tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of Tenckhoff Catheter for Peritoneal Dialysis in Terminal Renal Failure
Authors: P. G. Lankisch, H. J. Tonnis, E. Fernandez-Redo, J. Girndt, P. Kramer, E. Quellhorst, F. Scheler
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Over a period of 33 months a total of 2,146 peritoneal dialyses were carried out by means of indwelling Tenckhoff catheters in 65 patients suffering from terminal renal failure. The patients were maintained on peritoneal dialysis for periods varying from two weeks to 13 months. Treatment over long periods was possible in only a few cases. Infection and clotting, which tended to limit the functional life of the catheters, was reduced by rigid asepsis and by adding heparin to the dialysate. The Tenckhoff catheter was found to be valuable for peritoneal dialysis as a short-term measure, especially in patients in whom haemodialysis was not immediately feasible, in borderline cases when kidney function was not too seriously impaired, and as an alternative to haemodialysis when that was interrupted by complications.
Leukotriene D4 is a mediator of proteinuria and glomerular hemodynamic abnormalities in passive Heymann nephritis.
Authors: T Katoh, E A Lianos, M Fukunaga, K Takahashi, K F Badr
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

We assessed the role of leukotrienes (LTs) in Munich-Wistar rats with passive Heymann nephritis (PHN), an animal model of human membranous nephropathy. 10 d after injection of anti-Fx1A antibody, urinary protein excretion rate (Upr) in PHN was significantly higher than that of control. Micropuncture studies demonstrated reduced single nephron plasma flow and glomerular filtration rates, increased transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference, pre- and postglomerular resistances, and decreased ultrafiltration coefficient in PHN rats. Glomerular LTB4 generation from PHN rats was increased. Administration of the 5-LO activating protein inhibitor MK886 for 10 d markedly blunted proteinuria and normalized glomerular hemodynamic abnormalities in PHN rats. An LTD4 receptor antagonist SK&F 104353 led to an immediate reduction in Upr and to reversal of glomerular hemodynamic impairment. Ia(+) cells/glomerulus were increased in PHN rats. In x-irradiated PHN rats, which developed glomerular macrophage depletion, augmented glomerular LT synthesis was abolished. Thus, in the autologous phase of PHN, LTD4 mediates glomerular hemodynamic abnormalities and a hemodynamic component of the accompanying proteinuria. The synthesis of LTD4 likely occurs directly from macrophages or from macrophage-derived LTA4, through LTC4 synthase in glomerular cells.
Trends in health in the United States.
Authors: M Feinleib, R W Wilson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) conducts a variety of surveys designed to provide cross-sectional estimates of the prevalence of various factors measuring the health of Americans. When these cross-sectional estimates are put together and plotted over time, they provide a picture of the trends in the health of the population. However, differences in methodology, completeness of coverage, validity and reliability of the information, and changing attitudes about health and illness influence these trend patterns and sometimes make them difficult to interpret. Six different measures of the health of Americans discussed include trends in life expectancy, which is related to the total mortality rate; trends in mortality by specific causes; trends in morbidity or the prevalence of various illnesses, including both acute and chronic conditions; trends in the estimates of various types of disabilities and impairments in the population; trends in expenditures for medical care and services; and finally, some assessments of trends in several risk factors and physiological characteristics obtained by direct measurements of individuals.
Nuclear binding of tritiated actinomycin in surface epithelial cells from normal stomach and atrophic gastritis.
Authors: G L Stoffels, A M Preumont, M de Reuck
Journal: Gut (1978)

Triated actinomycin binding to DNA is closely linked to the degree of repression in chromatin. 3H-AM binding to DNA is the most pronounced in nuclei of cells committed into cycle. Inversely, in cells in the last steps of their differentiation or (and) in the resting state (non-dividing cells), 3H-AM binding for DNA is diminished down to a baseline since it is limited by the deoxynucleoproteins. Epithelial cells of stomach mucosa and duodenum demonstrate an increased cell uptake of tritiated actinomycin from the surface to the bottom of the pits. In severe gastritis and in intestinalysed metaplasia this was abolished: with a uniform enhancement of 3H-AM binding. These findings seem to indicate that these cells are derepressed.
Phenotype and functional analysis of human monocytes-derived dendritic cells loaded with a carbosilane dendrimer
Authors: Marjorie Pion, Maria J. Serramia, Laura Diaz, Maria Bryszewska, Teresa Gallart, Felipe García, Rafael Gómez, Francisco J. de la Mata, Maria Á. Muñoz-Fernandez
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
The ARDS lung. New insights from computed tomography
Authors: R. C. Bone
Journal: JAMA (1993)

