tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Public Health &amp;amp; Human Rights: Evidence-Based Approaches
Authors: Daniel M. Fox
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Chromosome Translocation in Peripheral Neuroepithelioma
Authors: Jacqueline Whang-Peng, Timothy J. Triche, Turid Knutsen, James Miser, Edwin C. Douglass, Mark A. Israel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

PERIPHERAL neuroepithelioma (peripheral neuroblastoma) is an uncommon malignant tumor of the peripheral nervous system with a histologic appearance similar to that of classical childhood neuroblastoma.1 2 3 In contrast to neuroblastoma, it typically presents in older children and young adults, it can be associated with peripheral nerves, and it spares the adrenal glands and sympathetic ganglia.We have studied both tumor specimens and tumor-cell lines from two patients with peripheral neuroepithelioma; in each case, we found these karyotypes to include an rcp(11;22)(q24;q12) indistinguishable from the one that has been reported in Ewing's sarcoma.4 , 5 This finding supports the hypothesis that these two entities . . .
Chromosomal Instability Confers Intrinsic Multidrug Resistance
Authors: Alvin J.X. Lee, David Endesfelder, Andrew J. Rowan, Axel Walther, Nicolai J. Birkbak, P. Andrew Futreal, Julian Downward, Zoltan Szallasi, Ian P.M. Tomlinson, Michael Howell, Maik Kschischo, Charles Swanton
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Aneuploidy is associated with poor prognosis in solid tumors. Spontaneous chromosome missegregation events in aneuploid cells promote chromosomal instability (CIN) that may contribute to the acquisition of multidrug resistance in vitro and heighten risk for tumor relapse in animal models. Identification of distinct therapeutic agents that target tumor karyotypic complexity has important clinical implications. To identify distinct therapeutic approaches to specifically limit the growth of CIN tumors, we focused on a panel of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines, previously classified as either chromosomally unstable (CIN(+)) or diploid/near-diploid (CIN(-)), and treated them individually with a library of kinase inhibitors targeting components of signal transduction, cell cycle, and transmembrane receptor signaling pathways. CIN(+) cell lines displayed significant intrinsic multidrug resistance compared with CIN(-) cancer cell lines, and this seemed to be independent of somatic mutation status and proliferation rate. Confirming the association of CIN rather than ploidy status with multidrug resistance, tetraploid isogenic cells that had arisen from diploid cell lines displayed lower drug sensitivity than their diploid parental cells only with increasing chromosomal heterogeneity and isogenic cell line models of CIN(+) displayed multidrug resistance relative to their CIN(-) parental cancer cell line derivatives. In a meta-analysis of CRC outcome following cytotoxic treatment, CIN(+) predicted worse progression-free or disease-free survival relative to patients with CIN(-) disease. Our results suggest that stratifying tumor responses according to CIN status should be considered within the context of clinical trials to minimize the confounding effects of tumor CIN status on drug sensitivity.
Bridging the gap: The developmental aspects of evolution
Authors: Eva Jablonka, Marion J. Lamb
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract The commentaries on Evolution in Four Dimensions reflect views ranging from total adherence to gene-centered neo-Darwinism, to the acceptance of non-genetic and Lamarckian processes in evolution. We maintain that genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and cultural variations have all been significant, and that the developmental aspects of heredity and evolution are an important bridge that can unite seemingly conflicting research programs and different disciplines.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1-deficient mice are protected against ischemic renal injury.
Authors: K J Kelly, W W Williams, R B Colvin, S M Meehan, T A Springer, J C Gutierrez-Ramos, J V Bonventre
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Studies in the rat have pointed to a role for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis. These studies used antibodies, which may have nonspecific effects. We report that renal ICAM-1 mRNA levels and systemic levels of the cytokines IL-1 and TNF-alpha increase 1 h after ischemia/ reperfusion in the mouse. We sought direct proof for a critical role for ICAM-1 in the pathophysiology of ischemic renal failure using mutant mice genetically deficient in ICAM-1. ICAM-1 is undetectable in mutant mice in contrast with normal mice, in which ICAM-1 is prominent in the endothelium of the vasa recta. Mutant mice are protected from acute renal ischemic injury as judged by serum creatinine, renal histology, and animal survival . Renal leukocyte infiltration, quantitated morphologically and by measuring tissue myeloperoxidase, was markedly less in ICAM-1-deficient than control mice. To evaluate whether prevention of neutrophil infiltration could be responsible for the protection observed in the mutant mice, we treated normal mice with antineutrophil serum to reduce absolute neutrophil counts to < 100 cells/mm3. These neutrophil-depleted animals were protected against ischemic renal failure. Anti-1CAm-1 antibody protected normal mice against renal ischemic injury but did not provide additional protection to neutrophil-depleted animals. Thus, ICAM-1 is a key mediator of ischemic acute renal failure likely acting via potentiation of neutrophilendothelial interactions.
