tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Resolution-phase macrophages possess a unique inflammatory phenotype that is controlled by cAMP
Authors: Jonas Bystrom, Ian Evans, Justine Newson, Melanie Stables, Iqbal Toor, Nico van Rooijen, Mark Crawford, Paul Colville-Nash, Stuart Farrow, Derek W. Gilroy
Journal: Blood (2008)

Abstract Neutralizing injurious stimuli, proinflammatory mediator catabolism, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) clearance are determinants of inflammatory resolution. To this, we recently added innate-type lymphocyte repopulation as being central for restoring postinflammation tissue homeostasis with a role in controlling innate immune–mediated responses to secondary infection. However, although macrophages dominate resolution, their phenotype and role in restoring tissue physiology once inflammation abates are unknown. Therefore, we isolated macrophages from the resolving phase of acute inflammation and found that compared with classically activated proinflammatory M1 cells, resolution-phase macrophages (rMs) possess weaker bactericidal properties and express an alternatively activated phenotype but with elevated markers of M1 cells including inducible cyclooxygenase (COX 2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). This phenotype is controlled by cAMP, which, when inhibited, transforms rM to M1 cells. Conversely, elevating cAMP in M1 cells transforms them to rMs, with implications for cAMP in the resolution of systemic inflammation. It transpires that although rMs are dispensable for clearing PMNs during self-limiting inflammation, they are essential for signaling postresolution lymphocyte repopulation via COX 2 lipids. Thus, rM macrophages are neither classically nor alternatively activated but a hybrid of both, with a role in mediating postresolution innate-lymphocyte repopulation and restoring tissue homeostasis.
Involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill as a moral issue
Authors: Paul Chodoff
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1984)

Conflict exists between medical model and civil liberties approaches to involuntary hospitalization for mental illness. The amassing and analysis of data will not resolve this conflict because the two sides view the problem from differing moral vantage points. Medical model adherents are influenced chiefly by utilitarian or consequentialist considerations, while the civil libertarians take more of a deontological or absolutist position. Opinions about such issues as hospitalization criteria of dangerousness versus medical necessity and the relative role of rights versus obligations and of autonomy versus paternalism can be seen largely to depend on such underlying value judgments. Neither side has a monopoly on truth or right in the question of involuntary hospitalization.
Effect of propylthiouracil on the ethanol-induced increase in liver oxygen consumption in awake rats
Authors: Frederick J. Carmichael, Hector Orrego, Victor Saldivia, Yedy Israel
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

