tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Artery Aneurysm
Authors: Robert J. Ryan
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> There have been 176 cases of hepatic artery aneurysm reported up to 1970. These are frequently fatal, and only about one-third reaching surgery survive. The clinical picture is marked by pain, a palpable mass, and jaundice, but the triad of pain, hemorrhage, and jaundice suggests a hepatic artery aneurysm. If the aneurysm ruptures, it usually does so into the peritoneal cavity, the common duct, or, less often, into the duodenum, gallbladder, or stomach. If time allows, retrograde aortography should be employed preoperatively. In the hemorrhagic case, prompt and aggressive surgery is necessary. Ligation of the common hepatic artery is satisfactory, and we have always been instructed that the ligature should be placed proximal to the origin of the gastroduodenal artery. Then the collateral circulation via the superior mesenteric artery prevents hepatic necrosis. It has always been recommended that if the common hepatic artery is ligated distal to
Abstract IA8: Novel insights into synthetic lethal interactions in cancer: Common nodes in protein synthesis control and nucleotide metabolism
Authors: Davide Ruggero
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Our research is centered on understanding the molecular mechanisms by which impairments in accurate control of mRNA translation, cell growth, and overall cellular protein synthesis rates lead to cancer and human disease. We have uncovered that a common denominator of multiple oncogenic pathways (i.e. PI3K-AKT-mTOR, Ras, Myc) is their ability to directly control the core translation machinery of a cell, resulting in intrinsic regulation of the cancer cell gene expression program. Our work delineates how the “cancer translatome” can reprogram gene expression at the post-transcription level, by controlling the translation of specific subsets of mRNAs through unique cis-acting elements, during distinct steps of cancer progression. The immediate impact of these studies has been the design of a new generation of compounds to target the aberrant translation machinery, presently in clinical trials. I will discuss our most recent findings revealing that oncogenic pathways have evolved self-sustaining circuitries that couple two fundamental cellular processes, protein synthesis and metabolism, to sustain the unchecked growth potential of cancer cells. By employing an unbiased metabolomics approach combined with mouse genetics, our findings unveil a critical feed-forward mechanism by which Myc's ability to elevate the protein synthesis capacity of cancer cells directly reprograms nucleotide biosynthesis pathways as a mechanism to sustain tumor growth and survival. I will further discuss how both PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Myc converge on phosphorylation of 4EBP1, a master regulator of protein synthesis control, setting the stage for a unique therapeutic approach to render Myc druggable in the clinic. Together, our findings reveal that targeting either hyperactivation of protein synthesis or nucleotide production represents a novel and unexpected synthetic lethal mechanism for eradicating cancer but not normal cells. Citation Format: Davide Ruggero. Novel insights into synthetic lethal interactions in cancer: Common nodes in protein synthesis control and nucleotide metabolism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA8.
Non-random Reflections on Health Services Research
Authors: M. Clarke
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Ed Alan Maynard, Iain Chalmers BMJ Publishing Group, £23, pp 112 ISBN 0 7279 1151 1

Archie Cochrane, one of the great postwar epidemiologists, argued the case for applying the best clinical science methods to the nascent subject of health services research. This book is a delightful compendium of reminiscences and reviews of progress that also develops the theme that “researchers and health professionals will serve public interests more effectively when they come to regard lay people as the ‘coproducers’ of the knowledge needed for effective and efficient promotion of their own and the public health.”

