tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Confounding in case-control studies II
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Researchers conducted a nested case-control study to investigate whether breast feeding protected infants against pneumonia.1 All children born in urban areas of Southern Brazil in 1993 were included in the cohort. Cases were a total of 152 infants who had been born in 1993, admitted to hospital when aged 28­364 days and diagnosed with pneumonia. Controls were a total of 2391 infants selected from the cohort. Cases and control were not matched. The mothers of all cases and controls were interviewed about the infant’s past diet, with information collected on type of milk consumed, use of fluid supplements, plus use of solid and semisolid supplements. Each food type was investigated as a possible risk factor for the development of pneumonia. The results are presented in the table⇓, which shows the odds ratios of pneumonia according to type of food given. View this table: Odds ratios for developing pneumonia according to type of food given Which of the following, if any, are true?
General Practitioners in Hospital
Authors: J. W. Smith, J. B. O'Donovan
Journal: BMJ (1970)

An acute general hospital of 68 beds at Tamworth, a Midland town of 50,000 people, is staffed by general practitioners for both inpatient and casualty work. During the period 1967-8 there were 889 general practitioner admissions to the hospital for intermediate surgical and medical care, the average length of stay being 6·3 days and the average cost per case £44·3. Of these patients 96 were transferred to other hospitals. The patients, doctors, and standard of medical care have benefited from this kind of service. A “satellite” hospital of this type therefore has an important role in the community for carefully selected types of cases.
Understanding the MIG6–EGFR Signaling Axis in Lung Tumorigenesis
Authors: Evgeny Izumchenko, David Sidransky
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2015)

Abstract Summary: With multiple clinical trials under way targeting mutant EGFR in patients with lung cancer, Maity and colleagues address important aspects of a MIG6–EGFR signaling axis using genetically engineered mouse models expressing mutated EGFRs on the MIG6-deficient background. This study extends our understanding of EGFR regulation by MIG6 and reveals that MIG6 antagonizes tumor formation in mutant EGFR–driven lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov; 5(5); 472–4. ©2015 AACR. See related article by Maity et al., p. 534
Proteomic peptide profiling for preemptive diagnosis of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: E M Weissinger, J Metzger, C Dobbelstein, D Wolff, M Schleuning, Z Kuzmina, H Greinix, A M Dickinson, W Mullen, H Kreipe, I Hamwi, M Morgan, A Krons, I Tchebotarenko, D Ihlenburg-Schwarz, E Dammann, M Collin, S Ehrlich, H Diedrich, M Stadler, M Eder, E Holler, H Mischak, J Krauter, A Ganser
Journal: Leukemia (2013)

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is one curative treatment for hematological malignancies, but is compromised by life-threatening complications, such as severe acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD). Prediction of severe aGvHD as early as possible is crucial to allow timely initiation of treatment. Here we report on a multicentre validation of an aGvHD-specific urinary proteomic classifier (aGvHD_MS17) in 423 patients. Samples (n=1106) were collected prospectively between day +7 and day +130 and analyzed using capillary electrophoresis coupled on-line to mass spectrometry. Integration of aGvHD_MS17 analysis with demographic and clinical variables using a logistic regression model led to correct classification of patients developing severe aGvHD 14 days before any clinical signs with 82.4% sensitivity and 77.3% specificity. Multivariate regression analysis showed that aGvHD_MS17 positivity was the only strong predictor for aGvHD grade III or IV (P<0.0001). The classifier consists of 17 peptides derived from albumin, β2-microglobulin, CD99, fibronectin and various collagen α-chains, indicating inflammation, activation of T cells and changes in the extracellular matrix as early signs of GvHD-induced organ damage. This study is currently the largest demonstration of accurate and investigator-independent prediction of patients at risk for severe aGvHD, thus allowing preemptive therapy based on proteomic profiling.
