tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tackling risk compensation - a psycho-physical approach to measuring behaviour change
Authors: A McIntosh, C Caponecchia, J Usman
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Risk compensation theory has been used to explain why safety interventions in sport, such as personal protective equipment, are not as successful as predicted. As an example, it has been postulated that rugby union players wearing padded headgear may change their behaviour and tackle more forcefully because they perceive their injury risk to be reduced by headgear. Studies of risk compensation have often relied on self reported behaviour. In rugby football, players have reported that they can tackle harder and play more confidently while wearing headgear, however tackle force has not been measured. Objective To assess risk compensating behaviour using a psycho-physical model. Design A repeated measures design was applied to study the effect of wearing padded headgear on tackle force. Setting Community level adult rugby union football. Participants 98 players, mean age 25 years, participated in the study. Intervention Standard padded headgear. Main outcome measurements The force applied by the dominant shoulder was measured using an instrumented 45 kg tackle bag. Each participant completed six tackles. Demographic data and responses to standard surveys of risk perception were completed by each participant. Results No significant difference was observed for tackle force with (mean=2025 N, SD=695 N) and without headgear (mean=1996, SD=728 N). No significant differences were observed for headgear use when examining effects of age, experience, risk propensity and belief regarding headgear effectiveness. A significant main effect of experience on tackle force was observed (p=0.029). Conclusion Risk compensating behaviour may not be as prevalent as has been postulated and, in this context, self reported behaviour may not be a reliable guide to actual behaviour. Sports behaviours can be measured with appropriate psycho-physical methods. Closer scrutiny of the effectiveness of sports injury interventions is warranted and/or evidence of behavioural change.
Depolarization-induced movement of Mn 2 cations across the cell membrane in the guinea pig myocardium.
Authors: J F Delahayes
Journal: Circulation Research (1975)

The effects of Mn-2+-containing solutions on the mechanical and electrical responses of myocardial tissue were studied on guinea pig ventricular strips. At a concentration of 10 mM, Mn-2+ abolished the twitch responses and caused the development of a contracture in stimulated preparations but not in resting or in Ca-2+-depleted preparations. The duration of action potentials was shortened, and dV/dt-max was decreased. In Ca-2+-depleted (0.1 mM), Mg-2+-free medium, Mn-2+ also increased the amplitude of the overshoot; the increase was due to a slow phase of depolarization. Measurement of the Mn-2+ uptake showed an increased influx of these ions in stimulated preparations compared with that in quiescent preparations. These results suggest that Mn-2+ (1) generates a transmembrane current in guinea pig myocardial cells and (2) interferes with the excitation-contraction coupling process at two levels: the cell membrane and an intracellular site.
Evidence for rapid rapid mobilization of platelets from the spleen during intensive plateletpheresis
Authors: Edward J. Lee, Charles A. Schiffer
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Abstract The role of the spleen as a reservoir capable of adding platelets to the circulating blood cells has been well documented in animals but poorly documented in humans. As part of a program of platelet cryopreservation, we have intensively plateletpheresed a group of patients with acute leukemia in remission who had undergone splenectomy. The results of the 64 plateletphereses in these 11 patients (average platelet yield 4.2 × 10 11 ± 2.4, range 1.2‐12.4) were compared with 50 consecutive plateletphereses in nonsplenectomized leukemia patients (average yield 4.9 × 10 11 ± 3.2, range 2.1‐18.3) and 50 consecutive plateletphereses in normal donors (average yield 3.8 × 10 11 ± 1.4, range 1.7‐7.6). There was no difference in the prepheresis platelet counts among the three groups. Plateletphereses were done in 1.5‐3 hr by intermittent flow differential cell centrifugation technique. The expected platelet yield was calculated by multiplying the pre‐platelet count –(pre‐hct/post‐hct × post plt count) by the estimated blood volume (70 ml/per kg body weight). The mean ratios of the observed platelet yield to expected platelet yield were similar for the nonsplenectomized leukemia patients (mean ratio = 1.32 ± 0.50, range 0.73‐3.04) and normal donors (mean ratio = 1.31 ± 0.49, range 0.52‐2.9), implying mobilization of platelets from outside of the blood pool. In contrast, in the splenectomy group, the mean ratio (0.76 ± 0.32, range 0.31‐2.9) was significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001). These data indicate that there is replenishment of the circulating platelet pool by the spleen in response to the rapid removal of platelets.
Book: The Demon in the Freezer
Authors: F. Charatan
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Richard Preston Random House, $24.95, pp 233 ISBN 0375508562 www.atrandom.com Due to be published in the UK in January 2003 by Headline Books, £16.99, ISBN 0 7553 1217 1 Rating:![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> Richard Preston, a writer for the New Yorker since 1985 and the only non-doctor ever to have received the US Centers for Disease Control's Champion of Prevention award, tells the riveting story of the current threat of biological weapons. He begins with the anthrax attacks, the first largescale bioterror event … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Weighing in on Type 2 Diabetes in the Military
Authors: Robert M. Paris, Sheryl A. Bedno, Margot R. Krauss, Lisa W. Keep, Mark V. Rubertone
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVES—Current incidence trends in type 2 diabetes portend a significant public health burden and have largely been attributed to similar trends in overweight and physical inactivity. Medical surveillance of the U.S. military indicates that the incidence of all types of diabetes is similar to that in the civilian population (1.9 vs. 1.6 cases per 1,000 person-years) despite weight and fitness standards. Differences in the common determinants of diabetes have not been studied in the military population, which may provide novel clues to the increasing incidence of diabetes in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A case-control study, 4-to-1 matched for age, sex, entry date, time in service, and service component (e.g., Army, Navy), was used to describe the association of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and BMI and blood pressure at entry into military service with the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS—Increased BMI (adjusted odds ratio, 3.0 for the ≥30 kg/m2 vs. ≤20 kg/m2 categories and 2.0 for the 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 category, compared with the reference category), African-American (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0) and Hispanic origin (adjusted odds ratio, 1.6) compared with white race and rank (adjusted odds ratio for junior enlisted versus officers, 4.1) were all associated with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS—Individuals with type 2 diabetes in the U.S. military have risk factors similar to the general U.S. population. Because diabetes is a preventable disease, it is of concern that it is occurring in this population of younger and presumably more fit individuals. This has significant implications for the prevention of diabetes in both military and civilian populations.
Macrophage scavenger receptor CD36 is the major receptor for LDL modified by monocyte-generated reactive nitrogen species
Authors: Eugene A. Podrez, Maria Febbraio, Nader Sheibani, David Schmitt, Roy L. Silverstein, David P. Hajjar, Peter A. Cohen, William A. Frazier, Henry F. Hoff, Stanley L. Hazen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