This volume celebrates the 25th anniversary of the publication by the …
A Chinese Herb, Indigo Naturalis, Extracted in Oil (Lindioil) Used Topically to Treat Psoriatic Nails
Authors: Yin-Ku Lin, Ya-Ching Chang, Rosaline Chung-Yee Hui, Lai-Chu See, Chee-Jen Chang, Chih-Hsun Yang, Yu-Huei Huang
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2015)

A Randomized Clinical TrialIndigo naturalis, a Chinese herb, has been used for decades. 1 Olive oil was used to remove the blue component within indigo naturalis to yield a purple-red product to treat skin and nail psoriasis without obvious staining. 2,3 This trial compared indigo naturalis extract in oil (Lindioil) with topical calcipotriol in treating psoriatic nails.
COMBINED DRUG TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS. III. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF APPROPRIATE AND ADEQUATE CHEMOTHERAPY TO THE TREATMENT OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: William F. Russell, Irving Kass, Angeline D. Heaton, Sidney H. Dressler, Gardner Middlebrook
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1959)

Microbiologic investigation of the prevention of emergence of mutant populations of tubercle bacilli resistant to streptomycin and isoniazid emphasized the fact that adequate concentrations of each of these two appropriate drugs were necessary (1).Delivery of such concentrations of isoniazid to the multiplying parasites can be estimated by microbiologic assay (2-4).Antimicrobially-active serum streptomycin assayed by a similar microbiologic method confirmed that there were also probably significant variations between in- dividuals in serum levels of this drug as well.These observations suggested that conventional dosages of these drugs could not be relied upon to insure the delivery in vivo of sterilizing concentrations of each agent to physiologically-susceptible tubercle bacilli.The result of consideration of these principles was the formulation of a chemo- therapeutic regimen combining high dosage of streptomycin with high dosage of isoniazid for all patients (5-7).The purpose of this report (the third of a series) is to present the results of clini- cal application of this approach to chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS AND MATERIALSA. Bacteriology.The bacteriologic studies were performed according to methods described elsewhere (8, 9).These routine studies consisted of Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears of the concentrated, digested sputum; the re- sults were reported as the number of acid-fast rods seen per oil immersion field.The concentrated sediment of the digested sputum was then diluted according to the num- ber of acid-fast rods seen on smear.When the smear revealed less than one acid-fast rod per oil immersion field, the concentrate was inoculated both undiluted and diluted 101.When the concentrate smear revealed one to 10 acid-fast rods per oil immersion field, the sediment was diluted 101 and 10'.When the smear revealed more
Sequential photodynamic therapy (PDT) and high dose brachytherapy for endobronchial tumour control in patients with limited bronchogenic carcinoma
Authors: L Freitag
Journal: Thorax (2004)

