tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BLACKHEAD IN TURKEYS UNDER APPROXIMATELY NATURAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Theobald Smith, H. W. Graybill
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

The foregoing experiments in outdoor, unprotected enclosures demonstrates the difficulties surrounding the rearing of turkeys. These are discussed from another view-point and to avoid repetition only a few outlying facts should be considered here. The occasional presence of coccidia, the presence of Heterakis papillosa in the ceca, the occurrence of cases of aspergillosis and of chicken-pox in incubator-bred birds which did not come in contact with other domesticated birds, except in a few cases with incubator-bred chickens, show clearly that turkeys are picking up from the ground material deposited by other birds. The agent of blackhead must come from the same sources. The field experiments show a steadily increasing concentration of the infection from 1917 to 1919, even though the ground had been ploughed and seeded before use. As a result, the various groups of turkeys became infected to a greater degree. The growth in the intensity of the disease may be in part ascribed to an accumulation on the soil of infectious agents during any given season after they had been introduced, but it is hardly acceptable as an explanation from season to season, when the soul was either virgin, as regards poultry yards, or ploughed deep and seeded before use. A more rational hypothesis is the gradual attraction of birds in larger numbers and greater variety on account of the food supply in the turkey enclosures and the more intensive cultivation of the land surrounding the laboratory and animal buildings since the beginning of the experiments in 1917. The intensity of the outbreaks due to the confining of young turkeys with birds over a year old which had been infected during the preceding year, or on ground previously occupied by them, was in all instances much greater than in the spontaneous outbreaks. The cases amounted to nearly 100 per cent of the exposed. On the other hand, the number of cases in the control flocks varied and was very low in some groups. It could have been kept down if the sick birds had been promptly removed and not permitted to recover on the same ground. However, the object of the experiment was not to suppress the disease, but to see to what extent it would develop. It is self-evident that the results obtained apply strictly only to that part of the country where the experiments were made. We have at present no means of knowing whether the sources of infection would become more numerous and concentrated with a higher mean annual temperature, or the reverse. Only by using incubator turkeys exclusively for such tests and eliminating the older turkeys and domesticated birds as carriers, can the miscellaneous, at present not controllable sources of the agents of this disease in different localities and the chances of successful rearing be determined.
Assessment of the human splanchnic venous volume-pressure relation using radionuclide plethysmography. Effect of nitroglycerin.
Authors: D E Manyari, Z Wang, J Cohen, J V Tyberg
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND No method exists to assess human splanchnic venous function, the most important region in terms of vascular capacity. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 25 stable patients without heart failure or hypertension to develop a method to assess the splanchnic venous volume-pressure (V-P) relation and to determine the effect of nitroglycerin (GTN). We used blood pool scintigraphy to assess changes in regional splanchnic vascular volume (SVV) and low levels of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to passively alter venous pressure and thus, SVV. We postulated that the relation between SVV and the CPAP used would reflect the capacitance of the splanchnic venous bed and that changes in the position of this relation would provide a relative measurement of any change in capacitance. In 12 patients (group 1), the splanchnic vascular V-P curves were recorded before and 2, 9, and 20 minutes after 0.6 mg sublingual GTN; in eight patients (group 2), recordings were made at similar times before and after sublingual administration of placebo; in five patients (group 3), the hemodynamic effects of CPAP were assessed by means of right and left cardiac catheterization. Right atrial and femoral venous pressures increased (p &lt; 0.001) and cardiac output fell (p &lt; 0.05) during CPAP. There was an apparently linear relation between CPAP and SVV (r = 0.74-0.98); SVV increased an average of 7.4 +/- 2.2% (p &lt; 0.001) by 12 cm H2O CPAP: The splanchnic vascular V-P curves were reproducible with minimal variability in SVV (+/- 2%, p &gt; 0.2) in group 2. After administration of GTN, the splanchnic vascular V-P curve shifted away from the pressure axis in a parallel fashion by an average of 9.4 +/- 5.4% (p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We have developed a reproducible noninvasive technique that may be used to assess human splanchnic venous V-P relations. We have demonstrated for the first time in humans that GTN exerts its dilatory effect by increasing the unstressed splanchnic venous volume.
Streptomycin reverses a large stretch induced increase in [Ca2+]i in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes
Authors: F. Gannier, E. White, A. Lacampagne, D. Garnier, J.-Y. L. Guennec
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Objective: The aim was to test the hypothesis that in single guinea pig ventricular myocytes a large stretch induced increase in resting calcium was sensitive to the mechanosensitive channel blocker streptomycin. Methods: Carbon fibres were used to stretch cells loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator indo-1. Force, sarcomere length, and internal calcium activity ([Ca2+]i) were measured. Results: In approximately 60% of the cells studied, a stretch which increased sarcomere length by approximately 6% caused a large increase in [Ca2+]i (up to 60% of the size of a [Ca2+]i transient at 0.25 Hz). When a mixture of antibiotics (streptomycin-penicillin) was used in solutions to isolate and store cells, this phenomenon was never observed (n = 19 cells). Direct application of physiological saline solution (PSS) could not reverse the increase in [Ca2+]i within 60 s of application (n = 7 cells). Direct application of penicillin [1000 IU per 50 ml (40 μM)] reversed the increase in [Ca2+]i within 60 s of application in only 3/7 cells. In contrast direct application of the aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin (40 μM) rapidly reversed the large increase in [Ca2+]i induced by stretch in each of 13 cells [within 18(SD 10) s of application]. Acute application of 40 μM streptomycin did not modify L-type Ca2+ currents measured under whole cell patch clamp conditions. Measurement of the resting tension – sarcomere length curves in cells stored in solution containing streptomycin and penicillin revealed two populations of cells on the basis of their stiffness. Conclusions: This stretch induced increase in [Ca2+]i may be associated with stretch activated arrhythmias in the heart. The effects of streptomycin are consistent with its reported inhibitory action on stretch activated channels. Cardiovascular Research 1994;28:1193-1198
Breathlessness in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with cyproterone acetate.
Authors: N. A. Green, B. D. Harrison
Journal: BMJ (1989)

