tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B Vaccine in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis
Authors: Cladd E. Stevens, Harvey J. Alter, Patricia E. Taylor, Edith A. Zang, Edward J. Harley, Wolf Szmuness
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

We evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax-B) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 1311 patients receiving hemodialysis in the United States. After three doses of vaccine (40 μg each) had been administered, 63 per cent of the patients were antibody-positive. After correction for possible passive transfer of antibodies by blood transfusion, only 50 per cent of vaccine recipients were considered vaccine responders. The incidence of hepatitis B viral infection during the 25 months of the trial was much lower than had been anticipated and was virtually the same in the vaccine and placebo recipients (6.4 and 5.4 per cent, respectively). Four cases of hepatitis B occurred in patients who had an apparent antibody response to the vaccine, but in each case either antibody had reached low or undetectable levels before hepatitis B surface antigen was detected or the patient had been receiving immunosuppressive therapy. This study did not demonstrate the efficacy of the vaccine in a population of patients receiving dialysis in whom both the rate of antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine and the viral attack rate were low. Other measures to control transmission of hepatitis B virus in dialysis units, including surveillance for hepatitis B surface antigen and isolation of patients who are positive for the antigen, must be continued. (N Engl J Med 1984; 311:496–501.)
DNA Methylation and Complete Transcriptional Silencing of Cancer Genes Persist after Depletion of EZH2
Authors: Kelly M. McGarvey, Eriko Greene, Jill A. Fahrner, Thomas Jenuwein, Stephen B. Baylin
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Recent work suggests a link between the polycomb group protein EZH2 and mediation of gene silencing in association with maintenance of DNA methylation. However, we show that whereas basally expressed target cancer genes with minimal DNA methylation have increased transcription during EZH2 knockdown, densely DNA hypermethylated and silenced genes retain their methylation and remain transcriptionally silent. These results suggest that EZH2 can modulate transcription of basally expressed genes but not silent genes that are densely DNA methylated. [Cancer Res 2007;67(11):5097–102]
Mass Treatment to Eliminate Filariasis in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Moses J. Bockarie, Daniel J. Tisch, Will Kastens, Neal D.E. Alexander, Zachary Dimber, Florence Bockarie, Ervin Ibam, Michael P. Alpers, James W. Kazura
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

The global initiative to eradicate bancroftian filariasis currently relies on mass treatment with four to six annual doses of antifilarial drugs. The goal is to reduce the reservoir of microfilariae in the blood to a level that is insufficient to maintain transmission by the mosquito vector.
CATCHING COLD—ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION.
Authors: FAYETTE C. EWING
Journal: JAMA (1897)

I think I may assert without fear of contradiction, that there is no commoner morbid condition to which the human family is subject, than that designated "a cold." People speak of having "caught cold," by which they do not mean that they considered the condition so desirable that they troubled themselves to lay hold on it, but rather, the opposite, whereby the pathologic process inaugurated itself in their systems in spite of their desire and attempt to escape it. Again, almost invariably, the adjective "bad" is prefixed to "cold," so that by common consent we have only "bad colds." All this serves to emphasize a point I wish to make, viz., the absolute fear in which that congestion of various organs resultant from meteorologic conditions is held by the laity. This is not surprising, when we consider that fully three-fourths of the diseases of the respiratory passages, constituting such an
Targeted Expression of Catalase to Mitochondria Prevents Age-Associated Reductions in Mitochondrial Function and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Hui-Young Lee, Cheol Soo Choi, Andreas L. Birkenfeld, Tiago C. Alves, Francois R. Jornayvaz, Michael J. Jurczak, Dongyan Zhang, Dong Kyun Woo, Gerald S. Shadel, Warren Ladiges, Peter S. Rabinovitch, Janine H. Santos, Kitt F. Petersen, Varman T. Samuel, Gerald I. Shulman
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2010)
Cloning and functional characterization of the bile acid-sensitive methotrexate carrier from rat liver cells
Authors: Walther Honscha, Kerstin U. Dötsch, Nadine Thomsen, Ernst Petzinger
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