It has been postulated that the beneficial effects of the antithyroid drug propylthiouracil in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease depend primarily on the action of propylthiouracil in suppressing the increase in hepatic oxygen consumption induced by ethanol. The evidence for this effect of propylthiouracil is derived from studies in which liver oxygen consumption has been determined in in vitro preparations. In our study the effects of ethanol and propylthiouracil on liver oxygen consumption were assessed in vivo in an unrestrained and unanesthetized rat model, where liver blood flow and hepatic vein and portal vein oxygen content can be measured. Data show that the liver oxygen consumption increased in rats treated with ethanol-containing liquid diets for 4 to 6 wk, both on withdrawal of alcohol (30%, p < 0.01), and after readministration of ethanol (50%, p < 0.01). Single-dose ethanol administration increased portal tributary blood flow without affecting hepatic arterial blood flow in both controls and rats withdrawn from long-term ethanol treatment. Long-term ethanol administration per se had no effect on portal tributary blood flow; however, hepatic arterial blood flow was increased by 38% (p < 0.01). Treatment with propylthiouracil for 5 days resulted in complete suppression of the increase in liver oxygen consumption induced by long-term ethanol administration. Propylthiouracil treatment also attenuated the increase in portal tributary blood flow after the administration of a single dose of ethanol. These determinations were made 24 hr after the last dose of propylthiouracil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Long-Term, Randomized Comparison of Balloon Angioplasty and Surgery for Native Coarctation of the Aorta in Childhood
Authors: Collin G. Cowley, Garth S. Orsmond, Peter Feola, Lon McQuillan, Robert E. Shaddy
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of children randomized to surgery or balloon angioplasty (BA) for native coarctation (CoA). A prior randomized, short-term comparison of BA and surgery for native CoA in 36 children demonstrated equivalent relief of obstruction. The risk of aneurysm formation and possibly restenosis was higher among patients treated with BA. Methods and Results— Blood pressure, residual aortic obstruction, and exercise performance were evaluated. Need for repeat intervention was reviewed. Aortic arch anatomy was assessed with magnetic resonance angiography. For subjects who were not available to return for evaluation, the most recent clinical record was utilized. Among the 36 subjects initially randomized, 21 returned for evaluation (11 BA, 10 surgery). The average time since initial intervention to evaluation for all subjects was 10.6±4.7 years for BA subjects and 11.3±3.7 years for surgical subjects. Resting blood pressure, CoA gradient, exercise performance, MRI analysis of the aortic arch, and need for repeat interventions were not different for the 2 treatment strategies. There was a higher incidence of aneurysm formation (35% versus 0%) and a greater difference in blood pressure between the right and left legs with exercise among BA subjects. Some aneurysms developed late, first being detected more than 5 years after the initial intervention. Only 50% of BA subjects remained free of both aneurysm formation and repeat intervention compared with 87.5% of surgical subjects ( P =0.03). Conclusions— BA for the treatment of childhood CoA is associated with a higher incidence of aneurysm formation and iliofemoral artery injury than surgery. These differences should be considered when undertaking treatment for native CoA during childhood.
The Organ Donor
Authors: Dorothy M. Bernstein
Journal: JAMA (1977)

OF THE newer medical techniques, organ transplantation has most consistently intrigued the public. From the news of the first heart transplant to the most recent pancreatic islet transplants, the press has informed an interested public even before medical journals have informed physicians. When a kidney transplant recipient returns to his hometown after the surgery, he is at once a noted figure. Even strangers speak to him. However, the person that almost no one asks about is the donor. <h3>Donor Selection</h3> There are a large number of potential candidates for kidney transplantation each year. It is estimated that 50,000 to 55,000 patients in this country die each year of chronic renal failure. Dialysis and transplant can prolong the lives of many of these.<sup>1</sup> According to "The 12th Report of the Human Renal Transplant Registry,"<sup>2</sup>a total of 16,444 kidney transplants thus far are registered worldwide. Of these, 57% are
Targeting Lewis Y (Ley) in Small Cell Lung Cancer with a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody, hu3S193: A Pilot Trial Testing Two Dose Levels
Authors: Lee M. Krug, Daniel T. Milton, Achim A. Jungbluth, Lin-Chi Chen, Emilio Quaia, Neeta Pandit-Taskar, Andrew Nagel, Jessica Jones, Mark G. Kris, Ronald Finn, Peter Smith-Jones, Andrew M. Scott, Lloyd Old, Chaitanya Divgi
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Doctors charged with planning to kill a patient for his kidneys
Authors: Andrew Osborn
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Four Moscow doctors have been accused of plotting to murder a patient for his kidneys so that they could use them for lucrative and possibly illegal transplantations.

The case has raised fears that doctors across Russia are engaging in such practices.

The four doctors—Irina Lirtsman, Lyubov Pravdenko, Pyotr Pyatnichuk, and Bairma Shagdurnova—all worked in Moscow City Hospital No 20.

Dr Lirtsman was deputy head of the intensive care unit, Dr Pravdenko a doctor in the unit, and …
Male suicide rate rises as Irish Troubles ease
Authors: D. Payne
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Journalists and politicians in Britain and the Republic of Ireland have been talking up the “peace dividends” in the wake of the recent referendums north and south of the border. But there are some less well publicised, negative, side effects to the easing of decades of paramilitary mayhem.

