tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Endoscope Imaging: A New Technique for Localizing Colonic Lesions
Authors: S. G. Shah, H. J. Pearson, S. Moss, E. Kweka, P. K. Jalal, B. P. Saunders
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

Background and Study Aims: The precise localization of advanced colorectal lesions preoperatively directs the appropriate surgical management. The use of internal landmarks at colonoscopy can be inaccurate, and other methods are therefore necessary to localize lesions precisely. Magnetic endoscope imaging (MEI), a real-time, nonradiographic technique for imaging of the colonoscope, may assist in determining the location of lesions found at colonoscopy. Patients and Methods: A prospective study was carried out to determine the accuracy of MEI for localizing the colonoscope tip anatomically. The MEI system was used to identify one of four predetermined locations within the colon. Once identified, two endoscopic marking clips were attached to the colonic mucosa, and 400 - 500 ml of Urografin radiographic contrast medium was injected to produce an air-contrast “enema.” The clips were subsequently localized using plain abdominal radiography, assessed by a single experienced radiologist who was blinded to the colonoscopic findings. Results: Twenty-nine consecutive patients were enrolled in the study. The overall accuracy of MEI in comparison with the air-contrast “enema” was 90 % (26 of 29 cases). There were three slight errors of localization - clips localized to the descending rather than the sigmoid-descending colon junction (n = 1), or to either side of the mid-transverse (n = 1) and hepatic flexure (n = 1) - but these were not considered to be of surgical or clinical importance. Conclusions: MEI is a reliable and accurate method for determining the anatomical position of the endoscope tip during colonoscopy. When it becomes commercially available, we believe the use of MEI will avoid the need for unnecessary barium enemas for localization of lesions prior to definitive surgery.
Abstract 4952: Study of mouse tumor models with an IRDye 800CW SNAP-tag imaging probe
Authors: Aihua Zhang, Luo Sun, Joy Kovar, Haibiao Gong, D. Michael Oliver, Ivan Correa, Salvatore Russello, Christopher Noren, Ming Qun Xu
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Non-invasive optical analysis of molecular targets inside living animals has become an important tool for disease progression and treatment assessment. One of the essential elements of molecular imaging is the development of specific, sensitive imaging contrast agents to investigate these biological processes. The use of longer wavelength dyes, i.e. near-infrared (NIR) dyes, presents distinct advantages over inherently fluorescent protein tags, including reduced autofluorescence background and increased sensitivity in imaging small animals. In addition, the adoption of efficient and specific labeling techniques is a key step in the generation of protein-based fluorescent imaging agents. In the present study, we explore the versatility of a self-labeling protein termed SNAP-tag, derived from human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase, in tagging polypeptides with a near-infrared dye, IRDye® 800CW. In cell-based assays, an IRDye 800CW conjugated SNAP-tag successfully labeled cells transiently transfected with a pSNAP-ADRB2 plasmid. For in vivo experiments, a synthetic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding ligand was used to construct an IRDye 800CW-EGFR-SNAP-tag. Following injection of the agent into nude mice bearing EGFR-overexpressing A431 xenografts, tumors were clearly visualized with a Pearl® Imaging system. Furthermore, the specificity of binding was demonstrated in competition experiments with unlabeled EGF. Similar probes labeled with visible fluorophores were used to image EGFR-expressing cultured cells by confocal microscopy. This fluorescent imaging system using a self-labeling protein tag and highly sensitive organic dyes provides versatile tools for cancer research, drug discovery and small animal imaging. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4952.
Re: Ofer Yossepowitch, Anders Bjartell, James A. Eastham, et al. Positive Surgical Margins in Radical Prostatectomy: Outlining the Problem and Its Long-Term Consequences. Eur Urol 2009;55:87–99
Authors: Howard Kynaston, Christopher C. Parker, Matthew R. Sydes
Journal: European Urology (2009)
The Burden of Out-of-Pocket Payments for Health Care in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia
Authors: Jacek Skarbinski
Journal: JAMA (2002)