Blockade of the Programmed Death-1 Pathway Restores Sarcoidosis CD4<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Proliferative Capacity
Authors: Nicole A. Braun, Lindsay J. Celada, Jose D. Herazo-Maya, Susamma Abraham, Guzel Shaginurova, Carla M. Sevin, Jan Grutters, Daniel A. Culver, Ryszard Dworski, James Sheller, Pierre P. Massion, Vasiliy V. Polosukhin, Joyce E. Johnson, Naftali Kaminski, David S. Wilkes, Kyra A. Oswald-Richter, Wonder P. Drake
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Effective therapeutic interventions for chronic, idiopathic lung diseases remain elusive. Normalized T-cell function is an important contributor to spontaneous resolution of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Up-regulation of inhibitor receptors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, are important inhibitors of T-cell function.To determine the effects of PD-1 pathway blockade on sarcoidosis CD4(+) T-cell proliferative capacity.Gene expression profiles of sarcoidosis and healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed at baseline and follow-up. Flow cytometry was used to measure ex vivo expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 on systemic and bronchoalveolar lavage-derived cells of subjects with sarcoidosis and control subjects, as well as the effects of PD-1 pathway blockade on cellular proliferation after T-cell receptor stimulation. Immunohistochemistry analysis for PD-1/PD-L1 expression was conducted on sarcoidosis, malignant, and healthy control lung specimens.Microarray analysis demonstrates longitudinal increase in PDCD1 gene expression in sarcoidosis peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed increased PD-L1 expression within sarcoidosis granulomas and lung malignancy, but this was absent in healthy lungs. Increased numbers of sarcoidosis PD-1(+) CD4(+) T cells are present systemically, compared with healthy control subjects (P < 0.0001). Lymphocytes with reduced proliferative capacity exhibited increased proliferation with PD-1 pathway blockade. Longitudinal analysis of subjects with sarcoidosis revealed reduced PD-1(+) CD4(+) T cells with spontaneous clinical resolution but not with disease progression.Analogous to the effects in other chronic lung diseases, these findings demonstrate that the PD-1 pathway is an important contributor to sarcoidosis CD4(+) T-cell proliferative capacity and clinical outcome. Blockade of the PD-1 pathway may be a viable therapeutic target to optimize clinical outcomes.
Administration of Thyroxine in Treated Graves' Disease
Authors: Kiyoshi Hashizume, Kazuo Ichikawa, Akihiro Sakurai, Satoru Suzuki, Teiji Takeda, Mutsuhiro Kobayashi, Takahide Miyamoto, Miyuki Arai, Takeshi Nagasawa
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

Antibodies to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors that stimulate the thyroid gland cause hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' disease, and their production during antithyroid drug treatment is an important determinant of the course of the disease. One factor that might contribute to the persistent production of antibodies to TSH receptors is stimulation of the release of thyroid antigens by TSH during antithyroid drug therapy. We therefore studied the effect of the suppression of TSH secretion by thyroxine on the levels of antibodies to TSH receptors after thyroid hormone secretion had been normalized by methimazole.
BH3-based Fusion Artificial Peptide Induces Apoptosis and Targets Human Colon Cancer
Authors: Yongjun Liu, Yunfeng Li, Haijuan Wang, Jing Yu, Hongwei Lin, Dongkui Xu, Yang Wang, Ailing Liang, Xiao Liang, Xueyan Zhang, Ming Fu, Haili Qian, Chen Lin
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Dysregulation of apoptosis is a pilot event before cancer development and plays important roles for cancer to develop resistance to chemical therapeutics. So exploring strategies to recovery the apoptosis balance is a charming and long-endeavored aim in the attempts to conquer cancers. The present study shows an exciting potency of a fusion peptide to inhibit and target to cancer cells, which is composed of BH3 (Bcl-2 Homology 3) effector domain from PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis) and targeting domain of trans-activator of transcription (TAT) and DV3. The in vitro results demonstrated cancer growth inhibition by the fusion peptide in colon cancer cells, as well as in lung adenocarcinoma cell line and breast carcinoma cell line of human origin. But the viability of HEK293, a noncancerous cell line, was not affected, indicating the cancer specificity of the fusion peptide. Apoptosis activation was induced by the peptide through the mitochondria pathway. In vivo studies displayed its tumor inhibiting ability by intratumoral injection. When the fusion peptide was administered systematically by tail vein, the peptide targeted the established tumors in nude mice. No other organs were significantly involved. The fusion peptide is an artificially designed molecule worthy of further evaluation and development.
