tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Pattern of Response of Plasma Insulin and Glucose to Meals and Fasting During Chlorpropamide Therapy
Authors: PING-CHI CHU
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

Frequent determinations of insulin and glucose were done in a group of obese diabetics during a 48-hr test period consisting of 24 hr in which normal dietary intake was permitted followed by a 24-hr period of fasting. The subjects were then treated with 500 mg of chlorpropamide per day for 5 days, and the study was repeated. Four patients were also restudied after 5 weeks of drug treatment. Before treatment, both insulin and glucose rose after standard meals from a stable fasting level in a manner similar to that expected in normals and then fell back toward base-line values in the interval between meals. During the fasting study day both glucose and insulin tended to fall slightly. After treatment with chlorpropamide for 5 days the basic pattern of glucose and insulin levels was unchanged, although the plasma glucose was significantly lower at all time points, and insulin levels were higher than control values, both after meals and during fasting. The reduction of plasma glucose present after 5 days of treatment was maintained after 5 weeks of treatment, but insulin levels returned to control levels after the more prolonged treatment period. There was no evidence to suggest that chlorpropamide had increased insulin secretion independently of usual physiologic stimuli. Analysis of the relationships between insulin and glucose suggests that the drug may act in part by increasing the sensitivity of the beta cell to a glucose stimulus.
Left Ventricular Performance After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: MARVIN W. KRONENBERG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Global left ventricular performance (ejection fraction) and regional function were studied by rest-exercise radionuclide ventriculography in 36 patients before and after (23 ± 8.5 wk) they had coronary artery bypass surgery for stable angina pectoris. The exercise ejection fraction was less than the resting ejection fraction before surgery (n = 36, p = 0.006), but not after surgery. The degree of postoperative improvement correlated with the degree of preoperative dysfunction (r = 0.55, n = 36, p < 0.001). Improvement was most likely to occur if exercise-induced dysfunction was present preoperatively (n = 15, p = 0.001), even with old myocardial infarction. Regional dysfunction during preoperative exercise was also likely to improve postoperatively (n = 18, p = 0.001). Protocol design is important in determining the results and their interpretation. Matching postoperative exercise loads to preoperative loads and using regional analysis with two imaging projections improved judgment of the results. Regional dysfunction was commoner than global dysfunction and was less sensitive to workloads than was ejection fraction. This study shows that coronary artery bypass surgery can improve left ventricular performance on exercise if preoperative tests indicate the presence of ischemia-induced dysfunction.
Tc-99m Red Blood Cell Venography in Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Lower Limb
Authors: R LISBONA, V DERBEKYAN, J A NOVALES-DIAZ, C L RUSH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

Tc-99m red blood cell venography is a simple and sensitive technique for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb. The static high count blood pool images of the deep venous system of the leg are readily interpretable and show good correlation with contrast venography. The advantages and limitations of this technique in the clinical setting are discussed in detail in this review.
USE OF THE ROENTGEN RAY THE DIAGNOSIS OF OBSCURE ABDABDOAL CONDITIONS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: JOHN LOVETT MORSE
Journal: JAMA (1913)

I have been much impressed, during the last two years, by the assistance given by the Roentgen ray in the diagnosis of obscure abdominal conditions in infancy and childhood. It not only bids fair to settle definitely the time required for the emptying of the infant's stomach under normal conditions and the effect of the various foodstuffs and salts on this time, but also to be of the greatest value in determining the presence and nature of pathologic abdominal conditions in early life. It has in many instances, in my experience, afforded information which could not have been obtained in any other way, and has made the diagnosis easy in conditions the nature of which could only have been guessed at in the absence of this information. It makes a positive diagnosis easy in many obscure cases, and in many others reveals abnormal conditions which without it would be entirely
Study of the rat adrenal renin-angiotensin system at a cellular level.
Authors: C Y Chiou, G H Williams, I Kifor
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