<b>Background:</b> Bulky endobronchial tumours in patients with lung cancer are difficult to treat. Brachytherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are variably effective, and the combination of these treatments is not often recommended. However, cell culture studies and animal studies indicate a possible synergistic effect of combining PDT with ionising radiation. We assessed the safety and effectiveness of combined brachytherapy and PDT in patients with bulky endobronchial lung cancer. <b>Methods:</b> Patients with histologically proven non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma and bulky endobronchial tumours were treated using a combination of PDT (Photofrin, 2 mg/kg) and brachytherapy. Six weeks after PDT, brachytherapy was applied with five fractions of 4 Gy at weekly intervals. Follow up was performed with standard and autofluorescence bronchoscopy and tissue biopsies every 3 months. <b>Results:</b> Thirty two patients were treated. Tumours were extensive with lengths ranging from 10 to 60 mm along the bronchus and estimated volumes ranging from 40 to 3500 mm<sup>3</sup>. At a mean follow up of 24 months, 26 patients were free of residual tumour and local recurrence. The remaining patients received a second treatment with PDT, brachytherapy, Nd:YAG laser coagulation, or external beam radiation. Distant metastases (lung, lymph node) developed in two of the six patients. Currently, all 32 patients are well. There is no evidence of residual or local recurrent endobronchial cancer in 28 patients and none had severe complications. <b>Conclusion:</b> The combination of PDT and brachytherapy for treating patients with lung cancer and extensive endobronchial tumour is safe and, in this study, had excellent therapeutic efficacy.
Regression of bile duct damage and bile duct proliferation in the non-rearterialized transplanted rat liver is associated with spontaneous graft rearterialization
Authors: Delai Zhao, Arthur Zimmermann, Larisa V. Kuznetsova, Anthony M. WheatleyD
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term consequences of non-rearterialization of the graft in rat liver transplantation. Liver transplantation with (AOLT) and without graft rearterialization (NOLT) was performed in anesthetized male Lewis rats. Quantitative morphometry and semiquantitative histopathology of the liver were performed at various times after operation. Volume fractions of tissue components were determined. The number of arteries and bile ducts per portal tract were measured in histological sections from both groups. Hepatic blood flow was measured using the radioactive microsphere technique in rats after NOLT (6 months). AOLT livers had a preserved lobular architecture at all time points and unaltered volume fractions. In addition, AOLT livers maintained approximately one artery and one bile duct per portal tract after transplantation. NOLT livers showed bile duct damage at 3 days, cellular infiltration and ductular proliferation at 1 week, increased ductular proliferation at 4 weeks, and fibrosis at 6 months. The volume fractions for nonhepatocyte parenchyma (3 days, 19.14 ± 1.29; 1 week, 20.44 ± 1.76; 4 weeks, 15.46 ± 3.14), bile ducts/ductules (1 week, 4.88 ± 1.07; 4 weeks, 7.20 ± 2.42), and connective tissue (4 weeks, 4.02 ± 1.66; 6 months, 14.94 ± 0.63) were significantly increased. Hepatocyte volume fraction was significantly decreased at all time points. A total of 1.58 ± 0.08 arteries/portal tract were found in NOLT livers after 4 weeks, rising to 2.44 ± 0.10 arteries/portal tract after 6 months. At 6 months, hepatic arterial blood flow (0.69 mL/min/g) was significantly higher (P < 0.02) than control (0.25 mL/min/g). The findings indicate that NOLT leads to a time-dependent overall derangement of liver structure, possibly due to bile duct damage induced by lack of an arterial blood supply. Spontaneous graft rearterialization may be responsible for the regression of bile duct damage and proliferation noted at the later stages. Nevertheless, biliary fibrosis may be a long-term consequence of NOLT.
The Antitumor Effects of <i>Angelica sinensis</i> on Malignant Brain Tumors <i>In vitro</i> and <i>In vivo</i>
Authors: Nu-Man Tsai, Shinn-Zong Lin, Chau-Chin Lee, Shee-Ping Chen, Hsuan-Chi Su, Wen-Liang Chang, Horng-Jyh Harn
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

In this study, we have examined the antitumor effects of chloroform extract of Angelica sinensis (AS-C), a traditional Chinese medicine, on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) brain tumors in vitro and in vivo.In vitro, GBM cells were treated with AS-C, and the cell proliferation, changes in distributions of cell cycle, and apoptosis were determined. In vivo, human DBTRG-05MG and rat RG2 GBM tumor cells were injected s.c. or i.c. and were treated with AS-C. Effects on tumor growth were determined by tumor volume, magnetic resonance imaging, survival, and histology analysis.The AS-C displays potency in suppressing growth of malignant brain tumor cells without cytotoxicity to fibroblasts. Growth suppression of malignant brain tumor cells by AS-C results from cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. AS-C can up-regulate expression of cdk inhibitors, including p21, to decrease phosphorylation of Rb proteins resulting in cell arrest at the G0-G1 phase for DBTRG-05MG and RG2 cells. The apoptosis-associated proteins are dramatically increased and activated in DBTRG-05MG cells and RG2 cells by AS-C but RG2 cells without p53 protein expression. In vitro results showed AS-C triggered both p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways for apoptosis. In in vivo studies, AS-C not only can suppress growths of malignant brain tumors of rat and human origin but also shrink the volumes of in situ GBM, significantly prolonging survivals.The in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of AS-C indicate that it has sufficient potential to warrant further investigation and development as a new anti-brain tumor agent.
Severe rectal bleeding due to Salmonella paratyphi B.
Authors: J A Spence, R Mogere, T J Palmer, P H Rowe
Journal: BMJ (1987)

