tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mosquitoes and Mosquito Repellents: A Clinician's Guide
Authors: Mark S. Fradin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

This paper is intended to provide the clinician with the detailed and scientific information needed to advise patients who seek safe and effective ways of preventing mosquito bites.For this review, clinical and analytical data were selected from peer-reviewed research studies and review articles, case reports, entomology texts and journals, and government and industry publications. Relevant information was identified through a search of the MEDLINE database, the World Wide Web, the Mosquito-L electronic mailing list, and the Extension Toxicology Network database; selected U.S. Army, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of Agriculture publications were also reviewed. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is the most effective, and best studied, insect repellent currently on the market. This substance has a remarkable safety profile after 40 years of worldwide use, but toxic reactions can occur (usually when the product is misused). When DEET-based repellents are applied in combination with permethrin-treated clothing, protection against bites of nearly 100% can be achieved. Plant-based repellents are generally less effective than DEET-based products. Ultrasonic devices, outdoor bug "zappers," and bat houses are not effective against mosquitoes. Highly sensitive persons may want to take oral antihistamines to minimize cutaneous reactions to mosquito bites.
An Intelligent Person's Guide to Genetics
Authors: Fred Kavalier
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A lways a sucker for a quick fix, I was immediately attracted to Adrian Woolfson's book by its title. An Intelligent Person's Guide to Genetics promises something to the potential reader: “If you are an intelligent person,” it says, “I will explain genetics to you in a way that you will understand.” Perhaps now, I thought, it would all become a little clearer. Adrian Woolfson Duckworth Overlook, £12.99/$21.95, pp 240 ISBN 0 7156 3313 9 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> Only one thing about genetics is utterly clear to me: it's much more complicated than I … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Higher incidence of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 than in type 1 diabetes in early-onset diabetes in Japan
Authors: Hiroki Yokoyama, Maki Okudaira, Toshika Otani, Akiko Sato, Junnoske Miura, Hiroko Takaike, Hitomi Yamada, Kazuko Muto, Yasuko Uchigata, Yasuo Ohashi, Yasuhiko Iwamoto
Journal: Kidney International (2000)
Lenalidomide and high-dose dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for multiple myeloma: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group trial (S0232)
Authors: Jeffrey A. Zonder, John Crowley, Mohamad A. Hussein, Vanessa Bolejack, Dennis F. Moore, Brock F. Whittenberger, Muneer H. Abidi, Brian G. M. Durie, Bart Barlogie
Journal: Blood (2010)
Increased open probability of single cardiac L-type calcium channels in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation Role of phosphatase 2A
Authors: Gunnar Klein, Frank Schröder, David Vogler, Arnd Schaefer, Axel Haverich, Bernhard Schieffer, Thomas Korte, Helmut Drexler
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Background: The L-type calcium channel (LCC) plays a crucial role in the electrical remodeling of atrial fibrillation (AF). AF is associated with reduction of L-type calcium current density, due to a transcriptional downregulation of the pore forming alpha1c-subunit of LCC. However, it is unclear, whether this current reduction is related to a decrease in channel number or to alterations in channel function. Hence, we performed a single LCC analysis to assess channel gating and function in human AF. Methods and results: We used the cell-attached patch-clamp technique in isolated atrial human cardiomyocytes of 25 patients with sinus rhythm (SR) and 15 patients with chronic AF. Protein expression of the pore-forming α1c-subunit of LCC was reduced by 40% in AF. Single channel peak average current was 1.7-fold higher in AF than in SR, due to a 3.1-fold higher open probability of LCC. Since phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is known to preferentially reduce LCC open probability via channel dephosphorylation, we assessed whether PP2A expression or activity is reduced in AF. Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of phosphatases, increased channel open probability in SR, but not in AF. However, Western blot analysis of atrial homogenates of the same patient population revealed unchanged expression of PP2A. Conclusions: Human AF is characterized by increased single LCC activity, due to an increase of channel open probability. The blunted effect of PP2A on LCC as shown by single channel analysis may be related to a reduction of cytosolic PP2A activity or impaired local interaction between PP2A and LCC in AF.
THE JUMP METHOD OR INTERRUPTED TUBE FLAP: A NEW TECHNIC IN FASHIONING TUBE FLAPS FOR SKIN GRAFTS
Authors: J. Paul de River
Journal: JAMA (1926)