To address the question as to how zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell angiotensin II (Ang II) secretion is regulated, we developed an immuno-cell blot assay to measure its secretion from single cells. We compared these results with those obtained from population studies using a superfusion system. Modulation of Ang II secretion was investigated acutely (by administrating potassium [K+] or captopril) and chronically (by feeding the animals low or high sodium diets). The area of secretory cells, halo areas, and halo intensities varied widely but were highly significantly correlated (P < 0.001) with each other. A disproportionate amount of Ang II was secreted by a small number of large cells. When K+ concentration was increased from 3.6 to 0 mM, superfused ZG cells increased their Ang II secretion 2.32 +/- 0.59-fold. Administration of captopril reduced the K(+)-stimulated Ang II secretion 1.24 +/- 0.07 fold. These findings were reflected in the cell blot assay as a change in the frequency distribution of halo area by K+ and captopril in the same direction as in the population study. In both conditions, the percentage of secretory cells did not change significantly from control. Superfused ZG cells from rats on a low sodium diet secreted 1.85 +/- 0.58-fold more Ang II than cells from sodium-loaded rats (p < 0.05, n = 6). The cell blot assay confirmed these findings with sodium restriction significantly increasing (P < 0.001) both the halo area and its frequency distribution to a larger portion of high secreting cells. However, in contrast to acute treatment with K+ or captopril, the number of secretory cells also doubled. Thus, the individual ZG cell uses two mechanisms to modify Ang II production. In response to acute stimulation and suppression, the amount of Ang II secreted per cell is modified without changing the number of secretary cells. With chronic stimulation, both the amount of Ang II secreted per cell and the number of secretary cells increase.
Textbook of Pulmonary Diseases, vols 1 &amp;amp; 2
Authors: David W. Cugell
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In an unusual letter to the editor, Brooks<sup>1</sup>is critical of the author of a book review who candidly acknowledged that he had not read the book he had reviewed! In another communication, "Read the book at least once..." is first on a list of eight "Guidelines for Writing a Book Review."<sup>2</sup>Although I heartily endorse those sentiments, the reader should understand at the outset that I have not read all of the 1800+ large, double-column pages of this encyclopedic text. All of the subspecialties of internal medicine have a selection of extensive, detailed, and all-inclusive textbooks. The pulmonary field is no exception, and, in its amalgamation with critical care medicine, now has perhaps more and larger reference-type texts than exist in other fields. Few of these books fade away. Rather, they undergo periodic revision to a varying degree and reappear with a new color, new format, more
Reading for Pleasure: Known by your bookshelves
Authors: D McCracken
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Other people's bookshelves interest me greatly, and whenever I am left alone in a room in someone else's house where there are books I cannot help looking at the titles. I am obviously not alone in this as in my own house I often find visitors perambu? lating slowly past the shelves. I expect they learn as much about me as I do about others by such activities. You know a man better when you have looked at his bookshelves, and certainly you will not be short of something to talk about.
Snoring: analysis, measurement, clinical implications and applications
Authors: F Dalmasso, R Prota
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

Snoring was described in literature even before medicine. Common definitions do not consider acoustic measurements of snoring. In this paper we discuss the main pathophysiological aspects of snoring and the snoring-sleep relationship as the generating mechanisms. Snoring can be analysed and measured by the following methods: 1) Leq-Equivalent Continuous Sound Level, which only quantifies noisiness, annoyance, and damage to the partner's and snorer's hearing; 2) Power Spectrum, with frequency values, formantic structure data and typical shape, which can help to distinguish simple snoring from heavy snoring with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS); 3) Linear Prediction Code (LPC) method, which can define the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the upper airways and which locates sites of obstruction. Simulated snoring analysis with LPC and with simultaneous fluoroscopy permits the definition of CSA and the identification of three snoring patterns: nasal, oral and oronasal. Snoring is an important sign of sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD), of the upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS), and of the OSAS. Snoring is a symptom of nasal obstruction and is associated with cardiovascular diseases and nocturnal asthma as a trigger or causative factor; however, its acoustic features in these disorders are not well-defined. Home monitoring of snoring is very useful for epidemiology and is mandatory, together with heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation (Sa,O2), to screen SRBD.
Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire
Authors: Alan T. Marty
Journal: JAMA (1989)

