tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Teaching Ethical Concepts to Medical Students and Psychiatric Residents
Authors: DOUGLAS D. BOND
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

The young and disenchanted no longer stand in awe of past accomplishments; they are not in the mood to listen to their seniors about ethics. Moreover, "ethics" has sometimes been used not in the personal moral sense but to protect special interests. However, the author believes that scientific method and the democratic process are as valid an ethical concept now as ever; the older generation, while being careful not to speak from a "lofty platform of condescending superiority," should hold fast to this concept.
Mice Expressing Activated PI3K Rapidly Develop Advanced Colon Cancer
Authors: Alyssa A. Leystra, Dustin A. Deming, Christopher D. Zahm, Mohammed Farhoud, Terrah J. Paul Olson, Jamie N. Hadac, Laura A. Nettekoven, Dawn M. Albrecht, Linda Clipson, Ruth Sullivan, Mary Kay Washington, Jose R. Torrealba, Jamey P. Weichert, Richard B. Halberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Aberrations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway play a key role in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers by altering cellular growth, metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis. Mutations in the catalytic domain of PI3K that generate a dominantly active kinase are commonly found in human colorectal cancers and have been thought to drive tumor progression but not initiation. However, the effects of constitutively activated PI3K upon the intestinal mucosa have not been previously studied in animal models. Here, we show that the expression of a dominantly active form of the PI3K protein in the mouse intestine results in hyperplasia and advanced neoplasia. Mice expressing constitutively active PI3K in the epithelial cells of the distal small bowel and colon rapidly developed invasive adenocarcinomas in the colon that spread into the mesentery and adjacent organs. The histologic characteristics of these tumors were strikingly similar to invasive mucinous colon cancers in humans. Interestingly, these tumors formed without a benign polypoid intermediary, consistent with the lack of aberrant WNT signaling observed. Together, our findings indicate a noncanonical mechanism of colon tumor initiation that is mediated through activation of PI3K. This unique model has the potential to further our understanding of human disease and facilitate the development of therapeutics through pharmacologic screening and biomarker identification.
44 The long-term outcome of HBeAg-Negative patients with cirrhosis treated with lamivudine monotherapy: A 5-year prospective cohort study
Authors: P. Lampertico, M. Viganò, M. Iavarone, G. Lunghi, R. Romeo, G. Colucci, A. Morabito, E. Del Ninno, M. Colombo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
A1.32 An imbalance between inflammatory and regulatory T-cell subsets in LYMPH node biopsies during the earliest phases of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: T H Ramwadhdoebe, J Hähnlein, K I Maijer, I Y Choi, M Safy, L J van Boven, M J de Hair, M Maas, D M Gerlag, P P Tak, L G M van Baarsen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background and Objective</h3> Recently, we showed increased T cell activation in lymph node biopsies of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. We hypothesise that different lymph node T-cell subsets are involved in the regulation of immune responses during the earliest phases of RA. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> We included 11individuals with arthralgia without any evidence of arthritis who were positive for IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) and/or anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA; RA risk group), 18 DMARD naïve early arthritis patients (ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria: 3 undifferentiated arthritis and 15 RA; disease duration less than 1 year) and 10 seronegative healthy controls. All study subjects underwent ultrasound-guided inguinal lymph node (LN) biopsy sampling. Gene expression profiling of whole LN biopsies (10 controls and 8 ACPA positive early arthritis patients) was performed using the Illumina array platform. Gene Set Enrichment Analyses (GSEA) was used to search for significant enrichment of immunological