tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Appointment System in General Practice
Authors: A. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1966)

<h3>Summary</h3> Sleep, a universal behavior, is critical for diverse aspects of brain function. Chronic sleep disturbance is associated with numerous health consequences, including neurodegenerative disease and cognitive decline. Neurite damage due to apoptosis, trauma, or genetic factors is a common feature of aging, and clearance of damaged neurons is essential for maintenance of brain function. In the central nervous system, damaged neurites are cleared by Wallerian degeneration, in which activated microglia and macrophages engulf damaged neurons. The fruit fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> provides a powerful model for investigating the relationship between sleep and Wallerian degeneration. Several lines of evidence suggest that glia influence sleep duration, sleep-mediated neuronal homeostasis, and clearance of toxic substances during sleep, raising the possibility that glial engulfment of damaged axons is regulated by sleep. To explore this possibility, we axotomized olfactory receptor neurons and measured the effects of sleep loss or gain on the clearance of damaged neurites. Mechanical sleep deprivation impaired the clearance of damaged neurites, whereas the sleep-promoting drug gaboxadol accelerated clearance. In sleep-deprived animals, multiple markers of glial activation were delayed, including activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, upregulation of the cell corpse engulfment receptor Draper, and innervation of the antennal lobe by glial membranes. These markers were all enhanced when sleep was induced in gaboxadol-treated flies. Taken together, these findings reveal a critical role for sleep in regulation glial activation and engulfment following axotomy, providing a platform for further investigations of the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent modulation of glial function and neurite clearance. <h3>Highlights</h3> Sleep deprivation impairs Wallerian degeneration in fruit flies. Pharmacological induction of sleep accelerates Wallerian degeneration. Sleep promotes innervation surrounding damaged neurites by phagocytic glia. Sleep increases levels of the glial activation markers Draper and Stat92E.
Estrogen suppresses activation but enhances formation phase of osteogenic response to mechanical stimulation in rat bone.
Authors: C J Jagger, J W Chow, T J Chambers
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

We used a model whereby mechanical stimulation induces bone formation in rat caudal vertebrae, to test the effect of estrogen on this osteogenic response. Unexpectedly, estrogen administered daily throughout the experiments (8-11 d) suppressed, and ovariectomy enhanced, mechanically induced osteogenesis. Osteogenesis was unaffected by the resorption-inhibitor pamidronate, suggesting that the suppression of bone formation caused by estrogen was not due to suppression of resorption. We found that estrogen did not significantly reduce the proportion of osteocytes that were induced by mechanical stimulation to express c-fos and IGF-I mRNA; and estrogen suppressed mechanically induced osteogenesis whether administration was started 24 h before or 24 h after loading. This suggests that estrogen acts primarily not on the strain-sensing mechanism itself, but on the osteogenic response to signals generated by strain-sensitive cells. We also found that when estrogen administration was started 3 d after mechanical stimulation, by which time osteogenesis is established, estrogen augmented the osteogenic response. This data is consistent with in vitro evidence for estrogen responsiveness in two phenotypically distinct bone cell types: stromal cells, whose functional activities are suppressed, and osteoblasts, which are stimulated, by estrogen.
Food and hypersensitivity in functional dyspepsia
Authors: N W Read
Journal: Gut (2002)

It has long been known that stress affects both the stomach and colon, as shown by the very high prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with psychiatric illness. The source may be limbic or peripheral, involving encoded memories or physiological changes. It is important to realise that physical symptoms such as those of functional dyspepsia do not only mean that the patient has a stomach disorder which needs to be identified and treated with specific pharmacological remedies, they often represent, in metaphorical and symbolic form, a state of disharmony brought about a specific psychosocial situation. It is only when that situation is understood and acknowledged that the patient can begin to get better.
Prostaglandin E2 inhibits renal collecting duct Na+ absorption by activating the EP1 receptor.
Authors: Y Guan, Y Zhang, R M Breyer, B Fowler, L Davis, R L Hébert, M D Breyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