We have cloned two complementary DNAs (cDNAs), RL-Mtx-1 and RL-Mtx-2, corresponding to the bile acid- sensitive methotrexate carrier from rat liver by direct full-length rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR) using degenerated primers that were deduced from published sequences of tumor cell methotrexate transporters. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and cosM6 cells, both clones mediate methotrexate and bumetanide transport. RL-Mtx-1 consists of 2,445 bp with an open reading frame of 1,536 bp. The corresponding protein with 512 amino acids has a molecular weight of 58 kd. RL-Mtx-2 (2,654 bp) differs by an additional insert of 203 bp. This insert is located in frame at position 1,196 of the RL-Mtx-1 and contains the typical splice junction sites at the 5' and 3' end, indicating that the RL-Mtx-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) is generated by alternative splicing. The insert contains a stop codon that shortens the RL-Mtx-2 protein to 330 amino acids (38 kd). Both cDNAs contain the binding site sequence for the dioxin/nuclear translocator responsive element (Ah/Arnt-receptor) in conjunction with a barbiturate recognition sequence (Barbie box). Preliminary results show that the Barbie box acts as a negative regulatory element. The two liver cDNA clones show homologies to the published sequences of folate and the reduced folate carriers, but no homology is found to the transport systems for organic anions like the Ntcp1, oatp1, OAT-K1, and OAT1. Expression of the mRNA for the methotrexate carrier is found in liver, kidney, heart, brain, spleen, lung, and skeletal muscle, but not in the testis as revealed by Northern blot analysis. The highest abundance of the mRNA is found in the kidney.
Left Atrial Electrokymography in Mitral Insufficiency in Man
Authors: RICHARD D. JUDGE, MELVIN M. FIGLEY, HERBERT E. SLOAN
Journal: Circulation (1958)

The relationship of the left atrial border movements to underlying pressure and volume changes was investigated in individual human subjects with proved mitral insufficiency. Based on these observations, criteria for the recognition of hemodynamically significant mitral insufficiency have been revised. Special emphasis is placed on a rapid inward movement of the atrial wall during the period of early diastolic emptying. Application of these criteria to a group of patients with surgically proved valvular lesions suggests that they are more reliable than those previously described.
Antitumor therapy for congenital skin diseases
Authors: William A. Check
Journal: JAMA (1979)

The first successful treatment of two severe congenital skin diseases has been reported by Edmund Klein, MD, associate chief of the Department of Dermatology at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo. While both diseases are rare, Klein suggests that the method used—administration of extremely low doses of antimitotic agents—may present a new therapeutic approach to proliferative skin diseases, possibly including some forms of cancer. The two genetic diseases are ichythyosis linearis circumflexa (ILC) and poikiloderma congenitale (PC). ILC involves erythematous or "scaly" exfoliations over the whole body surface as does PC. In addition, however, persons with PC have decreased function of apocrine and eccrine glands, reduced pigmentation, telangiectasia leading to angiomas and, in the advanced stages of the disease, ophthalmic and bone problems. The man with ILC received an initial 50-mg dose of cyclophosphamide and three weeks later began to receive 50 mg every three days, which was subsequently reduced to
Diabetes in Asia
Authors: Juliana C. N. Chan, Vasanti Malik, Weiping Jia, Takashi Kadowaki, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, Kun-Ho Yoon, Frank B. Hu
Journal: JAMA (2009)