The Diagnostic Value Of Specific Ige For Food Allergen, Histamine Release Test And Skin Prick Test In Children With Food Allergy
Authors: K. Nakatani, M. Narita, K. Satsuka, T. Oishi, N. Gocho, T. Fukuie, S. Manki, Y. Tsumura, A. Saito, M. Akashi, H. Watanabe, T. Suda, I. Nomura, M. Ebisawa, A. Akasawa, Y. Ohya
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
Government sets out five year plan for tackling "ticking time bomb" of antibiotic resistance
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The Department of Health has set out a five year strategy for tackling the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance.

In March the chief medical officer, Sally Davies, warned that antimicrobial resistance was a “ticking time bomb” that posed an “apocalyptic” threat similar to that of climate change,1 where deaths from infections could become as common again as they were in the early 19th century. To prevent this, she gave recommendations …
Technicians of the Finite: The Rise and Decline of the Schizophrenic in American Thought, 1840-1960
Authors: Scott D. Jones
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Fullinwider is an associate professor of history at Arizona State University. His stated purpose in writing this book is to "throw some new light" on the development of the concept of schizophrenia in America and "to bring some insight to the way certain underlying social pressures have acted to structure twentieth century thought." He attempts to achieve this purpose by focusing on three metaphors used in earlier medical and psychiatric literature—the schizophrenic as "machine," "savage," and as living a "dream"—and interpreting certain historical data to arrive at a purely philosophical definition of schizophrenia and psychiatry. He argues that the philosophical doctrines on which medicine and psychiatry are based have caused "modern psychiatry" to be "practiced in America" under the guise of "a new demonology." This work, therefore, is not so much a true historical rendering of the development of the concept of schizophrenia in America as it is a "new"
Phosphorylation of Tuberin as a Novel Mechanism for Somatic Inactivation of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Proteins in Brain Lesions
Authors: Sangyeul Han, Túlio M. Santos, Ana Puga, Jenn Roy, Elizabeth A. Thiele, Mia McCollin, Anat Stemmer-Rachamimov, Vijaya Ramesh
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Tuberous sclerosis complex is caused by mutations in tumor suppressor genes TSC1 or TSC2 and is characterized by the presence of hamartomas in many organs. Although tuberous sclerosis complex is a tumor suppressor gene syndrome with classic “second hits” detectable in renal tumors, conventional genetic analysis has not revealed somatic inactivation of the second allele in the majority of human brain lesions. We demonstrate a novel mechanism of post-translational inactivation of the TSC2 protein, tuberin, by physiologically inappropriate phosphorylation, which is specific to tuberous sclerosis complex-associated brain lesions. Additional analysis shows that tissue specificity is due to abnormal activation of the Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in brain but not in renal tumors. These results have widespread implications for understanding the tissue specificity of tumor suppressor gene phenotypes.
Reproduction of Maximal Exercise Performance in Patients with Angina Pectoris Despite Ouabain Treatment
Authors: MANFRED NIEDERBERGER, ROBERT A. BRUCE, RICHARD FREDERICK, FUSAKO KUSUMI, ARTHUR MARRIOTT
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Eight patients with a diagnosis of atherosclerotic heart disease and a history of typical angina pectoris, uncomplicated by cardiac dilatation or heart failure, were studied by means of standardized, symptom-limited treadmill exercise test. Repeatability of such testing was determined during two control tests 1-1.5 hours apart. From two to six days later, the same patients performed two treadmill tests after pulmonary and brachial arterial catheterization. The study design allowed evaluation of the effects of 0.005 mg/kg of ouabain at rest-both supine and standing-and during submaximal and maximal exercise. Measurements were made of oxygen uptake, arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference, heart rate, systemic arterial pressures and pulmonary arterial mean pressure. The ratio of mean systemic to mean pulmonary arterial pressure relative to cardiac output indicated that acute left ventricular dysfunction limited aerobic work. Treatment with ouabain did not significantly change performance or capacity and angina was not alleviated.
