tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B in children
Authors: Flavia Bortolotti, Maria Guido
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

We read with interest the special article by Shneider et al.1, which was published in November 2006, but related to a conference held in March 2006. As regards hepatitis B, Shneider et al. state: "Unfortunately at present there are inadequate numbers of patients with sufficiently long follow-up to give an accurate assessment of the lifelong risk and/or predictors of serious morbidity and mortality in children with chronic hepatitis B", and "it is nearly impossible to assess an accurate risk of development of HCC before the age of 20 years in children with HBV infection acquired early in life." We believe that our 29-year longitudinal study of chronic hepatitis B in 99 otherwise healthy children, published in March 2006,2 and commented on in Hepatology Highlights of April 2006,3 can give some answers with regard to the prognosis of chronic hepatitis in children infected postnatally early in life. Pediatric HBV infection is often identified with the Chinese model of vertical transmission and tolerance to the virus. However, in many areas of the world, including Southern Europe before compulsive HBV vaccination and Eastern Europe, children are preferably infected postnatally and do not develop tolerance. In this latter model of infection, the outcome within the first 20 years of life is benign (inactive hepatitis B surface antigen carrier state) in the vast majority of cases, although 2 patients in our cohort developed HCC and are long-term survivors after surgery. It is certainly true that life-long risks remain undefined, and environmental factors can change the prognosis at any time, but 3 decades of follow-up have covered at least the gap between the natural history of hepatitis B in children and in young adults in our endemic area. Flavia Bortolotti M.D.*, Maria Guido M.D. , * Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy, Department of Pathology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
A New Salmonella Type
Authors: J. Taylor, D. G. ff. Edward, P. R. Edwards
Journal: BMJ (1945)

BRITt HO 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ serum may fail to give a true indication of the ability of the body to deal with the bacteria forming that toxin. SummaryIn strictly localized diseases the body does not produce serum antibodies to the infecting organism.This is illustrated by infections of the urogenital system, peri- toneum, pleura, nasal sinuses, respiratory tract, and meninges.The explanation offered is that fibrin forms a selective membrane excluding some of the protein molecules together with larger particles.
Book Review Medical Issues and the Eating Disorders: The Interface (Brunner/Mazel Eating Disorders Monograph Series.) Edited by Allan S. Kaplan and Paul E. Garfinkel. 256 pp. New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1993. $30.95. 0-87630-681-4
Authors: Arnold E. Andersen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)
Meddling and bearing witness
Authors: J. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2008)

For as long as I can remember the government has been reorganising the NHS, and a series of commentators, ranging from interested outsiders to official auditors, has been saying, in effect, “stop meddling.”

The most recent interested outsiders have included Don Berwick and Donald Light in their commentaries on the NHS ( BMJ 2008, 26 July, doi: 10.1136/bmj.a838, doi: 10.1136/bmj.a824). This week it’s the turn of the official auditors. The Audit Commission and the Healthcare Commission have recently reported on the success of the latest reforms of the NHS in England, and Gwyn Bevan discusses their findings in an editorial …
TCT-256 Distal Embolization and Myocardial Damage during Primary-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The Relevance of Thrombus Burden
Authors: Massimo Napodano, Ahmed Hussien Hussien Al Mamary, Gilberto Dariol, Gianpiero D'Amico, Martina Perazzolo Marra, Anna C. Frigo, Paolo Buja, Giuseppe Tarantini, Sabino Iliceto
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Childhood Immunizations and Chronic Illness
Authors: Lynne L. Levitsky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

A hundred thousand persons, upon the smallest computation, have been inoculated in these realms. The number who have partaken of its benefits throughout Europe and other parts of the globe are incalculable; and it now becomes too manifest to admit of controversy, that the annihilation of the Small Pox, the most dreadful scourge of the human species, must be the final result of this practice.— Edward Jenner, The Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation, 1801These hopeful words of Edward Jenner (see Figure) were prescient, although their promise remained unfulfilled for almost 200 years. One hundred years ago, more than . . .
'Postmortem' Cesarean Section With Recovery of Both Mother and Offspring
Authors: Nicholas L. DePace
Journal: JAMA (1982)

A 27-year-old primigravida of 37 weeks' gestation suffered cardiopulmonary arrest after massive hemoptysis. After extensive advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures, it was thought that the mother could not be resuscitated and a cesarean section was performed. Immediately after delivery of the fetus, the mother's pulse was palpated, and both the mother and infant are alive without neurological sequelae 20 months later. The reversal of the supine hypotensive syndrome, which was precipitated by massive blood loss, may be the mechanism to account for the restoration of the mother's cardiac output after delivery.
Comparison of international guidelines for the emergency medical management of anaphylaxis
Authors: M. Alrasbi, A. Sheikh
Journal: Allergy (2007)

