tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao
Authors: Esther Somerfeld
Journal: JAMA (1996)

The time has come for physicians to be informed about so-called chocolate addiction and, conversely, the benefits of chocolate. One recent hospital public lecture on "Why Women Need Chocolate" had an overflow audience. A women's magazine is advertising that it will soon issue an article on why we love chocolate—"it creates a physiological effect not unlike an orgasm." Theobromine may be the "kick" substance in chocolate. Strangely, craving for chocolate can be a side effect of the addicting drug "ecstasy," which combines the effects of amphetamine and LSD. The University of Chicago and the National Science Foundation have been sponsoring the research in Costa Rica by Dr Young, zoologist-ecologist. He does a basic job in<i>The Chocolate Tree</i>, combining the history and chemistry of<i>Theobroma cacao</i>trees. They are a source of 300 chemicals, including nutritives. They give us the pleasurable confection and drink we call chocolate. MesoAmerica has known
Asystole and electromechanical dissociation.
Authors: V Dallos, G Hanson
Journal: BMJ (1986)

haemoglobin concentration for maximising total oxygen transport should also be 80-120 g/l, and it is this notion that concers us.In our group of 40 patients with a mean haemoglobin concentration of 106 g/l the regression of oxyg transpo on haemoglobin was similarly positive at high and low
Macrophage activation in exacerbated COPD with and without community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: P. Gutierrez, D. Closa, R. Piñer, O. Bulbena, R. Menéndez, A. Torres
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

In large series of nonresponding community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was observed to be a protective factor for nonresponse to initial antibiotics. This intriguing fact may be linked to changes in the phenotype of inflammatory cells and, in particular, to the induction of classical-M1 or alternative-M2 activation of macrophages, which result in different inflammatory profiles. We evaluated the effect of sputum obtained from patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD), CAP and COPD+CAP on the phenotypic changes in macrophages. Human THP1 cells differentiated to macrophages were incubated with sputum from patients with AECOPD, CAP or COPD+CAP, and expression of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, mannose receptor and arginase was measured to evaluate the phenotype acquired by macrophages. We found that sputum from CAP patients induced the M1 phenotype and that from AECOPD patients induced an M2-like phenotype. Sputum from CAP+COPD patients did not present a clear M1 or M2 phenotype. These results indicate that the microenvironment in the lung modulates the activation of macrophages, resulting in different phenotypes in AECOPD, CAP and COPD+CAP patients. This different type of activation induces different inflammatory responses and may be involved in the different outcome observed when COPD and CAP present simultaneously.
Right ventricular preload recruitable stroke work, end-systolic pressure-volume, and dP/dtmax-end-diastolic volume relations compared as indexes of right ventricular contractile performance in conscious dogs.
Authors: M K Karunanithi, J Michniewicz, S E Copeland, M P Feneley
Journal: Circulation Research (1992)

Three indexes developed originally to assess left ventricular contractile performance were applied instead to the right ventricle (RV) in 11 conscious dogs: the relation between stroke work and end-diastolic volume (EDV), termed the preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW) relation; the end-systolic pressure-volume (ESPV) relation; and the maximum dP/dt (dP/dtmax)-EDV relation. The reproducibility, inotropic sensitivity, chronotropic sensitivity, and afterload sensitivity of these RV relations were compared. RV volume was determined with an ellipsoidal shell subtraction model from orthogonal dimensions measured by sonomicrometry. RV transmural pressure was measured with micromanometers. After autonomic blockade, preload was varied by repeated, transient vena caval occlusions before and during partial occlusion of the main pulmonary artery, after release of the pulmonary arterial occlusion, after calcium infusion, and over a range of heart rates induced by atrial pacing. The slope and volume-axis intercept of the PRSW relation were more reproducible (SD/mean, 7.8 +/- 3.3% and 6.2 +/- 4.1%, respectively) than the slope and volume-axis intercept of the ESPV relation (10.1 +/- 6.7% and 23.0 +/- 31.3%, both p less than 0.05) or the slope and volume-axis intercept of the dP/dtmax-EDV relation (43.4 +/- 70.4% and 153.8 +/- 184.6%, both p less than 0.05). The slope of the PRSW relation increased 32 +/- 17% (p less than 0.05) after calcium infusion, but the volume-axis intercept did not change significantly. In contrast, the slopes of the ESPV and dP/dtmax-EDV relations did not change significantly after calcium infusion, but the volume-axis intercepts decreased significantly (both p less than 0.05). Despite a 71 +/- 26% increase in mean RV ejection pressure during partial occlusion of the main pulmonary artery, the slopes and volume-axis intercepts of both the PRSW and dP/dtmax-EDV relations did not change significantly, but the slope of the ESPV relation increased 45 +/- 22% (p less than 0.05) without significant change in the volume-axis intercept. None of the relations demonstrated significant chronotropic sensitivity. The PRSW relation is the preferred index of RV contractile performance because 1) it is the most reproducible, 2) its slope alone sensitively detects changes in contractile state, and 3) unlike the ESPV relation, it is relatively insensitive to afterload.
DIFFERING EFFECTS OF ADAPTIVE SERVO-VENTILATION AND CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE ON MUSCLE SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE
Authors: Ryuichi Ushijima, Shuji Joho, Takashi Akabane, Yoshitaka Oda, Hiroshi Inoue
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Symptom Severity and Guideline-Based Treatment Recommendations for Depressed Patients: Implications of DSM-5’s Potential Recommendation of the PHQ-9 as the Measure of Choice for Depression Severity
Authors: Mark Zimmerman
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2012)

