tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Using Biomarkers to Inform Cumulative Risk Assessment
Authors: P. Barry Ryan, Thomas A. Burke, Elaine A. Cohen Hubal, Jerome J. Cura, Thomas E. McKone
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Biomarkers are considered the method of choice for determining exposure to environmental contaminants and relating such exposures to health outcomes. However, the association between many biomarkers and outcome is not direct because of variability in sensitivity and susceptibility in the individual.We explore the relationship between environmental exposures and health outcomes as mitigated by differential susceptibility in individuals or populations and address the question "Can biomarkers enable us to understand and quantify better the population burden of disease and health effects attributable to environmental exposures?"We use a case-study approach to develop the thesis that biomarkers offer a pathway to disaggregation of health effects into specific, if multiple, risk factors. We offer the point of view that a series or array of biomarkers, including biomarkers of exposure, biomarkers of susceptibility, and biomarkers of effect, used in concert offer the best means by which to effect this disaggregation. We commence our discussion by developing the characteristics of an ideal biomarker, then give some examples of commonly used biomarkers to show the strengths and weaknesses of current usage. We follow this by more detailed case-study assessment outlining the state-of-the-science in specific cases. We complete our work with recommendations regarding the future use of biomarkers and areas for continued development.The case studies provide examples of when and how biomarkers can be used to infer the source and magnitude of exposure among a set of competing sources and pathways. The answer to this question is chemical specific and relates to how well the biomarker matches the characteristics of an "ideal" biomarker-in particular ease of collection and persistence. The use of biomarkers in combination provides a better opportunity to disaggregate both source and pathway contributions.
Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry's code of practice needs to be clarified
Authors: Heather J Simmonds
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—The article by Eaton does not entirely reflect the requirements of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry's code of practice for the pharmaceutical industry (http://www.abpi.org.uk/links/assoc/pmcpa.asp).1 It is based on an editorial in the review of the code of practice from May, which reminded representatives that agreeing to give money in exchange for …
Reorganizing the Delivery of Intensive Care May Improve Patient Outcomes
Authors: Adrienne G. Randolph
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Acute silica toxicity: attenuation by amiodarone-induced pulmonary phospholipidosis.
Authors: J M Antonini, C M McCloud, M J Reasor
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Exposure to the toxic mineral dust silica has been shown to produce an acute inflammatory response in the lungs of both humans and laboratory animals. Coating silica with phospholipids reduces its toxicity when studied with in vitro systems. The drug amiodarone increases phospholipid within the cells, airways, and alveoli of the lungs. This increase in phospholipid is due to amiodarone's ability to inhibit phospholipase activity within alveolar macrophages (AMs) and whole lung. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the amiodarone-induced increase in pulmonary phospholipid would protect the lungs from acute damage caused by the intratracheal instillation of silica. Treatment of male Fischer 344 rats with amiodarone for 14 days caused an increase in phospholipid content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and AMs compared to vehicle-treated controls. The rats were then instilled with silica or saline vehicle. At both 1 and 14 days after silica exposure, pulmonary phospholipidosis was associated with a marked reduction in acute silica-induced pulmonary damage as assessed by biochemical parameters in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, however, the influx of neutrophils into the airspaces was not reduced. Four times more phospholipid was bound to the silica recovered from amiodarone-treated rats compared to controls. The results of these in vivo experiments indicate that pulmonary phospholipidosis attenuates the acute damage associated with the intratracheal instillation of silica in rats. By using an in vitro cell culture system, we demonstrated that, in contrast to control AMs, phospholipidotic AMs were significantly more resistant to the cytotoxicity of surfactant-coated silica.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Hideyo Noguchi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1919)