PGE2 exerts potent diuretic and natriuretic effects on the kidney. This action is mediated in part by direct inhibition of collecting duct Na+ absorption via a Ca++-coupled mechanism. These studies examine the role the Ca++-coupled PGE-E EP1 receptor plays in mediating these effects of PGE2 on Na+ transport. Rabbit EP1 receptor cDNA was amplified from rabbit kidney RNA. Nuclease protection assays demonstrated highest expression of EP1 mRNA in kidney, followed by stomach, adrenal, and ileum. In situ hybridization, demonstrated renal expression of EP1 mRNA was exclusively over the collecting duct. In fura-2-loaded microperfused rabbit cortical collecting duct, EP1 active PGE analogs were 10-1, 000-fold more potent in raising intracellular Ca++ than EP2, EP3, or EP4-selective compounds. Two different EP1 antagonists, AH6809 and SC19220, completely blocked the PGE2-stimulated intracellular calcium increase. AH6809 also completely blocked the inhibitory effect of PGE2 on Na+ absorption in microperfused rabbit cortical collecting ducts. These studies suggest that EP1 receptor activation mediates PGE2-dependent inhibition of Na+ absorption in the collecting duct, thereby contributing to its natriuretic effects.
Records of Graduates of Flint Medical College.
Authors: A. D. Bush
Journal: JAMA (1906)

New Orleans, Aug. 27, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —At the May meeting of the Louisiana State Board seven of the eight 1906 graduates of Flint Medical College presented themselves for examination, and only one failed to pass. This gives a 14 2/7 per cent, of failures and should place us in Table J of your statistics instead of Table K. In justice to our school and its present administration, may I ask you to publish this statement? [Editor's Note.—Tables J and K, to which Dr. Bush refers, appear in the annual Educational Number ofThe Journal, August 25, and are a part of the detailed summaries of the results of the state board examinations in all states for the year 1905. This May examination, at which he says a better record was made, is, of course, a portion of the record for 1906, and this will be included in
Do implicit evaluations reflect unconscious attitudes?
Authors: Adam Hahn, Bertram Gawronski
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

We extend Newell & Shanks' (N&S's) arguments to the question of whether implicit evaluations reflect unconscious attitudes. We argue that correspondence to explicit evaluations fails to meet the criteria of relevance and sensitivity. When awareness is measured adequately and in line with N&S's criteria, there is compelling evidence that people are consciously aware of their implicit evaluations.
Optimizing approaches to head and neck cancer: strengths and weaknesses in multidisciplinary treatments of locally advanced disease
Authors: J. Giralt, S. Benavente, M. Arguis
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2008)

Head and neck cancer (HN nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; oropharynx; oral cavity; larynx; hypopharynx; salivary glands; and thyroid glands. Most of these sites have several subsites. Their anatomic situation means that treatment can affect vital functions, such as speech or swallowing, that may considerately reduce a patient’s quality of life. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent histological type; other tumours are classified as carcinomas (undifferentiated, anaplastic epithelial), adenocarcinomas (adenoid cystic, mucoepidermoid, salivary duct), estesioneuroblastoma or lymphomas. Such anatomic and pathological variability affects diagnosis, tumour biology, prognosis and treatment [3]. Given this complexity, it is not surprising that clinical management is also complicated and requires a concerted effort among multiple specialties.
Long-Term Follow-Up After Treatment of Common Bile Duct Stones by Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy
Authors: C. Meyenberger, U. Meierhofer, C. Michel-Harder, J. Knuchel, H. P. Wirth, H. Bühler, R. Münch, J. Altorfer
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)

Background and Study Aims: The efficacy of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of difficult bile duct stones that were not amenable to routine endoscopic extraction was assessed, with evaluation of the long-term follow-up after successful treatment.
Deaths from heroin overdose are preventable
Authors: K. Abbasi
Journal: BMJ (1998)

A thousand deaths from heroin overdose each year could be prevented in Britain if emergency resuscitation drugs were supplied to addicts and their close contacts, according to a report presented to the Royal College of Psychiatrists' winter meeting last week.

