreserved cells and tissues. Essential in an introductory consideration of microanalysis in biological cryosections is the physical basis for the instrumentation, fundamentals of X-ray spectrometry, and various analytical modes such as static probing and X-ray imaging. Some common artifacts are beam damage and contamination. Inherent pitfalls of energy dispersive X-ray systems include Si escape peaks, doublets, background, and detector calibration shifts. Quantitative calcium analysis of thin cryosections is carried out in real time using a multiple least squares fitting program on filtered X-ray spectra and normalizing the calcium peak to a portion of the continuum. Recent work includes the development of an X-ray imaging system where quantitative data can be retrieved off-line. The minimum detectable concentration of calcium in biological cryosections is approximately 300 mumole kg dry weight with a spatial resolution of approximately 100 A. The application of electron energy loss (EELS) techniques to the detection of calcium offers the potential for greater sensitivity and spatial resolution in measurement and imaging. Determination of mass thickness with EELS can facilitate accurate calculation of wet weight concentrations from frozen hydrated and freeze-dried specimens. Calcium has multiple effects on cell metabolism, membrane transport and permeability and, thus, on overall cell physiology or pathophysiology. Cells can be rapidly frozen for EPXMA during basal or altered functional conditions to delineate the location and amount of calcium within cells and the changes in location and concentration of cations or anions accompanying calcium redistribution. Recent experiments in our laboratory document that EPXMA in combination with other biochemical and electrophysiological techniques can be used to study, for example, sodium and calcium compartmentation in cultured cardiac cells. Such analyses can also be used to clarify the role of calcium in anoxic renal cell injury and to evaluate proposed ionic defects in cells of individuals with cystic fibrosis.
Airbag Safety and the Distance of the Driver from the Steering Wheel
Authors: Maria Segui-Gomez, Jonathan Levy, John D. Graham
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Nisoldipine and Myocardial InfarctionTo the Editor: Estacio et al. (March 5 issue) 1 report an increased incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension and diabetes who received nisoldipine, in a randomized, prospective, blinded study of moderate as compared with intensive control of hypertension and nisoldipine as compared with enalapril.The increased incidence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction could be due to a deleterious effect of nisoldipine, a protective role of enalapril, or both, but the study design does not allow for further conclusions.Since, as the authors state, the incidence of myocardial infarction in the nisoldipine group was not significantly higher than that in previous studies, a protective effect of enalapril is plausible.There were no follow-up data on changes in therapeutic insulin doses, antidiabetic-drug requirements, or basal insulin levels in the groups, which could differ significantly because of enhanced insulin sensitivity during treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. 2 Hyperinsulinemia, a common finding in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, 3 and plasma insulin levels are known to decrease with ACE-inhibitor therapy. 4 Hence, if enalapril treatment was associated with a significant reduction in insulin requirements or oral antidiabetic-drug requirements, or both, or in basal insulin levels, it could have a protective role by reducing not only hypertension but also hyperinsulinemia, an effect that nisoldipine may not have.
Hazards of colostomy closure.
Authors: G T Watts
Journal: BMJ (1971)

specific infection, seems a convincing argu- ment for routine testing by general practi- tioners of the sexually-active women patients on their lists.Even if a large majority of women examined should prove to be free from any form of genital infection, routine screening programmes-wherever carried out -offer the only means of eventually controlling sexually-transmitted disease.-Weare, etc.,
Intraluminal capsaicin does not affect fluid and electrolyte absorption in the human jejunum but does cause pain
Authors: J Hammer, H F Hammer, A J Eherer, W Petritsch, P Holzer, G J Krejs
Journal: Gut (1998)

Background —Stimulation of sensory nerves with capsaicin regulates ion transport in the small intestine in animal experiments. Aim —To investigate whether sensory nerves that are stimulated by capsaicin administration influence fluid and electrolyte absorption in the human jejunum in vivo. Method —Intestinal perfusion studies were performed in 12 healthy subjects using a four lumen tube with a proximal occlusion balloon and a plasma-like electrolyte solution. After an initial control period, 5 (n = 3), 10 (n = 8), or 50 (n = 1) μg/ml capsaicin was added to the perfusate, and this was followed by a final control period. Rates of absorption of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate were determined in a 30 cm segment of jejunum using a non-absorbable volume marker. Results —At all three concentrations of capsaicin there were no significant changes in water and electrolyte absorption as compared with control periods. Two subjects who received 10 μg/ml and the subject receiving 50 μg/ml experienced crampy abdominal pain. Conclusion —The results do not support the hypothesis that capsaicin sensitive afferent nerves are involved in the physiological regulation of net absorption or secretion across the human jejunal mucosa. Chemical stimulation of these nerves, however, gives rise to abdominal pain.
Priority in Methods of Closure of Abdominal Wounds.
Authors: Charles P. Noble
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Philadelphia, April 1, 1904. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journalof the American Medical Association, March 12, p. 737, is an abstract of an article entitled "Abdominal Aponeuroses." The author of the article Dr. Winslow, seems to be unaware of the fact that his proposals of new methods and new principles in the closure of abdominal wounds are by no means novel. They have been in daily use in my hands for the last seven years, and intermittently, since 1894. The questions at issue were published by me in the<i>American Journal of Obstetrics</i>, April, 1897, the paper entitled "A New Method of Suturing the Abdominal Wall in Celiotomy," being read before the section of gynecology of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, Jan. 21, 1897. The principles discussed by Dr. Winslow were further elaborated by me in a paper entitled "Remarks on the Influence of Technic on the Results
Extramammary Paget's disease with superimposed herpes simplex virus infection: immunohistochemical comparison with cases of the two respective diseases
Authors: O. Yamamoto, H. Yasuda
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Journal Article Extramammary Paget's disease with superimposed herpes simplex virus infection: immunohistochemical comparison with cases of the two respective diseases Get access O. Yamamoto, O. Yamamoto Department of Dermatology and Occupational Dermatopathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, 1‐1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi‐Ku, Kitakyushu, 807‐8555 Japan Osamu Yamamoto. E‐mail: yamasam@med.uoeh‐u.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Yasuda H. Yasuda Department of Dermatology and Occupational Dermatopathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, 1‐1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi‐Ku, Kitakyushu, 807‐8555 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 148, Issue 6, 1 June 2003, Pages 1258–1262, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05355.x Published: 01 June 2003 Article history Accepted: 09 December 2002 Published: 01 June 2003
Illness in Gulf War Veterans&lt;subtitle&gt;Causes and Consequences&lt;/subtitle&gt;
Authors: Philip J. Landrigan
Journal: JAMA (1997)

In 1990 and 1991, 697 000 men and women of the US armed forces served in the Persian Gulf. During their service these veterans were exposed to a wide array of known and potential hazards to health. These risk factors included extremes of heat and cold, blowing dust, smoke from oil well fires, petroleum fuels and their combustion products, pyridostigmine bromide (administered as pretreatment for potential poison gas exposure), anthrax and botulinum toxoid vaccines, depleted uranium (used in certain artillery shells), infectious diseases, chemical warfare agents, pesticides, and pervasive psychological and physiological stress.<sup>1</sup> See also pp 215, 223, 231, and 238. Since returning home, many Persian Gulf War veterans have developed illness. Some have specific diseases that clearly resulted from their military service.<sup>2</sup>For example, 32 veterans have been diagnosed with leishmaniasis, and 7 have developed malaria. Several dozen retain fragments of depleted uranium embedded in their bodies,
The Microscope and the Eye: A History of Reflections, 1740-1870
Authors: Helen Bynum
Journal: JAMA (2008)

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