The majority of guinea pigs inoculated with the blood of yellow fever patients escaped a fatal infection. There were a number of instances in which the inoculation of yellow fever blood induced in these animals a temporary febrile reaction on the 4th or 5th day, followed in some cases by slight jaundice, but with a rapid return to normal. Most of these guinea pigs when later inoculated with an organ emulsion of a passage strain of Leptospira icteroides resisted the infection. On the other hand, the animals which had previously been inoculated with the blood of malaria patients or normal guinea pigs died of the typical experimental infection after being inoculated with the infectious organ emulsion. It appears from the results just described that a number of nonfatal, mild, or abortive infections follow the inoculation of blood of yellow fever patients into guinea pigs. The fact that such animals manifested refractoriness to a subsequent attempt to infect with a highly virulent passage strain of Leptospira icteroides is an indication, judging from the reciprocal immunity reaction, that they actually passed through an infection with the same organism, or a strain closely related to it, as that which was used for the second infection experiment.
Association between Lead and Cadmium and Reproductive Hormones in Peripubertal U.S. Girls
Authors: Audra L. Gollenberg, Mary L. Hediger, Peter A. Lee, John H. Himes, Germaine M. Buck Louis
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are known reproductive toxicants thought to disrupt hormone production throughout sensitive developmental windows, although this has not been previously examined in nationally representative peripubertal children.We examined the association between blood Pb and urinary Cd concentrations and the reproductive hormones inhibin B and luteinizing hormone (LH) in girls 6-11 years of age who participated in the cross-sectional Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1988-1994).Pb (micrograms per deciliter) was measured in whole blood, and Cd was measured in urine (nanograms per milliliter). Inhibin B (picograms per milliliter) and LH (milli-International units per milliliter) were measured in residual sera for 705 girls. Survey logistic regression was used to estimate associations with pubertal onset based on inhibin B concentration > 35 pg/mL or LH concentration > 0.4 mIU/mL, and multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between Pb and increasing categories of hormone concentrations.High Pb (≥ 5 µg/dL) was inversely associated with inhibin B > 35 pg/mL [odds ratio (OR) = 0.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.11-0.60; compared with Pb < 1 µg/dL]. At 10 and 11 years of age, girls with low Pb (< 1 µg/dL) had significantly higher inhibin B than did girls with moderate (1-4.99 µg/dL) or high Pb (≥ 5 µg/dL). In the subsample of 260 girls with levels of inhibin B above the level of detection and using survey regression modeling, inhibin B levels were lower among girls with both high Pb and high Cd (ß= -0.52; 95% CI, -0.09 to -1.04) than among girls with high Pb alone (ß= -0.35; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.57), relative to girls with low Pb and low Cd.Higher Pb was inversely associated with inhibin B, a marker of follicular development, and estimated effects suggestive of pubertal delays appeared to be stronger in the context of higher Cd concentrations. These data underscore the importance of Pb and Cd as reproductive toxicants for young girls.
The Swine-Influenza Decision
Authors: Stephen C. Schoenbaum, Barbara J. McNeil, Joel Kavet
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

We analyzed the economic aspects of mass immunization against swine-like influenza in 1976-1977, and have used the Delphi technic for estimating the likelihood and characteristics of an epidemic. If an epidemic occurs and no preventive efforts are made, total costs could exceed $6 billion for the whole population and $3 billion for those in the high-risk group. Expected net benefits from immunization vary with (1) the target population, (2) costs of vaccine administration and (3) vaccine acceptance rates. With an epidemic probability of 0.10 and with costs of purchasing and administering the vaccine each estimated at $0.50 per person in the target population, maximum net benefits cannot be obtained by an offer of vaccine to the entire population. Economic considerations do not require limitation of vaccination to high-risk groups. If the program is restricted to adults 25 years of age and over, and if acceptance rates exceed 59 per cent, the program is economically justifiable.
Glycerol-3-phosphate is a critical mobile inducer of systemic immunity in plants
Authors: Bidisha Chanda, Ye Xia, Mihir Kumar Mandal, Keshun Yu, Ken‐Taro Sekine, Qing-ming Gao, Devarshi Selote, Yanling Hu, Arnold Stromberg, Duroy Navarre, Aardra Kachroo, Pradeep Kachroo
Journal: Nature Genetics (2011)
Anemia is a new complication in Fabry disease: Data from the Fabry Outcome Survey
Authors: Julia Kleinert, François Dehout, Andreas Schwarting, Abelardo García De Lorenzo, Roberta Ricci, Christoph Kampmann, Michael Beck, Uma Ramaswami, Ales Linhart, Andreas Gal, Gunnar Houge, Urs Widmer, Atul Mehta, Gere Sunder-Plassmann
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
213 Leptin protects stellate cells, but not hepatocytes, from CD95 mediated apoptosis
Authors: A QAMAR, S SHEIKH, I INAYAT, W MEHAL
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Many different tumor cell types (breast, ovarian, glioma, liver and colon) were retrovirally transduced with the human macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) gene (either the membrane associated form [mM-CSF] or the secreted form [sM-CSF]). These cells were tested for their ability to display increased amounts of mM-CSF in response to dexamethasone. M-CSF-transfected tumor cells expressed additional mM-CSF in response to 18–72 h incubations with 3–15 μg/ml dexamethasone, while non-transfected parental cells were unaffected by this treatment. Increased mM-CSF protein expression on the M-CSF transduced cells was observed by flow cytometry and Western blotting using M-CSF specific antibodies. Northern blot analysis revealed an increase in the mM-CSF specific transcripts within the dexamethasone-treated mM-CSF transduced cells, but this was not seen within the non-transfected tumor cells that were treated with dexamethasone. ICAM-1 expression was unaffected by dexamethasone treatment, indicating that this response is mM-CSF specific. All trans-retinal and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 compounds that have been reported to induce M-CSF expression failed to increase mM-CSF. When dexamethasone-treated mM-CSF transfected clones were used as target cells for macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity assays, an increased killing with the dexamethasone-treated cells was seen. The macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity of these mM-CSF expressing tumor cells was blocked with excess recombinant M-CSF by saturating M-CSF receptors on the macrophage that is required for this form of tumor cell killing. This work suggests the possibility that dexamethasone may prove useful for vaccination purposes using mM-CSF retrovirally transfected tumor cells.
Treatment of hyperammonemia with carbamylglutamate in rats
Authors: Eugenio Grau, Vicente Felipo, María-Dolores Miñana, Santiago Grisolía
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

