tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Crystalline silica exposure, radiological silicosis, and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceous earth industry workers
Authors: H. Checkoway, J. M Hughes, H. Weill, N. S Seixas, P. A Demers
Journal: Thorax (1999)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> The role of silicosis as either a necessary or incidental condition in silica associated lung cancer remains unresolved. To address this issue a cohort analysis of dose-response relations for crystalline silica and lung cancer mortality was conducted among diatomaceous earth workers classified according to the presence or absence of radiological silicosis. <h3>METHODS</h3> Radiological silicosis was determined by median 1980 International Labour Organisation system readings of a panel of three "B" readers for 1809 of 2342 white male workers in a diatomaceous earth facility in California. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) for lung cancer, based on United States rates for 1942–94, were calculated separately for workers with and without radiological silicosis according to cumulative exposures to respirable crystalline silica (milligrams per cubic meter × years; mg/m<sup>3</sup>-years) lagged 15 years. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Eighty one cases of silicosis were identified, including 77 with small opacities of ⩾1/0 and four with large opacities. A slightly larger excess of lung cancer was found among the subjects with silicosis (SMR 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43 to 4.03) than in workers without silicosis (SMR 1.19, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.57). An association between silica exposure and lung cancer risk was detected among those without silicosis; a statistically significant (p = 0.02) increasing trend of lung cancer risk was seen with cumulative exposure, with SMR reaching 2.40 (95% CI 1.24 to 4.20) at the highest exposure level (⩾5.0 mg/m<sup>3</sup>-years). A similar statistically significant (p = 0.02) dose-response gradient was observed among non-silicotic subjects when follow up was truncated at 15 years after the final negative radiograph (SMR 2.96, 95% CI 1.19 to 6.08 at ⩾5.0 mg/m<sup>3</sup>-years), indicating that the association among non-silicotic subjects was unlikely to be accounted for by undetected radiological silicosis. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> The dose-response relation observed between cumulative exposure to respirable crystalline silica and lung cancer mortality among workers without radiological silicosis suggests that silicosis is not a necessary co-condition for silica related lung carcinogenesis. However, the relatively small number of silicosis cases in the cohort and the absence of radiographic data after employment limit interpretations.
Cartilaginous naevus on the glabella
Authors: T. Ishimoto, K. Takagaki, S. Dekio, J. Jidoi
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

Journal Article Cartilaginous naevus on the glabella Get access T. Ishimoto, T. Ishimoto Department of Dermatology, Shimane Medical University 89–1 Enya‐cho, Izumo 693, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. Takagaki, K. Takagaki Department of Dermatology, Shimane Medical University 89–1 Enya‐cho, Izumo 693, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Dekio, S. Dekio Department of Dermatology, Shimane Medical University 89–1 Enya‐cho, Izumo 693, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. Jidoi J. Jidoi Department of Dermatology, Shimane Medical University 89–1 Enya‐cho, Izumo 693, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 114, Issue 4, 1 April 1986, Pages 516–518, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02864.x Published: 01 April 1986
Agenesis of the Sacrum and the Neurogenic Bladder
Authors: Warren W. Koontz
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Sacral agenesis is a frequently overlooked anomaly that often coincides with serious urological disease. During the past six years, eight patients with this disorder were seen at the Medical College of Virginia. Hydronephrosis, reflux, multiple urological operations, and scant extravesical neurological findings were characteristic of the patients.
Thalidomide for previously untreated elderly patients with multiple myeloma: meta-analysis of 1685 individual patient data from 6 randomized clinical trials
Authors: Peter M. Fayers, Antonio Palumbo, Cyrille Hulin, Anders Waage, Pierre Wijermans, Meral Beksaç, Sara Bringhen, Jean-Yves Mary, Peter Gimsing, Fabian Termorshuizen, Rauf Haznedar, Tommaso Caravita, Philippe Moreau, Ingemar Turesson, Pellegrino Musto, Lotfi Benboubker, Martijn Schaafsma, Pieter Sonneveld, Thierry Facon
Journal: Blood (2011)
Routinely asking women about domestic violence: Seeking the causes of disease, not routine inquiry, is good practice
Authors: F. Duxbury
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—We fail to detect partner abuse because we do not ask.12Inability to accurately diagnose partner abuse prevents screening criteria being met. Taket et al propose routine inquiry to improve detection. However, one of these authors showed how difficult asking about partner abuse is. Exhortation to ask routinely will not …
Use of antimicrobial drugs in veterinary practice
Authors: A M Johnston
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Shortly after antimicrobial drugs were developed they were used in veterinary medicine to treat mastitis in dairy cows. 1 2 Disease is inevitable in all animals, whether farm animals or pets, and healthy animals may also be carriers and asymptomatic excreters of pathogens. The use of antimicrobial drugs varies between species and may be influenced by husbandry and the pattern of trade in a particular class of animal.3 Antimicrobial drugs are given to animals by injection (intravenously, intramuscularly, and subcutaneously), orally in food or water, topically on the skin, and by intramammary and intrauterine infusions. Antibiotics are easier to give to animals by injection, and the digestive system of ruminants often renders oral antimicrobial drugs ineffective.