<h3>Context</h3>With increasing globalization and East-West exchanges, the increasing epidemic of type 2 diabetes in Asia has far-reaching public health and socioeconomic implications.<h3>Objective</h3>To review recent data in epidemiologic trends, risk factors, and complications of type 2 diabetes in Asia.<h3>Evidence Acquisition</h3>Search of MEDLINE using the term diabetes and other relevant keywords to identify meta-analyses, systematic reviews, large surveys, and cohort studies. Separate searches were performed for specific Asian countries. The review was limited to English-language articles published between January 1980 and March 2009; publications on type 1 diabetes were excluded.<h3>Evidence Synthesis</h3>The prevalence of diabetes in Asian populations has increased rapidly in recent decades. In 2007, more than 110 million individuals in Asia were living with diabetes, with a disproportionate burden among the young and middle aged. Similarly, rates of overweight and obesity are increasing sharply, driven by economic development, nutrition transition, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. The “metabolically obese” phenotype (ie, normal body weight with increased abdominal adiposity) is common in Asian populations. The increased risk of gestational diabetes, combined with exposure to poor nutrition in utero and overnutrition in later life in some populations, may contribute to the increasing diabetes epidemic through “diabetes begetting diabetes” in Asia. While young age of onset and long disease duration place Asian patients with diabetes at high risk for cardiorenal complications, cancer is emerging as an important cause of morbidity and mortality.<h3>Conclusions</h3>Type 2 diabetes is an increasing epidemic in Asia, characterized by rapid rates of increase over short periods and onset at a relatively young age and low body mass index. Prevention and control of diabetes should be a top public health priority in Asian populations.
Circadian Dependence of Infarct Size and Left Ventricular Function After ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ronald Reiter, Cory Swingen, Luke Moore, Timothy D. Henry, Jay H. Traverse
Journal: Circulation Research (2011)

Rationale: In rodents, infarct size after ischemia/reperfusion exhibits a circadian dependence on the time of coronary occlusion. It is not known if a similar circadian dependence of infarct size occurs in humans. Objective: To determine if humans exhibit a circadian dependence of infarct size in the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods and Results: A retrospective analysis of 1031 patients with STEMI referred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention with known ischemic times between 1 and 6 hours identified 165 patients with occluded arteries on presentation without evidence of preinfarction angina or collateral blood flow. Both ischemic duration and angiographic area at risk were not dependent on time of infarct onset. We observed that the extent of infarct size measured by creatine kinase release was significantly associated with time of day onset of infarction ( P &lt;0.0001). The greatest myocardial injury occurred at 1:00 am onset of ischemia and 5:00 am onset of reperfusion, with the peak creatine kinase measured at the peak of the curve being 82% higher than that recorded at the trough. Similarly, left ventricular ejection fraction measured within 2 days of infarction was also dependent on time of onset of STEMI with the absolute left ventricular ejection fraction at peak &gt;7% higher than at trough (43% vs 51%; P &lt;0.03). These findings were supported by a subgroup of patients (n=45) who underwent cardiac MRI measurements of infarct size and area-at-risk measurements. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate for the first time in humans that myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function after STEMI have a circadian dependence on the time of day onset of ischemia.
Commentary: The message is in the medium
Authors: R. Milne, D. Sackett
Journal: BMJ (1995)

A growing number of studies have shown that the way in which evidence about a treatment's effectiveness is presented to clinicians affects how they react to it and may (arguably) lead to more rational clinical judgments. In this paper Fahey et al show that members of health authorities, the vast majority of whom are not medically trained, react like doctors to different ways of presenting the same information.

The authors did this by sending a questionnaire to health authority members asking how likely they would be to support the purchasing of two health care programmes, taking into account only the evidence from four “trials.” In each case there was in fact only one study, but the results of that study were presented in four different ways. They found most willingness to support programmes when impact on mortality was expressed as a relative risk reduction and least support when …
Book Review A History of Military Medicine (Contributions in Military Studies. No. 124.) by Richard A. Gabriel and Karen S. Metz. 551 pp. in two volumes, illustrated. New York, Greenwood Press, 1992. $115. 0-313-27746-X
Authors: William H. Crosby
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