ContextIn the 1990s, the Republic of Georgia instituted health care reforms to convert the centralized, state-operated health care system inherited from the Soviet Union to a decentralized, market-driven system of health care delivery. Under the new system, 87% of health care expenditures are financed through out-of-pocket payments at the point of service.ObjectiveTo describe the effects of health care reforms on access to care and health care financing among ill residents of Tbilisi, Georgia.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA probability-proportionate-to-size cluster survey conducted in 1999 of 248 households containing 306 household members who had been ill in the past 6 months in Tbilisi, Georgia.Main Outcome MeasuresReported health care utilization, out-of-pocket expenditures, and financing practices.ResultsOf sick household members, 51% used official health care services at hospitals and clinics; 49% did not use official services and sought advice from relatives or friends, used traditional medicines, or did nothing. Those with serious illness were more likely to seek care through official services (82%) than those with nonserious illness (27%). Ninety-three percent of respondents said costs were the major deterrent to obtaining health care. Ten percent of ill household members reported that they were unable to obtain health care because of high costs; 16% reported being unable to afford all the medications necessary to treat their illness. Sixty-one percent of ill household members used savings to pay for health care expenditures and 19% of those able to obtain care had to use strategies such as borrowing money or selling personal items to pay for health care. Total out-of-pocket health care expenditures (53%) were paid for by borrowing money or selling personal items. A significant portion of households with ill members (87%) reported an interest in purchasing health care insurance.ConclusionsEconomic disruption and health care reforms have led to access problems and out-of-pocket financing strategies that include reliance on personal savings, selling personal items, and borrowing money. Future reforms should consider an appropriate system for health care insurance risk pooling for the population of Tbilisi, Georgia.
Freehand Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for Measurement of Left Ventricular Mass: In Vivo Anatomic Validation Using Explanted Human Hearts
Authors: Aasha S. Gopal, Matthew J. Schnellbaecher, Zhanqing Shen, Olakunle O. Akinboboye, Peter M. Sapin, Donald L. King
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)

We sought to validate freehand three-dimensional echocardiography for measuring left ventricular mass and to compare its accuracy and variability with those of conventional echocardiographic methods.Accurate measurement of left ventricular mass is clinically important as a predictor of morbidity and mortality. Freehand three-dimensional echocardiography eliminates geometric assumptions used by conventional methods, minimizes image positioning errors using a line of intersection display and increases sampling of the ventricle. Preliminary studies have shown it to have high accuracy and low variability.Twenty-eight patients awaiting heart transplantation were examined by conventional and freehand three-dimensional echocardiography. Left ventricular mass was determined by the M-mode ("Penn-cube") method, the two-dimensional truncated ellipsoid method and three-dimensional surface reconstruction. The ventricles of 20 explanted hearts were obtained, trimmed and weighed. Echocardiographic mass by each method was compared with true mass by linear regression. Accuracy, bias and interobserver variability were calculated.For three-dimensional echocardiography, the correlation coefficient, standard error of the estimate, root mean square percent error (accuracy), bias and interobserver variability were 0.992, 11.9 g, 4.8%, -4.9 g and 11.5%, respectively. For the two-dimensional truncated ellipsoid method they were 0.905, 38.5 g, 15.6%, 15.4 g and 23.3%. For the M-mode ("Penn-cube") method they were 0.721, 96.9 g, 53.0%, 109.2 g and 19.5%.Freehand three-dimensional echocardiography for measurement of left ventricular mass has high accuracy and low variability and is superior to conventional methods in hearts of abnormal size and geometry.
TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL TALIPES.
Authors: HARRIET E. GARRISON
Journal: JAMA (1898)

