tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Breadth of Concerns of Community Medicine
Authors: David L. Rabin
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The reply to your fourth EDITORIAL, "Community Medicine: A Concept in Search of a Definition" (224:522, 1973) is eloquently stated in the three editorials that preceded it. The three editorials based upon papers withinThe Journaldiscuss the relationship between occupation and disease pattern, the importance of research on adverse drug reactions enabling physicians to assess the cost-benefit ratios of prescribed medicines, and an increased incidence of coronary disease among urbanized bedouin. The editorials all pose problems, but give no final answers. They indicate the changing face of disease as it appears to the practicing clinician and demonstrate the complexity of problems facing the doctor in the community. Yet, Dr. Ricketts, in the following editorial on community medicine, remarks that there is no need for such "a splinter department" and that the subject matter of community medicine does not warrant "the dignity of an academic title." The
Esophageal Reflux and Esophagitis
Authors: W. A. Reynolds
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Symptoms resulting from esophageal reflux and esophagitis are encountered frequently in medical practice. Various pain patterns, anxiety, dysphagia, regurgitation, bleeding, nocturnal cough, and wheezing are some of the familiar hallmarks of esophagitis and reflux. We have been impressed by another symptom not mentioned in standard references, and, to our knowledge, not emphasized in the medical literature. Nocturnal sweating has been a major complaint in at least four patients seen in the past six years and an abnormal finding upon direct questioning in a large number of other patients with esophageal reflux. Treatment usually consisted of elevation of the head of the bed at least 6 inches, and the use of a liquid antacid at bedtime. Weight reduction and, rarely, repair of hiatus hernia were also employed.  The diagnosis of esophageal reflux was often suggested by positive esophageal acid drip test when a roentgenologic study of the gastrointestinal
Hemodynamic Comparison of Bioprostheses for Complete Supra-Annular Position in Patients With Small Aortic Annulus
Authors: Florian Botzenhardt, Walter B. Eichinger, Sabine Bleiziffer, Ralf Guenzinger, Ina M. Wagner, Robert Bauernschmitt, Ruediger Lange
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Impact of Cigarette Smoke on Clearance and Inflammation after <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Infection
Authors: Anna G. Drannik, Mahmoud A. Pouladi, Clinton S. Robbins, Susanna I. Goncharova, Sussan Kianpour, Martin R. Stämpfli
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

The object of this study was to investigate the impact of cigarette smoke on bacterial clearance and immune inflammatory parameters after infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. We observed a delayed rate of bacterial clearance in smoke-exposed compared with sham-exposed mice. This was associated with increased inflammation characterized by greater numbers of neutrophils and mononuclear cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage. After infection, we observed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6) and chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1] and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 [MIP-2]) as well as myeloperoxidase and proteolytic activity in the lungs of smoke-exposed compared with sham-exposed animals. Delayed clearance was associated with increased morbidity and greater weight loss of smoke-exposed mice. After delivery of inactivated bacteria, we observed a similar inflammatory response, clinical score, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in smoke- and sham-exposed animals, suggesting that increased inflammation and altered clinical presentation are due to the delayed rate of bacterial clearance. Our findings suggest that cigarette smoke affects respiratory immune-inflammatory responses elicited by bacteria. We postulate that altered respiratory host defense may be implicated in smoking-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Survival of Burned Patients
Authors: Burton A. Waisbren
Journal: JAMA (1968)