Although it has been 26 years since Ashbaugh et al<sup>1</sup>first described the adult (or "acute," as we are now calling it) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), little progress has been made in improving survival. However, a group headed by Luciano Gattinoni, MD, at the University of Milan in Italy, has contributed greatly to our knowledge of the correlation between lung structure and function in ARDS through the use of computed tomography (CT). In this issue ofThe Journal, they add some important observations to the information they have already presented in previous reports.<sup>2</sup>This new information may have important clinical implications in the treatment of patients with ARDS. The significance of the study lies in its implications for therapy; it should be stressed that CT cannot be used routinely as a monitoring technique. See also p 2122. One reason that so little progress has been made in treating
Allogeneic hematolymphoid microchimerism and prevention of autoimmune disease in the rat. A relationship between allo- and autoimmunity.
Authors: C P Delaney, N Murase, M Chen-Woan, J J Fung, T E Starzl, A J Demetris
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Conventional allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after myeloablation can prevent experimental autoimmunity and has been proposed as treatment for humans. However, trace populations of donor hematolymphoid cells persisting in solid organ allograft recipients have been associated in some circumstances with therapeutic effects similar to replacement of the entire bone marrow. We therefore examined whether inducing hematolymphoid microchimerism without myeloablation could confer the ability to resist mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced autoimmunity. Brown-Norway (BN) rats were pretreated with a syngeneic or allogeneic bone marrow infusion under transient FK506 immunosuppression before receiving HgCl2. They were compared with BN rats receiving either no pretreatment (naive) or FK506 alone. Administration of HgCl2 to naive BN rats induced marked autoantibody production, systemic vasculitis and lymphocytic infiltration of the kidneys, liver and skin in all of the animals and a 47% mortality. In contrast, BN rats pretreated with HgCl2-resistant allogeneic Lewis bone marrow and transient FK506 showed less clinical disease and were completely protected from mortality. More specifically, IgG anti-laminin autoantibody production was decreased by 40% (P < 0.05), and there was less histopathological tissue injury (P < 0.005), less in vitro autoreactivity (P < 0.05), less of an increase in class II MHC expression on B cells (P < 0.01), and 22% less weight loss (P < 0.01), compared with controls. Protection from the experimental autoimmunity was associated with signs of low grade activation of the BN immune system, which included: increased numbers of circulating B and activated T cells before administration of HgCl2, and less autoreactivity and spontaneous proliferation in vitro after HgCl2.
Plasma levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p55 and p75 in patients with alcoholic liver disease of increasing severity
Authors: Sylvie Naveau, Dominique Emilie, Axel Balian, Liliane Grangeot-Keros, Eric Borotto, Alain Portier, Vincent Giraud, Frédérique Capron, Pierre Galanaud, Jean-Claude Chaput
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Substantia Nigra Volume Loss Before Basal Forebrain Degeneration in Early Parkinson Disease
Authors: David A. Ziegler, Julien S. Wonderlick, Paymon Ashourian, Leslie A. Hansen, Jeremy C. Young, Alex J. Murphy, Cecily K. Koppuzha, John H. Growdon, Suzanne Corkin
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2012)