death is so near at hand that the circulation is not sufficient to carry the drug into the volume of blood of the body from the capillaries.In this our dire ex- tremity, if we inject a quantity, say a half-dram, into a vein, and use circulatory stimulants, we may often rob the grave of a victim.
Melanoma screening clinics: are we detecting more melanomas or reassuring the worried well?
Authors: S.C. Weatherhead, C.M. Lawrence
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Melanoma screening clinics (MSCs) have been set up in the U.K. to help allay public anxiety about potential skin cancers, and to permit the early detection of thin melanomas, thus improving prognosis. Public health campaigns have led to increased awareness of melanoma and increased numbers of referrals to MSCs.To determine whether the MSC has had an impact on the number and thickness of melanomas detected over the past 8 years.Data was analysed retrospectively for all patients attending the MSC since it was set up in 1997, until the end of 2004. We categorized patients with melanoma according to Breslow thickness, examined trends in referral to the clinic and analysed changes in the proportion of patients with a new diagnosis of melanoma.There were 15 970 patients who attended for screening; 403 primary invasive melanomas were detected, and 190 in situ melanomas. The number of new patients seen each year increased by over 230%, although the proportion of patients with melanoma detected declined. The Breslow thickness did not change over time.Our experience suggests that public awareness has increased and that the general practitioner threshold for referral has fallen but there has been no reduction in the thickness of those melanomas diagnosed.
Abstract 4940: Perivascular macrophages induce localized, transient blood vessel permeability and tumor cell intravasation
Authors: Allison S. Harney, Esther N. Arwert, David Entenberg, Yarong Wang, Joan G. Jones, John S. Condeelis
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Metastasis is a multistep process involving tumor and stromal cells. The microanatomical site consisting of a perivascular macrophage interacting with a Mena over-expressing tumor cell has been named the “tumor microenvironment of metastasis” (TMEM). TMEM density predicts distant metastatic recurrence in breast cancer patients making the study of TMEM function essential. In spontaneous orthotopic mouse mammary tumors (MMTV-PyMT), as the tumor progresses to malignancy tumor cells have increased Mena expression and assemble TMEM. TMEM assembly is correlated with elevated levels of circulating tumor cells and lung metastases, indicating a functional role for TMEM in tumor cell dissemination. High-resolution multiphoton-based microscopy at single cell resolution has revealed transient blood vessel permeability events at TMEM, marked by the extravasation of otherwise impermeable serum markers such as Qdots and fluorescent 155 kDa dextran. In proximity to sites of permeability there is increased tumor cell and macrophage motility towards the blood vessel, and local intravasation of tumor cells. Blocking macrophage function results in decreased blood vessel permeability and decreased numbers of circulating tumor cells. TMEM-associated macrophages produce VEGF-A, and blocking VEGF-A reduces blood vessel permeability and circulating tumor cells. The observation that TMEM mediates tumor cell intravasation through localized blood vessel permeability in live animals demonstrates that TMEM is a key metastatic microenvironment in the primary tumor, explains the prognostic value of TMEM density in predicting distant metastatic recurrence in breast cancer patients and suggests a potentially valuable re-tasking of existing anti-angiogenesis drugs. This research is supported by the Department of Defense [Breast Cancer Research Program)] under award number BC120227 (ASH). Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Allison S. Harney, Esther N. Arwert, David Entenberg, Yarong Wang, Joan G. Jones, John S. Condeelis. Perivascular macrophages induce localized, transient blood vessel permeability and tumor cell intravasation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4940. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4940
Minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia is predicted by P-glycoprotein activity but not by multidrug resistance protein activity at diagnosis
Authors: M A van der Pol, N Feller, G J Ossenkoppele, G W D Weijers, A H Westra, A van Stijn, H J Broxterman, G J Schuurhuis
Journal: Leukemia (2003)
Efficacy of Anti-RON Antibody Zt/g4–Drug Maytansinoid Conjugation (Anti-RON ADC) as a Novel Therapeutics for Targeted Colorectal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Liang Feng, Hang-Ping Yao, Wei Wang, Yong-Qing Zhou, Jianwei Zhou, Ruiwen Zhang, Ming-Hai Wang
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

