tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
To Best Was Always to Worst, but Worse Is Better, if Good and Bad Are Relevant-Reply
Authors: Dale L. Phelps
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply. —  The decision to respond to a letter such as that from Dr Banzhaf from SPELL represents a complicated problem. Decision theory provides a framework to analyze this problem, as it has for other complicated decisions.  Methods. —  We have constructed a decision tree with five branches: (1) ignore the letter completely (IGNORE); (2) admit our error, grovel, and beg for forgiveness (GROVEL); (3) withdraw the article in shame (WITHDRAW); (4) resign our faculty positions at the University of Rochester in disgrace (RESIGN); and (5) compose a tongue-incheek reply indicating how minor we considered SPELL's grammatical concerns (RAILLERY).  Each branch of the tree had several possible outcomes, each with differing probability of occurrence. Probability estimates were obtained by DELPHI techniques using colleagues familiar with medical decision theory. Each outcome included the effects on the number of infants' eyes treated correctly by ophthalmologists (weight = 99), the longrun effect on
Urocanic acid isomers in patients with basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: None DE Fine Olivarius, None Lock-Andersen, None GROnhOJ Larsen, None Wulf, None Crosby, None Norval
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

Urocanic acid (UCA) is a major chromophore for ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the skin. On UV exposure, the naturally occurring trans‐isomer converts to the cis‐isomer in a dose‐dependent manner. Accumulating evidence indicates that cis‐UCA acts as an initiator of the UV‐induced suppression of certain skin immune functions. This immunomodulation is recognized as an important factor in the development of skin cancer. In this study, pigmentation and UCA isomers were measured in 29 patients with previous basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 23 patients with previous cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM), and 32 healthy controls. Measurements were performed on UV‐exposed (forehead, upper back) and UV non‐exposed (buttock) skin. No significant differences in pigmentation percentage, total UCA concentration, relative (%) or absolute (nmol/cm2) cis‐UCA concentration were observed between the groups in any of the body sites studied. The net production of cis‐UCA after irradiation with a single test UV dose was evaluated. The relative production of cis‐UCA following irradiation was significantly higher in both cancer groups when compared with the control group, while no significant difference was found between the BCC and the MM patients.
Stage-Specific Role of Endogenous Smad2 Activation in Cardiomyogenesis of Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Ryoji Kitamura, Tomosaburo Takahashi, Norio Nakajima, Koji Isodono, Satoshi Asada, Hikaru Ueno, Tomomi Ueyama, Toshikazu Yoshikawa, Hiroaki Matsubara, Hidemasa Oh
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

The role of Smads and their specific ligands during cardiomyogenesis in ES cells was examined. Smad2 was activated bimodally in the early and late phases of cardiac differentiation, whereas Smad1 was activated after the middle phase. Nodal and Cripto were expressed in the early stage and then downregulated, whereas transforming growth factor-β and activin were expressed only in the late phase. Suppression of early Smad2 activation by SB-431542 produced complete inhibition of endodermal and mesodermal induction but augmented neuroectodermal differentiation, followed by poor cardiomyogenesis, whereas inhibition during the late phase alone promoted cardiomyogenesis. Inhibitory effect of Smad2 on cardiomyogenesis in the late phase was mainly mediated by transforming growth factor-β, and inhibition of transforming growth factor-β–mediated Smad2 activation resulted in a greater replicative potential in differentiated cardiac myocytes and enhanced differentiation of nonmyocytes into cardiac myocytes. Thus, endogenous Smad2 activation is indispensable for endodermal and mesodermal induction in the early phase. In the late phase, endogenous transforming growth factor-β negatively regulates cardiomyogenesis through Smad2 activation by modulating proliferation and differentiation of cardiac myocytes.
Antibiotic Treatment of Penicillin-Sensitive Streptococcal Endocarditis
Authors: Lawrence Resnick
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Controversy regarding optimal antimicrobial therapy for penicillin-sensitive streptococcal endocarditis persists. Is penicillin alone adequate? Is an aminoglycoside antibiotic such as streptomycin also required? This controversy is readdressed in two reports in this issue ofThe Journal(pp 1801 and 1807). Their common conclusion is that single-drug therapy with penicillin may be sufficient. In evaluating this conclusion, let us consider (1) the mechanisms of action of the pertinent antibiotics, (2) the results of experimental studies of penicillin-aminoglycoside synergism, (3) similar-clinical reports during the past 35 years, and (4) certain aspects of the natural history of this disease.  Penicillin does not enter the bacterial cell. It inhibits the enzymatic formation of pentapeptide bridges cross-linking the peptide side chains of polysaccharide polymers, which constitute the cell wall. Thus, the final stage in bacterial cell-wall synthesis is impaired, making the bacterium more susceptible to lysis.3Penicillin does not, however, act on cell-wall—deficient forms
Mechanism of mitral regurgitation in patients with myocardial infarction: a study using real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging and echocardiography.
Authors: S Izumi, K Miyatake, S Beppu, Y D Park, S Nagata, N Kinoshita, H Sakakibara, Y Nimura
Journal: Circulation (1987)

