tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gray platelet syndrome
Authors: Barbara J. Bain, Manju Bhavnani
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2011)

Examination of a blood film is essential, when an automated full blood count shows thrombocytopenia. First, it is essential to confirm that the platelet count is genuinely low, and that the apparent reduction is not attributable to platelet aggregation, satellitism, or phagocytosis; the film may also show fibrin strands, indicating partial clotting of the specimen. Second, the film may provide a clue to the cause of a congenital or acquired thrombocytopenia, when there are small platelets (Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome), large platelets (Bernard–Soulier syndrome, MYH9-related thrombocytopenia and others), abnormal platelet granulation (Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia), or hypogranular platelets (gray platelet syndrome). Examination of other lineages may also be informative indicating, for example, features of May–Hegglin anomaly, acute promyelocytic leukemia, or a thrombotic microangiopathy. The film shown is from a 20-year-old man, who presented with significant hemorrhage into his thigh following a sporting injury. His platelet count was 120 × 109/L. The detection of markedly hypogranular platelets including large platelets led to the diagnosis of the gray platelet syndrome, a condition in which α granules, or α and δ granules, are lacking.
Restrictions on doctor in South Africa.
Authors: L. H. Diamond
Journal: BMJ (1968)

drug that is meant when " betamethasone " is referred to, without qualification, for brevity.I must apologize for this, as it will obviously be confused with another product, betamethasone disodium phosphate (Beta- Corlan, Glaxo), which was not used.It should also be pointed out that while betamethasone (Beta-Corlan) is freely available, Betnovate oral pellets as used in this trial are not available on prescription.-Iam, etc.,
Consideration of the drive properties of the mammillary bodies solves the “fornix problem”
Authors: E. E. Krieckhaus
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Fornix problem: Why do lesions of the fornix, which connects the hippocampus (HF) to the medial mammillary nucleus (MMN), often cause no deficits in tasks severely affected by lesions of HF or MMN? Solution: The direct HF feedback to antero ventral (AV) thalamus (MMN ⇒ AV [hArr ] HF), which is blocked by MMN lesions but not fornix lesions, is sufficient for nonscene-relevant consolidation.
Lesson of the week: Florid rickets associated with prolonged breast feeding without vitamin D supplementation
Authors: M Z Mughal, H Salama, T Greenaway, I Laing, E B Mawer
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate the responsiveness of joint counts, patient-reported measures and proposed composite scores in hand osteoarthritis (HOA). <h3>Methods</h3> Data were used from a previously reported study in which 83 patients with HOA were randomly assigned to CRx-102 or placebo. CRx-102 consists of prednisolone (3 mg/day) and dipyridamole (400 mg/day), and was shown to be superior to placebo. Assessments were performed at baseline and after 7, 14, 28 and 42 days, and included the Australian/Canadian osteoarthritis hand index (AUSCAN), visual analogue pain subscale (VAS) pain and patient global, and counts of distal interphalangeal (DIP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal (CMC) joints (tenderness, soft tissue swelling, bony enlargement, limited motion). Various combinations of patient-reported outcomes and joint counts were computed as composite scores (similar to clinical disease activity index) and tested for responsiveness. For each measure, mean change from baseline to day 42, treatment effect, standardised response mean (SRM) and relative efficiency compared with AUSCAN pain were calculated. <h3>Results</h3> The SRM were largest for VAS patient global (0.92), VAS pain (0.77) and AUSCAN pain (0.68), whereas the responsiveness of tender (0.46) and swollen joint counts (0.51) (18 joint assessment of DIP, PIP, CMC) was similar to AUSCAN stiffness (0.53) and physical function (0.37). Composite scores showed similar responsiveness as patient-reported pain and global. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Patient-reported pain and patient global assessment were the most responsive outcomes, whereas joint counts had similar responsiveness to patient-reported stiffness and physical function. Composite scores were as responsive as VAS pain, and these results encourage further elaboration and validation of composite scores in HOA in larger studies.
White Blood Cell Count Is Positively Correlated With Albumin Excretion Rate in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Franco Cavalot, Paola Massucco, Paolo Perna, Monica Traversa, Giovanni Anfossi, Mariella Trovati
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

White blood cell (WBC) count is one of the main inflammatory markers that predict cardiovascular events (1) and is a component (in nondiabetic subjects) of the insulin resistance syndrome (2), a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors showing insulin resistance as a common denominator (3). It is not known whether WBC count correlates with albumin excretion rate (AER), a component of the insulin resistance syndrome conferring a particularly strong risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (3).

