tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Peginterferon Alfa-2b or Alfa-2a with Ribavirin for Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection
Authors: John G. McHutchison, Eric J. Lawitz, Mitchell L. Shiffman, Andrew J. Muir, Greg W. Galler, Jonathan McCone, Lisa M. Nyberg, William M. Lee, Reem H. Ghalib, Eugene R. Schiff, Joseph S. Galati, Bruce R. Bacon, Mitchell N. Davis, Pabak Mukhopadhyay, Kenneth Koury, Stephanie Noviello, Lisa D. Pedicone, Clifford A. Brass, Janice K. Albrecht, Mark S. Sulkowski
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Treatment guidelines recommend the use of peginterferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2a in combination with ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, these regimens have not been adequately compared.At 118 sites, patients who had HCV genotype 1 infection and who had not previously been treated were randomly assigned to undergo 48 weeks of treatment with one of three regimens: peginterferon alfa-2b at a standard dose of 1.5 microg per kilogram of body weight per week or a low dose of 1.0 microg per kilogram per week, plus ribavirin at a dose of 800 to 1400 mg per day, or peginterferon alfa-2a at a dose of 180 microg per week plus ribavirin at a dose of 1000 to 1200 mg per day. We compared the rate of sustained virologic response and the safety and adverse-event profiles between the peginterferon alfa-2b regimens and between the standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b regimen and the peginterferon alfa-2a regimen.Among 3070 patients, rates of sustained virologic response were similar among the regimens: 39.8% with standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, 38.0% with low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, and 40.9% with peginterferon alfa-2a (P=0.20 for standard-dose vs. low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b; P=0.57 for standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b vs. peginterferon alfa-2a). Estimated differences in response rates were 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], -2.3 to 6.0) between standard-dose and low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b and -1.1% (95% CI, -5.3 to 3.0) between standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b and peginterferon alfa-2a. Relapse rates were 23.5% (95% CI, 19.9 to 27.2) for standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, 20.0% (95% CI, 16.4 to 23.6) for low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, and 31.5% (95% CI, 27.9 to 35.2) for peginterferon alfa-2a. The safety profile was similar among the three groups; serious adverse events were observed in 8.6 to 11.7% of patients. Among the patients with undetectable HCV RNA levels at treatment weeks 4 and 12, a sustained virologic response was achieved in 86.2% and 78.7%, respectively.In patients infected with HCV genotype 1, the rates of sustained virologic response and tolerability did not differ significantly between the two available peginterferon-ribavirin regimens or between the two doses of peginterferon alfa-2b. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00081770.)
Statement by Nathan Pritikin-Reply
Authors: Therese Mondeika
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> The comments under discussion inThe Journaldid include reference to some aspects of the potential merits of the Pritikin program and did, in fact, point out that the program "may have some beneficial effect." However, it was also pointed out that claims of "spectacular reversals of serious illness" and sparing "symptom-free dieters from developing these diseases" have yet to be established scientifically, and, thus, the Pritikin hypothesis regarding diet and disease must be considered experimental. Having reviewed the book<i>The Pritikin Program for Diet and Exercise</i>, I am familiar with the author's description of the program as well as the author's claims for its effectiveness. "The Pritikin diet can spare mankind much of the scourge of degenerative 'aging pathologies.'" My discussions of the quality of proteins, particularly when the kinds and amounts of proteins permitted in the diet are limited, and other related subjects do pertain to
Two common genetic thrombotic risk factors: Factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A in adult Turkish patients with thrombosis
Authors: A. Gurgey, I.C. Haznedaroglu, T. Egesel, Y. Buyukasık, O.I. Ozcebe, N. Sayınalp, S.V. Dundar, Y. Bayraktar
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

