tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Employment for People With Schizophrenia
Authors: Robert Rosenheck, Douglas Leslie, Richard Keefe, Joseph McEvoy, Marvin Swartz, Diana Perkins, Scott Stroup, John K. Hsiao, Jeffrey Lieberman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

OBJECTIVE: There is growing interest in identifying and surmounting barriers to employment for people with schizophrenia. The authors examined factors associated with participation in competitive employment or other vocational activities in a large group of patients with schizophrenia who participated in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study, a multisite clinical trial comparing the effects of first- and second-generation antipsychotics. METHOD: Baseline data on more than 1,400 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were collected before their entry into the CATIE study. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between participation in either competitive employment or other vocational activities and sociodemographic characteristics, schizophrenia symptoms, neurocognitive functioning, intrapsychic functioning, availability of psychosocial rehabilitation services, and local unemployment rates. RESULTS: Altogether, 14.5% of the patients reported participating in competitive employment in the month before the baseline assessment, 12.6% reported other (noncompetitive) employment activity, and 72.9% reported no employment activity. Participation in either competitive or noncompetitive employment was associated with having less severe symptoms, better neurocognitive functioning, and higher scores on a measure of intrapsychic functioning that encompassed motivation, empathy, and other psychological characteristics. Competitive employment, in contrast to other employment or no employment, was negatively associated with receipt of disability payments as well as with being black. Greater access to rehabilitation services was associated with greater participation in both competitive and noncompetitive employment. CONCLUSIONS: Overall employment of persons with schizophrenia seems to be impeded by clinical problems, including symptoms of schizophrenia and poorer neurocognitive and intrapsychic functioning. However, participation in competitive employment may be specifically impeded by the potentially adverse incentives of disability payments and by race and may be promoted by the availability of rehabilitation services.
EXTIRPATION OF THE THYMUS IN THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Edwards A. Park
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1917)

1. Accessory lobes of thymus, derived from the third pharyngeal pouch, occurring in close association with the parathyroids from the third pouch, were found in serial section of the cervical tissues of eleven out of fourteen guinea pigs, and probably would have been found in all fourteen but for a technical error. 2. It is probable, therefore, that accessory lobes of thymus having this situation and origin are usually, if not always, present in the guinea pig. 3. Additional accessory lobes of thymus belonging to, but at some distance from the main lobe were also present in several of the animals. 4. The discovery of these accessory lobes makes it certain that the guinea pig is unsuitable material for complete thymectomy, and probably complete extirpation of the thymus in this animal is rarely, if ever accomplished. 5. The extirpation experiments of previous investigators in the guinea pig must now be regarded as partial extirpations, and their results interpreted in that light. 6. Extirpation of the thymus in the guinea pig produced no changes in the writer's experiments. 7. The study of the serial sections of the cervical tissues of the guinea pig indicates that Ruben's statements regarding the parathyroid derived from the fourth pharyngeal pouch in the guinea pig are correct,-that it is much smaller than parathyroid III, may be rudimentary, and is sometimes absent at least on one side. 8. No accessory lobe of thymus was found accompanying the parathyroid from the fourth pouch, a finding also bearing out Ruben's statement that no thymus anlarge springs from the fourth pouch in the guinea pig.
UK health system can learn from innovations in world's poor regions, conference hears
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Young doctors and health activists who embrace a new “spirit of equity in global health” can help to transform the way rich and poorer countries interact, a conference has heard.

Experts from the United States, Europe, and Africa said that they looked to the “new generation” to accelerate shared learning in ways that could raise the quality of care worldwide and tackle health system imbalances.

Nigel Crisp, a former chief executive of the NHS in England, told a conference at King’s College London on 15 April that traditional forms of international development were top down, paternalistic, and outdated.

He chaired the event, entitled “Turning the World Upside Down,” and launched a website to accompany it (www.ttwud.org) aimed at fostering more equitable and far reaching “co-development.”

Crisp said that health …
Shear stress-induced reorganization of the surface topography of living endothelial cells imaged by atomic force microscopy.
Authors: K A Barbee, P F Davies, R Lal
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

