tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increased Airway Smooth Muscle in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: JOHN ELLIOT, PETER VULLERMIN, NEIL CARROLL, ALAN JAMES, PHILIP ROBINSON
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

The underlying pathophysiological mechanism behind death in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is uncertain. Although infants dying of SIDS frequently have a postmortem examination performed, no specific diagnostic pathology in any organ system has been identified. Previous theories relating to the cause of death in SIDS have included increased lower airway closure. We examined the airway morphometry of 57 infants who died of SIDS and compared these findings with those obtained from 21 age-matched infants who had died of non-SIDS causes. Airway wall dimensions, epithelial thickness, and the area of smooth muscle within the airway wall were measured. Airways from infants who died of SIDS showed a significantly higher proportion of airway smooth muscle than control airways when corrected for age and sex (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups for wall thickness or epithelial thickness. Increased airway smooth muscle in infants who have died of SIDS may contribute to excessive airway narrowing, raising the possibility that the cause of death in this condition is related to abnormalities in lower airway function.
A New, Rapid Test for Pheochromocytoma Based on the Urinary Assay of Normetanephrine, Metanephrine, and 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol.
Authors: R. I. Wolf
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 April 1964A New, Rapid Test for Pheochromocytoma Based on the Urinary Assay of Normetanephrine, Metanephrine, and 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol.R. I. Wolf, M.D., M. Mendlowitz, M.D., F.A.C.P., J. Roboz, B.S., E. Gitlow, M.D., F.A.C.P.R. I. Wolf, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, M. Mendlowitz, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, J. Roboz, B.S.Search for more papers by this author, E. Gitlow, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-4-718_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptNorepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) are metabolized to a large degree, by O-methylation, to normetanephrine (NM) and metanephrine (M). NM and M may be metabolized to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic aldehyde (L) which may be either reduced to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (G) or oxidized to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA). A new, rapid, sensitive chromatoelectrophoretic urine test for pheochromocytoma is described, which is based on the quantitative urinary assay of NM, M, and G by chromatoelectrophoresis (barbital buffer, pH 8.6, ionic strength, 0.1, for 3.0 hr at 600 v) of a casual morning urine specimen collected without prior dietary or drug restrictions. Approximately 40 urine specimens may... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: New York, New York PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPhaeochromocytomaSimultaneous Urinary Assays for the Combined Metanephrines and 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol in Patients with Pheochromocytoma and Primary Hypertension 1 April 1964Volume 60, Issue 4Page: 718-718KeywordsDrugsEpinephrineNorepinephrinePheochromocytomaUrine Issue Published: 1 April 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
Petechial rash on the extremities
Authors: S. S. Pierre, M. Potter, S. P Prawer, P. Suwattee
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 53 year old, afebrile woman presented to the dermatology clinic with a two week history of petechial rash on her lower extremities that had progressed up to her arms. In addition, she also had pain in the wrists, knees, and elbows. Approximately five months earlier, she had been diagnosed with group A streptococcal pharyngeal infection, but she had not been treated with antibiotics. She was currently taking salbutamol, famciclovir, levothyroxine, lovastatin, and varenicline. A systems review was unremarkable and she had no reported haematuria, abdominal pain, or bloody stools.

A physical examination found multiple petechial macules, papules, and purpuric plaques, which were more numerous on the legs than on the arms (figure[F1]). A complete blood count and coagulation studies were normal. Urinalysis showed haematuria and proteinuria. A skin biopsy of a petechial papule revealed leucocytoclastic vasculitis, with a granular IgA reactivity around the blood vessels in the papillary dermis.