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms of mitral regurgitation accompanying myocardial infarction. Severity and site of mitral regurgitation was evaluated by the real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging technique in 81 patients with old myocardial infarction. The incidence of mitral regurgitation did not depend on the region of infarction. There was, however, a close relationship between the site of regurgitation and the region of infarction. In patients with mitral regurgitation spurting from the posteromedial area of the valve, the inferior wall was involved in infarction without exception and in some of these patients, the posteromedial papillary muscle was also found to be affected by myocardial infarction; in those with regurgitation spurting from the anterolateral area, the anterior wall showed asynergy. On the other hand in patients with mitral regurgitation spurting from the central area, the region of infarction varied. In these patients, however, the larger the diameter of the mitral anulus, the more severe the grade of regurgitation. The extent of asynergy was another factor related to the severity of mitral regurgitation. Both longitudinally and transversely, broad infarction leads to the enlargement of the mitral anulus. However, even if the mitral anulus is not so dilated, severe involvement of either commissural area results in severe mitral regurgitation from the same commissural side. Thus, there are two major causative factors of mitral regurgitation: (1) asynergy of the papillary muscle or the ventricle that results in mitral regurgitation located in the commissural area of the same side as asynergy, and (2) enlargement of mitral anulus, which results in regurgitation from the central area of the orifice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Training SHOs to resuscitate newborn infants
Authors: S Richmond, J Beesley
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - K F H Teale reports the results of a questionnaire survey on training in neonatal resuscitation, which suggested that few paediatric senior house officers receive any formal training in this skill.1 We would be interested to know if any of the respondents were working in the Northern region. The paediatricians in this region have long thought it unreasonable to expect paediatric senior house officers to assume responsibility for neonatal resuscitation without formal training. Thus for the past 13 years a practical course in neonatal …
Involvement of endogenous prostaglandins in ischemic preconditioning in pigs
Authors: P Gres
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

