tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Treatment of Malaria
Authors: White Nj
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

Increasing drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and a resurgence of malaria in tropical areas have effected a change in treatment of malaria in the last two decades. Symptoms of malaria are fever, chills, headache, and malaise. The prognosis worsens as the parasite counts, counts of mature parasites, and counts of neutrophils containing pigment increase. Treatment depends on severity, age of patient, degree of background immunity, likely pattern of susceptibility to antimalarial drugs, and the cost and availability of drugs. Chloroquine should be used for P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. P. vivax has shown high resistance to chloroquine in Oceania, however. Primaquine may be needed to treat P. vivax and P. ovale to rid the body of hypnozoites that survive in the liver. Chloroquine can treat P. falciparum infections acquired in North Africa, Central America north of the Panama Canal, Haiti, or the Middle East but not in most of Africa and some parts of Asia and South America. In areas of low grade resistance to chloroquine, amodiaquine can be used to effectively treat falciparum malaria. A combination of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is responsive to falciparum infections with high grade resistance to chloroquine. Mefloquine, halofantrine, or quinine with tetracycline can be used to treat multidrug-resistant P. falciparum. Derivatives of artemisinin obtained from qinghao or sweet wormwood developed as pharmaceuticals in China are the most rapidly acting of all antimalarial drugs. Children tend to tolerate antimalarial drugs well. Children who weigh less than 15 kg should not be given mefloquine. Health workers should not prescribe primaquine to pregnant women or newborns due to the risk of hemolysis. Chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, quinine, and quinidine can be safely given in therapeutic doses throughout pregnancy. Clinical manifestations of severe malaria are hypoglycemia, convulsions, severe anemia, acute renal failure, jaundice, pulmonary edema, cerebral malaria, shock, and acidosis. Health workers should be prepared to treat these symptoms accordingly.
Genital Herpes and Type 1 Herpesvirus Hominis
Authors: Te-Wen Chang
Journal: JAMA (1977)

FOR MANY years, it has been thought that genital herpetic infections were almost always caused by type 2 herpesvirus. Because of this, many persons have referred to these infections as "type 2 herpes" to avoid the word "genital" during conversation. In 1974, Chang et al<sup>1</sup>first described the not infrequent association of type 1 herpesvirus (oral type) and genital disease. It came as a surprise not only to the public but also to venereal disease (VD) specialists. Although carried as a news item by the Associated Press, many VD specialists were reluctant to accept this observation. They continued to hold onto the traditional belief that a special microenvironment in the genital tract exists and that only type 2 virus is well enough adapted to cause infections of the genital tract. Subsequent reports from other parts of the United States continued to disclose that type 2 virus was responsible for
946-103 Incremental Prognostic Power for Perioperative Cardiac Events of Clinical History and Semi·Quantitative Dobutamine Before Major Vascular Surgery
Authors: D. Poldermans, P.M. Fioretti, E. Boersma, I.R. Thomson, A. Salustri, M. Arnese, H. van Urk
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality.
Authors: F DeStefano, R F Anda, H S Kahn, D F Williamson, C M Russell
Journal: BMJ (1993)

To investigate a reported association between dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease.National sample of American adults who participated in a health examination survey in the early 1970s.Prospective cohort study in which participants underwent a standard dental examination at baseline and were followed up to 1987. Proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate relative risks adjusted for several covariates.Incidence of mortality or admission to hospital because of coronary heart disease; total mortality.Among all 9760 subjects included in the analysis those with periodontitis had a 25% increased risk of coronary heart disease relative to those with minimal periodontal disease. Poor oral hygiene, determined by the extent of dental debris and calculus, was also associated with an increased incidence of coronary heart disease. In men younger than 50 years at baseline periodontal disease was a stronger risk factor for coronary heart disease; men with periodontitis had a relative risk of 1.72. Both periodontal disease and poor oral hygiene showed stronger associations with total mortality than with coronary heart disease.Dental disease is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, particularly in young men. Whether this is a causal association is unclear. Dental health may be a more general indicator of personal hygiene and possibly health care practices.
Impairment of lachrymal and salivary secretion and cellular immune responses to salivary antigens in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: S Sullivan, L Fernandes, I G McFarlane, B Wojcicka, A L Eddleston, D Doniach, E Hamilton, R Williams
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1978)

During a systematic investigation of 100 unselected outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis, 58 were found to have reduced lachrymal or salivary secretion. No correlation could be detected between the presence or absence of secretory abnormalities and the age or sex of the patient, the presence of nodules or salivary duct antibody, or the occurrence of vasculitis. However, there was a significant correlation between diminished salivary of lachrymal flow and the occurrence of cellular immune responses to a protein fraction of normal human saliva, sensitisation being found in 94% of those with impairment of salivary and lachrymal secretion as compared with 33% of those without.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF THE GROWTH OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Alexis Carrel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1913)