gene sets representing certain classes of cell subsets. In all other study subjects T-helper (Th)1, cytotoxic T-cell (Tc)1, Th2, Tc2, Th17, Tc17 and regulatory T-cells (Treg) were analysed by multi-colour flow cytometry. <h3>Results</h3> First we investigated whether gene expression profiles of lymph node biopsies from ACPA positive early arthritis patients (n = 8) are different from seronegative controls (n = 10). A false discovery rate of &lt;25% revealed 131 genes with significantly increased expression in patients compared with controls. In line with our previous work, several of these genes are involved in B cell biology. GSEA analyses revealed 347 immunological signature gene sets to be significantly enriched in patients compared with controls. T-cell related gene sets indicated increased expression of both effector and regulatory T-cell genes in ACPA positive arthritis. In line with these findings, flow cytometry analyses revealed an increase of IL-17A producing CD4 T-cells (Th17; p = 0.05), IL-10 producing CD4 T-cells (p = 0.001) and foxp3 positive CD4 T-cells (p = 0.008) in an independent group of early arthritis patients compared to RA risk individuals. Interestingly, in the early arthritis patients a significant correlation was observed between ACPA titers and IL-10 producing (r = 0.71; p = 0.03) and IL-17A producing CD4 T-cells (r = 0.74; p = 0.015). <h3>Conclusions</h3> These data clearly show that pro-inflammatory as well as regulatory cytokines and T-cell subsets are increased in peripheral lymphoid tissue during the earliest phases of arthritis, suggesting an early change in the immunoregulatory balance.
Does ischaemic preconditioning occur in the human heart?
Authors: C. S Lawson
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Journal Article Does ischaemic preconditioning occur in the human heart? Get access Clive S Lawson Clive S Lawson Wessex Cardiac Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 4XY, United Kingdom: Dr C S Lawson. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 10, October 1994, Pages 1461–1466, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.10.1461 Published: 01 October 1994 Article history Received: 04 March 1994 Accepted: 31 May 1994 Published: 01 October 1994
Effect of High Intensity Drive Train Stimulation on Dispersion of Atrial Refractoriness: Role of Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: Wen-Chung Yu, Shih-Ann Chen, Chern-En Chiang, Ching-Tai Tai, Shih-Huang Lee, Chuen-Wang Chiou, Kwo-Chang Ueng, Zu-Chin Wen, Yi-Jen Chen, Jin-Long Huang, An-Ning Feng, Mau-Song Chang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
Inhaled salmeterol or oral theophylline in nocturnal asthma?
Authors: C Selby, H M Engleman, M F Fitzpatrick, P M Sime, T W Mackay, N J Douglas
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Nocturnal cough and wheeze are common in asthma and often treated with beta2 agonists or theophyllines. As nocturnal asthma and these therapies may affect sleep and cognition, we compared 50 microg salmeterol inhaled every 12 h with individually dose-titrated sustained-release oral theophylline on sleep quality and cognitive performance in 15 patients with stable nocturnal asthma (overnight peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR] fall > or = 15%, > or = 1 asthmatic awakening/week) using a double-blind, double-dummy, crossover design with 14-d therapy limbs. Cognitive testing and polysomnography were performed on Nights 13 and 14. Trough plasma theophylline concentration after Night 14 on theophylline was median 11.1 (interquartile range 8.3, 15.2) microg/ml. Overnight PEFR falls were similar [salmeterol 2.3 (0, 10.6), theophylline 3.5 (-0.3, 9.6)%, p = 0.4] but on salmeterol there were more nights without awakenings [median difference 1 (0, 2), p < 0.01], fewer nocturnal arousals [difference -3 (-7, 2) h(-1), p < 0.05] and improved quality of life (p = 0.05). Sleep architecture did not otherwise differ. Visual vigilance improved on salmetrol (p < 0.05), but otherwise daytime cognition was unaffected. There was no patient preference for either therapy. Hence in patients with nocturnal asthma, we demonstrate no major clinical advantage, but a small benefit in sleep quality, quality of life, and daytime cognitive function with salmeterol.
Surgical Care of the Patient With Renal Failure
Authors: Kirby I. Bland
Journal: JAMA (1982)