Abnormal serum growth hormone response to exercise in juvenile diabetics
Authors: Aage Prange Hansen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

Groups of male nonobese juvenile diabetics with recent onset, short term (1-8 yr), and long-term (12-30 yr) diabetes as well as comparable nondiabetic controls were studied during exercise experiments. The chosen exercise load, 450 kg/min for 20 min never induced changes in serum growth hormone in our nondiabetic control subjects. THE PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF THE STUDY WERE AS FOLLOWS: (a) an immediate high rise in serum growth hormone followed the commencement of exercise in all diabetics. The increase and pattern of serum growth hormone was not related to the duration of the diabetes. (b) The abnormal growth hormone response to exercise in diabetics was observed when the patients were in poor control as well as when they were in clinically excellent control (fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 140 mg/100 ml). (c) However, the abnormal serum growth hormone response was significantly diminished when exceedingly strict control was achieved (fasting blood glucose level between 60 and 100 mg/100 ml). In two of these experiments an entirely normal growth hormone pattern was obtained. (d) The change in serum growth hormone pattern during regulation was totally unrelated to the changes in serum free fatty acid patterns. A normal free fatty acid level and exercise pattern was obtained much earlier during the improved control. (e) Fasting serum growth hormone levels were also significantly raised in the juvenile diabetics irrespective of the diabetes duration. (f) Fasting serum growth hormone levels were also significantly decreased during regulation. Furthermore, a significant correlation between blood glucose and fasting serum growth hormone concentration was established. (g) In the juvenile diabetics a significant increase in serum insulin was observed at the point of time when exercise was concluded.
Thyroid Supplements and Breast Cancer
Authors: Robert E. Hodges
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> From time to time, reports are published suggesting that cancer or other forms of malignant disease may be associated with one type of medication or another. Drs Kapdi and Wolfe suggested a relationship between thyroid supplements for hypothyroidism and breast cancer (236:1124, 1976). They report that patients receiving thyroid supplements not only had a higher incidence of breast cancer than those in the general population, but also that there was a clear-cut increase in the incidence of breast cancer with advancing age (a not unexpected finding), and further, that there was a positive correlation between the duration of therapy with thyroid supplements and the incidence of breast cancer. They quote an article by Levy and Levy (<i>Am Practitioner Digest Treat</i>2:522-526,1951) suggesting that hypothyroidism might have a protective effect against the development of breast cancer. They further speculate that patients who receive thyroid supplements were deprived of
Chromosomal Characteristics and Malignancy of Urothelial Cells From Carcinogen-Treated Rats
Authors: M. Debiec-Rychter, K. Zukowski, C. Y. Wang
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1989)

Epithelial cells of bladders from male Fischer 344 rats that had been treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitro-samine (BBN) or N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) were cultured and examined for chromosomal changes, anchorage independence in vitro, and transplantability in vivo. Numerical but not structural changes of chromosomes were significantly greater in the FANFT group than in the BBN group. Urothelial cell lines that demonstrated prolonged life span and loss of anchorage dependency were established from 14 of those rats, but only nine of them demonstrated tumorigenicity in the nude mouse model. Two of these transplantable cell lines and R4909, a transplantable bladder cell line derived from a 3-methylcholanthrenetreated rat, have normal chromosomes. The present study demonstrates a carcinogen-related chromosome change in the urothelial cells, but the relationship between malignancy and specific chromosomal changes is not clear. [J Natl Cancer Inst 81:361–367, 1989]
Abstract P1-01-31: Axillary Recurrence Rate Is Associated with Sentinel Lymph Node Pathology Protocol
Authors: MJ Bolster, MJ Pepels, P Bult, CA Wauters, RF Schapers, JW Meijer, LJ Strobbe, CL van Berlo, JH Klinkenbijl, T Wobbes, A Voogd, VC. Tjan-Heijnen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background Internationally, there is no consensus on the pathology protocol to be used to examine the sentinel lymph node (SN). At present, therefore, various hospitals use different SN pathology protocols, leading to different SN findings and subsequent surgical treatment strategies. Previously, we reported in a prospective registry study of 4 hospitals in the Netherlands, that ultra-staging led to more axillary lymph node dissections (ALND) (Bolster et al. Ann Surg Oncol 2006). This present study reports follow-up data of the patients who had a negative SN, so patients who did not undergo an additional ALND. The question was, whether ultra-staging and thus fewer patients not undergoing an additional ALND, is effective in that it reduces the risk of relapse. Patients and Methods Patients from 4 hospitals (A, B, C, and D) were prospectively registered when they underwent a SN biopsy because of a cytological or histological proven invasive breast cancer. In hospitals A, B, and C, 3 levels of the SN were examined pathologically, whereas in hospital D at least 7 additional levels were examined. In the absence of apparent metastases with H&amp;E examination, immunohistochemical examination was performed in all 4 hospitals. Patients with a positive SN, including isolated tumor cells, underwent an ALND. This analysis focuses on the SN negative patients, who did not undergo a completion ALND. In all cases a follow-up period of at least 5 years was guaranteed. Primary endpoint was 5-year regional recurrence rate. Results Of 541 patients who underwent a SN procedure, 341 (63%) patients had a negative SN, and did not undergo an ALND. In hospital D fewer patients had a negative SN when compared to patients in hospitals A, B, and C (34% versus 71%, P&amp;lt;0.001). At 5 years follow-up, 9 (2.6%) patients showed a regional lymph node relapse. Five (1.5%) patients had an axillary lymph node recurrence and 4 (1.2%) patients a supraclavicular recurrence. In hospital D none of the patients had a regional recurrence, as compared to 9 (2.9%) cases of recurrence in hospitals A, B, and C. Conclusion We showed that patients who underwent a less intensified SN pathology protocol, with a reduced performance of ALND, had a slightly increased risk of recurrence. However, whether this justifies 37 additional lymph node dissections per every 100 patients can be questioned. Therefore, a SN pathology protocol as is used in most centers nowadays, with on average 3 levels per node, seems to be adequate. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-01-31.
The Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Disorders by Laboratory Methods
Authors: W. James Kuhl, Morris A. Lipton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

IN the twenty-two years since the isolation of the first adrenal steroid, 29 compounds have been identified. Since the discovery and isolation of aldosterone, the identification of steroids other than hydrocortisone in blood and the demonstration of aberrent steroids synthesized by adrenal glands with specific enzymatic defects, the unitarian concept of adrenal-hormone elaboration has become untenable. As a consequence, the assessment of adrenocortical function by any single laboratory test is not possible, and some selection of specific tests is necessary. The physician with a diagnostic problem involving the adrenal cortex now finds himself confronted with an embarrassing variety of laboratory . . .
Additive antianginal effect of verapamil in patients receiving propranolol
Authors: M. Bassan, D. Weiler-Ravell, O. Shalev
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Ten men with stable angina pectoris not fully relieved by optimal doses of propranolol (mean 218 mg daily) were given a single oral dose of 120 mg verapamil or a placebo on alternate mornings; the order of treatment was double blind. Patients had trained in a protocol that precipitated angina after three to six minutes of exercise on a bicycle ergometer. On test days, and with continued propranolol treatment, bicycle exercise was performed just before the administration of verapamil or placebo and hourly thereafter for eight hours. Mean exercise tolerance was 118 seconds greater one hour after verapamil than one hour after placebo (p &lt;0·001), and a significant though somewhat diminished difference of 66 seconds was still present at six hours (p &lt;0·01). Verapamil lowered resting systolic blood pressure by 12 mm Hg (p &lt;0·01) without changing heart rate. None of the 10 patients showed adverse effects from the verapamil-propranolol combination. The results of this study suggest that verapamil is a highly effective antianginal supplement to propranolol.
A 62-Dose, 6-Month Therapy for Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: David L. Cohn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a 62-dose, four-drug, 6-month, and directly observed regimen for treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.An open, nonblinded clinical trial, with intended follow-up of patients for 36 months after the completion of therapy.A metropolitan tuberculosis clinic in a public health department.From March 1981 through April 1989, we enrolled 160 patients with suspected or known tuberculosis; 35 of these patients were excluded from the analysis.Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin were administered daily for 2 weeks; these drugs were then given in higher doses twice weekly for 6 weeks, followed by isoniazid and rifampin twice weekly for 6 weeks, followed by isoniazid and rifampin twice weekly for 18 weeks. A total of 62 doses were administered, and all therapy was directly observed by a nurse or an outreach worker.Of the 125 evaluable patients, 101 (81%) had pulmonary tuberculosis, 7 (6%) had both pulmonary and extrapulmonary involvement, and 17 (13%) had extrapulmonary disease only. Seventy-one (57%) patients had a history of recent alcoholism. There were two relapses (1.6% +/- 2.2%), occurring 6 and 56 months after the completion of therapy. The time at which sputum samples became culture negative in pulmonary patients ranged from 1 to 19 weeks (median, 4.6 weeks); 40% +/- 9.6% of patients were culture-negative after 4 weeks of therapy, 75% +/- 8.5% after 8 weeks, 94% +/- 4.7% after 12 weeks, 97% +/- 3.3% after 16 weeks, and 100% after 20 weeks. Adverse drug reactions included hyperuricemia (greater than 178 mumol/L [3 mg/dL] above normal) secondary to pyrazinamide in 80 patients (64%), twofold or greater elevations of aspartate aminotransferase in 21 patients (17%), 1.5-fold or greater elevations of alkaline phosphatase in 33 patients (27%), cutaneous abnormalities in 8 patients (6%), nausea in five patients (4%), and dizziness in 1 patient (1%).This 62-dose, largely twice-weekly tuberculosis treatment regimen is efficacious and relatively nontoxic and is especially useful for patients in whom directly observed therapy is indicated.
DIFFERENCE IN VENTRICULOATRIAL INTERVALS DURING ENTRAINMENT AND TACHYCARDIA: A SIMPLER METHOD IN DISTINGUISHING SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIAS WITH LONG VENTRICULOATRIAL INTERVALS
Authors: Esteban Gonzalez-Torrecilla, Angel Arenal, Francisco Javier García-Fernández, Miguel Angel Arias, Felipe Atienza, Tomás Datino, Leonardo Atea, Marta Pachón, David Calvo, Angel Miracle
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)