Abstract The prevalence of genetic risk factors for thrombosis varies greatly in different parts of the world, both in patients with thrombosis and in the general population. Factor V Leiden (FVL) and prothrombin G20210A (PT G20210A) mutations are the most common genetic defects leading to thrombosis. We have previously reported that those two thrombotic risk alleles are frequently found in Turkish children with thrombosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of FVL and PT G20210A and their clinical manifestations in adult Turkish patients with thrombosis. Between January 1997 and February 2000, 146 patients with documented thrombosis were investigated in our center for the presence of the FVL and PT G20210A mutations. Forty‐five of 146 patients with thrombosis (30.8%) were detected to have FVL mutation. Among those cases with the FVL mutation, seven (4.8%) had homozygote and 38 (26%) had heterozygote mutation. The PT G20210A mutation was detected in 10 of the 146 patients with thrombosis (6.8%). Another six cases (4.1%) had both FVL and PT G20210A mutations. The overall frequency of these two common risk alleles in our adult population with thrombosis was 41.6%. Our findings reveal that FVL and PT G20210A mutations are significant genetic risk factors contributing to the pathophysiology of thrombosis in the Turkish population. Am. J. Hematol. 67:107–111, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevention of Regurgitation
Authors: W. W. Mushin
Journal: BMJ (1967)

course we meant women without abnormal personalities.We agree that the more abnormal the person- ality of the woman the less well-adjusted is she also likely to be after the termination, which is hardly surprising; but Hook's' findings (based on 249 subjects refused termination) appear to show that such women may be even less well if they have to keep the unwanted child.Hook writes: " A considerable number of years after the application, there was still a definite need for psychiatric care and further treatment of the con- flicts connected with the unwanted pregnancy."This author clearly showed that "not wanting" may not be just a " temporary state of mind" but is often an accurate forecast of a long drawn- out struggle, a conclusion similar to that reached
Low Serum Levels of High–Molecular Weight Adiponectin in Indo-Asian Women During Pregnancy
Authors: Ravi Retnakaran, Anthony J.G. Hanley, Philip W. Connelly, Graham Maguire, Mathew Sermer, Bernard Zinman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

Indo-Asian ethnicity is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is not reconciled by conventional risk factors (1,2). In a recent study (3), we found that pregnant Indo-Asian women exhibited strikingly low serum levels of adiponectin, a protein with putative insulin-sensitizing and antiatherogenic activity. Hypoadiponectinemia has since been demonstrated in both Indo-Asian male and nonpregnant female subjects (4–6). Thus, hypoadiponectinemia may be a generalized phenomenon in people of Indo-Asian descent that could contribute to their increased risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD.

It has recently emerged that adiponectin circulates in oligomeric complexes, with its high–molecular weight (HMW) isoform mediating insulin-sensitizing and vasculature-protective effects (7,8). Accordingly, Scherer and colleagues (7) have proposed the ratio of the HMW isoform to total adiponectin (SA) (expressed as a percentage) as a measure of the biological activity of adiponectin. Given the risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD in Indo-Asians, we hypothesized that hypoadiponectinemia in this ethnic group may reflect selective deficiency of the HMW isoform (i.e., low SA). Therefore, to test this hypothesis, we sought to assess the relationship between SA and ethnicity within our earlier study of pregnant women.

Study protocol and methods have been described previously (9, …
THE EFFECT OF FASTING ON THE SERUM PROTEIN CONCENTRATION OF THE RAT
Authors: Harold C. Torbert
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1935)

1. Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that there exists a special circulating fraction of plasma protein available for use by the tissues. 2. The changes in serum protein concentration after varying periods of fasting were followed in large numbers of individual rats. 3. Previous reports from this laboratory of a small initial drop in the total protein concentration of the serum, with subsequent maintenance of the serum protein at the new level are confirmed. 4. Evidence is offered that this initial fall involves chiefly or solely the albumin fraction. 5. The mechanism responsible for the observed initial drop and subsequent maintenance of the protein is not exactly known, but two definite factors are age and individual resistance. 6. It is concluded that no satisfactory evidence is available to support the hypothesis of a directly utilizable protein fraction in the blood.
CLINICAL REPORT ON SERUM DIAGNOSIS IN TYPHOID FEVER.
Authors: S. S. KNEASS
Journal: JAMA (1897)