In pigs, the infarct size (IS) reduction achieved by a strong preconditioning stimulus (IPs) of 10 min ischemia and 15 min reperfusion is greater than that by a weaker preconditioning stimulus (IPw) of 3 min ischemia and 15 min reperfusion. The cardioprotection achieved by IPw is completely abolished by blockade of bradykinin-B(2)-receptors. Since activation of bradykinin-B(2)-receptors subsequently activates cyclooxygenase, we now tested whether or not inhibition of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin interferes with IS reduction by IP.In 42 enflurane-anesthetized pigs, the LAD coronary artery was cannulated, and subendocardial blood flow (ENDO, microspheres, ml/min/g) and IS (%, TTC-staining) were determined. Following 90 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion, IS averaged 25.5+/-3.8 (S.E.M.) (ENDO: 0.05+/-0.01). IS was reduced by IPw to 6.3+/-2.1 (ENDO: 0.07+/-0.01) and further reduced by IPs to 2.4+/-1.0 (ENDO: 0.06+/-0.01). Indomethacin (10 mg/kg i.v.) did not alter IS per se (20.9+/-5.4, ENDO: 0.06+/-0.02), but completely abolished the IS reduction by IPw (23.2+/-5.9, ENDO: 0.06+/-0.01). In contrast, indomethacin abolished the IS reduction by IPs in only two of seven pigs (16.1+/-7.4, ENDO: 0.05+/-0.01).Prostaglandins are involved in IP. However, with stronger IP stimuli other triggers/mediators can compensate for the lack of prostaglandins.
Clinical Implications of the ‘No Reflow’ Phenomenon
Authors: Hiroshi Ito, Atsushi Maruyama, Katsuomi Iwakura, Shin Takiuchi, Tohru Masuyama, Masatsugu Hori, Yorihiko Higashino, Kenshi Fujii, Takazo Minamino
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Recent studies demonstrated that the "no reflow" phenomenon after coronary reflow implies the presence of advanced myocardial damage. In this study, we verified the prognostic value of the detection of this phenomenon by studying complications, left ventricular morphology, and in-hospital survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).The study population consisted of 126 patients with a first anterior AMI. All patients received coronary reflow within 24 hours of onset of symptoms and underwent myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) before and shortly after coronary reflow with an intracoronary injection of sonicated microbubbles. From contrast reperfusion patterns, patients were divided into two subsets: those with MCE no reflow (47 patients, 37%) and those with MCE reflow (79 patients). There was no difference in the frequency of arrhythmia or coronary events between the two subsets. Pericardial effusion and early congestive heart failure were observed more frequently in patients with MCE no reflow than in those with MCE reflow (26% versus 4%, P < .05; 45% versus 15%, P < .05, respectively). Congestive heart failure tended to be prolonged in those with MCE no reflow, and 3 patients (7%) of this subset died of pump failure. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume progressively increased in the convalescent stage in patients with MCE no reflow (early versus late, 145 +/- 43 versus 169 +/- 60 mL, P < .001), whereas it decreased in those with MCE reflow (154 +/- 42 versus 144 +/- 44 mL, P < .01).The substantial size of the MCE no reflow phenomenon at coronary reflow conveys useful information about an outcome of coronary intervention and left ventricular remodeling in individual patients with anterior wall AMI, although these are suggestive results in a limited number of patients.
Low Blood Pressure in Young Adults with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: JACK LIEBERMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Young adults with cystic fibrosis have lower blood pressures than control subjects of similar age and sex. The low blood pressure may be related to the excessive loss of salt in the sweat of these patients. A beneficial effect of the cystic fibrosis gene may be protection against developing hypertension in both the homozygous and heterozygous states, especially if the heterozygote has borderline elevation of sweat electrolytes.
Polyarthropathy associated with Cushing's disease.
Authors: G H Kingsley, P Hickling
Journal: BMJ (1986)

1363 tests wre carried out on consecutive days i concentrations found during oui l exposure.On the control day water was added to the cement and mixed; on the actve challnge day methyl methacrylate was mixed with cement.The technique used was identical with the normal procedure in the operating theatre, and the period of exposure each day was two minutes.Because of the colour and odour ofmethyl methacrylate it was not possible to "blind" the patient on the active challenge day.A late asthmatic reaction occurred after challenge with methyl methacrylate, starting six hours after with a maximal fall in forced expiratory volume in one second of 25% 13 hours after the challenge.Environ- mental concentrations of methyl methacrylate were monitored with an infrared gas analyser (Miran model 104) when the cement was mixed on an open trolley and inside a cabinet connected to an extraction system (table).
Relationship Between Cell‐Cycle State of Erythroid Progenitors and Fetal Hemoglobin Synthesis
Authors: Keiichi Isoyama, Surendra Baliga, Arvind Shah, Vipul N. Mankad
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1992)

Abstract DNA‐synthesis state of circulating burst forming unit‐erythroid (BFU‐E) was evaluated in patients with sickle cell anemia and correlated with percent of fetal hemoglobin synthesized in the BFU‐E‐derived cells. Percentage of S‐phase BFU‐E inversely correlated with percent fetal hemoglobin synthesized in the BFU‐E‐derived cells (simple linear correlation coefficient, r = −0.8, P = 0.0302; polynomial regression, R = ‐0.99, P = 0.0002). This observation is of relevance to our understanding of the relationship between the developmental stage of the erythroid progenitors and expression of globin genes.
Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy
Authors: Ragnhild Husby
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1985)

