tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recovery from profound hypothermia with cardiac arrest after immersion.
Authors: E Dominguez de Villota, G Barat, P Peral, A Juffe, J M Fernandez de Miguel, F Avello
Journal: BMJ (1973)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Intrageneric dinosaur species have been being named for decades without either significant examination of the methods and standards used to do so, or widely publicized controversy over the results. The long standing assumption that all large known specimens of the iconic North American <i>Tyrannosaurus</i> consisted of just the one popular species <i>T. rex</i> was recently challenged with the first comprehensive test of the question. The result was the diagnosing and naming of two additional taxa, <i>T. imperator</i> and <i>T. regina,</i> based on a number of species levels characters regarding robustness and tooth proportions in the context of their stratigraphic distribution. In association a rare in-depth look was taken at the current state of naming vertebrate paleospecies, which it turns out are not highly rigorous because of inherent problems with the species concept and other matters. The results of the paper were severely criticized in in a manner never seen before for new dinosaur species even when based on less evidence. This study takes another look as the determination of paleospecies, and shows that many of the claims made in the criticisms regarding the <i>Tyrannosaurus</i> species work were inaccurate. New data on the proportions of strength bars in <i>Tyrannosaurus</i> skulls reinforces the basing of the three species in part on robustness factors, and allows all but one skull to be assigned to one of the species. These results allow the first detailed systematic examination of the supraorbital display bosses of the genus. They sort out as visually distinctive species specific ornaments based on both stratigraphic and taxonomic factors, strongly affirm that <i>Tyrannosaurus</i> was multispecific, and the species probably dimorphic. New skulls of <i>T. rex</i> show that the species sported – males probably -- striking display bosses not yet observed in other tyrannosaurids.
Erkrankungen durch Arzneimittel: Diagnostik, Klinik, Pathogenese, Therapie
Authors: David M. Spain
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Iatrogenic disorders are now firmly established as a permanent segment of our modern disease pattern. Since these disorders will probably continue to increase, it is no wonder that there are increasing numbers of texts and monographs devoted exclusively to this subject. This new German text on complications resulting from modern medical management represents a worthwhile addition. It concerns the diagnosis, clinical aspects, pathogenesis, treatment, and even the prevention of the complications of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. The ever-changing nature of treatment, and the proliferation of new drugs and new diagnostic methods, to some extent cause certain portions of any text in this area to become outmoded by the time of publication. There are, however, certain basic concepts which remain useful to the clinician. The advantage of this text is that it devotes considerable space and discussion to such basic areas as the principles of toxicology, pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and hypersensitivity. The
Cardiac microdialysis a powerful tool
Authors: K Jackson
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

See article by Akiyama et al. [1] (pages 531–538) in this issue. 

Tsuyoshi Akiyama and Toji Yamazaki have reported that norepinephrine inhibits acetylcholine release from post-ganglionic cardiac vagal efferents [1]. This is hardly a novel idea since the existence of pre-junctional adrenergic receptors, presumably located on cardiac parasympathetic efferents, has been well documented both physiologically and pharmacologically. What is unique here is that the authors have actually measured steady-state changes in acetylcholine within the interstitium of the working left ventricle. They have done this with an elegant marriage of in situ microdialysis and an ultra-sensitive HPLC-electrochemical detection system.

The report referenced above represents another step forward in the continuing struggle to evaluate the paracrine environment within the myocardium. Much of the early work in this regard was focused on quantifying the dynamics of capillary filtration including the osmotic contribution of interstitial constituents and the measurement of interstitial fluid pressure. Every student of physiology remembers the measurements of interstitial fluid pressure obtained by Guyton from porous spheres inserted into a variety of tissues [2]. Subsequent efforts to explain the regulation of coronary blood flow produced a variety of experimental incursions into the myocardial interstitium. Interstitial constituents were estimated from a variety of sources including micropipettes, electrodes, filter disks, lymph cannulas and pericardial perfusions.

The controversies centered on the adenosine hypothesis were responsible for much of the later drive to investigate the myocardial interstitium. In this regard, Van Wylen et al. [3] reported the application of an existing technique, microdialysis, to estimate interstitial adenosine and its metabolites. Microdialysis, which evolved during the prior decade, had largely been limited to studies evaluating neurotransmitter release within the central nervous system. The active generation … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-817-735-2085; fax: +1-817-735-5084 jcaffrey{at}hsc.unt.edu
Study of IV Drug Users and AIDS Finds Differing Infection Rate, Risk Behaviors
Authors: Chris Anne Raymond
Journal: JAMA (1988)