I desire to very briefly report the results obtained from a number of examinations made for Widal's reaction in various diseases. The method I have employed is that devised by Dr. Wyatt Johnston, the use of the dried drop of blood. It is true that this method does not lend itself to an exact determination of dilution of serum employed; and in a few of the cases fresh blood with exact dilutions was used. A few drops of blood were mixed with ten times the amount of distilled water in the white corpuscle pipette of a Thoma-Zeiss hemocytometer, centrifugated, and the clear liquid thus obtained added to the bouillon culture to the required dilution. For the dry method, however, an agar culture of the bacillus, twenty-four hours old or even less, was employed and the mixture of this with the serum examined directly under the microscope, in a hanging preparation.
Improvement of Type 2 Diabetes in a Lung Cancer Patient Treated With Erlotinib
Authors: Daniel B. Costa, Mark S. Huberman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

their degree of satisfaction with the pen on a scale from 0 (worst) to 5 (best).Overall, 9% of patients rated the pen as 5, 38.4% as 4, 26.4% as 3, 11.7% as 2, 8.8% as 1, and 2.9% as 0. A significant amount (61.7%) of subjects exchanged their OptiPen Pro-1 for an insulin syringe or insulin detemir.In the U.K., the MHRA has issued an alert about possible problems with the OptiPen Pro-1.Possible damage to an internal component of the pen during assembly could mean that the dosage button fails to engage at the end of an injection.This could lead people to believe that an injection has not been successful and, therefore, subsequently duplicate the dose.The MHRA asked all National Health Service boards (confidential health advice and information service for Scotland) and pharmacists to ensure that patients using the system were aware of the potential for dose button failure (1).The leakage and dosage button problems observed with OptiPen Pro-1 raise uncertainty as to whether diabetic patients should continue to use this product.
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE STATUS AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN THE BYPASS ANGIOPLASTY REVASCULARIZATION INVESTIGATION 2 DIABETES TRIAL
Authors: J. Dawn Abbott, Manuel Lombardero, Greg Barsness, Ivan Pena-Sing, Luisa Buitron, Prem Singh, Gail Woodhead, Jean-Claude Tardif, Sherry Kelsey
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
The Enzyme of Granulocytes That Produces Superoxide and Peroxide
Authors: John A. Badwey, John T. Curnutte, Manfred L. Karnovsky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

Since 1933, it has been known that granulocytes display a substantial increase in oxygen consumption during phagocytosis.1 This oxygen uptake has been linked to several metabolic changes in phagocytizing cells2 and results in the generation of a variety of agents relevant to the killing of bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas, viruses and tumor cells (reviewed recently in references 3 and 4). For about the past 50 years, a great deal of research has focused on attempts to elucidate the enzymologic basis of this respiratory phenomenon. The quest for truth in this field has become a rather contorted history over the years, characterized . . .
STUDIES ON THE FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI
Authors: Ely Perlman, Francis Binkley, Walther F. Goebel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1945)

