tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on heart rate in relation to vagal cardioacceleration in conscious dogs
Authors: A Roossien
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Objective: The vagal cardiac accelerator (VCA) system takes part in the nervous control of the heart rate. In the present study we tried to adduce evidence that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) contributes to vagally induced cardioacceleration. Methods: The effect of VIP on heart rate and arterial blood pressure was investigated after unmasking the inherent VCA activity by blocking the sympathetic accelerator and vagal decelerator influences on heart rate in conscious dogs. Results: Following intravenous administration of VIP (10 μg i.v.) the heart rate increased by 43.6±6.7 (28.1±4.7%), from 165.6±8.5 to 209.1±7.0 beats/min (P<0.001) and the mean arterial blood pressure decreased by 47.5±3.2 (37.9±3.0%), from 126.6±2.6 to 79.1±4.9 mmHg (P<0.001) (n=11). After VCA activity was reflexly enhanced by α1-adrenoceptor stimulation with methoxamine, VIP increased heart rate by 36.9±7.3 (21.5±4.6%), from 179.8±5.2 to 216.7±5.8 beats/min (P<0.001) and decreased mean arterial pressure by 79.1±6.4 (46.7±3.5%), from 168.2±4.1 to 89.1±5.0 mmHg (P<0.001). Hence, the VIP-induced tachycardia, expressed in relative values, shows a significant attenuation after the administration of methoxamine (P<0.05). The increase in heart rate induced by VIP appeared to be inversely related to the prevailing VCA activity, both before (r=−0.744, P=0.009) and after methoxamine (r=−0.689, P=0.019). The VIP-induced tachycardia is certainly not reflexly induced by the fall in arterial pressure, because intracoronary administration of VIP (0.5 μg i.c.) caused an appreciable increase in the heart rate by 63.7±13.0 (46.4±10.4%), from 143.0±8.1 to 208.7±12.0 beats/min (P<0.005), whereas the mean arterial pressure only slightly changed (−7.7±2.0 mmHg) (P<0.05) (n=6). In addition, VIP (10 μg i.v.) also caused a tachycardia in vagotomized dogs with blocked β-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors. The administration of the VIP antagonists [d-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP (50–150 μg i.c.) and [Lys1,Pro2,5,Leu17]-VIP (20 μg i.c.) did not result in alterations in VCA activity nor did the VIP antagonists block the VCA reflex response to a rise in arterial pressure. However, none of the VIP antagonists reduced the VIP-induced tachycardia either. Conclusion: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is likely to play a part in the vagal cardiac accelerator system. However, conclusive evidence for its role as the terminal transmitter in the VCA pathway will have to wait for the availability of a specific cardiac VIP receptor antagonist.
Evolution of class I alcohol dehydrogenase genes in catarrhine primates: gene conversion, substitution rates, and gene regulation
Authors: B. Cheung, R. S. Holmes, S. Easteal, I. R. Beacham
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1999)

The three class I alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) in humans comprise homo- and heterodimers of three subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) with greater than 90% sequence identity. These are encoded by distinct genes (ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3, respectively) and are all expressed in the liver. In baboons, only the beta ADH subunit is expressed in liver. A second class I ADH is expressed in the kidney; we isolated, cloned, and sequenced the cDNA corresponding to this ADH and conclude that it is of the gamma ADH lineage. We also amplified and sequenced the 5' noncoding regions of all three class I baboon ADH genes and the rhesus monkey ADH1 gene and compared their nucleotide sequences with the corresponding human sequences. There is clear evidence that the evolution of these genes has been reticulate. At least three gene conversion events, affecting the coding and 3' noncoding regions of the genes, are inferred from compatibility and partition matrices and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences. Our estimation of the evolutionary history of these genes provides a framework for the investigation of relative substitution rates and functional variation among the sequences. Relative-rate tests, designed to account for the reticulate evolution of these genes, indicate no difference in substitution rate either between genes encoding different subunits or between human and Old World monkey lineages. The human and baboon gamma ADH sequences do not show clear differences at functionally important sites within the coding region, but they do differ at a number of sites in regions previously proposed to be regulatory sites for transcriptional control. This variation may explain the different patterns of gene expression in humans and baboons.
