tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Acute bacterial pneumonia in rats increases alveolar epithelial fluid clearance by a tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent mechanism.
Authors: S Rezaiguia, C Garat, C Delclaux, M Meignan, J Fleury, P Legrand, M A Matthay, C Jayr
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

To study the rate and regulation of alveolar fluid clearance in acute pneumonia, we created a model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. To measure alveolar liquid and protein clearance, we instilled into the airspaces a 5% bovine albumin solution with 1.5 microCi of 125I-human albumin, 24 h after intratracheal instillation of bacteria. The concentration of unlabeled and labeled protein in the distal airspaces over 1 h was used as an index of net alveolar fluid clearance. Since there was histologic evidence of alveolar epithelial injury, several methods were used to measure alveolar fluid clearance, including the use of experiments in rats with blood flow and the use of experiments in rats without blood flow, so that movement across the epithelial barrier would be minimized in the latter group. The results with each method were identical. We found that P. aeruginosa pneumonia increased alveolar liquid clearance over 1 h by 48% in studies with blood flow, and by 43% in rats without blood flow, compared with respective controls (P < 0.05). In both studies, this increase was inhibited with amiloride. However, propranolol had no inhibitory effect, thus ruling out a catecholamine-dependent mechanism to explain the increase in alveolar fluid clearance. An antitumor necrosis factor-alpha neutralizing antibody, instilled into the lung 5 min before bacteria, prevented the increase in alveolar liquid clearance in rats with pneumonia (P < 0.05). Also, TNFalpha (5 microg) instilled in normal rats increased alveolar liquid clearance by 43% over 1 h compared with control rats (P < 0.05). In normal rats instilled with TNFalpha, propranolol had no inhibitory effect. In conclusion, gram-negative pneumonia markedly upregulates net alveolar epithelial fluid clearance, in part by a TNFalpha-dependent mechanism. This finding provides a novel mechanism for the upregulation of alveolar epithelial sodium and fluid transport from the distal airspaces of the lung.
Epidemiology of Work Related Diseases
Authors: T C Aw
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Ed J Corbett McDonald BMJ Publishing Group, £49.95, pp 498 ISBN 0727908561

Epidemiology of Work Related Diseases covers topics of interest to epidemiologists, researchers, and occupational health practitioners; and it will also be useful to clinicians, nurses, and other health care professionals who have to deal with queries from patients on whether an ailment might be related to their occupation.

Written by experts in their subjects, the chapters provide up to date information on a wide range of topical occupational health issues, such …
Nonatherosclerotic Causes of Stroke
Authors: Jonathan Levine, Phillip D. Swanson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Twenty-one cases of completed ischemic strokes of unusual causes occurring in patients aged 15 to 45 years are reported. In 17 cases a specific cause was determined. Cases related to hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemias, or hypotension were not considered. In young patients a variety of diseases other than those related to atherosclerosis can present as stroke. These diseases can be classified under the headings of migraine (4 cases), embolic processes (8 cases), vasculitides (4 cases), hematological disorders (1 case), and idiopathic processes (4 cases). In general, they present with sufficient extraneurological signs and symptoms so that attention is directed to the underlying systemic illness. Occasionally, the neurological problem can completely dominate the clinical picture and thereby pose considerable diagnostic difficulties. The differential diagnosis of these conditions is discussed, and selected case reports of stroke related to migraine, atrial myxoma, and idiopathic thrombocytosis are presented. These conditions are often amenable to specific therapy. The need for establishing a specific cause in all cases of stroke is emphasized.
Praise Reform and Start the Litigation?
Authors: M J Graetz, J L Mashaw
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

A tired old lawyer's joke retitles almost any complex reform statute the “Lawyers' and Expert Witnesses' Relief Act of 199 .” To avoid this fate, a statute instituting comprehensive health care reform will have to address a host of difficult legal issues that lie just beneath the surface of President Bill Clinton's proposal for reform. Indeed, although the President's plan is substantively and structurally complex, it is a model of simplicity in comparison with the legal questions it raises. What are the most important legal problems, and how should they be resolved?Remedies for DisputesThe basic cost-containment strategy of . . .
Pediatric Obesity Guidelines Released
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Keeping your top players on the pitch: the key to football medicine at a professional level
Authors: Jan Ekstrand
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

The risk of injury in professional football has been estimated at about 1000 times greater than for typical industrial occupations generally regarded as high risk.1 Hence, prevention of injury in football should be of the utmost importance, and conducting injury surveillance studies is the fundamental first step in the process of prevention.2

The worldwide football organisation Federation of International Football Association (FIFA) and the Union of European Football Association (UEFA) and many national federations have all observed a high risk of injury in football and have initiated and supported research with the aim of avoiding injuries and keeping players on the pitch.

