tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Acquired Syphilis in Children
Authors: M. Murrell, M. S. Gray
Journal: BMJ (1947)

MEDICAL JOriNAL form as it were the " nursery slopes " from which the injured workman graduates to his own factory.Although the inferences of this paper have been drawn from experience of "long-term" cases, much has been learnt about the possible application of such results to the treatment of acute injuries.Apart from the prophylactic aspect-the prevention of adhesions and loss of muscle tone -recently injured joints and muscles appear to respond rapidly to the controlled industrial methods of rehabilitation of this type.Furthermore, when the injury is of industrial origin the early return of the absentee to full-time or part- time selected work not only prevents a loss of skill and a lowering of morale that so often follows in the wake of prolonged unemployment but also tends to reduce the exaggerated importance attached by the workman to the accident. SummaryThis paper presents an experiment in the rehabilitation of injured Service men using existing conditions in industry.The principles of treatment are discussed and illustrated.From the inferences rmade the application of such a scheme to a peacetime industrial accident service is discussed.We are indebted to Dr. W.
Modulation of Growth Factor/Cytokine Synthesis and Signaling by 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: Implications in Cell Growth and Differentiation
Authors: Alper Gurlek, Mark R. Pittelkow, Rajiv Kumar
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2002)

Distinct from its classic functions in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism as a systemic hormone, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] is involved in the local control and regulation of cellular growth and differentiation in various tissues, including epidermis (keratinocytes) and bone (osteoblasts and osteoclasts). In this review, the impact of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) on growth factor/cytokine synthesis and signaling is discussed, particularly as it pertains to bone cells and keratinocytes. 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) not only regulates growth factor/cytokine synthesis but may also alter growth factor signaling. Recently discovered examples for such interactions are the interactions between the vitamin D receptor and the mothers against decapentaplegic-related proteins that function downstream of TGFbeta receptors. Inhibitory effects of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) on keratinocytes through TGFbeta activation and IL-1alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 suppression may provide a rationale for its beneficial effects in the treatment of hyperproliferative skin disorders, whereas stimulatory effects through the epidermal growth factor-related family members and platelet-derived growth factor may be operative in its beneficial effects in skin atrophy and wound healing. Modulation of cytokines and growth factors by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) during bone remodeling plays an important role in the coupling of osteoblastic bone formation with osteoclastic resorption to maintain bone mass.
Tc-99m Sestamibi Uptake by Malignant Lymphoma and Slow Washout
Authors: RITSUO MATSUI, TSUYOSHI KOMORI, ISAMU NARABAYASHI, RYUUICHIRO NAMBA, YASUNOBU NAKATA, KOUJIRO TABUCHI, ITARU ADACHI, YOSHIMITU TATU, TADAFUMI SHIMIZU, KOZO SUEYOSHI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Tc-99m sestamibi has been used to detect primary brain tumors, lung tumors, and breast cancers. The authors report a patient who had superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome and underwent Tc-99m sestamibi and TI-201 SPECT to differentiate the tumor from thrombus in the mediastinum because of an abnormal mass lesion on a contrast enhanced CT scan. An abnormal area of increased Tc-99m sestamibi uptake in the supra azygos area was demonstrated on early and delayed SPECT imaging. The washout of tumor uptake was slow. The removed tumor was confirmed to be malignant lymphoma.
Sleepiness, Sleep-disordered Breathing, and Accident Risk Factors in Commercial Vehicle Drivers
Authors: Mark E. Howard, Anup V. Desai, Ronald R. Grunstein, Craig Hukins, John G. Armstrong, David Joffe, Philip Swann, Donald A. Campbell, Robert J. Pierce
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Sleep-disordered breathing and excessive sleepiness may be more common in commercial vehicle drivers than in the general population. The relative importance of factors causing excessive sleepiness and accidents in this population remains unclear. We measured the prevalence of excessive sleepiness and sleep-disordered breathing and assessed accident risk factors in 2,342 respondents to a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 3,268 Australian commercial vehicle drivers and another 161 drivers among 244 invited to undergo polysomnography. More than half (59.6%) of drivers had sleep-disordered breathing and 15.8% had obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Twenty-four percent of drivers had excessive sleepiness. Increasing sleepiness was related to an increased accident risk. The sleepiest 5% of drivers on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire had an increased risk of an accident (odds ratio [OR] 1.91, p = 0.02 and OR 2.23, p < 0.01, respectively) and multiple accidents (OR 2.67, p < 0.01 and OR 2.39, p = 0.01), adjusted for established risk factors. There was an increased accident risk with narcotic analgesic use (OR 2.40, p < 0.01) and antihistamine use (OR 3.44, p = 0.04). Chronic excessive sleepiness and sleep-disordered breathing are common in Australian commercial vehicle drivers. Accident risk was related to increasing chronic sleepiness and antihistamine and narcotic analgesic use.
US panel proposes new name and diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The condition known as myalgic encephalitis (ME) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a serious, chronic multisystem disease that can cause significant impairment and disability, an expert panel convened by the US Institute of Medicine has concluded in a new report.1 “In its most severe form, this disease can consume the lives of those whom it afflicts. It is ‘real,’” the committee wrote.