opment of the PHQ-9, Kroenke et al. [4] reocmmnedde cutoff scores corresponding to mild, moderate, moder-ately severe and severe levels of depression severity, and the validity of these cutoffs was supported by demon-strating differences in health-related quality of life be-tween adjacent severity categories. In previewing the potential changes in the upcoming fifth edition of the
Combined Imaging With 18F-FDG-PET/CT and 111In-Labeled Octreotide SPECT for Evaluation of Thymic Epithelial Tumors
Authors: Serena De Luca, Rosa Fonti, Giovannella Palmieri, Piera Federico, Giuseppina Del Prete, Roberto Pacelli, Leonardo Pace, Sabino De Placido, Marco Salvatore, Silvana Del Vecchio
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

This study aimed to test the role of combined imaging with 18F-FDG-PET/CT and 111In-octreotide SPECT in characterizing thymic epithelial tumors (TETs).We evaluated 20 patients with newly diagnosed TETs who had undergone concomitant 18F-FDG-PET/CT and 111In-octreotide SPECT. Thymic epithelial tumors were classified by World Health Organization (WHO) as low-risk thymomas (5), high-risk thymomas (4), and thymic carcinomas (11, among which 6 neuroendocrine tumors). Patients were staged according to Masaoka system. 18F-FDG-PET/CT was performed and SUV(max) of primary tumors was recorded. 111In-octreotide SPECT of the thorax was performed, and tumor-to-background ratio was determined on the 24-hour coronal sections.All patients showed increased 18F-FDG uptake in mediastinal lesions. SUV(max) were significantly correlated with WHO classification (r = 0.66, P < 0.01) and with Masaoka stage (r = 0.60, P < 0.01). SUV(max) of low-risk thymomas (mean [SD], 2.87 [0.83]) were significantly lower than those of high-risk thymomas (mean [SD], 7.21 [1.73], P < 0.01) and of thymic carcinomas (mean [SD], 9.39 [5.80], P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between high-risk thymomas and thymic carcinomas. SUV(max) of all high-risk thymomas and thymic carcinomas was 4.5 or greater. All primary tumors were detected by In-octreotide SPECT, and tumor-to-background ratios ranged between 1.67 and 10.10. No statistically significant correlation was found between tumor-to-background ratios and WHO classification (r = 0.24, P = 0.36) and Masaoka stages (r = 0.31, P = 0.23). However tumor-to-background ratios of thymic neuroendocrine tumors (mean [SD], 5.71 [3.09]) were significantly higher than those of all other TETs with SUV(max) of 4.5 or greater (mean [SD], 2.41 [0.56]; P < 0.05).18F-FDG-PET/CT scan allows to differentiate high-risk epithelial tumors and thymic carcinomas from low-risk thymomas, whereas 111In-octreotide SPECT may identify neuroendocrine tumors among those showing high 18F-FDG uptake.
Centralization of Cancer Surgery: Implications for Patient Access to Optimal Care
Authors: Karyn B. Stitzenberg, Elin R. Sigurdson, Brian L. Egleston, Russell B. Starkey, Neal J. Meropol
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

