tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Health claims substantiation for probiotic and prebiotic products
Authors: Mary Ellen Sanders, James T. Heimbach, Bruno Pot, Daniel J. Tancredi, Irene Lenoir-Wijnkoop, Anu Lähteenmäki-Uutela, Miguel Gueimonde, Silvia Bañares
Journal: Gut Microbes (2011)

The topic of "Health Claims Substantiation for Probiotic and Prebiotic Products" was discussed at the 8 (th) annual International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) meeting. The topic is especially timely considering that the regulatory review process for health benefit claims on probiotic and prebiotic products in Europe has not resulted in a single claim being approved (120 negative opinions on probiotic claims and 19 negative opinions on prebiotic claims through February 2011). This situation in Europe and elsewhere has driven companies to seek clarity on a research path that would stand up to scientific scrutiny as well as satisfy regulatory demands for health claim substantiation. It can be challenging to negotiate rigid regulatory distinctions, such as between health and disease, when these states are more realistically represented by continua. One research approach focused on improved homeostasis is explored as a statistically robust approach to measuring physiological parameters in healthy populations, which are the required target for food and supplement claims. Diverse global regulatory frameworks complicate this issue, and harmonization of different approaches globally would simplify requirements for industry, decrease consumer confusion and improve the scientific framework for the research community to set up appropriate research pathways. This report highlights key points from this discussion.
Habitual Physical Activity Is Associated With Intrahepatic Fat Content in Humans
Authors: Gianluca Perseghin, Guido Lattuada, Francesco De Cobelli, Francesca Ragogna, Georgia Ntali, Antonio Esposito, Elena Belloni, Tamara Canu, Ileana Terruzzi, Paola Scifo, Alessandro Del Maschio, Livio Luzi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Fatty liver may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Physical exercise is a tool to improve insulin sensitivity, but little is known about its effect on intrahepatic fat (IHF) content. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of habitual physical activity, insulin resistance, and adiponectin with IHF content.Participants were 191 (77 female and 114 male) apparently healthy, nonalcoholic individuals (aged 19-62 years; BMI 17.0-35.5 kg/m2). IHF content was assessed in a quantitative fashion and noninvasively as a continuous variable by means of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and habitual physical activity was assessed by means of a questionnaire. Fatty liver was defined as IHF content of >5% wet weight, and insulin sensitivity was estimated using the computer homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-2 indexes.A reduced prevalence of fatty liver in the quartile of the most physically active individuals (25, 11, 25, and 2% in quartile 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively; chi2 = 15.63; P = 0.001) was found along with an inverse correlation between the physical activity index and the IHF content when plotted as continuous variables (Pearson's r = -0.27; P < 0.000). This association was not attenuated when adjusted for age, sex, BMI, HOMA-2, and adiponectin (partial correlation r = -0.25; P < 0.001).This study demonstrated that a higher level of habitual physical activity is associated with a lower IHF content and suggested that this relationship may be due to the effect of exercise per se.
The Smallpox Epidemic.
Authors: M. L. Hughes
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Clarksville, Tenn., Aug. 14, 1901. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —There is a point or two in your issue of August 3, to which I wish to call attention. Dr. Happel, in his paper, quotes from F. J. Runyon's paper entitled "Our Recent Epidemic of Smallpox and the Failure of Glycerinated Lymph," read before the Tennessee State Society, April, 1901, and published in the<i>Memphis Medical Monthly</i>, August, and attempts to support his own view that vaccination does not prevent the eruptive disease so widely prevalent, and generally recognized as "smallpox." Runyon's statistics clearly show that proper vaccination did give general immunity to the disease in question, but that glycerinated lymph was not favorable and did not prevent smallpox. I saw many cases with Dr. Runyon, and his observations and experience with glycerinated lymph coincide with my own. Dr. Le Roy (in his discussion) confounds Clarksville with Montgomery County. Dr. Runyon and
Undertreatment Improves, but Overtreatment Does Not
Authors: Mitchell H. Katz, Deborah Grady, Rita F. Redberg
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Internal Medicine HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal
Laparoscopic Observation of Hepatic Lobe Atrophy
Authors: M. Watanabe, Y. Umekawa, K. Ueki, H. Hirakawa, S. Fukumoto, Y. Shimada
Journal: Endoscopy (1989)

From the standpoint of diagnostic laparoscopy, the frequency and etiological aspect of atrophy of a lobe of the liver was studied.
Medical Device Innovation — Is “Better” Good Enough?
Authors: Lisa G. Suter, A. David Paltiel, Benjamin N. Rome, Daniel H. Solomon, Ilya Golovaty, Hanna Gerlovin, Jeffrey N. Katz, Elena Losina
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