1. Volunteers have been immunized with the purified specific antigen of Type V Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner). The subjects developed a high titer of bacterial agglutinins and mouse-protective antibodies. The agglutinin titer fell moderately after a period of 6 months. The subjects responded fairly well to a small recall dose of the antigen. 2. Two individuals from a group of 10 injected with the specific polysaccharide obtained from Type V organisms responded with an increase in bacterial agglutinins. Mouse-protective antibodies were demonstrable in the one serum tested.
Single dose vitamin A treatment in acute shigellosis in Bangladeshi children: randomised double blind controlled trial
Authors: S. Hossain, R. Biswas, I. Kabir, S. Sarker, M. Dibley, G. Fuchs, D. Mahalanabis
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the efficacy of a single large oral dose of vitamin A in treating acute shigellosis in children in Bangladesh. <b>Design:</b> Randomised double blind controlled clinical trial. <b>Setting:</b> Dhaka Hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. <b>Subjects:</b> 83 children aged 1–7 years with bacteriologically proved shigellosis but no clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency; 42 were randomised to treatment with vitamin A and 41 formed a control group. <b>Intervention:</b> Children were given a single oral dose of 200 000 IU of vitamin A plus 25 IU vitamin E or a control preparation of 25 IU vitamin E. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Clinical cure on study day 5 and bacteriological cure. <b>Results:</b> Baseline characteristics of the subjects in the two treatment groups were similar. Significantly more children in the vitamin A group than in the control group achieved clinical cure (19/42 (45%) <i>v</i> 8/14 (20%); χ<sup>2</sup>=5.14, 1 df, P=0.02; risk ratio=0.68 (95% confidence interval: 0.50 to 0.93)). When cure was determined bacteriologically, the groups had similar rates (16/42 (38%) <i>v</i> 16/41 (39%); χ<sup>2</sup>=0.02, 1 df, P=0.89; risk ratio=0.98 (0.70 to 1.39)). <b>Conclusions:</b> Vitamin A reduces the severity of acute shigellosis in children living in areas where vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem. <h3>Key messages</h3> A single oral dose of 200 000 IU vitamin A acts as an adjunct in the treatment of acute shigellosis among the children in geographical areas where vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem Vitamin A supplementation hastens clinical cure in acute shigellosis Vitamin A supplementation during acute shigellosis has no effect on bacteriological clearance Vitamin A may reduce the severity of acute shigellosis by promoting repair of the colonic mucosa and stimulating the immune system
Book: Difficult Asthma
Authors: T. Usherwood
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Eds Stephen T Holgate, Homer Boushey, Romain Pauwels Martin Dunitz, £65, pp 304 ISBN 1 85317 556 0 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img>![Graphic][4]</img> “Difficult asthma” means very different things to different people. As Abisheganaden and Boushey point out in the first chapter, asthma is by definition “difficult” if you happen to suffer from it. The remainder of this multiauthor text focuses on another perspective—that of the clinician-scientist—and on asthma that is difficult for that person to manage. This is a good time for such a book. Research over … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
Dermatologic Immunology and Allergy
Authors: Larry Millikan
Journal: JAMA (1985)