Long-Term Follow-Up of a Patient With McCune-Albright Syndrome by Whole-Body Bone Scan and SPECT
Authors: Manabu Fujii, Shigeru Kosuda, Motoyuki Jitsu, Daisuke Maeda, Shoichi Kusano, Hayao Sekine
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

A 13-year-old girl with McCune-Albright syndrome underwent serial whole-body bone scans five times over the past eight years to evaluate involvement of fibrous dysplasia. These studies demonstrated incremental extension of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia in the appendicular and axial skeleton and skull base with the passage of time.
Bone marrow necrosis
Authors: L. Ranaghan, T. C. M. Morris, Z. R. Desai, G. M. Markey
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Abstract Bone marrow necrosis is most frequently diagnosed at postmortem examination. Antemortem diagnosis is still uncommon. In a recent review of world literature, we have found 133 cases of bone marrow necrosis diagnosed during life. It has been observed during the course of a wide variety of diseases, most commonly in association with acute and chronic leukemia, carcinoma, malignant lymphoma, infections, and sickle cell disease. We report two intravitally diagnosed cases of bone marrow necrosis occurring in two patients with high‐grade B‐cell lymphoproliferative disease. These cases are unusual in that both patients had a triad of bone marrow necrosis, high‐grade B‐cell lymphoproliferative disease, and hypercalcemia. Despite chemotherapy, both cases ultimately proved fatal, with progressive involvement of the central nervous system. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Femoral vein thrombosis and total hip replacement.
Authors: J D Stamatakis, V V Kakkar, S Sagar, D Lawrence, D Nairn, P G Bentley
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Of 160 patients who underwent total hip replacement, 81 developed venographic evidence of thrombi in the operated leg. In 46 cases (57%) the thrombus originated from the femoral vein, and in 43 of these the exact site of origin was defined by venography. In 34 cases (74%) the thrombus arose from the wall of the femoral vein at the level of the lesser trochanter. This region was studied by intraoperative venography in eight patients undergoing total hip replacement, and in every case severe distortion of the common femoral vein was observed, producing almost total occlusion. We suggest that intraoperative damage to the femoral vein results from manipulation of the leg, and that this is one reason why the operation is followed by a high incidence of deep vein thrombosis in the upper femoral region.
Lymphatic Vessel Density and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Expression Correlate with Malignant Behavior in Human Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
Authors: Laura Rubbia-Brandt, Benoit Terris, Emile Giostra, Bertrand Dousset, Philippe Morel, Michael S. Pepper
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Metastatic dissemination of tumor cells to regional lymph nodes is a common early feature of many human cancers including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In contrast, lymph node metastasis is more variably observed in pancreatic endocrine tumors. The objective of this study was to assess the lymphatic system of human pancreatic endocrine tumors and correlate this to clinical behavior. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies to two recently identified markers of lymphatic endothelium, namely, LYVE-1 and podoplanin, and to the lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C. As has been reported previously, we observed that in the normal pancreas, islets of Langerhans are devoid of intra-islet lymphatics, but that lymphatics are present in connective tissue in association with ducts and blood vessels. We found that both benign and malignant pancreatic endocrine tumors contain intratumoral lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessel density was related to the size of the tumor in benign tumors and to the presence of liver metastasis but not to lymph node metastasis in malignant tumors. VEGF-C was expressed in tumor cells: 4 of 19 (21%) benign tumors were positive, whereas 6 of 9 (67%) borderline tumors and 9 of 11 (82%) carcinomas were positive. These findings strongly suggest that lymphangiogenesis occurs in pancreatic endocrine tumors and that lymphatic invasion and the development of metastases are associated with VEGF-C expression.