Occurrence of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in classical Hodgkin lymphoma is closely related to the induction of c-mip in Hodgkin-Reed Sternberg cells and podocytes
Authors: Vincent Audard, Shao-yu Zhang, Christiane Copie-Bergman, Catherine Rucker-Martin, Virginie Ory, Marina Candelier, Maryse Baia, Philippe Lang, André Pawlak, Djillali Sahali
Journal: Blood (2010)
Physician Participation in Olympic Game Planning
Authors: Allan J. Ryan
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The statements made in the editorial "Physician Participation in Olympic Game Planning" were based on information from reliable sources which included members of the USOC, trainers assigned to the teams which went to Rome and Brazil, and members of the Olympic and Pan-American teams themselves. This information was supplemented by personal observation and by that of other physicians who attended the games. None of these sources was in any way critical of the quality of the personnel accompanying the teams, and all praised the devotion of the team physicians and trainers to their tasks which led them to work many long hours to give the best service possible. <h3>Facilities</h3> The scope of these games is such that no city in the world can at present provide the facilities for practice and competition for all sports in one area of the city. Every team in each individual sport
Comparison of Docetaxel- and Vinca Alkaloid–Based Chemotherapy in the First-line Treatment of Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Seven Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Jean-Yves Douillard, Silvy Laporte, Frank Fossella, Vassilis Georgoulias, Jean-Louis Pujol, Kaoru Kubota, Alain Monnier, Shinzoh Kudoh, Jaime Ernesto Rubio, Michel Cucherat
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection
Authors: John La Puma
Journal: JAMA (1987)

"Will women become obsolete?" The theme of this book is the need for and utility of reliable methods of sex selection. It is written "from a feminist perspective." Warren defines<i>gendercide</i>as "the deliberate extermination of persons of a particular sex." While this neologism is indeed "sex-neutral," it hints at the book's moral certitude in addressing the questions surrounding preconceptive and postconceptive sex selection. The author seeks to protect and defend women's choices, whether to abort an unwanted, "wrong sex" fetus or to participate in affirmative action programs to reverse son-preference and sexism in our society. Specific counterstrategies to male domination are encouraged. The book has eight chapters, which, despite their brevity, are surprisingly comprehensive. Objections to sex selection are divided into consequentialist (social) and nonconsequentialist (moral) camps. Unattractive precedents to sex selection, including witch hunts and widow sacrifices, are examined, and the question whether more males would mean more
998-120 Left Ventricular Systolic Performance Changes in Mild Hypertensive Subjects Treated with Antihypertensive Monotherapy or Placebo: The Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS)
Authors: Philip Liebson, Greg Grandits, Ronald Prineas, Sinda Dianzumba, Richard Grimm
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Innovation and the grain problem
Authors: Anne Russon, Kristin Andrews, Brian Huss
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Our concern is with Ramsey et al.'s method for identifying innovation. We show that either it yields false positives or the authors offer insufficient guidance for its application. To avoid these results, the authors need to modify the key or offer better guidelines for delineating input. Either choice requires addressing the processes that generate a behavior.
Amphotericin B Induction of Sensitivity to Adriamycin, 1,3-bis (2-Chloroethyl)-1-Nitrosourea (BCNU) plus Cyclophosphamide in Human Neoplasia
Authors: CARY A. PRESANT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Seven patients with metastatic tumors resistant to therapy with adriamycin, BCNU, plus cyclophosphamide received the same chemotherapy combined with amphotericin B. One complete response (acute myelomonocytic leukemia), two partial responses (carcinoma of the breast and multiple myeloma), and one case with objective improvement (carcinoma of the breast) were observed in seven evaluable trials. Myelosuppression was not consistently changed by addition of amphotericin B. Fever and chills were common after amphotericin B. Bronchospasm and hypotension occurred twice. Amphotericin B reverses resistance to adriamycin-containing chemotherapy regimens in some patients.
