tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SOME CONSIDERATIONS BEARING ON THE TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA.Read before the Section of Practice of Medicine, at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: W. H. WASHBURN
Journal: JAMA (1893)

The conclusion seems forced upon us, by recent investigations as to the comparative mortality in cases of pneumonia, that the death rate from this disease is on the gradual increase, and has been on the increase since 1822. When we eliminate all elements of uncertainty and unfairness in the comparative statistics of various hospitals and institutions, we are compelled to admit that if the death rate has not actually very materially increased, it has not been reduced by our modern methods of treatment. Those methods of treatment differ very markedly from those in vogue during the first sixty years of this century. The best authorities during that period insisted that in this disease blood letting was "a remedy of indispensable necessity," and they were almost equally unanimous in their use of cathartics, blisters, and occasionally emetics. Subsequent to 1860 our treatment has been greatly modified, being less active and heroic,
Urinary Protein Excretion and Renal Hemodynamic Adjustments during Orthostasis in Patients with Acute and Chronic Renal Diseases12
Authors: Willoughby Lathem, Betty S. Roof, James F. Nickel, Stanley E. Bradley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1954)

The amount and character of the protein lost in the urine may vary widely during the course of renal disease (2).Since proteinuria seems to re- sult from increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries (2, 3) (though a reduction in tu- bular reabsorption of protein may also play a role [4] ), variation in proteinuria may be ascribed chiefly to changes in glomerular function.Progression or healing of the renal lesion undoubtedly alters the structure and area of the glomerular filtering surface with resultant change in the escape of protein from the plasma into the urine (5-8).In addition, proteinuria is affected by re- nal circulatory adjustments that may influence fil- tration.The renal vascular responses to conges- tive heart failure, shock, fever, violent exercise or pressor drugs such as epinephrine, are often as- sociated with the appearance of proteinuria in nor- mal persons and with augmentation of proteinuria in patients with renal disease (5, 9-12).Less striking changes in the renal circulation, such as those associated with assumption of the upright position, do not usually result in loss of protein by the normal kidney.Pre-existing proteinuria, on the other hand, may increase during ortho- stasis, suggesting that glomerular permeability may be more susceptible to change in the diseased kidney.The effect of orthostasis upon glomerular filtration, renal blood flow, and protein excretion
COMPARISON OF MARKET FLUID EXTRACTS AND THEIR RELATION TO FIFTY PER CENT. TINCTURES.Read in the Section of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, at the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Detroit, Mich., June, 1892.
Authors: EDGAR L. PATCH
Journal: JAMA (1893)

The question of the variability of fluid extracts as made from different lots of drug, by different manipulators, has often been discussed, and the suggestion has been made that if substituted by 50 per cent. tinctures, retail pharmacists could profitably make their own products. It has even been asserted that 50 per cent. tinctures would average to be as strong as many market fluid extracts. To arrive at an impartial verdict we have kept the record of 300 lots of fluid extract of dandelion U. S. P., and 250 lots of fluid extract of wild cherry U. S. P., made by as many operators from four uniform lots of drug. The dry extractive from the dandelion was 26, 28, 30 and 38 per cent. The range obtained by the 300 students was from 8.5 per cent. to 31 per cent. The glycerin extractive from the wild cherry was 27, 28.8,
Blood groups Lewis(b) and ABH expression in gastric mucosa: lack of inter-relation with Helicobacter pylori colonisation and occurrence of gastric MALT lymphoma.
Authors: G Oberhuber, A Kranz, C Dejaco, B Dragosics, I Mosberger, W Mayr, T Radaszkiewicz
Journal: Gut (1997)