#### Summary points

The prevalence of pathogens on farms depends on many factors, not least the type of husbandry, the environmental pressure on a farm, and the standard of stockmanship. The most commonly used antimicrobial drugs in animals reared for food are from five major classes: β lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and sulphonamides. In addition, quinolones have been available in some European countries for more than 20 years.4 The discovery of third generation fluoroquinolones with a broader spectrum of activity has led to interest in their use in …
Injection with methylprednisolone proximal to the carpal tunnel: randomised double blind trial
Authors: J W H H Dammers, M M Veering, M Vermeulen
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To assess the effect of a 40 mg methylprednisolone injection proximal to the carpal tunnel in patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome. <b>Design:</b> Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. <b>Setting:</b> Outpatient neurology clinic in a district general hospital. <b>Participants:</b> Patients with symptoms of the carpal tunnel syndrome for more than 3 months, confirmed by electrophysiological tests and aged over 18 years. <b>Intervention:</b> Injection with 10 mg lignocaine (lidocaine) or 10 mg lignocaine and 40 mg methylprednisolone Non-responders who had received lignocaine received 40 mg methylprednisolone and 10 mg lignocaine and were followed in an open study. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Participants were scored as having improved or not improved. Improved was defined as no symptoms or minor symptoms requiring no further treatment. <b>Results:</b> At 1 month 6 (20%) of 30 patients in the control group had improved compared with 23 (77%) of 30 patients the intervention group (difference 57% (95% confidence interval 36% to 77%)). After 1 year, 2 of 6 improved patients in the control group did not need a second treatment, compared with 15 of 23 improved patients in the intervention group (difference 43% (23% to 63%). Of the 28 non-responders in the control group, 24 (86%) improved after methylprednisolone. Of these 24 patients, 12 needed surgical treatment within one year. <b>Conclusion:</b> A single injection with steroids close to the carpal tunnel may result in long term improvement and should be considered before surgical decompression. <h3>Key messages</h3> Corticosteroid injections into the carpal tunnel may damage the nerve, and any treatment benefits may be of short duration A single injection with steroids proximal to the carpal tunnel improves 77% of patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome at one month after treatment This single injection is still effective at one year in half of the patients Injections proximal to the carpal tunnel have no side effects and are easier to carry out than injections into the carpal tunnel
Treating a societal malignancy--rape
Authors: D. Riesenberg
Journal: JAMA (1987)