A protein-free diet causes a paradoxical increase of blood ammonia levels that seems to be due to decreased liver content of acetylglutamate, the physiological activator of carbamylphosphate synthetase. The purpose of this study was to assess whether oral administration to rats of carbamylglutamate, a metabolically stable activator of carbamylphosphate synthetase, could decrease the blood ammonia levels increased by the protein-free diet. We show that ingestion of moderate doses of carbamylglutamate increased about sixfold the liver content of carbamylphosphate synthetase activators and restores to normal values the blood ammonia levels. Excess ammonia is eliminated in urine as urea. These results indicate that carbamylglutamate, which is not toxic, could be useful in the treatment of hyperammonemia, especially in cirrhosis.
Pulmonary hyalinising granuloma in association with retroperitoneal fibrosis.
Authors: R G Dent, D J Godden, P G Stovin, J E Stark
Journal: Thorax (1983)

Pulmonary hyalinising granuloma is an unusual condition r.F A of unknown aetiology, which has not previously been reported in Britain.We report such a case, occurring in association with retroperitoneal fibrosis.Case report
Modulation of antibody-mediated glomerular injury in vivo by IL-1ra, soluble IL-1 receptor, and soluble TNF receptor
Authors: Ayman M. Karkar, Frederick W.K. Tam, Alexander Steinkasserer, Roland Kurrle, Klaus Langner, Bernard J. Scallon, Anthony Meager, Andrew J. Rees
Journal: Kidney International (1995)
Differential Diagnosis in Dermatopathology
Authors: Larry E. Millikan
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The newest publication by Dr Ackerman has many pluses and a few significant negatives. The biggest plus is the quality of printing, which provides excellent color rendition of representative microscopic sections. Such quality costs, as evidenced by the purchase price ($86) of this somewhat small text. Selection of material varies in its usefulness. Among the most useful topics covered are comparisons of the psoriasiform dermatoses and of microscopic aspects of the various alopecias (both scarring and nonscarring). The section on tumors (malignant and benign) is somewhat patchy and often reflects Ackerman's bias, which differs from other authors of dermatopathology texts. Some entries appear of dubious value because of the minimal likelihood of difficulty in clinical differentiation, eg, porokeratosis<i>v</i>eccrine poroma, arthropod bites<i>v</i>chronic urticaria, irritant<i>v</i>allergic contact dermatitis, and in most instances comparisons of erythema nodosum and nodular vasculitis. In many of these cases, biopsies are rare
Whither Immunization Against Viral Infections?
Authors: MAURICE R. HILLEMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Economic and social considerations with respect to the infectious diseases demand increased application of preventive measures. Vaccines provide high benefit at low cost and low risk. Past vaccines have emphasized use of live attenuated, or killed whole, or fractionated organisms. Future vaccines will involve recombinant and synthetic antigens, with emphasis on control of many different infections with single polyvalent vaccines directed against individual epitopes rather than complex antigens. Heightened interest in preventive medicine is evident among physicians, aided by the activities of the World Health Organization and governments, and individual academic and public health initiatives. An overview of the past, present, and future with respect to technological possibilities and other practical considerations for vaccines is presented.
Reviews and Notes: Cardiology: Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Geno J. Merli
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Literature of Medicine1 January 1994Reviews and Notes: Cardiology: Prevention of Venous ThromboembolismGeno J. Merli, MDGeno J. Merli, MDThomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-1-199401010-00038 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Prevention of Venous ThromboembolismSamuel Z. Goldhaber; ed. 632 pages. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993. $95.00.It has been 7 years since the National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference on the prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism convened in Bethesda, Maryland. The recommendations for prophylaxis were clear but the need for further study in this area was evident. Since then, many articles and sections in textbooks of hematology and medical consultation have been written on the prevention of thromboembolic disease.Dr. Samuel Goldhaber has used his experience in this field to compile a definitive text on the prevention of ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Geno J. Merli, MDAffiliations: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1994Volume 120, Issue 1 Page: 95 Keywords Charts Hematology and oncology Prophylaxis Pulmonary embolism Surgeons Surgery Thrombosis Venous thromboembolism ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 January 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Assessment of respiratory muscle strength in motor neurone disease: is asking enough?
Authors: P. Murphy, R. Lyall, N. Hart, M. I. Polkey
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

