tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Early management of head injury: summary of updated NICE guidance
Authors: S. Hodgkinson, V. Pollit, C. Sharpin, F. Lecky
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Head injury is the commonest cause of death and disability in people aged 1-40 years in the UK. Each year, 1.4 million people attend emergency departments in England and Wales with a recent head injury. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published guidance on managing head injury in 2003 (clinical guideline 4)1 and updated this in 2007 (clinical guideline 56),2 which resulted in computed tomography (CT) replacing skull radiography as the primary imaging modality for assessing head injury. Key changes driving this update include the introduction of regional trauma networks with prehospital major trauma triage in England; the extension of indications for anticoagulation therapy; the establishment of local safeguarding boards in the UK, requiring front-line clinical staff to assess not only the severity of the head injury but also why it occurred; and new evidence on the initial assessment and early management of head injury. This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).3 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group's experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### Transport to hospital
Cullin-3 Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Function and Arterial Blood Pressure via PPARγ and RhoA/Rho-Kinase
Authors: Christopher J. Pelham, Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron, Séverine Groh, Justin L. Grobe, Willem J. de Lange, Stella-Rita C. Ibeawuchi, Henry L. Keen, Eric T. Weatherford, Frank M. Faraci, Curt D. Sigmund
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2012)
Skin grafting on the lower leg as an out-patient ambulatory procedure
Authors: M.G.C. Dahl
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

Journal Article Skin grafting on the lower leg as an out‐patient ambulatory procedure Get access M.G.C. Dahl M.G.C. Dahl University Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 113, Issue s29, 1 July 1985, Page 14, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb12963.x Published: 01 July 1985
Heparin-resistant thrombus formation by endovascular stents in baboons. Interruption by a synthetic antithrombin.
Authors: W C Krpski, A Bass, A B Kelly, U M Marzec, S R Hanson, L A Harker
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Intravascular mechanical support has been proposed as a solution to the frequent occurrence of vascular narrowing and occlusion after transluminal balloon angioplasty or surgical endarterectomy. Although several endovascular stents are currently in clinical use for angioplasty of larger vessels, acute thrombosis is a troublesome complication of their use with coronary angioplasty. To study thrombus formation associated with metallic mesh endoprostheses, we have evaluated stents placed inside 3-mm expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts incorporated into chronic exteriorized arteriovenous silicone rubber shunts in baboons. We have also compared the antithrombotic capacities of heparin and the synthetic antithrombin D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-chloromethylkene (D-FPRCH2Cl) to interrupt this platelet-dependent process for two different endovascular stents. Acute platelet deposition was continuously measured during 1 hour using gamma camera imaging of platelets labeled with indium-111 oxine. On untreated control ePTFE grafts (n = 11), 0.87 +/- 0.15 x 10(9) platelets/cm were deposited during 60 minutes. In contrast, balloon-expandable endovascular stents within ePTFE (n = 6) accumulated 4.37 +/- 0.68 x 10(9) platelets/cm (p = 0.003 compared with controls), and self-expandable stents (n = 6) accumulated 3.91 +/- 0.42 x 10(9) platelets/cm (p = 0.006 compared with controls); no difference between stents was detected in this test system (p greater than 0.5). Systemic heparin treatment did not reduce platelet deposition (4.20 +/- 0.41 x 10(9) platelets/cm at 60 minutes; p greater than 0.5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Antiquity and Origins of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Reply
Authors: Jan Dequeker
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The arguments formulated by Dr Domen are difficult to follow. In his previous letter<sup>1</sup>he mentions historical cases of rheumatoid arthritis, one found in an Egyptian mummy from the Fifth Dynasty (2750 to 2625 BC) and the probable case of Emperor Constantine IX (c 980 to 1055 AD). Now he supports the hypothesis that rheumatoid arthritis originated in the New World and entered the Old World after the 15th century. The case of rheumatoid arthritis seen in the painting that we described dates back to 1430 to 1440. It thus predates the arrival in America of Columbus in 1492. In addition, we reported another patient with rheumatoid arthritis of the robust type in a priest born in Holland 76 years after the discovery of the New World.<sup>2</sup>The present published reports do not support the possibility that rheumatoid arthritis in Europe originated in the New World.
New classes of environmental tumor promoters: indole alkaloids and polyacetates.
Authors: H Fujiki, T Sugimura, R E Moore
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