A RAPE occurs every six minutes in this country. The articles in this series look at what is known about this societal malignancy and the ways that physicians can help rape survivors.  Statistics compiled by Women Organized Against Rape (WOAR) in Philadelphia indicate that the 1020 reported rapes in that city in 1985 represented a 12% increase from the previous year. Karen Kulp, executive director of the 13-year-old organization, says those figures don't tell the whole story: Conservative estimates are that half of rapes are not reported. The Philadelphia community is concerned about victims getting proper treatment. We [WOAR] have pushed the process along by forming a citywide Sexual Assault Program, which convenes quarterly. Treatment for rape victims is now free in Philadelphia; this is not the case in many cities.  Barbara Rohne, RN, a staff nurse at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, where many Philadelphia rape victims are brought for
Abnormality of Gait as a Predictor of Non-Alzheimer's Dementia
Authors: Joe Verghese, Richard B. Lipton, Charles B. Hall, Gail Kuslansky, Mindy J. Katz, Herman Buschke
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Neurologic abnormalities affecting gait occur early in several types of non-Alzheimer's dementias, but their value in predicting the development of dementia is uncertain.We analyzed the relation between neurologic gait status at base line and the development of dementia in a prospective study involving 422 subjects older than 75 years of age who lived in the community and did not have dementia at base line. Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios with adjustment for potential confounding demographic, medical, and cognitive variables.At enrollment, 85 subjects had neurologic gait abnormalities of the following types: unsteady gait (in 31 subjects), frontal gait (in 12 subjects), hemiparetic gait (in 11 subjects), neuropathic gait (in 11 subjects), ataxic gait (in 10 subjects), parkinsonian gait (in 8 subjects), and spastic gait (in 2 subjects). During follow-up (median duration, 6.6 years), there were 125 newly diagnosed cases of dementia, 70 of them cases of Alzheimer's disease and 55 cases of non-Alzheimer's dementia (47 of which involved vascular dementia and 8 of which involved other types of dementia). Subjects with neurologic gait abnormalities had a greater risk of development of dementia (hazard ratio, 1.96 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.30 to 2.96]). These subjects had an increased risk of non-Alzheimer's dementia (hazard ratio, 3.51 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.98 to 6.24]), but not of Alzheimer's dementia (hazard ratio, 1.07 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.57 to 2.02]). Of non-Alzheimer's dementias, abnormal gait predicted the development of vascular dementia (hazard ratio, 3.46 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.86 to 6.42]). Among the types of abnormal gait, unsteady gait predicted vascular dementia (hazard ratio, 2.61), as did frontal gait (hazard ratio, 4.32) and hemiparetic gait (hazard ratio, 13.13).The presence of neurologic gait abnormalities in elderly persons without dementia at base line is a significant predictor of the risk of development of dementia, especially non-Alzheimer's dementia.
APPROPRIATE AND INAPPROPRIATE IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: INCIDENCE AND PREDICTORS
Authors: David B. Min, Ahmad Masri, Zoran Popovic, Mohamed Kanj, Nicholas Smedira, Bruce Lytle, Maran Thamilarasan, Harry Lever, Milind Desai
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Effect of Metronidazole on Trichomonas Vaginitis in an Isolated Female Population
Authors: Malcolm Brochin, C. Lee Buxton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

THE purpose of this study is twofold: to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of metronidazole§ in an isolated female prison population in which the incidence of trichomonas infection had previously been discovered to be 70 per cent1; and if treatment with this substance proved to be universally effective and if these socially isolated patients gave no evidence of recurrence after a period of at least three months, to provide reasonably good indirect evidence that recurrence of the infection under ordinary circumstances is probably due to heterosexual contact. Thus, personal hygiene, cleanliness, socioeconomic status and possible infective sources, such . . .
Drug for leukaemia can lead to heart failure
Authors: David Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A drug for chronic myelogenous leukaemia, imatinib (which is marketed as Glivec in the United Kingdom and Gleevec in the United States), can destroy cardiac cells and lead to severe left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure, says a new report.

“On the basis of our findings, we suggest that a thorough examination of the issue of imatinib-induced left ventricular dysfunction should be undertaken to define the magnitude of the risk,” say the authors of the report, which was published online ahead of print publication on 23 July in Nature Medicine (www.nature.com/naturemedicine, doi:10.1038/nm1446).

The authors say that patients who are taking imatinib should be followed closely so that symptoms or signs of left ventricular dysfunction can be spotted.