To evaluate whether WBC count correlates with AER in type 2 diabetes, we evaluated 659 Italian type 2 diabetic patients (354 men and 305 women) followed-up at the University Diabetes Unit of the San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital in Orbassano, Turin, Italy, who were not affected by neoplastic, inflammatory, infective, or liver diseases. AER was determined by nephelometric …
Neuropilin-1 Identifies Endothelial Precursors in Human and Murine Embryonic Stem Cells Before CD34 Expression
Authors: Thomas Cimato, Jeanette Beers, Shunli Ding, Mingchao Ma, J. Phillip McCoy, Manfred Boehm, Elizabeth G. Nabel
Journal: Circulation (2009)

In murine embryonic stem cells, the onset of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) expression identifies endothelial precursors. Undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells express VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-2 expression persists on differentiation. The objective of our study was to identify a single population of endothelial precursors with common identifying features from both human and murine embryonic stem cells.We report that expression of the VEGF coreceptor neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) coincides with expression of Brachyury and VEGFR-2 and identifies endothelial precursors in murine and human embryonic stem cells before CD31 or CD34 expression. When sorted and differentiated, VEGFR-2(+)NRP-1(+) cells form endothelial-like colonies that express CD31 and CD34 7-fold more efficiently than NRP-1 cells. Finally, antagonism of both the VEGF and Semaphorin binding functions of NRP-1 impairs the differentiation of vascular precursors to endothelial cells.The onset of NRP-1 expression identifies endothelial precursors in murine and human stem cells. The findings define the origin of a single population of endothelial precursors from human and murine stem cells to endothelial cells. Additionally, the function of both the VEGF and Semaphorin binding activities of NRP-1 has important roles in the differentiation of stem cells to endothelial cells, providing novel insights into the role of NRP-1 in a model of vasculogenesis.
A review of factors affecting productivity of bald eagles in the Great Lakes region: implications for recovery.
Authors: W W Bowerman, J P Giesy, D A Best, V J Kramer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) population in North America declined greatly after World War II due primarily to the eggshell thinning effects of p,p'-DDE, a biodegradation product of DDT. After the banning of DDT in the United States and Canada during the early 1970s, the bald eagle population started to increase. However, this population recovery has not been uniform. Eagles nesting along the shorelines of the North American Great Lakes and rivers open to spawning runs of anadromous fishes from the Great Lakes still exhibit impaired reproduction. We have explored both ecological and toxicological factors that would limit reproduction of bald eagles in the Great Lakes region. Based on our studies, the most critical factors influencing eagle populations are concentrations of environmental toxicants. While there might be some continuing effects of DDE, total PCBs and most importantly 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) in fishes from the Great Lakes and rivers open to spawning runs of anadromous fishes from the Great Lakes currently represent a significant hazard to bald eagles living along these shorelines or near these rivers and are most likely related to the impaired reproduction in bald eagles living there.
Commentary: Prognostic models: clinically useful or quickly forgotten?
Authors: J. C Wyatt, D. G Altman
Journal: BMJ (1995)

We are all familiar with using single items of patient data such as age or smoking history to help in making difficult clinical decisions.1 Prognostic models are more complex tools for helping decision making that combine two or more items of patient data to predict clinical outcomes.2 They are of potential value when doctors are making difficult clinical decisions (such as ordering invasive tests or selecting which patients should benefit from scarce resources),3 conducting comparative audit,4 or selecting uniform groups of patients for clinical trials.5 Another prognostic model appears in this week's BMJ6 to join the hundreds published every year.7 However, apart from exceptions such as the Glasgow coma scale8 and APACHE III,9 few of these models are routinely used to inform difficult clinical decisions.