CD4<sup>−</sup>CD8<sup>−</sup> T‐cell polymyositis in a patient with chronic active Epstein‐Barr virus infection
Authors: Sachiko Tsutsumi, Shouichi Ohga, Akihiko Nomura, Hidetoshi Takada, Shuji Sakai, Koichi Ohshima, Kotoko Sumimoto, Toshiro Hara
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Abstract We describe a 17‐year‐old woman with chronic active Epstein‐Barr virus infection (CAEBV), who developed EBV + CD4 − CD8 − T‐cell polymyositis. At 14 years of age, CAEBV was diagnosed with fever, cytopenia, liver dysfunction, and hepatosplenomegaly. Despite the transient remission of interferon‐α therapy, migratory lesions emerged in back and extremities. MRI indicated polymyositis. Biopsy specimens revealed intramuscular infiltration of CD3 + , CD4 − , CD8 − , CD56 − , and EBV‐encoded RNA 1 + cells. Circulating CD4 − CD8 − Vδ2/Vγ9 cells increased. γδT‐cells contained 20–200 times higher EBV‐DNA (2 × 10 4 copies/μgDNA) than αβT‐cells or NK‐cells. The ominous polymyositis might denote the musculotropic invasion of EBV + γδT‐cell lymphoproliferative disease as a consequence of CAEBV. Am. J. Hematol. 71:211–215, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GlaxoSmithKline denies it has settled thousands of lawsuits over rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>OBJECTIVE</h3> To estimate the individual and combined associations of physical and psychosocial working environment with disabling shoulder pain and to identify groups at “high risk” for shoulder pain. <h3>METHODS</h3> A cross sectional survey was conducted at five manual occupational settings in south Manchester, United Kingdom (n=775, 83%). <h3>RESULTS</h3> Both the duration of occupational physical demands (working postures, manual handling activities, and repetitive arm movements) and psychosocial working environment (psychological demands and lack of opportunity to learn new skills) were found to be significantly associated with shoulder pain. Three occupational factors identified a high risk group for shoulder pain: duration of lifting with one hand (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) (highest third) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4 to 2.8), duration of working above shoulder level (PRR (highest third) 2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.3), and whether employees found their work stressful (PRR (highest third) 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.1). In addition, a measure of psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) score) was found to identify a group at high risk for shoulder pain (PRR (highest third) 1.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.9). In employees exposed to three or more of these factors, 79% (23/29) reported shoulder pain compared with only 16% (56/353) of those not exposed to any. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> This study has identified a variety of occupational physical demands and psychosocial factors associated with shoulder pain. It has also identified groups of employees at a “high risk” for shoulder pain by their exposure to both physical and psychosocial factors.
Book Review Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care Edited by Brian D. Smedley, Adrienne Y. Stith, and Alan R. Nelson. 764 pp. Washington, D.C., National Academies Press, 2003. $79.95. 0-309-08532-2
Authors: Peter B. Bach
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)
Anticardiolipin antibody negative occlusive vascular retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: P H Dessein, R F Gledhill, R A Asherson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

The time of blood sampling for osteocalcin determinations Sir: We have read the interesting article by Pietschmann et al about the serum osteocalcin concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.'In their work there was no mention of the time at which blood samples were taken for osteocalcin determination.Several studies have shown a circadian rhythm of serum osteocalcin in normal adults, with peak values during the night and a nadir during the morning hours.23 Therefore, in our opinion, if osteocalcin is used as a marker in clinical investigations of bone metabolism it is important to mention the time at which blood was collected for its measurement.Otherwise, interpretation of results may be difficult and comparison with values obtained in other studies impossible.
