tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Forgotten transfusion history: John Leacock of Barbados
Authors: P J Schmidt
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A sugar planter's son from Barbados who graduated at Edinburgh was one of the first people to experiment with transfusing blood, in the early 19th century, nearly 100 years before the discovery of blood groups made transfusion routinely practicable 

James Blundell of London is credited with introducing blood transfusion into the practice of medicine. It was his extensive research in animals and his well disseminated writings that established transfusion as a treatment in the first quarter of the 19th century.1 Blundell acknowledged two colleagues as the inspiration for his work, both from the island of Barbados: Leacock and Goodridge, of whom the more important was John Henry Leacock.

The concept of transfusion therapy had been set aside for 150 years after the failures of transfusion of animal blood into humans by Denys in Paris and Lower in London in the 17th century. Sporadic, haphazard trials with animal blood, including one by Blundell's uncle, a Dr Haighton,1 were known, but it remained for Leacock to do the first set of planned experiments in 1816 that established the need for species compatibility. Blundell reopened the subject a year later, and after that trials of human blood transfusion were made throughout the world.2 Many were successful, despite the fact that it was not until almost 100 years later that discovery of the blood groups made it possible to predict compatibility of donor and recipient.

#### Summary points

Early attempts to transfuse humans with animal blood were made in the 17th century and sporadically thereafter up to the 19th century

In 1816 John Henry Leacock, from Barbados, reported systematic experiments in Edinburgh on dogs and cats that established that donor and recipient must be of the same species, and recommended inter-human transfusion; he then returned to Barbados and published nothing more

James Blundell, who …
High Prevalence of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight/Obese Preadolescent Hong Kong Chinese Children Aged 9–12 Years
Authors: Rita Y.T. Sung, Peter C.Y. Tong, Chung-Wah Yu, Patrick W.C. Lau, Geoffrey T.F. Mok, Man-Ching Yam, Peggo K.W. Lam, Juliana C.N. Chan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

During the past decade, the rising prevalence of childhood obesity has been accompanied by a rapid increase in young-onset type 2 diabetes (1). The associations among obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are not well defined in preadolescent children. Furthermore, the impact of family history of diabetes, low birth weight, and non–breast-feeding on the clustering of features of insulin resistance syndrome in children remained to be determined. In a cross-sectional study of 271 primary school children between 9 and 12 years of age, we compared the effects of family history of diabetes, breast-feeding, and extremes of birth weight on …
Dysregulation of CXCL9 and reduced tumor growth in Egr-1 deficient mice
Authors: Giuseppe Caso, Catherine Barry, Gerald Patejunas
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2009)

Abstract Background Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) is an immediate-early transcription factor inducible in the vasculature in response to injury, shear stress, and other stimuli. Mice lacking Egr-1 have a profound deficit in the ability to recover from femoral artery ligation, suggesting a role in neovascularization. Previous studies have shown that manipulating Egr-1 expression can have either positive or negative effects on tumor growth. We hypothesized that Egr-1 knockout mice might exhibit reduced tumor growth, possibly due to a reduced capacity to respond to angiogenic signals from a growing tumor. Results We injected 10 6 Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cells subcutaneously in the flank of wild type and Egr-1 knockout mice. The average mass of tumors from wild type mice at 12 days after implantation was 413 +/- 128 mg, while those from Egr-1 -/- mice was 219 +/- 81 mg (p = 0.001, mean +/- SD). However, sectioning the tumors and staining with anti-CD31 antibodies revealed no difference in the vascularity of the tumors and there was no difference in angiogenic growth factor expression. Expression of the chemokine Mig (CXCL9) was increased 2.8-fold in tumors from knockout mice, but no increase was found in serum levels of Mig. Natural killer cells have a 1.7-fold greater prevalence in the CD45 + cells found in tumors from Egr-1 -/- mice compared to those from wild type mice. Immunohistochemical staining suggests that Mig expression in the tumors comes from invading macrophages. Conclusion Mice deficient in Egr-1 exhibit reduced growth of LLC1 tumors, and this phenomenon is associated with overexpression of Mig locally within the tumor. There are no obvious differences in tumor vascularity in the knockout mice. Natural killer cells accumulate in the tumors grown in Egr-1 -/- mice, providing a potential mechanism for the reduction in growth.
THE IMMEDIATE RELIEF OF HYSTERICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE LARYNX.
Authors: HANAU W. LOEB
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Hysterical manifestations in the larynx are common enough to fall frequently into the hands of every laryngologist. The treatment likewise is successful enough to warrant an almost positive promise of relief in at least the majority of cases. There is, however, much to be learned, both as to the development of newer and more satisfactory methods and as to the reasons for the successes in individual cases. It is in view of these circumstances that I present my method which, though original with me so far as I know, may yet have been used by others. I do not assert for a moment that the method results in anything but a relief from the laryngeal symptoms or that monosymptomatic hysteria exists, and that, therefore, the symptomatic relief is tantamount to a cure. Nor is it certain that the relief is of any longer duration than that from other plans. But
728-3 Contrast-enhanced Electron Beam Tomography for 3-D Reconstruction of Coronary Arteries: Detection of Stenoses and Documentation of Angioplasty Success
Authors: Werner E. Moshage, Stephan Achenbach, Bernd Seese, Kurt Bachmann, Gudrun Hach, Markus Kirchgeorg
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Hold That Nomination
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
New Instrumentation in Radiation Oncology
Authors: M. L. M. Boone, W. G. Connor, R. S. Heusinkveld, R. E. Morgado
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1976)