36 patients of 39 (92%) were followed up 2 years after the end of short-term dynamic psychotherapy. 33 of these 36 patients (92%) were again followed up 5 years after the end of treatment. Changes had occurred between the two follow-up times that to some extent might be due to spontaneous remission and further therapy, but this could not explain all changes. The same patient characteristics that were related to outcome at the 2-year follow-up were related to outcome at the 5-year follow-up. This replication of findings strengthens the results.
The Neurological Implication of the Intervertebral Foramen
Authors: Stephen R. Greenberg
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The excellent article by Robertson et al (241:1480, 1979) illustrates a physical entity that may disrupt the function of peripheral nerves. The anatomic design of the human vertebral column increases the potential for interruption of impulse transmission. A key relationship exists between the intervertebral foramina and the emerging nerve roots. Small, oval, or triangular bony rings confine the delicate fibers in their egress from the spinal cord. In the lumbar region, the nerve roots become progressively larger (L-1 to L-5), while the foramina through which they are transmitted become smaller. Additional variations in the size and configuration of the individual foramina have been reported.<sup>1</sup>The anatomic balance has been further weighted by the occurrence of developmental defects such as the thickening of the neural arches,<sup>2</sup>the ligamenta flava,<sup>3</sup>and the congenital differences in the size of the neural arches.<sup>1</sup> Displaced fractures that extend
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS IN MONKEYS
Authors: Simon Flexner, Paul A. Lewis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1910)

The experimental study of poliomyelitis has yielded a large number of important facts relating to the spontaneous disease in man. The nature of the virus has been discovered, many of its properties have been ascertained, some of its immunity effects have been established, the clinical and pathological peculiarities of the disease have been elucidated, and a basis has been secured on which to develop measures of prevention.
International Conference on Atherosclerosis
Authors: Irvine H. Page
Journal: JAMA (1979)

The title,<i>International Conference on Atherosclerosis</i>, is impressive. Two years have elapsed since the symposium was held in Milan, Italy, in 1977. This expensive, 762-page book contains 105 papers from 278 contributors—44 from the United States (18 from Houston and New Orleans). I am sorry to report that with some exceptions, many of the short papers are "quickies" that add little to knowledge of atherosclerosis. For instance, high-density lipoproteins are discussed in cursory fashion, with little background and no marshalling of evidence. A variety of relatively new antihyperlipemic drugs are mentioned briefly, such as procetofene, metformin, and triadenol, none of which is within a stone's throw of the American market. The discussions are so brief that it is hard to discover whether or not we should be interested. It is manifestly impossible to cull the good from the mediocre papers from 105 lectures. There are some distinguished investigators, none of
A blot on the profession
Authors: S. Lowry, G. Macpherson
Journal: BMJ (1988)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Taste changes are common among paediatric patients receiving cancer treatments although specific descriptions and associations are uncertain. Primary objective was to describe the number of paediatric patients receiving cancer therapies who experienced taste changes, its impact on food intake and enjoyment of eating, and coping strategies. <h3>Methods</h3> This was a cross-sectional study that included English-speaking paediatric patients aged 4–18 years with a diagnosis of cancer or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients receiving active treatment. Using a structured interview, we asked participants about their experience with taste changes, impacts and coping strategies. The respondent was the paediatric patient. <h3>Results</h3> We enrolled 108 patients; median age was 11 years (IQR 8–15). The taste changes reported yesterday or today were food tasting bland (34%), bad (31%), different (27%), bitter (25%), extreme (19%), metallic (15%) or sour (12%). Taste changes were associated with decreased food intake (31%) and decreased enjoyment in eating (25%) yesterday or today. The most common coping strategies were eating food they liked (42%), eating strong-tasting food (39%), drinking liquids (35%), brushing teeth (31%) and sucking on candy (25%). Factors significantly associated with food tasting bad were as follows: older age (p=0.003), shorter time since cancer diagnosis (p=0.027), nausea and vomiting (p=0.008) and mucositis (p=0.009). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Among paediatric patients receiving cancer treatments, taste changes were common and were associated with decreased food intake and enjoyment in eating. Common coping strategies were described. Reducing nausea, vomiting and mucositis may improve taste changes.
Cartilaginous pseudocyst of the external auricle in children with atopic eczema
Authors: J. DEVLIN, C.J. HARRISON, D.J. WHITBY, T.J. DAVID
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Journal Article Cartilaginous pseudocyst of the external auricle in children with atopic eczema Get access J. DEVLIN, J. DEVLIN Department of Child Health, University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C.J. HARRISON, C.J. HARRISON Department of Child Health, University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.J. WHITBY, D.J. WHITBY Department of Child Health, University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T.J. DAVID T.J. DAVID Department of Child Health, University of Manchester Dr T.J.David, Booth Hall Children's Hospital, Charlestown Road, Blackley, Manchester M92AA. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 122, Issue 5, 1 May 1990, Pages 699–704, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb07293.x Published: 01 May 1990
The Value of Vitamin B1 in Diphtheria
Authors: G. E. Donovan, M. Bannister
Journal: BMJ (1941)