In fashioning tube flaps preliminary to transferring large skin grafts from distant regions, the paramount thing to be considered is the securing of a graft that has an abundant blood supply, so that the viability of the transplant may be assured. This is best accomplished by outlining a large section of skin and then forming a tube by suturing the outer edges together at the under surface, thus leaving the skin surface outward. The tube is allowed to remain attached at the proximal and distal ends until its edges are well united and an adequate blood supply is established. This is accomplished in from ten days to two weeks. When good circulation is evident, the distal end with the graft attached is severed and swung into place, covering the area to be grafted. This procedure is successful in a large measure, except when there is a scanty blood supply, as
Treatment of Perlèche
Authors: Wallace C. Ellerbroek
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The treatment of perlèche (<b>207</b>:959, 1969) is well outlined by the discussant; an additional factor worth considering is the association with depressive reactions, even when brief. I have noted that patients complaining of "drooling" on their pillow (saliva trickling from one corner of the mouth) rarely have an associated perlèche, whereas the down-turned corners of the mouth of the depressed facies seem to me to be always present when this problem is seen.
Findings of a national survey of the role of general practitioners in the treatment of opiate misuse: views on treatment.
Authors: A Glanz
Journal: BMJ (1986)

An important component of government policy on services for drug misusers is to encourage general practitioners to take a more active role. There are, however, some indications that general practitioners regard drug misusers as undesirable patients, although no evidence is available. As part of a wider investigation of the role of general practitioners in the treatment of opiate misuse, a questionnaire, which was sent in mid-1985 to a 5% random sample of general practitioners in England and Wales, included a section designed to elicit their views on policy and treatment connected with opiate misuse. The results showed that although most general practitioners consider opiate misuse to be a priority concern for the Health Service, they also generally regard opiate misusers as especially difficult to manage, beyond their competence to treat, and less acceptable as patients than others in need of care. General practitioners who have qualified recently were somewhat less unfavourable in their views. These findings suggest that the effective implementation of government policy will require trying to modify general practitioners9 attitudes and providing support for them.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and MHC antigens on human intrahepatic bile duct cells: effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Authors: R C Ayres, J M Neuberger, J Shaw, R Joplin, D H Adams
Journal: Gut (1993)

Human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells were isolated from the livers of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and from normal livers and established in primary culture. The in vitro expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, HLA class I, and HLA class II on biliary epithelial cells was studied in response to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (0-500 U/ml), interferon-gamma (0-500 U/ml), and interleukin-1 (0-5 U/ml) by immunohistochemical staining and a semiquantitative scoring system validated by spectrophotometry and previously validated by laser confocal microscopy. The non-stimulated expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and HLA class II was higher on cells derived from the primary biliary cirrhosis liver than on cells from normal liver, a difference not seen with HLA class I expression. A statistically significant increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression was seen with all three cytokines in cells derived from both primary biliary cirrhosis and normal liver. Increase in HLA class I expression was seen only with interleukin-1 5 U/ml for cells derived from both normal and diseased liver. Increase in HLA class II expression was seen only with interferon-gamma 500 U/ml for cells derived from diseased liver and with interleukin-1 5 U/ml for cells derived from both diseased and normal liver. These data show that pro-inflammatory cytokines increase expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, HLA class I, and HLA class II on human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells in vitro and are consistent with the hypothesis that these locally acting factors may play a part in the pathogenesis of immune mediated disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis in which immune mediated bile duct damage occurs.
HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from HIV+ individuals receiving HAART can be expanded ex vivo to augment systemic and mucosal immunity in vivo
Authors: Aude G. Chapuis, Corey Casper, Steve Kuntz, Jia Zhu, Annelie Tjernlund, Kurt Diem, Cameron J. Turtle, Melinda L. Cigal, Roxanne Velez, Stanley Riddell, Lawrence Corey, Philip D. Greenberg
Journal: Blood (2011)
FLT3 Activation Improves Post-Myocardial Infarction Remodeling Involving a Cytoprotective Effect on Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Otmar Pfister, Vera Lorenz, Angelos Oikonomopoulos, Lifen Xu, Stéphanie P. Häuselmann, Christopher Mbah, Beat A. Kaufmann, Ronglih Liao, Aleksandra Wodnar-Filipowicz, Gabriela M. Kuster
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Rab27a Supports Exosome-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms That Modify the Tumor Microenvironment and Can Promote Tumor Progression
Authors: Angélique Bobrie, Sophie Krumeich, Fabien Reyal, Chiara Recchi, Luis F. Moita, Miguel C. Seabra, Matias Ostrowski, Clotilde Théry
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