Suicides, especially among young men aged 16 to …
Judging nudging: can nudging improve population health?
Authors: T. M. Marteau, D. Ogilvie, M. Roland, M. Suhrcke, M. P. Kelly
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Nudging has captured the imagination of the public, researchers, and policy makers as a way of changing human behaviour, with both the UK and US governments embracing it. <b>Theresa Marteau and colleagues</b> ask whether the concept stands up to scientific scrutiny
Hepatitis B—Traffic in the Dentist's Office
Authors: Samuel Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Visions of needles, drills, forceps, and probes greatly detract from the attractions of the dentist's chair for its prospective occupants. The appeal has been reduced further by the recently reported risk of infection with hepatitis B virus during the course of dental treatment.  Levin and associates 1 investigated an outbreak of hepatitis B surface antigen (HB s Ag)-positive hepatitis in 13 patients who contracted their disease from a dentist convalescing from an acute attack. None of these patients had blood transfusions or contact with jaundiced persons, and none was addicted to narcotics. The transmission of the disease presumably occurred through needles, syringes, and possibly aerosolized saliva or blood.  Rimland and Parkin 2 traced an outbreak of hepatitis B involving 53 cases over a four-year period to one oral surgeon, who was found to be an asymptomatic HB s Ag carrier. Eighty percent of these patients were HB s Ag-positive. And
Physiological Induction of a β-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase Inhibitor Transgene Preserves β-Adrenergic Responsiveness in Pressure-Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy
Authors: Brian S. Manning, Kyle Shotwell, Lan Mao, Howard A. Rockman, Walter J. Koch
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Transgenic mice with constitutive myocardium-targeted expression of a peptide inhibitor of the β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARKct) have increased in vivo cardiac function and enhanced β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) responsiveness. Methods and Results —In the present study, we created transgenic mice with myocardium-targeted βARKct transgene expression under control of the CARP (cardiac ankyrin repeat protein) promoter, which is active during cardiac development and inactive in the normal adult mouse heart. Consistent with this, adult CARP-βARKct transgenic mice have normal in vivo cardiac contractility and βAR responsiveness indistinguishable from their nontransgenic littermates (NLCs). However, because CARP is in a group of fetal genes activated in the adult ventricle during hypertrophy, we subjected animals to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to induce pressure overload. Seven days after TAC, CARP-βARKct hearts had elevations in left ventricular mass similar to those in NLCs; however, TAC did induce demonstrable βARKct expression in the transgenic hearts. TAC in NLC mice resulted in an upregulation of myocardial βARK1 and a loss of βAR-mediated inotropic reserve. Importantly, although βARK1 was increased in the hypertrophic CARP-βARKct mice, the in vivo loss of βAR responsiveness was not seen after induced βARKct expression. Conclusions —These results demonstrate that acute βARK1 inhibition can restore lost myocardial βAR responsiveness and inotropic reserve in vivo. Furthermore, these mice demonstrate the novel utility of the CARP promoter as an inducible element responsive to pathophysiological conditions in the adult heart.
A REMARKABLE OSTEO-CALCAREOUS TUMOR IN THE NOSE.
Authors: H. B. LEMERE
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>Patient.</h3> —The patient, L. S., a girl aged 15, American born, parents Norwegian, was referred to me by Dr. Jensen, Newman Grove, Neb., March 27, 1906. She was well nourished, above average height and weight. Her appearance was healthy, with no deformity except that she was a mouth breather and had a full bridge to her nose. She has had no serious illness, but complained of having had headaches and a dull feeling over her forehead, and catarrh of the right side of the nose, as long as she could remember. July, 1905, her nose became totally occluded, and the headaches and heavy feeling of the forehead increased. Dr. Jensen informs me that one year ago her mother had a suspicious growth (carcinoma) removed by him from the cervix uteri. Her father is well. She has four brothers, all healthy at present. Dr. Murdock informs me that he removed a
Health and cancer prevention: knowledge and beliefs of children and young people
Authors: A. Oakley, G. Bendelow, J. Barnes, M. Buchanan, O A N. Husain
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To collect information from children and young people about their knowledge of and attitudes towards cancer and their understanding of health and health related behaviours to inform future health promotion work. <b>Design</b>: Questionnaire survey of 15-16 year olds, and interviews with play materials with 9-10 year old children. <b>Setting</b>: Six inner city, suburban, and rural schools. <b>Subjects</b>: 226 children aged 15-16 years and 100 aged 9-10 years. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Knowledge about different types of cancer; beliefs about health; sources of information; quality of research data obtainable from young children about cancer and health. <b>Results</b>: Both samples knew most about lung cancer, but there was also some knowledge of breast and skin cancer and leukaemia. Smoking, together with pollution and other environmental factors, were seen as the dominant causes of cancer. Environmental factors were mentioned more often by the inner city samples. Television and the media were the most important sources of information. Young people were more worried about unemployment than about ill health. More than half the young people did not describe their health as good, and most said they did not have a healthy lifestyle. Children were able to provide detailed information about their knowledge and understanding by using drawings as well as interviews. <b>Conclusions</b>: Children and young people possess considerable knowledge about cancer, especially about lung cancer and smoking, and show considerable awareness of predominant health education messages. Despite this knowledge, many lead less than healthy lifestyles. Health is not seen as the most important goal in life by many young people; the circumstances in which many children and young people live are not experienced as health promoting. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages Many young people do not consider their health to be good and do not lead healthy lifestyles Health is less of a priority to teenagers than being able to get jobs Children and young people living in the inner city perceive environmental factors as important influences on health Collecting data from primary school children by using drawings is a valuable research tool
REPORT OF A CASE OF REMOVAL OF THE GANGLION OF THE FIFTH NERVE FOR TIC DOULOUREUX.FOLLOWED BY PARALYSIS OF THE SEVENTH NERVE ON THE SAME SIDE.
Authors: MILES F. PORTER
Journal: JAMA (1907)