Motor neurone disease (MND), also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive degenerative neuromuscular disease against which the only licensed drug, Riluzole (Rilutek; Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France), is only partially effective. When respiratory muscle weakness is sufficiently severe, type-II respiratory failure occurs. Several data suggest that noninvasive ventilation (NIV) improves quality of life and, at least in nonbulbar patients, extends life 1–3. The timing of initiation of NIV requires considerable clinical skill. As the therapy involves hospital attendance, whether or not the patient is admitted 4, it erodes the limited amount of “quality time” the patient has remaining. If administered too early the burdens of the treatment ( i.e. the need to use a mask, its associated complications and increased carer dependence) may outweigh the perceived benefits, in that symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may initially be mild. Evidence from Duchene muscular dystrophy suggests that if used too early, negative initial experience may deter patients from using the therapy when they are more symptomatic and/or in ventilatory failure 5. However, if administered too late the patient may experience unplanned deterioration, which carries the risk of either intubation or poorly managed end-of-life care 6. The most appropriate method of screening for respiratory failure in these patients with a high pre-test probability remains unclear. The ideal test would be noninvasive, simple to perform and simple to interpret allowing …
Assessment of tumor burden and treatment response by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose injection and positron emission tomography in patients with cutaneous T- and B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Michael Shapiro, Mijin Yun, Jacqueline M. Junkins-Hopkins, Carmela C. Vittorio, Norman Schulman, Bruce H. Saidman, Richard G. Fried, Alain H. Rook, Abass Alavi
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2002)
Proceedings of the 237th Meeting of the Netherlands Society for Dermatology and Venereology, Utrecht, 31 May 1986
Authors: P.A.J.J.M. COCK, W.A. VLOTEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Journal Article Proceedings of the 237th Meeting of the Netherlands Society for Dermatology and Venereology, Utrecht, 31 May 1986 Get access P.A.J.J.M. DE COCK, P.A.J.J.M. DE COCK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W.A. VAN VLOTEN W.A. VAN VLOTEN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 116, Issue 4, 1 April 1987, Pages 591–603, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb05885.x Published: 01 April 1987
Medical Education, Accreditation and the Nation's Health: Reflections of an Atypical Dean
Authors: Neil S. Cherniack
Journal: JAMA (1992)

This volume is a highly personal view of the impact of medical education, the current methods of accrediting medical schools, and health care in the United States. The author, Dr Andrew D. Hunt, first dean of the medical school at Michigan State University, has a lifetime of experience in academic medicine. Dr Hunt describes the attempts at Michigan State to develop an innovative, community-oriented medical school curriculum and the difficulties encountered there with accrediting agencies. He recounts his experience in semi-retirement as a part-time member of the medical school administration at Mercer University, where a curriculum similar to that of Michigan State was attempted and met with the same sort of accrediting issues. Finally, he presents the problems of national health care against the background of his own experiences as a patient in a community hospital. The book's message is that medical schools and academic medicine can do much more
Acute Eosinophilic Hepatitis from Trovafloxacin
Authors: Henry J.L. Chen, Kurt J. Bloch, James A. Maclean
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

To the Editor: According to the Food and Drug Administration, trovafloxacin, a broad-spectrum quinolone antibiotic, has been associated with more than 100 cases of hepatic toxicity. Fourteen of the...
Management of hemochromatosis in a Jehovah's Witness
Authors: James C. Barton, Shelbra Sublett, Gary L. Boyd
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

HTLV-1-Related Lymphoma in Hong Kong ChineseTo the Editor: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an endemic infection in Southwest Japan and northern Taiwan [1] with carrier rates from 6% to 37% [2] and a 2.5% lifetime risk of adult T-cell lymphoma leukemia (ATLL).It accounts for 8-20% of all lymphomas in parts of Japan [2,3].The first case of ATLL in Hong Kong was reported in 1994 [4], and the associated HTLV-1 was virologically similar to nearby strains