To test the hypothesis that degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) precedes that of the cholinergic basal forebrain (BF) in Parkinson disease (PD) using new multispectral structural magnetic resonance (MR) imaging tools to measure the volumes of the SNc and BF.Matched case-control study.The Athinoula A. Martinos Imaging Center at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the Massachusetts General Hospital/MIT Morris Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson Disease Research.Participants included 29 patients with PD (Hoehn and Yahr [H&Y] stages 1-3) and 27 matched healthy control subjects.We acquired multiecho T1-weighted, multiecho proton density, T2-weighted, and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences from each participant. For the SNc, we created a weighted mean of the multiple echoes, yielding a single volume with a high ratio of contrast to noise. We visualized the BF using T2-weighted FLAIR images. For each participant, we manually labeled the 2 structures and calculated their volumes.Relative to the controls, 13 patients with H&Y stage 1 PD had significantly decreased SNc volumes. Sixteen patients with H&Y stage 2 or 3 PD showed little additional volume loss. In contrast, the BF volume loss occurred later in the disease, with a significant decrease apparent in patients having H&Y stage 2 or 3 PD compared with the controls and the patients having H&Y stage 1 PD. The latter group did not differ significantly from the controls.Our results support the proposed neuropathological trajectory in PD and establish novel multispectral methods as MR imaging biomarkers for tracking the degeneration of the SNc and BF.
Anatomy of Schizophrenia
Authors: Leston L. Havens
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Surely no other term in medicine rivals schizophrenia in the amount of confusion and despair it provokes. One of the great mystery stories of modern medicine, it is a story full of clues, rich in suspects, littered with victims, and with as yet no solution. The police as usual are busy but not impressive and the Sherlock Holmeses on the case offer divided counsel. There is considerable suspicion that the damage represents the work of not one person but a gang. Osler once remarked that the physician who treats himself has a fool for a patient. But in matters psychiatric we are all, now and then, our own doctors, and perhaps often fools. The anxieties, sadnesses, slips, and misbehaviors of everyday life seldom bring us to a psychiatrist any more than we get a neurosurgeon for a hangover. But they do put us in touch with the<i>materials</i>of psychiatric
Haemodialysis‐associated anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions
Authors: D. G. Ebo, J. L. Bosmans, M. M. Couttenye, W. J. Stevens
Journal: Allergy (2006)

Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions related to haemodialysis have been increasingly described for almost 3 decades. The majority of these cases used to occur with ethylene oxide sterilized, and complement‐activating cellulose membranes. However, a considerable number of publications have focused on polyacrylonitrile AN69 ® high flux membranes, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and iron as other important causes of potentially severe haemodialysis‐related anaphylactoid reactions. Clinical manifestations vary considerably and generally do not allow differentiation between IgE‐mediated anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions (e.g. from nonspecific mediator release). Successful management of these patients requires multidisciplinary approach and involves prompt recognition and treatment by the attending physician, and identification of the offending agent(s) with subsequent avoidance of the incriminated compound(s). This review focuses on some major causes of anaphylactoid and anaphylactic reactions during haemodialysis. Special consideration is given to the therapeutic and diagnostic approach.
T cell reactivity in neonates from an East and a West German city – results of the LISA study
Authors: I. Lehmann, A. Thoelke, M. Weiss, U. Schlink, R. Schulz, U. Diez, G. Sierig, F. Emmrich, B. Jacob, P. Belcredi, G. Bolte, J. Heinrich, O. Herbarth, H.E. Wichmann, M. Borte
Journal: Allergy (2002)