Radiation oncology's contribution to cancer therapy is the local and regional control of malignant neoplasms, with complete regression as the usual result of definitive radiation therapy.Despite an overall local response rate of approxi mately 95 percent, permanent control in the treated regions does not always re sult.Of 12 sites of disease in which radi ation therapy plays an important or adju vant role, failure of local control re sulted in an estimated 65,000 deaths in
Effects of age and diabetes mellitus on the solubility and nonenzymatic glucosylation of human skin collagen.
Authors: S L Schnider, R R Kohn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Collagen from human skin was fractionated into neutral salt-soluble, acid-soluble, pepsin-released, and insoluble fractions. No age-related changes were observed in the proportion of collagen extracted by neutral salt. A significant age-related decrease in the proportion of acid-soluble collagen was found. A highly significant (P less than 0.001) age-related decrease in the amount of collagen released by pepsin digestion was observed, with a concomitant age-related increase in the fraction of insoluble collagen. The amount of ketoamine-linked glucose bound to this insoluble collagen also increased significantly with age. Skin collagen from three juvenile onset diabetics (JOD) and one young maturity onset diabetic (MOD) appeared to have undergone accelerated aging. JOD and the young MOD had significantly less collagen released by pepsin digestion and significantly more insoluble collagen than would be predicted by their ages. The collagen released by pepsin digestion of the diabetic samples had more high molecular weight components than similar fractions obtained from age-matched nondiabetic controls. There was also more ketoamine-linked glucose bound to the insoluble collagen of JOD than to that fraction from comparably aged control subjects. The apparent acceleration of collagen aging in diabetes mellitus may play a role in complications of diabetes that occur in collagen-rich tissues.
Arrest of Growth of Ovarian Tumor by Tranexamic Acid
Authors: Birger Åstedt, Ingemar Glifberg, Willy Mattsson, Claes Trope
Journal: JAMA (1977)

MALIGNANT ovarian tumors possess coagulative properties resulting in formation of fibrin, which serves as a matrix for proliferating vessels. Such neoplasms also possess fibrinolytic properties, which are of importance for the removal of residual fibrin.<sup>1</sup>Fibrinolysis, ie, conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, is initiated by certain activators. In tissue culture of human ovarian tumors, a stable fibrinolytic activator, which has been shown to be similar to that in urine (ie, urokinase), is released.<sup>2</sup> Hypothetically, interference with the coagulative and fibrinolytic properties of the tumor could have an antineoplastic effect. Heparin sodium inhibits fibrin formation and has been used as an adjuvant in tumor therapy.<sup>3,4</sup>We recently observed regression of ascites in patients receiving the fibrinolytic inhibitor, tranexamic acid. We thought that inhibition of the tumor activator would prevent removal of fibrin formed despite anticoagulant therapy and would thereby more effectively interfere with, and have a static effect
Photosensitivity due to retinoids: clinical and laboratory studies
Authors: J. FERGUSON, B.E. JOHNSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