Tumor promoters are known to induce ODC activity in mouse skin and that this induction can be inhibited by the application of 13-cis-retinoic acid. These two properties of tumor promoters were utilized for screening new tumor promoters in our environment. Two new classes of tumor promoters are presented: indole alkaloids (teleocidin and lyngbyatoxin A) and polyacetates (aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin). Teleocidin from streptomyces and lyngbyatoxin A, from the blue-green alga, Lyngbya majuscula, were able to induce ODC activity in mouse skin and showed various biological activities similar to those of TPA. Teleocidin and lyngbyatoxin A are indole alkaloids. Their tumor promoting activities became apparent in the mouse skin through a two-stage carcinogenicity test. The tumor incidence of the group treated with DMBA plus teleocidin was 100% at week 30, which was similar to that of the group given DMBA and TPA. The in vivo carcinogenicity test with lyngbyatoxin A is still underway. The tumor incidence of the group treated with DMBA plus lyngbyatoxin A is 80% at week 21. A second new class of tumor promoter is polyacetate. Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin were isolated from another variety of blue-green alga. Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin induce ODC to the same degree of potency. However, aplysiatoxin induced various membrane effects, such as adhesion of cells and turnover of phospholipid with a similar concentration of TPA, teleocidin and lyngbyatoxin A. On the other hand, debromoaplysiatoxin required an amount almost 100 times greater to achieve the same effects. We are convinced of the possibility that various classes of tumor promoters exist in our environment.
Targeted Nanoparticles That Deliver a Sustained, Specific Release of Paclitaxel to Irradiated Tumors
Authors: Ralph J. Passarella, Daniel E. Spratt, Alice E. van der Ende, John G. Phillips, Hongmei Wu, Vasanth Sathiyakumar, Li Zhou, Dennis E. Hallahan, Eva Harth, Roberto Diaz
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

To capitalize on the response of tumor cells to XRT, we developed a controlled-release nanoparticle drug delivery system using a targeting peptide that recognizes a radiation-induced cell surface receptor. Phage display biopanning identified Gly-Ile-Arg-Leu-Arg-Gly (GIRLRG) as a peptide that selectively recognizes tumors responding to XRT. Membrane protein extracts of irradiated glioma cells identified glucose-regulated protein GRP78 as the receptor target for GIRLRG. Antibodies to GRP78 blocked the binding of GIRLRG in vitro and in vivo. Conjugation of GIRLRG to a sustained-release nanoparticle drug delivery system yielded increased paclitaxel concentration and apoptosis in irradiated breast carcinomas for up to 3 weeks. Compared with controls, a single administration of the GIRLRG-targeted nanoparticle drug delivery system to irradiated tumors delayed the in vivo tumor tripling time by 55 days (P = 0.0001) in MDA-MB-231 and 12 days in GL261 (P < 0.005). This targeting agent combines a novel recombinant peptide with a paclitaxel-encapsulating nanoparticle that specifically targets irradiated tumors, increasing apoptosis and tumor growth delay in a manner superior to known chemotherapy approaches.
Elevated Lead in Drinking Water in Washington, DC, 2003–2004: The Public Health Response
Authors: Tee L. Guidotti, Thomas Calhoun, John O. Davies-Cole, Maurice E. Knuckles, Lynette Stokes, Chevelle Glymph, Garret Lum, Marina S. Moses, David F. Goldsmith, Lisa Ragain
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