When connective tissue cells have been cultivated for a certain length of time in a medium which has been repeatedly changed, a definite relation arises between the rate of growth of the cells and the composition of the medium. It is possible, by adding to the culture medium a given quantity of certain substances, such as embryonic juices, to foresee the extent to which a fragment of tissue composed of a given strain of cells will increase in a given time. The rate of growth of a strain of cells can be accelerated or retarded by the addition to the medium of activating or retarding substances. The dynamic condition of a strain of connective tissue cells, which have been living in a given medium for some time, is not a definitely acquired characteristic, but a temporary state, and is the product or function of the medium in which the cells are living, and is readily modified merely by altering the composition of the medium. A knowledge of the characteristics of the growth of connective tissue described has led to a new result,-the indefinite proliferation of a strain of connective tissue cells outside of the organism. The strain of connective tissue originally obtained from a fragment of chick embryo heart, which had been pulsating in vitro for 104 days, was still actively alive after sixteen months of independent life and more than 190 passages. The rate of proliferation of the connective tissue sixteen months old equalled and even exceeded that of fresh connective tissue taken from an eight day old embryo. It appears, therefore, that time has no effect on the tissues isolated from the organism and preserved by means of the technique described above. During the sixteenth month of life in vitro the cells increased rapidly in number and were able in a short time to produce a large quantity of new tissue. This fact, therefore, definitely demonstrates that the tissues were not in a state of survival, as was the case in certain earlier experiments, but in a condition of real life, since the cells of which they were composed, like microorganisms, multiplied indefinitely in the culture medium.
Unique Lipoprotein Phenotype and Genotype Associated With Exceptional Longevity
Authors: Nir Barzilai, Gil Atzmon, Clyde Schechter, Ernst J. Schaefer, Adrienne L. Cupples, Richard Lipton, Suzanne Cheng, Alan R. Shuldiner
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Individuals with exceptional longevity have a lower incidence and/or significant delay in the onset of age-related disease, and their family members may inherit biological factors that modulate aging processes and disease susceptibility.To identify specific biological and genetic factors that are associated with or reliably define a human longevity phenotype.In a case-control design, 213 Ashkenazi Jewish probands with exceptional longevity (mean [SD] age, 98.2 [5.3] years) and their offspring (n = 216; mean [SD] age, 68.3 [6.7] years) were recruited from 1998 to 2002, while an age-matched control group of Ashkenazi Jews (n = 258) and participants from the Framingham Offspring Study (n = 589) were accepted as control groups.Detailed questionnaires, physical examination, and blood samples were taken, including assessment of lipids and lipoprotein subclass levels and particle sizes by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Samples were also genotyped for the codon 405 isoleucine to valine (I405V) variation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene, which is involved in regulation of lipoprotein and its particle sizes.High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle sizes were significantly higher in probands compared with both control groups (P =.001 for both), independent of plasma levels of HDL and LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 and B. This phenotype was also typical of the proband's offspring but not of the age-matched controls. The HDL and LDL particle sizes were significantly larger in offspring and controls without hypertension or cardiovascular disease, (P =.001 and P =.008, respectively). Furthermore, lipoprotein particle sizes, but not plasma LDL levels, were significantly higher in offspring and controls without the metabolic syndrome (P<.001). Probands and offspring had a 2.9- and 3.6-fold (in men) and 2.7- and 1.5-fold (in women) increased frequency, respectively, of homozygosity for the 405 valine allele of CETP (VV genotype), respectively, compared with controls (P<.001 for both). Those probands with the VV genotype had increased lipoprotein sizes and lower serum CETP concentrations.Individuals with exceptional longevity and their offspring have significantly larger HDL and LDL particle sizes. This phenotype is associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome, and increased homozygosity for the I405V variant in CETP. These findings suggest that lipoprotein particle sizes are heritable and promote a healthy aging phenotype.
Nursing in Europe.
Authors: K Stallknecht
Journal: BMJ (1992)

When discussion began among European professional groups about harmonising educational standards the anxiety was that member states would be asked to change their individual systems to a standardised European version. Attitudes changed, however, as a result of the Dahrendorf hearing in 1973, when the ministers of education decided that instead of a general harmonising of education the new approach should be the establishment of a set of minimum standards. This would simplify and speed up the process of allowing the free movement of people and services within the European community (EC). This new approach forced the professional associ? ations representing nurses and other health profes? sionals to reassess their attitudes, but these organis? ations were still mostly concerned with protecting their own interests rather than with the advancement of the unity of the EC. Mostly, too, they continued to believe that the system in their own country was the best. The EC agreed directives for many professions in the 1970s, and doctors and nurses were among these. Nevertheless it was the political decision to form a single market that gave real, practical importance to the concept of free movement. We now need to recognise that the Europe of the 1990s is changing dramatically?and that developments in the Eastern bloc states will force even further changes. In the long run the living and working conditions, the health and education services, and so on cannot be allowed to differ as widely as at present between eastern and western Europe.
Absence of cutaneous IgA in coeliac disease without dermatitis herpetiformis
Authors: I.J. KARLSSON, M.G.C. DAHL, J.M. MARKS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1978)