charged from hospital but readmitted 24 hours later with relapse.The rash was more severe, exfoliative, and superficially pustular, and her fever became undulant.Investigation showed a mild anaemia (haemoglobin 114 g/l), a very high leucocyte count (22 6x 109, 52% neutrophils), and abnormal liver function values (y-glutamyltransferase 417 IU/1, aspartate transaminase 182 IU/1, and alkaline phosphatase 560 IU/l hepatic iso-
Erythroderma in the emergency department
Authors: S. A. Rice, V. J. Swale, R. Haque, M. H. A. Rustin
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A 29 year old man was referred to the dermatology department by the accident and emergency department because of a “maculopapular rash.” He had a four day history of an upper respiratory tract infection. Within half an hour of ingesting an over-the-counter flu remedy he developed redness and itching of his skin and a burning sensation in his groins and axillae. An hour later he felt systemically unwell with a painful skin.

He had a history of infantile eczema, did not take regular medications or recreational drugs, and had no known drug allergies. He reported previous use of cold and flu remedies without ill effect, had no history of recent travel, but admitted to a single episode of unprotected intercourse a month earlier with a female sex worker.

On examination, he was diaphoretic with cool peripheries, had a temperature of 38°C, his pulse rate was 120 beats/min, and his blood pressure was 110/56 mm Hg. Confluent erythema covered his entire body, with petechiae and oedema of his lower legs (figs 1⇓ and 2⇓). There were no palpable epidermal changes, there was no mucosal involvement, and Nikolsky’s sign was negative. He had cervical, axillary, and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Systemic examination was otherwise unremarkable. Bloods tests showed leucocytosis with a neutrophilic shift, eosinophilia, and raised inflammatory markers (table 1⇓).





View this table:

Table 1 Our patient’s sequential blood results 





### 1 What is the differential diagnosis of erythroderma in this patient?

#### Short answer

Toxic erythema, an adverse drug eruption, HIV seroconversion, secondary syphilis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, …
Physiological effects of wearing mouthguards.
Authors: K T Francis, J Brasher
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1991)

Mouthguards are considered by most authorities to be an essential part of equipment for players participating in body-contact sports. Mouthguards provide excellent dental protection but not all players use them, complaining of breathing difficulties and problems with speaking. Although information exists concerning dental trauma and mouth protector use, there are no reported data that quantify the physiological effects of wearing mouthguards. The purpose of this study was to measure the ventilatory and gas exchange effects of wearing a mouthguard. Ten healthy men and seven women aged 20-36 years (mean(s.d.) 27.2(5.2) years) were used as subjects. Forced expiratory air volume at 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rates (PEF) were measured on each subject while wearing either no mouthguard or one of three different over-the-counter mouthguards including one maxillary (mouthguard 1) and two different bimaxillary guards (mouthguards 2 and 3). To determine the effects of wearing each of the mouthguards during exercise, oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured while exercising on a cycle ergometer for 5 min at a light and heavy workload. An ANOVA of repeated measures was used to determine statistical differences. In each case, the wearing of a mouthguard significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced FEV1 and PEF in comparison with no mouthguard. FEV1 was reduced 8% with mouthguard 1, and 12% and 14% with mouthguards 2 and 3 respectively. PEF was reduced by 7, 15 and 15.8% with mouthguards 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The wearing of the different mouthguards did not significantly change VO2 while exercising at the lower work level whereas VO2 was significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) reduced at the heavier workload. This surprising reduction in VO2 during heavy exercise may be due to a 'pursed-lip' type of breathing which has been shown to decrease CO2 tension, increase oxygenation and exercise tolerance. It can be concluded that although mouthguards may be perceptably uncomfortable and restrict forced expiratory air flow, they appear to be beneficial in prolonging exercise by improving ventilation and economy.
Scintigraphic Follow-up of Splenic Rupture
Authors: KARRE Solheim, HANS J. NERDRUM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

Scintigraphic and clinical follow-up were performed one to six years after splenic rupture in 49 patients. Splenosis was found in 11 of 12 patients subjected to splenectomy. In six patients subjected to splenic repair, and in 31 patients managed nonoperatively, the scan was normal or almost normal. Scintigraphy is a useful tool in follow-up of patients with splenic injuries. Splenosis is common after splenectomy only for trauma; and pseudocyst development must be very rare in patients managed nonoperatively for splenic rupture.
Hyposmia in Woman With Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Robert I. Henkin
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Electrophysiological Effects of Late Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Infarct-Related Coronary Artery Occlusion
Authors: Eric J. Rashba, Gervasio A. Lamas, Jean-Philippe Couderc, Sharri M. Hollist, Vladimir Dzavik, Witold Ruzyllo, Viliam Fridrich, Christopher E. Buller, Sandra A. Forman, Joseph A. Kufera, Antonio C. Carvalho, Judith S. Hochman
Journal: Circulation (2009)

The Occluded Artery Trial-Electrophysiological Mechanisms (OAT-EP) tested the hypothesis that opening a persistently occluded infarct-related artery by percutaneous coronary intervention and stenting (PCI) after the acute phase of myocardial infarction compared with optimal medical therapy alone reduces markers of vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias.Between April 2003 and December 2005, 300 patients with an occluded native infarct-related artery 3 to 28 days (median, 12 days) after myocardial infarction were randomized to PCI or optimal medical therapy. Ten-minute digital Holter recordings were obtained before randomization, at 30 days, and at 1 year. The primary end point was the change in alpha1, a nonlinear heart rate variability parameter, between baseline and 1 year. Major secondary end points were the changes in the filtered QRS duration on the signal-averaged ECG and variability in T-wave morphology (T-wave variability) between baseline and 1 year. There were no significant differences in the changes in alpha1 (-0.04; 95% CI, -0.12 to 0.04), filtered QRS (2.2 ms; 95% CI, -1.4 to 5.9 ms), or T-wave variability (3.0 microV; 95% CI, -4.8 to 10.7 microV) between the PCI and medical therapy groups (medical therapy change minus PCI change). Multivariable analysis revealed that the results were unchanged after adjustment for baseline clinical variables and medication treatments during the Holter recordings.PCI with stenting of a persistently occluded infarct-related artery during the subacute phase after myocardial infarction compared with medical therapy alone had no significant effect on changes in heart rate variability, the time-domain signal-averaged ECG, or T-wave variability during the first year after myocardial infarction. These findings are consistent with the lack of clinical benefit, including no reduction in sudden death, with PCI for stable patients with persistently occluded infarct-related arteries after myocardial infarction in the main OAT.
Almitrine Bismesylate and Hypoxemia
Authors: BERNHARD R. WINKELMANN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Letters and Corrections1 January 1987Almitrine Bismesylate and HypoxemiaBERNHARD R. WINKELMANN, M.D., FRANK HERTRICH, M.D.BERNHARD R. WINKELMANN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, FRANK HERTRICH, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-106-1-164_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We were very interested to read the report on almitrine by Bell and colleagues (1). There is, however, one specific detail that we could not determine, even after studying the article closely: were there any subgroups of patients who could be classified as almitrine responders and nonresponders?We are currently evaluating several patients in a randomized, multicenter, hemodynamic trial of long-term almitrine therapy, and on the basis of our preliminary experience, we would like to propose another mechanism associated with this drug's intriguing capabilities in increasing arterial PO2that has not been discussed in the literature so...Reference1. BELLMULLINSWESTBACHANDJOHANSON RRLRW. The effect of almitrine bismesylate on hypoxemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:342-6. LinkGoogle Scholar1. CLERBAUXFRANS TA. [Effect of almitrine administered by the oral route on levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in healthy subjects.] Pathol Biol (Paris). 1985;33:129-32. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: BERNHARD R. WINKELMANN, M.D.; FRANK HERTRICH, M.D.Affiliations: St. Elisabeth-Klinik 6630 Saarlouis West Germany PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1987Volume 106, Issue 1Page: 164-164KeywordsDrug therapyHemodynamicsHypoxiaPartial pressure of oxygen ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1987 PDF downloadLoading ...
Elevated Putamen D<sub>2</sub>Receptor Binding Potential in Major Depression With Motor Retardation: An [<sup>11</sup>C]Raclopride Positron Emission Tomography Study
Authors: Jeffrey H. Meyer, Heather E. McNeely, Sandra Sagrati, Anahita Boovariwala, Krystle Martin, N. Paul L.G. Verhoeff, Alan A. Wilson, Sylvain Houle
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

Several antidepressants raise striatal dopamine, but the role of striatal dopamine during major depressive episodes is unclear. Striatal [(11)C]raclopride binding potential measured with positron emission tomography is an index of D(2) type receptors and is sensitive to extracellular dopamine levels (higher D(2) binding potential occurs when dopamine is lower). It was hypothesized that putamen D(2) binding potential would be higher during major depressive episodes featuring motor retardation.Drug-free, nonsmoking subjects experiencing a major depressive episode (N=21) underwent [(11)C]raclopride PET imaging as did 21 healthy age-matched comparison subjects. Motor retardation was measured with the finger tapping test.The depressed subjects exhibiting motor retardation had significantly higher D(2) binding potential in both the left and right putamen than did healthy subjects, and putamen D(2) binding potential correlated significantly with motor speed in the depressed subjects.The results argue that extracellular dopamine is lower in subjects experiencing a major depressive episode that features motor retardation. This depression subtype should preferentially benefit from dopamine-increasing medications and should be targeted in future clinical trials of dopamine reuptake inhibitors.
Significance of rubella virus infection in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.
Authors: T J Schnitzer, B M Ansell, G T Hawkins, W C Marshall
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1977)

Fifty-three patients under the age of 5 years with definite juvenile chronic polyarthritis (JCP) were examined for serological evidence of rubella infection. The prevalence of rubella antibody was found to be low and did not differ significantly from that found in normal children of similar age. Patients with JCP and antibody to rubella virus had a clinical course indistinguishable from those with no detectable rubella antibody.
Proposal for ethical standards in therapeutic trials.
Authors: G Mathe, S Dion
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Presented here are the conclusions and recommendations of an interdisciplinary French committee which informally considered the ethical issues involved in clinical trials as they are currently designed and conducted. These drug trials were examined in terms of type of trial, selection of subjects, informed consent, population size and composition, risks and benefits, dosage schedules, and randomization. The committee proposed that trials with low success from the start be reduced, that subjects be selected who have a strong probability of benefit, and that the physician's respect for the individual subject be monitored. To assure that clinical trials balance the interests of patients and society, the report urges the establishment of ethics committees, consisting of two physicians, a statistician, a lawyer, and a judge, to evaluate trial proposals.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia using a virtual dynamic 3-D endocardial mapping system based on sonomicrometry
Authors: Alicia E.Borger van der Burg, Natasja M.S. de Groot, Marianne Bootsma, Lieselot van Erven, Ernst E. van der Wall, Martin J. Schalij
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Grand Round: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cervical lymphadenitis, followed five years later by terminal ileitis similar to Crohn's disease
Authors: J. Hermon-Taylor, N. Barnes, C. Clarke, C. Finlayson
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was first described by Johne and Frothingham in 18951 as the cause of a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine in a German cow. The organism was called Johne's bacillus, and the illness (in which millions of acid fast mycobacteria were visible in the diseased tissues), Johne's disease. In 1901 Thomas Dalziel, a surgeon at the Western Infirmary in Glasgow, operated on a colleague with chronic inflammation of the intestine. He was aware of the description of Johne's disease and of the subsequent bacteriological research in the field. He collected other cases and published his observations in the BMJ in 1913.2 He wrote that the “histological characters” of the disease he had described in humans were so similar to those of Johne's disease that the diseases may be the same. Dalziel's dilemma was that he could not see acid fast mycobacteria in the diseased intestine in humans.3

M paratuberculosis belongs to the M avium-intracellulare group.4 The term paratuberculosis suggests close similarity to M tuberculosis , but in truth it is very different. Unlike M tuberculosis , it can survive in the environment and is highly resistant in vivo to most standard antituberculous drugs. M paratuberculosis cannot be reliably detected by culture in the laboratory; different subtypes of the organism with different preferred hosts5 6 range from very slow growing to unculturable.

M paratuberculosis can cause chronic inflammation of the intestine in many species of animals including primates.7 8 9 The disease in animals shows a broad range of histopathological types, from a pluribacillary (lepromatous) form with millions of typical acid fast bacilli visible in the tissues, to a paucimicrobial (tuberculoid) form in which M paratuberculosis cannot be seen in the tissues and cannot be detected by culture but in which there is …