The oxidative conversion of LDL into an atherogenic form is considered a pivotal event in the development of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have identified reactive nitrogen species generated by monocytes by way of the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-nitrite (MPO-H2O2-NO2–) system as a novel mechanism for converting LDL into a high-uptake form (NO2-LDL) for macrophages. We now identify the scavenger receptor CD36 as the major receptor responsible for high-affinity and saturable cellular recognition of NO2-LDL by murine and human macrophages. Using cells stably transfected with CD36, CD36-specific blocking mAbs, and CD36-null macrophages, we demonstrated CD36-dependent binding, cholesterol loading, and macrophage foam cell formation after exposure to NO2-LDL. Modification of LDL by the MPO-H2O2-NO2– system in the presence of up to 80% lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) still resulted in the conversion of the lipoprotein into a high-uptake form for macrophages, whereas addition of less than 5% LPDS totally blocked Cu2+-catalyzed LDL oxidation and conversion into a ligand for CD36. Competition studies demonstrated that lipid oxidation products derived from 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine can serve as essential moieties on NO2-LDL recognized by CD36. Collectively, these results suggest that MPO-dependent conversion of LDL into a ligand for CD36 is a likely pathway for generating foam cells in vivo. MPO secreted from activated phagocytes may also tag phospholipid-containing targets for removal by CD36-positive cells.
China's Air Quality Dilemma
Authors: Francesca Dominici, Murray A. Mittleman
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
A juxta-membrane epitope on the human acetylcholine receptor recognized by T cells in myasthenia gravis.
Authors: G C Harcourt, N Sommer, J Rothbard, H N Willcox, J Newsom-Davis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