Background: Within an ongoing birth cohort study (LISA) the cytokine production of cord blood T cells was compared between neonates from Leipzig (East Germany) and Munich (West Germany). The aim of this study was to analyse regional differences and influencing factors of the immune status. Methods: Cytokine production was measured in a randomly selected subgroup of 158 children from the LISA (Life style – Immune s ystem – Allergy) cohort by intracellular cytokine staining. Information on family “atopy” history (FAH) and home characteristics was obtained from questionnaires. Results: Reduced numbers of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) producing T cells were found in association with biparental FAH and housing renovation during pregnancy. In addition, cytokine production was influenced by season. In Munich, the frequency of biparental FAH and of renovation measures during pregnancy was significantly higher as compared to Leipzig. Neonates from Munich showed significantly decreased amounts of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α and elevated levels of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) producing T cells. Differences in cytokine production between Munich and Leipzig were influenced by season (IL‐4) and housing renovation (IFN‐γ, TNF‐α). Conclusions: Since differences in the T cell cytokine production of neonates in Munich and Leipzig are independent from FAH our findings may provide evidence for the impact of environmental factors upon the fetal immune system.
Context-Dependent Codon Bias and Messenger RNA Longevity in the Yeast Transcriptome
Authors: David B. Carlini
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Context-dependent codon bias and its relationship with messenger RNA (mRNA) longevity was examined in 4,648 mRNA transcripts of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptome for which mRNA half-lives have been empirically determined. Surprisingly, rare codon usage (codons used <13 times per 1,000 codons in the genome) increased with mRNA half-life. However, it is shown that this pattern was not due to preference for rare codon use within codon families containing both rare and nonrare codons. Rather, the pattern was due to an increase in the frequency of amino acids encoded solely by rare codons, and a decrease in the frequency of amino acids never encoded by rare codons, with mRNA half-life. When standardized by open reading frame length, the use of consecutive rare codons was also positively correlated with mRNA half-life. There was negative correlation between the usage of synonymous A|T dinucleotides spanning codon boundaries and mRNA half-life, despite the fact that the frequency of AT dinucleotide usage overall, and AT dinucleotide usage at other codon position contexts (e.g., 1–2, 2–3, or 3|1 total), was not correlated with mRNA half-life. The use of A|T dinucleotides at synonymous dicodon boundaries could potentially allow for more efficient 3′–5′ degradation by endonucleolytic cleavage.
Antibiotic proteins of human neutrophils.
Authors: J K Spitznagel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

IntroductionDespite strenuous opposition, Ilya Metchnikov convinced the scientific world 1 10 years ago that phagocytosis has a major role in immunity to infection (1).' Metchnikov conjectured that phagocytes destroy microbes with their enzymes, or cy- tases as he called them, but proof of this had to wait for new tools.The field moved when Cohn and Hirsch (1) revealed the role of degranulation in phagocytosis.Hirsch described pha- gocytin (1).Spitznagel and Chi (1) and Zeya and Spitznagel (1) showed that phagocytin is not one but an array ofantibacterial proteins, uniquely cationic, associated with cytoplasmic gran- ules, and coated on bacteria during phagocytosis.Klebanoff described the myeloperoxidase (MPO),2 H202, Cl-antimicro- bial system (1), and Gray described the oxidative defect in neutrophils and monocytes of children with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (2).The duality of the killing mecha- nisms, oxygen independent and oxygen dependent, and the association of many of their components with cytoplasmic granules became accepted.I deal here with one aspect of research on oxygen-independent mechanisms, the antibiotic proteins of human neutrophils.These proteins comprise at least three structurally different families that share the capacity to kill bacteria independent of oxygen and evidently, contrary to Metchnikov's conjecture, to do so independent of enzymic action. Current definition ofantibiotic proteinsSeven proteins associated with the azurophil granules of human neutrophils are currently in center stage owing to their potent antibioticlike actions (see Table I).
High Blood Cholesterol in Elderly Men and the Excess Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Susan M. Rubin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Objective: To determine whether high blood cholesterol is an important risk factor for mortality from coronary heart disease in elderly men. Design: Cohort study with a mean follow-up of 10.1 years. Setting: A health maintenance organization. Patients: The cohort included 2746 white men 60 to 79 years of age who had no self-reported history of coronary heart disease. Measurement and Main Results: A total of 260 deaths occurred during 27 842 person-years of follow-up. The relative risk for mortality from coronary heart disease in men 60 to 79 years of age in the highest serum cholesterol quartile was 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.0) compared with those in the three lower quartiles combined. The relative risk did not change greatly with age, ranging from 1.4 in men 60 to 64 years of age to 1.7 in men 75 to 79 years of age. However, because mortality from coronary heart disease increased with age, the excess risk for such mortality attributable to elevated serum cholesterol levels increased fivefold over these 20 years, from 2.2 deaths per 1000 person-years to 11.3 deaths per 1000 person-years. Conclusions: Our results support those of other observational studies in elderly men. If treatment of high blood cholesterol is as effective in reducing cholesterol-related risk for coronary heart disease after 65 years of age as it is in middle-aged men, it might actually produce greater reductions in mortality due to coronary heart disease. A clinical trial is needed to confirm this extrapolation.
Zuma's trial leaves confused messages on AIDS
Authors: Pat Sidley
Journal: BMJ (2006)

South Africa's former deputy president, Jacob Zuma, was found not guilty of charges of having raped an HIV positive family friend—but the case has left in its wake further confusion around HIV/AIDS in the country.