A History of Military Medicine. (Contributions in Military Studies. No. 124.) By Richard A. Gabriel and Karen S. Metz. 551 pp. in two volumes, illustrated. New York, Greenwood Press, 1992. $115. ISBN 0-313-27746-X  William Crosby; The New England Journal of Medicine
Chymopapain and Chemonucleolysis
Authors: William R. Halliday
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent MEDICAL NEWS overview of the chymopapain controversy (240:195, 1978) failed to consider an important dimension: the impact of this highly touted but experimental procedure on those of us at the grass roots—medical administrators, family physicians, patients, and investigators alike. In 1973 the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries authorized the investigator groups in Seattle to use chymopapain on its claimants in accord with their overall protocol from Travenol Laboratories. Over the next few years, more than 100 industrial victims of chronic low back pain underwent chemonucleolysis in this state. I was in charge of the follow-up. In my opinion, the reason it got so bad a name and has had so much trouble with the Food and Drug Administration is at least partly exemplified by what happened here. Although our understanding was that the investigators were to screen out patients with serious psychopathology causing,
BCR-ABL enhances differentiation of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Mirle Schemionek, Christian Elling, Ulrich Steidl, Nicole Bäumer, Ashley Hamilton, Tilmann Spieker, Joachim R. Göthert, Martin Stehling, Amy Wagers, Claudia S. Huettner, Daniel G. Tenen, Lara Tickenbrock, Wolfgang E. Berdel, Hubert Serve, Tessa L. Holyoake, Carsten Müller-Tidow, Steffen Koschmieder
Journal: Blood (2010)
P910 IMPACT OF ANEMIA IN VIRAL RESPONSE DURING TRIPLE THERAPY IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
Authors: C. Vinaixa, A. Coilly, M. Garcia, A. Rubin, V. Aguilera, M. Prieto, J.C. Duclos-Vallee, D. Samuel, M. Berenguer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Pharmacologic Restraint vs Therapeutic Intent-Reply
Authors: Philip D. Sloane
Journal: JAMA (1991)

In Reply.  —The thoughtful letter by Pies questions the appropriateness of equating pharmacologic restraint with a standing order for a major or minor tranquilizer or sedative-hypnotic drug. This is certainly a controversial area. As pointed out by Pies and noted in our Comment section, such medications have known therapeutic purposes. Therefore, their use does not necessarily constitute poor medical care.  The difficulty in defining pharmacologic restraint is reflected by the fact that no specific medications or classes of drugs are mentioned in the wording of the Nursing Reform Act in the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1987. Current regulations involve only major tranquilizers, such as haloperidol. There is no doubt, however, that a variety of other medications are prescribed primarily to control patient behaviors and thus can be considered as pharmacologic restraint.1  It must be remembered that in our study, all subjects were nursing home patients with Alzheimer's disease or
PROTRACTED INFLUENZAL PNEUMONIA IN INFANCY.
Authors: FRANK X. WALLS
Journal: JAMA (1901)

While no period of life is exempt from influenza, it has been observed, during the pandemics of grip that have encircled the world, that infants are in a high degree immune from this scourge. During the recent epidemic of December and January, 1900 and 1901, I had under my observation, at the one time and in the same institution, four infants suffering from protracted pneumonia of influenzal origin, which, I trust, are of sufficient interest to present their histories and exhibit some pathologic specimens. It is not my wish to convey the impression that grip in infants usually runs such a protracted course as the cases I present. During this period of life, grip is as protean in all its characteristics as in other life epochs. None the less the simultaneous occurrence of four cases in an institution that shelters sixty to seventy-five babies argues for the great frequency of
Diagnosis of Renal Hypertension
Authors: Albert N. Brest
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Diastolic hypertension is a frequent accompaniment of renal parenchymal and renovascular disease. Numerous developmental, inflammatory, neoplastic, and other acquired lesions may be responsible for diastolic blood pressure elevation. Although renal function may be measured by creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity, phenolsulfonphthalein excretion, and other studies, these various tests of renal functional capacity cannot identify the specific type of renal disorder or its causative relationship to diastolic hypertension. The most satisfactory diagnostic measures are pyelography, kidney biopsy, and renal arteriography. In addition, specific urinary findings may further identify particular lesions. The therapy of renal hypertension must be directed at the underlying pathology whenever possible. Where specific therapy is not available, adequate control of the blood pressure elevation may reduce or arrest the accompanying vascular deterioration.
No evidence for anti-islet autoimmunity in diabetes mellitus associated with chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Ilana Harman-Boehm, Leonid Zingman, Nir Hilzenrat
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

