tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Experimental evaluation of the extent of myocardial dyssynergy and infarct size by two-dimensional echocardiography.
Authors: H L Wyatt, S Meerbaum, M K Heng, J Rit, P Gueret, E Corday
Journal: Circulation (1981)

The extent of left ventricular (LV) dyssynergy was assessed noninvasively in 19 dogs with two-dimensional echocardiographic short-axis sections during myocardial ischemia and infarction. After coronary occlusion, two-dimensional echocardiography uniformly indicated an increase in LV end-diastolic volume and a decrease in LV ejection fraction. Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of dyssynergy were evaluated and compared in three subgroups against (1) the extent of LV dyssynergy determined by force-gauge mapping during 10 coronary occlusions of 30-60 minutes' duration in eight open-chest dogs, (2) infarct size delineated by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of left ventricular slabs after 48 hours of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion in five closed-chest dogs, and (3) NBT infarct size after 3-hour LAD occlusion followed by 45 hours of reperfusion in six closed-chest dogs. Linear regression analysis of results from these three comparisons gave good correlations (r = 0.89) for groups 1 and 2; in group 2, the extent of dyssynergy by two-dimensional echocardiography was consistently greater than infarct size by NBT. In group 3, the correlation was poor (r = 0.39). These results suggest that an adequate estimate for the extent of LV dyssynergy or infarct size may be obtained with two-dimensional echocardiography during myocardial ischemia or infarction, but not in the presence of coronary reflow, which causes an acute discrepancy between myocardial viability and function.
Publishing the findings of clinical research.
Authors: A J Munro
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Current regulations and practice may not prevent a sponsor of clinical research from delaying or preventing the dissemination of findings that do not support his or her commercial, professional, or managerial interests. Pharmaceutical trials are particularly subject to this concern, but the issue of non-publication has a wider significance. Patients participate in research on the understanding that it will be of public benefit. To be fair to these patients we must confirm that data will be analysed without bias and that findings will be regarded as being in the public domain and hence available to interested reviewers even if the results do not justify publication. Clinical investigators and ethics committees have the power and the duty to enforce this outcome.
Glucocorticoid receptor translational isoforms underlie maturational stage-specific glucocorticoid sensitivities of dendritic cells in mice and humans
Authors: Yun Cao, Ingrid K. Bender, Athanasios K. Konstantinidis, Soon Cheon Shin, Christine M. Jewell, John A. Cidlowski, Robert P. Schleimer, Nick Z. Lu
Journal: Blood (2013)
Thermography and Xeromammography
Authors: Harold J. Isard
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Apparently, the authors of the case history presented in TOPICS IN RADIOLOGY on Sept 18, 1987,<sup>1</sup>are unaware of the contribution that breast thermography may make in such situations. Thermography of the breast accurately differentiates the edematous thickened skin of inflammatory breast cancer from a variety of noninflammatory conditions, including the edema of congestive heart failure, lymphatic obstruction, skin disorders, etc.<sup>2</sup>Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast uniformly produces an obvious diffuse increase in infrared emission from the involved breast, in marked contrast to the "cold" thermogram of the noninflammatory conditions. Repeating the roentgenographic study by the xeromammographic technique added nothing to the diagnosis in this case, while thermographic examination, an inexpensive, noninvasive modality, would have spared the patient the unnecessary breast biopsies that were performed.
Cystic and papillary neoplasm involving peribiliary glands: A biliary counterpart of branch-type intraductal papillary mucinous cystic neoplasm?