Hospital and 1-Year Survival of Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units With Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Michael G. Seneff
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To describe outcomes and identify variables associated with hospital and 1-year survival for patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). <h3>Design.</h3> —Prospective, multicenter, inception cohort study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Forty-two ICUs at 40 US hospitals. <h3>Patients.</h3> —A total of 362 admissions for COPD exacerbation selected from the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III database of 17440 ICU admissions. <h3>Measurements and Results.</h3> —Hospital mortality for the 362 admissions was 24%. For the 167 patients aged 65 years or older, mortality was 30% at hospital discharge, 41% at 90 days, 47% at 180 days, and 59% at 1 year. Median survival for all patients was 224 days, and median survival for the patients who died within 1 year was 30.5 days. On multiple regression analysis, variables associated with hospital mortality included age, severity of respiratory and nonrespiratory organ system dysfunction, and hospital length of stay before ICU admission. Development of nonrespiratory organ system dysfunction was the major predictor of hospital mortality (60% of total explanatory power) and 180-day outcomes (54% of explanatory power). Respiratory physiological variables (respiratory rate, serum pH, Paco<sub>2</sub>, Pao<sub>2</sub>, and alveolar-arterial difference in partial pressure of oxygen [Pao<sub>2</sub>—Pao<sub>2</sub>]) indicative of advanced dysfunction were more strongly associated with 180-day mortality rates (22% of explanatory power) than hospital death rates (4% of explanatory power). After controlling for severity of illness, mechanical ventilation at ICU admission was not associated with either hospital mortality or subsequent survival. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Patients with COPD admitted to an ICU for an acute exacerbation have a substantial hospital mortality (24%). For patients aged 65 years or older, mortality doubles in 1 year from 30% to 59%. Hospital and longer-term mortality is closely associated with development of nonrespiratory organ system dysfunction; severity of the underlying respiratory function substantially influences mortality following hospital discharge. The need for mechanical ventilation at ICU admission did not influence either short- or long-term outcomes. Physicians should be aware of these relationships when making treatment decisions or evaluating new therapies. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:1852-1857)
PSYCHOLOGY OF HABIT IN SURGICAL TECHNIC.
Authors: R. C. COFFEY
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Medical writers agree as to the necessity for a good technic, but have been singularly silent as to how to acquire it. Too much is taken for granted. Too little study has been given to detail. No effort has been made to separate the things which are always done by habit, from those which must always be done by thought and reason. Much of this is due to a lack of understanding concerning the psychology of habit. By far the greater part of our work is done without a thought of how it is done. Barely can a man correctly state the moves he uses to dress himself, to cleanse his hands or to prepare a field for operation. It is much like giving a good definition for such familiar terms as "climate," "a cold," etc. Many, however, can tell exactly how to tie the latest fancy bow tie. Many
Letter by Madias Regarding Article, “Relationship Between Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia After Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome and Sudden Cardiac Death: Observations From the Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36) Randomized Controlled Trial”
Authors: John E. Madias
Journal: Circulation (2011)
Heroin-Associated Infective Endocarditis
Authors: NEIL P. DREYER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Twenty-eight cases of heroin-associated infective endocarditis treated in 2 years represents a striking increase in cases over prior years. Predominant right-sided valvular involvement was found in 28.5%. Staphylococci were isolated in 68% and streptococci in 14%. Only in one case each was Candida or a Gram-negative organism (Haemophilus) isolated. Fifty percent had neurologic manifestations; the incidence of other embolic and hypersensitivity phenomena was not different from that reported in nonheroin cases. Of note were three cases of purulent panophthalmitis, a complication infrequently reported. Of five deaths, four were caused by congestive heart failure. Comment is directed at the great variation in organisms and type of valvular involvement reported in the literature.