A CHICAGO study of intravenous (IV) drug users and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) paints a more complex picture of this population and indicates that one of the common sources of national seroprevalence monitoring may be missing sizable pockets of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, delaying timely intervention. The AIDS Outreach Intervention Project, based at the University of Illinois at Chicago, has a three-year, $3.2 millon grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Rockville, Md, to assess HIV seroprevalence among IV drug abusers and the most effective approaches to reduce viral transmission in this population. Wayne Weibel, PhD, principal investigator for the national project, presented data on the Chicago portion of the study at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Boston. Denver, El Paso, Tex, and Baltimore are using the same protocol but are not ready to report results. In Chicago, persons skilled in working
FIRST AID IN RAILWAY EMERGENCIES.
Authors: JAMES E. PILCHER
Journal: JAMA (1897)

<h3>Introduction.</h3> —About 9 o'clock in the evening of the 11th of last August, during a blinding thunder-storm, an express train dashed into a small freight train a short distance outside of the passenger station at Columbus. W. N. S., the fireman of the passenger engine, an unusually vigorous man of 38 years of age, was hurled violently down from the cab to the Scioto River, twenty feet below. So tremendous was the force of his ejection from the engine cab that his body was completely torn from his right foot which had been caught in the wreck, leaving a horribly lacerated stump midway between the ankle and the knee, while the soft parts above the latter joint were also severely injured, rupturing the anastomotica magna and giving rise to a considerable hematoma in the thigh. Throughout the accident, this man retained entire self-possession and when found some time after the
Sources of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Cirrhotic Patients with Esophageal Varices
Authors: Eddy D. Palmer, Irving B. Brick
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

WHEN the patient who is hospitalized because of massive hemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal tract is found to have the clinical signs of portal cirrhosis, the diagnosis of bleeding esophageal varices must often be assumed. Personal errors based on this assumption, particularly when emergency therapy was recommended, led to a routine study to discover how often patients with proved cirrhosis have other lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract that may be responsible for hemorrhage.Material and MethodsA hundred and fifty patients with cirrhosis were studied. There were 30 women, 6 Negroes, 4 Puerto Ricans and 1 Japanese in the . . .
Pedantry and Patricia Highsmith
Authors: T. Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Anyone who spends his time among old books, as I now do, must be familiar with the phenomenon of the pedant who has pounced gleefully upon the one orthographical error, underlined it in pencil, and put an exclamation mark in the margin as if this single error cancelled out all that the author has to say in the rest of the book. Indeed, one has the impression that such a person has read the entire book with the express purpose of finding such an error; for him, there is no joy quite like it.

I shall not here dilate on the psychology of pedantry, for it does not appear as a disorder in …
Clone-specific T cell receptor antagonists of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells.
Authors: S C Jameson, F R Carbone, M J Bevan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

A previous report showed that the proliferative response of helper T cells to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted antigens can be inhibited by analogues of the antigen, which act as T cell receptor (TCR) antagonists. Here we define and analyze peptide variants that antagonize various functions of class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. Of 64 variants at individual TCR contact sites of the Kb-restricted octamer peptide ovalbumin257-264 (OVAp), a very high proportion (40%) antagonized lysis by three OVAp-specific CTL clones. This effect was highly clone specific, since many antagonists for one T cell clone have differential effects on another. We show that this inhibition of CTL function is not a result of T cell-T cell interaction, precluding veto-like phenomena as a mechanism for antagonism. Moreover, we present evidence for direct interaction between the TCR and antagonist-MHC complexes. In further analysis of the T cell response, we found that serine esterase release and cytokine production are susceptible to TCR antagonism similarly to lysis. Ca2+ flux, an early event in signaling, is also inhibited by antagonists but may be more resistant to the antagonist effect than downstream responses.
Cultivation and grafting of human keratinocytes on a poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) support to the wound bed: a clinical study
Authors: B. Dvořánková, K. Smetana, R. Königová, H. Singerová, J. Vacı́k, M. Jelı́nková, Z. Kapounková, M. Zahradnı́k
Journal: Biomaterials (1998)
Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy and biliary lipids--a dose-response study.
Authors: M C Bateson, P E Ross, J Murison, J H Saunders, I A Bouchier
Journal: Gut (1980)

The effects of four different doses of ursodeoxycholic acid (250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg daily) on biliary lipids were studied in 24 patients with radiolucent gallbladder stones. There was a significant increase in the proportion of ursodeoxycholic acid in bile after all doses, being greatest with 750 and 1000 mg daily. Unsulphated lithocholic acid was also increased in the bile after therapy, while the other major bile acids were reduced. The cholesterol content of bile was reduced by all doses, and this change was most marked after 1000 mg (from 10.9 +/- 1.4 to 5.6 +/- 0.5 mol%, P &lt; 0.01). Biliary cholesterol saturation improved significantly only after 750 and 1000 mg daily.
747 Effect of core promoter/precore mutation pattern and early virologic response on efficacy outcomes with telbivudine in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: N. Naoumov, C.L. Lai, E. Gane, Y.E. Liaw, S. Thongsawat, Y. Wang, E.J. Heathcote, J. Rasenack, N. Bzowej, G. Chao, N. Brown
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Plasma Insulin and C-Peptide After Subcutaneous and Intravenous Administration of Human Insulin (recombinant DNA) and Purified Porcine Insulin in Healthy Men
Authors: John C Pickup, Rudolf W Bilous, Gian Carlo Viberti, Harry Keen, R John Jarrett, Alan Glynne, Joan Cauldwell, Mary Root, Arthur H Rubenstein
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

We have compared the plasma profiles of C-peptide, human insulin (recombinant DNA), and purified porcine insulin of pancreatic origin (PPI) in six nondiabetic men after low-dose (4.8 U) or high-dose (9.6 U) subcutaneous injection and low-rate (1.0 U/h) or high-rate (1.7 U/h) intravenous infusion. There was no significant difference in plasma C-peptide or glucose levels when human insulin was compared with PPI at either dose level for subcutaneous injection or intravenous infusion. Thus, there was equal suppression of endogenous insulin by the two species of exogenous insulin. For low-dose subcutaneous injection there was no significant difference between plasma insulin levels of the two species at single time points or when areas were compared. For high-dose subcutaneous injection mean plasma insulin levels were higher after human insulin than after PPI (20–300 min); this serial difference reached conventional statistical significance at 50 min (P < 0.05) and 90 min (P < 0.01). For the area under plasma insulin profiles between 0 and 90 min after high-dose s.c. injection, human insulin was higher than PPI (P = 0.06). There was no significant difference between insulin concentrations after human insulin and PPI given by either low- or high-dose intravenous infusion, except that highdose PPI values (55–110 min) were slightly but significantly higher after high-dose intravenous infusion. Further comparisons of the pharmacokinetics of human and other species of insulin are, therefore, justified in larger numbers of subjects and particularly in diabetic individuals.
Viscosity of gastric mucus in duodenal ulceration
Authors: J. R. N. Curt, R. Pringle
Journal: Gut (1969)

A preliminary study of the rheological behaviour of visible gastric mucus in patients with duodenal ulcer and in controls indicates that duodenal ulceration is associated with an increase in the viscosity of visible gastric mucus. The methods of measuring the viscosity of gastric mucin are described and the limitations of simple capillary viscometry are discussed. Several theories are advanced which may account for the findings described in this investigation.
Pretibial Soft-Tissue Lesions Produced by Chronic Ladder Rung Contact
Authors: John V. Gaeuman
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The telltale impressions left on the anatomy of physiology of the tradesman or artisan are often characteristic of the particular craft. As such, even if they produce no functional impairment, they serve as interesting clues to the identity of the specific activity. <h3>Report of Cases.—</h3> On two recent but separate occasions, I examined two maintenance electricians who spent a great proportion of their time working on overhead electrical service lines above drop ceilings, always standing on a ladder while thus engaged. The first was a 46-year-old man who was generally in good health. On both anterior midtibial surfaces he had 7-cm swellings, which were relatively soft and fluctuant but with a granular consistency. The overlying skin was slightly thickened and lichenified. There was no evidence of acute inflammation or cellulitis (Figure). Roentgenograms taken of the tibia showed no suggestion of periostitis. These lesions had been present for
Tibial Insufficiency Fractures in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: GEORGE LARCOS, SIMON M. GRUENEWALD
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Osteonecrosis and osteopenia are widely recognized skeletal complications of therapy in recipients of renal transplants. These conditions are often complicated by fractures, usually in the femora, pelvis or vertebrae. The authors describe two sedentary adult allograft recipients who presented with leg pain and in whom bone scintigraphy, serial radiographs, and clinical progress were suggestive of insufficiency fractures of the tibiae. Although seldom reported, insufficiency fractures should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal allograft recipients with leg pain.
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
Authors: J. D. Watson
Journal: JAMA (1993)

WE wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest. A structure for nucleic acid has already been proposed by Pauling and Corey<sup>1</sup>. They kindly made their manuscript available to us in advance of publication. Their model consists of three intertwined chains, with the phosphates near the fibre axis, and the bases on the outside. In our opinion, this structure is unsatisfactory for two reasons: (1) We believe that the material which gives the X-ray diagrams is the salt, not the free acid. Without the acidic hydrogen atoms it is not clear what forces would hold the structure together, especially as the negatively charged phosphates near the axis will repel each other. (2) Some of the van der Waals distances appear to be too small. Another three-chain structure has also been suggested by Fraser
Cholesterol and Noncardiac Mortality
Authors: Mark R. Goldstein
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The Whitehall Study, a large cohort study of middle-aged male civil servants in London, England, revealed intriguing associations between cholesterol levels and mortality from various causes.<sup>1</sup>The inverse association between cholesterol levels and noncardiovascular mortality was attributed to sociodemographic factors; however, this may be a premature assumption. Mortality from lung cancer and nonneoplastic pulmonary disease (bronchitis and pneumonia) was inversely related to the cholesterol concentration at all levels in this study. Likewise, an inverse relationship between lung cancer and cholesterol levels was seen in men in another study of a large European population.<sup>2</sup>A small study of elderly women nursing home residents revealed a J-shaped relationship between overall mortality and cholesterol levels over several years of observation.<sup>3</sup>Most of the mortality was associated with lower cholesterol levels, and it was in large part due to bronchopneumonia and septicemia. Primary prevention trials of cholesterol lowering
SULFOBROMOPHTHALEIN CLEARANCE TEST
Authors: Raymond D. Goodman
Journal: JAMA (1953)

One of the most frustrating experiences facing the clinician today is the study of liver function. Since several excellent reviews on this subject appear annually, there is no need to recount the extensive literature in this report. It is conservative to say that the liver is probably involved in more physiologically different processes than any other organ in the body; thus, it is exceedingly difficult to designate any single test as "the" indicator of liver' function. Even the liver biopsy, which is a valuable tool in the identification of liver disease, cannot serve as sole index to liver functions. Microscopic analysis indicates whether the structure appears normal or abnormal, but in neither case can it reveal to what extent the function of this structure is altered. In an attempt to obtain a quantitative assessment of liver function, we described, in a previous publication, a modification of the sulfobromophthalein (Bromsulphalein) excretion
Quantitative comparisons of in vitro assays for estrogenic activities.
Authors: H Fang, W Tong, R Perkins, A M Soto, N V Prechtl, D M Sheehan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Substances that may act as estrogens show a broad chemical structural diversity. To thoroughly address the question of possible adverse estrogenic effects, reliable methods are needed to detect and identify the chemicals of these diverse structural classes. We compared three assays--in vitro estrogen receptor competitive binding assays (ER binding assays), yeast-based reporter gene assays (yeast assays), and the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay (E-SCREEN assay)--to determine their quantitative agreement in identifying structurally diverse estrogens. We examined assay performance for relative sensitivity, detection of active/inactive chemicals, and estrogen/antiestrogen activities. In this examination, we combined individual data sets in a specific, quantitative data mining exercise. Data sets for at least 29 chemicals from five laboratories were analyzed pair-wise by X-Y plots. The ER binding assay was a good predictor for the other two assay results when the antiestrogens were excluded (r(2) is 0.78 for the yeast assays and 0.85 for the E-SCREEN assays). Additionally, the examination strongly suggests that biologic information that is not apparent from any of the individual assays can be discovered by quantitative pair-wise comparisons among assays. Antiestrogens are identified as outliers in the ER binding/yeast assay, while complete antagonists are identified in the ER binding and E-SCREEN assays. Furthermore, the presence of outliers may be explained by different mechanisms that induce an endocrine response, different impurities in different batches of chemicals, different species sensitivity, or limitations of the assay techniques. Although these assays involve different levels of biologic complexity, the major conclusion is that they generally provided consistent information in quantitatively determining estrogenic activity for the five data sets examined. The results should provide guidance for expanded data mining examinations and the selection of appropriate assays to screen estrogenic endocrine disruptors.
Insulin Pump Therapy With Automated Insulin Suspension in Response to Hypoglycemia
Authors: Pratik Choudhary, John Shin, Yongyin Wang, Mark L. Evans, Peter J. Hammond, David Kerr, James A.M. Shaw, John C. Pickup, Stephanie A. Amiel
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate a sensor-augmented insulin pump with a low glucose suspend (LGS) feature that automatically suspends basal insulin delivery for up to 2 h in response to sensor-detected hypoglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The LGS feature of the Paradigm Veo insulin pump (Medtronic, Inc., Northridge, CA) was tested for 3 weeks in 31 adults with type 1 diabetes. RESULTS There were 166 episodes of LGS: 66% of daytime LGS episodes were terminated within 10 min, and 20 episodes lasted the maximum 2 h. LGS use was associated with reduced nocturnal duration ≤2.2 mmol/L in those in the highest quartile of nocturnal hypoglycemia at baseline (median 46.2 vs. 1.8 min/day, P = 0.02 [LGS-OFF vs. LGS-ON]). Median sensor glucose was 3.9 mmol/L after 2-h LGS and 8.2 mmol/L at 2 h after basal restart. CONCLUSIONS Use of an insulin pump with LGS was associated with reduced nocturnal hypoglycemia in those at greatest risk and was well accepted by patients.