In this issue, you will discover important findings of the UEFA Champions League (UCL) injury study. However, the UCL study is limited to men's professional football in Europe, which is only one part of football over the whole world.

FIFA and its research department, F-Medical Assessment and Research Centre, have carried out many studies of great importance for football overall over a period of 18 years. Two such studies are presented. Bizzini, Junge and Dvorak ( see page 803 ) provide an overview of the development, scientific evaluation and dissemination of FIFA's injury prevention programmes, FIFA 11 and 11 +. In these studies, FIFA has demonstrated how simple exercise-based programmes can decrease the incidence of injuries in youth and amateur players. Further, FIFA has systematically documented all injuries in world football tournaments since 1998. Junge and Dvorak present an overview of these surveys indicating that the injury incidence at matches might be influenced by the playing style, intensity of the match and refereeing ( see page 782 ).

In 2001, UEFA initiated a research project with the aim of reducing the number and severity of injuries …
An epidemic like any other? Rights and responsibilities in HIV prevention
Authors: R. Danziger
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, HIV prevention has been closely associated with the protection of individual human rights. Traditional public health measures such as compulsory testing and isolation have largely been rejected as ineffective in public health terms and inappropriate in the context of human rights protection. HIV prevention has been based instead chiefly on elective measures --information, education, counselling, and voluntary testing. In the past five years there have been important clinical, epidemiological, and social developments in the AIDS epidemic. These changes, combined with a growing recognition of possible weaknesses inherent in a strictly voluntarist approach to HIV prevention, may herald a new approach to AIDS control which places more weight on social responsibility in the context of HIV prevention.
PPARδ and PGC1α act cooperatively to induce haem oxygenase-1 and enhance vascular endothelial cell resistance to stress
Authors: Faisal Ali, Nadira S. Ali, Andrea Bauer, Joseph J. Boyle, Shahir S. Hamdulay, Dorian O. Haskard, Anna M. Randi, Justin C. Mason
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcriptional regulators. PPARdelta has an established role in metabolism, wound healing, and angiogenesis. However, little is known about its function in endothelial homeostasis. We investigated the role of PPARdelta and its co-activator, PPARgamma co-activator 1alpha (PGC1alpha), in vasculoprotection against oxidant-induced injury via induction of haem oxygenase-1.En face confocal microscopy of murine aortas demonstrated that the PPARdelta-selective ligand GW501516 induced endothelial haem oxygenase-1 expression. In vitro PPARdelta ligands induced a significant increase in haem oxygenase-1 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity, resulting in enhanced human endothelial cell protection against cellular stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or leptin. Moreover, adenoviral-mediated overexpression of haem oxygenase-1 increased PPARdelta promoter activity and mRNA levels, amplifying the effect of PPARdelta ligands through a positive feedback loop. Mutation of PPAR response element binding sites in the haem oxygenase-1 promoter/enhancer region revealed haem oxygenase-1 to be a direct PPARdelta target gene. Inhibition of either haem oxygenase-1 or PPARdelta abrogated PPARdelta ligand-induced endothelial cytoprotection. Furthermore, siRNA depletion of PGC1alpha demonstrated that this co-regulator acts as an essential PPARdelta transcriptional co-activator for haem oxygenase-1 induction by PPARdelta ligands and its subsequent cytoprotective actions.We have identified an important relationship between PPARdelta, PGC1alpha, and haem oxygenase-1, demonstrating that haem oxygenase-1 induction plays an important role in cytoprotective actions of PPARdelta ligands in vascular endothelium. In light of the protective effects of haem oxygenase-1 against atherogenesis, we suggest that PPARdelta represents a potentially important therapeutic target in the vasculature.
Molecular responses as indicators of marine pollution: DNA damage and enzyme induction in Limanda limanda and Asterias rubens.
Authors: J M Everaarts, H M Sleiderink, P J den Besten, R S Halbrook, L R Shugart
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