The FDA approves many devices on the basis of similarity to precursors, possibly encouraging development of slightly improved, higher-cost devices. A modeling approach can illuminate interplay among efficacy and durability, patient characteristics, costs, and outcomes.
The five years after qualification
Authors: J. Firth-Cozens
Journal: BMJ (1994)

strengthening programmes to control tuberculosis; organ- ising care for people with HIV infection; and increasing the educational and socioeconomic opportunities for women.These focused interventions are broadly consistent with reform measures for health care recommended by the World Bank.16 Finally, what are the research and public health implica- tions of the evolving pandemic for Britain and the interna- tional community?Greater attention should be paid to the growing epidemic in Asia without assistance for Africa being jeopardised.As the epidemic in Asia expands, citi- zens of European countries who are of Asian origin and those who travel to Asia may be at higher risk of exposure to HIV infection than previously.Increased emphasis is required on behavioural research, both in industrialised 1 Concorde Coordinating Committee.Concorde: MRC/ANRS randomised double-blind controlled trial of immediate and deferred zidovudine in symptom-free HIV infection.
Comparative Evaluation of F-18 FDOPA, F-18 FDG, and F-18 FLT-PET/CT for Metabolic Imaging of Low Grade Gliomas
Authors: Madhavi Tripathi, Rajnish Sharma, Maria D'Souza, Abhinav Jaimini, Puja Panwar, Raunak Varshney, Anupama Datta, Nitin Kumar, Gunjan Garg, Dinesh Singh, Rajesh K. Grover, Anil K. Mishra, Anupam Mondal
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

We undertook this prospective study to compare amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and proliferation in primary and recurrent low grade gliomas using positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography with F-18 FDOPA, F-18 FDG, and F-18 FLT.Fifteen patients with newly diagnosed or previously treated low grade gliomas (WHO grade I or II) were subjected to F-18-FDOPA, F-18 FDG, and F-18 FLT PET/computed tomography studies on consecutive days. This included 2 patients in remission as control subjects. Uptake of all the 3 tracers were analyzed visually and quantified using standardized uptake values and tumor to normal (T/N) ratios. The accuracy of all the 3 PET tracers in the detection of newly diagnosed and recurrent low grade gliomas was compared.F-18 FDOPA was positive in all cases of primary and recurrent low grade gliomas and negative in the patients in remission. Tumor was visualized on F-18 FDG in 7 of 13 cases, F-18-FLT was positive in 4 of 13 cases. Average tumor standardized uptake values max for F-18 FDOPA (5.75 +/- 4.9) and F-18 FLT (1.8 +/- 0.91) was lower than that of F-18 FDG (8.5 +/- 4.4). T/N ratios for F-18-FDOPA (2.3 +/- 0.51) and F-18 FLT (1.8 +/- 0.91) were higher than F-18 FDG (1.03 +/- 0.64) providing good image contrast for tumor detection in positive cases.F-18 FDOPA scan is superior to both F-18 FLT and F-18 FDG for visualization of primary and recurrent low grade gliomas. F-18-FLT should not be considered for evaluation of recurrent low grade gliomas.
Collateral Ventilation in Man
Authors: Peter B. Terry, Richard J. Traystman, Harold H. Newball, Gopal Batra, Harold A. Menkes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