The volume-outcomes relationship has led many to advocate centralization of cancer procedures at high volume hospitals (HVH). We hypothesized that in response cancer surgery has become increasingly centralized and that this centralization has resulted in increased travel burden for patients.Using 1996 to 2006 discharge data from NY, NJ, PA, all patients > or = 18 years old treated with extirpative surgery for colorectal, esophageal, or pancreatic cancer were examined. Patients and hospitals were geocoded. Annual hospital procedure volume for each tumor site was examined, and multiple quantile and logistic regressions were used to compare changes in centralization and distance traveled.Five thousand two hundred seventy-three esophageal, 13,472 pancreatic, 202,879 colon, and 51,262 rectal procedures were included. A shift to HVH occurred to varying degrees for all tumor types. The odds of surgery at a low volume hospital decreased for esophagus, pancreas and colon: per year odds ratios (ORs) were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.85 to 0.90), 0.85 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.87), and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.97 to 0.98). Median travel distance increased for all sites: esophagus 72%, pancreas 40%, colon 17%, and rectum 28% (P < .0001). Travel distance was proportional to procedure volume (P < .0001). The majority of the increase in distance was attributable to centralization.There has been extensive centralization of complex cancer surgery over the past decade. While this process should result in population-level improvements in cancer outcomes, centralization is increasing patient travel. For some subsets of the population, increasing travel requirements may pose a significant barrier to access to quality cancer care.
Atopic retinal detachment. Report of four cases and a review of the literature
Authors: K. YONEDA, H. OKAMOTO, Y. WADA, K. MORITA, M. TAKAHASHI, Y. OGURA, S. IMAMURA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1995)

Ocular complications of atopic dermatitis include cataract, blepharitis, keratoconjunctivitis, keratoconus, iritis and retinal detachment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of retinal detachment in atopic dermatitis patients. We examined four patients with atopic dermatitis and retinal detachment, and performed an extensive review of the literature. There have been about 130 reported cases of retinal detachment in patients with atopic dermatitis from Japan, in comparison with only a few reports from Europe and the U.S.A. An extensive review of the literature revealed that retinal detachment occurs at a young age in atopic dermatitis patients, and that often both eyes are involved. As retinal detachment is not a rare complication of atopic dermatitis, we propose that this type of retinal detachment is designated 'atopic retinal detachment'. Dermatologists should be aware of this potential complication of atopic dermatitis.
Dilemmas of the medical revolution
Authors: A. Paton
Journal: BMJ (1969)

effects on transport mechanisms.Most of the leading experts in their respective fields have contributed valuable and informative articles.Those libraries which can afford to pur- chase this perhaps too-well-produced volume will find it very frequently referred to by their readers, for it contains a wealth of up-to-date technical information and detail, together with many valuable bibliographies.C. L. COPE.
Alan Hamilton Cruickshank
Authors: Robert Cruickshank
Journal: BMJ (2006)

British family planning doctor whose assisted suicide in a Swiss clinic refuelled UK euthanasia debate Anne Turner's final trip to continental Europe was one she resented having to make.She loved travelling to Europe, often for the opera.But having decided to kill herself, she felt frustrated at the need to leave the comfort of her cosy bungalow in Bath.However, with typical self assurance, Dr Turner made precise plans.She would die in Switzerland on 24 January 2006, the day before her 67th birthday.Events early in the childhood of the woman dubbed "Boadicea" by a friend can probably be credited for the independence and strength of character that she exhibited throughout her life.Just 18 months after her birth in Harrogate in 1939, she was evacuated, with her sister, from war torn Europe to Vancouver in Canada.She only just made it.A German U boat sank the vessel behind the one in which she was travelling and such evacuations promptly ceased.But having safely reached North America, she enjoyed living with cousins and a grandmother.In 1945 however, she returned to Westerham, Kent, in England and to parents she didn't know-and to the austere, postwar landscape.She would later joke that it felt as if she had been evacuated to the United Kingdom rather than returned home.After her carefree existence in Canada, the grey skies, food rations, and lack of central heating did not endear her to her native land.Her father, a civil servant, and her mother, a local councillor, were strict and somewhat distant parents.So being packed off to boarding school in 1952 seemed more like a release than a frightening trip into the unknown.Shortly after leaving school a lifethreatening adder bite provided a first glimpse of her mortality.Her response was not fear but curiosity.And from this near-death experience she decided that dying was as easy as going to sleep.In 1958 she went to St Thomas' to study medicine.On the first day she met her future husband, Jack Turner.After qualifying, they worked in the south of England before settling in Bath, where they found jobs in general practice and began a family.Anne Turner soon developed an interest in family planning, and was to play a key role
PVP-sieving curves as an estimate of glomerular hemodynamics in HgCl2 acute renal failure in the dog.
Authors: R C Vanholder, P P Lambert, N H Lameire
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