The institute commissioned the committee to develop evidence based diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS but not to investigate the causes, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, or treatment of the syndrome. The committee’s chair was Ellen Wright Clayton, a professor of pediatrics and a professor of law at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. …
537 A SUSTAINED VIRAL RESPONSE DRAMATICALLY IMPROVES SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C INFECTION AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANT
Authors: V.C. Clark, R. Dhanasekaran, C. Soldevila-Pico, G. Morelli, R. Cabrera, A. Suman, D.R. Nelson, R.J. Firpi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Inertial cavitation to non-invasively trigger and monitor intratumoral release of drug from intravenously delivered liposomes
Authors: Susan M. Graham, Robert Carlisle, James J. Choi, Mark Stevenson, Apurva R. Shah, Rachel S. Myers, Kerry Fisher, Miriam-Bazan Peregrino, Len Seymour, Constantin C. Coussios
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)

The encapsulation of cytotoxic drugs within liposomes enhances pharmacokinetics and allows passive accumulation within tumors. However, liposomes designed to achieve good stability during the delivery phase often have compromised activity at the target site. This problem of inefficient and unpredictable drug release is compounded by the present lack of low-cost, non-invasive methods to measure such release. Here we show that focused ultrasound, used at pressures similar to those applied during diagnostic ultrasound scanning, can be utilised to both trigger and monitor release of payload from liposomes. Notably, drug release was influenced by liposome composition and the presence of SonoVue® microbubbles, which provided the nuclei for the initiation of an event known as inertial cavitation. In vitro studies demonstrated that liposomes formulated with a high proportion of 1,2 distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) released up to 30% of payload following ultrasound exposure in the presence of SonoVue®, provided that the exposure created sufficient inertial cavitation events, as characterised by violent bubble collapse and the generation of broadband acoustic emissions. In contrast a 'Doxil'-like liposome formulation gave no such triggered release. In pre-clinical studies, ultrasound was used as a non-invasive, targeted stimulus to trigger a 16-fold increase in the level of payload release within tumors following intravenous delivery. The inertial cavitation events driving this release could be measured remotely in real-time and were a reliable predictor of drug release.
Hunger and Socioeconomic Disparities in Chronic Disease
Authors: Hilary K. Seligman, Dean Schillinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Each year just before Thanksgiving, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports the number of U.S. households that are at risk for going hungry because of an inability to afford food — a condition termed "food insecurity." After a stable prevalence for the past decade, the rate of food insecurity rose by 32% in 2008, to 14.6% of U.S. households — the highest level since the first food-security survey was conducted in 1995. About 21% of U.S. households with children are affected, as are more than a quarter of black and Hispanic households, and 42% of households with incomes below . . .
Idiopathic third cranial nerve palsy associated with herpes simplex virus infection.
Authors: T Sekizawa, S Nakamura, K Kogure, K Hayashi, K Yanagi, H Openshaw
Journal: BMJ (1987)

This one minute test, which does not require instruments and was performed in isolation by non-medical staff, detected 74% of cases of iritis out of 426 patients with miscellaneous eye complaints.It should enable doctors to detect and refer patients with iritis earlier and so prevent potentially blinding complications such as cataract and glaucoma.
Data ReCAP 1970-1980: A Compilation of Data From the College of American Pathologists' Clinical Laboratory Improvement Programs
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1982)

