tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE SIZE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: W. M. Stanley
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

The sedimentation behavior of influenza virus in dilute solutions of electrolyte was found to be quite variable. At times the virus activity appeared to sediment at a rate comparable with that of particles about 80 to 120 mmicro in diameter, at other times at a rate comparable with that of particles about 10 mmicro in diameter, and at still other times the bulk of the activity appeared to sediment at a rate comparable with that of the larger particles and the residual activity at a rate comparable with that of the smaller particles. However, in the presence of a sucrose density gradient, the virus activity was always found to sediment with a rate comparable to that of particles about 80 to 120 mmicro in diameter; hence it appeared that the variable sedimentation behavior in dilute electrolyte solution was due to convection or mechanical disturbances during centrifugation. About 30 per cent of the high molecular weight protein present in the allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with the F 12 strain of influenza virus was found to consist of a component having a sedimentation constant of about 30 S, and hence a probable particle diameter of about 10 mmicro. The residual protein of high molecular weight was present in the form of a component having a sedimentation constant of about 600 S, and hence a probable particle diameter of about 70 mmicro. The proportion of the 30 S component in allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with the PR8 strain of influenza virus was found to be considerably less. The 600 S and 30 S components of F 12 allantoic fluid were purified and separated by differential centrifugation. The purified preparations of the 600 S component were found to possess a specific virus activity from 100 to over 10,000 times that of the purified preparations of the 30 S component, the difference in activity apparently depending only on the degree of fractionation of the two components. The purified 30 S component was found to sediment normally in the presence of 12 per cent sucrose, whereas the small residual virus activity of such preparations was found to sediment in the presence of a sucrose density gradient with a rate comparable to that of much heavier particles. It is concluded that influenza virus activity is not associated with material having a particle diameter of about 10 mmicro, but is associated solely with material having a sedimentation constant of about 600 S and hence a probable particle diameter of about 70 mmicro.
Intrauterine Contraceptive Device and Population
Authors: F. M. Purcell
Journal: BMJ (1965)

the intro- duction of oral contraceptives has been highly successful in many parts of Africa.The " pill " is aesthetically acceptable (attendance of Indian women at Natal Family Clinics was 14,000 in 1963, 28,000 in 1964), but for a large minority of Asian or African women the intrauterine device is, for various reasons, a suitable alternative.But the family planning clinics from which these contraceptives are as yet available are situated in the larger towns.Very little contraception is undertaken in rural areas because of the shortage of staff, etc.
Mortality by Level of Emphysema and Airway Wall Thickness
Authors: Ane Johannessen, Trude Duelien Skorge, Matteo Bottai, Thomas Blix Grydeland, Roy Miodini Nilsen, Harvey Coxson, Asger Dirksen, Ernst Omenaas, Amund Gulsvik, Per Bakke
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

There is limited knowledge of the prognostic value of quantitative computed tomography (CT) measures of emphysema and airway wall thickness (AWT) on mortality.To examine 8-year mortality in relation to CT-measured emphysema and AWT, and assess if potential impact of these predictors remained after adjustment for lung function.In the Norwegian GenKOLS study of 2003-2005, 947 ever-smokers (49% with COPD) aged 40-85 years performed spirometry and CT examination. Mortality data from 2003-2011 were gathered from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. CT emphysema % low-attenuation areas (%LAA) and standardized measure for AWT (AWT-Pi10) were main predictors. We performed Laplace regression for survival data, estimating survival time for specified population percentiles within each emphysema category. Models were adjusted for sex, FEV1, COPD status, age, body mass index, smoking, and inflation level.During 8-year follow-up all-cause mortality rate was 15%. Although 4% of the subjects with %LAA less than 3 died, 18% with %LAA 3-10 and 44% with %LAA greater than or equal to 10 died. After adjustment, the comparable percentile subjects with medium and high emphysema had 19 months shorter survival than subjects who died in the lowest emphysema category. Subjects with %LAA greater than or equal to 10 had 33 and 37 months shorter survival than the lowest emphysema category with regard to respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. No significant associations were found between %LAA and cancer and lung cancer mortality. AWT did not predict mortality independently, but a positive interaction with emphysema was observed.AWT affected mortality with increasing degree of emphysema, whereas CT measure of emphysema was a strong independent mortality predictor.
Unanticipated transmissible Christmas presents
Authors: T L Chambers
Journal: BMJ (2001)

When the children were young we used to visit the children's wards as a family on Christmas day. One year the nurses gave my son a cracker that contained a grotesque looking pair of red plastic lips (red nose day had not yet been thought of). He entered into the spirit of the occasion, toddling around and displaying his lips for all to see. He knew how to use them, bestowing kisses on all and sundry.