ABSTRACT Fascinating, well-researched, and easily read books about ancient Roman medicine are rare. The last one directed to a wide audience, written 20 years ago by John Scarborough, is out of print. Yet the subject of classical medicine's struggle to fly the nest of philosophy is still instructive today. It remains relevant to reflect that throughout medical history absurd theories have often rubbed shoulders with sensible measures.Unlike the works of Celsus and Pliny the Elder, this modern De Medicina employs the best archaeological research to augment what ancient medical writers said about doctors and diseases in the Roman Empire. For example, analyses of the actual drugs and plants found while excavating the Roman military hospitals are used to amplify our knowledge about the classical pharmacopoeias. Papyrus documents, letters, and inscribed tombstones shed light on the personal, social, and legal aspects of medicine. The remains of hospitals and healing sanctuaries demonstrate
Effect of NSAIDs on risk of Alzheimer's disease: Conclusions on NSAIDs and Alzheimer's disease were overstated
Authors: D. Price
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The green seaweed <i>Ulva</i> is an ecologically-important marine primary producer as well as a promising cash crop cultivated for multiple uses. Despite its importance, several molecular tools are still needed to better understand seaweed biology. Here, we report the development of a flexible and modular molecular cloning toolkit for the green seaweed <i>Ulva mutabilis</i> based on a Golden Gate cloning system. The toolkit presently contains 125 entry vectors, 26 destination vectors and 107 functionally validated expression vectors. We demonstrate the importance of endogenous regulatory sequences for transgene expression and characterize three endogenous promoters suitable to drive transgene expression. We describe two vector architectures to express transgenes via two expression cassettes or a bicistronic approach. The majority of selected transformants (50-80%) consistently give clear visual transgene expression. Furthermore, we made different marker lines for intracellular compartments after evaluating 13 transit peptides and 11 tagged endogenous <i>Ulva</i> genes. Our molecular toolkit enables the study of <i>Ulva</i> gain-of-function lines and paves the way for gene characterization and large-scale functional genomics studies in a green seaweed. <h3>One-sentence summary</h3> Molecular cloning tools allow to generate gain-of-function seaweed lines that will help to study seaweed biology.
Targeted Transduction Patterns in the Mouse Brain by Lentivirus Vectors Pseudotyped with VSV, Ebola, Mokola, LCMV, or MuLV Envelope Proteins
Authors: Deborah J. Watson, Gary P. Kobinger, Marco A. Passini, James M. Wilson, John H. Wolfe
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2002)

Lentiviral vectors have proven to be promising tools for transduction of central nervous system (CNS) cells in vivo and in vitro. In this study, CNS transduction patterns of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from Ebola virus, murine leukemia virus (MuLV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), or the rabies-related Mokola virus were compared to a vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G). Mokola-, LCMV-, and VSV-G-pseudotyped vectors transduced similar populations, including striatum, thalamus, and white matter. Mokola-pseudotyped vectors were the most efficient of the three. MuLV-pseudotyped lentivirus efficiently transduced striatum and hippocampal dentate gyrus. In contrast, no transduction resulted from injection of Ebola-pseudotyped virus in the CNS. The same pattern was observed in vitro with primary cultured oligodendrocytes. LCMV, MuLV, and Ebola pseudotypes were the most stable. These results demonstrate that targeted transduction in the CNS can be achieved using specific envelope glycoproteins to pseudotype lentiviral vectors, and support the use of Mokola-pseudotyped and MuLV-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors as efficient and stable alternatives to VSV-G-pseudotyped vectors for experiments in the mouse CNS. Lentiviral vectors have proven to be promising tools for transduction of central nervous system (CNS) cells in vivo and in vitro. In this study, CNS transduction patterns of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from Ebola virus, murine leukemia virus (MuLV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), or the rabies-related Mokola virus were compared to a vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G). Mokola-, LCMV-, and VSV-G-pseudotyped vectors transduced similar populations, including striatum, thalamus, and white matter. Mokola-pseudotyped vectors were the most efficient of the three. MuLV-pseudotyped lentivirus efficiently transduced striatum and hippocampal dentate gyrus. In contrast, no transduction resulted from injection of Ebola-pseudotyped virus in the CNS. The same pattern was observed in vitro with primary cultured oligodendrocytes. LCMV, MuLV, and Ebola pseudotypes were the most stable. These results demonstrate that targeted transduction in the CNS can be achieved using specific envelope glycoproteins to pseudotype lentiviral vectors, and support the use of Mokola-pseudotyped and MuLV-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors as efficient and stable alternatives to VSV-G-pseudotyped vectors for experiments in the mouse CNS.
Spontaneous Coronary Vasospasm in <i> K <sub>ATP</sub> </i> Mutant Mice Arises From a Smooth Muscle–Extrinsic Process
Authors: Rahul Kakkar, Bin Ye, Douglas A. Stoller, Matthew Smelley, Nian-Qing Shi, Kevin Galles, Michele Hadhazy, Jonathan C. Makielski, Elizabeth M. McNally
Journal: Circulation Research (2006)