During the past two decades, we have witnessed the collaboration of surgical expertise and technological refinements with the collective efforts of internal medicine, pediatrics, and immunology, and a broader interrelationship with psychiatry and rehabilitation medicine. Drs Tilney and Lazarus have organized a useful, concise reference that is oriented to the surgical management of patients with renal failure. Contributions to this monograph were made by the authors and seven other experts in various medical disciplines involved in the care of patients with renal disease. The book provides a comprehensive, albeit concise, review of the expectant issues that revolve around the management of patients in acute and chronic renal failure. The book is well organized with two parts. The first deals with the concerns of the general treatment of patients in stable condition who are receiving long-term dialysis, as well as those who have acute surgical illnesses. A section on dialysis techniques
What Recourse? — Liability for Managed-Care Decisions and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act
Authors: W K Mariner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

Should managed-care organizations be accountable to patients injured by the company's negligence or wrongdoing? The general rule is that all organizations, including managed-care organizations, are legally liable for causing personal injury as a result of their own negligence or the negligence of their employees or agents.14 However, as most observers of the U.S. health care system know by now, there is an exception to this basic legal rule of accountability. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) has been interpreted to grant health benefit plans provided by employers or unions (and the managed-care organizations that sell or . . .
How Important Is Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular and Other Diseases in Older Adults?
Authors: Andre Pascal Kengne, Anushka Patel
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

It is well established that diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse health outcomes. Data from general population cohorts indicate a 2- to 3-fold increase in cardiovascular risks and about a 50 percent increase in the risks of non-cardiovascular mortality associated with this condition [1–3]. These associations appear largely consistent across populations in different regions of the world [3].

There is some evidence that diabetes may be a more important determinant of cardiovascular risk for women than men [4]. However, the relative effects of diabetes on vascular and other diseases among older, compared with younger, individuals is less certain. Heterogeneity by age in the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease has been reported, with a consistently weaker association observed among older individuals [3,5]. Given this possible age-dependency in the epidemiological associations, and the frequent observation that cardiovascular risk factors are often managed less aggressively in older people than in younger people [6], a better understanding of the relationship between diabetes and disease-specific causes of death among older people is important.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Amino Acid-Based Formulae (AAF) in Gastrointestinal Non-IgE Mediated Food Allergy
Authors: Anita Hartog, Hannah E. Jones, Lucien F. Harthoorn, Johan Garssen, Holly Stephenson, Katja Brunner, Jutta Köglmeier, Neil Shah, Mona Bajaj-Elliot, Keith J. Lindley
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
THE DETERMINATION OF THE CARDIAC OUTPUT IN MAN AT BRIEF INTERVALS BY A MODIFICATION OF THE ETHYL IODIDE METHOD 1
Authors: J. C. Snyder
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1938)