BACKGROUND: Blood group Lewis(b) antigens mediate Helicobacter pylori attachment to gastric mucosa with attachment being particularly strong in subjects with ABH blood group O. AIMS: To determine whether H pylori colonisation or the occurrence of gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas might be related to gastric Lewis(b) expression or occurrence of particular ABH blood groups on gastric mucosa. PATIENTS: Gastric resection specimens from 89 cases with gastric MALT lymphoma and gastric mucosal biopsy specimens from 95 patients undergoing upper endoscopy due to upper gastrointestinal complaints, including five cases with gastric MALT lymphoma, were studied. METHODS: H pylori was visualised with the Warthin-Starry stain. Immunostaining (Lewis(b), Lewis(a), A, B) was performed by applying a three step immunoperoxidase technique and indirect immunofluorescence staining on formalin fixed and paraffin wax embedded tissue. In 40 patients red blood cell Lewis phenotype and ABH blood groups were additionally determined by haemagglutination assay. RESULTS: Gastric surface epithelial cells showed an immunoreactivity to blood groups A, B, and AB in 80 (43.5%), 22 (12%), and 11 (6%) cases respectively and no immunoreactivity to any of these blood group substances (blood group O) in 71 (38.5%) patients. Lewis(b) expression of all gastric surface epithelial cells (secretor status) was found in 130 (70.7%) cases. Lewis(a) expression of all gastric surface epithelial cells (non-secretor status) was found in 36 (19.6%) cases, secretor status remained unclassified in 18 (9.8%) patients. Colonisation with H pylori was found in 134 (72.8%) cases. The occurrence of H pylori was neither significantly associated with secretor status nor with certain ABH blood groups. The infiltration of gastric mucosa with MALT lymphoma was highly significantly associated with H pylori colonisation (p &lt; 0.0003) but neither with secretor status nor with certain ABH blood groups. There was no inter-relation between secretor status or ABH blood groups and type, stage, grade of, and survival after MALT lymphoma. CONCLUSION: This study failed to show an inter-relation between secretor status or particular ABH blood groups and either H pylori infection or the occurrence of gastric MALT lymphomas.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein accelerates the binding of LPS to CD14.
Authors: E Hailman, H S Lichenstein, M M Wurfel, D S Miller, D A Johnson, M Kelley, L A Busse, M M Zukowski, S D Wright
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

CD14 is a 55-kD protein found as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein on the surface of monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and as a soluble protein in the blood. Both forms of CD14 participate in the serum-dependent responses of cells to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). While CD14 has been described as a receptor for complexes of LPS with LPS-binding protein (LBP), there has been no direct evidence showing whether a ternary complex of LPS, LBP, and CD14 is formed, or whether CD14 binds LPS directly. Using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE), we show that recombinant soluble CD14 (rsCD14) binds LPS in the absence of LBP or other proteins. Binding of LPS to CD14 is stable and of low stoichiometry (one or two molecules of LPS per rsCD14). Recombinant LBP (rLBP) does not form detectable ternary complexes with rsCD14 and LPS, but it does accelerate the binding of LPS to rsCD14. rLBP facilitates the interaction of LPS with rsCD14 at substoichiometric concentrations, suggesting that LBP functions catalytically, as a lipid transfer protein. Complexes of LPS and rsCD14 formed in the absence of LBP or other serum proteins strongly stimulate integrin function on PMN and expression of E-selectin on endothelial cells, demonstrating that LBP is not necessary for CD14-dependent stimulation of cells. These results suggest that CD14 acts as a soluble and cell surface receptor for LPS, and that LBP may function primarily to accelerate the binding of LPS to CD14.
Nanobody — Shell functionalized thermosensitive core-crosslinked polymeric micelles for active drug targeting
Authors: Marina Talelli, Cristianne J.F. Rijcken, Sabrina Oliveira, Roy van der Meel, Paul M.P. van Bergen en Henegouwen, Twan Lammers, Cornelus F. van Nostrum, Gert Storm, Wim E. Hennink
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
Mammography Screening in Women Under Age 50 Years
Authors: Martin B. Flamm
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article in the March 11, 1988, issue of<i>JAMA</i><sup>1</sup>illustrates that screening programs have a cost. Several of the authors' comments, however, should be examined more carefully. The authors, in stating that the use of routine mammography to save a defined number of lives among women 40 to 49 years old requires "high effort and cost," place great emphasis on the dollar cost of performing mammography compared with the number of lives saved. The authors do not, however, consider all the factors that make the monetary cost of saving a life high. Ignoring the philosophically interesting but unanswerable question of what a woman's life is worth, the authors' economic analysis does not consider the cost to our economy of losing young women to breast cancer because they did not undergo mammographic screening. The majority of young women are now actively employed, and the percentage is
HOSPITALS WITHOUT AVAILABLE HOUSE STAFFS
Authors: Carl K. Pearlman
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> InThe Journal, July 16, page 1272, there was a communication from Dr. M. H. Mufson, of Denville, N. J., who was quite concerned about working in the hospital without a resident staff. Perhaps he can be encouraged by the experience which we here in Orange County, Calif., have had. In this area there are approximately 10 hospitals for the care of private patients. Several of these are nonprofit institutions. There is also one large county hospital, which is a teaching institution. None of the hospitals for private patients has a resident or intern staff. We feel that the standard of medical practice in these hospitals is equivalent to that in the teaching institutions. Teaching at one of the medical schools in Los Angeles provides me with the opportunity to compare facilities in the suburbs with those in a large city. The services which might otherwise be
USE OF EBERSON YEAST AGAR MEDIUM FOR PRESERVATION OF STRAINS OF MENINGOCOCCUS, GONOCOCCUS, PNEUMOCOCCUS, B. INFLUENZAE AND B. PERTUSSIS
Authors: E. L. Burky
Journal: JAMA (1924)