discharge, our results indicate that the optimum time to measure serum lipid concentrations in such patients is immediately on admission.In addition, these findings have implications for research-for example, they attest to the validity of measuring total serum cholesterol concentrations soon after myocardial infarction in case-control studies of coronary heart disease.
Group B Streptococcal Infections in Infants
Authors: Carol J. Baker
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Group B streptococci produce two types of illness in infants, according to age at onset. Serotyping of isolates collected during a 3 1/2-year period was performed to define the relationship between type of illness caused by group B streptococci and specific serotype. Type III isolates were significantly increased among infants with meningitis of either the "early-" (80%) or "late-" (93%) onset types when compared to asymptomatically colonized neonates (36%) and neonates with early-onset septicemia without meningitis (33%). These findings suggest that type III strains may possess invasive properties that allow meningeal penetration, that there are epidemiologic peculiarities in the acquisition of late-onset infections, or both. (<i>JAMA</i>230:1158-1160, 1974)
Clonal markers in the study of the origin and growth of human atherosclerotic lesions.
Authors: T A Pearson, J M Dillman, K Solex, R H Heptinstall
Journal: Circulation Research (1978)

The X-linked enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was used as a cellular marker to study the clonal characteristics of human atherosclerotic lesions from females heterozygous for G-6-PD isoenzymes. Portions of uninvolved aortic wall contained both isoenzyme types (A and B), and their isoenzyme patterns were used to establish criteria for polyclonal lesions. Portions of uterine leiomyomas contained predominantly one isoenzyme type (either all A or all B) and their isoenzyme patterns were used to establish criteria for monoclonal lesions. These techniques were used to address three questions concerning atherogenesis. First, evidence for the monoclonal origin of fibrous-capped plaques was provided by the findings that small plaques had G-6-PD isoenzyme distributions similar to those of leimyomas; that in large plaques with multiple portions assayed for G-6-PD, a large proportion (25 of 26, 96%) of plaques had monoclonal characteristics; and that multiple monoclonal portions were present in the same plaque. Second, the role of the fatty streak as a precursor of fibrous plaques was supported by the demonstration that a proportion (11 of 66, 16.7%) of fatty streaks contained isoenzyme patterns intermediate between those of polyclonal uninvolved aortic wall and monoclonal leiomyomas. Increased cellularity of fatty streaks correlated with increased deviation of isoenzyme pattern toward monoclonality. Third, the assay of portions of both small and large plaques provided no evidence for clonal selection as plaques increase in size.
All B cells need is BAFF
Authors: Hema Bashyam
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

B cells usually conspire with T cells to break tolerance against the host and cause lupus. But Groom et al. (page 1959) now show that B cells don't always need T cells to egg them on. An activating cytokine empowers them to cause trouble all on their own.






Figure 1

Lupus-inducing B cells (arrows) develop even when T cells are missing (bottom).




This cytokine, called BAFF (B cell–activating factor), helps B cells survive as they transit through developmental checkpoints. BAFF also enhances T cell activation. With too much BAFF, however, even B cells that should have been eliminated—such as self-reactive ones—survive. The autoreactive antibodies first secreted by these cells are relatively harmless. But presumably with help from BAFF-activated T cells, these B cells switch their antibody genes and start producing pathogenic autoantibodies.

Groom et al. now find that the antibody-switching signal doesn't have to come from T cells. Mice that overexpressed BAFF but lacked T cells still developed lupus. The B cells instead derived the extra push through their Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9, whose expression was strongly enhanced by BAFF. The authors speculate that nucleic acids released by dying cells might trigger these TLRs on self-reactive B cells.