During a survey from 26 August through 13 September 1991, specimens of the flatfish, Limanda limanda (dab), and the asteroid echinoderm Asterias rubens (seastar), were collected at sampling locations along transects radiating into the North Sea from the coastal zone of The Netherlands. In homogenates of liver tissue from male dab and the digestive gland (pyloric caeca) of female seastar, DNA damage (strand breaks) and induction of the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system (MO) were determined. Areas could be described with significantly increased percentages of strand breaks (lower integrity) both in dab and seastar. However, enhanced DNA strand breaks did not correspond with contamination gradients, expressed as concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or polyaromatic hydrocarbons. MO enzyme induction in the hepatic 13,000g fraction of male dab, measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, was significantly enhanced in response to low ambient temperatures. Some evidence was found for the facilitation of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity expressing the enzyme induction in the microsomal fraction of pyloric caeca of seastars, at increasing PCB concentrations. DNA integrity and enzyme induction elucidate the physiologic status and might be indicative for ambient impairment within restricted areas, and not necessarily related to the presence of anthropogenic or xenobiotic substances.
Orthopaedic surgeons and thromboprophylaxis
Authors: R. Collins
Journal: BMJ (1991)

300 ml (300 mg) per bottle.This may be a week's supply for a drug dependent adult, but 20-30 ml can be lethal to a small child.Methadone syrup tastes pleasant enough for children to consume 150-200 ml without complaint.Parents often delay bringing to hospital children who have taken methadone.Drug dependent adults who can tolerate large doses of the drug may assume that a child will "sleep it off," and parents may be deterred from taking a child to hospital because they know that their competence to look after the child will be questioned.We are not trying to imply that methadone users should not have the care of their small children, but some steps must be taken to protect these children.We strongly suggest that it should be a legal requirement that all methadone be prescribed in child resistant plastic bottles.Further, metha- done should be bitter to taste.Finally, very serious consideration should be given to limiting the quantity prescribed at any one time to methadone users who are responsible for small children.
Effects of quinidine on action potentials and ionic currents in isolated canine ventricular myocytes.
Authors: J J Salata, J A Wasserstrom
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

We examined the effects of quinidine (5-20 microM) on transmembrane action potentials and ionic currents of isolated canine ventricular myocytes. Collagenase treatment of canine ventricular tissue produced a yield of 40-60% healthy cells. Myocytes had normal resting and action potentials as measured using conventional microelectrodes. Quinidine decreased Vmax, amplitude, overshoot, and the duration of action potentials stimulated by passage of brief current pulses through the recording pipette. Recovery was complete after washout except that action potential duration was prolonged compared with control. A discontinuous single microelectrode voltage ("switch") clamp was used to measure ionic currents. Quinidine irreversibly reduced steady-state outward current as measured with three different voltage clamp protocols. Quinidine reversibly decreased peak calcium current as well as the slowly inactivating and/or steady-state inward currents in the plateau voltage range, presumably both "late" sodium (tetrodotoxin-sensitive) and calcium (tetrodotoxin-insensitive) currents. The effect on calcium current showed both tonic and use-dependent block. Thus, quinidine has a multitude of actions on both inward and outward currents, which combine to produce the net effect of quinidine on action potential configuration.
Orotic aciduria in two unrelated patients with inherited deficiencies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
Authors: A Cohen, G E Staal, A J Ammann, D W Martin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

The urines of two unrelated children with inherited deficiencies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase have been found to contain significant quantities of orotic acid in addition to the previously reported purine nucleosides. The data are consistent with some cell types of these immunodeficient patients being deplete of pyrophosphoribosylphosphate, a precursor of both purine, and pyrimidine nucleosides. It is suggested that the pyrophosphoribosyl-phosphate-depleted cells may be some component of the thymus-dependent immune system.
INTERLEUKIN-6: From Basic Science to Medicine—40 Years in Immunology
Authors: Tadamitsu Kishimoto
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2004)

▪ Abstract This essay summarizes my 40 years of research in immunology. As a young physician, I encountered a patient with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, and this inspired me to study the structure of IgM. I began to ask how antibody responses are regulated. In the late 1960s, the essential role of T cells in antibody production had been reported. In search of molecules mediating T cell helper function, I discovered activities in the culture supernatant of T cells that induced proliferation and differentiation of B cells. This led to my life's work: studying one of those factors, interleukin-6 (IL-6). To my surprise, IL-6 turned out to play additional roles, including myeloma growth factor and hepatocyte-stimulating factor activities. More importantly, it was involved in a number of diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Castleman's disease. I feel exceptionally fortunate that my work not only revealed the framework of cytokine signaling, including identification of the IL-6 receptor, gp130, NF-IL6, STAT3, and SOCS-1, but also led to the development of a new therapy for chronic inflammatory diseases.
Clinical trials update from the American Heart Association 2006: OAT, SALT 1 and 2, MAGIC, ABCD, PABA‐CHF, IMPROVE‐CHF, and percutaneous mitral annuloplasty
Authors: John G.F. Cleland, Alison P. Coletta, Ahmed Tageldien Abdellah, Mansoor Nasir, Neil Hobson, Nick Freemantle, Andrew L. Clark
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2006)
Public health at risk as aid agencies pull out of Iraq
Authors: U. Tayal
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Four major non-governmental organisations are scaling down their operations in Iraq amid security concerns after the bombings of the UN headquarters and the Jordanian embassy in Baghdad.