During progression from single cancer cells to a tumor mass and metastases, tumor cells send signals that can subvert their tissue microenvironment. These signals involve soluble molecules and various extracellular vesicles, including a particular type termed exosomes. The specific roles of exosomes secreted in the tumor microenvironment, however, is unclear. The small GTPases RAB27A and RAB27B regulate exocytosis of multivesicular endosomes, which lead to exosome secretion, in human HeLa cells. Here, we used mouse models to show that Rab27a blockade in mammary carcinoma cells decreased secretion of exosomes characterized by endocytic markers, but also of matrix metalloproteinase 9, which is not associated with exosomes. Rab27a blockade resulted in decreased primary tumor growth and lung dissemination of a metastatic carcinoma (4T1), but not of a nonmetastatic carcinoma (TS/A). Local growth of 4T1 tumors required mobilization of a population of neutrophil immune cells induced by Rab27a-dependent secretion of exosomes together with a specific combination of cytokines and/or metalloproteinases. Our findings offer in vivo validation of the concept that exosome secretion can exert key pathophysiologic roles during tumor formation and progression, but they also highlight the idiosyncratic character of the tumor context.
Five steps to conducting a systematic review
Authors: K. S Khan, R. Kunz, J. Kleijnen, G. Antes
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2003)

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are a key element of evidence-based healthcare, yet they remain in some ways mysterious. Why did the authors select certain studies and reject others? What did they do to pool results? How did a bunch of insignificant findings suddenly become significant? This paper, along with a book1 that goes into more detail, demystifies these and other related intrigues.

A review earns the adjective systematic if it is based on a clearly formulated question, identifies relevant studies, appraises their quality and summarizes the evidence by use of explicit methodology. It is the explicit and systematic approach that distinguishes systematic reviews from traditional reviews and commentaries. Whenever we use the term review in this paper it will mean a systematic review. Reviews should never be done in any other way.

In this paper we provide a step-by-step explanation—there are just five steps—of the methods behind reviewing, and the quality elements inherent in each step (Box 1). For purposes of illustration we use a published review concerning the safety of public water fluoridation, but we must emphasize that our subject is review methodology, not fluoridation.
Perceptions and Causal Attributions of Israeli Women with Breast Cancer Concerning Their Illness: The Effects of Ethnicity and Religiosity
Authors: Lea Baider, Moshe Sarell
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1983)

The study analyzes the perceptions, causal attributions, and attitudes toward help of a group of 33 Jewish Israeli women with breast cancer. We find two distinct response patterns – that of the 'Western' patients (science-oriented, active) and that of the 'Oriental' ones (fatalistic, passive). Questions regarding the relationship of response patterns, cultural context and coping levels are discussed.
The Cancer Cells Sum Up
Authors: Rae Varcoe
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Ad Libitum18 September 2001The Cancer Cells Sum UpRae Varcoe, MA, MB, ChB, FRACP, FRCPARae Varcoe, MA, MB, ChB, FRACP, FRCPAAuckland Hospital Auckland 1, New ZealandSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-135-6-200109180-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail I am startled by the blue beautyof the cancer cellit is bound onlyby its neighbour's intimacyintegrating itself softlylike an exotic alieninto the unresisting tissuesof its ownerhere, it insinuatesinto the artery's intimastretching its luxurious surfacealong the endotheliumto reach the cut marginwhere its compatriothas already set saillike a piratemoving to claim territoryin the wider shores of the lungsthis elegant mosaiceach regular azure tileannealed to its neighbouris interrupted onlyby the exuberanceof mitotic figuresannouncing new divisionsheralding multiplicationadding up to extinction Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Auckland Hospital Auckland 1, New ZealandCorresponding Author: Rae Varcoe, MA, MB, ChB, FRCPA, FRACP, Auckland Hospital, Park Road, Private Bag 92024, Auckland 1, New Zealand. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 18 September 2001Volume 135, Issue 6Page: 470KeywordsArteriesCellsEndotheliumLungsSmall cell lung cancer ePublished: 18 September 2001 Issue Published: 18 September 2001 CopyrightCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Psychiatric Symptoms and Syndromes Among Adolescent Children of Parents With Lithium-Responsive or Lithium-Nonresponsive Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Anne Duffy, Martin Alda, Stan Kutcher, Carrie Fusee, Paul Grof
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the initial course of psychiatric illness in the adolescent children of parents with bipolar disorder who were divided into two groups on the basis of their response to long-term lithium monotherapy. METHOD: Proband parents met Research Diagnostic Criteria for bipolar illness and predetermined criteria for a clear response or nonresponse to lithium prophylaxis. All adolescent offspring were interviewed by a blinded interviewer using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, and final diagnosis was made by blinded consensus. RESULTS: Psychiatrically ill children of lithium-responsive parents tended to have affective disorders that remitted and followed a recurrent course. Psychiatrically ill children of lithium-nonresponsive parents, however, manifested a broad range of psychopathology, had high rates of comorbid illnesses, and experienced nonremitting affective illnesses. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that family history and course of illness are important factors to consider in the diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of affective disorders.
Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and motor neurone disease
Authors: Y. Ben-Shlomo, A. S. Whitehead, G. D. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The label “neurodegenerative” is often used as an umbrella term for the distinct pathological conditions of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and motor neurone disease. However, there has been speculation that all three conditions represent different phenotypic expressions of a common aetiology.1 Calne and colleagues have argued that these diseases are examples of selective, premature decay of functionally related populations of neurones due to interactions between the environment and the aging process.2 Their two component hypothesis postulates that environmental insults, such as infection or neurotoxins, partially deplete selected neuronal populations, and that age related degeneration results in further neuronal loss beyond a threshold necessary for clinical disease. This model argues that age related cell death is a common contributory factor for all three diseases, although there may be specific environmental factors for each condition.

Epidemiological …
Ex Vivo Selection and Expansion of Cells Based on Expression of a Mutated Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase 2 after HIV Vector Transduction: Effects on Lymphocytes, Monocytes, and CD34+ Stem Cells
Authors: Priscilla Yam, Michael Jensen, Ramesh Akkina, Joseph Anderson, Maria C. Villacres, Jerry Wu, John A. Zaia, Jiing-Kuan Yee
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) represent an ideal target for gene therapy treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, gene delivery into quiescent HPCs by retroviral or lentiviral vectors remains relatively poor. We evaluated a selection scheme based on the expression of a variant of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2), the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway. As lymphocytes depend more than other cell types on de novo synthesis of purines, IMPDH inhibitors such as mycophenolic acid (MPA) can selectively expand lymphocytes overexpressing the enzymes. We used HIV vectors to deliver an IMPDH variant into T cells and HPCs. We showed that the transduced T cells became resistant to MPA selection. By expressing a short hairpin RNA gene targeted to the HIV gag transcript, the MPA-selected T cells became resistant to HIV-1 infection. Monocyte/macrophages derived from the transduced HPCs differentiated normally and exhibited normal function as measured by B7 up-regulation and phagocytosis when stimulated. Our results suggest that this system may be applicable as a selection strategy to enrich transduced T lymphocytes and mononuclear cells in vivo for HIV gene therapy.
Pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometric values and the degree of reversibility in patients with COPD
Authors: D.K.C. Lee
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