In the vasculature, ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) channels regulate vascular tone. Mice with targeted gene disruptions of KATP subunits expressed in vascular smooth muscle develop spontaneous coronary vascular spasm and sudden death. From these models, it was hypothesized that the loss of KATP channel activity in arterial vascular smooth muscle was responsible for coronary artery spasm. We now tested this hypothesis using a transgenic strategy where the full-length sulfonylurea receptor containing exon 40 was expressed under the control of a smooth muscle-specific SM22alpha promoter. Two transgenic founder lines were generated and independently bred to sulfonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2) null mice to generate mice that restored expression of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle. Transgenic expression of the sulfonylurea receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells was confirmed by detecting mRNA and protein from the transgene. Functional restoration was determined by recording pinacidil-based KATP current by whole cell voltage clamping of isolated aortic vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from the transgenic restored mice. Despite successful restoration of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle, transgene-restored SUR2 null mice continued to display frequent episodes of spontaneous ST segment elevation, identical to the phenotype seen in SUR2 null mice. As in SUR2 null mice, ST segment elevation was frequently followed by atrioventricular heart block. ST segment elevation and coronary perfusion pressure in the restored mice did not differ significantly between transgene-negative and transgene-positive SUR2 null mice. We conclude that spontaneous coronary vasospasm and sudden death in SUR2 null mice arises from a coronary artery vascular smooth muscle-extrinsic process.
Immunomodulators in Clinical Medicine
Authors: ANTHONY S. FAUCI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

A major difficulty limiting the use of immunomodulators in clinical medicine has been the complexity of the immunoregulatory network in which modulation of one component usually perturbs the entire system, thus diminishing the specificity of the approach. Lymphokineactivated killer cells infused with interleukin-2 have proved effective in inducing remissions in several advanced cancers, particularly metastatic renal cell carcinomas. The interferons have shown direct antiproliferative effects as well as specific effects on immune function. Alpha-interferon has shown impressive antitumor effects in hairy cell leukemia and significant antiviral effects in papillomavirus infection of the genital tract. Interleukin-2 has multifaceted effects on various limbs of the inflammatory and immune responses and may be the critical common denominator in the adjuvant effects of several other compounds. Monoclonal antibodies have assumed an increasing role in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to neoplastic and immunemediated diseases. Finally, several immunomodulators are currently being tested in the treatment of the immune defect of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
What Dear Really Means
Authors: Selma H. Calmes
Journal: JAMA (1982)