993 HIGH END-OF-TREATMENT RESPONSE (84%) AFTER 4 WEEKS OF R1626, PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A (40KD) AND RIBAVIRIN FOLLOWED BY A FURTHER 44 WEEKS OF PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A AND RIBAVIRIN
Authors: D. Nelson, P.J. Pockros, E. Godofsky, M. Rodriguez-Torres, G. Everson, M. Fried, R. Ghalib, S. Harrison, L. Nyberg, M. Shiffman, A. Chan, G. Hill
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
De novo mutations in the CRX homeobox gene associated with Leber congenital amaurosis
Authors: Carol L. Freund, Qing-Ling Wang, Shiming Chen, Brenda L. Muskat, Carmella D. Wiles, Val C. Sheffield, Samuel G. Jacobson, Roderick R. Mclnnes, Donald J. Zack, Edwin M. Stone
Journal: Nature Genetics (1998)
Detection of Primary Choriocarcinoma in the Mediastinum by F-18 FDG Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Juliane Bachmann, Karen Ernestus, Tamara Werner, Yves Garnier, Peter Mallmann, Carsten Pietsch, Harald Schicha, Matthias Schmidt
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

A 31-year-old woman with a history of infection with human papilloma virus was found to have an elevated human chorionic gonadotropin level (beta-HCG) of more than 9000 IU/L in January 2006. The patient reported an irregular menstrual cycle. Extensive clinical work-up including gynecologic examinations with laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and curettage were performed but no pathologic explanation of this elevated beta-HCG could be found. In the initial computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and the thorax, a tumor could not be detected. Based on a clinical decision, chemotherapy with methotrexate in a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight was started. Four months after beginning of the chemotherapy the beta-HCG level dropped to 3048 IU/L. At this time a first F-18 FDG PET was performed and the findings were negative. After completion of 7 cycles of chemotherapy the beta-HCG level rose again. In a second F-18 FDG PET in August 2006 focal, intense and pathologic F-18 FDG accumulation with a SUV max. of 5.4 was seen in the mediastinum in the region of the thymus. At this time the beta-HCG level was 7000 IU/L. In a subsequent CT of the chest a retrosternal mass of 4 x 1.7 cm was detected with contrast enhancement. Resection of the tumor and thymus gland demonstrated a choriocarcinoma in part adjacent to the thymus and in part in the thymus. Postoperative beta-HCG levels dropped to 105 IU/L.
Treatment of fungal skin infections: State of the art
Authors: Paul H. Jacobs
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1990)

The number of cases of mycotic infections are increasing, presenting physicians today with an unprecedented challenge in handling the treatment and prophylactic control of these disorders. The increase in mycotic disorders is due to many factors, such as longer life span, organ transplantation, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The pharmaceutical industry is providing physicians with newer, more potent drugs to manage mycoses. An overview of current practice in the use of topical and oral agents, especially ketoconazole, are given in the following specific mycoses: tinea capitis, pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis, Trichophyton rubrum infections, vaginal candidiasis, and moist intertriginous tineas. The efficacy of ketoconazole in various vehicles and dosage schedules and of traditional agents such as griseofulvin are discussed with relation to each of the mycoses. The number of cases of mycotic infections are increasing, presenting physicians today with an unprecedented challenge in handling the treatment and prophylactic control of these disorders. The increase in mycotic disorders is due to many factors, such as longer life span, organ transplantation, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The pharmaceutical industry is providing physicians with newer, more potent drugs to manage mycoses. An overview of current practice in the use of topical and oral agents, especially ketoconazole, are given in the following specific mycoses: tinea capitis, pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis, Trichophyton rubrum infections, vaginal candidiasis, and moist intertriginous tineas. The efficacy of ketoconazole in various vehicles and dosage schedules and of traditional agents such as griseofulvin are discussed with relation to each of the mycoses.