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#### 1 Investigations

Cutaneous palpable purpura may signify small vessel vasculitis, which has many possible causes (box 1).1 2 Histological findings of leucocytoclastic vasculitis include fibrin deposition in the vessel walls, red blood cell …
Impact of Obesity on Metabolic Syndrome in Brazilian Adolescents: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Lício de Albuquerque Campos, Olga Maria Silverio Amancio, Adriana Costa e Forti
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

It is increasingly important to warn about the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents, especially considering the postpubertal age range, when obesity has a great risk of remaining until adult age (1). The weight of Brazilians has been increasing in recent years. The last large population-based study performed in Brazil, Surveys on Family Budgets, which was conducted between 2008 and 2009, witnessed that according to the assessment parameters from the World Health Organization, in the 10- to 19-year age range obesity prevalence was 5.9% for males and 4% for females (2). In an analysis of the last Brazilian census from 2010, there were probably ∼1,708,000 obese adolescents (2). In Brazil and Latin America, few population-based studies have been performed on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in …
DIFFICULTIES OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHIATRY: THE FIJI ISLANDS
Authors: ERIC BERNE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1959)

1. The complete psychiatric census of the Fiji Islands which has been taken periodically since 1911 meets some of the requirements for determination of the "true prevalence" of psychiatric disorders. It appears that such disorders were more frequent in the pre-industrial, pre-war era than in the later era of so-called "modern stress." The Fijian segment of the population experienced more change of social structure than the Indian segment, while the prevalance of psychiatric disorders apparently decreased among the former. Both these tendencies run counter to current popular beliefs. 2. Hospital admission rates are of little value in determining the incidence of psychiatric disorders, since they represent the tendency to seek hospitalization, rather than the need for hospitalization. This difficulty can be approached by the use of other appropriate information to devise a correction factor. 3. An apparent cultural or racial difference in the quantitative exhibition of psychopathology, by Fijians and Indians respectively, becomes less and less as more information is considered, until it can be shown with some likelihood that the actual rates are equal. It is not improbable that the actual rates are approximately equal all over the world. 4. Certain requirements for a scientific approach to comparative psychiatry are outlined, principally the use of more rigorous epidemiological methods, and the attenuation of the current bias toward "cultural" etiology with its obfuscation of other important possibilities.
Mitochondrial DNA migration events in yeast and humans: integration by a common end-joining mechanism and alternative perspectives on nucleotide substitution patterns [published erratum appears in Mol Biol Evol 1996 Jul;13(6):893]
Authors: J. L. Blanchard, G. W. Schmidt
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

In contrast to extensive infiltration of plant nuclear genomes by mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA fragments, a computer assessment method could only detect seven mitochondrial DNA integration events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes and five examples of DNA migration into mammalian nuclear genes. No evidence could be detected for mitochondrial DNA insertion into chromosome III of Caenorhabditis elegans or in nuclear DNA sequences of Drosophila sp. or Plasmodium falciparum. Thus, the quantity of organellar DNA in the nucleus appears to vary amongst organisms and is lower in Saccharomyces cerevisiae than suggested by experimental plasmid systems. As in plants, migratory mitochondrial DNA fragments in yeast and mammals are found in intergenic regions and introns. Although many of these insertions are located near retroelements, mitochondrial DNA incorporation appears to be independent of retroelement insertion. Comparison of the mitochondrial DNA fragments with mitochondrial transcription maps suggest that two fragments may have transposed through DNA-based and one through RNA-based mechanisms. Analyses of the integration sites indicate that organellar DNA sequences are incorporated by an end-joining mechanism common to yeast, mammals, and plants. The transferred sequences also provide a novel perspective on rates and patterns of nucleotide substitution. Analysis of the D-loop region including a nuclear copy of mitochondrial DNA supports a progressive reduction in D-loop length within both monkey and great apes mitochondrial lineages. Relative distance tests polarized with nuclear copies of the mitochondrial 12S/16S rRNA region suggest that a constant number of transversions has accumulated within the great ape clade, but the number of transitions in orangutan is elevated with respect to members of the human/chimp/gorilla clade. In addition to DNA migration events, 29 nuclear/mitochondrial genes were identified in GenBank that appear to result from inadvertent ligation of nuclear and mitochondrial mRNA transcripts during the cloning process.
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage and benoxaprofen.
Authors: I C Stewart
Journal: BMJ (1982)