"This is just oxygen, dear." "Take a deep breath, dear." "You're going to sleep now, dear." This is the beginning of another day in the operating rooms of a large teaching hospital. I am supervising three operating rooms, in which there are three anesthesia residents (all male) and three patients (all female). Every patient is called<i>dear</i>. Last night I read the recent commentary "Hi Lucille, This Is Dr Gold!" inThe Journal(1982;247:2415). I realized, finally, why I dislike the use of<i>dear</i>for patients.<i>Dear</i>is demeaning. <i>Dear</i>is usually a term of affection. It has other uses as an exclamation or an adjective. But<i>dear</i>in the medical world is used exclusively for female patients. Physicians would not call a male patient who was a corporate president<i>dear</i>. However, based on my experience, a female professional might well be. Older women and young girls are very often
Keys to behavior sought on remote island
Authors: John P. Callan
Journal: JAMA (1979)

For all but two months of the year refreshing trade winds air-condition a primate laboratory 90 m above sea level on the windward side of the remote West Indian island of St Kitts. There, nestled among palm trees and fields of 8-foot sugar cane is a converted "great house" where researchers are attempting to unravel some of the complexities of human behavior and the origins of man by studying monkeys in a seminatural habitat. The project is being conducted by the private Behavioral Sciences Foundation under the direction of Frank R. Ervin, MD, now professor of psychiatry at the Allan Memorial Institute, McGill University, Montreal. Bringing investigators to the difficult-to-find island inhabited by the monkeys has an advantage over primate studies that have been conducted on caged animals far removed from their native homes, noted the tall, bearded Ervin during a recent interview with<i>JAMA</i>MEDICAL NEWS. The laboratory was
The Frustrations of Scientific Misconduct
Authors: Jerome P. Kassirer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Congressman John Dingell's Shattuck Lecture on misconduct in medical research, delivered in May 1992 to the Massachusetts Medical Society, appears in this issue of the Journal1. In his lecture, Mr. Dingell is critical of scientists, officials of research institutions, and the editors of scientific journals. Since Mr. Dingell gave the address, judgments have been handed down in two cases that he pursued tenaciously for years. As the addendum to his lecture indicates, the U.S. Attorney in Baltimore formally declined to prosecute Dr. Thereza Imanishi-Kari because he thought that conflicting testimony from scientists would make it impossible for a jury . . .
P17.23 * ALTERNATING ELECTRIC FIELDS (TTFIELDS) FOR TREATING GLIOBLASTOMAS: A MODELLING STUDY ON EFFICACY
Authors: W. Cornelia, P. C. Miranda, R. Salvador, P. J. Basser
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) were recently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). They are thought to act by disrupting spindle microtubule arrangement and interfering with cytokinesis through the orientation of polar macromolecules in the direction of impressed alternating electric fields. The magnitude and direction of the electric field in the tumor are crucial factors of treatment efficacy. For this computational study we used a realistic head model previously constructed from MRI data to calculate the electric field distribution in the brain. MRIs with a voxel size of 1x1x1 mm3 were segmented into five different tissue types: scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter, and white matter. Additionally a virtual lesion was included to simulate the presence of a tumor. Transducer arrays which are commonly used for TTFields delivery were placed on the scalp, i.e., the placement, shape and size, current density and configuration of the transducer arrays mimicked as closely as possible a commercial device. The electric field was calculated using the finite element method. Our previous calculations predicted that the electric field magnitude exceeded 1 V/cm over large areas of the brain for the two transducer array configurations in use. Based upon in vitro experiments this value should be sufficiently high to arrest cell proliferation. Even so, a higher clinical efficacy of TTFields was expected in view of the in-vitro results. Also, a large variability in the treatment response among patients has been observed in all TTFields studies. We also observed that the electric field is not uniform as it is affected by the distribution of tissue types, the location and orientation of interfaces between them, and their individual electrical properties. Differences in the electric field distribution produced by varying the position and size of the tumor and the placement of the transducer arrays might explain some of the observed variability in response among GBM patients. By calculating the detailed electric field distribution within the realistic head model for varying tumor properties and changing transducer array setups, we hope to further advance our understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of TTFields therapy while creating a framework for personalized TTFields therapy.