ABSTRACT To the Editor:— The recent article by McCoy et al, Discriminant Function Probability Model for Predicting Survival in Burned Patients. (203:644, 1968), purports to enable one to determine prognosis in severe burn cases, but does not take into account improvements in burn survival that are made possible by the control of sepsis with large doses of antibiotics (200:939, 1967).Assuming that the statistical methods of McCoy et al are valid, the accompanying Table shows the difference in survival as predicted by their discriminant function model and the survival achieved at St. Mary's Burn Center, Milwaukee, with a prophylactic regimen of the highest tolerated doses of antibiotics and complete exposure.We point this out to avoid undue anxiety or pessimism that may discourage maximum treatment, especially in the case of older persons, who, as the comparison Table shows, have a much better chance of survival than McCoy et al
ASSOCIATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS WITH POST-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION ANGINA: ANALYSIS OF THE TRIUMPH PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Authors: Suzanne Arnold, John Spertus, Kasia Lipska, Fengming Tang, Abhinav Goyal, Darren McGuire, Sharon Cresci, Thomas Maddox, Mikhail Kosiborod
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Myocardial release of endogenous opioids in the human heart and the effects of epidural spinal electrical stimulation (ESES) in pacing-induced angina pectoris
Authors: Clas Mannheimer, Håkan Emanuelsson, Göran Larsson, Finn Waagstein, Lars-Erik Augustinsson, Tore Eliasson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Smoking and Cervical Cancer
Authors: Donald F. Austin
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Elsewhere in this issue (p 499), Trevathan and colleagues report an association between cigarette smoking and both dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Initially hypothesized in 1977 by Winkelstein,<sup>1</sup>the association of invasive cervical cancer and carcinoma in situ with smoking has now been reported by almost every retrospective<sup>2-6</sup>and prospective<sup>7,8</sup>study in which the investigators sought to detect such a relationship. Trevathan et al now confirm the existence of the same relationship in cervical carcinoma in situ and in its premalignant precursor, dysplasia. Both the work of Trevathan et al and of Lyon et al<sup>9</sup>may be considered second-generation studies because they were undertaken with the primary intent of testing the validity of the previously reported association. Both studies substantiated the association and both found a particularly strong effect from smoking at an early age. Both groups suggest, as a possible biologic
Long-Term caspase inhibition ameliorates apoptosis, reduces myocardial troponin-I cleavage, protects left ventricular function, and attenuates remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction
Authors: Y. Chandrashekhar, Soma Sen, Ruth Anway, Allan Shuros, Inder Anand
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Oxidative Stress in Families of Type 1 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Elena Matteucci, Ottavio Giampietro
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

We have recently reported evidence of increased oxidative stress in nondiabetic first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes (1). Elevated circulating markers of lipid peroxidation and increased cellular fragility seemed to be associated with supposed markers of inflammation. Transition metals may promote free radical reactions. Indeed, among radical-scavenging defenses of extracellular fluids, there are proteins involved in the sequestration of transition metals. Further-more it has been reported that cellular-redox modification influences the activity of ion-transport systems (2,3,4,5,6), including sodium/hydrogen exchange (NHE), and we have found increased erythrocyte NHE activity in families of patients with type 1 diabetes (7). Because we had previously examined the plasma thiol groups and the erythrocyte antioxidant reserves in type 1 families (8), we completed our investigation of possible first-chain initiating or stimulating factors.

In these families, we searched for the contribution of extracellular antioxidants to the increased levels of oxidative stress. We also investigated the eventual relationship between oxidative stress and abnormal NHE activity. The study groups were the same type 1 diabetic patients, first-degree relatives, and control subjects previously examined (1). We selected 30 type 1 diabetic patients (mean duration 20 ± 8 years; 10 without diabetic complications, 10 with retinopathy, and 10 with nephropathy and retinopathy), 36 nondiabetic normotensive siblings, 37 parents, and three groups of healthy subjects without …
Are condoms the answer to rising rates of non-HIV sexually transmitted infections? Yes
Authors: Markus J Steiner, Willard Cates
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Consistent condom use can reduce the spread of HIV, and <b>Markus Steiner</b> and <b>Willard Cates </b>believe condoms are the answer to other sexually transmitted infections. But <b>Stephen Genuis </b>argues that a more comprehensive approach is needed
Surgical care needs of low-resource populations: an estimate of the prevalence of surgically treatable conditions and avoidable deaths in 48 countries
Authors: Shailvi Gupta, Reinou S Groen, Patrick Kyamanywa, Emmanuel A Ameh, Mohamed Labib, Damian L Clarke, Peter Donkor, Miliard Derbew, Rachid Sani, Thaim B Kamara, Sunil Shrestha, Benedict C Nwomeh, Sherry M Wren, Raymond R Price, Adam L Kushner
Journal: The Lancet (2015)
CONCERNING STONE IN THE KIDNEY AND ITS OPERATIVE TREATMENT, WITH REPORT OF CASES. CHAIRMAN'S ADDRESS.
Authors: JOSEPH RANSOHOFF
Journal: JAMA (1895)