Renin-Angiotensin System Gene Polymorphisms, Blood Pressure,Dyslipidemia, and Diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: G. Neil Thomas, Brian Tomlinson, Juliana C.N. Chan, John E. Sanderson, Clive S. Cockram, Julian A.J.H. Critchley
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE— In Chinese populations, hypertension is common and is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease,particularly when associated with diabetes. The clustering of these disorders and dyslipidemia and obesity is termed the metabolic syndrome and is increasing in prevalence in the populations of modernizing Asian nations. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) helps maintain blood pressure and salt homeostasis and may play a role in the pathogenesis of aspects of the metabolic syndrome. We investigated three RAS gene polymorphisms—the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D), angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C polymorphisms—for a possible role in modulating these disorders in 853 Chinese subjects with varying components of the metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— The three gene polymorphisms of this crosssectional study were detected using polymerase chain reaction—based protocols. The genotype frequencies were compared between the controls (n = 119) and both overlapping and nonoverlapping groups of patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia usingχ2 test. Differences in levels of the biochemical parameters between the genotypes were determined using analysis of variance. RESULTS— No significant relationship was identified between these polymorphisms and blood pressure in this population. Although the AT1RA1166C polymorphism was not associated with any aspect of the metabolic syndrome examined, there was limited evidence to suggest that the AGT M235T polymorphism may be associated with cholesterol levels. The ACE I allele was significantly more frequent in each group comprising subjects with type 2 diabetes/glucose intolerance (GIT), and the I allele was associated with higher fasting plasma glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS— These findings suggest that these polymorphisms are unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The ACE I/D polymorphism was associated with the metabolic syndrome, having a higher frequency of I allele—containing genotypes in those groups, but this appeared to result predominantly from the relationship with type 2 diabetes/GIT in this population of Chinese subjects.
Adult-onset manifestation of idiopathic T-cell lymphopenia due to a heterozygous RAG1 mutation
Authors: Roshini S. Abraham, Mike Recher, Silvia Giliani, Jolan E. Walter, Yu Nee Lee, Francesco Frugoni, Daniel E. Maddox, Salman Kirmani, Luigi D. Notarangelo
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
The Hypertensive Patient
Authors: Irvine H. Page
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The stated purpose of this book is to instruct the practitioner. Books are expensive and time-consuming to read, hence, the reviewer's duty is to determine, in his opinion, whether the objective has been met. There are 19 authors, all but one being British. Like most such books (ie, with multiple authors and editors), the chapters are uneven. The first chapter by Rose is in many ways the most important because of the subject—the necessary care in the measurement of blood pressure and its interpretation. Few similar books contain so instructive a chapter. Even though some of the authors are among the best in the field, their writing is pedestrian and their pedagogy uninspired. The bibliography is capricious. I doubt whether practitioners would learn much from this book about the care of hypertensive patients, even though there are some nuggets scattered throughout. I regret that this particular criticism is becoming all
<i>Retracted:</i> Antitumor effects of OSU‐2S, a nonimmunosuppressive analogue of FTY720, in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hany A. Omar, Chih-Chien Chou, Lisa D. Berman-Booty, Yihui Ma, Jui-Hsiang Hung, Dasheng Wang, Takayuki Kogure, Tushar Patel, Luigi Terracciano, Natarajan Muthusamy, John C. Byrd, Samuel K. Kulp, Ching-Shih Chen
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Accumulating evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of the immunosuppressive agent FTY720 (fingolimod) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on our previous finding that FTY720 mediates apoptosis in HCC cells by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS)–protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) signaling independent of effects on sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, we embarked on the pharmacological exploitation of FTY720 to develop a nonimmunosuppressive analogue with antitumor activity. This effort led to the development of OSU-2S, which exhibits higher potency than FTY720 in suppressing HCC cell growth through PKCδ activation. In contrast to FTY720, OSU-2S was not phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) in vitro, and did not cause S1P1 receptor internalization in HCC cells or T lymphocyte homing in immunocompetent mice. Although devoid of S1P1 receptor activity, OSU-2S exhibited higher in vitro antiproliferative efficacy relative to FTY720 against HCC cells without cytotoxicity in normal hepatocytes. Several lines of pharmacological and molecular genetic evidence indicate that ROS–PKCδ–caspase-3 signaling underlies OSU-2S–mediated antitumor effects, and that differences in the antitumor activity between FTY720 and OSU-2S were attributable to SphK2-mediated phosphorylation of FTY720, which represents a metabolic inactivation of its antitumor activity. Finally, OSU-2S exhibited high in vivo potency in suppressing xenograft tumor growth in both ectopic and orthotopic models without overt toxicity. Conclusion: Using the molecular platform of FTY720, we developed OSU-2S, a novel PKCδ-targeted antitumor agent, which is devoid of S1P1 receptor activity and is highly effective in suppressing HCC tumor growth in vivo. These findings suggest that OSU-2S has clinical value in therapeutic strategies for HCC and warrants continued investigation in this regard. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)