Professor John Strang, director of the National Addiction Centre at the Maudsley Hospital in London, suggested that premature …
One-Dose Technetium-99m Pertechnetate Imaging in Acute Testicular Torsion Followed by Manual Detorsion
Authors: FERNANDO L. DIAZ-BALL, ALBERT J. MORENO, MORAKINYO A. OYEWOLE TONEY, A. RODRIGUEZ, GOTTLIEB L. TURNBULL
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

The role of technetium-99m pertechnetate imaging in acute testicular torsion is well appreciated. Manual testicular detorsion under local anesthesia may be performed in the nuclear medicine clinic by the urology service immediately following initial diagnostic scintigraphy. Following manual testicular detorsion, continued images of the testes are obtained up to 30 minutes without having to reinject the patient with technetium-99m pertechnetate. Reperfusion of the affected testicle will be dramatically noted if the manual detorsion is successful. Four cases are presented to illustrate this.
Prof. Wall's Three Phases of Pain
Authors: Rudolph H. de Jong
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

The "gate theory" of pain, proposed in 1965 by Melzack and Wall,1 envisioned a system of progressive presynaptic modulation of nociceptive impulses that started the moment posterior rootlets delivered their electrical information to sensory neurons in the dorsal horn. The resultant appreciation of the role of the spinal cord in pain mechanisms has boosted development of new therapeutic approaches such as dorsal column stimulation.Prof. Wall now has contributed another landmark to the better understanding of pain. In the Bonica Lecture,2 he delineates three sequential stages of pain — immediate, acute, and chronic — each, rather unexpectedly, linked less to . . .
The Radiologic Manifestations of Blunt Chest Trauma
Authors: Jerome F. Wiot
Journal: JAMA (1975)

APPROXIMATELY one half of the deaths from auto accidents result either directly or indirectly from thoracic injury.<sup>1</sup>Serious injury to the thoracic contents may exist with absent or mild symptoms, and therefore, a careful radiologic investigation of the thorax is important in all patients with known chest trauma or those involved in serious accidents, whether or not they have chest symptoms. Thoracic injuries range from such relatively unimportant problems as simple rib fracture to great-vessel laceration, which, if not recognized and treated promptly, will almost certainly result in the death of the patient. Fortunately, the roentgenogram will demonstrate most of the significant injuries. In this presentation, discussion of injuries to the heart and great vessels will be omitted. <h3>Thoracic Cage</h3> Injury to the thoracic cage is similar to that of the skull in that the state of the bony framework tells little about damage to the underlying viscera. Fractures
Management budgets in the NHS
Authors: M. King
Journal: BMJ (1985)

At the University of Alberta9s multiple sclerosis research clinic 100 patients with multiple sclerosis were matched to control patients for age, sex, race and zone of residence before the age of 15 years. Case and control subjects were interviewed and information was collected by questionnaire on factors that might play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis. The only factors found to be significantly associated with the development of this disorder were a history of leisure time spent in physical activities before the onset of symptoms, exposure to animal illness -- specifically canine distemper -- and a history of severe or prolonged emotional stress. The study also confirmed a familial predisposition to multiple sclerosis and suggested a relation between the disorder and a personal or family history of diabetes mellitus.
Relationship between IgG1 levels and airway responses in guinea pigs actively and passively sensitized to hexahydrophthalic anhydride
Authors: X.‐D. Zhang, J. Lötvalt, H. Arakawa, H. Welinder, S. Skerfving
Journal: Allergy (1998)

Organic acid anhydrides (OAAs) are industrial chemicals that may cause induction of specific IgE and airway symptoms in exposed workers. They are a good model for studies of relationships between chemical structure and the sensitizing potential of reactive low‐molecular‐weight compounds. Hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA) is such a compound. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between specific IgG1 levels and airway responses in a model to predict the sensitizing potential of OAAs. Guinea pigs were either actively or passively sensitized to HHPA. For active sensitization, guinea pigs were injected i.d. with 0.1 ml of olive oil (vehicle) or 0.05, 0.5, or 5% HHPA in olive oil. Passive sensitization was performed by i.p. injection of different volumes of antisera (0.75–6 ml, either unheated to keep IgE or heated to destroy IgE) taken form HHPA‐sensitized guinea pigs. Specific antibody levels were evaluated with ELISA and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Animals were challenged 16–18 days after active sensitization, or 2 days after passive sensitization, by interatracheal instillation with HHPA conjungated to guinea pig serum albumin (HHPA‐GPSA; 0.05% in saline), and the immediate effects on lung resistance ( R 1 ), and plasma extravasation, measured as Evans blue dye extravasation, for up to 6 min were recorded. Active sensitization caused production of specific IgG1. Provocation with HHPA‐GPSA caused an increase of both ( R 1 ), and Evans blue dye extravasation, which was dependent upon the active sensitization dose. Challenge with HHPA‐GPSA in passively sensitized guinea pigs also produced an increase in both ( R 1 ), and Evans blue dy extravasation which was related to IgG1 level. In the guinea pig model of HHPA‐induced airway allergy, the airway responses are closely related to the serum levels of specific IgG1. Thus, the IgG1 levels induced by the immunization may reflect the sensitizing potential of HHPA.
Les origines de la transfusion sanguine
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1976)

