tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An Exploration of Ethical Issues in Research in Children’s Health and the Environment
Authors: Jerome A. Paulson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

The consideration of ethical issues relating to pediatric environmental health is a recent phenomenon. Discussions of biomedical ethics, research on children, and environmental health research have a longer history. In the late 1990s, researchers at the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, undertook a study to compare the effectiveness of several methods of reducing lead risk in housing. In a preliminary finding in the case of Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute, Inc., a Maryland court questioned the ethics of performing research on children when there is no prospect of direct benefit to those children and whether parents can consent to such research. This case dramatically raised the profile of ethical issues among the pediatric environmental health research community. To broaden the discussion of these issues and in response to the Kennedy-Krieger case, the Children's Environmental Health Network held a working meeting on 5 and 6 March 2004 to explore this topic. The articles in this mini-monograph were prepared by the authors as a result of the workshop and represent their opinions. This article is an introduction to the workshop and a summary of the articles to follow.
SUCCESSFUL AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS FOR EPITHELIOMA.
Authors: L. SEXTON
Journal: JAMA (1905)

<h3>History.</h3> —In June, 1898, Y. C. consulted me about an epithelioma of the penis which he and his physician friends had unsuccessfully tried to heal for eight months. Instead of healing, the epithelioma had continually grown larger until it involved not only all the preputial margin of the penis, but the larger portion of the glands as well. <h3>Examination.</h3> —It was the squamous variety of epithelioma which had started as a warty excrescence on the folds of the prepuce. Hypertrophied papillæ studded the ulcer where the mucous membrane and skin had previously come together. Several scabs or layers of epithelium had been removed from time to time when finally the base of the growth gradually began to harden and to extend, its surface being covered with a cauliflower-like excrescence. The portions of the tumor that had ulcerated had everted edges which bled freely on manipulation. The granulations were red like
Risk of pregnancy loss.
Authors: R G Newcombe
Journal: BMJ (1979)

of them,4 we suggest, is irrelevant and another two, from signatories to this letter,5 (i did in honesty mention this as a possibility without substantiating it with any evidence.In fact, in all our work with oral methionine in paracetamol poisoning we have never found any toxicity from it whatsoever.In conclusion, we are happy to leave it to your readers to make up their own minds on the facts before them.After all, it is almost a question of "you pays your money and takes your choice."In these days of economic stringency, above all in the National Health Service, it might be worth mentioning that the course of oral methionine that we recommend in these circumstances will attract a charge of some 80p whereas the corresponding course of N-acetylcysteine as a "special intravenous preparation (Parvolex, Duncan Flockhart)" will cost more than £30.
Study of Newspaper Reports Regarding Clinical Trials in Japan
Authors: Morihito Takita, Hiroto Narimatsu, Matsumuira Tomoko, Yukiko Kishi, Naoko Murashige, Tamae Hamaki, Yuko Kodama, Koichiro Yuji, Yuji Tanaka, Masahiro Kami
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Clinical trials are necessary for the development of new drugs and treatment methods.To conduct clinical trials smoothly, it is essential to improve public awareness of clinical trials.Accordingly, information regarding clinical trials must be disclosed and provided to the public in an understandable form.However, in Japan, 50% of patients in general and 70% of all participants in clinical trials have stated that the amount of information regarding clinical trials is scarce, 1 and people perceive the information services related to clinical trials to be deficient.The mass media, including newspapers and television broadcasts, are effective means of providing information to the public.In Japan, 8.3% of the television audience is equivalent to approximately 3 million people, 2 and the circulation of major newspapers ranges from 2.2 million to 10 million per day.Therefore, the use of mass media facilitates the provision of information to a large number of people at once.4][5] However, many physicians appear to be dissatisfied with the media reports regarding medical care. 2 Therefore, it cannot be said that the relationship between these two parties is favorable.To conduct clinical trials effectively, cooperation from mass media is essential.However, there have not been any studies that have systematically investigated mass media reports regarding clinical trials, so the situation thereof is unknown.We used the most up-to-date newspaper database to examine the situation of reports on clinical trials in the major Japanese newspapers.Our study was directed at the five major newspapers in Japan (ie, Asahi, Mainichi, Yomiuri, Sankei, and Nihon Keizai).The total number of subscribers to these newspapers is 27 million per day.The largest newspaper database in Japan, Nikkei Telecom, was used to obtain article information.This database incorporates articles from almost all newspapers that are issued in Japan, including every article in the five major newspapers since 1992.First, using a thesaurus search of Igaku Chuo Zasshi (Japan Medical Abstracts), we extracted words related to clinical trials to define the following words as keywords: investigational agent, preclinical study, drug screening, nonclinical test, clinical trial, sponsored study, clinical protocol, prospective study, comparative test, blind study, phase I study, phase II study, phase III study, phase IV study, postmarketing surveillance, randomized clinical trial, Good Clinical Practice, Good Laboratory Practice, clinical research coordinator, institutional review board, and clinical investigator.To investigate the number of articles related to clinical trials and the reported content, the articles published by the five major Japanese newspapers from 1992 to 2007 were then examined for the number of articles that contained these keywords, annual change, and content.
Dispute as rival groups publish details of human genome
Authors: Gavin Yamey
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The two groups that are sequencing the human genome published full sequence and mapping details of their first drafts this week, an event marked by acrimonious fighting between the rival scientists involved.