All cases of excision of the ganglion of the fifth nerve should be reported because of the comparative rarity of the operation; but an additional interest attaches itself to the case here reported because of the motor paralysis which followed. <h3>History.</h3> —F. P., male, aged 32, had little of note in his personal or family history, except that his father was an alcoholic. The patient lived for a time in Arkansas, but had to move on account of malaria. He was unable to take quinin for this disease, as the drug produced a severe hematuria. He commenced having attacks of pain in the spring of 1889. For these attacks he was treated medicinally and without relief. He also had most of his teeth extracted without, of course, any good resulting therefrom. In 1904 the superior maxillary branch of the fifth nerve was excised; the operation gave him relief for a
Treatment of Pregnant Females with Anti-Acids Induces Sensitization in Mothers and a Perinatal Th2-Dominated Immune Response in Offsprings: a BALB/c Mouse Model
Authors: I. Schöll, U. Ackermann, C. Özdemir, N. Blümer, T. Dicke, S. Sel, S. Sel, M. Wegmann, E. Untersmayr, H. Garn, E. Jensen-Jarolim, H. Renz
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
Toxic Shock Syndrome in Canada
Authors: ALASTAIR J. CLAYTON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Fifty-three cases of toxic shock syndrome were reported in Canada from 1976 to 31 October 1981. Three of the 50 women with this syndrome died. Thirty-seven cases were associated with menstruation and all but one of these cases were in tampon users. Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated from eight patients, and enterotoxin was found in seven. The Canadian government has asked tampon manufacturers to print a warning statement on tampon boxes and to include a package insert informing users about toxic shock syndrome. Generally, the incidence of communicable disease in Canada is one tenth that of the United States, reflecting the population differential of 1:10 between the two countries. This ratio has not been found with respect to toxic shock syndrome.
THE DEATH-DEALING LONG-TUBE NURSING-BOTTLE.
Authors: ERNEST WENDE
Journal: JAMA (1899)