It might be argued that doctors never prognosticate, working always in the present, but studies of medical decision making show this is untrue.10 11 Some doctors might claim that they can foretell patient outcomes better than any statistical model, but again there is contrary evidence.9 12 A journal editor's view might be that most published models reflect preliminary work and need further research before clinical adoption.13 Finally, some models predict events that are of no clinical relevance or do not generate predictions in time to inform clinical decisions, suggesting that their developers wished merely to publish journal articles, not build clinically useful tools.14

We believe that the main reasons why doctors reject published prognostic models are lack of clinical credibility and lack of evidence that a prognostic model can support decisions about patient care (that is, evidence of accuracy, generality, and effectiveness). We examine each of these issues in …
Organizing the brain's diversities
Authors: Michael A. Arbib, Peter Érdi
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

We clarify the arguments in Neural organization: Structure, function, and dynamics, acknowledge important contributions cited by our critics, and respond to their criticisms by charting directions for further development of our integrated approach to theoretical and empirical studies of neural organization. We first discuss functional organization in general (behavior versus cognitive functioning, the need to study body and brain together, function in ontogeny and phylogeny) and then focus on schema theory (noting that schema theory is not just a top-down theory and discussing the transition from action-oriented perception to cognition). We then turn to dynamical organization, with a focus first on neural modeling and dynamics (clarifying the multiple functions of neurons and brain regions, and looking further at various forms of dynamics) and second on learning, development, and self-organization (looking at monoaminergic systems, reinforcement, self-organization, postnatal development, and disease). We close with a brief philosophical discussion of postmodernism and reductionism.
Pancreatitis Due to Ascariasis
Authors: N. A. Duncan
Journal: BMJ (1948)

when serving as the military member of the Medical Advisory Division, S.E.A.C., was of the opinion that relatively light contact by mosquitoes with walls sprayed with a 5% solution of D.D.T. in kerosene resulted in a " biting inhibition " reaction which prevented the insect from feeding, either by an initial peripheral paralysis or by loss of appetite caused by the D.D.T.This effect has been noted recently with the stinging of wasps in Sweden and with Stomnoxys in this country.Concerning the lack of toxic vapour we have clear evidence that vapours emanating from screened surfaces painted with D.D.T. are lethal to flies in enclosed spaces, though whether directly or by readsorption on to treated surrounds has not beer.determined.-Weare, etc.,
Cholestatic jaundice caused by cloxacillin: macrophage inhibition factor test in preventing rechallenge with hepatotoxic drugs.
Authors: R Enat, S Pollack, Y Ben-Arieh, E Livni, D Barzilai
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Severe intrahepatic cholestasis occurred in a patient after taking nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, and cloxacillin. As only nitrofurantoin was known to cause cholestasis she was given cloxacillin again two years later. The cholestasis reappeared at once. A macrophage inhibition factor test confirmed that cloxacillin was the offending drug. Cloxacillin should be added to the growing list of drugs causing cholestasis. Inadvertent rechallenge with hepatototoxic drugs might be prevented by routine use of the macrophage inhibition factor test.
Bleeding time in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.
Authors: J C Blake, D Sprengers, P Grech, P A McCormick, N McIntyre, A K Burroughs
Journal: BMJ (1990)