The first, the easy, the pleasant part of my task, is to express my appreciation of the honor of being permitted to preside over your deliberations. The distinction is not lessened by the surgical achievements, past and present, of the city in which we are convened. It was in Baltimore that the common iliac artery was first tied by William Gibson before he was called to shed luster on the surgery of Philadelphia. It was here that Jameson first in the history of surgery made a nearly complete excision of the upper jaw. It was here that the son, worthy of a worthy father, Nathan Rhyno Smith, for nearly half a century fostered surgical growth. His surgical anatomy of the arteries did much toward elevating American surgery of the second quarter of the century to the high plane then occupied by that of France and of England. For a simple
Asthma outcomes and costs of therapy with extrafine beclomethasone and fluticasone
Authors: Gene Colice, Richard J. Martin, Elliot Israel, Nicolas Roche, Neil Barnes, Anne Burden, Peter Polos, Paul Dorinsky, Elizabeth V. Hillyer, Amanda J. Lee, Alison Chisholm, Julie von Ziegenweidt, Francesca Barion, David Price
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Cow's milk IgE and IgG antibody responses to cow's milk formulas
Authors: G Oldæus, B Björkstén, MC Jenmalm, N.‐I.M Kjellman, G Oldæus
Journal: Allergy (1999)

For comparison of the antigenicity and allergenicity of three cow's milk formulas, serum IgE antibodies to cow's milk, β‐lactoglobulin and casein, and IgG antibodies to β‐lactoglobulin were analyzed in 94 infants with a family history of allergy. They were participating in a randomized trial comparing the allergy prophylactic effect of feeding an extensively hydrolyzed (N), a partially hydrolyzed (PH), and a regular cow's milk formula (RM). Only infants who had been formula‐fed for 3 months or more were included. IgE antibodies to cow's milk proteins were more common in the RM group (22/34) than in the N (2/31) and PH groups (3/29). There was a strong correlation between sensitization to cow's milk and β‐lactoglobulin ( r =0.85, P &lt;0.001). The IgG responses to β‐lactoglobulin were low in the N group, intermediate in the PH group, and high in the RM group. High responses, as well as detection of IgE antibodies, were associated with development of atopic disease. The low antigenicity and allergenicity of the extensively hydrolyzed formula support its use in allergy prophylaxis. The partial hydrolysate seemed to be less suitable for this purpose.
Steroid Receptor RNA Activator Protein (SRAP): A Potential New Prognostic Marker for Estrogen Receptor-Positive/Node-Negative/Younger Breast Cancer Patients.
Authors: Y. Yan, Y. Yan, G. Skliris, G. Skliris, C. Penner, S. Chooniedass-Kothari, S. Chooniedass-Kothari, C. Cooper, Z. Nugent, A. Fristenski, M. Hamedani, A. Blanchard, Y. Myal, L. Murphy, L. Murphy, E. Leygue, E. Leygue
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: The steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) is a functional RNA suspected to participate in the mechanisms underlying breast tumor progression. This RNA is also able to encode for a protein, SRAP, whose exact function remains to be determined. Our aim was to assess, in a large breast cancer cohort, whether levels of this protein could be associated with outcome or established clinical parameters.Experimental Design: Following antibody validation, we have assessed SRAP expression by tissue-microarray (TMA) analysis of 372 tumors with known steroid receptor and node status. Clinical follow-up was available for all the corresponding patients. Immunohistochemical scores were independently determined by two investigators and averaged. Statistical analyses were performed using standard univariate and multivariate tests.Results: SRAP levels were significantly (Mann-Whitney rank sum test, P&amp;lt;0.05) higher in estrogen receptor-alpha positive (ER+, n = 273), in progesterone receptor positive (PR+, n= 256) and in older patients (age ≥ 65 years, n = 183). When considering ER+ tumors, PR+ tumors, or young patients (&amp;lt; 65 years), patients with high SRAP expression had a significantly (Mantel-Cox test, P &amp;lt; 0.05) worse breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) than patients with low SRAP levels. SRAP also appeared as a very powerful indicator of poor prognostic for BCSS in the subset of ER+, node negative and young breast cancer patients (Cox regression analysis, n = 60, BCSS Hazard Ratio=13.937, P&amp;lt;0.0001).Conclusion: Our data suggest that SRAP might be a new predictor of breast cancer specific survival in younger breast cancer patients with ER+/node negative tumors. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2017.
Prevention Starts in Kindergarten in New York City
Authors: Timothy F. Kirn
Journal: JAMA (1988)