The Human Genome Project, an international collaboration between eight publicly funded university centres, published its sequence data in the journal Nature . Its data have been posted daily on the internet since the project began and are freely available. The project estimates that in the past two months researchers in the developing world have accessed its genome database over 300000 times.

In contrast, the commercial enterprise Celera Genomics, which published its data in the journal Science , only allows paid subscribers to access its data. Science took the unprecedented step of agreeing to impose some restrictions on the use of the published Celera data. The Human Genome Project, angered by the way that these restrictions discriminate against scientists in poor countries, claimed that Celera …
Help for hypochondriacks
Authors: Theodore Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Every month for nearly six years, James Boswell wrote an essay for the London Magazine under the name of The Hypochondriack. By hypochondriack, Boswell meant not the man who is consumed by fear of illnesses he does not have but the one who suffers from melancholy, spleen, or the vapours. He hoped to ward off his own tendency to this condition, or these conditions, by his literary exertions.

Inauspiciously, perhaps, his first essay in the series was dated November, and he quotes a French novel that starts with the line (one wants to read on), “In the gloomy month of November, when the people of England begin to hang and drown themselves . . .”

If Boswell were writing his …
Joseph G. Allen, MD
Authors: Harry A. Oberhelman
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Hepatitis C treatment in “difficult-to-treat” psychiatric patients with pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin: Response and psychiatric side effects
Authors: Martin Schaefer, Axel Hinzpeter, Ariane Mohmand, Gesa Janssen, Maurice Pich, Markus Schwaiger, Rahul Sarkar, Astrid Friebe, Andreas Heinz, Michael Kluschke, Marlene Ziemer, Juri Gutsche, Viola Weich, Juliane Halangk, Thomas Berg
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Abstract We investigated and compared the results of treating the chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection of different groups of psychiatric-risk patients and controls with pegylated interferon alpha (pegIFN-α) plus ribavirin. Seventy patients were prospectively screened for psychiatric disorders. Seventeen patients without psychiatric diseases or drug addiction (controls), 22 patients with psychiatric disorders, 18 patients who had received methadone substitution treatment and 13 patients who were former drug users were treated with pegIFN-α plus ribavirin. Sustained virological response (SVR), adherence, and psychiatric side effects (using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) in the groups were compared. An SVR was found in 58.6% of all patients: 58.8% of the controls, 50% of psychiatric patients, 72.2% of methadone patients, and 53.8% of former drug users. Methadone-substituted patients and former drug users had significantly higher dropout rates. Scores for neither depressive nor psychotic symptoms differed significantly between groups during treatment. However, the controls had lower pretreatment scores, followed by a significant higher increase to maximum scores. A stepwise logistic regression model showed that only genotype, not group (control, psychiatric, methadone, or former drug abuse), type of psychiatric diagnosis (affective disorder, personality disorder, or schizophrenic disorder), depression scores before and during treatment, change in depression score, antidepressive treatment, sex, or liver enzymes before treatment, was associated with SVR. Conclusion: In an interdisciplinary treatment setting psychiatric diseases and/or drug addiction did not negatively influence psychiatric tolerability of and antiviral response rate to HCV treatment with pegIFN-α and ribavirin. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Ventricular Arrhythmias Detected After Transvenous Defibrillator Implantation in Patients With a Clinical History of Only Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: Merritt H. Raitt, G. Lee Dolack, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Jeanne E. Poole, Gust H. Bardy
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Patients with a history of ventricular fibrillation (VF) have been shown to have a clinical profile, response to electrophysiological testing (EPS), and response to antiarrhythmic therapy that distinguishes them from patients with a history of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (MVT). Despite these differences, it is not clear whether VF in these patients is triggered by MVT or occurs de novo. The incidence of MVT and VF in such patients after their index VF event has important implications for therapeutic decisions regarding implantable defibrillator selection and programming. Methods and Results The records of 111 consecutive patients who had undergone transvenous cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) implantation for malignant ventricular arrhythmias were reviewed retrospectively. For each patient, all device tachyarrhythmia detections were examined and classified as VF, MVT, rapid polymorphic VT, or other. The number of events, time to first arrhythmia detection, and cycle length of MVTs were recorded. There were 55 patients with a history of only VF and 56 with a history that included an episode of MVT. Over 14 months of follow-up, with all patients initially off of antiarrhythmic medications, MVT was detected by only 18% of patients with a history of only VF compared with 54% of those with a history that included MVT ( P =.002). Among patients who did detect MVT, those with a history of only VF had fewer episodes (7±7 versus 20±31, P =.001) and a shorter mean MVT cycle length (279 versus 314 ms, P =.03) than those with a clinical history of MVT. Abrupt onset of VF not preceded by MVT was detected in 11% of patients with VF only. In addition to a history of MVT, male sex, age &lt;60 years, and MVT inducible on EPS were all significantly associated with an increased likelihood of MVT detection. On multivariate analysis, the inducibility of MVT was the primary independent predictor of MVT detection but was of minimal incremental predictive value in the subgroup of patients with a history of only VF. When EPS results were not considered, arrhythmia history was the primary independent predictor of MVT detection. Conclusions Patients with a history of only VF infrequently have MVT detected by their defibrillators. When these patients do detect MVT, it is faster than that detected in patients with a clinical history of MVT before ICD surgery. A significant percentage of VF survivors detected the abrupt onset of VF not preceded by MVT, suggesting that the deterioration of rapid MVT to VF is not the only clinically important mechanism of VF induction. These findings may have important implications for the understanding of the mechanism of VF induction and for use of an implantable defibrillator.
Myocardial Imaging Coxsackie Myocarditis
Authors: ROBERT G. WELLS, JAMES A. RUSKIN, JOHN R. STY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