For the early history of blood transfusions, many of the early steps are fairly well known but much has been rather obscure. The first intravenous injections into animals were carried out in 1657 by Christopher Wren. Then there followed successive experiments, transfusing blood from animal to animal, then from animal to man, and finally from man to man. At first the successes were startling, but then fatalities resulted, with great conflicts between the transfusers and the antitransfusers.  Peumery has delved into much of the little-known literature and presents an interesting picture of the turmoil at the end of the 17th century. He pays particular attention to a rather unsavory case of one Antoine Mauroy, that especially well illustrates the professional and social mores. Transfusion was finally forbidden in 1670 and remained under a cloud. Peumery deals only briefly with the later history of transfusion, and the monograph is essentially a
Comparison of Serum Digoxin Level Measurement with Acetyl Strophanthidin Tolerance Testing
Authors: MICHAEL D. KLEIN, BERNARD LOWN, ISAAC BARR, FRANS HAGEMEIJER, HENRY GARRISON, PAUL AXELROD
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Serum digoxin levels (SDL) were compared with tolerance for the rapidly acting cardiac aglycone, acetyl strophanthidin (AS). AS titration tests were performed on 133 patients with diverse cardiac disorders. All were receiving maintenance digoxin. Both exquisite AS sensitivity and tolerance for a 1.0 mg AS were associated with a wide range of SDL values. Concordance and discordance between the two methods in assessing degree of digitalization were evaluated by considering SDL of 1.4 ng/ml to be the mean value for patients without glycoside-induced cardiac arrhythmia. An SDL of &lt; 1.5 ng/ml with tolerance for 1.0 mg AS and an SDL of &gt; 1.4 ng/ml with sensitivity to 1.0 mg AS or less constituted concordant responses. An SDL of &lt; 1.5 ng/ml with intolerance for 1.0 mg or less AS and an SDL of &gt; 1.4 ng/ml with tolerance for 1.0 mg AS comprised discordant responses. In 60 of 144 (42%) AS titrations discordant results were observed. Severe pulmonic, coronary, and aortic valvular heart disease, as well as old age, contributed to unusual AS sensitivity. Titration with AS clarified pharmacologic quantification of SDL by providing insight into optimum therapeutic glycoside dose.
Evaluation of Soluble E-Cadherin as a Predictive Marker for Response to Preoperative Systemic Chemotherapy in Early Breast Cancer
Authors: C. Suppan, G. Steger, M. Balic, N. Dandachi, A. Lang, B. Mlineritsch, C. Fesl, H. Samonigg, M. Gnant, T. Bauernhofer
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Selected Topics on the Eye in Systemic Disease
Authors: Herbert E. Kaufman
Journal: JAMA (1975)