rats treated with acarbose alone showed a 5% body weight reduction as compared with controls.The Phase I enzymes were broadly but moderately induced, especially CYP 2E1, as measured by chlorzoxazone hydroxylation.Epoxide hydrolase was also slightly induced.No indication was found for an induction of oxidative stress or depletion of glutathione by acarbose treatment.In the glucose-supplemented group, no effects were seen on body weight gain.The effects of acarbose on the liver parameters almost completely disappeared.It can be concluded that-even at maximum exposure to acarbose and its metabolites-CYP 2E1 or other subtype-related toxicological effects in SD rats are only mediated by the carbohydrate deficiency in this experimental model.Taking these data into consideration, the question arises whether the effects observed in the rat model under the specific conditions of malnutrition caused by carbohydrate depletion might be relevant for patients under acarbose treatment.Significant body weight reduction or other indicators of malnutrition have never been observed in the large number of clinical trials with healthy and diabetic subjects. 7n a specially designed study, total caloric intake as well as the used portions of fat, protein, and particularly carbohydrate were unaffected by acarbose. 8There was also no relevant caloric loss with feces under acarbose treatment. 9This indicates that, under therapeutic use, acarbose only changed the rate of carbohydrate digestion but not its extent.Therefore, we conclude that a condition corresponding to that in rats treated with high doses of acarbose does not exist in patients.Thus, the potentiation of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by acarbose can be considered as an effect specific to the rat model.An extrapolation of these findings to humans is not supported by the available data.
PHENOXYPROPAZINE AND CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE IN DEPRESSION
Authors: JOHN T. ROSE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1964)

The value of phenoxypropazine in reactive depressions with prominent anxiety was investigated by comparing the effect of phenoxypropazine plus chlordiazepoxide with that of chlordiazepoxide alone on 60 outpatients. The outcome of patients on the combined treatment was good and significantly better than those receiving chlordiazepoxide only. Subjects with a good previous personality responded best to both treatments, more doing so with phenoxypropazine than without. Those with poor personalities showed only a moderate response to the combined treatment and virtually none to chlordiazepoxide alone. It is concluded that phenoxypropazine is an effective antidepressant drug which when given with chlordiazepoxide forms a useful therapy for depressions of a reactive nature.
1305 BERBERINE AMELIORATES HEPATIC INJURY IN MICE ACTING ON THE NALP3 INFLAMMASOME PATHWAY
Authors: E. Vivoli, S. Milani, A. Provenzano, S. Madiai, A. Cappon, E. Novo, C.P. Oliveira, G. Moneti, N. Pecora, M. Parola, F. Marra
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Atrial Tachyarrhythmias After the Maze Procedure
Authors: Yosuke Ishii, Marye J. Gleva, M. Carolyn Gamache, Richard B. Schuessler, John P. Boineau, Marci S. Bailey, Ralph J. Damiano
Journal: Circulation (2004)

The Maze procedure restores normal sinus rhythm in the majority of patients. However, atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATA) are a common early complication after the operation. The purpose of this study was to define the incidence and natural history of ATA after the Maze procedure.Complete medical records from 200 patients who underwent the Maze procedures (I, II, and III) from 1987 to 2002 were examined for all episodes of early postoperative ATA that occurred during the first 30 days after the procedure. Two electrophysiologists independently reviewed all postoperative 12-lead electrocardiograms.ATA occurred in 86 patients (43%) after the Maze procedure. Of the patients with ATA, 59% had atrial fibrillation (AF), 14% had atrial flutter (AFL), and 27% had both AF and AFL. Of the patients with AF or AFL, 20% and 5%, respectively, also had episodes of atrial tachycardia and supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. The peak incidence of early postoperative ATA was on postoperative day 8. The average duration of ATA was 5.7+/-5.0 days. Late recurrence of AF (>1 year postoperatively) occurred in 7.0% of patients who had early postoperative ATA and 8.8% of patients without early postoperative ATA (P=0.8).ATA occurred in 43% of patients after the Maze procedure. The tachyarrhythmias occurred primarily within 8 days after surgery and resolved within 3 weeks in almost all patients. There was no relationship between the incidence of early postoperative ATA and the late recurrence of AF.