We report the first topographical data of the surface of living endothelial cells at sub-light-microscopic resolution, measurements essential for a detailed understanding of force distribution in the endothelium subjected to flow. Atomic force microscopy was used to observe the surface topography of living endothelial cells in confluent monolayers maintained in static culture or subjected to unidirectional shear stress in laminar flow (12 dyne/cm2 for 24 hours). The surface of polygonal unsheared cells was smooth, with mean excursion of surface undulation between peak height (over the nucleus) and minima (at intercellular junctions) of 3.4 +/- 0.7 microns (mean +/- SD); the mean height to length ratio was 0.11 +/- 0.02. In cells that were aligned in the direction of flow after a 24-hour exposure to laminar shear stress, height differentials were significantly reduced (mean, 1.8 +/- 0.5 micron), and the mean height to length ratio was 0.045 +/- 0.009. Calculation of maximum shear stress and maximum gradient of shear stress (delta tau/delta x, where tau is shear stress at the cell surface) at constant flow velocity revealed substantial streamling of aligned cells that reduced delta tau/delta x by more than 50% at a nominal shear stress of 10 dyne/cm2. Aligned cells exhibited ridges extending in the direction of flow that represented imprints of submembranous F-actin stress-fiber bundles mechanically coupled to the cell membrane. The surface ridges, approximately 50 nm in height and 200 to 1000 nm in width, were particularly prominent in the periphery of the aligned cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Why Do You Want to Go to Medical School?
Authors: Name Withheld by Request
Journal: JAMA (1984)

After I had been in solo practice as a family physician for over a year, a young man in a red volunteer uniform asked me how to get into medical school. I asked, "Why would you want to get into medical school?" He replied, "My father is a construction worker. It's a very dangerous job. I want some security." I was flabbergasted. Economic pressures were weighing on me at that time. My mortgage was due in two weeks and my cash flow was poor. My overhead costs were 50% of my collections, which were running at only 70%. My employees got better benefits than I did: health insurance, paid vacations, and holiday and overtime pay. I worked holidays and nights. The hospital medical staff were divided between the large clinic in town and the independent physicians. We were all worried about preferred provider organizations, Medicare, and Medicaid fixed reimbursement. After
Specificity of Interferon
Authors: R. D. Andrews
Journal: BMJ (1961)

Transplantation tolerance can be induced in mice by grafting under the cover of nondepleting CD4 plus CD8 or CD154 mAbs. This tolerance is donor Ag specific and depends on a population of CD4<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells that, as yet, remain poorly defined in terms of their specificity, origin, and phenotype. Blocking of the Ag-specific response in vitro with an anti-CD4 mAb allowed T cells from monospecific female TCR-transgenic mice against the male Ag <i>Dby</i>, presented by H-2E<sup>k</sup>, to express high levels of <i>foxP3</i> mRNA. <i>foxP3</i> induction was dependent on TGF-β. The nondepleting anti-CD4 mAb was also able to induce tolerance in vivo in such monospecific TCR-transgenic mice, and this too was dependent on TGF-β. As in conventional mice, acquired tolerance was dominant, such that naive monospecific T cells were not able to override tolerance. Splenic T cells from tolerant mice proliferated normally in response to Ag, and secreted IFN-γ and some IL-4, similar to control mice undergoing primary or secondary graft rejection. High levels of <i>foxP3</i> mRNA, and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR superfamily member 18 (GITR)<sup>+</sup> CD25<sup>+</sup> T cells were found within the tolerated skin grafts of long-term tolerant recipients. These data suggest that regulatory T cells maintaining transplantation tolerance after CD4 Ab blockade can be induced de novo through a TGF-β-dependent mechanism, and come to accumulate in tolerated grafts.
Activated mTORC1 promotes long-term cone survival in retinitis pigmentosa mice
Authors: Aditya Venkatesh, Shan Ma, Yun Z. Le, Michael N. Hall, Markus A. Rüegg, Claudio Punzo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited photoreceptor degenerative disorder that results in blindness. The disease is often caused by mutations in genes that are specific to rod photoreceptors; however, blindness results from the secondary loss of cones by a still unknown mechanism. Here, we demonstrated that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is required to slow the progression of cone death during disease and that constitutive activation of mTORC1 in cones is sufficient to maintain cone function and promote long-term cone survival. Activation of mTORC1 in cones enhanced glucose uptake, retention, and utilization, leading to increased levels of the key metabolite NADPH. Moreover, cone death was delayed in the absence of the NADPH-sensitive cell death protease caspase 2, supporting the contribution of reduced NADPH in promoting cone death. Constitutive activation of mTORC1 preserved cones in 2 mouse models of RP, suggesting that the secondary loss of cones is caused mainly by metabolic deficits and is independent of a specific rod-associated mutation. Together, the results of this study address a longstanding question in the field and suggest that activating mTORC1 in cones has therapeutic potential to prolong vision in RP.
Alpha-tocopherol inhibits agonist-induced monocytic cell adhesion to cultured human endothelial cells.
Authors: R Faruqi, C de la Motte, P E DiCorleto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Antioxidants have been proposed to be anti-atherosclerotic agents; however, the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects are poorly understood. We have examined the effect of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-tcp) on one cellular event in atherosclerotic plaque development, monocyte adhesion to stimulated endothelial cells (ECs). Human umbilical vein ECs were pretreated with alpha-tcp before stimulation with known agonists of monocyte adhesion: IL-1 (10 ng/ml), LPS (10 ng/ml), thrombin (30 U/ml), or PMA (10 nM). Agonist-induced monocytic cell adhesion, but not basal adhesion, was inhibited in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by alpha-tcp. The IC50 of alpha-tcp on an IL-1-induced response was 45 microM. The inhibition correlated with a decrease in steady state levels of E-selectin mRNA and cell surface expression of E-selectin which is consistent with the ability of a monoclonal antibody to E-selectin to inhibit monocytic cell adhesion in this system. Probucol (50 microM) and N-acetylcysteine (20 mM) also inhibited agonist-induced monocytic cell adhesion; whereas, several other antioxidants had no significant effect. Protein kinase C (PKC) does not appear to play a role in the alpha-tcp effect since no suppression of phosphorylation of PKC substrates was observed. Activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B is reported to be necessary but not sufficient for E-selectin expression in EC. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays failed to show an alpha-tcp-induced decrease in activation of this transcription factor after cytokine stimulation. It has been hypothesized that alpha-tcp acts as an anti-atherosclerotic molecule by inhibiting generation of oxidized LDL--a putative triggering molecule in the atherosclerotic process. Our results point to a novel alternative mechanism of action of alpha-tcp.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Acute Rheumatic Fever in Rhode Island
Authors: Scott D. Holmberg
Journal: JAMA (1983)