The next day he developed mumps.
&lt;emph type="ital"&gt;Black Indian-Buffalo Soldiers&lt;/emph&gt;
Authors: Carolyn J. Hildreth
Journal: JAMA (2009)

During the US Civil War, nearly 200 000 African Americans fought and more than 30 000 died for their freedom and for the salvation of the Union. Afterward Congress authorized the official formation of 6 all-black peacetime military units with the Reorganization Act of July 28, 1866.
Zinc Transporter-8 Autoantibodies Improve Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes in Relatives Positive for the Standard Biochemical Autoantibodies
Authors: Liping Yu, David C. Boulware, Craig A. Beam, John C. Hutton, Janet M. Wenzlau, Carla J. Greenbaum, Polly J. Bingley, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Jay M. Sosenko, Jay S. Skyler, George S. Eisenbarth, Jeffrey L. Mahon
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

OBJECTIVE We assessed diabetes risk associated with zinc transporter-8 antibodies (ZnT8A), islet cell antibodies (ICA), and HLA type and age in relatives of people with type 1 diabetes with the standard biochemical autoantibodies (BAA) to insulin (IAA), GAD65 (GAD65A), and/or insulinoma-associated protein 2 antigen (IA-2A). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For this analysis, 2,256 relatives positive for at least one BAA, of whom 142 developed diabetes, were tested for ZnT8A, ICA, and HLA genotype followed by biannual oral glucose tolerance tests. ZnT8A were also tested in 911 randomly chosen antibody-negative relatives. RESULTS ZnT8A were associated with the other BAA (548 of 2,256 [24.3%] BAA+ vs. 8 of 911 [0.8%] BAA−, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and BAA number (177 of 1,683 [10.5%] single-, 221 of 384 [57.6%] double-, and 150 of 189 [79.4%] triple-BAA positivity, P &amp;lt; 0.001). The 4-year diabetes risk was higher in single BAA+ relatives with ZnT8A than ZnT8A− relatives (31 vs. 7%, P &amp;lt; 0.001). In multivariable analysis, age ≤20 years (hazard ratio 2.13, P = 0.03), IA-2A (2.15, P = 0.005), IAA (1.73, P = 0.01), ICA (2.37, P = 0.002), and ZnT8A (1.87, P = 0.03) independently predicted diabetes, whereas HLA type (high and moderate vs. low risk) and GAD65A did not (P = 0.81 and 0.86, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In relatives with one standard BAA, ZnT8A identified a subset at higher diabetes risk. ZnT8A predicted diabetes independently of ICA, the standard BAA, age, and HLA type. ZnT8A should be included in type 1 diabetes prediction and prevention studies.
The Transit Phase of Migration: Circulation of Malaria and Its Multidrug-Resistant Forms in Africa
Authors: Caroline Lynch, Cally Roper
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

In the third article in a six-part <I>PLoS Medicine</I> series on Migration & Health, Cally Roper and Caroline Lynch use a case study of migration and anti-malarial drug resistance in Uganda to discuss the specific health risks and policy needs associated with the transit phase of migration.
Persantine Advertisement: Artistic License or Misleading Implication?-Reply
Authors: Kathryn M. Jason
Journal: JAMA (1990)

In Reply.—  The illustration referred to by Dr Schiff is an artist's general depiction of blood cells and platelets, as is stated clearly in the illustration's legend. It is not meant as a literal depiction of the approved indication, which is clearly stated in bold type in the center of the page.  It is common practice in medical advertising to make use of an illustration of the organ or body system with which a drug is associated. For example, advertising for antihypertensive medications commonly features illustrations of the heart, yet this does not imply that the drug is to be used for treatment of other conditions such as arrhythmia or angina.  Since the primary copy in the advertisement refers only to the approved indication in large type and dominant on the page, we do not believe the advertisement to be misleading.
Heather Rosemary Winter
Authors: Catherine Finn, Christine MacArthur, Mary Trimble
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Heather Rosemary Winter commenced her medical career in Northern Ireland, relocating to Birmingham in 1985. She continued training in obstetrics and gynaecology, obtaining her MRCOG in 1987 and going on to complete her MD thesis in 1995 on the epidemiology of uterine cancer.

Despite having an excellent reputation and future as an obstetrician and gynaecologist, she embarked on a complete change of career …
NO generation by -AR stimulation to activate CaMKII
Authors: M.-l. A. Joiner
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2013)

Ca2+–Calmodulin (CaM) kinase II (CaMKII) activation depends predominantly on modifications of amino acids within the regulatory domain on this multidomain kinase. A number of mechanisms of activation have been described since the original mode of activation, via Ca2+–CaM binding and phosphorylation of a threonine residue in the regulatory domain of CaMKII, was demonstrated. Gutierrez et al .1 propose a mechanism of CaMKII activation by nitrosation.

CaMKII serves as a link between β-adrenergic stimuli with subsequent changes in Ca2+ levels to the cellular response in cardiomyocytes. CaMKII phosphorylates dozens of substrates in many cell types. When activated by binding of Ca2+–CaM, CaMKII subunits can autophosphorylate neighbouring subunits at Threonine-287 (Thr287) within the CaMKII holoenzyme.2 Autophosphorylation at Thr287 results in autonomous kinase activity, converting to an activation state independent of Ca2+–CaM binding. A number of studies have shown that CaMKII can achieve sustained activity even in the absence of phosphorylation at Thr287. Mechanisms to attain CaMKII sustained include substrate binding,3–6 oxidation of the paired methionine residues (281/282) proximal to the Thr287,7 and now nitrosation of cysteine residues.1 Modifications that activate CaMKII occur primarily in the regulatory domain ( Figure 1 ). These events prevent the catalytic domain from binding to the regulatory …
Scintigraphic Findings in a Case of Hydatid Cyst of the Liver Communicating with the Biliary System
Authors: A K PADHY, P G GOPINATH, A K BASU, K G REDDY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

PADHY, A K M.B.B.S., D.R.M., M.N.A.M.S. (NM); GOPINATH, P G B.Sc, M.D., M.Sc, M.A.M.S.; BASU, A K M.B.B.S., D.R.M., M.A.M.S.; REDDY, K G M.D., D.R.M. Author Information
Dramatic inhibition of neointimal proliferation by the paclitaxel-eluting stents showing radiation-like results without radiation: insights from the QCA core laboratory
Authors: Grzegorz L. Kaluza, Albert E. Raizner, Seung-Jung Park, Won-Heum Shim, David S. Ho, William D. Voorhees, Neal E. Fearnot
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Letter Regarding Article by Imazio et al, “Colchicine in Addition to Conventional Therapy for Acute Pericarditis”
Authors: Antonio Brucato, Yehuda Adler, David H. Spodick
Journal: Circulation (2006)

We congratulate Imazio et al 1 for their excellent article on colchicine in acute pericarditis.We see 2 take-home messages in this study: first, that colchicine is useful in the first attack, and second, that corticosteroid therapy given in the first attack favors the recurrence of pericarditis.This concept is in line with our recent findings that pretreatment with steroids attenuates the efficacy of colchicine in preventing recurrent pericarditis 2 and with animal experiments showing that corticosteroids may exacerbate virally induced pericardial injury.Thus, the results reported by Imazio et al 1 and those from our multicenter study should strongly encourage clinicians not to use corticosteroids except in extreme, very rare cases.Although their use may be very gratifying in the short term, it will greatly complicate the following course.On the other hand, a first episode of pericarditis is often treated with antibiotics, and coadministration of colchicine and macrolides may induce severe side effects, 3 so this drug combination should also be avoided.Finally, Imazio et al excluded patients with current transaminase values Ͼ1.5 times the upper normal limit.In our cohort of 58 patients, 4 we observed 5 patients (8.6%) with abnormal liver test results in the first attack: 3 had alanine aminotransferase elevations ranging from 87 to 1100 U/L, and 2 had alkaline phosphatase elevations only, of 486 and 520 U/L.These abnormalities disappeared with resolution of the attacks.Therefore, we propose not to negate this potentially useful therapy in patients with abnormal liver test results.In the real world, colchicine should be used more and steroids much less often.
Effect of 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on aspirin induced damage to rat gastric epithelial cells in tissue culture.
Authors: A Terano, T Mach, J Stachura, A Tarnawski, K J Ivey
Journal: Gut (1984)

Prostaglandins (PGs) protect gastric mucosa against damage produced by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Whether this effect of prostaglandins is truly cytoprotective and whether cAMP plays an important role in this effect is uncertain. We studied the effect of: (1) 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2), isobutylmethyl xanthine (IMX), and dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP) on ASA-induced damage to monolayer cultures of rat gastric mucosa composed primarily of mucus cells; (2) dmPGE2 on ASA absorption into the cultured cells. Cell damage was quantitated by 51Cr-release and trypan blue staining. Ten millimoles ASA significantly increased 51Cr-release (indicating cell damage) at pH 5.0, but not at pH 7.4. DmPGE2 significantly reduced ASA-induced increase of 51Cr-release. Isobutylmethyl xanthine did not change the rate of 51Cr-release caused by ASA plus dmPGE2. Dibutyryl cAMP did not significantly alter 51Cr-release caused by ASA. A dose response study of ASA damage showed close correlation between 51Cr-release and trypan blue staining (r = 0.93). Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 did not affect 14C-ASA incorporation by the cells at either pH 7.4 or pH 5.0. We conclude that: (1) dmPGE2 exerts a cytoprotective effect on cultured rat gastric cells; (2) cAMP does not play an important role in such cytoprotection; (3) this protection is not because of interference with ASA absorption by prostaglandin.
Cell-mediated Immunity in Patients Positive for Hepatitis-associated Antigen
Authors: F. J. Dudley, V. Giustino, S. Sherlock
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Cell-mediated immunity to antigens prepared from both serum and liver of patients positive for hepatitis-associated antigen (H.A.A.) was measured by using the leucocyte migration test. Altogether, 43 patients with H.A.A.-positive acute and chronic liver disease, eight with serum antibody to H.A.A., and 13 controls were studied. The cell-mediated immunity detected was specific for H.A.A. or other antigenic determinants of the associated infective agent and could be found only in patients with evidence of previous contact with H.A.A.Cell-mediated immunity to the H.A.A.-positive test antigens was found in all but one of the patients with acute hepatitis, in about half of the patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis or cirrhosis, rarely in those with chronic persistent hepatitis, and in none of the apparently healthy carriers.Our results support the hypothesis that the cellular immune response plays an important part in the clearance of the infective agent from H.A.A.-positive patients and in the pathogenesis of the associated liver cell injury.
Effects of “systemic” budesonide concentrations on <i>in vitro</i> allergen‐induced activation of blood mononuclear cells isolated from asthmatic patients
Authors: S. Oddera, M. Silvestri, O. Sacco, S. Lantero, M. C. Morelli, G. A. Rossi
Journal: Allergy (1995)

Blood levels of inhaled corticosteroids are significantly lower than those measured in the lung, but their concentration could still have anti‐inflammatory effects. To determine whether budesonide, at concentrations similar to those obtained in blood after drug inhalation (10 −9 M), could downregulate the allergen‐induced activation of mononuclear cells, we studied 21 atopic patients, sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p). On blood mononuclear cells, isolated from these patients, incubated with Der p allergen extract and with or without budesonide, we evaluated: 1) the proliferative response of T cells; 2) the expression of two surface activation markers, the HLA‐DR antigens and the interleukin (IL)‐2 receptors; and 3) the release of cytokines known to modulate the allergic processes. Allergen‐induced T‐cell proliferation was associated with increased HLA‐DR antigen and IL‐2 receptor expression (P &lt; 0.001), and with increased release of IL‐2, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). The addition of budesonide at the beginning of the cell cultures induced a dose‐dependent inhibition of T‐cell proliferation, still significant (P &lt; 0.05) at the lowest concentrations tested (10 −9 and 10 −10 M). A significant inhibitory effect on T‐cell proliferation was also present when budesonide (10 −9 M) was added to the cell cultures 3 or 5 days after the beginning of the cell cultures. In addition, budesonide 10 −9 M significantly decreased the expression of IL‐2 receptors (P &lt; 0.05), but not of HLA‐DR antigens, and significantly reduced the release of IL‐1β and GM‐CSF (JP &lt; 0.05), but not of IL‐2, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α. Thus, the blood concentrations of budesonide, after drug inhalation, may exert some anti‐inflammatory effect, downregulating both “local” (through the bronchial circulation) and “systemic” allergen‐specific immune reactions.
Whole-Body 18F-Fluorocholine (FCH) PET/CT and MRI of the Spine for Monitoring Patients With Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Metastatic to Bone
Authors: Sona Balogova, Joseph Ben Zakoun, Laure Michaud, Antoine Khalil, Marc Tassart, Adoracion Esteso, Khaldoun Kerrou, Virginie Huchet, Marie-France Carette, Jean-Pierre Lotz, Jean-Noël Talbot
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2014)

Several treatments are proposed for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) at the metastatic stage. Monitoring of response using serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (sPSA) can be insufficient at this stage. Imaging has been proposed, in particular, nuclear medicine functional imaging and MRI, since response of predominant bone metastases is hardly evaluable on CT. Our aim was to evaluate in patients with CRPC with bone metastases, before and after various treatment lines, the evolution of sPSA, whole-body 18F-fluorocholine (FCH) PET/CT and spine MRI (sMRI) that has been proposed for detection of imminent malignant spinal cord compression.We retrospectively gathered a pilot series of 10 patients with CRPC metastatic to bone who had 47 PSA assays, FCH PET/CT, and spine-MRI (sMRI) performed concomitantly as routine examinations, before the beginning and at the end of 37 therapeutic intervals (TIs). Blinded reading of FCH PET/CT and sMRI was performed to evaluate visually whether or not the disease has been progressing (new lesions, greater size, or greater uptake intensity of known lesions) between the initial and the final examination of each TI.Visual interpretations limited to spine FCH (sFCH) PET/CT and sMRI were in accordance for 34 TIs (92%): 14 progressions and 20 nonprogressions. In 2 cases, sFCH did not detect lesions visible on sMRI: one epiduritis and one 6-mm lesion. In 1 case, MRI missed a lesion in the sacrum that was detected on sFCH. When whole-body FCH (wbFCH) PET/CT was taken into account, the agreement with sMRI was limited to 29 TIs (78%). The 8 discrepant cases were all wbFCH positive and sMRI negative, that is, a significantly higher frequency of positivity for wbFCH (P < 0.008). Serum PSA levels increased by more than 25% during 21 TIs, whereas no progression was visible in 8 TIs on sMRI and in 2 TIs on wbFCH. In 5 TIs, sPSA decreased by more than 50%, and progression was never detected on imaging.In detecting progression in patients with CRPC metastatic to bone, results of spine imaging with sMRI and sFCH PET/CT were highly correlated, whereas wbFCH PET/CT showed significantly more progression statues comparing to sMRI alone related to the exploration of other parts of the skeleton and of soft tissue.
Input DNA Ratio Determines Copy Number of The 33 kb Factor IX Gene on De Novo Human Artificial Chromosomes
Authors: Amy M Breman, Camie M Steiner, Roger B Slee, Brenda R Grimes
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Human artificial chromosomes (ACs) are non-integrating vectors that may be useful for gene therapy. They assemble in cultured cells following transfection of human centromeric alpha -satellite DNA and segregate efficiently alongside the host genome. In the present study, a 33 kilobase (kb) Factor IX (FIX) gene was incorporated into mitotically stable ACs in human HT1080 lung derived cells using co-transfection of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) harboring synthetic alpha -satellite DNA and a P1 artificial chromosome(PAC) that spans the FIX locus. ACs were detected in >or=90% of chromosome spreads in 8 of 19 lines expanded from drug resistant colonies. FIX transgene copy number on ACs was determined by input DNA transfection ratios. Furthermore, a low level of FIX transcription was detected from ACs with multiple transgenes but not from those incorporating a single transgene, suggesting that reducing transgene number may limit misexpression. Their potential to segregate cross species was measured by transferring ACs into mouse and hamster cell lines using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Lines were obtained where ACs segregated efficiently. The stable segregation of ACs in rodent cells suggests that it should be possible to develop animal models to test the capacity of ACs to rescue FIX deficiency.
Withdrawal After Substitution of a Short-Acting for a Long-Acting Benzodiazepine
Authors: Lawrence J. Conell
Journal: JAMA (1983)

A withdrawal syndrome occurred in two patients after substitution of a short-acting benzodiazepine for a long-acting benzodiazepine. Both patients had used long-acting benzodiazepines on a daily basis for many years. In one case, oxazepam was substituted for diazepam, and in the other, temazepam was substituted for flurazepam hydrochloride. In both cases the short-acting benzodiazepine was substituted in a once-daily dosage. Withdrawal symptoms followed and persisted for at least one month. Relative advantages and disadvantages of short-acting and long-acting benzodiazepines are discussed. (<i>JAMA</i>1983;250:2838-2840)