A 3-week-old male neonate with heart failure associated with Coxsackie virus infection was imaged with Tc-99m PYP and TI-201. The abnormal imaging pattern suggested myocardial infarction. Autopsy findings indicated that the cause was myocardial necrosis secondary to an acute inflammatory process. Causes of abnormal myocardial uptake of Tc-99m PYP in pediatrics include infarction, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, bacterial endocarditis, and trauma. Myocardial imaging cannot provide a specific cause diagnosis. Causes of myocardial infarction in pediatrics are listed in Table 1.
THE NEED FOR STANDARDIZED METHODS FOR MEASURING THE AORTA: EXPERIENCE FROM THE NATIONAL REGISTRY OF GENETICALLY TRIGGERED THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSMS (GENTAC)
Authors: Federico M. Asch, Siddharth Prakash, Richard Devereux, Mary Roman, Jonathan Weinsaft, Gaby Weissman, William Guy Weigold, Shaine Morris, William Ravekes, Kathryn Holmes, Barbara Kroner, Ryan Whitworth, Kim Eagle, Neil Weissman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Maturity onset diabetes mellitus: response to intensive dietary management.
Authors: D R Hadden, D A Montgomery, R J Skelly, E R Trimble, J A Weaver, E A Wilson, K D Buchanan
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Analysis of the first six months of intensive dietary management of 57 maturity onset diabetics showed that a large proportion of such patients could be satisfactorily controlled without the need of either oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin. A dietitian's assessment of the patient's adherence to the prescribed diet allowed groups of good and poor dieters to be selected. Among the poor dieters the plasma insulin and triglyceride levels were significantly increased though plasma glucose levels were not significantly higher. Dietary adherence may thus be an prognostic risk factor in this group of diabetic patients.
Alternative Immune Globulin Preparation When Standard Immune Serum Globulin Is Not Available
Authors: L. I. Lutwick, E. H. Wu
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Since the mobilization of US military personnel to the Middle East, new production lots from the sole current US producer of human immune serum globulin (ISG) (Gammar, Armour Pharmaceuticals, Kankakee, Ill) have been supplied to the military forces. This has produced a shortage of ISG in civilian practice. This product may be used prophylactically for the prevention of hepatitis A and measles. <h3>Study.—</h3> Since human hyperimmune serum globulin preparations for passive protection from tetanus and hepatitis B are generally available to the clinician, we assayed, in parallel dilutions, these products in comparison to an available lot of ISG for antibodies against the hepatitis A and measles viruses. The globulin preparations were tested in 1:10 and 1:1000 dilutions in phosphate-buffered saline. Hepatitis A virus antibody was tested by the HAVAB ELISA(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill) and expressed as a ratio of positive obtained absorbence
Loss of vinculin and membrane-bound β-catenin promotes metastasis and predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Ting Li, Hanqing Guo, Ying Song, Xiaodi Zhao, Yongquan Shi, Yuanyuan Lu, Sijun Hu, Yongzhan Nie, Daiming Fan, Kaichun Wu
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2014)