A comprehensive survey of physicians, laboratories, and hospital records in Rhode Island showed that more than 157,000 throat cultures for a population of 930,000 people were done in 1980. Eighty-seven percent of primary care physicians prescribed antibiotic therapy before culture results were known, and almost 40% continued antibiotic therapy for ten days regardless of culture results. The throat culture positivity rate for beta-hemolytic Streptococcus was 17% statewide in 1980. Only three definite and seven possible cases of acute rheumatic fever were identified by hospital chart reviews and a physician survey covering the five years 1976 through 1980. Current throat culture practices probably have little influence on treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and control of rheumatic fever in the state.
Arsine Poisoning: Massive Haemolysis with Minimal Impairement of Renal Function
Authors: G. C. Jenkins, J. E. Ind, G. Kazantzis, R. Owen
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Poisoning by arsine (arseniuretted hydrogen) has become much less common in recent years but still occurs as a hazard of industry. In most instances the gas is evolved as a result of nascent hydrogen being generated in the presence of arsenic, or by the action of water on a metallic arsenide. Clinical manifestations of intoxication usually appear within a few hours of exposure, and include malaise, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and backache, followed by haemolytic anaemia, haemo globinuria, and pigmentation of the skin. Severe poisoning has most often resulted in death from anuria. The case described here occurred in a metal refinery ; haemolysis was severe but renal function was well preserved.
Penile porokeratosis of Mibelli
Authors: Ibrahim A. Tangoren, Jeffrey M. Weinberg, Michael Ioffreda, Victoria P. Werth, William D. James
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1997)

posi's sarcoma in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1365-70. 4. Diasio RB, Zihong L. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and fluorouracil chemotherapy. J Cfin Onco11994; 12:2239-42. 5. Leo S, Tatulli C, Taveri R, et al. Dermatologic toxicity from chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil. J Chemother 1994;6:423-6. 6. Vukelja S J, Bonner MW, McCollough ML, et al. Unusual serpentine hyperpigrnentation associated with 5-fluorouracil. J Am Acad Dermatol t991;25:905-8. 7. Vukelja SJ, James WJ, Weiss RB. Severe dermatologic toxicity from 5-fluorouracil in the presence of seborrheic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:353-4. 8. Goette DK, Odom RB, Owens R. Allergic contact dermatitis from topical fluoronracil. Arch Dermatol 1994; 113:196-8. 9. Sloan JB, Soltani K. Iontophoresis in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:671-84. 10. Glass JM, Stephen RL, Jacobson SC. The quality and distribution of radiolabeled dexamethasone defivered to tissue by iontophoresis. Int J Dermatol 1980;19:519-25. 11. Prussick R, Thibault A, Turner ML. Recall of cutaneous toxicity from fluorouracil. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:64-5.
Apoptosis in the kidneys of patients with type II diabetic nephropathy
Authors: D. Verzola, M.T. Gandolfo, F. Ferrario, M.P. Rastaldi, B. Villaggio, F. Gianiorio, M. Giannoni, L. Rimoldi, F. Lauria, M. Miji, G. Deferrari, G. Garibotto
Journal: Kidney International (2007)
Dipyridamole potentiates the myocardial infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning.
Authors: T Miura, T Ogawa, T Iwamoto, K Shimamoto, O Iimura
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Recent studies implicated a key role for adenosine (ADO) receptor activation in the enhancement of ischemic tolerance by ischemic preconditioning. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that dipyridamole, an ADO transport inhibitor, enhances the preconditioning effect. METHODS AND RESULTS Six groups of rabbits underwent 30-minute coronary occlusion and 72-hour reperfusion. Infarct size (IS) and the area-at-risk (AR) were determined by histology and by use of fluorescent particles, respectively. IS expressed as the percentage of AR (%IS/AR) was 46.5 +/- 3.4% (n = 13) in control rabbits. Preconditioning with 2-minute ischemia tended to limit %IS/AR (%IS/AR, 35.5 +/- 3.5%, n = 9), and that possible protection was abolished by pretreatment with 10 mg/kg 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT), an ADO receptor antagonist (%IS/AR, 43.9 +/- 5.8%, n = 9). Administration of dipyridamole (0.25 mg/kg) before the 2-minute preconditioning markedly limited %IS/AR to 13.8 +/- 2.6% (n = 12), indicating the potentiation of the preconditioning effect by this agent. Furthermore, this enhancement of preconditioning effect by dipyridamole treatment was significantly attenuated by 8-PT (%IS/AR, 27.6 +/- 2.1%, n = 11). Dipyridamole given before the 30-minute ischemia, without preconditioning, did not reduce %IS/AR (55.3 +/- 5.2%, n = 7), and a previous study from this laboratory had demonstrated that the present dose of 8-PT alone did not modify IS in the rabbit. CONCLUSIONS Dipyridamole significantly potentiated the IS-limiting effect of preconditioning. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that stimulation of ADO receptors by endogenous ADO, which builds up during preconditioning ischemia, mediates the increased ischemic tolerance afforded by preconditioning.
Reproductive Outcomes Following Ectopic Pregnancy: Register-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sohinee Bhattacharya, David J McLernon, Amanda J Lee, Siladitya Bhattacharya
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2012)