Skin biopsies from 17 patients with coeliac disease, but without dermatitis herpetiformis, were examined by direct immunofluorescence. In none of them was IgA detectable. In contrast, IgA was present in dermal papillae and/or in relation to the dermo-epidermal junction in 80 out of 83 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. These findings confirm that cutaneous deposition of IgA at these sites is a very characteristic feature of dermatitis herpetiformis and is unrelated to coeliac disease itself.
Effects of Oral Contraceptives on Human Plasma Vitamin-A Levels
Authors: I. Gal, C. Parkinson, I. Craft
Journal: BMJ (1971)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Although variations in centromeres have been linked to cancer and infertility, centromeres still represent the “dark matter of the human genome” and remain an enigma for both biomedical and evolutionary studies. Since centromeres have withstood all previous attempts to develop an automated tool for their assembly and since their assembly using short reads is viewed as intractable, recent efforts attempted to manually assemble centromeres using long error-prone reads. We describe the centroFlye algorithm for centromere assembly using long error-prone reads, apply it for assembling the human X centromere, and use the constructed assembly to gain insights into centromere evolution. Our analysis reveals putative breakpoints in the previous manual reconstruction of the human X centromere and opens a possibility to automatically close the remaining multi-megabase gaps in the reference human genome.
Biological effects of epidermal growth factor, with emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract and liver: An update
Authors: Ulrich Marti, Susan Jo Burwen, Albert L. Jones
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a 6,000 Da polypeptide hormone produced by glands of the gastrointestinal tract, namely the salivary and Brunner's glands. It is found in a wide variety of external secretions as well as in blood and amniotic fluid. In fetal and neonatal life, EGF appears to play an important role in the development of the oral cavity, lungs, gastrointestinal tract and eyelids. Its presence in cells of the central nervous system suggests that it also plays a role in modulating the development of this system. In adult animals, the function of EGF is much less well understood. In rodents, it apparently modulates acid secretion from parietal cells in the stomach, and it undoubtedly plays an important role in wound healing, either through its localization within skin or by the licking of wounds with EGF-containing saliva. Considerable evidence now suggests that it may be one of the key factors in initiating liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy or chemical injury. The liver appears to be the principal organ which regulates the circulating level of EGF. In fact, EGF is cleared so efficiently by the liver that only the peripheral cells of the lobule (zone 1) sequester EGF, and little remains in the circulation for cells in the more distal zones (zones 2 and 3). In the liver, EGF normally binds to a plasma membrane receptor and is internalized within the liver cell, where the vast majority of EGF and its receptor are destroyed in lysosomes. A small but consistent quantity of EGF enters the bile intact. In the regenerating liver, however, the lysosomal pathway appears to be shut down, and the EGF is diverted to hepatocyte nuclei prior to the initiation of DNA synthesis. Nuclear EGF is found free as well as bound to a high-molecular-weight protein which has many characteristics identical to the plasma membrane EGF receptor. The plasma membrane receptor is a large transmembrane glycoprotein of 170,000 Da containing four domains: an extracellular EGF-binding portion, a hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment, a proximal cytoplasmic domain which binds ATP and protein substrates containing tyrosine for phosphorylation and a terminal cytoplasmic portion with 3 tyrosines which undergo autophosphorylation after EGF binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Hypernatremia Complicating Partial Urinary-Tract Obstruction
Authors: Lewis Landsberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

IT is well known that the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine is impaired by obstruction of the urinary tract.1 2 3 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus4 5 6 7 has been shown to occur both with partial Urinary Tract obstruction and in the course of postobstructive diuresis after relief of complete urinary-tract obstruction. That severe hypernatremia and hyperosmolar dehydration may occur in certain patients with partial urinary-tract obstruction, however, is not generally appreciated. Thus, a recent review of hypernatremia8 and two standard textbook chapters9 , 10 on obstructive uropathy do not describe this phenomenon. The course of two illustrative patients seen over the past five years with . . .
Driving and diabetes mellitus.
Authors: C. J. Saunders
Journal: BMJ (1992)