Mr Zuma has a great deal of support in South Africa, as was shown by the thousands of people celebrating in the streets on Monday when he was acquitted. He still stands a chance of becoming the country's next president.

Mr Zuma was forced to relinquish his post as deputy president of the country when he was charged with corruption (which comes to court later this year) and then had to suspend himself from active duty as the deputy president of the ruling …
Molecular mechanism of PPARα action and its impact on lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Michal Pawlak, Philippe Lefebvre, Bart Staels
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging, together with PPARγ and PPARβ/δ, to the NR1C nuclear receptor subfamily. Many PPARα target genes are involved in fatty acid metabolism in tissues with high oxidative rates such as muscle, heart and liver. PPARα activation, in combination with PPARβ/δ agonism, improves steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in pre-clinical models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, identifying a new potential therapeutic area. In this review, we discuss the transcriptional activation and repression mechanisms by PPARα, the spectrum of target genes and chromatin-binding maps from recent genome-wide studies, paying particular attention to PPARα-regulation of hepatic fatty acid and plasma lipoprotein metabolism during nutritional transition, and of the inflammatory response. The role of PPARα, together with other PPARs, in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis will be discussed in light of available pre-clinical and clinical data.
Lesson of the week: Incompatible plasma transfusions and haemolysis in children
Authors: J K M Duguid, J Minards, P H B Bolton-Maggs
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Blood group compatibility must be observed when transfusing plasma or platelets to children to avoid haemolysis

Clinici ans are aware of the hazards of transfusing incompatible red cells, which can lead to fatal haemolytic transfusion reactions as a result of the patient's red cell antibodies reacting with the donor's red cell antigens. Different considerations have to be given to the transfusion of plasma and platelets, which do not contain red cell antigens but do contain donors' ABO group antibodies. Plasma from group O donors contains both A and B antibodies and is therefore potentially incompatible for groups A, B, and AB patients. Immune haemolysis of a patient's red cells may result from the use of plasma or platelets that are not identical for ABO, and this can cause morbidity and complicate recovery and investigation. We report three cases of delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions resulting from the infusion of group O platelets or plasma to patients of group A or AB.

Case1— A 5week old baby boy had cardiac surgery. His blood group was A RhD positive. During surgery A RhD positive red cells and fresh frozen plasma were transfused with group …
The Causation of Chloroform Syncope
Authors: L. Hill
Journal: BMJ (1897)

The whole endeavour of this paper is directed towards establishment of the true pathological cause of chloroform syncope, and the controversion of one of the most pernicious and dangerous doctrines ever put before the medical sion.This doctrine, so long received by many with credence, is that chloroform kills by paralysing the respiratory centre.
Cholestatic Hepatitis Caused by Esters of Erythromycin and Oleandomycin
Authors: Fred I. Gilbert
Journal: JAMA (1962)

ERYTHROMYCIN is derived from a strain of Streptomyces and belongs to the macrolide family of antibiotics which includes triacetyloleandomycin. Erythromycin was introduced in 1952. Erythromycin propionate was introduced in September, 1958. Its lauryl sulfate salt has been named erythromycin estolate. The manufacturer estimates that some 15 million courses of therapy with this drug have been given since its introduction, with only 33 cases of jaundice having been reported as directly or indirectly attributable to the drug. Kuder, in reviewing 20,525 cases, noted that erythromycin propionate caused some type of gastrointestinal symptomatology in 5.7% of patients, whereas the lauryl sulfate salt of this drug (erythromycin estolate) caused only 2% to have gastrointestinal symptoms. In both instances, the gastrointestinal symptoms constituted the major side effects, with nausea leading the list. No jaundice or hepatitis was reported in this series. He also observed that of 69 patients less than one month of age