To determine the frequency of an abnormal bleeding time in patients with cirrhosis and to relate this to known factors that affect primary haemostasis and to the severity of liver disease.Prospective clinical and laboratory study in patients admitted for complications or investigations of liver disease.Royal Free Hospital hepatobiliary and liver transplantation unit.100 Consecutive inpatients aged 17-74 with various forms of cirrhosis, including alcoholic, biliary, autoimmune, viral, and cryptogenic. At least 10 days had elapsed since any episodes of bleeding, resolution of sepsis, or alcohol intake. No patient was taking any drug known to affect primary haemostasis.Bleeding time as measured with the Simplate double blade template device. A bleeding time longer than 10 minutes was considered abnormal. Other measures were platelet count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, packed cell volume, and blood urea, serum bilirubin, and serum albumin concentrations, all measured on each subject at the same time by standard laboratory methods.A weak but significant correlation existed between the bleeding time and the platelet count (rs = 0.483; p less than 0.001). There were significantly lower platelet counts, longer prothrombin times, and higher blood urea and serum bilirubin concentrations in the 42 patients with bleeding times of 10 minutes or more compared with the 58 patients with bleeding times less than 10 minutes. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the bilirubin concentration as well as the platelet count was independently correlated with the bleeding time. The combination of a platelet count greater than 80 x 10(9)/l and a prothrombin time less than 17 seconds (usually taken as safe limits for performing routine liver biopsy) did not predict a normal bleeding time. Ten of 39 patients fulfilling these criteria had a prolonged bleeding time.Prolonged bleeding time is common in patients with cirrhosis, even in those with prothrombin times and platelet counts within "safe limits" for invasive procedures. The severity of liver disease as assessed by the bilirubin concentration plays an important part in determining the bleeding time in cirrhosis. The bleeding time should be measured when assessing patients for invasive procedures who have a raised bilirubin concentration or poor hepatic function, even if the platelet count and prothrombin time are considered adequate.
Exercise interventions for health: time to focus on dimensions, delivery, and dollars
Authors: H A McKay, H Macdonald, K E Reed, K M Khan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

<h3>Background</h3> The relative frequency of compressive and non-compressive myelopathies and their aetiologies have not been evaluated extensively in most sub-Saharan African countries. The case of Cameroon is studied. <h3>Methods</h3> Admission registers and case records of patients in the neurology and neurosurgery departments of the study hospital were reviewed from January 1999 to December 2006. <h3>Results</h3> 224 (9.7% of all admissions) cases were non-traumatic paraplegia/paraparesis or tetraplegia/tetraparesis and 147 were due to myelopathies, representing 6.3% of all cases admitted during the study period and 65.6% of cases of paraplegia or tetraplegia; 88% were compressive myelopathies. Aetiologies were dominated by primary and secondary spinal tumours (mainly prostate carcinoma, lymphoma and liver carcinoma) that each accounted for 24.5% of cases. Other causes included spinal tuberculosis (12.9%), tropical spastic paraparesis (five positive for human T cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV)-I and one for HTLV-II) (4.8%), spinal degenerative disease (4.1%), acute transverse myelitis (4.1%), HIV myelopathy (1.4%), vitamin B12 deficiency myelopathy and multiple sclerosis (0.7%). No aetiology was found in 21.1% of participants. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Myelopathies in our setting are dominated by spinal compressions. Metastasis is a leading cause of spinal cord compression with liver carcinoma being more frequent than reported elsewhere. Infections nevertheless remain a major cause of spinal cord disease and both cancers and infections constitute public health targets for reducing the incidence of myelopathies.
A SAFE METHOD OF APPLYING SOLIDIFIED CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: C. C. Carpenter
Journal: JAMA (1942)

Unfortunately, the anatomic site of a cutaneous lesion must always be considered with the present methods of therapy with solidified carbon dioxide. In the treatment of benign or malignant neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes care must be taken that normal tissue is not frozen. With the older methods of cutting pencils from solid sticks, the very brittleness of the material caused it to chip. These small particles fell on nonpathogenic tissue, sometimes with serious consequences if the site of operation was around the eyes or within the body cavities. With the average duration of treatment of ten to thirty seconds the point on a solid stick is rapidly melted and a zone larger than the lesion is found to have been included in the treatment. Solidified carbon dioxide packed in metal tubes has the disadvantage of transmission of cold through the sides. With the apparatus described here the
Inhibitory Effect of "Isocholesterol" on the Absorption of Cholesterol
Authors: MAURICE M. BEST, CHARLES H. DUNCAN, Joan D. Watheii
Journal: Circulation Research (1957)

The presence on carbon-3 of a free hyclroxyl group that may be esterified is a common characteristic of the known sterol inhibitors of cholesterol absorption. The 30-carbon sterols found in wool fat possess such a group, but differ from the previously demonstrated inhibitors of cholesterol absorption in that they do not form insoluble precipitates with digitonin. To determine whether these substances would influence cholesterol absorption, "isocholesterol," a mixture of 30-carbon wool fat sterols, has been fed to the albino rat alone and in combination with cholesterol.
Sudden Death—A Significant Hazard of Exercise?
Authors: R. J. Shephard
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1974)