Natural Infection of a Homozygous Δ24 CCR5 Red-capped Mangabey with an R2b-Tropic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Zhiwei Chen, Douglas Kwon, Zhanqun Jin, Simon Monard, Paul Telfer, Morris S. Jones, Chang Y. Lu, Roberto F. Aguilar, David D. Ho, Preston A. Marx
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

A homozygous 24-bp deletion (Δ24) was found in the CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) of 11 out of 15 red-capped mangabeys (RCMs), Cercocebus torquatus torquatus, both in Africa and in an American zoo. The CCR5 Δ24 defect encompassed eight amino acids in frame in the fourth transmembrane region. Unexpectedly, RCM-009, one of 11 homozygotes (Δ24CCR5/ Δ24CCR5), was found to be naturally infected with a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain, which was not R5-tropic, but used CCR2b (R2b) as its major coreceptor. SIVrcmGab1 was the only R2b-tropic SIV among other divergent SIVs tested. Cells transfected with the Δ24 CCR5 did not support entry of R5-tropic SIVmac, SIVcpz, SIVmne, HIV-2, or HIV-1, and were also inactive in signal transduction mediated by β-chemokines. At 86.6%, the Δ24 allelic frequency was significantly higher than that of the 32-bp deletion found in humans. The Δ24 frequency was 4.1% in 34 sooty mangabeys (SMs), a geographically isolated subspecies that was naturally infected with R5-tropic SIV. Finding identical deletions in two mangabey subspecies separated for 10,000 years or more dates the Δ24 CCR5 deletion as ancient. However, the source of the selective pressure for the high rate of CCR5 deletion in RCMs remains to be determined. The high allelic frequency of the Δ24 CCR5 in RCMs, in comparison to that of SMs, suggests that R2b-tropism may have been acquired by SIVrcm, as an adaptation to CCR5 genetic defects appeared in its host.
Hypouricemia due to Renal Uricosuria
Authors: A. K. Khachadurian, M. J. Arslanian
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

A 57-year-old healthy man had a plasma uric acid level of 0.2 to 0.58 mg/100 ml. The 24-hour urinary urate excretion was normal, at 797 mg. Urate clearance was 48% higher than endogenous creatinine clearance. Urinary xanthine and hypoxanthine levels were at the upper limit of normal. There was no evidence of phosphaturia, glucosuria, or aminoaciduria. A 10-year-old son of his maternal cousin had a plasma urate level of 1.2 mg/100 ml and a urate clearance equal to 42% of endogenous creatinine clearance. The findings in this subject could be accounted for by an isolated defect of tubular urate reabsorption or a tubular mechanism for urate secretion.
Short-term effects of transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation on metabolic activity of the liver of cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Authors: S Bianco, C Merkel, S Savastano, S Bellon, M Chiesura-Corona, M Bolognesi, D Miotto, E Enzo, G Feltrin, A Gatta
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation, a procedure for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, provokes a pronounced but transient increase in hepatic cytolysis parameters. A definite evaluation of the impairment of liver function after this treatment, performed by adequate techniques, is still lacking. AIMS: To assess and quantify the impairment of liver metabolic activity after arterial chemoembolisation in patients with cirrhosis. The variations of hepatic vein pressure gradient provoked by this procedure were evaluated. PATIENTS: 15 patients with cirrhosis (Child9s class A and B) and hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: 17 transcatheter arterial chemoembolisations with epirubicin, iodised oil, and gelfoam were performed; liver function was assessed before, the following day, and after seven days measuring galactose elimination capacity; aminopyrine breath test was also performed in six patients before the procedure and seven days after. In 10 patients intrinsic hepatic clearance of indocyanine green and hepatic vein pressure gradient were measured by hepatic vein catheterisation before and 30 minutes after chemoembolisation. RESULTS: Intrinsic hepatic clearance of indocyanine green decreased significantly from (mean (SEM)) 355 (140) ml/min to 277 (98) ml/min after the procedure (p = 0.0007). Galactose elimination capacity did not show significant changes, being 4.00 (0.90) mg/min/kg body weight at baseline, 4.20 (0.90) mg/min/kg body weight after one day, and 3.95 (0.87) mg/min/kg body weight seven days after chemoembolisation. Aminopyrine breath test was 2.31 (1.09)% and remained unchanged after treatment, being 2.39 (2.04)% at day 7. Baseline hepatic vein pressure gradient was 17.0 (5.5) mm Hg, and 14.4 (3.7) mm Hg 30 minutes after chemoembolisation (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: A single transcatheter chemoembolisation in cirrhotic patients was detected by galactose elimination capacity and aminopyrine breath test one and seven days after the procedure. Therefore it can be considered a safe therapeutic tool for hepatocellular carcinoma in Child9s class A and B cirrhotic patients.
THE ACUTE PELVIS
Authors: E. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1928)

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