The receptor tyrosine kinase RON is critical in epithelial tumorigenesis and a drug target for cancer therapy. Here, we report the development and therapeutic efficacy of a novel anti-RON antibody Zt/g4-maytansinoid (DM1) conjugates for targeted colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy.Zt/g4 (IgG1a/κ) was conjugated to DM1 via thioether linkage to form Zt/g4-DM1 with a drug-antibody ratio of 4:1. CRC cell lines expressing different levels of RON were tested in vitro to determine Zt/g4-DM1-induced RON endocytosis, cell-cycle arrest, and cytotoxicity. Efficacy of Zt/g4-DM1 in vivo was evaluated in mouse xenograft CRC tumor model.Zt/g4-DM1 rapidly induced RON endocytosis, arrested cell cycle at G2-M phase, reduced cell viability, and caused massive cell death within 72 hours. In mouse xenograft CRC models, Zt/g4-DM1 at a single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight effectively delayed CRC cell-mediated tumor growth up to 20 days. In a multiple dose-ranging study with a five injection regimen, Zt/g4-DM1 inhibited more than 90% tumor growth at doses of 7, 10, and 15 mg/kg body weight. The minimal dose achieving 50% of tumor inhibition was approximately 5.0 mg/kg. The prepared Zt/g4-DM1 is stable at 37°C for up to 30 days. At 60 mg/kg, Zt/g4-DM1 had a moderate toxicity in vivo with an average of 12% reduction in mouse body weight.Zt/g4-DM1 is highly effective in targeted inhibition of CRC cell-derived tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. This work provides the basis for development of humanized Zt/g4-DM1 for RON-targeted CRC therapy in the future.
A more accurate replacement for the revised Schwartz equation: quadratic or Flanders metadata?
Authors: Alaleh Gheissari, Peyman Roomizadeh, Amin Abedini
Journal: Kidney International (2013)

To the Editor: Dr Gao et al.1.Gao A. Cachat F. Faouzi M. et al.Comparison of the glomerular filtration rate in children by the new revised Schwartz formula and a new generalized formula.Kidney Int. 2013; 83: 524-530Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar presented a new glomerular filtration rate (GFR) equation, the quadratic equation that outperformed the well-known revised Schwartz equation in predicting high GFR values. While we applaud the authors’ well-designed and analyzed study, we would appreciate it if the following point could be clarified. The main limitation of the revised Schwartz equation, i.e., lack of an age-dependent adjustment factor, was first highlighted in a meta-analysis conducted by Pottel et al.2.Pottel H. Mottaghy F.M. Zaman Z. et al.On the relationship between glomerular filtration rate and serum creatinine in children.Pediatr Nephrol. 2010; 25: 927-934Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar In their study, Pottel et al. challenged the value of k in the revised Schwartz equation for healthy children, and developed an age-dependent modification for k (k′=0.0414 × ln(Age)+0.3018). This modified version was shown to overcome the inaccuracy of the revised Schwartz equation in estimating GFR in children with normal renal function. Correspondingly, the authors suggested using this modified version of the Schwartz equation (named the Flanders metadata equation) in ‘all children’ (with or without renal dysfunction).2.Pottel H. Mottaghy F.M. Zaman Z. et al.On the relationship between glomerular filtration rate and serum creatinine in children.Pediatr Nephrol. 2010; 25: 927-934Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar Although Gao et al. showed that the quadratic equation is less biased and more accurate than the revised Schwartz equation in healthy children, they did not make a pairwise comparison between their new equation and the Flanders metadata equation. As both equations are suggested as more accurate replacements for the revised Schwartz equation in pediatrics, it is important that the authors provide information regarding the performance of their new equation in comparison with Flanders metadata equation. This may help pediatricians come to a consensus on an all-purpose GFR equation, and contribute to the existing literature.
Developments in factor Xa inhibitors for the treatment of thromboembolic disorders
Authors: Yu‐Kai Lee, Mark R. Player
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2009)

Abstract Thromboembolic diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Anticoagulants provide effective treatment for venous or arterial thromboembolism. Two coagulation factors, factor Xa (fXa) and thrombin, are the primary targets under active investigation for anticoagulant therapy. fXa, in contrast to the multifunctional roles of thrombin in the coagulation cascade, converts prothrombin to thrombin collectively at the junction of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation. The effectiveness of fXa inhibitors as antithrombotic agents and their potentially reduced bleeding risks may offer superior therapeutic profiles with respect to thrombin inhibitors. After decades of research, many fXa inhibitors are now in the advanced stages of clinical trials. Unlike most reviews, which only provide incremental updates, this review provides an overview of fXa and the medicinal chemistry of its inhibitors. Overviews on coagulation models, antithrombotic therapy, and fXa will be provided, followed by the evolution of the medicinal chemistry of fXa inhibitors over the past few decades. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 2, 202–283, 2011
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Promotes Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cell Survival through Its Hemopexin Domain
Authors: Javier Redondo-Muñoz, Estefanía Ugarte-Berzal, María José Terol, Philippe E. Van den Steen, Mercedes Hernández del Cerro, Martin Roderfeld, Elke Roeb, Ghislain Opdenakker, José A. García-Marco, Angeles García-Pardo
Journal: Cancer Cell (2010)
Iron Stores in Blood Donors
Authors: Toby L. Simon
Journal: JAMA (1981)