To determine whether collateral ventilation (defined as the ventilation of alveolar structures through passages or channels that bypass the normal airways) changes with age or emphysema, we compared the mechanics of collateral ventilation in seven young normal subjects, three old normal subjects and five patients with emphysema. In supine normal subjects at the end of a quiet expiration, resistance to airflow was greater through collateral channels than through bronchi and bronchioles. In emphysema, airways resistance could exceed collateral resistance, causing air to flow preferentially through collateral pathways. We conclude that high collateral resistance minimizes collateral airflow in supine normal subjects. When peripheral airways become obstructed or obliterated in emphysema, collateral channels may provide for more even distribution of ventilation. (N Engl J Med 298:10–15, 1978)
Rheumatology, vols 1 &amp; 2
Authors: G. E. Ehrlich
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Distribution of functional adrenergic receptor subtypes in the microcirculation of rat trachea.
Authors: M R Corboz, S T Ballard, S T Boyette, A E Taylor
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Although blood flow to the pulmonary airways is known to be largely under sympathetic control, virtually nothing is known about adrenergic regulation of vascular segments within the airway microcirculation. To evaluate the distribution of functional adrenergic receptor subtypes in the microvessels of the large airways, the change in diameter of adventitial vessels in rat trachea was measured following suffusion with selective and nonselective receptor agonists and antagonists. Microvessels were viewed with a video microscope, and vessel diameters were measured using video calipers. Arterioles (11.0 to 40.0 microns, n = 32), small postcapillary venules (11.0 to 26.0 microns, n = 16), medium venules (28.0 to 59.5 microns, n = 40), and large collecting venules (61.0 to 99.0 microns, n = 42) were distinguished. Similar sensitivities to norepinephrine (NE), a mixed alpha 1 and alpha 2 agonist, were observed in arterioles and medium venules with EC50 (agonist concentration needed to produce 50% of the maximal response) for contraction of 2.4 x 10(-7) and 3.3 x 10(-7) M, respectively. Large venules (EC50 of 1.6 x 10(-6) M) were significantly (p < 0.05) less sensitive than arterioles to NE. In the presence of propranolol, a beta receptor antagonist, the EC50 values for NE were not different between the three vessel groups, although the response to low doses of NE was significantly increased in arterioles. When vessels were treated with propranolol and phenylephrine, a selective alpha 1 agonist, arterioles (EC50 of 4.1 x 10(-7) M) were significantly more sensitive than large venules (EC50 of 4.9 x 10(-6) M).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Proliferation and Signaling in Fibroblasts
Authors: David J. Welsh, Margaret Harnett, Margaret MacLean, Andrew J. Peacock
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) plays an important role in the remodeling of the pulmonary circulation, notably during exposure to hypoxia. Here, we have been interested in the role of 5-HT and the 5-HT transporter in the proliferation of pulmonary artery fibroblasts derived from pulmonary hypertensive animals and particularly in defining which receptor subtype is of importance and in identifying a possible mechanism of this effect. This study has examined the effects of 5-HT on the proliferation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in rat pulmonary artery fibroblasts from control and chronically hypoxic animals. We have shown that 5-HT has a co-mitogenic effect with serum to produce an enhanced proliferative response in cells from chronically hypoxic rats over those from control animals. Moreover we have found that the 5-HT2A receptor is responsible for the hypoxia-associated 5-HT proliferation in these cells by using specific receptor agonist and antagonist studies and that this receptor signals via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. We have also shown that the 5-HT transporter is important in the mitogenic response not pertaining to hypoxic stimulation. Taken together, these data suggest that selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonists may have a role in pulmonary artery fibroblast proliferation to hypoxia.
P2-161: Phase II trial of induction chemotherapy with carboplatin and gemcitabine followed by concomitant gemcitabine and thoracic radiation followed by chemotherapy with carboplatin and gemcitabine for the treatment of stage IIIA and IIIB non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Oscar Arrieta, Luis Martinez, Dolores Gallardo, Rafael Morales-Barrera, Juan-Carlos Silva-Godinez, Omar Castillo-Fernandez, Jaime de la Garza
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Radioiodine Therapy for Graves Disease
Authors: José Willegaignon, Marcelo Tatit Sapienza, Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Purposes Based on the committed thyroid absorbed dose, the aim was to compare the efficiency of 131I therapy against Graves disease (GD) within 1 year after treatment and, by exploring the dose-response relationship, indicate an absorbed dose to be targeted into patient therapeutic planning. Methods Thyroid-absorbed doses were calculated to 196 patients with GD by applying Medical Internal Radiation Dose formalism and taking into account administered 131I activity, thyroid radioiodine uptake, effective half-life, and gland tissue mass. Statistical analysis was applied to assess the relationship between absorbed doses and the patient’s clinical response. Results Overall, successful therapy was achieved in 167 patients, whereas in 29 the disease persisted, even though 64.8% and 89.3% of all the treated patients had received, respectively, thyroid absorbed dose and activity superior to 300 Gy and 11.1 MBq/g (300 μCi/g) of thyroid tissue. Among those in whom the disease persisted, 24 (83%) had a 6- to 24-hour 131I uptake ratio equal or superior to 0.9, whereas only 5 (17%) presented a lower ratio. According to statistical analysis, there was no difference in cure rate between the groups that received 300 Gy or less and that which received more (84.1% vs 85.8%, P = 0.8336). Conclusions A thyroid absorbed dose of 300 Gy is plausible as a targeted therapeutic dose in GD therapy planning, because statistical analysis has proven there to be no advantage in treating patients with doses above this level. On the other hand, numerous efforts should be made to develop an optimized and easily applicable protocol of patient-specific dosimetry and to provide data that show its clinical impact on patient management.