T cell proliferative responses to synthetic peptides taken from the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) alpha-chain sequence, or to whole AChR purified from electric fish (Torpedo marmorata), have been studied, using blood, thymus, and lymph node cells, from 34 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and 17 controls mostly with other neurological diseases. Peptides were selected because they contained amino acid motifs that recur in most defined T cell epitopes. Peptide 257-269 (from the extracellular loop of the AChR alpha-chain between the second and third trans-membrane domains) stimulated cells from six patients and no controls. Peptides from region 125-143 (from the main extracellular 1-210 stretch), which is thought to be an important T cell epitope in rats, provoked responses in 26% of patients and 41% of controls. Two patients responded both to these peptides and to peptide 257-269, thereby implying some heterogeneity of their reacting T cells. Whereas the initial blood T cell samples sometimes responded both to Torpedo AChR and to the 125-143 peptides, T cell lines selected with either antigen subsequently showed no response to the other. This observation suggests that it may be essential to use human AChR sequences for studying truly autoreactive T cells in MG. Finally, no strong association was found between any of the responses to peptides and the HLA types of the responding individuals.
High Prevalence of Idiopathic Bile Acid Diarrhea Among Patients With Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Based on Rome III Criteria
Authors: Imran Aziz, Saqib Mumtaz, Hassan Bholah, Fahmid U. Chowdhury, David S. Sanders, Alexander C. Ford
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2015)
Erectile Dysfunction Predicts Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients Receiving Telmisartan, Ramipril, or Both
Authors: Michael Böhm, Magnus Baumhäkel, Koon Teo, Peter Sleight, Jeffrey Probstfield, Peggy Gao, Johannes F. Mann, Rafael Diaz, Gilles R. Dagenais, Garry L.R. Jennings, Lisheng Liu, Petr Jansky, Salim Yusuf
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Although erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis, it is not known whether the presence of ED is predictive of future events in individuals with cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether ED is predictive of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes, and because inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in high-risk patients reduces cardiovascular events, we also tested the effects on ED of randomized treatments with telmisartan, ramipril, and the combination of the 2 drugs (ONTARGET), as well as with telmisartan or placebo in patients who were intolerant of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (TRANSCEND).In a prespecified substudy, 1549 patients underwent double-blind randomization, with 400 participants assigned to receive ramipril, 395 telmisartan, and 381 the combination thereof (ONTARGET), as well as 171 participants assigned to receive telmisartan and 202 placebo (TRANSCEND). ED was evaluated at baseline, at 2-year follow-up, and at the penultimate visit before closeout. ED was predictive of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21 to 2.81, P=0.005) and the composite primary outcome (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.94, P=0.029), which consisted of cardiovascular death (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.29, P=0.016), myocardial infarction (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.58, P=0.017), hospitalization for heart failure (HR 1.2, 95% CI 0.64 to 2.26, P=0.563), and stroke (HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.9, P=0.742). The study medications did not influence the course or development of ED.ED is a potent predictor of all-cause death and the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure in men with cardiovascular disease. Trial treatment did not significantly improve or worsen ED.URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT 00153101.
Mitral Valvular Disease
Authors: WILLIAM C. ROBERTS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

The mitral valve is the most complex of the cardiac valves. Its leaflets are unequal in size: one is continuous with the left atrial endocardium and the other with the aorta. The valve contains about 120 chordae tendineae connecting the leaflets to myocardial pillars (papillary muscles), which in turn are continuous with the left ventricular free wall. It has only a partial anulus fibrosis (only at the base of the posterior mitral leaflet). Since the mitral valve connects with the left atrial wall via the mural endocardium, conditions affecting this chamber also may affect mitral function. This review surveys conditions involving the mitral anulus, leaflets, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and left ventricular free wall that may cause this valvular orifice to be either stenotic or incompetent, or both.
Interferon gamma production by natural killer (NK) cells and NK1.1+ T cells upon NKR-P1 cross-linking.
Authors: H Arase, N Arase, T Saito
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune response by producing interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) as well as exhibiting cytotoxic function. IFN-gamma produced by NK cells has been suggested to be involved in differentiation of T helper cells. On the other hand, the NKR-P1 molecule was recently identified as one of the important NK cell receptors, and it recognizes certain kinds of oligosaccharides on target cells and triggers NK cells for cytotoxicity. In the present study, we found that NK cells produce great amounts of IFN-gamma upon cross-linking of the NKR-P1 molecule. In contrast, stimulation of NK cells with IL-2 induced proliferation without producing IFN-gamma. Similar to NK cells, NK1.1+ T cells also produced IFN-gamma upon NKR-P1 cross-linking. NK1.1+ T cells produced IFN-gamma but not interleukin 4 (IL-4) upon NKR-P1 cross-linking, whereas they secreted both IFN-gamma and IL-4 upon T cell receptor cross-linking. These results indicate that NKR-P1 is a receptor molecule on NK and NK1.1+ T cells that induces not only cytotoxicity but also IFN-gamma production. Our findings provide a new pathway for IFN-gamma production by NK and NK1.1+ T cells through NKR-P1 molecules; it may be essential for immune regulation.
Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study
Authors: W. B. Kannel
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Based on 20 years of surveillance of the Framingham cohort relating subsequent cardiovascular events to prior evidence of diabetes, a twofold to threefold increased risk of clinical atherosclerotic disease was reported. The relative impact was greatest for intermittent claudication (IC) and congestive heart failure (CHF) and least for coronary heart disease (CHD), which was, nevertheless, on an absolute scale the chief sequela. The relative impact was substantially greater for women than for men. For each of the cardiovascular diseases (CVD), morbidity and mortality were higher for diabetic women than for nondiabetic men. After adjustment for other associated risk factors, the relative impact of diabetes on CHD, IC, or stroke incidence was the same for women as for men; for CVD death and CHF, it was greater for women. Cardiovascular mortality was actually about as great for diabetic women as for diabetic men.
Modulating Tumor Vasculature through Signaling Inhibition to Improve Cytotoxic Therapy
Authors: Amit Maity, Eric J. Bernhard
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The tumor microenvironment is a key factor in cancer treatment response. Recent work has shown that changes in the tumor vasculature can be achieved by inhibiting tumor cell signaling, resulting in enhanced tumor oxygenation. These changes could promote responses to both chemo- and radiation therapy. Cancer Res; 70(6); 2141–5
Laparoscopy Compared With Laparotomy for Comprehensive Surgical Staging of Uterine Cancer: Gynecologic Oncology Group Study LAP2
Authors: Joan L. Walker, Marion R. Piedmonte, Nick M. Spirtos, Scott M. Eisenkop, John B. Schlaerth, Robert S. Mannel, Gregory Spiegel, Richard Barakat, Michael L. Pearl, Sudarshan K. Sharma
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