A high frequency of donations by some blood donors has prompted concern about iron depletion. Five hundred sixteen female and 505 male donors were examined by measurements of hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma iron, total iron-binding capacity, and ferritin values and detailed histories of iron ingestion, pregnancy and menstrual status, and past blood donations. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum iron studies, unlike ferritin values, were not sensitive indicators of body iron depletion. Reduced iron stores were found in 8% of male and 23% of female donors. Menstruation significantly lowered iron stores in women. The total number of lifetime donations was not as predictive of decreased iron stores as frequency of donations per year. Even casual iron supplementation reduced the impact of donations on iron stores. Administration of iron to donors, especially menstruating women, should be studied by blood programs. (<i>JAMA</i>1981;245:2038-2043)
Insulin and Glucose Responses to Various Starch-Containing Foods in Type II Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Phillip A Krezowski, Frank Q Nuttall, Mary C Gannon, Charles J Billington, Shirley Parker
Journal: Diabetes Care (1987)

The circulating insulin and glucose responses in type II diabetic subjects were determined for 5 h after ingestion of various meals, each containing 50 g carbohydrate. The purpose of the study was to 1) systematically study the insulin response to several different high-starch foods, 2) determine whether this insulin response could be predicted by the glucose response, and 3) determine whether the glucose response could be predicted by the physical structure and digestibility of the ingested carbohydrate. Each subject served as his own control. Carbohydrate was given in the form of potatoes, bread, oatmeal, rice, lentils, kidney beans, cornflakes, high-amylose corn muffins, and low-amylose corn muffins. Bread, oatmeal, rice, lentils, kidney beans, and high-amylose corn muffins resulted in a significantly lower glucose area than 50 g glucose, and the glucose response generally could be predicted by the physical structure and the known digestibility of the ingested carbohydrate. The insulin rise was statistically significantly greater than would be predicted from the glucose response for oatmeal, lentils, kidney beans, and high-amylose corn muffins. Although not statistically significant, the mean was greater than predicted for every other food except potatoes when the insulin response to 50 g glucose was used as a standard. These results indicate that the insulin response cannot be predicted by the glucose response.
Asthma: what is there left to find out?
Authors: P J Barnes
Journal: BMJ (1993)

The president has gone out on a very precarious limb to find the consensus necessary to effect change.He has promised Americans that they can have more security and peace ofmind about their health care coverage, including improved benefits and a higher quality of care, simply by wringing savings out of the fat of the current system.This has led to charges from some quarters that the president is trying to get something for nothing.That assessment is too harsh.But it is true that the president is trying to convince the American people to sit still for fairly nasty surgery by promising that it will not hurt very much.How much pain the "haves" in the current system believe reform will bring will determine the fate of Clinton's plan.Small businesses are already yelling loudly that a mandate to cover workers will cost jobs and lots of them.Although the tobacco industry is not what it once was, it is still a force to be reckoned with in American politics, and big increases in vice taxes will not sit well with them or their concerned and ready to lobby cousins in the alcohol, gambling, and food industries.Advocates for elderly people and the very poor will vigorously protest if their current entitlement programmes are targeted for more than minimal cuts.And, as eager as many Americans are for lower costs, many will wince over the notion of capping of the rate at which insurance premiums for the basic or baseline package of health care services can rise-a strategy that some fear will deny them access to the next generation of medical technology and breakthroughs.Once the euphoria over the fact that the nation has finally managed to talk seriously about doing something about its