Authors: Yasuni Nakanuma, Yasunori Sato
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Peribiliary glands (PGs) are located around the extrahepatic and perihilar bile ducts and are reportedly involved in the development, as well as diseases, of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems.1, 2 Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is a newly described entity characterized by intraluminal papillary tumor(s) with mucin secretion.2 IPNB is an early neoplastic lesion of invasive cholangiocarcinoma and is proposed to be a counterpart of intraductal papillary mucinous cystic neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas. Though there are main duct and branch types of IPMN of the pancreas, the IPNB cases reported on, so far, seem to correspond to the main duct type, IPMN.2 Recently, there have been several reports of IPNB that might have arisen from PGs.3-6 Nakanishi et al. reported on a case in which the cystic and papillary neoplastic lesions only involved PGs.3 In another case,4 IPNB showed diverticular dilatation, and neoplastic changes involving PGs were found at the tip of the diverticular dilatation. Papillary neoplastic changes were also continuously found on the luminal surface of the neighboring bile ducts. It seems possible that the first case3 may correspond to branch-type IPMN, whereas the second case4 corresponds to the combined branch- and main-duct-type IPMN. These cases3-6 not only suggest that cystic and papillary neoplastic changes primarily involve PGs, but also that such neoplastic cells spread to the adjacent bile duct, with the formation of IPNB showing diverticulum-like dilatation. The relationship of PGs and the adjacent bile duct in cases of IPNB involving PGs are schematically shown in Fig. 1. In type A, neoplastic involvement is confined to PGs, and in type B, PGs are mainly involved and the adjacent bile duct(s) are also secondarily and partly involved. Type C represents extensive involvement of PGs with the simultaneously significant involvement of bile ducts. These three types can be called "branch-type IPNB," whereas the majority of IPNB cases reported on, so far, with main duct IPMN can be called "main-duct-type IPNB." Schema of cystic and papillary neoplasms involving the PGs. Blue epithelium is non-neoplastic, and red epithelium is neoplastic. L, bile duct lumen; *unaffected PGs. Type A shows neoplastic involvement confined to the PG, and type B shows the main involvement of the PGs with partial secondary involvement of the adjacent bile duct. Type C reflects extensive involvement of the PGs with simultaneous involvement of the bile ducts, and this type may appear grossly as peribiliary cysts in the perihilar regions. Yasuni Nakanuma M.D.*, Yasunori Sato M.D., Ph.D.*, * Department of Human Pathology,Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
AMA Drug Evaluations
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1977)

The third edition of the AMA Drug Evaluations book ( ADE ) has just been published. * The first edition that appeared in 1971 was prepared by the American Medical Association Department of Drugs under the direction of the Association's Council on Drugs. The second edition issued in 1973 was compiled by the Department of Drugs with assistance from ad hoc consultants who gave generously of their time and knowledge. This most recent edition is a collaborative effort between the AMA and the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. This collaboration has resulted in the most comprehensive and authoritative reference source currently available on prescription drugs.  The ADE is arranged by chapters that deal with drugs that have a similar pharmacological action or clinical usefulness, and it provides for the physician information on how to prescribe effective and safe agents for most clinical conditions. Described are 1300 pharmaceutical products, including 50 new
Treatment of Obesity by Moderate and Severe Caloric Restriction: Results of Clinical Research Trials
Authors: Thomas A. Wadden
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Recent studies of the treatment of obesity by moderate and severe caloric restriction show that patients treated in randomized trials using a conventional 1200 kcal/d reducing diet, combined with behavior modification, lose approximately 8.5 kg in 20 weeks. They maintain approximately two thirds of this weight loss 1 year later. Patients treated under medical supervision using a very-low-calorie diet (400 to 800 kcal/d) lose approximately 20 kg in 12 to 16 weeks and maintain one half to two thirds of this loss in the following year. Both dietary interventions are associated with increasing weight regain over time, although regain can be minimized with the recognition that obesity, in many cases, is a chronic condition that requires continuing care. Patients who participate in a formal weight-loss maintenance program, exercise regularly, or both are likely to achieve the best long-term results.