This well-illustrated book represents a modification and expansion of a series of lectures given at the Wilmer Eye Institute, with nearly all the contributors coming from the faculty of the Johns Hopkins Medical School. It makes no pretense at covering the total spectrum of systemic ocular disease, but portrays well those areas selected. Most of the book shows the same general format: a chapter by nonophthalmologists briefly summarizes systemic disease that can involve the eye, and discusses the various systemic manifestations of the disease; then follows a chapter by one of the Wilmer ophthalmologists on the ocular manifestations of that disease or group of diseases. The many different authors have many styles, and on some occasions the "systemic" and "ocular" chapters are somewhat redundant. However, the writing, on the whole, is excellent. The first chapters involve retinal vascular disease beginning with the respiratory distress syndrome in children and its most
Abstract 1060: Regulation of Protease Activated Receptor-1 signaling by G-protein coupled receptor kinase 3
Authors: Liam M Casey, Jason Greenman, Frederick Aguilar, Olga Dunaevsky, Burns C Blaxall
Journal: Circulation (2007)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in normal heart function and dysregulated GPCR signaling contributes to heart failure (HF). Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are one class of GPCR expressed in the heart. Emerging evidence demonstrates that excessive PAR-1 signaling induces cardiac dysfunction. An important component of PAR signaling is ERK1/2, which is phosphorylated in response to PAR stimulation and can influence myocyte hypertrophy and survival. Cytoplasmic pERK1/2 accumulation depends in part on scaffolding complexes that assemble with internalized GPCRs. Activation of an internalization-defective PAR mutant leads to enhanced nuclear pERK1/2 accumulation upon stimulation. The nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution of pERK1/2 may be a key factor in determining the cellular effects of PAR stimulation as elevated nuclear pERK in cardiomyocytes is suggested to promote survival and physiological hypertrophy. Phosphorylation of PARs by G-protein coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) is thought to promote receptor internalization, potentially influencing overall pERK1/2 accumulation and subcellular distribution. We have used a dominant negative form of GRK3 lacking the kinase domain (GRK3ct) to test the hypothesis that GRK3 influences PAR1 internalization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. By measuring cell surface receptor levels we demonstrate that GRK3ct interferes with PAR1 internalization. Immunofluorescent staining and cellular fractionation techniques further show that GRK3ct enhances nuclear accumulation of pERK1/2 in COS-7 cells and adult mouse cardiomyocytes. Furthermore we find that GRK3ct overexpression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes increases PAR1-activation induced physiologic hypertrophy. In summary these results may explain recent unpublished reports that mice overexpressing GRK3ct in the heart are protected against ischemic injury, a heart failure model that involves pathologic PAR signaling. Thus we conclude that following ischemic injury, reducing PAR1 internalization via interfering with endogenous GRK3 activity or promoting nuclear pERK accumulation might improve cardiac recovery.
The effect of surface charge on in vivo biodistribution of PEG-oligocholic acid based micellar nanoparticles
Authors: Kai Xiao, Yuanpei Li, Juntao Luo, Joyce S. Lee, Wenwu Xiao, Abby M. Gonik, Rinki G. Agarwal, Kit S. Lam
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Volleyball injuries: a survey of injuries of Scottish National League male players.
Authors: J Watkins, B N Green
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1992)

Injuries sustained in male volleyball players in the first division of the Scottish National League during the 1989-1990 season were investigated by means of a questionnaire survey. Forty-six injuries were reported, representing an incidence of 0.53 injuries per player. Damage to muscles, tendons and ligaments accounted for most of the injuries. The cause of most injuries was blocking or spiking. In 74% of cases the injured players were able to resume training and playing within 2 weeks of the injury. In 10% of cases the injured players were unable to train or play for 7-14 weeks.
Na+ Regulation in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum Involves the Cation ATPase PfATP4 and Is a Target of the Spiroindolone Antimalarials
Authors: Natalie J. Spillman, Richard J.W. Allen, Case W. McNamara, Bryan K.S. Yeung, Elizabeth A. Winzeler, Thierry T. Diagana, Kiaran Kirk
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum establishes in the host erythrocyte plasma membrane new permeability pathways that mediate nutrient uptake into the infected cell. These pathways simultaneously allow Na(+) influx, causing [Na(+)] in the infected erythrocyte cytosol to increase to high levels. The intraerythrocytic parasite itself maintains a low cytosolic [Na(+)] via unknown mechanisms. Here we present evidence that the intraerythrocytic parasite actively extrudes Na(+) against an inward gradient via PfATP4, a parasite plasma membrane protein with sequence similarities to Na(+)-ATPases of lower eukaryotes. Mutations in PfATP4 confer resistance to a potent class of antimalarials, the spiroindolones. Consistent with this, the spiroindolones cause a profound disruption in parasite Na(+) homeostasis, which is attenuated in parasites bearing resistance-conferring mutations in PfATP4. The mutant parasites also show some impairment of Na(+) regulation. Taken together, our results are consistent with PfATP4 being a Na(+) efflux ATPase and a target of the spiroindolones.