Loss of cell-cell adhesion is important for the development of cancer invasion and metastasis. Vinculin, a key adhesion-related protein, can affect metastasis and prognosis in several tumours. Here, we determined the biological roles of vinculin in the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and evaluated its clinical significance as a potential disease biomarker. The expression level of vinculin in CRC cell lines and tissues was measured using Real-Time PCR and western blotting. Moreover, vinculin function was analysed using Transwell assays and in vivo metastasis assays in gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Furthermore, the impact of vinculin together with membrane-bound β-catenin on the prognosis of 228 CRC patients was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) indicators was verified by immunohistochemistry in CRC tissues obtained from these patients. Vinculin expression was found to be significantly downregulated in highly metastatic CRC cell lines and metastatic tissues. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that vinculin suppressed invasion, migration and metastasis in CRC cells and that this suppression could be attenuated by silencing β-catenin. Moreover, the expression of vinculin and membrane-bound β-catenin were positively correlated in CRC tissues, and lack of vinculin expression emerged as an independent prognostic factor in patients with CRC. Finally, the loss of vinculin and membrane-bound β-catenin was associated with node metastasis, organ metastasis and expression of EMT indicators. Our results suggest that vinculin may play specific roles in the EMT and metastasis of CRC and that loss of vinculin could be used as a prognostic factor for CRC.
Time of Eruption of Permanent Teeth in British Children at Independent, Rural, and Urban Schools
Authors: E. M. B. Clements, E. Davies-Thomas, K. G. Pickett
Journal: BMJ (1957)

In 1953 an account was given of the time of eruption of permanent teeth in a sample of schoolchildren from Birmingham between the ages of 5 and 13 years (Clements, Davies-Thomas, and Pickett, 1953).The dental observations were made in the course of the Birmingham Anthropometric Survey between 1947 and 1948, when children attending urban elementary schools were examined.Between 1949 and 1952 the survey was extended to include boys and girls in grammar and technical schools in Birmingham and independent and rural schools within a 30-mile radius of the city.Children at urban elementary schools between the ages of 14 and 15 years were also examined.By this means schoolchildren up to the age of 19 years and of very varied background were included in the survey population.This paper provides an account of the times at which the permanent teeth of children attending different types of school erupt.Children from independent schools form a sample whose economic background is par- ticularly good.Those from rural elementary schools are of mixed economic background; their comparison with children at urban elementary schools gives an indi- cation of the effect of rural as opposed to urban life on the age of eruption.Method and Material A full description of the methods of examination, the preparation of the records, and the technique of analysis were given in the earlier paper (Clements et al., 1953).Previous analysis has shown that there is no significant difference in the eruption times of teeth on the right and TAni I.
Social Environment Influences the Progression of Atherosclerosis in the Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbit
Authors: Philip M. McCabe, Julie A. Gonzales, Julia Zaias, Angela Szeto, Mahendra Kumar, Alan J. Herron, Neil Schneiderman
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Although there is evidence that emotionally stressful behavior can accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis, there is less data to support the notion that affiliative social behavior can slow disease progression. The present study examines the influence of social environment on the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit, a model that spontaneously develops lesions because of a genetic defect in lipoprotein clearance.WHHL rabbits were assigned to 1 of 3 social or behavioral groups: an unstable group, in which unfamiliar rabbits were paired daily, with the pairing switched each week; a stable group, in which littermates were paired daily for the entire study; and an individually caged group. The stable group exhibited more affiliative social behavior and less agonistic behavior than the unstable group and significantly less aortic atherosclerosis than each of the other 2 groups. Although the unstable and individually caged groups had comparable aortic lesion areas, the severity of the disease progressed faster in the unstable group, as indexed by a larger area of calcification and increased fibrous cap thickness in complex lesions. The unstable group showed increased agonistic behavior and signs of chronic adrenocortical and gonadal activation, whereas the individually caged group was relatively sedentary, had low glucocorticoid levels, and was hyperinsulinemic compared with the other groups.The present study demonstrates that social environment can slow, as well as accelerate, the progression of atherosclerosis. It also emphasizes the importance of behavioral factors in atherogenesis, even in a model of disease with strong genetic determinants.