THE OLD HEALTH curriculum used in the elementary schools in New York City contained a section on lawn mower safety; pretty ludicrous for a city where most grass grows either in the parks or in a crack in the sidewalk, according to Dale Mann, PhD. In fact, Mann, a professor at Columbia University's Teachers' College, has nothing nice to say about that curriculum: "It was real cognitive and real preachy. It was not something I would want my son exposed to." Reportedly, the teachers were ill-prepared to teach the subject, so they had little motivation to use the curriculum. Too many times, they ignored it completely. "Whatever the teacher taught" in effect became the curriculum, says Peggy Tumminio, assistant director, Office of Health, Physical Education and School Sports, New York City Board of Education. Now, the children there have a new, more rigorous health education program. "Growing Healthy in New
The outcome of percutaneous coronary interventions of saphenous vein grafts in diabetic patients compared to nondiabetic patients
Authors: Salman Ashfaq, Qahtan Malki, William S. Weintraub, Henry A. Liberman, Anna Kalynych, Douglas C. Morris, Emir Veledar, John S. Douglas, Ziyad Ghazzal
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Chance of identifying poor surgeons from mortality data is low, say analysts
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Publishing patient death rates for individual surgeons will not identify all poor performers and may create a sense of false reassurance, warns a team from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the Lancet .1

In many specialties surgeons do not do enough operations, and nor is death a common enough outcome, for the data to have the statistical power from which to draw safe conclusions, say Jenny Neuberger and colleagues. Individual surgeons’ mortality rates have already begun appearing, and more will follow in the next few months. The NHS’s medical director, Bruce Keogh, has hailed the release of the data as “a major breakthrough in NHS transparency.”

But the London team said that the chances that the data would identify a poorly performing surgeon were low. For hip fracture surgery, for example, surgeons would need to conduct 75 operations a year for there to be a 70% chance of detecting that their death rates were double the national average. The median number of hip fracture operations is much lower: 31 a year. For bowel cancer resection, the figures are even worse: it would take 132 operations a year …
Accumulation of ingested asbestos fibers in rat tissues over time.
Authors: K Patel-Mandlik, J Millette
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