The International Committee of the Red Cross, Oxfam, Save the Children, and Merlin have withdrawn their international staff from Baghdad.

“The decision to temporarily withdraw our international staff from Iraq comes from a general insecurity since the end of the war,” said Brendan Cox, a spokesman for Oxfam.

A car bombing of the Jordanian embassy on 7 August killed at least 11 people, and on 19 August a suicide bomb attack on the UN …
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION: A HARBINGER OF DEATH?
Authors: John R. Teerlink, Michael R. Zile, Michel White, Alan B. Miller, Jose Lopez-Sendon, William C. Little, Markus Haass, Inderjit S. Anand, Agata Ptaszynska, Scott J. Hetzel, Michel Komajda, John JV McMurray, Barry M. Massie, Peter E. Carson, I-Preserve Investigators
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Particle deposition in the trachea: in vivo and in hollow casts.
Authors: R B Schlesinger, M Lippmann
Journal: Thorax (1976)

The pattern of deposition within the respiratory tract of potentially harmful particulates is a major factor in assessing any risk from individual and community exposures. Although the trachea is the most easily observed of the conductive airways, very little information concerning its particle collection characteristics is available, information which is essential for a complete and realistic description of particle deposition patterns within the entire respiratory tract. Data on tracheal deposition are also needed for development of accurate predictive models for particle deposition. The pattern of particle deposition in the trachea, and its relation to air flow, was studied in a hollow cast of the human larynx-tracheobronchial tree. Results were compared with data obtained in humans in vivo and from previous studies in hollow casts. In addition, the relevance of tracheal deposition in the hollow cast test system to deposition in vivo was examined by a direct comparison of deposition in a cast prepared from the lungs of donkeys previously studied in a series of in vivo tests. The disturbance of the air flow within the trachea caused by the larynx promoted the deposition of suspended particulates throughout the length of the trachea, and especially in proximal regions. This proximal deposition was due both to direct impaction from the air jet coming from the glottis and to effects of the tubulent flow. Turbulence produced inhomogenous deposition patterns within the trachea for particles of all sizes, although its effect was more pronounced as size decreased. Tracheal deposition in the human cast was within the range of normal in vivo tracheal depostion only when a larynx was used during cast test exposures; this emphasizes the need for the use of realistic experimental test systems for the study of particle deposition patterns. The relative patterns of deposition in casts of the donkey trachea and in the same tracheas in vivo were similar.
THE DEMANDS OF THE CHILD BY VIRTUE OF RIGHT.CHAIRMAN'S ADDRESS BEFORE THE SECTION ON DISEASES OF CHILDREN, AT THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL SESSION OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, AT ATLANTIC CITY, JUNE 7-10, 1904.
Authors: CHARLES GLLMORE KERLEY
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Among mammals, animals of the higher development, helplessness and dependence characterize the state of the young. The duration of the dependence varies with the different types of animal. Until able to care for itself the young mammal's wants are supplied by those responsible for its existence—a duty which is instinctively assumed. For the growth and development of mammals, of which man is the highest type, there must be means of nutrition, and surroundings suitable to the habits of the animal—conditions ordained by Nature, which, when not followed out, invariably produce inferior growth and physical degeneration. The man who breeds a horse for the track, a horse to excel in intelligence and speed, one sound in body and of great endurance, the horse which is to win the Suburban, begins during the animal's fetal life to prepare him for the future. The first step is the proper care of the mother.
A CASE OF MARKED SPLENOMEGALY AND LYMPHOCYTOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH SYPHILIS
Authors: Arch Elkin
Journal: JAMA (1925)

A moderate degree of splenomegaly is a frequent finding during the course of syphilitic infection. Marked splenomegaly is sometimes encountered, and Giffin<sup>2</sup>has reported three such cases which were treated surgically because of absence of improvement under antisyphilitic treatment. Other cases<sup>3</sup>have been reported in which splenomegaly was associated with syphilis accompanied by a clinical picture resembling Banti's disease We have been unable to find in the literature the report of a case similar to the one reported here, in which the clinical picture at first suggested an atypical leukemia, and later Banti's disease, and in which antisyphilitic treatment was attended by marked improvement. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3><h3>History.</h3> —A widowed white man, aged 47, seen Aug. 25, 1924, complained of pains in the left side of the abdomen and chest, and weakness. His father had died at the age of 59 from alcoholism, and his mother had died