BackgroundIn 2003, residents of the District of Columbia (DC) experienced an abrupt rise in lead levels in drinking water, which followed a change in water-disinfection treatment in 2001 and which was attributed to consequent changes in water chemistry and corrosivity.ObjectivesTo evaluate the public health implications of the exceedance, the DC Department of Health expanded the scope of its monitoring programs for blood lead levels in children.MethodsFrom 3 February 2004 to 31 July 2004, 6,834 DC residents were screened to determine their blood lead levels.ResultsChildren from 6 months to 6 years of age constituted 2,342 of those tested; 65 had blood lead levels > 10 μg/dL (the "level of concern" defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the highest with a level of 68 μg/dL. Investigation of their homes identified environmental sources of lead exposure other than tap water as the source, when the source was identified. Most of the children with elevated blood lead levels (n = 46; 70.8%) lived in homes without lead drinking-water service lines, which is the principal source of lead in drinking water in older cities. Although residents of houses with lead service lines had higher blood lead levels on average than those in houses that did not, this relationship is confounded. Older houses that retain lead service lines usually have not been rehabilitated and are more likely to be associated with other sources of exposure, particularly lead paint. None of 96 pregnant women tested showed blood lead levels > 10 μg/dL, but two nursing mothers had blood lead levels > 10 μg/dL. Among two data sets of 107 and 71 children for whom paired blood and water lead levels could be obtained, there was no correlation (r2 = –0.03142 for the 107).ConclusionsThe expanded screening program developed in response to increased lead levels in water uncovered the true dimensions of a continuing problem with sources of lead in homes, specifically lead paint. This study cannot be used to correlate lead in drinking water with blood lead levels directly because it is based on an ecologic rather than individualized exposure assessment; the protocol for measuring lead was based on regulatory requirements rather than estimating individual intake; numerous interventions were introduced to mitigate the effect; exposure from drinking water is confounded with other sources of lead in older houses; and the period of potential exposure was limited and variable.
Brain imaging in fatigue syndromes
Authors: E Berger
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2005)

In their article on the incidence of fatigue symptoms and diagnoses (December 2004, JRSM1) Gallagher and co-workers cite Wessely's view that 'chronic fatigue is one of a diverse group of physical symptoms that have long defied satisfactory explanation by doctors'.2 Recent developments in functional MRI have pointed to a more scientific approach in diagnosing these conditions. Gracely et al.3 demonstrated augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia with increased signals in the anterior cingulate cortex during fMRI. Furthermore, in order to ascertain the veracity of subjective claims, fMRI indicates that attempted deception will cause increased activity in the ventrolateral, prefrontal, anterior cingulate and premotor cortex.4–6
Tissue Transformation Into Bone In Vivo
Authors: Roger K. Khouri
Journal: JAMA (1991)

The transformation of mesenchymal tissue, such as muscle, into cartilage and bone can be induced by the recently purified osteoinductive factor, osteogenin, and by its parent substratum, demineralized bone matrix. We investigated the possibility of transforming readily available muscle flaps into vascularized bone grafts of various shapes that could be used as skeletal replacement parts. In a rat experimental model, thigh adductor muscle island flaps were placed inside bivalved silicone rubber molds. Prior to closure of the mold, 18 flaps were injected with osteogenin and coated with demineralized bone matrix. Five flaps served as controls and were injected with the vehicle only, and not coated with demineralized bone matrix. The molds were implanted subcutaneously in the rats' flanks and reopened 10 days later. The control flaps consisted of intact muscle without any evidence of tissue transformation, whereas the flaps treated with osteogenin and demineralized bone matrix were entirely transformed into cancellous bone that matched the exact shape of the mold. Using tissue transformation, we were able to generate in vivo, autogenous, well-perfused bones in the shapes of femoral heads and mandibles.
Overuse of police cells for detaining people with mental health problems "intolerable"
Authors: A. Cole
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Twice as many people are being detained in police cells for assessment under the Mental Health Act as are being taken by police to hospital, research from the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) shows.

The study, which covers England and Wales, found that 11 500 people were detained in police custody under section 136 of the Mental Health Act in 2005 compared with 5900 who were held in hospital. Government guidelines state that police custody should only be used as a last resort.