Background: Guideline‐based treatment approaches for managing anaphylaxis are widely believed to result in good outcomes, but the strength of evidence underpinning the recommendations made therein is unclear. Objective: To identify and compare national guidelines for the emergency medical management of anaphylaxis and to describe the extent to which the evidence base in support of key recommendations is made clear. Methods: We systematically searched key medical databases and contacted the World Allergy Organization and anaphylaxis charities in several countries to identify national guidelines. Full text copies of relevant papers were obtained and, where necessary, translated. Data were abstracted onto a customized data extraction sheet; this process was independently checked by a second reviewer. Results: Guidelines originating from Australia, Canada, Russia, UK, Ukraine and the USA were identified. While these were in agreement on the broad principles of management, there were important variations in relation to the treatments to be used and the dose and route of administration of these preparations. Most guidelines failed to make clear the strength of evidence underpinning the recommendations being made. Conclusions: There are important international differences in the recommended emergency management of anaphylaxis. It is important that an agreed core evidence‐based guideline for the management of anaphylaxis is now developed, which can then be adapted for national/local use. Clinicians need to be aware of the limitations of existing guidelines.
Abstract 3592: Risk factors of prostate cancer in African American men
Authors: Ganna Chornokur, Gang Han, Richard E. Tanner, Hui-Yi Lin, Clement Gwede, Nagi B. Kumar, Julio Pow-Sang, Catherine M. Phelan
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background. African American men have 1.6 times the incidence and 2.4 times the mortality rate of prostate cancer, compared to Caucasian men. Thus, prostate cancer constitutes one of the most striking racial health disparities, the causation of which is not well understood. Main hypothesis. We hypothesized that select clinical and/or bio-behavioral risk factors are associated with prostate cancer in African American men. Participants and Methods. 105 African American men aged 34-80 (35 cases and 70 controls) were recruited. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were built to test the marginal and joint effects of the variables when predicting the cancer status. Results. In the univariable regression models, PSA (ng/ml; p&amp;lt;.001), smoking (cigarettes/day; p=0.011), diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, yes/no; p&amp;lt;.001), diagnosis of prostatitis (yes/no; p&amp;lt;.001) and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN, yes/no; p=&amp;lt;.001) were independently associated with the prostate cancer diagnosis. However, only PSA (4.340; (1.484, 12.689)) and diagnosis of BPH (14.248; (1.132, 179.310)) remained significant in the age-adjusted multivariable logistic regression model. Conclusions. Our results suggest that, as expected, PSA levels are associated with prostate cancer in African American men. Interestingly, a history of BPH is also associated with prostate cancer in African American men. Despite the limitation of a small sample size, our data is in agreement to a recent report (Pettaway et al, 2011) in which African Americans with BPH were observed to have a much greater risk of developing prostate cancer than similar Caucasian men, highlighting differences in the biology of prostate cancer between populations. References Curtis A. Pettaway, Lois E. Lamerato, Michael T. Eaddy et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: racial differences in treatment patterns and prostate cancer prevalence. BJU International (1 0 8) 1 3 0 2 - 8, 2011 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3592. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3592
Foxp3-expressing CD4+T Cells Under the Control of IFN-γ Promoter Prevent Diabetes in NOD Mice
Authors: Renxi Wang, Gencheng Han, Jianan Wang, Lun Song, Guojiang Chen, Ruonan Xu, Ming Yu, Jiahua Qian, Beifen Shen, Yan Li
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Foxp3-transduced CD4(+)T-cells have been used for treating autoimmune diseases such as type I diabetes. However, while suppressing the activity of pathogenic T cells, they could suppress the activity of bystander T cells as well. Therefore more specific strategies need to be developed. We designed and tested a new strategy that involves converting pathogenic CD4(+)Th1 cells into regulatory T-cells by lentiviral transduction with Foxp3 under the control of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) promoter (IgammaP-Foxp3). After transduction under the IgammaP control, Foxp3 expression in diabetic CD4(+)Th1 cells was favored. IgammaP-Foxp3-transduced CD4(+)T cells were anergic in vitro to stimulation by antigen. The process of IgammaP-Foxp3-transduced CD4(+)T cells differentiating into Treg cells and Treg cells losing their phenotype and functions has the effect of significantly suppressing incidence and onset of diabetes and autoantigen-specific T cell response, while increasing/maintaining endogenous Tregs in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice recipients. In this manner, CD4(+)T cells of greater specificity were developed by transducing pathogenic CD4(+)Th1 cells with Foxp3 under the control of IgammaP, in order to prevent diabetes in NOD mice. The findings of this study provide a basis for more reasonable regulatory T cells (Tregs)-based therapy, with autoimmunity being suppressed through indirect means known as "infectious tolerance".
A Cohort Study of Mortality in Two Clinic Populations of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Roger V Zwaag, John W Runyan, John K Davidson, Harry K Delcher, Ilse Mainzer, Henry W Baggett
Journal: Diabetes Care (1983)

Mortality rates of two cohorts of patients with diabetes mellitus are estimated and compared. The Atlanta cohort is defined as all black patients receiving care at the diabetes clinic of Grady Memorial Hospital for the first time during calendar year 1971. The Memphis cohort is defined as all black patients referred from the City of Memphis Hospital outpatient clinic to a decentralized neighborhood clinic operated by the Memphis and Shelby County Health Department during September 1969 through August 1970. The Atlanta program discontinued all prescriptions of oral hypoglycemic drugs and emphasized instead an aggressive diet therapy. The Memphis program has used diet therapy but also insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic agents according to current guidelines. The ratios of observed to expected deaths (standardized mortality ratios) were remarkably similar for the two cohorts. In both cohorts the standardized mortality ratios were greatest for the youngest patients and for those patients whose duration of illness was longest. Nine-year survival rates, estimated by the life-table method and adjusted for differences in frequency distributions of entry age and duration of diabetes, were also similar for the two cohorts.
Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of once-weekly PEG/interferon alfa-2A (PEGASYS™) for chronic hepatitis C. A multinational, randomized study
Authors: S. Zeuzem, S.V. Feinman, J. Rasenack, E.J. Heathcote, M.-Y. Lai, E. Gane, J. O'Grady, J. Reichen, M.J. Brunda
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2000)
Endocrine Therapy of Breast Cancer
Authors: Byrl James Kennedy
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The growth of breast cancer can be significantly altered by the removal or administration of specific hormones. The response of disseminated breast cancer to treatment with hormonal therapy is an index of the biologic nature of the carcinoma and provides a guide to the sequential selection of further therapies. Careful recording of objective measurements of alterations in tumor growth aids in evaluating the nature of tumor responses. Criteria of objective improvement include recalcification of osteolytic lesions; decrease in size by 50% or disappearance of primary tumor masses, skin nodules, or lymph nodes; decrease in size by 50% or disappearance of pulmonary lesions; substantial decrease in size of an enlarged liver with improvement of liver function; and the absence of progression of any lesion. The survival of patients having an objective tumor regression is significantly greater than nonresponders. The initial endocrine therapy is determined by the menopausal age of the patient.
Noninvasive Myocardial Strain Measurement by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Brage H. Amundsen, Thomas Helle-Valle, Thor Edvardsen, Hans Torp, Jonas Crosby, Erik Lyseggen, Asbjørn Støylen, Halfdan Ihlen, João A.C. Lima, Otto A. Smiseth, Stig A. Slørdahl
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2006)
ASDAS, a highly discriminatory ASAS-endorsed disease activity score in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: D van der Heijde, E Lie, T K Kvien, J Sieper, F Van den Bosch, J Listing, J Braun, R Landewe
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

<h3>Objectives:</h3> To evaluate various validity aspects of four disease activity scores (ASDAS) for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in comparison with the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), its individual components and physician and patient global assessment of disease activity. <h3>Methods:</h3> The analyses were performed in two cohorts of patients with AS: (1) the NOR-DMARD database which includes patients starting on a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blocker and (2) patients participating in double-blind placebo controlled randomised clinical trials with TNF blockers in four centres. Discrimination between patients with low versus high disease activity according to various definitions and between various levels of change were analysed as the standardised mean difference (difference in the group means divided by the pooled SD of the group means) and <i>t</i> score. <h3>Results:</h3> The four ASDAS versions were highly discriminatory in differentiating patients with different levels of disease activity and patients with different levels of change. The ASDAS scores outperformed the BASDAI and its single components in all settings: patient- or physician-based, reflecting status or change, with normal or raised C-reactive protein (CRP), in the presence or absence of peripheral arthritis. There were no major differences between the four ASDAS scores. Based on feasibility, the ASAS membership selected the ASDAS version which included back pain, duration of morning stiffness, patient global assessment, peripheral joint complaints and CRP as the preferred version. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The ASDAS is a validated, highly discriminatory instrument for assessing disease activity in AS, including patient-reported outcomes and CRP levels.
Absent lentigines in psoriatic plaques
Authors: C.O. Mendonca, S. Holmes, A.D. Burden
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Sir, The development of lentigines within psoriatic plaques is a well‐described clinical phenomenon that remains unexplained.1 We report the inverse phenomenon in two patients with chronic plaque psoriasis in whom lentigines were absent within psoriatic plaques. Patient 1. A 44‐year‐old white European woman with psoriasis was seen during an inflammatory flare of her disease that followed a holiday to Egypt. She had a 10‐year history of chronic plaque psoriasis and psoriatic oligoarthritis, the former previously treated with dithranol, coal tar, calcipotriol and topical corticosteroids. She was of Fitzpatrick skin type 2 and had received only one course of phototherapy (narrow‐band ultraviolet B) 3 years previously but had been on sunny holidays every year. She was noted to have widespread brown macules over the trunk and limbs but there was no actinic damage. These lentigines surrounded the plaques but strikingly spared the psoriatic lesions (Fig. 1). The lentigines had been present for many years and increased in sunny weather. Histology of a lentigo adjacent to a psoriatic plaque revealed an increase in basal melanocytes and basal hyperpigmentation. Her psoriasis cleared with dithranol. When she was reviewed 2 months later the areas where psoriasis had been remained clear of lentigines although they were still slightly erythematous.
Fake Urine Samples for Drug Analysis-Reply
Authors: Nils B. Person
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —After reading the letter by Dr Toren, we feel we should clarify some points that may not have been apparent in our original letter. First, the samples in the plastic aspirin and Visine bottles were freshly voided directly into these containers and immediately placed in the axilla or scrotum. As a consequence, the samples were cooling while they were held prior to temperature measurements. It is unlikely that longer incubation times would have resulted in measured temperatures within the reference range. In addition, studies in the literature demonstrate that the temperatures present in the axilla<sup>1</sup>and the scrotum<sup>2</sup>are significantly less than 37°C (98.6°F), thus making it unlikely that urine held in these locations would ever achieve a "normal" temperature.
Somatostatin analogues: Treatment for portal hypertension?
Authors: Andres T. Blei
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

The effects of a somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995 on hepatic haemodynamics were studied in rats with dimethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhosis. An intravenous infusion of 1, 2 or 4 μg kg −1 body wt h −1 SMS 201-995 produced a rapid and sustained decrease in portal pressure, portal venous flow and liver blood flow without significantly altering arterial blood pressure or pulse. The reductions in portal pressure, portal venous flow and liver blood were accompanied by an increase in splanchnic vascular resistance. Portal venous resistance was not affected. Subcutaneous injection of 2 μg kg −1 body wt SMS 201-995 produced a gradual decrease in portal pressure, the maximum reduction occurring 18 min after administration. This reduction in portal pressure was sustained for a further 20 min. The results suggest that SMS 201-995 may be of value in the control of bleeding oesophageal varices. Furthermore, the prolonged duration of action of SMS 201-995 following its subcutaneous administration suggests that the analogue may be useful in the long-term management of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis.
A technique for estimation of intramyocardial pressure in acute and chronic experiments
Authors: J. J. van der Meer, R. S. Reneman, H. Schneider, J. Wieberdink
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1970)

An improved technique for intramyocardial pressure measurement is described. With this technique it is possible to measure diastolic and systolic values in acute as well as in chronic experiments. The reliability of this technique was tested in in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Plasminogen Activator Expression in Rat Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells Depends on Their Phenotype and Is Modulated by Cytokines
Authors: Marie-Luce Bochaton-Piallat, Giulio Gabbiani, Michael S. Pepper
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exhibit at least 2 phenotypic variants: (1) a spindle-shaped phenotype, obtained from normal adult media, and (2) an epithelioid phenotype, obtained from intimal thickening 15 days after endothelial injury. Both phenotypes can be cloned from each location, with normal media yielding a majority of spindle-shaped clones and intimal thickening yielding a majority of epithelioid clones. These findings suggest that intimal thickening develops essentially from a subpopulation of medial SMCs exhibiting epithelioid features in vitro. Using zymographic and Northern blot analyses, we have studied plasminogen activator (PA) expression by these SMCs. Our results show that epithelioid SMCs, cultured as whole SMC populations or as clones, display higher PA activity than do spindle-shaped SMCs, irrespective of their origin. This is mainly due to differences in the expression of tissue PA and, to a lesser extent, urokinase PA and is accompanied by a decrease in PA inhibitor 1. Tissue PA activity is increased by basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-BB, particularly in epithelioid SMCs. Taken together, these results indicate that SMCs are heterogeneous with respect to their proteolytic profile, at least as far as the PA system is concerned. Proteolytic activity of the different SMC populations is modulated by cytokines that play a role in intimal thickening. Our results are in agreement with the suggestion that epithelioid SMCs are mainly responsible for intimal thickening.