MEDICAL JOtJRNAVl (lepressing effect of colostomy has been an important contribLutory factor, but the chief reason, I think, is the absence of riectal function, which in those without colostomy serves as a valLuable guide in the determination of the amount of treatnment.Taking a broad view I am convinced that most of these patients would have been happier withouLt colostomy and would probably have lived as long. Summary of ConclusionsThe valtue of colostomy in non-obstr-uctive cases of inoperable carcinoma of the rectum is doubtful.Except in advanced cases, x-ray treatment provides a nmethod of restoring rectal function to a degree compatible with an active life for a considerable period without resort to colostomy.It has the further advantages of caulsing the minimum of discomfort and avoiding any operative procedure.
Cimetidine for Anastomotic Ulcers after Partial Gastrectomy
Authors: Roland Gugler, Holger Lindstaedt, Siegfried Miederer, Walter Möckel, Heinz-Georg Rohner, Heinz Schmitz, Tamas Székessy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

In a randomized double-blind multicenter trial, 15 outpatients with endoscopically proved anastomotic ulceration after Billroth I or Billroth II partial gastrectomy received cimetidine, 1 g daily over eight weeks, or a placebo. All patients also received antiacid. The ulcer healed completely in all seven cimetidine-treated patients and in one of the eight placebo-treated patients (P less than 0.01). Ulcers not healed during the double-blind phase of the trial were all subsequently healed on open cimetidine treatment. There was a trend toward improvement of daytime symptoms in favor of cimetidine (P = 0.06), and nighttime symptoms were significantly relieved during the initial four weeks of cimetidine treatment P = 0.02). We conclude that cimetidine, 1 g daily, promotes healing of anastomotic ulcers after partial gastrectomy.
S132 Lineage tracing in humans reveals stochastic homeostasis of airway epithelium resulting from neutral competition of basal cell progenitors
Authors: Vitor Teixeira, Parthiban Nadarajan, Trevor A Graham, Christodoulos P Pipinikas, James M Brown, Mary Falzon, Emma Nye, Richard Poulsom, David Lawrence, Nicholas A Wright, Stuart McDonald, Adam Giangreco, Benjamin D Simons, Sam Janes
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3></h3> In recent years, the development of lineage tracing approaches has provided quantitative new insights into tissue homeostasis in mice. However, the relevance of these discoveries to human epithelial homeostasis and alterations in disease is not known. We demonstrate that the statistical analysis of pathologically neutral somatic mitochondrial mutations that are accumulated over time can provide access to clonal fate behaviour at single cell resolution in human, providing a direct means to explore mechanisms of cell fate and tissue maintenance. Employing this approach, we define the progenitor cell population and the cellular hierarchy of the major human airways. By applying a novel quantitative approach to lineage tracing data, we conclude that, in normal homeostasis, the lining of human lung epithelium is maintained by an equipotent progenitor cell population of basal cells, in which the chance loss of cells due to commitment is perfectly compensated by the duplication of neighbouring cells, leading to neutral drift dynamics of the clone population. Further, we show that in airways of smokers, this process is accelerated leading to intensified clonal consolidation and a fertile background for tumorigenesis. This study provides the benchmark for the use of somatic mutations to quantitatively explore patterns of homeostatic growth in human tissues, and a platform to explore factors leading to homeostatic dysregulation and disease.