For many years, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) has been developing a laboratory data base beyond comparison. The components include results of surveys of proficiency testing, quality-control and assurance data, laboratory inspection and accreditation results, and work load recording figures. Thousands of laboratories voluntarily have contributed results in order to measure, compare, and improve their quality. This book provides access for the first time to a statistical summary of this giant data base. It reports without editorial comment on millions of actual measurements in hematology, microbiology, immunohematology, immunology, and clinical chemistry. Through charts and graphs, it demonstrates the frequency distribution and coefficient of variation of 112 analytes. The data suggest that for many analytes the state of practice of medical laboratory analysis in the United States requires no more improvement, while pointing out other analyses for which practical improvements are desirable. This information once was considered confidential and was
Novel Therapies to Prevent Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Normal retina (left); retina of a patient with diabetes and proliferative retinopathy (right). "The eye with diabetic retinopathy provides a unique 'window' for noninvasively studying the vascular damage diabetes causes in the kidney and other organs," said Robert Goldstein, MD, PhD, vice president for research, Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International. THANKS TO recent advances in understanding how hyperglycemia may damage blood vessels in the eyes of patients with diabetes, several novel therapies for preventing diabetic retinopathy are now under study. The latest research on potential therapies was discussed at the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International (JDFI) Oxford Conference on Diabetic Retinopathy, at St John's College, Oxford University, Oxford, England, in September. The conference, which was sponsored by the JDFI (headquartered in New York, NY) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, brought together many of the world's leading investigators of the pathogenic mechanisms behind diabetic retinopathy and other complications of
Cancer of the prostate
Authors: T. E. Lindow
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To the Editor.  —As a nonresearcher clinician, I get confused enough already by statistical terms such as specificity, sensitivity, false-positive, and true-negative. I don't need to be made more confused by those who write the editorials, such as Oesterling in his JAMA Editorial on PSA testing. 1    study by Carter et al 2 in the same issue demonstrated an improved specificity, but unimproved or worsened sensitivity of the PSA test for detecting prostate cancer, by using its rate of change per year rather than its absolute value.  Oesterling, in referring to that study, states, The sensitivity for the rate of change (of PSA) was not significantly better than that for serum PSA concentration. He then contradicts himself with the statement, Thus, the serum PSA level going from 1.8 μg/L to 2.9 μg/L in 1 year's time would be significant and may lead to the detection of potentially curable prostate
Noninvasive Coronary Angiography — An Acceptable Alternative?
Authors: Stephan Achenbach, Werner G. Daniel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

More than 1 million invasive diagnostic coronary angiography procedures are performed annually in the United States, and at present, x-ray coronary angiography is the only accepted method for the clinical imaging of coronary-artery stenoses. Even though this technique has been improved to speed the procedure and to minimize the risks inherent in invasive testing, the associated economic burden, the inconvenience to patients, and the small but not negligible risk of complications have prompted an intensive search for alternative, noninvasive means of coronary-artery visualization. However, noninvasive imaging of the coronary arteries is a formidable task: the small diameter of the coronary . . .
The hepatic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome: Ultrastructural changes in liver biopsies
Authors: Hanna Mandel, Corina Hartman, Drora Berkowitz, Orli N. Elpeleg, Irena Manov, Theodore C. Iancu
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders are an established cause of liver failure in early childhood. In some patients, the levels of mitochondrial DNA are markedly reduced, a condition referred to as mtDNA depletion syndrome (MDS). We report here on the ultrastructural changes in the livers of 10 infants with the hepatic form of this syndrome. All patients displayed progressive liver failure, neurological abnormalities, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis that warranted investigation of respiratory chain disorder in liver tissue, specifically expressing the disease. Decreased activity of respiratory chain complexes containing mtDNA-encoded subunits (complexes I, III, IV) was shown in 5 patients. Mitochondrial DNA depletion was confirmed by Southern blot analysis in the livers of 6 patients. We found hepatocytes filled with mitochondria having aspects of “oncocytic transformation,” associated with numerous changes in shape, size, cristae, and matrix. The changes were virtually identical in all specimens. In many hepatocytes, microvesicular steatosis was the salient feature. Additional findings included cholestasis and focal cytoplasmic biliary necrosis (CBN), as well as cytosiderosis in hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells. In some hepatocytes the damage appeared extreme, but fibrosis was identified only in the few patients who died beyond 6 months of age. Although individual ultrastructural findings are not specific, when taken together, they show a diagnostic pattern highly suggestive of a respiratory chain disorder. In the appropriate clinical context, these findings can direct the clinician towards the diagnosis of hepatic MDS.
Autumn Books: Music as sharing
Authors: L. Bunt
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Ask an informed layman what he associates with the name Warburg and he might answer banking or the art institute of London University.Ask a medical man-especially one with laboratory training-and he will mention the Warburg flask for measuring respiration in tissue slices or the famous experiment in which sea urchin eggs were shown to increase their rate of respiration sixfold on fertilisation.The biochemist Otto Warburg (1883-1970) had a burning ambition to find the cause of cancer, and never lost this early motivation in more than 60 years.As a young man in
Collection of artworks by psychiatric patients finds permanent home
Authors: Annette Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2001)