In the present study, the pathophysiologic role of glomerular hemodynamic factors in the early phase of HgCl2-induced acute renal failure is evaluated in the dog. This model of moderate ARF is characterized by a parallel fall in glomerular filtration rate (delta GFR, -43%) and renal blood flow (delta RBF, -38%) within the first three hours after HgCl2 administration. Glomerular hemodynamics were studied by analysis of PVP-sieving curves. There was a significant shift of these curves upward and to the right during the 3 hours that followed the injection of HgCl2. From this analysis, no arguments for tubular back-leak could be found. Mathematical analysis of the curves revealed a fall in effective filtration pressure (EFP) in presence of an unchanged glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) (delta EFP, -40 +/- 4%; p less than 0.01; delta Kf, +5 +/- 1%; p greater than 0.05 vs. control). No major changes occurred in glomerular colloid osmotic pressure. Subsequently, the early fall of GFR in this toxic model of acute renal failure was essentially attributed to a decrease of effective filtration pressure due to either tubular obstruction and/or mainly to renal hemodynamic changes.
Nitroglycerin-mediated vasorelaxation is modulated by endothelial calcium-activated potassium channels
Authors: L Bang
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Objective: Recent in vitro data suggest, large conductance calcium-activated K+ channels (BKCa) modulate the vascular response to nitric oxide (NO). The in vivo implications and the characteristics of this interaction are not clear. This study firstly investigates whether modulation of BKCa affects the vascular response to nitroglycerin (NTG)-derived NO in vivo and in the isolated heart and secondly examines the influence of endothelial BKCa on NTG-mediated vasodilation in vitro. Methods: The hypotensive effect of NTG was measured in conscious, chronically catheterized rats during i.v. infusions of iberiotoxin (IbTX, a selective inhibitor of BKCa) or placebo. Similarly, NTG-induced flow-changes in the isolated perfused rat heart were examined before and after IbTX treatment (0.1 μM). Concentration-relaxation curves to NTG in the presence of various K+ channel modulating agents were performed in vitro on porcine coronary arteries with and without intact endothelium. Results: I.v. infusion of IbTX reduced the in vivo hypotensive effect of NTG by 55% (before IbTX: 32.0±3.0 mmHg, vs. after IbTX: 14.5±3.2 mmHg, P<0.05) and nearly abolished NTG-induced increase in coronary flow in the isolated perfused heart (P<0.05). In vitro, this effect depended on an intact endothelium (endothelium intact segments; NTG: pD2=5.8±0.1, Emax=97.6±3.2% vs. NTG+IbTX: pD2=4.9±0.2, Emax=49.7±6.2%, P<0.05; endothelium denuded segments; NTG: pD2=6.9±0.1, Emax=104.0±1.4% vs. NTG+IbTX: pD2=6.7±0.1, Emax=100±1.2%, P>0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest, that modulation of endothelial BKCa significantly affects NTG-induced vasorelaxation in vitro, in the isolated perfused heart and in vivo.
Noninfectious papilloma virus–like particles inhibit HIV-1 replication: implications for immune control of HIV-1 infection by IL-27
Authors: J. Mohamad Fakruddin, Richard A. Lempicki, Robert J. Gorelick, Jun Yang, Joseph W. Adelsberger, Alfonso J. Garcia-Pineres, Ligia A. Pinto, H. Clifford Lane, Tomozumi Imamichi
Journal: Blood (2006)
Breast-Conservation Operations for Treatment of Cancer of the Breast
Authors: Arthur E. Baue
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In this issue ofThe Journal, Lee-Feldstein et al<sup>1</sup>report on the operative treatment and survival of patients with breast cancer categorized by the type and size of hospitals in which the therapy was performed. The authors conclude that a larger percentage of breast-conserving operations for small localized (negative axillary lymph nodes) or regional (positive axillary lymph nodes) cancers of the breast were done in teaching hospitals and a much lower percentage in small hospitals. The results of breast conservation were as good as the more radical operations. Local excision, lymph node dissection, and radiation therapy provided the best long-term results. Also, survival of patients with localized disease was significantly better at large community hospitals, compared with small hospitals, and was worse at health maintenance organization hospitals. Based on their observations and the recommendations of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conference in 1990 on the treatment of early-stage
Peril at Sea — Cost of Medical Publications — Who Is Obsessed?
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