In just a few short years, texts on immunodermatology have grown from the small (such as Mark Dahl's 1981<i>Clinical Immunodermatology</i>, spanning 261 pages) to this recent offering, edited by Julius Stone, of almost 1,000 pages. Dr Stone has done a superb job in assembling and editing the book. He has thoughtfully chosen a leader in the area of expertise of nearly every section. An additional pleasant finding is that most chapters are remarkably up-to-date with references through 1984. This is no small accomplishment and is extremely important because of the rapid changes in the field of immunodermatology. I predict that this book will find a place on the bookshelves of most dermatologists and allergists and, additionally, other physicians who have a high level of interest in the evolution of immunology. It was indeed Dr Stone's original premise that this should be the book to bridge the gap between the
Clinicopathologic Signature of TNBC Patients with Good Prognosis.
Authors: K. Kim, E. Lee, J. Lee, J. Bae, . Korea Breast Cancer Society
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Objectives We analyzed the molecular breast cancer subtypes using Korean Breast Cancer Society Registration Program data during 1993-2006 to compare the clinical feature and prognosis for "triple-negative" breast cancer with other types of breast cancer.We also compared patients expired from breast cancer within 3 years of diagnosis with the others in triple-negative breast cancer patients to find clinicopathologic variables influencing prognosis.Patients and methods We studied a cohort of 38,356 breast cancer patients, with assessable data for ER, PR, and Her-2/neu status. Patients were divided in four groups: luminal A (ER+ and/or PR+, HER2-), luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+ HER2+), triple-negative (ER-, PR-, HER2-), and Her-2/neu (ER-,PR-, HER2+). The median follow-up time was 75.6 months. Age, nodal status, tumor size, histological grade, p53 mutation status, and breast cancer-specific survival were evaluated.Results The luminal A(15,605patints, 40.7%) subtype was the largest in our study sample compared with luminal B(3,646patients, 9.5%), triple-negative(6,438 patients,16.8%), and Her-2/neu(4,035patients, 10.5%) subtype.Compared with breast cancer-specific survival of the luminal A subtype and luminal B, the triple-negative(OR=2.38) subtype and Her-2/neu(OR=2.65) subtype had shorter overall survival. Triple-negative subtype was correlated with more advanced stage(P &amp;lt; 0.0001), higher histological grade(P &amp;lt; 0.0001), and more frequent p53 overexpression(P &amp;lt; 0.0001).Those with triple-negative breast cancer had an increased likelihood of mortality within 5 years of diagnosis(P &amp;lt; 0.0001). But, thereafter, the risk of death declined rapidly. In luminal A and luminal B group, the risk of death was constant over 7 years of follow-up. Overall, the triple-negative group had a “good” long-term prognosis.There were annual improvement in 3 year survival rates for other hormone-positive breast cancer patients from 1998 to 2004(mean rate=0.67%/year). But, triple-negative breast cancer group had no survival improvement in the same period.2831 triple-negative breast cancer patients had assessable follow up data over 3 years. 283 patients(10.0%) expired from breast cancer within 3 years of diagnosis. Tumor size, nodal status, histological grade were correlated with breast cancer specific mortality, in univariate analysis with triple-negative breast cancer patients. Histological grade was the only factor to have correlation with breast cancer specific mortality in multivariate analysis.Conclusion Triple-negative breast cancer has more aggressive clinical course than other forms of breast cancer. It is necessary to develop new prognostic marker and effective therapeutic strategy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4065.
An evaluation of the left atrial/aortic root ratio in children with ventricular septal defect.
Authors: L A Lester, D Vitullo, P Sodt, N Hutcheon, R Arcilla
Journal: Circulation (1979)

Echocardiograms were performed in 80 infants and children with isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) who underwent cardiac catheterization. The pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) was correlated with the echocardiographic left atrial-to-aortic root diameter ratio (LA/Ao), and a relatively poor correlation (r = 0.62) was found. The end-systolic diameters of the left atrium and aorta at the level of the aortic root, obtained from lateral cineangiograms of 55 of the 80 patients, were compared with the corresponding echocardiographic dimensions. To assess the possible effect of transducer beam angulation upon the echocardiographic determinations, the angiographic measurements were made at 0 degrees position (perpendicular to the frontal plane) and at angles of 5 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees and 20 degrees from zero, using the aortic root center as the point of intersection. The echocardiographic and angiographic aortic root measurements were comparable (r = 0.95), and the angiographically derived aortic diameter did not vary with different angle projections. However, the left atrial angiographic dimensions were significantly influenced by the angle of projection. We conclude that the echocardiographic LA/Ao ratio cannot reliably estimate the severity of the shunt flow in VSD.
Mega-Randomized Clinical Trials for Blockbuster Drugs
Authors: David C. Landy, Eric M. Hecht
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The frequency distribution of gene family sizes in complete genomes
Authors: M. A. Huynen, E. van Nimwegen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

We compare the frequency distribution of gene family sizes in the complete genomes of six bacteria (Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803), two Archaea (Methanococcus jannaschii and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum), one eukaryote (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the vaccinia virus, and the bacteriophage T4. The sizes of the gene families versus their frequencies show power-law distributions that tend to become flatter (have a larger exponent) as the number of genes in the genome increases. Power-law distributions generally occur as the limit distribution of a multiplicative stochastic process with a boundary constraint. We discuss various models that can account for a multiplicative process determining the sizes of gene families in the genome. In particular, we argue that, in order to explain the observed distributions, gene families have to behave in a coherent fashion within the genome; i.e., the probabilities of duplications of genes within a gene family are not independent of each other. Likewise, the probabilities of deletions of genes within a gene family are not independent of each other.