The role of prolactin, as sex hormone, and its receptor involved in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: M W Tang, D M Gerlag, V Codullo, E C Vieina de Sousa, A Q Reuwer, M Twickler, P P Tak
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Background and objective</h3> Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a rheumatic disease mainly affecting women. Prolactin (PRL) is a sex hormone, which apart from inducing lactation, has also immunomodulatory properties. High prolactin levels are associated with an increased disease activity postpartum and some studies have shown that bromocriptin, decreasing prolactin levels, improves clinical activity of patients with RA. Furthermore, hyperprolactinemia is observed in 6% of RA patients compared to 3% in the normal population. Recently, the prolactin receptor (PRLR), belonging to the family of cytokine receptors, has been described in atherosclerotic plaques, mainly on macrophages. The objective of the study is to determine (1) the level of PRL in RA patients related to treatment effect (2) PRLR expression in synovial tissue of RA, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients (3) the phenotype of the PRLR expressing cell. <h3>Material and methods</h3> Serum prolactin levels were measured using immunofluorescent metric assay in patients with RA before and after tumour cecrosis factor α (TNFα) blockade (n=118). The expression of PRLR was determined in synovial tissue (ST), of RA (n=91), PsA (n=15) and OA (n=9) patients. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to detect the PRLR expressing cell type. <h3>Results</h3> Hyperprolactinemia was observed in 4,2% of the patients with RA (PRL level 16–36 µg/l). Prolactin level is respectively highest in premenopausal, postmenopausal females compared to male. The level of prolactin was decreased in the group of responders compared to the non-responders to TNF treatment, respectively 7.0 (2.0–36) and 8.5 (4.0–19) (median (range) µg/l; p=0.048). Higher tertiles of prolactin levels, still within physiological range, were associated with reumafactor positivity (p=0.031), anticyclic citrullinated peptide (p=0.075) and erosive disease (p=0.095). The number of patients expressing PRLR in the synovium was comparable between RA and PsA (66% and 73%, respectively) versus 25% of the patients with OA (p=0.050). The levels of PRLR expressions were significantly higher in RA and PsA compared to OA, 0.055 (0.000–5.673), 0.182 (0.000–5.336) and 0.000 (0.000–0.908) (median (range) IOD/nuclei per mm2; p=0.024), see figure 1. There was no significant difference in PRLR expression between males and (pre/postmenopausal) females. Using IF, colocalisation was observed with markers of macrophages and endothelial wall. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Higher levels of prolactin were found in patients not responding to anti-TNF treatment. The expression of the prolactinreceptor in synovial tissue, mainly by macrophages, is higher in the inflammatory diseases (RA and PsA) compared to OA. Our data suggest a role of prolactin as sexhormone in rheumatoid arthritis.
Pre- and Postnatal Polychlorinated Biphenyl Concentrations and Longitudinal Measures of Thymus Volume in Infants
Authors: Todd A. Jusko, Dean Sonneborn, Lubica Palkovicova, Anton Kocan, Beata Drobna, Tomas Trnovec, Irva Hertz-Picciotto
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Previously, we reported an association between higher maternal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations and smaller thymus volume in newborns in a birth cohort residing in eastern Slovakia.In the present report we address whether thymus volume at later ages is influenced by prenatal and early postnatal PCB exposure.At the time of delivery, 1,134 mother-infant pairs were enrolled. Maternal and 6- and 16-month infant blood samples were collected and analyzed for 15 PCB congeners. Thymus volume was measured in infants shortly after birth and at ages 6 and 16 months using ultrasonography.Higher maternal PCB concentration was associated with reduced thymus volume at birth [a 0.21 SD reduction in thymus volume for an increase in total maternal PCB concentration from the 10th to the 90th percentile; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.37, -0.05], whereas maternal PCB concentration was not predictive of 6- and 16-month thymus volume. Six-month infant PCB concentration was associated with a 0.40 SD decrease in 6-month thymus volume (95% CI: -0.76, -0.04). There was also some suggestion that thymus volume at 16 months was positively associated with concurrent infant PCB concentration.The potential adverse effects of in utero PCB exposure on thymic development may extend beyond the neonatal period. Results from this highly exposed cohort provide suggestive evidence that postnatal PCB concentrations may be influential, but a smaller set of 6-month PCB measurements limited statistical power at that time point. Implications regarding impaired immunologic maturation or long-term clinical implications remain to be determined.
Nutrition Education and Social Learning Interventions for Type II Diabetes
Authors: Russell E Glasgow, Deborah J Toobert, Dayna L Mitchell, Jodie E Donnelly, David Calder
Journal: Diabetes Care (1989)

Two diabetes education programs were compared to a control condition. Seventy-eight type II (non-insulindependent) diabetic outpatients were randomly assigned to nutrition education, nutrition education plus social learning intervention, or wait-list control conditions. Both interventions involved five weekly meetings that focused on reducing calorie intake, increasing dietary fiber, and decreasing fat consumption. The social learning condition also included individualized goal setting and feedback and training in problem-solving and relapse prevention. Within-group analyses and between-group comparisons generally revealed greater improvement in targeted goals (e.g., calorie intake, fat reduction) among intervention conditions than the control condition. There were few differences in more distal measures of outcome such as weight or glycosylated hemoglobin. The social learning component did not improve outcome more than the nutrition education program. Possible reasons for the observed findings and the advantages and limitations of focused time-limited diabetes education efforts are discussed.