In 1919 and 1920, Eberson<sup>1</sup>reported a medium for the preservation of stock strains of meningococci. By the use of this medium he was able to keep strains of this organism viable for five months. My purpose in this note is to report the successful use of this medium for periods longer than five months, the simplification of the medium, and the preservation of strains of gonococcus, pneumococcus,<i>B. pertussis</i>and<i>B. influenzae</i>. Eberson used a yeast semisolid agar medium, the essential details of which are as follows: A suspension of 10 gm. of bakers' yeast in 100 c.c. of water was steamed at 100 C. for two hours, clarified at the end of that time with dialyzed iron (Merck), and then filtered through a Berkefeld filter. One part of the yeast extract was then added to one part of agar mixture. The agar medium contained 1 per cent.
Serum Acid Phosphatase and Screening for Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: Ruben F. Gittes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

In 1977 Foti et al.1 described a new radioimmunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase in patients with carcinoma of the prostate, including a large number with disease in Stages A and B. (In Stage A, foci of tumor are found incidentally at prostatectomy for presumed benign obstruction. Stage B refers to biopsy-proved intracapsular tumor, usually detected by rectal examination and without evidence of metastases.) The previously available colorimetric or enzymatic assays for acid phosphatase had yielded values within normal limits in patients with localized prostatic cancer, but Foti el al. reported increased levels found by radioimmunoassay in 33 per cent of . . .
Genetic Predictors and Remodeling of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: John L. Jefferies, Benjamin W. Eidem, John W. Belmont, William J. Craigen, Stephanie M. Ware, Susan D. Fernbach, Steven R. Neish, E. O’Brian Smith, Jeffrey A. Towbin
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Dystrophin gene mutations cause 2 common muscular dystrophies, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). Both are frequently associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and premature death. We hypothesized that early diagnosis and treatment of DCM in DMD/BMD patients would lead to ventricular remodeling and that specific dystrophin gene mutations would predict cardiac involvement.Sixty-nine boys with DMD (n=62) and BMD (n=7) (mean age, 12.9 and 13.7 years, respectively) were referred to our Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic for evaluation, including echocardiography and DNA analysis. Follow-up evaluations were scheduled yearly until the first abnormal echocardiogram indicative of DCM and quarterly thereafter. After the first abnormal echocardiogram, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or beta-blocker therapy was started. beta-Blockers were added if echocardiography showed no ventricular remodeling in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-treated patients after 3 months. DCM was diagnosed in 31 subjects (DMD, 27/62, 44%; BMD, 4/7, 57%) (mean age at onset, 15.4+/-2.8 years; range, 10.4 to 21.2 years). All 31 subjects were begun on pharmacological therapy after diagnosis. On follow-up (n=29), 2 subjects (both DMD) showed stable DCM, 8 subjects (all DMD) showed improvement, and 19 subjects (16 DMD; 3 BMD) showed normalization of left ventricular size and function (total improvement, 27/29 [93%]). DNA analysis in 47 cases (68%) revealed a significant association between DCM and exon 12 and 14 to 17 mutations, possible protection against DCM by exon 51 to 52 mutations, and a trend toward significant association between onset of DCM and exon 31 to 42 mutations. Statistical significance was based on nominal probability values.Early diagnosis and treatment of DCM may lead to ventricular remodeling in DMD/BMD patients. Specific dystrophin gene mutations appear to be predictive of cardiac involvement, while other mutations may protect against or inhibit development of DCM. Further studies evaluating the impact of early intervention strategies on left ventricular geometry and function in muscular dystrophy patients seem warranted.
Medical Progress in the State of Wyoming.
Authors: R. Harvey Reed
Journal: JAMA (1899)