Six subjects taking isotretinoin were studied, none of whom had clinical or phototest evidence of photosensitivity.Of nine subjects taking etretinate, one had convincing clinical photosensitivity consisting of a burning erythema on sunlight exposure. His phototesting results showed a marked abnormality from 300 ± 5 nm to 365 ± 30 nm which returned close to normal limits within one month of stopping therapy. Although clinically normal, another subject taking etretinate had similar phototest evidence of abnormal photosensitivity. In vitro photohaemoly‐ sis studies demonstrated that tretinoin (all‐trans‐retinoic acid) and isotretinoin have a phototoxic potential, while etretinate has none. However, the major metabolite of etretinate (Ro 10‐1670) had a phototoxic potential greater than that of tretinoin. The apparently low incidence of photosensitivity suggests that an idiosyncracy is responsible, perhaps due to a disorder of pharmacokinetics or metabolism. Clinical cases should use appropriate photoprotection against UVB and UVA wavebands.
Aging and Forearm Postjunctional α-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Healthy Men
Authors: Frank A. Dinenno, Niki M. Dietz, Michael J. Joyner
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background— Muscle sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity increases with age in healthy humans but does not result in an augmented forearm vasoconstrictor tone. We tested the hypothesis that this is due to a reduction in postjunctional α-adrenergic responsiveness to endogenous norepinephrine (NE) release and determined whether this was specific to α 1 - or α 2 -adrenergic receptors. Methods and Results— Forearm blood flow (FBF, by strain-gauge plethysmography) responses to local intra-arterial infusions of tyramine (which evokes endogenous NE release), phenylephrine (selective α 1 -agonist), and clonidine (α 2 -agonist) were determined in 10 young (aged 26±1 [mean±SEM] years) and 10 older (aged 65±1 years) healthy normotensive men after local β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Basal forearm vascular tone was not different in young men and older men. The percentage reduction in FBF in response to the highest dose of tyramine was blunted in older men compared with young men (−37±3% versus −49±3%, respectively; P &lt;0.01) despite a greater increase in deep venous NE concentration in older men (910±103 versus 565±69 pg/mL, respectively; P &lt;0.001). Maximal reductions in FBF to phenylephrine were also blunted in older men (−47±2% versus −58±3% in young men, P &lt;0.05). In contrast, the reductions in FBF (−36±7% versus −40±3% for older versus young men, respectively) and also in venous NE concentration (−79±24 versus −84±13 pg/mL for older versus young men, respectively) to clonidine were similar in the 2 groups. Finally, forearm sympathetic α-adrenergic vasoconstrictor tone (assessed via nonselective α-blockade with phentolamine) was significantly lower in older men. Conclusions— Our results indicate that human aging is associated with a reduction in forearm postjunctional α-adrenergic responsiveness to endogenous NE release and that this might be specific to α 1 -adrenergic receptors. Furthermore, the contribution of sympathetic α-adrenergic vasoconstriction to basal forearm vascular tone is reduced with age in healthy men.
Regulation of CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor and ligand expression by lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone in parenchymal and nonparenchymal rat liver cells
Authors: Markus Müschen, Ulrich Warskulat, Patrice Douillard, Emmanuelle Gilbert, Dieter Häussinger
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor and ligand (CD95L) was studied in primary cultures of rat liver Kupffer cells (KCs), sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), and parenchymal cells (PCs) at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level and by means of immunocytochemistry. LPS treatment of KCs and SECs led to a three- to five-fold increase in CD95L mRNA levels within 6 hours, which declined thereafter. Within 24 hours, the number of KCs and SECs staining positive for CD95L strongly increased. After a lag phase of 12 hours after LPS addition, in both cell types the mRNA levels for the soluble CD95 isoform increased approximately 10-fold; however, the number of KCs and SECs staining positive for transmembrane CD95 remained low and did not significantly increase. Compared with nonparenchymal cells, CD95L mRNA levels in primary hepatocyte cultures were low in the absence and presence of LPS. On the other hand, functionally active CD95 expression markedly increased in response to LPS in these cells. Dexamethasone diminished the LPS-induced stimulation of CD95L expression in nonparenchymal cells but markedly stimulated CD95L expression in PCs. Apoptosis of PCs and thymic lymphocytes was stimulated by the addition of supernatants derived from LPS-treated KC or SEC cultures and was apparently mediated by CD95L as assessed by its sensitivity to inhibitors of the CD95-dependent apoptotic pathway in PCs. The data suggest a complex and timely coordinated interplay between the various liver cell populations with respect to LPS-induced activation of the apoptotic machinery with potential relevance for immunoregulation.
Anisotropic conduction and functional dissociation of ischemic tissue during reentrant ventricular tachycardia in canine myocardial infarction.
Authors: R Cardinal, M Vermeulen, M Shenasa, F Roberge, P Page, F Hélie, P Savard
Journal: Circulation (1988)