Sudden and unaccustomed physical activity may precipitate ventricular fibrillation, myocardial infarction, and sudden death.Evidence supporting this contention is drawn from a review of physio-pathology, reported antecedents of infarction and death, and the experience of exercise test centres and gymnasia.In some reported series risk of precipitating ventricular fibrillation in a coronary-prone population has been as high as 2 episodes per 1000 man hours of physical activity.Such an incidence has important medico-legal implications for fitness test centres and gymnasia.Despite the challenge of devising an exercise prescription that will avoid such hazards, current evidence suggests the long term effects of increased physical activity improve the prognosis of both the sedentary business men and the coronary-prone individual.
Smoking and Psychiatric Patients
Authors: H. Thakurdas
Journal: BMJ (1963)

Investigation of the posttranscriptional mechanisms involved in the xenobiotic-mediated enhancement of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression has been limited by a lack of a functional primary hepatocyte cell culture system. We examined the effects of ciprofibrate (CIPRO) and pyridine (PYR) treatment on the expression of CYP2E1, P450 4A (CYP4A), and P450 2B (CYP2B) in primary rat hepatocytes cultured on Vitrogen or Matrigel substratum and in the presence of Chee9s medium. Cells were cultured for 72 hr or longer before initiation of treatment. Northern blot analyses indicated that 24-hr CIPRO treatment enhanced the expression of CYP4A, and CYP2B mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner, with maximal induction of CYP2E1 mRNA (2- to 3-fold) and CYP4A1 mRNA (up to approximately 15-fold) monitored at 30-300 microM CIPRO. Maximal CYP2B mRNA levels (7- to 8-fold) were monitored at 300-1000 microM CIPRO. Treatment of hepatocytes for 24, 48, and 72 hr with 30 microM CIPRO showed progressive increases in CYP2B and CYP4A mRNA levels, with approximately 13- and 60-fold elevations in the respective mRNAs occurring at 72 hr posttreatment. In contrast, CYP2E1 mRNA levels were maximally elevated between 2- and 3-fold at both 24 and 48 hr and were returning to basal levels by 72 hr. Western blot analyses revealed that 24-hr PYR (25 mM) treatment of CIPRO-treated cells, in the absence of any further increase in CYP2E1 mRNA levels, increased CYP2E1 protein levels approximately 6- to 8-fold. PYR treatment also increased CYP2B mRNA and CYP2B1/2B2 protein levels approximately 16-fold relative to cells treated only with CIPRO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
1036-159 Tissue inflammation impairs tissue-level perfusion and promotes left ventricular remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Yuya Nishida, Hiroshi Ito, Katsuomi Iwakura, Koji Tanaka, Shigeo Kawano, Kouichi Inoue, Kenshi Fujii
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
INGUINAL ANEURISM: LIGATURE OF THE EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY CLOSE TO ITS ORIGIN FROM THE COMMON ILIAC: SEPARATION OF THE LIGATURE ON THE FORTY-SIXTH DAY: RECOVERY
Authors: W. P. Brookes
Journal: BMJ (1856)

2mdr become a branch of surgery he cannot depi but to which he must give more attention in future.Some differ- ence of opinion exists between Mr. W. Adams and Mr. Syme as to the position of certain tendons, such as the posterior tibia], in varus; but the surgeon will seldom be at a loss make out this or the three tendons necessary to re- member in these cases, all or some of which are usually the set of operation.A very great variety of club-foot cases are operated on here during the year.In a case last week, Mr. Lonsdale pointed out the posterior tibial tendon riding over the bone, instead of being situated behind in its normal position, and the anterior tibial also quite displaced; while, in other cases of congenital and uncongenital talipes, the utmost variety exists.There is a certain tactus eruditus necessary, in fact, in discovering the precise amount of tenotomy necessary in each case, which is not anywhere so observable as in the practice of the Orthopaedic Hospital.If practice make tenotomy perfect, as it is supposed to do in other things, the young practitioner will see very grati- fying results at this institution.A word of cautionl may be