electrically excitable tissue, including neurones.This may be a dosedependent phenomenon, however, the patient usually presenting with the more typical neurological features before a sufficiently toxic concentration is achieved.Additionally the brain of the elderly or "arteriosclerotic" patient may possibly be predisposed to the development of digoxin-induced convulsions; the previous case report described a 72-year-old man.Transient cerebral ischaemic episodes may, therefore, only partially account for the blackouts seen in elderly patients taking digoxin, and we recommend that, even when there is no gross disturbance of cardiac rhythm, the serum digoxin concentration be measured to exclude digoxin neurotoxicity.
THE EFFECTS OF MAMMALIAN AND OTHER CATIONIC POLYPEPTIDES ON THE CYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTER OF BACTERIAL CELLS
Authors: John K. Spitznagel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

Cationic polypeptides interact with bacterial cells of E. coli and B. anthracis. They confer upon the cells some of the characteristics of cationic particles. Since bacterial cells usually behave as anions, acidic dyes at high pH levels differentiate between cells which have and those which have not interacted with cationic polypeptides. Under the conditions of these experiments it appeared that cationic polypeptides tend to be sorbed in highest concentration in the surface layers of the cells. Electrovalent binding to anionic cell components and detergent action are probably among the mechanisms involved in the interaction between the polypeptides such as histones and bacterial cells. The differential staining of bacterial cells which have interacted with cationic polypeptides is feasible and reasonably selective. It should be useful in determining whether bacterial cells interact with host cationic polypeptides in vitro.
Positron emission tomographic imaging of cardiac sympathetic Innervation using 6-[ 18 F]Fluorodopamine: Initial findings in humans
Authors: David S. Goldstein, Graeme Eisenhofer, Bonnie B. Dunn, Ines Armando, Jacques Lenders, Ehud Grossman, Courtney Holmes, Kenneth L. Kirk, Stephen Bacharach, Richard Adams, Peter Herscovitch, Irwin J. Kopin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1993)
Prognostic value of an abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiogram in patients with nonischemic congestive cardiomyopathy.
Authors: D M Mancini, K L Wong, M B Simson
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND An abnormal signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) has predictive value for arrhythmic events in patients with coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an abnormal SAECG could provide prognostic information in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS We prospectively obtained SAECGs in 114 patients with dilated nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Twelve-lead ECGs, left ventricular ejection fractions, hemodynamic measurements, and peak exercise oxygen consumption (VO2) also were measured. An SAECG was defined as abnormal by any one of the three following criteria: filtered QRS duration &gt; 120 msec, root-mean-square voltage in the last 40 msec &lt; 20 microV, or duration &lt; 40 microV &gt; 38 msec at 40 Hz. Sixty-six patients had a normal SAECG, 20 patients had an abnormal SAECG, and 28 patients had bundle branch block (BBB). Mean follow-up was 10 +/- 5 months. Age, ejection fraction, peak VO2, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and cardiac index were not statistically different among the three groups. Use of antiarrhythmic drugs was similar among the three groups, although patients with BBB had more implantable defibrillators (p &lt; 0.05). The incidence of previous atrial arrhythmias was similar for the three groups. Patients with abnormal SAECG or BBB had more past episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia and/or sudden death episodes (n = 9) than patients with normal SAECG (n = 1) (p &lt; 0.01). Prospectively, none of the 66 patients with normal SAECG died suddenly or had sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Two deaths occurred from progressive heart failure, and three patients required urgent transplant. In the 20 patients with an abnormal SAECG, four patients had sustained ventricular tachycardia, five patients died suddenly, two patients died from progressive heart failure, and one patient required urgent transplant. In the patients with BBB, four patients had sustained ventricular tachycardia, and four patients required urgent transplant. One-year event-free survival, i.e., absence of ventricular tachycardia and/or death, was 95% in patients with normal SAECG, 88% in patients with BBB, and only 39% in patients with an abnormal SAECG (p &lt; 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that SAECG and New York Heart Association classification were independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS Patients with an abnormal SAECG had a statistically significant increase in sustained ventricular arrhythmias and/or death than did patients with a normal SAECG or BBB. This study demonstrates that an abnormal SAECG is a marker of past and future arrhythmic events in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. In contrast, patients with a dilated cardiomyopathy with a normal SAECG have an excellent prognosis with adverse outcome only from progressive heart failure.
STUDIES ON ADRENOCORTICAL EOSINOPENIA: A CLINICAL AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF FOUR-HOUR EOSINOPHIL RESPONSE TESTS 12
Authors: William R. Best, Robert C. Muehrcke, Robert M. Kark
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1952)