The study, which collates national data on the use of section 136 by all 43 police forces for the first time, found wide variations. Although Cheshire and Merseyside Police recorded just one detention per 10 000 people, for example, Sussex Police detained 277 per 10 000 and Devon and Cornwall 174 per 10 000.

Almost two thirds (61%) of detainees were male and 4% were younger than 17. Four per cent of detainees were black. When compared with the general population the rate of …
Cancer during Pregnancy
Authors: Robert Resnik
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Cancer is rare during pregnancy, occurring in only about 1 per 1000 live births. More than half the cases are tumors of the uterine cervix, breast, or thyroid, which can metastasize to the placenta but not the fetus.1 Melanoma and hematologic tumors, which also can invade the placenta, may cross into the fetal circulation. In a recent review, Baergen et al.2 described 19 cases of maternal melanoma that had metastasized to the placenta. In five of these cases the tumor extended into the fetus, which died of metastatic melanoma in four of the five cases. The transmission of maternal leukemia . . .
Asymptomatic cardiac ischemia pilot (ACIP) study: Effects of coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass graft surgery on recurrent angina and ischemia
Authors: Martial G. Bourassa, Carl J. Pepine, Sandra A. Forman, William J. Rogers, Ihor Dyrda, Peter H. Stone, Bernard R. Chaitman, Barry Sharaf, John Mahmarian, Richard F. Davies, Genell L. Knatterud, Michael Terrin, George Sopko, C. Richard Conti, None ACIP Investigators
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Blockade of B7-H1 improves myeloid dendritic cell–mediated antitumor immunity
Authors: Tyler J. Curiel, Shuang Wei, Haidong Dong, Xavier Alvarez, Pui Cheng, Peter Mottram, Roman Krzysiek, Keith L. Knutson, Ben Daniel, Maria Carla Zimmermann, Odile David, Matthew Burow, Alan Gordon, Nina Dhurandhar, Leann Myers, Ruth Berggren, Akseli Hemminki, Ronald D. Alvarez, Dominique Emilie, David T. Curiel, Lieping Chen, Weiping Zou
Journal: Nature Medicine (2003)
Allergy to Procaine And Mepivacaine
Authors: Pedro M. Diaz
Journal: JAMA (1975)

To the Editor.—  It is highly unlikely that a patient would have a toxic reaction to 4 mg of mepivacaine injected intravenously, as suggested in a QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS item (230:613, 1974). We routinely inject lidocaine, 1 mg/kg, intravenously for the treatment of arrhythmias. Toxicities of mepivacaine and lidocaine (Xylocaine) in the central nervous system are similar. Another diagnosis should explain the symptoms that developed in the patient.
Abstract 1118: Stress-induced differential Survivin release in prostate cancer health disparities
Authors: Salma Khan, David Turay, Jessica Ms Jutzy, Jonathan R. Aspe, Tino W. Sanchez, Saeid Mirshahidi, Carlos A. Casiano, Nathan R. Wall
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract African-American men have the highest rate of prostate cancer (PCa) incidence in the U.S. In addition, their prostate cancer mortality rate is more than twice as high as the rate for white Americans. The causes of higher rates of prostate cancer among African-American males are largely unknown. Many studies are underway to unravel the impact of a wide variety of potential risk factors, including dietary and other lifestyle differences, occupational exposures, hormonal and genetic differences. Several lines of evidence suggest that one of the main events associated with the conversion to an aggressive phenotype is increased resistance to apoptosis (3) mainly due to upregulation of antiapoptotic genes, including Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, and Survivin. Recently, we reported that Survivin is released in PCa sera and found to be in the exosomes. Therefore, we speculate that Survivin could be a potential target protein released differentially in prostate cancers in African American (AA) and Caucasian (CC) populations in response to stress. In this study, we have collected serum samples from prostate cancer patients of AA and CC, measured Survivin levels by ELISA. Exosome islation was perfomed by Exoquick approach and quantified by acetylcholinesterase activity assays. We have applied an in-vitro approach to compare the differences between cancer cell lines derived from AA (MDA-MB-PCa) and CC (PC3) patients in terms of stress and stress activated Survivin release by exosomes. Under oxidative stress and drug treatments, we have identified Survivin highly expressed in exosome derived from MDA-MB-PCa compared to PC3 cell lines. In addition, we found a relative overexpression of Survivin protein in AA-PCa compared to CC-PCa both in sera and exosomes. Based on our data, Survivin may be a key stress-induced protein in AA-PCa patients. It is possible that attempts to block Survivin release will not only interrupt the cancer proliferation and interfere with anti-apoptotic pathways, thus preventing cancer progression. Citation Format: Salma Khan, David Turay, Jessica Ms Jutzy, Jonathan R. Aspe, Tino W. Sanchez, Saeid Mirshahidi, Carlos A. Casiano, Nathan R. Wall. Stress-induced differential Survivin release in prostate cancer health disparities. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1118. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1118
Placenta Previa Percreta With Bladder Invasion
Authors: Marcia L. Collins
Journal: JAMA (1978)