A collection of 5000 artworks by German psychiatric patients, dating back to the 1920s, has finally found a permanent home after four decades stored in a hospital cellar.

The works, which were collected by the art historian and psychiatrist Hans Prinzhorn between 1919 and 1922, and which have been exhibited across Europe as the Prinzhorn collection since the 1960s, will be housed in a new museum in Heidelberg, in …
Gangrene as a Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Edmund L. Dubois
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Five cases of gangrene as a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are described. Only one previous case of this syndrome has been reported. The occurrence of this complication was unrelated to either steroid or antimalarial therapy. Treatment with large doses of corticoids was helpful in 4 of the patients in relieving pain and limiting the extension of the gangrene. The close relationship of this type of vasculitis to endarteritis occurring in the retina ("chloroquine retinopathy"), aseptic necrosis of bone, and "malignant rheumatoid arthritis" is discussed. A plea is made for cessation of the current tendency to ascribe the vascular complications of multisystemic disorders to the therapy employed and for a trial of high-dosage steroid therapy in the treatment of severe vasculitis due to both SLE and "malignant rheumatoid arthritis."
Association between QT interval and coronary heart disease in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study.
Authors: J M Dekker, E G Schouten, P Klootwijk, J Pool, D Kromhout
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Heart-rate-adjusted QT-interval (QTc) is prognostic of sudden death in myocardial infarction patients. So far, population studies have yielded conflicting results on the predictive value of QTc for coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we investigated this in a longitudinal study of middle-aged and elderly men. METHODS AND RESULTS From 1960 to 1985, 877 middle-aged men were followed and repeatedly examined in the Zutphen Study. In 1985 the remaining cohort was extended to 835 elderly men from the same birth cohort and followed until 1990. Men with prolonged QTc (420 ms1/2 or more) had a higher risk of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death relative to men with QTc less than 385 ms1/2. Age-adjusted coronary heart disease mortality rate ratios were 4.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 13.8) in middle-aged men and 3.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 11.6) in elderly men. These associations could not be attributed to prevalent heart disease and were independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that within the normal range of QTc in the general population, men with long QTc are at higher risk for coronary heart disease. Because QTc is easily determined, it may provide a valuable contribution to risk stratification.
Oxidative and Excitatory Mechanisms of Developmental Neurotoxicity: Transcriptional Profiles for Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Dieldrin, and Divalent Nickel in PC12 Cells
Authors: Theodore A. Slotkin, Frederic J. Seidler
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity underlie the developmental neurotoxicity of numerous chemicals.We compared the effects of organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and diazinon), an organo-chlorine (dieldrin), and a metal [divalent nickel (Ni2+)] to determine how these mechanisms contribute to similar or dissimilar neurotoxic outcomes.We used PC12 cells as a model of developing neurons and evaluated transcriptional profiles for genes for oxidative stress responses and glutamate receptors.Chlorpyrifos had a greater effect on oxidative-stress-related genes in differentiating cells compared with the undifferentiated state. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon showed significant concordance in their effects on glutathione-related genes, but they were negatively correlated for effects on catalase and superoxide dismutase isoforms and had no concordance for effects on ionotropic glutamate receptors. Surprisingly, the correlations were stronger between diazinon and dieldrin than between the two organophosphates. The effects of Ni2+ were the least similar for genes related to oxidative stress but had significant concordance with dieldrin for effects on glutamate receptors.Our results point to underlying mechanisms by which different organophosphates produce disparate neurotoxic outcomes despite their shared property as cholinesterase inhibitors. Further, apparently unrelated neurotoxicants may produce similar outcomes because of convergence on oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. The combined use of cell cultures and microarrays points to specific end points that can distinguish similarities and disparities in the effects of diverse developmental neurotoxicants.