Ethyl iodide has been used extensively for the determination of cardiac output in man by the method of Starr and Gamble (1, 2, 3).In their procedure, the subject breathes from a spirometer for a total of 25 or 30 minutes during a deter- mination in duplicate.Under many conditions a more rapid technique is required.For example, surgical patients may frequently be too sick in the first few days after operation to undergo repeated determinations involving a long period of breath- ing through mouthpiece and valves.Moreover, the rapidity of the circulatory changes during re- covery from anesthesia demands a method of study which occupies less time than 15 to 20 minutes for a single estimation.This is particularly true of the changes induced by emotion or vigorous exercise.Analysis of the air samples for a determination in duplicate by Cool's iodate technique (4) takes approximately 2 hours.The method is thereby re- stricted to very few determinations in any one day.This report includes three sections.Section I describes a modification of Starr and Gamble's method which permits a determination in duplicate of cardiac output in 12 minutes, and addi- tional determinations every 6 minutes thereafter.Section II presents a method of sampling which requires 45 minutes for the analyses involved in duplicate determinations, or 1 hour for triplicate determinations.Section III contains the data ob- tained on normal subjects and hospital patients using the modifications as described in Sections I and II.I.
Abstract P5-14-12: Cosmetic outcome is better after intraoperative radiotherapy compared with external beam radiotherapy: An objective assessment of patients from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: M Keshtgar, NR Williams, T Corica, M Bulsara, C Saunders, H Flyger, N Bentzon, JS Cardoso, N Michalopoulos, DJ Joseph
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The randomised controlled TARGeted Intraoperative radioTherapy (TARGIT) Trial has demonstrated non-inferiority between the novel technique of TARGIT (intra-operative radiotherapy with Intrabeam ®) and conventional whole-breast external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in women with early breast cancer, in terms of the primary outcome measure of risk of local relapse within the treated breast. As there are very low recurrence rates, cosmesis becomes an increasingly important outcome of breast conserving treatment with both surgery and radiotherapy. This study was performed to determine if the single high dose of TARGIT compared with EBRT leads to impaired cosmesis. A validated, objective assessment software tool for evaluation of cosmetic outcome was used. Frontal digital photographs were taken at baseline (before radiotherapy) and annually thereafter for up to five years. The photographs were analysed by BCCT.core which produces a composite score based on symmetry, colour and scar. A total of 342 patients were assessed, all over 50 years old with a median age at baseline of 64 years (IQR 59 to 68). The BCCT.core scores were dichotomised into Excellent and Good (EG), and Fair and Poor (FP). There were statistically significant increases in the odds of having an outcome of EG for patients in the TARGIT group compared with the EBRT group at year 1 (OR = 2.07, 95%CI 1.12 to 3.85, p = 0.021) and year 2 (OR = 2.11, 95%CI 1.0 to 4.45, p = 0.05). This objective assessment of aesthetic outcome in patients from a randomised setting demonstrates that those treated with targeted intraoperative radiotherapy have a superior cosmetic result compared with those patients who received conventional whole-breast external beam radiotherapy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-14-12.
Infection with ascaris lumbricoides in pre-school children: Role in wheezing and IgE responses to inhalant allergens
Authors: Valéria Soraya Sales, Carla Elenuska Rodrigues, G.B. Cavalcanti, Ana Paula Fávaro Trombone, Rodrigo Cesar Lima, Ana Beatriz Rossetti Santos, Constance Oliver, Virginia Paes Leme Ferriani, Martin D Chapman, L Karla Arruda
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
Commentary: Complex medical conditions in pregnancy need appropriate multidisciplinary input
Authors: L. C Chappell
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Introduction:</b> COPD is a condition of global importance, characterised by accelerated lung function decline and an abnormal inflammatory response. Exacerbations account for much of the morbidity and the mortality in COPD. Leptin is a protein that is synthesised and secreted by white adipose tissue while resistin is a cysteine-rich adipose-derivedpeptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene. <b>Objectives:</b> To record and analyse parameters such as biomarkers, lung functions and dyspnea level on the 1st day of a COPD exacerbation, at discharge and 6 weeks after. <b>Methods:</b> 35 patients (mean age 67,5 years) hospitalised for exacerbation of COPD are included so far in the study. Biomarkers such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL6, IL8 and CRP were measured at admission, at discharge and 6 weeks after discharge. Lung function and dyspnea level were studied and measured at discharge and 6 weeks later. <b>Results:</b> Leptin levels at admission (mean=41,28 ng/ml) were decreased at discharge (33,2) (p=0,015) and further decreased 6 weeks after discharge (mean=29,94 and compared to the admission levels p=0,002). Similar results were observed with resistin, (admission levels mean=23,76, discharge levels 17,64 p=0,064 and levels 6 weeks were 11,66 and compared to the admission levels p=0,001). Statistical significant differences were also observed at the levels of CRP at admission and discharge (p&lt;0,001) and at the levels of FEV1 % at discharge and 6 weeks after(p=0,003) as expected. <b>Conclusion:</b> Levels of Leptin and Resistin are found significantly decreased at discharge and 6 weeks after discharge compared to the admission levels fact that indicates that they may be valuable biomarkers for the assessment of COPD severity along with FEV1 and CRP.
Electron probe x-ray microanalysis of sarcolemma and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum in rabbit papillary muscles: low sodium-induced calcium alterations.
Authors: E S Wheeler-Clark, J M Tormey
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

This project was undertaken to determine whether electron probe x-ray microanalysis (microprobe analysis) could be utilized to determine the subcellular sites responsible for low sodium-induced calcium accumulation in myocardium. Ultrathin cryosections of rabbit papillary muscles were analyzed using microprobe analysis, and the concentrations (mmol/kg dry wt) of Na, Mg, I, S, Cl, K, and Ca were compared against low sodium (36 mM) and control (139 mM NaCl) muscle groups. Visual resolution of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum in freeze-dried myocardial sections was achieved, and systematic analysis of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma was performed. Myofibrils and mitochondria were also analyzed. Reductions in Na and Cl concentration were measured in virtually all compartments of muscles bathed in low sodium. In addition, low sodium produced a doubling of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemmal calcium concentrations (p less than 0.01). No significant changes in calcium were observed at other analyzed sites. The increased calcium at the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma correlates with (but may not completely account for) the threefold increase in contractility measured after 40 minutes in low sodium concentrations. This work demonstrates that elemental changes associated with the myocardial junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma are amenable to direct, in situ microprobe analysis and further defines these structures as primary sites of calcium accumulation in low sodium concentrations.
A-Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance--Part 13
Authors: M F Bergeron, D S Senchina, L M Burke, S J Stear, L M Castell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

This issue begins with a brief article on electrolytes, now popularly offered to athletes in supplement form, as a discrete product or as an ingredient of sports drinks. Two herbs are also discussed: echinacea and ephedra. Both plants are popular supplements of athletes worldwide, but the similarities end there.

### M F Bergeron

Electrolytes are negatively (anions) or positively (cations) charged substances that, when in solution, conduct an electric current. Major physiological electrolytes include Na+, K+, Cl− and HCO3−, while other electrolytes such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and trace elements are also found in the body in significant amounts. Na+, K+, Cl− and HCO3− are primarily responsible for normal water distribution and homeostasis throughout the body via their effect on osmotic pressure. These major electrolytes also play an essential role in regulating heart and muscle function, maintaining pH and a number of other important biochemical reactions.

An athlete's demand for electrolytes increases with exercise and heat stress, as extensive sweating can mean both large water and electrolyte losses in addition to related changes in extra- and intracellular water distribution. Dehydration and an increase in plasma osmolality, which is primarily driven by Na+, will also stimulate osmoreceptors prompting an athlete to drink to maintain further or defend plasma volume.1 The primary electrolytes in sweat are Na+ (20–70 mmol/l) and Cl−, with comparatively much lower levels of K+ (∼5 mmol/l) and even less Ca2+ (∼1 mmol/l) and Mg2+ (∼0.8 mmol/l).2 As the sweating rate increases, the concentration of Na+ in sweat increases correspondingly, even with the lower sweat Na+ concentrations observed after heat acclimation.3 With Na+ being the major cation of …
Factors influencing reproduction and genetic toxic effects on male gonads
Authors: I. P. Lee, R. L. Dixon
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

The objective of toxicological study of a target organ, such as the testis, is to elucidate the qualitative and quantitative toxic effects of a chemical on that organ. The ultimate objective is to assess the toxic effects of a chemical in laboratory animals and extrapolate the pertinent experimental data to man. To accomplish these objectives, one must consider the main factors which may influence and modulate the toxic effects of chemicals in the organ. In the male gonads, such modifying factors are the pharmacokinetic parameters governing the absorption, distribution, activation and detoxification of indirect carcinogens, covalent bindings to macromolecules, and DNA damage as well as DNA repair of damaged germ cells. All of these factors have been presently studied in our laboratory and are discussed in this paper with the exception of covalent bindings to macromolecules. The pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the functional blood–testis barrier (BTB) closely resembles the blood-brain barrier in transport characteristics: the permeability of nonelectrolytes and the acidic drugs with pKa values depend upon their molecular size and their partition coefficients, respectively. Thus, the functional BTB, restricts the permeability of many foreign compounds to male germ cells. Studies of mixed function oxidases and cytochrome P-450 system in male gonads demonstrated that the presence of AHH, EH, and GSH-ST implicate activation and detoxification of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Thus, active electrophiles may exert significant toxic effects locally within both interstitial and germ cell compartments. The presence of an efficient DNA repair system in premeiotic spermatogenic cells (and not in spermiogenic cells) can further modify both toxic and mutagenic events in the subsequent differentiation of germ cells to mature spermatozoa.