To the Editor:\p=m-\AlthoughWyoming is one of the youngest States in the Union, and geographically is located on the very backbone of the continent, yet, considered from a medical standpoint, her position in medical science is also high, and may well be compared in some respects to her position and elevation above sea level.As early as 1876, long before the Ter- ritory of Wyoming was dreaming of the question of Statehood, its territorial legislatures passed medical laws, which were superior to many of its senior commonwealths in the Union at that time.While it did not provide for a medical board, and the law was lenient in some of its features, yet, at the same time, it prac-
Antigen‐Induced Bronchial Anaphylaxis in Actively Sensitized SD Rats
Authors: M. Dahlbaäck, H. Bergstrand, R. Brattsand
Journal: Allergy (1986)

We examined the effects of glucocorticosteroids (GCS) on antigen‐induced bronchial anaphylactic reactions (BAR) in SD rats immunized with ovalbumin (OA) and alum. The animals were treated with vehicle, budesonide (BUD), dexamethasone (DEX), or hydrocortisone (HC) at various times before intravenous (i.v.) antigen challenge. The drugs were administered either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intratracheally (i.t.); the BAR was elicited by a low or by a high challenge dose of antigen. A BAR elicited by a low challenge dose of antigen was reduced in a dose‐dependent way by all GCS after i.p. administration; al 1 mg/kg, BUD and DEX significantly reduced BAR and at 50 mg/kg all three of the examined compounds inhibited the BAR by 50 % or more. For BUD, maximum effect was recorded when it was given 12 h before test. There was only a slight variation in the inhibitory effects of the GCS with immunization conditions of test animals. I.t. instillation of the drugs did not markedly increase their inhibitory capacity as compared to i.p. administration. BAR elicited by a high antigen dose was at best marginally affected by the GCS when given either i.p. or i.t. Thus, antigen‐induced airway reactivity in rats can be reduced by GCS treatment provided that this is performed sufficiently long before the test and that the challenge dose of antigen is not too high.
Case 33-1983
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Robert E. Scully, Eugene J. Mark, Betty U. McNeely, Cecil H. Coggins, E. Tessa Hedley-Whyte
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Presentation of CaseA 55-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of polyuria, bitemporal hemianopia, and a suprasellar mass.She was well until two months earlier, when bronchitis developed, characterized by a nonproductive cough, fever, and recurrent occipital headaches. Two courses of antibiotic treatment resulted in no improvement. The cough cleared after five weeks, but the headaches persisted and worsened two weeks before admission. Ten days before entry the patient experienced an abrupt onset of thirst, polyuria, and polydipsia and noticed blurring of vision in the periphery of the right temporal field that progressed centrally. She drank as many . . .
Mutations of <i>KRAS</i> and <i>BRAF</i> in Primary and Matched Metastatic Sites of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Salvatore Artale, Andrea Sartore-Bianchi, Silvio Marco Veronese, Valentina Gambi, Carolina Silvia Sarnataro, Marcello Gambacorta, Calogero Lauricella, Salvatore Siena
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