PLACENTA percreta is a rare but potentially catastrophic obstetric condition, with a high incidence of fetal death and maternal mortality and morbidity. First reported in 1900, only 37 cases had been documented by 1970. Placenta percreta with bladder invasion is even more uncommon, with only four cases previously described.<sup>1-4</sup> We present a case of placenta previa percreta with bladder invasion resulting in massive hemorrhage and prolonged shock. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 31-year-old woman, gravida 4, para 3, registered for prenatal care at ten weeks of pregnancy. She had undergone three previous cesarean sections without difficulty. She weighed 125 kg and was mildly hypertensive. At 12 weeks of pregnancy, she bled about 100 ml of bright red blood during one day; otherwise, her prenatal course was uneventful. At term, routine repeated cesarean section was begun under spinal anesthesia. The anterior aspect of the uterus was covered by huge varicosities
The effect of disinfection by-products and mutagenic activity on birth weight and gestational duration.
Authors: J Michael Wright, Joel Schwartz, Douglas W Dockery
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

Epidemiologic studies of disinfection by-products have traditionally focused on total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentration as a surrogate for maternal exposure during pregnancy. We used birth certificate data on 196,000 infants to examine the effect of third-trimester exposures on various indices of fetal development. We examined the effect of town-average concentrations of TTHM and additional exposure metrics in relation to mean birth weight, mean gestational age, small for gestational age (SGA) infancy, and preterm delivery. Trihalomethane data (TTHM, chloroform, and bromodichloromethane) from 1995-1998 were available for 109 towns in Massachusetts. Data from 1997-1998 on haloacetic acid (total haloacetic acids, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid), 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5- hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), and mutagenicity were available for a limited number of towns. We observed reductions in mean birth weight (12-18 g) for maternal trihalomethane exposures > the 90th percentile compared with those < the 50th percentile. Birth weight reductions were detected for chloroform exposures > 20 microg/L and TTHM exposures > 40 microg/L. Elevated trihalomethanes were associated with increases in gestational duration and a reduced risk of preterm delivery. We found evidence of an exposure-response effect of trihalomethanes on risk of SGA, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.09 to 1.23 for bromodichloromethane exposures > 5 microg/L. Elevated mutagenic activity was associated with SGA [OR = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04 to 1.51] and mean birth weight (-27 g; 95% CI, -54 to -1). Although smaller in magnitude, our findings are consistent with previous studies reporting associations between trihalomethanes and SGA. These data also suggest a relationship between fetal development indices and mutagenic activity independent of exposure to trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and MX.
Age Incidence and Prognosis of Epilepsy
Authors: F. J. Nattrass
Journal: BMJ (1943)

Result.-There was no significant difference between the two groups, and no substafitial increases were noted in the C group.We wish to thank the head teachers and staff of the Glossop schools, the parents of children, the Health Department staff, and various voluntary technicians for their co-operation, which made this investigation possible.We also are indebted to Messrs.