The Relationship Between Dysglycemia and Atherosclerosis in South Asian, Chinese, and European Individuals in Canada
Authors: Hertzel C. Gerstein, Sonia Anand, Qi Long Yi, Vladimir Vuksan, Eva Lonn, Koon Teo, Klas Malmberg, Matthew McQueen, Salim Yusuf
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—Raised glucose levels extending from normal into the diabetic range (dysglycemia) are an emerging risk factor for clinical cardiovascular events. The relationship between dysglycemia and atherosclerosis (AS) in the general population and in different ethnic groups remains controversial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Glucose tolerance, HbA1c, other metabolic risk factors for AS, and carotid mean maximal intimal media thickness were assessed in a random sample of 979 Canadians of South Asian, Chinese, and European descent. RESULTS—The age and sex-adjusted intimal medial thickness increased 0.026 mm for every 0.9% increase in HbA1c in all participants (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and in those of South Asian (P = 0.018), Chinese (P = 0.002), and European (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) descent. This progressive curvilinear relationship was most apparent at HbA1c levels &amp;gt;5.7%. The HbA1c-AS relationship persisted after adjustment for ethnicity, age, sex, diabetes status, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, fasting free fatty acids, blood pressure, and/or dyslipidemia (P &amp;lt; 0.004). Both diabetes (P = 0.002) and HbA1c (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) were determinants of the intimal medial thickness when included in separate statistical models. When included together in a single model, HbA1c (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) but not diabetes (P = 0.6) was a significant determinant. CONCLUSIONS—The degree of AS is related to the level of HbA1c irrespective of diabetes status and independent of abdominal obesity and other markers of the metabolic syndrome. This progressive relationship between HbA1c and AS was observed within different ethnic groups.
Depression as a Risk for Cancer Morbidity and Mortality in a Nationally Representative Sample
Authors: Alan B. Zonderman
Journal: JAMA (1989)

The relative risks for cancer morbidity and mortality associated with depressive symptoms were examined using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and the depression subscale from the General Well-being Schedule were used as predictors in this 10-year follow-up study of a nationally representative sample. No significant risk for cancer morbidity or mortality was associated with depressive symptoms with or without adjustment for age, sex, marital status, smoking, family history of cancer, hypertension, and serum cholesterol level. These data were also reanalyzed for subjects aged 55 years or older who were retraced by a second follow-up. Neither measure of depressive symptoms was a significant risk for cancer death during the 15-year follow-up interval. These results call into question the causal connection between depressive symptoms and cancer morbidity and mortality.
Prioritisation of surgery in the National Health Strategic Plans of Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Isabelle Citron, Linda Chokotho, Chris Lavy
Journal: The Lancet (2015)

Disease amenable to surgical intervention accounts for 11-15% of world disability and there is increasing interest in surgery as a global public health issue. National Health Strategic Plans (NHSPs) have been established in most countries and reflect their long-term health priorities, plans, and targets. To assess surgery's perceived importance in Africa, we reviewed its place in all such available plans.We analysed all 43 of the 55 independent countries in Africa that had NHSPs available in the public domain in March, 2014, in English or French. We searched for policies electronically with the search terms "surg*", "ortho*", "trauma", "cancer", "appendic*", "laparotomy", "HIV", "tuberculosis", and "malaria" and included those from 2002 to 2030. We then searched manually for disease prevalence, targets, and human resources.Eight (19%)of 43 NHSPs had no mention of surgery or surgical conditions. 28 (65%) of 43 had five or less mentions of surgery. HIV and malaria had 3801 mentions across all the policies compared with surgery with only 379 mentions. Trauma had 243 mentions, while the common surgical conditions of appendicitis, laparotomy, and hernia had no mentions at all. More than 95% (41 of 43) of NHSPs specifically mentioned the prevalences of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, infant mortality, and maternal mortality. The most commonly mentioned surgical condition for which a prevalence was given was trauma, in only 47% (23 of 43) of policies. All NHSPs had plans and measurable targets for the reduction of HIV and tuberculosis and all but one had targets for malaria, maternal mortality, and child mortality. Of the 4232 health targets across 43 NHSPs, only 96 (2·3%) were related to surgical conditions or surgical care. 14 (33%) of 43 policies had no surgical targets.NHSPs are the best available measure of health service and planning priorities. It is clear from our findings that surgery is poorly represented and that surgical conditions and surgical treatment are not widely recognised as a public health priority. A paradigm shift is required if surgery is to be considered a public health concern, which should include greater prioritisation in national health strategic policies.None.