These results demonstrate that both pain interference score and pain intensity are significant predictors of overall survival in men with castrate-refractory prostate cancer.Furthermore, pain interference score and pain intensity are statistically significant predictors of overall survival even when adjusting for established prognostic factors.It is known that high levels of alkaline phosphatase, PSA, and lactate dehydrogenase; low levels of hemoglobin; and high Gleason scores are indicators of advanced progression and death.Thus, these findings support the hypothesis that pain intensity and pain interference score are validated measures of advanced disease in men with prostate cancer.We agree with Klepstad and Kaasa in that investigating the relationship between pain and clinical outcomes in cancer patients is a fruitful area of research.
Prevalence of Alcohol-Impaired
Authors: Simin Liu
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —Touently adults in the United States drive while impaired by alcohol. <h3>Design.</h3> —Telephone <h3>Setting.</h3> —Thed the District of Columbia) that participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in 1993. <h3>Participants</h3> 102 263titutionalized adults aged 18 years or older. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —The percentage of respondents who reported alcohol-impaired of episodes of alcohol-impaired driving per 1000 adult population; and total number of episodes of alcohol-impaired driving—each by age, sex, race, level of education, and state. <h3>Results.</h3> —2.5%all,ts reported an estimated 123 million episodes of alcohol-impaired. This corresponds to 655 episodes of alcoholimpaired driving for each 1000adults (range among states per 1000adults, 165-1550).Alcohol-impairedt frequent among men aged 21 to 34 years (1739 episodes per 1000 adults) and was nearly as frequent among men aged 18 to 20 years (1623 episodes per 1000 adults), despite legislation in all states that prohibited the sale of alcohol to persons younger than age 21 years in 1993. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Alcohol-impaired even among underage persons. Strict enforcement of laws that discourage alcohol-impaired needed along with community and patient education to reduce the prevalence of alcohol-impairedvent injuries and deaths from amo--related tor vehicle crashes. Data from the BRFSS, an ongoing source of national and state-specificumber of episodes of alcohol-impairpotentiallyor monitoring trends and evaluating the effect of future efforts to re duce alcohol-impaired
Evaluation of the Novel Myocardial Perfusion Positron-Emission Tomography Tracer <sup>18</sup> F-BMS-747158-02
Authors: S.G. Nekolla, S. Reder, A. Saraste, T. Higuchi, G. Dzewas, A. Preissel, M. Huisman, T. Poethko, T. Schuster, M. Yu, S. Robinson, D. Casebier, J. Henke, H.J. Wester, M. Schwaiger
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Positron-emission tomography (PET) tracers for myocardial perfusion are commonly labeled with short-lived isotopes that limit their widespread clinical use. 18 F-BMS-747158-02 ( 18 F-BMS) is a novel pyridaben derivative that was evaluated for assessment of myocardial perfusion by comparison with 13 N-ammonia ( 13 NH 3 ) and with radioactive microspheres in a pig model. Methods and Results— Fourteen pigs injected with 500 MBq of 13 NH 3 or 100 to 200 MBq of 18 F-BMS underwent dynamic PET at rest and during pharmacological stress. In 8 of these pigs, 18 F-BMS was injected during stress combined with transient, 2.5-minute constriction of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Radioactive microspheres were coinjected with 18 F-BMS. Ratios of myocardial tracer uptake to surrounding tissues were determined, and myocardial blood flow was quantified by compartmental modeling. Both tracers showed high and homogeneous myocardial uptake. Compared with 13 NH 3 , 18 F-BMS showed higher activity ratios between myocardium and blood (rest 2.5 versus 4.1; stress 2.1 versus 5.8), liver (rest 1.2 versus 1.8; stress 0.7 versus 2.0), and lungs (rest 2.5 versus 4.2; stress 2.9 versus 6.4). Regional myocardial blood flow assessed with 18 F-BMS PET showed good correlation ( r =0.88, slope=0.84) and agreement (mean difference −0.10 [25th percentile −0.3, 75th percentile 0.1 mL · min −1 · g −1 ]) with that measured with radioactive microspheres over a flow range from 0.1 to 3.0 mL · min −1 · g −1 . The extent of defects induced by left anterior descending coronary artery constriction measured by 18 F-BMS and microspheres also correlated closely ( r =0.63, slope=1.1). Conclusions— 18 F-BMS-747158-02 is a very attractive new PET perfusion tracer that allows quantitative assessment of regional myocardial perfusion over a wide flow range. The long half-life of 18 F renders this tracer useful for clinical PET/CT applications in the workup of patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease.