tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE ELIMINATION OF CHOLIC ACIDS. IV. IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASES 1
Authors: Bertil Josephson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1939)

This investigation was undertaken to study the rate of elimination of injected bile salts from the blood of patients with different types of liver disease.In normal human subjects Josephson and Larsson (13) found that intravenously injected cholate disappeared from the blood very rapidly.Five minutes after the injection only a small part of the injected amount could be found in the blood and after thirty minutes the cholate concentration in the blood was normal again.In one hour most of the injected cholate had been excreted by the liver.Corresponding results with normal animals had been previously reported by several investigators.This literature was briefly reviewed by Josephson, Jungner, and Rydin (11).On the other hand, Snell, Greene, and Rowntree (22) found that in animals with experimental obstructive jaundice disappearance of injected bile salts from the blood was very much delayed.Similar results were ob- tained later by Bollman and Mann (3) and by Chabrol, Cottet, and Sallet (6).Jungner, Rydin, and Josephson (14) studied the elimination from the blood of sodium cholate injected intravenously into animals with different experimental liver in- juries.They found that the rate of disappearance was different in various kinds of jaundice.The elevation of the blood concentration after a cholate injection was, as one would expect, much greater in experimental jaundice than in normals.In most cases, however, the subsequent decrease was rather rapid in obstructive jaundice, but de- layed in toxic hepatitis.The present investigation was carried out in order to determine whether corresponding results could be found in patients with liver diseases.The spontaneous cholic acid concentration in the blood of patients with liver diseases has been the subject of many investigations (2, 5, 15, 16,
An intragenic deletion of the factor IX gene in a family with hemophilia B.
Authors: S H Chen, S Yoshitake, P F Chance, G L Bray, A R Thompson, C R Scott, K Kurachi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

A family of seven patients severely afflicted with hemophilia B has been studied for their factor IX genes through the use of factor IX cDNA and genomic DNA probes. The patients had detectable (less than 10% of normal) factor IX antigen in urine and no detectable inhibitors in sera to factor IX protein. Based on the DNA hybridization analysis, these patients showed a partial intragenic deletion in their factor IX gene. The deletion included two exons (exons V and VI) coding for the amino acid sequence from number 85 to 195 of the factor IX protein. The deleted portion of the gene contained the entire factor IX activation peptide. The length of the deletion was estimated to be 10 +/- 0.3 kilobase pairs. This specific gene has been named FIXSeattle. In this family both the deletion and a Taq 1 restriction fragment length polymorphism can be used as a useful marker for accurate detection of female carriers of the deficient factor IX gene.
Normal ileostomy output: close relation to body size.
Authors: G L Hill, S F Millward, R F King, R C Smith
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Gamma-glutamyltransferase in ascitic fluid in patients with various liver diseases No of Enzyme activity (U/1) Diagnosis patients Mean ± SD Range Hepatocellular carcinoma 5 24 2 ±16 3 9-50 Alcoholic cirrhosis 22 581 ± 83 4 5 8-375 Miscellaneous 6 40 0±58 54-156 the high activity in ascitic fluid from these patients is not surprising.In fact, the activity in seven of the patients with alcoholic liver disease was higher than the highest activity in the hepatoma group, the highest being in one patient with portacaval shunt established one month previously.Nevertheless, our different findings do not seem to be accounted for solely by our alcoholic patients, since both studies comprised patients with inactive cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and metastatic liver disease.
Mechanical performance of the left ventricle at early stages of experimental ischaemia. Mechanism of shortening of ejection period
Authors: B. LEWARTOWSKI, G. SEDEK
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1974)

A marked decrease in the duration of left ventricular ejection time and a drop in stroke volume were observed in the dog during the first 30–60 sec of experimental occlusion of the left descending coronary artery. It has been found that these changes in ventricular performance result from additional displacement (shortening) of the non-ischaemic parts of the left ventricle leading to early dissipation of wall tension. This additional displacement is evoked by shortening of the time-to-peak tension and early relaxation of the ischaemic area. The mechanism described in this paper is proposed as a model of ventricular performance during coronary pain.
Cultural congruence between investigators and participants masks the unknown unknowns: Shame research as an example
Authors: Daniel M. T. Fessler
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

In addition to questions of the representativeness of Western, educated samples vis-à-vis the rest of humanity, the prevailing practice of studying individuals who are culturally similar to the investigator entails the problem that key features of the phenomena under investigation may often go unrecognized. This will occur when investigators implicitly rely on folk models that they share with their participants.
The Promise and Perils of Antioxidants for Cancer Patients
Authors: Navdeep S. Chandel, David A. Tuveson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

It has been proposed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause mutations, and thus cancer, and that antioxidants counter this effect, but studies suggest that antioxidants do not prevent cancer and may accelerate it. These findings may be due to the cellular location of ROS targeted by antioxidants.
CDC Expands Dental Disease Prevention Role
Authors: Andrew Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1990)

IN RESPONSE to changes occurring in dentistry and public health, the CDC has broadened the role of its Dental Disease Prevention Activity (DDPA) to include the prevention of  bottle tooth decay, oral cancer, orofacial injuries, and the transmission of blood-borne pathogens among dental health providers.  Functioning within the office of the director of the Center for Prevention Services, the DDPA unit started in the late 1970s with a single mission—to prevent dental caries by promoting community water-fluoridation systems. Now with a staff of 16, the unit has expanded its efforts to five other oral health areas, says its chief, Lawrence J. Furman, DDS, MPH.  In addition to continuing to promote community water fluoridation and dental sealants, the DDPA is working with the Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition to prevent a major cause of severe tooth  in young children. Called baby bottle tooth decay or nursing caries, this pattern
Hyperinsulinemia in preascitic cirrhosis: Effects on systemic and renal hemodynamics, sodium homeostasis, forearm blood flow, and sympathetic nervous activity
Authors: F Wong, A Logan, L Blendis
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Insulin has been shown to be vasodilatory and antinatriuretic and to stimulate sympathetic nervous activity independent of hypoglycemia in healthy normal subjects. It is hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia, which is commonly observed in cirrhosis, may in part be responsible for the systemic vasodilatation, sympathetic activation, and sodium retention in these patients. The aims of this study, in preascitic cirrhotics, were as follows: (1) to document baseline hyperinsulinemia and its effects on sodium handling, forearm and renal circulations, and sympathetic nervous activity; (2) to determine if pharmacological increases in plasma insulin levels would result in an exaggeration of these physiological effects. Seven male, nonobese, well-compensated, preascitic cirrhotic patients were studied, after being maintained on a 150 mmol sodium per day diet for 7 days, firstly at baseline level, followed by increasing doses of insulin from 10 to 1,200 mU/m 2 /min using the euglycemic clamp technique. Systemic and renal hemodynamics, urinary sodium excretion, plasma norepinephrine, and forearm blood flow (FBF) were measured at the end of baseline and each hyperinsulinemic period. Baseline measurements in the cirrhotics, when compared with our laboratory standards obtained from a comparable group of male healthy normals, showed significant hyperinsulinemia ( P =.01), associated with significantly higher FBF (P=.02), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ( P =.02), as well as significantly reduced urinary volume ( P =.04) and fractional excretion of sodium ( P =.04). Insulin infusions in the cirrhotics produced no further sodium retention, but further forearm vasodilatation occurred at doses &gt; or = 10 mU/m2/min. In contrast, there was no further renal vasodilatation except at very high pharmacological levels of insulin together with an unchanged GFR, natriuresis, and diuresis. Hyperinsulinemia produced no significant effects on the sympathetic nervous activity. In conclusion, these results suggest that hyperinsulinemia may be implicated in the glomerular hyperfiltration and sodium retaining tendency of preascitic cirrhotic patients with glucose intolerance. The ability of the kidneys to escape from the sodium retaining effects may serve as an in-built physiological regulatory mechanism on sodium homeostasis.
Anti-platelet therapy in the prevention of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Giovanni Sitia, Matteo Iannacone, Luca G. Guidotti
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)

<h2>Summary</h2> Previous studies in mouse models of self-limited viral hepatitis showed that platelets contribute to acute liver damage by promoting the intrahepatic accumulation of virus-specific CD8 T cells and, secondarily, virus-non-specific inflammatory cells. Built on these observations, a recent preclinical study took advantage of a previously established hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mouse model of immune-mediated chronic hepatitis that progresses to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), to demonstrate that clinically achievable doses of the anti-platelet drugs aspirin and clopidogrel – administered continuously after the onset of liver disease – can prevent hepatocarcinogenesis and greatly improve overall survival. These outcomes were preceded by and associated with reduced hepatic accumulation of virus-specific CD8 T cells and virus-non-specific inflammatory cells, reduced hepatocellular injury and hepatocellular proliferation, and reduced severity of liver fibrosis. The observation that anti-platelet therapy inhibits HCC development identifies platelets as key players in the pathogenesis of HBV-associated liver cancer and supports the notion that a sustained immune-mediated necroinflammatory liver disease is sufficient to trigger HCC. The results abovementioned and their clinical implications are discussed in this report.
Effects of adiponectin transgenic expression in liver of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model mice
Authors: Hitomi Nakayama, Shuichi Otabe, Xiaohong Yuan, Takato Ueno, Naotoshi Hirota, Tomoka Fukutani, Nobuhiko Wada, Toshihiko Hashinaga, Kentaro Yamada
Journal: Metabolism (2009)
Infection rate after some surgery types in England is triple that in US
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The percentage of surgical procedures in which an infection occurs at the site of operation exceeded 10% for some procedures in hospitals in England, according to new research ( Journal of Hospital Infection 2005:60;93-103).

The research, which was based on data from 140 hospitals, found that the percentage was much higher than that reported in the United States for some procedures. It also showed that the length of stay of patients in hospital, costs, and mortality associated with surgical site infections varied widely with different procedures.

The authors used surveillance data provided between 1997 and 2001 as part of the Nosocomial Infection National Surveillance …
Foot-Pump Nebulizer
Authors: Gordon E. Gibbs
Journal: JAMA (1966)

To the Editor:—  We too thought that use of the foot pump to provide air pressure for a nebulizer ( 196 :1027, 1966) was a good idea and published this in the American Journal of Nursing ( 50 :92, 1950). We were also concerned with oil contamination of the air from mechanical pumps. The tubing from such a foot pump gradually collects an accumulation of oil and some small particles probably get into the patients' lungs. We attempted to avoid this at the time, by introducing a cartridge of gauze into the line. Much more satisfactory however, is use of special electrical compressors so constructed that there is no contact of the air with lubricating oil.
Surgical repair of atrial septal defect in patients over 60 years of age. Long-term results.
Authors: A T Nasrallah, R J Hall, E Garcia, R D Leachman, D A Cooley
Journal: Circulation (1976)

In order to evaluate results of surgical repair of secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) in patients 60 years of age or older, a review was made of 16 patients who had undergone such operation between January 1964 and December 1974. Before operation eight patients were in functional classification III (New York Heart Association), seven were in class II, and one was in class I. Twelve patients had a left-to-right shunt greater than 3:1. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure was greater than 40 mm Hg in 12 patients and greater than 60 mm Hg in five. Four patients had documented paradoxical emboli and were being treated with Coumadin. Before operation all patients but one were receiving digoxin. Repair was accomplished by direct suture in two patients and Dacron patch graft in 14. No deaths occurred during the postoperative period. Postoperatively, ten patients were in class I, five in class II, and one remained in class III. The hospital stay ranged from eight to 20 days (average 11 days). Two patients died one year and another (at the age of 77) five years after surgery. The remaining 13 patients are alive and well three months to 11 years after surgery. We conclude that repair of secundum ASD in patients over the age of 60 is safe, has low morbidity, and produces considerable clinical improvement.
Student rejected by Imperial because of conviction is granted interview at Manchester
Authors: J. Colquhoun
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A student whose offer of a place to study medicine at Imperial College London was withdrawn after the college learned of his criminal conviction has been offered an interview at Manchester University after he appealed against Manchester’s previous decision to reject him.

Majid Ahmed has been trying to secure a place to study medicine for almost two years, since he first applied to four university medical schools in September 2006, but he believes that his attempts have been hampered by his conviction for burglary.

He was rejected by Imperial College last summer when the college discovered his conviction; and a second attempt to get into medical school this year, by reapplying to three schools, and adding a fourth to the list, has so far failed. His interview at Manchester will take place some time in the next two weeks.

Mr Ahmed was 16 when he pleaded guilty to “burglary of a dwelling” in December 2005, having been found trespassing in a deserted …
Neural regulation of renin release: experimental evidence and clinical implications in arterial hypertension.
Authors: A S Zanchetti
Journal: Circulation (1977)

The assessment of the possible role played by the renin-angiotensin system in maintaining arterial hypertension requires an understanding of the mechanisms regulating renin release from the kidney. In addition to intrarenal mechanisms of control, recent investigation stresses the importance of sympathetic influences on the juxtaglomerular cells both in experimental animals and in man. Studies with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, interfering with sympathetic release of renin, and with peptides interfering with sympathetic release of renin, and with peptides interfering with the generation or action of angiotensin II, suggest that renin may play some pressor role in a number of cases of hypertension: a major one in the small group of patients with high plasma renin, and possibly a minor one in the large population of patients whose renin is stimulated by treatment with diuretics and vasodilators. On the whole, available evidence suggests that renin disturbances in essential hypertension are rarely primary. It is unlikely, therefore, that renin levels alone can suffice as guideline for treatment of hypertension. A more comprehensive approach should be based on a multifaceted profile, including but not limited to renin.
Feasibility, toxicity, and activity of LNH84-derived chemotherapy in the management of aggressive lymphomas
Authors: F. M. Laurencet, Gilbert B. Zulian, J. Bauer, B. Mermillod, P.-A. Iten, P. Alberto
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1997)

The results of chemotherapy remain unsatisfactory for many patients with advanced lymphomas. Both standard and more aggressive chemotherapy regimens might have their respective role in the management of theses diseases. We have tested the feasibility and assessed the toxicity and activity of a LNH84-derived chemotherapy for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in two general hospitals. Thirty-three untreated patients were included over a period of 4 years. Median age was 39 years, 21 were male. International Working Formulation was F for 2 patients, G for 17, H for 8, I for 1, J for 4, one unclassified. Seventeen patients had B symptoms, 15 stage IV, 8 bulky disease, 21 abnormal LDH, 5 performance status ≥2. The overall response rate was 93%. The single treatment related death resulted from bleomycin acute pneumonitis. Neutropenia WHO grade 4 occurred in all patients, resulting in infections grade 3 in 12 and thrombocytopenia grade 4 in 3. In the induction phase, courses could never be repeated day 14. The dose intensity of the four drugs contained in this phase is thus calculated between 64.5 and 81.5%. At 3 years, overall survival is 80% and event-free survival is 62%. This LNH84-derived regimen is effective. However, the induction phase is toxic and a 3-weekly interval appears more appropriate. Such intensive treatment might benefit patients with very aggressive lymphomas and this should be studied in randomized comparison against standard CHOP. Am. J. Hematol. 55:199–204, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Risk for Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in Pernicious Anemia
Authors: Nicholas J. Talley
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

To determine the long-term risk for colorectal cancer among patients with pernicious anemia.Historical cohort study.Population-based inception cohort of Rochester, Minnesota, residents.We identified 150 Rochester residents who had the onset of pernicious anemia during the 30-year period from 1950 through 1979, and we followed this cohort for 1664 person-years of observation. The observed risk for subsequent colorectal cancer in the cohort was compared with that expected based on incidence rates of colon and rectal cancer for the local population.There were 14 cases of colorectal cancer among the 150 patients with pernicious anemia (where 10.5 cases were expected), and 9 of these cases were found after the diagnosis of pernicious anemia was established (where 5.1 cases were expected). The relative risk for colon cancer at any time after the diagnosis of pernicious anemia was 1.8 (CI, 0.8 to 3.3). The relative risk was greatest (4.1; CI, 1.7 to 8.7) in the 5-year period immediately after the diagnosis of pernicious anemia; during this period, 7 cases of colon cancers were observed but only 1.7 were expected (P less than 0.0001).Although the overall risk does not achieve statistical significance, patients with pernicious anemia may have an increased risk for colorectal adenocarcinoma in the 5 years after diagnosis.
The mast cell in early rat adjuvant arthritis.
Authors: A Gryfe, P M Sanders, D L Gardner
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1971)

Adjuvant arthritis is a prominent feature of the disease which follows 9 to 14 days after normal rats are given a single intradermal injection of a myco- bacterial adjuvant mixture.Most accounts of the microscopic changes seen in the limb joints have described the late changes, after the disease is clinically established (Pearson and Wood, 1959; Silverstein and Sokoloff, 1960; Pearson, 1963; Glenn and Gray, 1965; Jones and Ward, 1966).Studies by Jones and Ward (1963) and by Burstein and Waksman (1964a) analysed the initial lesions but disagreed on the characteristics of the cellular changes.The following study was therefore under- taken to clarify the nature of the earliest cellular responses detectable by light microscopy.Materials and methods 96 male albino Wistar rats weighing from 136 to 277 g. were given a single intradermal injection of 0 -05 ml. of an adjuvant mixture into the left hind footpad.Rats were caged randomly in 24 groups of four and maintained on a standard laboratory pellet diet and water ad lib.The animals, which included untreated, normal controls, were examined daily and weighed, and the carpal and tarsal diameters were measured with calipers.Joint inflammation in each limb was assessed daily, and recorded on a 4-point scale (Quagliata, Sanders, and Gardner, 1969).From the 5th to the 12th days, twelve rats, selected at random, were killed each day.The right hind limb was immediately removed, fixed in formol saline solution, and decalcified. 8to 10 i&m.paraffin sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and examined microscopically for synovitis, myositis, periostitis, periarticular cellulitis, periosteal hyperplasia, and new bone formation.The numbers of mast cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes, and polymorphs infiltrating the tissues, the degree of soft tissue oedema, the amount of inflammatory exudate in joint spaces, and the numbers of cells and quantity of fibrin in the joint space exudate were assessed.The number of intact and of degranulated mast cells in representative areas of the synovial and periarticular tissues was also determined.
SYMPTOMS OF VAGOTONIA AND THYMIC HYPERTROPHY
Authors: C. A. ALDRICH
Journal: JAMA (1930)

In the practice of pediatrics one frequently encounters unorthodox symptoms of a puzzling nature, such as attacks of cyanosis, choking and coughing spells, sudden pallor, and even sudden, unexplainable death.  These symptoms, which are the subject of this paper, have been variously described as being of cardiac, respiratory, abdominal, thymic or cerebral origin. They are said to occur commonly in status lymphaticus, the nature of which condition is not well established. It is my purpose in this paper to list the symptoms in a series of forty such cases seen during a period of eight years and to point out that one of the theories as to the cause of status lymphaticus seems to be in accord with a possible explanation of all these observations.  The cases presented in the accompanying table are listed in the order of their occurrence, and none which I considered pertinent are omitted. They should