To the Editor: 

I thank P. Sterk for an interesting and informative Editorial on the definition and classification of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 1. However, I cannot help but get the feeling from reading …
Blockade of RAGE suppresses periodontitis-associated bone loss in diabetic mice
Authors: Evanthia Lalla, Ira B. Lamster, Michael Feit, Linda Huang, Alexandra Spessot, Wu Qu, Thomas Kislinger, Yan Lu, David M. Stern, Ann Marie Schmidt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

Diabetes is associated with increased prevalence, severity, and progression of periodontal disease. To test the hypothesis that activation of RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated periodontitis, we treated diabetic mice, infected with the human periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, with soluble RAGE (sRAGE). sRAGE is the extracellular domain of the receptor, which binds ligand and blocks interaction with, and activation of, cell-surface RAGE. Blockade of RAGE diminished alveolar bone loss in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we noted decreased generation of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in gingival tissue, as well as decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinases. Gingival AGEs were also reduced in mice treated with sRAGE, paralleling the observed suppression in alveolar bone loss. These findings link RAGE and exaggerated inflammatory responses to the pathogenesis of destructive periodontal disease in diabetes.
P84 Is The Curb-65 Score A Reliable Tool For Guiding Initial Antibiotic Therapy In Acutely Unwell Patients With Community Acquired Pneumonia?
Authors: A. Hadjimichalis, C. Coulter, D. Jeyaratnam
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Prompt appropriate antibiotics for community acquired pneumonia (CAP) reduces mortality, length of stay and adverse events. Antibiotic choice is directed by the CURB-65 score and clinical judgement.<sup>1</sup> Admission is recommended for most CURB-65 ≥2.<sup>1</sup> Recent national data showed an unexplained non-compliance of 40% (&gt;2000 patients) with CAP antibiotic guidelines using CURB-65 scores alone. Antimicrobial misuse and resistance are a global concern. We investigated compliance with our Trust CAP guidelines and used an early warning score (EWS)<sup>2</sup> to quantify clinical judgement. <h3>Methods</h3> Data were collected retrospectively for adults attending the emergency department with CAP<sup>4</sup> over 4 months. The CURB-65 and the Trust’s EWS (Physiological Observations Track and Trigger system – POTTS)<sup>2</sup> were calculated at presentation. A POTTS score of 2 triggers escalation of care. Prescriptions were compliant when the initial antibiotic concurred with the Trust guideline. Patients receiving broader spectrum agents than recommended were ‘over-treated’. Admission was noted. <h3>Results (Table 1)</h3> Of 77 patients with CAP, 11 (14%) received ‘compliant’ antibiotics (Table 1). 38 (49%) patients were over-treated, 25 (66%) of whom had POTTS ≥2, though 15 (60%) of these patients had low severity CURB-65 of 0–1. Of 49 patients with POTTS ≥2, 27 (55%) had a CURB-65 of 0–1, 26% a CURB-65 of 2. 44% and 68% of those with a CURB-65 of 0 or 1 were admitted, with higher average POTTS than those discharged. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The majority of patients incorrectly prescribed broad spectrum antibiotics had a CURB-65 score that failed to categorise them as sick enough to warrant them despite an EWS≥2. Hospital admission demonstrated similar findings. Over half of those with an elevated EWS had a low severity CURB-65. We did not collect outcome data but the ‘over-treatment’ and admission appear appropriate. Prompt, effective and empiric antimicrobials for septic patients give better clinical outcomes. Seemingly non-compliant antimicrobial prescriptions may have punitive implications for Trusts. We suggest that CURB-65 under-recognises sepsis syndrome and thus the EWS should be included and further validated in CAP guidelines and audits. <h3>Reference</h3> BTS CAP guidelines RJ Oakey, V Slade. Physiological observation track and trigger system. <i>Nursing Standard</i>. 2006;20:48–54