“Our findings also raise concerns that agents currently in development that target [the protein] Abl and other nonreceptor tyrosine kinases might be cardiotoxic, and support the importance of prospectively assessing left ventricular dysfunction in phase 1-2 and/or phase 3 clinical trials of new agents.”

Thomas Force, of Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and colleagues reported on 10 people who developed severe congestive heart failure while being treated with imatinib, and they say that mice treated with the drug developed heart problems. None of the human patients died. But microscopic and biochemical analyses of hearts of humans and mice treated with imatinib indicate that the drug is toxic to cardiac cells. The drug’s effect seems to depend on its inhibition of the activity of the protein Bcr-Abl (the causal agent in chronic myelogenous leukaemia) and not on other actions.

No warnings have been issued by drug firms or governments, said Dr Force.

“This is the first that anyone was really aware that there was some cardiotoxicity associated with the drug,” he said. “One thing I want to make clear: people with these diseases need to be on the drug. We’re simply trying to alert physicians, particularly cancer specialists, that if they see somebody present with shortness of breath or symptoms that could be associated with heart failure, that they evaluate the patient, rather than crossing it off to some non-cardiac cause.”

Imatinib has shown marked effects in people with chronic phase myelogenous leukaemia, says the study. More than 70% of those treated achieve complete cytogenic remission. In addition, the drug seems to be well tolerated, and a review on its use does not mention cardiotoxicity.

But the study’s authors noted that clinical trials had shown a relatively high incidence of peripheral oedema (63% to 66% of patients, 4% to 5% of which has been classed as severe). Shortness of breath has been reported in 12% to 16% of treated patients and classed as severe in 4% to 5%. Furthermore, clinical evidence showed that many people taking the drug who had no history of heart disease developed left ventricular dysfunction and congestive heart failure.
Effects of captopril on ischemic events after myocardial infarction. Results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement trial. SAVE Investigators.
Authors: J D Rutherford, M A Pfeffer, L A Moyé, B R Davis, G C Flaker, P R Kowey, G A Lamas, H S Miller, M Packer, J L Rouleau
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND In the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) was the most important predictor of a poor outcome and conferred a sevenfold increase in risk of death. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictors of recurrent MI in study participants and to examine the influence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril on this and other myocardial ischemic events. METHODS AND RESULTS The 2231 patients had survived the acute phase of MI (3 to 16 days) and had a radionuclide ventricular ejection fraction &lt; or = 40%. Patients were randomly assigned to receive double-blind treatment with either placebo or captopril and were followed for an average of 42 months. The influence of captopril on recurrent MI, cardiac revascularization procedures, and hospitalization with unstable angina was examined. The likelihood of recurrent MI was greater in patients with an MI or functional disability before the index infarction and higher systolic pressure (all P &lt; .001) but was not influenced by baseline left ventricular ejection fraction. Therapy with captopril reduced the risk of development of recurrent MI by 25% (95% confidence intervals, 5% to 40%; P = .015) and the risk of death after recurrent MI by 32% (95% confidence intervals, 4% to 51%; P = .029). Captopril-assigned patients were also less likely to require cardiac revascularization procedures (P = .010), but hospitalization for unstable angina was unaltered. When all three of these major coronary ischemic events were considered together, captopril therapy reduced the risk (14% risk reduction; 95% confidence intervals, 0% to 26%; P = .047). CONCLUSIONS In post-MI patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, long-term administration of captopril reduced recurrence of MI and the need for cardiac revascularization but had no influence on the rate of hospitalization with a discharge diagnosis of unstable angina. The finding that the recurrence of MI was independent of left ventricular ejection fraction suggests that captopril could be useful in preventing recurrent MI in patients with more preserved left ventricular function. The need for cardiac revascularization was reduced in patients receiving long-term captopril therapy, suggesting either an anti-ischemic effect or the ability of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor to modify the atherosclerotic process in survivors of MI.
Analysis of collagen gene expression by cultured fibroblasts in morphoea
Authors: A. HATAMOCHI, M. ONO, M. ARAKAWA, K. TAKEDA, H. UEKI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

Collagen gene expression was studied in dermal fibroblasts derived from the inflammatory and sclerotic skin lesions of patients with localized or generalized morphoea. The levels of mRNA for type I collagen in early-passage fibroblasts derived from inflammatory lesions were higher than those obtained from the uninvolved skin, whereas those fibroblasts obtained from sclerotic lesions were unaltered. No alteration in type I collagen mRNA levels was observed in late-passage fibroblasts derived from the inflammatory lesions. The relative rate of collagen to total protein synthesis in earlypassage fibroblasts derived from inflammatory lesions was higher than that of fibroblasts from uninvolved skin, while no alteration or a slight decrease was observed in fibroblasts from the sclerotic lesions. The data suggest that the inflammatory reactions induce increased collagen synthesis by fibroblasts in the skin in scleroderma.
A risk allele for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in African Americans is located within a region containing APOL1 and MYH9
Authors: Giulio Genovese, Stephen J. Tonna, Andrea U. Knob, Gerald B. Appel, Avi Katz, Andrea J. Bernhardy, Alexander W. Needham, Ross Lazarus, Martin R. Pollak
Journal: Kidney International (2010)
The role of social and cognitive factors in the production of altruism
Authors: Arthur A. Stukas, Michael J. Platow, Margaret Foddy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

We agree with Rachlin's aim to account for altruism within existing theory. However, his argument is implicitly dependent on social and cognitive constructs that are explicitly identified in other social-psychological theories. The account does not advance theory beyond available constructs (e.g., self-categorizations, motives, values, role-identities, and social structure), and Rachlin's implicit use of these strains the behaviorist account.
Practical Strategies in Outpatient Medicine
Authors: William E. Golden
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Outpatient primary care medicine is frequently regarded with disdain by traditional academic physicians. A problem in keeping primary care attractive as a career is that academic leaders frequently underestimate the scope and complexity of the care that primary care physicians can provide. This undervaluation then translates into reduced curricular goals and limitations of privileges that further undermine the attractiveness of primary care. Reilly's second edition of<i>Practical Strategies in Outpatient Medicine</i>is a useful text in trying to reverse this trend. He again focuses on symptom complexes rather than disease disorders to provide readers with a basis for sophisticated workups and differential diagnoses in common outpatient complaints. With this new edition Reilly has taken on a greater agenda and broken ambitious new ground. Unfortunately, his idiosyncratic approach to his topic, while requiring some acclimation in the first edition, requires an even greater commitment by the reader in the current edition.
Neurobehavioral Effects of Developmental Methylmercury Exposure
Authors: Steven G. Gilbert, Kimberly S. Grant-Webster
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a global environmental problem and is listed by the International Program of Chemical Safety as one of the six most dan- gerous chemicals in the world's environment.Human exposure to MeHg primarily occurs through the consumption of contaminated food such as fish, although catastrophic exposures due to industrial pollution have occurred.The fetus is particularly sensitive to MeHg exposure and adverse effects on infant development have been associated with levels of exposure that result in few, if any, signs of maternal clinical illness or toxicity.High levels of prenatal exposure in humans result in neurobehavioral effects such as cerebral palsy and severe mental retardation.Prenatal exposure to MeHg in communities with chronic low-level exposure is related to decreased birthweight and early sensorimotor dysfunction such as delayed onset of walking.Neurobehavioral alterations have also been documented in studies with nonhuman primates and rodents.Available information on the developmental neurotoxic effects of MeHg, particularly the neurobehavioral effects, indicates that the fetus and infant are more sensitive to adverse effects of MeHg.It is therefore recommended that pregnant women and women of childbearing age be strongly advised to limit their expo- sure to potential sources of MeHg.Based on results from human and animal studies on the developmental neurotoxic effects of methylmercury, the accepted reference dose should be lowered to 0.025 to 0.06 MeHg pg/kg/day.Continued research on the neurotoxic effects associated with low level developmental exposure is needed.