THE loss of 58 lives when three British trawlers sank off the Norwegian and North Icelandic coasts in exceptional weather conditions in early 1968 caused great concern about the hazards of deep-sea fishing. Quite apart from the serious loss of life that may occur when a trawler founders, deep-sea trawling is always hazardous and has been described by Professor R. S. F. Schilling1 as a dangerous and extreme occupation with a fatal accident rate at sea that is about twice the rate for coal miners and about 20 times that for the manufacturing industries.The background to this perilous occupation . . .
Ratio of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity to CDK2 activity after ex vivo paclitaxel treatment predicts response to paclitaxel in human breast cancer.
Authors: S Kim, T Taguchi, Y Tamaki, F Tsukamoto, K Akazawa, NT Ueno, GN Hortobagyi, S Nakayama, Y Torikoshi, K Gohda, H Ishihara, S Noguchi
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #6065 Background: Increased CDK1 activity and reduced CDK2 activity reflect paclitaxel sensitivity in vitro. We have developed a novel assay that measures CDK1 and CDK2 activity in small tissue samples (“C2P assay”). The aim of this study was to determine whether the CDK1/2 ratio after ex vivo paclitaxel treatment correlates with response to paclitaxel in human breast cancer.&amp;#x2028; Material and Methods: This study included 38 patients with primary breast cancer. The median age was 50 years. Twenty-five patients (66%) had stage II, 12 (32%) stage III, and 1 (3%) stage IV. Thirty-three patients (87%) had invasive ductal and four (11%) invasive lobular cancer: 1 patient (3%) had mucinous disease. Histologic grade was II in 33 patients (87%) and III in 5 patients (13%). Twenty-one patients (55%) had ER-positive and 11 (29%) HER2-positive disease. All patients received preoperative chemotherapy - paclitaxel (80 mg/m2, weekly for 12 weeks) followed by 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) (500/75/500 mg/m2, every 3 weeks for 4 cycles) in 34 patients (89%) and paclitaxel alone in 4 patients (11%). Tumor tissues obtained by core needle biopsy before chemotherapy were treated ex vivo with paclitaxel (100 nM) for 24 h, and then had CDK1/2 activity measured using the C2P assay. Clinical responses were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging after paclitaxel treatment, and tumors that showed equal and more than 80 % shrinkage were defined as responders. The cutoff value for distinguishing between high and low CDK1/2 ratio was identified as 5.2 to best separate the responders and non-responders to paclitaxel.&amp;#x2028; Results: Of the 23 tumors with a high CDK1/2 ratio, 18 responded to paclitaxel. On the other hand, of the 15 tumors with a low CDK1/2 ratio, 10 did not respond to paclitaxel (positive predictive value, 78%; negative predictive value, 67%; p = 0.006). Of the 34 patients who were treated with paclitaxel followed by FEC and underwent surgery, 9 (26%) had a pathologic complete response (pCR). Eight of 21 tumors in the high CDK1/2 ratio group but only 1 of 13 tumors in the low CDK1/2 ratio group had a pCR (positive predictive value, 38%; negative predictive value, 92%; p = 0.05).&amp;#x2028; Discussion: The CDK1/2 ratio is significantly associated with response to paclitaxel and also with pCR after treatment with paclitaxel followed by FEC. The CDK1/2 ratio after ex vivo paclitaxel treatment might be a useful test to predict paclitaxel sensitivity in breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6065.
Too few complaints about hospitals and GPs are being dealt with locally, says ombudsman
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The NHS in England is still failing to deal adequately with the most straightforward complaints, says the parliamentary and health service ombudsman, Ann Abraham, in her latest report.

Improvement in complaints handling by the NHS since the system was reformed three years ago is still “patchy and slow,” and too many complaints are reaching her office that should have been resolved locally, she adds.

The report names and shames the 10 most complained about hospital trusts in 2010-11, six of which are in London. Top of the league table stands the Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust in the Midlands, up from 13th last year. The number …