As early as 1914 Schwarz (1) suspected an in- verse relationship between adrenal activity and the level of circulating eosinophils.Twenty-five years later Dalton and Selye (2) noted eosinopenia following stress in animals and related it to release of adrenal cortical hormones.More recently Thorn and his associates (3, 4) observed a prompt decrease in circulating eosinophils in healthy per- sons, and in patients, following a single injection of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (A.C.- T.H. or corticotropin).The greatest reduction in eosinophils was seen four hours after injection and was related to secretary activity of the adrenal cortex.In a study of 40 people with normal adrenal activity Thorn, Forsham, Prunty, and Hills (5) reported that the mean drop in circulat- ing eosinophils at four hours was 70%o below pre- injection levels.In all instances the drop in cir- culating eosinophils was greater than 45%o.This was in sharp contrast to what was seen in patients with Addison's disease, where they noted little change in circulating eosinophils after injection of corticotropin.Thorn, therefore, proposed that the eosinophil response to A.C.T.H. should be used as a test in the diagnosis of Addison's dis- ease.He and Forsham suggested (6) that a fourhour post-injection ". . .fall of 50%o or more of the circulating eosinophils eliminates the diagnosis of adrenal cortical insufficiency," and they indi- cated that an inadequate response, of less than 50%o fall, may represent true adrenal cortical insufficiency.A transitory eosinopenia also develops in ani- mals after injection of epinephrine.On the basis
Hematopoietic cells and radioresistant host elements influence natural killer cell differentiation.
Authors: M Sykes, M W Harty, F M Karlhofer, D A Pearson, G Szot, W Yokoyama
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