Characterization of Chest Masses by FDG Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: KARL F. HÜBNER, EDWARD BUONOCORE, SANJAY K. SINGH, HOWARD R. GOULD, DANIEL W. COTTEN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Radiographic imaging techniques have proved to be of limited value in characterizing chest masses. Likewise, scintigraphic techniques with tumor-seeking single photon emitting agents have shown marginal practical benefit. In contrast, high resolution PET with [F-18]-2-fluoro-2-D-deoxyglucose (FDG) offers a unique opportunity to distinguish benign from malignant processes by determining metabolic characteristics. PET scan results, including graphical analysis of tumor transfer constants (Patlak plot) in 21 patients with primary lung cancer, were compared to clinical outcome (histologic proof or clinical follow-up of longer than 1 year) in 54 patients who had chest masses identified by CT and/or plain film. The patients were categorized into three groups. The first group (N = 23) had primary, unknown, lung masses. Differentiation of benign from malignant tumors by PET had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 67%. The second group (N = 13) had proven lung carcinoma or lymphoma and post-therapy PET scanning for recurrent tumor. In this setting, PET had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 80%. The third group (N = 18) had extrathoracic malignancies and suspected pulmonary metastases. Metastatic lesions were identified with a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 83%. Glucose uptake by normal tissue is variable and inflammatory/infectious processes can have high FDG uptake and overlap with the glucose uptake of malignant tissue. FDG PET is useful in characterizing chest tumors based on the level of their metabolic activity. Malignant tissue has a high glucose uptake. Elevated FDG uptake by an active inflammatory process may produce overlapping results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lack of evidence of human herpesvirus 8 DNA sequences in HIV-negative patients with various lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin
Authors: N. DUPIN, N. FRANCK, V. CALVEZ, I. GORIN, M. GRANDADAM, J.-M. HURAUX, M. LEIBOWITCH, H. AGUT, J.-P. ESCANDE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is a new virus which has been reported in Kaposi's sarcoma and some lymphoproliferative disorders such as Castleman's disease and body-cavity-based lymphoma. Because HHV-8 shares homology with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), we searched for the presence of HHV-8 DNA sequences in various cutaneous T-and B-cell lymphoma by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fortyseven HIV-negative patients with cutaneous lymphoma or large plaque parapsoriasis were enrolled in the study. For the detection of HHV-8 DNA sequences we used PCR followed by a hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled probe and nested-PCR. HHV-8 DNA sequences could only be detected in a patient with large plaque parapsoriasis. Our study does not suggest any direct implication of HHV-8 in the pathogenesis of most cutaneous lymphoma. Serological studies will be helpful to appreciate if there is an epidemiological link between HHV-8 and cutaneous lymphomas.
Specialist alcohol treatment services fail to meet need in Scotland
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2009)

One in four adults in Scotland (27.9%) is drinking alcohol at potentially harmful levels, and specialist treatment services are inadequate to meet the demand for help. These are the stark conclusions of a report from the Institute of Psychiatry, which recommends the expansion of treatment services throughout the country.