With the use of the transmission electron microscope, asbestos fibers have been assessed in kidney cortex of four groups of rats previously exposed to intermediate-range feeding grade chrysotile asbestos. Newborn rats, from mothers gavaged with asbestos during pregnancy, were gavaged twice a week at the dose level of 50 mg/kg beginning at age day 7 until their natural death or sacrifice. The rats were divided into four groups by age: 0-200, 200-400, 400-600 and 600-800 days. Of the 20 rats comprising the four test groups, 17 were positive, average fiber recovery being 5.34 X 10(3)/mg dry weight. Average fiber level in control tissues was 0.23 X 10(3)/mg dry weight. Fiber recovery in tissues from control animals was shown to be significantly lower (p less than 0.005) than that from test tissues. Test groups showed highly significant differences (p less than 0.005) from each other in the fiber levels. Dose-response relationship was not significant (0.05 less than p less than 0.1). The length distribution and the alterations in morphology of the recovered fibers are described. This study is consistent with the passage of chrysotile asbestos across the gastrointestinal wall.
Altered CD4+ T cell homing to the gut impairs mucosal immune reconstitution in treated HIV-infected individuals
Authors: Maud Mavigner, Michelle Cazabat, Martine Dubois, Fatima-Ezzahra L’Faqihi, Mary Requena, Christophe Pasquier, Pascale Klopp, Jacques Amar, Laurent Alric, Karl Barange, Jean-Pierre Vinel, Bruno Marchou, Patrice Massip, Jacques Izopet, Pierre Delobel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Depletion of CD4+ T cells from the gut occurs rapidly during acute HIV-1 infection. This has been linked to systemic inflammation and disease progression as a result of translocation of microbial products from the gut lumen into the bloodstream. Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) substantially restores CD4+ T cell numbers in peripheral blood, but the gut compartment remains largely depleted of such cells for poorly understood reasons. Here, we show that a lack of recruitment of CD4+ T cells to the gut could be involved in the incomplete mucosal immune reconstitution of cART-treated HIV-infected individuals. We investigated the trafficking of CD4+ T cells expressing the gut-homing receptors CCR9 and integrin α4β7 and found that many of these T cells remained in the circulation rather than repopulating the mucosa of the small intestine. This is likely because expression of the CCR9 ligand CCL25 was lower in the small intestine of HIV-infected individuals. The defective gut homing of CCR9+β7+ CD4+ T cells — a population that we found included most gut-homing Th17 cells, which have a critical role in mucosal immune defense — correlated with high plasma concentrations of markers of mucosal damage, microbial translocation, and systemic T cell activation. Our results thus describe alterations in CD4+ T cell homing to the gut that could prevent efficient mucosal immune reconstitution in HIV-infected individuals despite effective cART.
Is Nitrous Oxide a Dangerous Anesthetic for Vitamin B12-Deficient Subjects?
Authors: Donald D. Koblin
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent article by Dr Schilling<sup>1</sup>suggests that the administration of nitrous oxide to patients with subclinical vitamin B<sub>12</sub>deficiency may produce neurological and hematological deficits. However, several details relating to the patients' history and anesthetic management are omitted in the article and could alter the author's conclusions. Moreover, readers not familiar with the specialty of anesthesiology may be confused by certain expressions in this manuscript, and these areas need to be clarified. First, throughout the manuscript Dr Schilling uses the phrase "nitrous oxide anesthesia." In fact, nitrous oxide alone will not produce a state of anesthesia unless it is administered at hyperbaric pressures.<sup>2</sup>In the clinical setting, nitrous oxide is always administered in combination with oxygen and almost always with other inhaled or intravenous anesthetics. The additional anesthetic agents employed in the two cases described by Dr Schilling are not specified. In case
Cholera in the Perspective of 1966
Authors: ROBERT ALLAN PHILLIPS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1966)

Cholera is a disease state caused by the Vibrio cholerae. The vibrios remain in the gut lumen, and the disease is atypically afebrile. The main symptom is a profuse isotonic diarrhea of rice-water character with an output rate of as much as 1 liter/hour. Early signs in the untreated patient are skeletal muscle cramps (presumably due to electrolyte loss) and vomiting. Mortality rate in untreated cases may be as high as 80%, and in treated cases, 20%. The U.S. Navy method of treating chlera has reduced the mortality rate to zero in the uncomplicated cases. U.S. Navy scientists have demonstrated that the cholera stool is remarkably constant from patient to patient and throughout the course of the disease. The simplicity of the Navy method for treating cholera makes it well suited for use in epidemics in populations with no experience in cholera. The method measures plasma specific gravity by the copper sulfate method. The Navy scientists found that there is a sodium transport inhibitor in cholera stools, and that there is decreased sodium transport from the gut lumen to plasma in the acute phase of cholera. Unlike other forms of shock, the mesenteric circulation in cholera must continue as there is a danger of loss of protein-free plasma, eventually leading to death. Tetracycline and other antibiotics have been shown to halve the course of the disease and fluid requirements for its therapy.