Radioresistant host elements mediate positive selection of developing thymocytes, whereas bone marrow-derived cells induce clonal deletion of T cells with receptors that are strongly autoreactive. In contrast to T cell development, little is known about the elements governing the natural killer (NK) cell repertoire, which, similar to the T cell repertoire, differs between individuals bearing different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) phenotypes. We have used murine bone marrow transplantation models to analyze the influence of donor and host MHC on an NK cell subset. We examined the expression of Ly-49, which is strongly expressed on a subpopulation of NK cells of H-2b mice, but not by NK cells of H-2a mice, probably because of a negative effect induced by the interaction of Ly-49 with Dd. To evaluate the effect of hematopoietic cell H-2a expression on Ly-49 expression of H-2b NK cells, we prepared mixed allogeneic chimeras by administering T cell-depleted allogeneic (B10.A, H-2a) and host-type (B10, H-2b) marrow to lethally irradiated B10 mice, or by administering B10. A marrow to B10 recipients conditioned by a nonmyeloablative regimen. Expression of H-2a on bone marrow-derived cells was sufficient to downregulate Ly-49 expression on both H-2a and H-2b NK cells. This downregulation was thymus independent. To examine the effect of H-2a expressed only on radioresistant host elements, we prepared fully allogeneic chimeras by administering B10 bone marrow to lethally irradiated B10.A recipients. B10 NK cells of these fully allogeneic chimeras also showed downregulation of Ly-49 expression. The lower level of H-2a expressed on H-2b x H-2a F1 cells induced more marked downregulation of Ly-49 expression on B10 NK cells when presented on donor marrow in mixed chimeras than when expressed only on radioresistant host cells. Our studies show that differentiation of NK cells is determined by interactions with MHC molecules expressed on bone marrow-derived cells and, to a lesser extent, by MHC antigens expressed on radioresistant host elements.
ASSOCIATION OF NOCTURNAL OXYGEN SATURATION WITH FUTURE SUBCLINICAL CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE: THE WISCONSIN SLEEP COHORT
Authors: Sverrir I. Gunnarsson, Paul E. Peppard, Claudia E. Korcarz, Jodi H. Barnet, Erika W. Hagen, K. Mae Hla, Terry B. Young, James H. Stein
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Impact of a Community-Based Multiple Risk Factor Intervention on Cardiovascular Risk in Black Families With a History of Premature Coronary Disease
Authors: Diane M. Becker, Lisa R. Yanek, Wallace R. Johnson, Diane Garrett, Taryn F. Moy, Stasia Stott Reynolds, Roger S. Blumenthal, Dhananjay Vaidya, Lewis C. Becker
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Black subjects with a family history of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) have a marked excess risk, yet barriers prevent effective risk reduction. We tested a community-based multiple risk factor intervention (community-based care [CBC]) and compared it with "enhanced" primary care (EPC) to reduce CHD risk in high-risk black families.Black 30- to 59-year-old siblings of a proband with CHD aged <60 years were randomized for care of BP > or =140/90 mm Hg, LDL cholesterol > or =3.37 mmol/L, or current smoking to EPC (n=168) or CBC (n=196) and monitored for 1 year. EPC and CBC were designed to eliminate barriers to care. The CBC group received care by a nurse practitioner and a community health worker in a community setting. The CBC group was 2 times more likely to achieve goal levels of LDL cholesterol and blood pressure compared with the EPC group (95% CI, 1.11 to 4.20 and 1.39 to 3.88, respectively) with adjustment for baseline levels of age, sex, education, and baseline use of medications. The CBC group demonstrated a significant reduction in global CHD risk, whereas no reduction was seen in the EPC group (P<0.0001).Eliminating known barriers may not be sufficient to reduce CHD risk in primary care settings. An alternative community care model that addresses barriers may be a more effective way to ameliorate CHD risk in high-risk black families.
Television and radio should be used to disseminate important information
Authors: J. Murty, J. Harris, S. Killick
Journal: BMJ (1996)

proportion of patients requiring high depend- ency and intensive care.To accommodate the additional emergency caseload we have returned about one third of elective cases, scheduled for high dependency care on the unit, direct to the ward.This has put additional strain on the ward staff.Cancellations of elective surgery requiring postoperative intensive care have unavoidably increased.Our experience highlights the underprovision of intensive care beds in the south east ofEngland.We welcome the recent announcement by the secre- tary of state for health of increased provision of intensive care services,' but in the neurosciences we think that it may be too little too late.
Drug addicts unwelcome patients, MPs told
Authors: W. Russell
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Drug addicts are unwelcome patients.That message from the Royal College of General Practitioners probably did not surprise the Commons Social Services Committee, which is conducting an inquiry into the misuse of hard drugs.Dr John Cohen, a central London general practitioner with a practice in Fitzrovia, where such problem patients are not unknown, told the committee when the college was giving evidence that many general practitioners were reluctant to accept addicts as patients because they were a nuisance, were not polite, were abusive to staff, and rang up in the middle of the night."A lot of GPs don't want anything to do with them, and other branches of the medical profession are in the same situation," he added."Some hospitals will not take addicts with problems, some psychiatrists will not treat them as having medical problems."The committee was told by both the Royal College of General Practitioners and the Royal College of Psychiatrists, which also gave evidence, that a lot needs to be done to improve the training of general practitioners, both those in practice and at undergraduate level, about how to deal with the problems presented by addicts.Both royal colleges favoured a multidisciplinary approach.The RCGP said it would be willing to initiate courses to help general practitioners understand the special and complex needs of those addicted to hard drugs, "preferably as part of a coordinated effort."Dr Cohen, who also lectures in general practice at Middlesex Hospital Medical School, warned the committee about how devious addicts could be.He said that even his own pupils when they became casualty officers got "mumbled," to use the jargon, by addicts seeking supplies.Addicts could be very plausible.He agreed with Mrs Renee Short, Labour MP for Wolver-