The presence of disease-inducing antibodies even when T cells are absent might explain why not all lupus patients respond to treatments that suppress T cell functions. The team is now investigating whether these patients have high levels of BAFF.
Relationship between procedures and health insurance for critically ill patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Authors: R D Horner, C L Bennett, D Rodriguez, R A Weinstein, H A Kessler, G M Dickinson, J L Johnson, S E Cohn, W L George, S C Gilman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The objective of the present study was to assess the association between type of health insurance coverage and use of diagnostic tests and therapies among patients with AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Fifty-six private, public, and community hospitals in Chicago, Los Angeles, and Miami were selected for the study, and the charts of 890 patients with empirically treated or cytologically confirmed PCP, hospitalized during 1987 to 1990 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified by insurance status: self-pay (n = 56), Medicaid (n = 254), or private insurance, including health maintenance organizations and Medicare (n = 580). Primary outcomes were the use and timing of bronchoscopy, the type and timing of PCP therapy, and in-hospital mortality. The results indicate that Medicaid patients were less likely than privately insured patients to undergo bronchoscopy (relative odds = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.40, 0.93; p = 0.02) or to have their diagnosis of PCP confirmed (relative odds = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.33, 0.77), after adjusting for patient, severity of illness, and hospital characteristics. Medicaid patients were approximately three-fourths more likely than privately insured patients (relative odds = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.01, 2.96; p = 0.04) to die in-hospital, after adjusting for patient, severity of illness, and hospital characteristics. However, with further adjustment for confirmation of PCP, Medicaid patients no longer had a significantly higher likelihood of dying in-hospital. We conclude that Medicaid patients are less likely to receive diagnostic bronchoscopy than privately insured or self-insured patients, more likely to be empirically treated for PCP, and more likely to die in-hospital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Photopheresis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: The Annals Views Preliminary Reports
Authors: Elias Abrutyn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Editorials15 August 1990Photopheresis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: The Annals Views Preliminary ReportsElias Abrutyn, MDElias Abrutyn, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-4-263 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThis issue contains a preliminary report (1) describing a possible beneficial effect of extracorporeal photopheresis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex. The justification for the experiment was the known inactivating effect of psoralens and long-wavelength ultraviolet A light on both DNA and RNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (2). In addition, photopheresis was found recently to be beneficial in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a CD4 cell tumor (3).As described in the report by Bisaccia and colleagues (1), patients were given the photosensitizer, 8-methoxypsoralen, orally; 2 hours later, after absorption and distribution of the...References1. BisacciaBergerKlainer ECA. Extracorporeal photopheresis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex. A pilot study. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:270-275. LinkGoogle Scholar2. QuinnanWellsWittek GMA. Inactivation of human T-cell virus, type III by heat, chemicals and irradiation. Transfusion. 1986;26:481-3. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. EdelsonBergerGasparro RCF. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Preliminary results. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:297-303. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 August 1990Volume 113, Issue 4Page: 263-264KeywordsAIDSDNAHIVHIV infectionsLymphomaRNA viruses Issue Published: 15 August 1990 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Achieving an Interdisciplinary Workforce in Health Care
Authors: Linda H. Aiken
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

In recent decades, fundamental changes in the organization and financing of medical services in the United States, combined with social and demographic changes, have set the stage for a substantially altered division of labor in health care.1 At the beginning of the 20th century, physicians accounted for approximately one in three health care workers. By the early 1980s, when Starr anticipated the major changes in American medicine that would result from "corporatization" and organizational consolidation of health services,2 the ratio had fallen to about 1 in 16.3 The supply of nonphysician clinicians has subsequently grown at unparalleled rates, and between . . .
THE PREVENTION OF ENTERIC FEVER IN ARMIES
Authors: G. D. N. Leake
Journal: BMJ (1902)

Service at that time, directed my attention to the great prevalence of enteric fever there, and requested me to spare no pains in my efforts to cope with it.After being in Bermuda a year or so, I arrived at the conelusion that the dry-earth latrines were responsible for nearly all the cases which occurred in barracks-by inhalation or deglutition, when using the latrines, of the germs-so, acting on this conviction, I strenuously advocated their total aboli- .tionfrom all the barracks in the islands, and the introduction of the water-carriage system.My recommendations were approved of by the General