It is not my intention to enter into a controversy on infantile mortality from diarrheal diseases, its deplorable rate, and the causes which are responsible for it. These latter have been carefully studied, and are, briefly:bad air, summer heat, ignorance of simple hygiene, and especially artificial feeding. To the correction of all these possible factors have been directed the efforts of municipal authorities, the medical profession, societies, philanthropists and others. Tenement-house construction has been corrected and regulated by ordinance, the evils of the heated term mitigated by fresh-air missions, free ice and the like, maternal ignorance enlightened by educational circulars, and finally, sanitary protection has been given to milk from dairy to nursery, as has been extended to no other industry, and this largely, if not almost entirely, with the interest of infantile feeding in mind. With regard to diet, the child should live on food provided for it—milk—the only food which contains all the principles essential to life and growth. The infant
Clinical and laboratory investigation of allergy to genetically modified foods.
Authors: Jonathan A Bernstein, I Leonard Bernstein, Luca Bucchini, Lynn R Goldman, Robert G Hamilton, Samuel Lehrer, Carol Rubin, Hugh A Sampson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Technology has improved the food supply since the first cultivation of crops. Genetic engineering facilitates the transfer of genes among organisms. Generally, only minute amounts of a specific protein need to be expressed to obtain the desired trait. Food allergy affects only individuals with an abnormal immunologic response to food--6% of children and 1.5-2% of adults in the United States. Not all diseases caused by food allergy are mediated by IgE. A number of expert committees have advised the U.S. government and international organizations on risk assessment for allergenicity of food proteins. These committees have created decision trees largely based on assessment of IgE-mediated food allergenicity. Difficulties include the limited availability of allergen-specific IgE antisera from allergic persons as validated source material, the utility of specific IgE assays, limited characterization of food proteins, cross-reactivity between food and other allergens, and modifications of food proteins by processing. StarLink was a corn variety modified to produce a (Italic)Bacillus thuringiensis(/Italic) (Bt) endotoxin, Cry9C. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated 51 reports of possible adverse reactions to corn that occurred after the announcement that StarLink, allowed for animal feed, was found in the human food supply. Allergic reactions were not confirmed, but tools for postmarket assessment were limited. Workers in agricultural and food preparation facilities have potential inhalation exposure to plant dusts and flours. In 1999, researchers found that migrant health workers can become sensitized to certain Bt spore extracts after exposure to Bt spraying.
Pregnancy tests over the counter
Authors: G. G. Lunay
Journal: BMJ (1969)

radiograph taken in September showed that the hilar glands were subsiding, and she has remained well clinically.Oxyphenbutazone has been shown to favourably influence the pulmonary lesions of sarcoidosis,l but there is no report of subsidence of erythema nodosum in association with this condition, though three cases of erythema nodosum (one associated with pulmonary tuberculosis, two "idiopathic ") have been treated successfully with the drug.2It would seem that oxyphenbutazone and phenylbutazone can be of considerable value in the control of pain in erythema nodosum.
Association of a negative residual stenosis following rescue/adjunctive percutaneous coronary intervention with impaired myocardial perfusion and adverse outcomes among ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients
Authors: C. Michael Gibson, Ajay J. Kirtane, Keith Boundy, Hung Ly, Dimitrios Karmpaliotis, Sabina A. Murphy, Robert P. Giugliano, Christopher P. Cannon, Elliott M. Antman, Eugene Braunwald
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
<i>Clostridium difficile</i>— More Difficult Than Ever
Authors: Ciarán P. Kelly, J. Thomas LaMont
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Because of mutations in this opportunistic pathogen, infections with C. difficile have become both more prevalent and more virulent. This article summarizes recent changes in the epidemiology of this infection and explains what is known about the changes in disease severity and the response to therapy. The authors discuss the use of new antibiotics, probiotics, immunotherapy, and even bacteriotherapy.
A Child With HIV Infection
Authors: Ira Z. Leiderman
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The increasing incidence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in children is a growing concern to pediatricians and public health officials. Children are believed to be exposed to HIV in utero or postpartum (ie, through breast milk) when born to women who are infected with the virus.<sup>1,2</sup>A number of children have also become infected following the transfusion of blood products that were collected from infected donors.<sup>3</sup> <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> In 1984, we were asked to evaluate a 10-year-old girl for possible exposure to HIV. Her mother had recently been diagnosed as having the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The girl's mother admitted that she had had frequent sexual contact with a man who was using parenteral drugs. The child had been sexually molested by this man two years prior to our evaluation. The girl was asymptomatic and the results of physical examination were