The objective was to compare laparoscopy versus laparotomy for comprehensive surgical staging of uterine cancer.
Sequential Changes of Surfactant Phosphatidylcholine in Hyaline-Membrane Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Sue A. Shelley, Miroslav Kovacevic, June E. Paciga, John U. Balis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

Although reduced levels of lung surfactant are known to predispose to hyaline-membrane disease, the role of biochemical changes in surfactant composition has not been defined. We found that surfactant isolated from pharyngeal and tracheal aspirates of newborns with hyaline-membrane disease had a distinctly different phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition from surfactant of control infants. Surfactant phosphatidylcholine from newborns with hyaline-membrane disease had a lower percentage of palmitic acid and higher percentages of the 18-carbon and 20-carbon fatty acids, irrespective of gestational age. Evaluation of serial aspirates for 18 days revealed that in hyaline-membrane disease the surfactant phosphatidylcholine fatty acids followed a predictable pattern of change, gradually becoming similar to those of the control group. Evaluation of surfactant from tracheal and pharyngeal aspirates effectively monitors the biochemical maturation of the surfactant system in hyaline-membrane disease. (N Engl J Med 300:112–116, 1979)
Pharmacotherapy for Prehypertension — Mission Accomplished?
Authors: Heribert Schunkert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Prehypertension, defined as the blood-pressure range of 120 to 139 mm Hg systolic or 80 to 89 mm Hg diastolic, is present in about 70 million Americans.1,2 The condition heralds arterial hypertension and thus may be considered a starting point in the cardiovascular disease continuum. Because of its high prevalence and long-term complications, prehypertension has been estimated to decrease the average life expectancy by as much as five years.35 Unfortunately, current preventive strategies, although admirable from both individual and societal perspectives, are weak.In this issue of the Journal, the investigators of the Trial of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY) . . .
Vasopressin in Asystolic Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Kevin M. McIntyre
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Cardiac arrest remains a major health problem in the United States and other Western nations. Of the approximately 1000 sudden deaths that occur each day in the United States, it is estimated that as many as 20 to 40 percent result from asystolic cardiac arrest.13 In this issue of the Journal, Wenzel et al.4 demonstrate the success of vasopressin alone and vasopressin followed by epinephrine in refractory asystolic cardiac arrest — an important breakthrough in the science of resuscitation. These advances should be translated into a new standard of care without delay. Medical policymakers should do whatever is necessary . . .
Three genes for lupus nephritis in NZB x NZW mice.
Authors: J G Knight, D D Adams
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

The occurrence of early severe lupus nephritis in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice must depend on the action of at least two dominant or codominant genes (at least one gene from each parent) as neither of the inbred parental strains shows the disorder. Identifying affected animals by antemortem determinations of renal function, we have studied the incidence of the renal disease in 230 (NZB x NZW) x NZW backcross mice (an earlier study) and, in this study, in 150 (NZB x NZW) x NZB backcross mice. The data indicate that the NZB strain contributes only one gene and the NZW strain contributes two genes, or clusters of closely linked genes, to the renal disorder of the F1 hybrid. One of the NZW genes was found to be linked to the H-2 complex. All three genes must be dominant or codominant, as their effect is expressed in the heterozygous state.
THE DESTRUCTION OF GLUCAGON, ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN AND SOMATOTROPIN BY HUMAN BLOOD PLASMA*
Authors: I. Arthur Mirsky, Gladys Perisutti, Neil C. Davis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1959)

Human blood contains an inactive proteolytic enzyme, plasminogen, which may be converted in vitro to its active form, plasmin, either spon- taneously or by the addition of various agents (1).A similar activation is believed to occur in vivo after exposure to a variety of noxious circumstances (2-6).Since plasmin catalyzes the hydrolysis of corticotropin A (7), it is pos- sible that circumstances which induce the acti- vation of plasmin will result also in an increase in the rate of destruction of adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) and other polypeptide hormones.The present study was designed to determine the in vitro hydrolytic action of human blood