The report concludes that 206 000 (4.9%) of Scots are alcohol dependent, but only one in 12 of this group (17 000) have access to specialist treatment. Every area of Scotland has a low level of access, as measured by North American standards. The …
RELIEF OF HAY-FEVER BY INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF POLLEN EXTRACT
Authors: E. W. PHILLIPS
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Intradermal medication is neither new nor recent. Tuberculin and vaccines have been so exhibited. Mention is occasionally found of the fact that hay-fever patients have been benefited by intradermal pollen tests. Vaughan<sup>1</sup>has advocated the daily subcutaneous injection of small doses of pollen extract in the treatment of hay-fever during the attack. But I cannot find in the literature here available a report of the systematic use of intradermal injections of pollen extract, at one or two day intervals, for the relief of the symptoms of hay-fever. My purpose here is to report the results in a small series of cases intradermally treated, and the technic employed. These results are so much better than those obtained in previous years on a larger number of patients of the same sort, living in the same community and treated in the usual way with entirely similar pollen extracts, that it seems proper
Before and after study designs
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Legislation to prohibit smoking in most enclosed public places was implemented in Scotland in March 2006. It has been suggested that an unintended consequence of such legislation is the displacement of adult smoking from public places into the home. Researchers investigated whether exposure to secondhand smoke in primary schoolchildren changed after the implementation of the legislation. A before and after study design was used. Participants were children in their final year of primary school, aged 10-11 years at the start of the school year. Two representative class based surveys of children were undertaken in the same schools one year apart, with one before the legislation and the other after. The surveys included different children. Of 170 schools approached, 116 agreed to take part in the study before the legislation (January 2006) and 111 of these schools also participated in the follow-up survey (January 2007). Each school selected one class to participate in each survey. A total of 2559 primary schoolchildren were surveyed in January 2006 and a further 2424 children in January 2007.1

The outcome measures included salivary cotinine concentrations and reported …
Long-Term Clinical Outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation Registry
Authors: Frederick Feit, Maria Mori Brooks, George Sopko, Norma M. Keller, Allan Rosen, Ronald Krone, Peter B. Berger, Richard Shemin, Michael J. Attubato, David O. Williams, Robert Frye, Katherine M. Detre
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) included 4039 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease; 1829 consented to randomization, and 2010 did not but were followed up in a registry. Thus, we can evaluate the outcome of physician-guided versus random assignment of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Methods and Results —We compared the baseline features and outcomes for PTCA and CABG in the overall registry and its predesignated subgroups. We assessed the impact of treatment by choice versus random assignment by comparing the results in the registry with those of the randomized trial. Statistical adjustments for differences in baseline characteristics were made. Within the registry, nearly twice as many patients were selected for PTCA (1189) as CABG (625); mortality at 7 years was similar for PTCA (13.9%) and CABG (14.2%) ( P =0.66) before and after adjustment for baseline differences between patients selected for PTCA versus CABG (adjusted RR, 1.02; P =0.86). In contrast to the randomized trial, the 7-year mortality rate of treated diabetics in the registry was equally high (26%) with PTCA or CABG. Seven-year mortality was higher for patients undergoing PTCA in the randomized trial than in the registry (19.1% versus 13.9%, P &lt;0.01) but not for those undergoing CABG (15.6% versus 14.2%, P =0.57). The adjusted relative mortality risk for PTCA in the randomized versus registry population was 1.17 ( P =0.16). Conclusions —BARI physicians were able to select PTCA rather than CABG for 65% of registry patients who underwent revascularization without compromising long-term survival either in the overall population or in treated diabetics.
CIRCUMCISION IN RESTRICTING THE SPREAD OF SYPHILIS.
Authors: HAROLD N. MOYER
Journal: JAMA (1900)

There is difference of opinion as to the mortality of the chief venereal diseases, syphilis and gonorrhea. The latter was, until quite recently, regarded as purely local, but after the gonococcus was identified and cultivated, it was found that general infections were frequently caused by this organism. Pleurisy, meningitis, myocarditis and peritonitis, and of late a gonococcemia have all been indentified. These considerations force the conclusion that gonorrhea is not the innocent local disease it was formerly thought to be, with complications largely of a mechanical nature, such as stricture, etc. There will probably be a widening conception of the disease-producing power of the gonococcus, since it has been recognized that, in common with other germs, its pathogenic power depends upon a toxin and not upon the germ itself. The observations of Young show that in many cases the gonococcus can be identified by cultivation when it has escaped detection