suggest that general practitioners are more capable of discriminating mild disease from normality than they admit to in a referral letter.Only one third of the children had an investigation.This is contrary to suggestions that investigation of every heart murmur is mandatory.In fact, the diagnosis of quiet asymptomatic murmurs is unlikely to be greatly helped by chest radiography or electro- cardiography, and echocardiography without Doppler studies is not sensitive in discriminating mild disease from normal anatomy.) 1
Relation between obesity from childhood to adulthood and the metabolic syndrome: population based study
Authors: M. Vanhala, P. Vanhala, E. Kumpusalo, P. Halonen, J. Takala
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Most researchers agree that obesity is an important modulator of the metabolic syndrome, 1 2 which is a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance-such as hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia, a low concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, abnormal glucose metabolism, and hyperinsulinaemia. 3 Little is known, however, about the association between relative weight change from childhood to adulthood and the development of metabolic syndrome in adulthood.
Shakespeare, Medicine and Psychiatry: An Historical Study in Criticism and Interpretation
Authors: Natalie Shainess
Journal: JAMA (1971)

This book is a treasury of information on Shakespeare and medicine—or rather, on Shakespeare's penetrating observations on the interrelation between emotions and bodily responses, both observable and intuitional. That it is also a polemic against worshiping Shakespeare as a leading medical scientist in his time (a position apparently held by some scholars) detracts to some extent from the balance and pleasure of the book. The Bard needs neither defenders nor detractors: that he brought the same piercing eye to bodily observation as to the complexities of human experience and interaction, makes all he said ring with the resonant note of truth. That his characters had a development and consistency making them rich media for psychoanalytic theorizing is another aspect with which this book deals, the chapters on Hamlet and Lear being most valuable. This book is a must for the library of any Shakespeare scholar, or for the doctor who
785-5 Color Doppler M-Mode Velocity Propagation: An Index of Early Left Ventricular Filling That Combined with Pulsed Doppler Peak E Velocity may Predict Left Atrial Pressure
Authors: Miguel A. Ares, Mario J. Garcia, Craig Asher, Dominic Y. Leung, Leonardo Rodriguez, Pieter M. Vandervoort, James D. Thomas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Diagnostic Value of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Authors: Paul Starr
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  In our clinic it has become routine to obtain radioimmunoassay (RIA) serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurements in every thyroid profile ordered. Thus, with the serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), T3percent uptake, free T4and cholesterol, a measurement of TSH is ordered. In these clinical data it has been found frequently that an abnormal TSH level above 7.5 μU/ml was present, even when the serum T4 level was within accepted normal range, (7.5 to 15 μg/dl). When this was true, there was good evidence of subclinical hypothyroidism: serum cholesterol level above 300 mg creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level above 50 units, occasional high lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) level, characteristic ECG changes, slow achilles reflex relaxation time, increased left ventricular ejection time (LVET), delayed ventricular relaxation time, and prolonged preejection period (PEP).1,2  Thus, if the physician was depending on the RIA serum T
Individual invention versus socio-ecological innovation: Unifying the behavioral and evolutionary sciences
Authors: Lauren McCall
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Great promise for the evolutionary analysis of animal behavior lies in the distinction between generative novelties and the evolutionary innovations to which they can give rise. Ramsey et al. succeed in emphasizing the contribution of individual learning and intelligence to behavioral innovations, but do not correct the tendency to confound individual invention with socio-ecological or group-level innovation.
The isolation and composition of the major glycoprotein from human gastric aspirates
Authors: J. Schrager, M. D. G. Oates
Journal: Gut (1971)

The isolation of the principal glycoprotein from human gastric aspirates and the determination of its carbohydrate and amino acid composition is described.Ninety-nine individual gastric aspirates were investigated. Eighty-two were eluted on Bio-gel P150 and the carbohydrate and amino acid composition of each non-retarded fraction was determined. Fifteen of these non-retarded fractions were chromatographed again on Ecteola cellulose. Seventeen aspirates were precipitated with cetylpyridinium chloride. The carbohydrate, amino acid, and sulphate contents of the subfractions eluted on Ecteola cellulose and cetylpyridinium chloride precipitates were determined. The results suggest that the non-retarded fractions are composed of glycoproteins with a constant basic composition but polydisperse with respect to the sulphate contents and the terminal sugar residues which are associated with blood group specificity. It was found possible to correlate and identify in chemical terms the blood group specificity of all the glycoproteins investigated. No significant differences were detected between the carbohydrate and amino acid composition of each of the non-retarded fractions, the subfractions eluted on Ecteola cellulose, and the cetylpyridinium chloride precipitates. The sulphate content of the isolated glycoproteins was found to vary between zero and a sulphate: glucosamine ratio of 2:3. The subfractions of Ecteola cellulose showed that 20-50% of the glycoproteins were sulphated. The data also suggest that the isolated glycoprotein is the principal carbohydrate-containing fraction of the gastric secretion as it contained 68-96% of the total carbohydrate content of the gastric aspirates investigated.