Using Scottish national registry data, Sohinee Bhattacharya and colleagues investigate pregnancy outcomes following ectopic pregnancy in comparison to livebirth, miscarriage, or termination in a first pregnancy.
Millennium goal on hunger is within reach, but food instability threatens progress
Authors: S. Arie
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The United Nations has revised the number of people who are starving or undernourished to just under 870 million, from an estimate of one billion three years ago.

The UN’s report State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012 , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization and other UN bodies ahead of world food day on 16 October, said that better methods and data had resulted in the new figure.1

The world’s number of undernourished people fell by 132 million between 1990-2 and 2010-12, or from 18.6% to 12.5% of the …
Ventricular Septal Defect After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: BRIAN C. CAMPION
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Data from seven patients seen at the Mayo Clinic with ventricular septal defect (VSD) after myocardial infarction are presented. Six of these patients have undergone surgery. In addition, reports of 20 other surgical cases were found in the literature. Clinical findings, catheterization data, and operative results are reviewed and discussed. Corrective surgery for this condition is available and is the treatment of choice. Preoperative right heart catheterization should be performed in all patients and carries a low risk despite the critically ill status of the patients. If possible, the closure of the VSD should be delayed 2 months or more after infarction to allow firm, fibrous healing of the region around the VSD.
Independent panel finds alteplase beneficial for acute stroke patients
Authors: J. Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A review of an earlier study of the use of alteplase has confirmed that the drug, when given according to the study's protocol, reduced disability in patients with acute stroke.

The review was undertaken after a controversy sparked off by an article in the BMJ last year (2002;324: 723-9). The earlier study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine more than seven years ago (1995;333: 1581-7).

The BMJ article said that the original study was cited as the reason why the American Heart Association had changed its guidelines on the use of alteplase but pointed out that most of the association's experts on stroke had ties to the drug's manufacturer. The article provoked numerous letters, many of which pointed to possible weaknesses in the original study.

The new review was carried out by an independent panel set up by the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), which conducted the trial. The results of the review were announced at the annual meeting of the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine in Boston last week.

The panel, chaired by W Michael O'Fallon, a professor of biostatistics, said that analyses confirmed the trial's finding that alteplase, delivered according to its protocol, reduced disability in patients with acute stroke. …
The Evolution of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE)
Authors: Steven A. Haist, Peter J. Katsufrakis, Gerard F. Dillon
Journal: JAMA (2013)

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Normal Gallbladder Scintigraphy in Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: HEATHER J. OHRT, IRENE P. POSALAKY, REX B. SHAFER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1983)

Normal gallbladder scintigraphy occurs in 2 to 5% of reported patients with acute cholecystitis. Gallbladder visualization is found in patients with acalculous cholecystitis and in those with recent relief of cystic duct obstruction but persistence of inflammation. A patient is reported who had clinical and pathologic findings of acute cholecystitis but normal gallbladder visualization. This reemphasizes that the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis cannot be excluded by normal gallbladder scintigraphy.