We measured the conduction characteristics at the epicardial surface of the left anterior ventricular wall in the in situ canine heart before and 3 to 5 days (n = 9 dogs) after permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). During ventricular stimulation generating wavefronts conducted along the longitudinal or the transverse fiber direction, 61 unipolar electrograms were recorded with a fine-meshed plaque electrode. Before occlusion, the fastest conduction velocity was consistently found in a direction perpendicular to the nearby LAD segment (longitudinal direction), and the slowest velocity in a direction parallel to the LAD segment (transverse fiber direction). In 3- to 5-day-old infarct preparations, a layer of subepicardial muscle with 1 to 3 mm thickness survived over necrotic tissue. The velocities and directions of fast and of slow conduction measured in ischemic subepicardial muscle were not significantly different from preocclusion values during stimulation at a basic rate, but excitability was found to be depressed in response to premature stimuli. Premature impulses initiated in nonischemic myocardium and conducted into ischemic tissue in the longitudinal or in the transverse directions induced sustained (greater than 100 beats) monomorphic tachycardias during which figure-eight activation patterns were mapped with sock-array electrodes. During these tachycardias, the direction of the common reentrant wavefront of the figure-eight pattern was preferentially oriented along the longitudinal fiber direction, independently of the direction of the initiating impulse. When polymorphic beats were induced, tachycardia terminated spontaneously within 20 beats, or changed to a monomorphic pattern, as described above. In conclusion, the anisotropic organization of surviving subepicardial muscle overlying an infarct provides a spatial constraint that determines a preferential direction of reentrant propagation and may contribute to sustaining monomorphic tachycardia.
P72 Incidental Detection Of Early Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer - Time To Implement Screening?
Authors: R. Thakrar, J. Brown, S. Brazil, M. Nankivell, D. Lawrence, P. George, S. Janes, N. Navani
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Early detection is the key to survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) where surgical resection can be undertaken. However, stage I and II disease combined account for only 25–30% of patients presenting with lung cancer. Although, clinical pathways from primary care exist to facilitate expeditious management of patients, the role of other referral pathways to diagnosis of surgically treatable lung cancers is not known. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients suitable for surgical resection for curative intent for primary lung cancer were identified between 2007 and 2011 at this institution. Patients diagnosed ‘incidentally’ on radiology were compared to those detected through the standard ‘two week’ wait target referral system. Specific data on demographics, diagnostics utilised, pathological stage, and lung cancer mortality were recorded. <h3>Results</h3> Eighty-four patients were treated with surgical resection for non-small cell cancer. The ‘two-week’ wait referrals accounted for one quarter (n = 21; 95% CI 17–35%) of the all the referrals, whilst 61% (n = 51; 95% CI 50–70%) of patients were found to have lung cancer detected incidentally through investigations performed by other specialties in the hospital. The presentation of patients to hospital with cancer related symptoms whether they had operable disease or not, had significantly higher lung cancer specific mortality (p = 0.02; see figure). <h3>Conclusion</h3> We demonstrate that patients who have cancer-related symptoms have a worse outlook. Whilst asymptomatic patients diagnosed by chance have better prospects for cure by surgical resection, thus highlighting the promise of CT screening for lung cancer in patients with high risk factors.
Vasopressin antagonists in CHF: ready for clinical trials?
Authors: S Goldsmith
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

See article by Naitoh et al. [7] (pages 51–57) in this issue. 

Improving survival in congestive heart failure is currently based on blunting the effects of inappropriately increased adrenergic drive, as well as of increased circulating and tissue levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone [1–5].The sympathetic nervous system and renin–angiotensin system comprise two of the three components of the ‘neurohumoral axis’ originally proposed as links to the fundamental pathophysiology of heart failure in 1984 [6]. The third component of that axis as originally postulated was arginine vasopressin (AVP). Research into the possible role of AVP in heart failure has been hampered until comparatively recently by the absence of appropriate antagonists. Now, however, highly effective antagonists of the V1a and V2 receptors for AVP are available, and at least in preliminary human studies, are safe and well tolerated. The study by Naitoh in the current issue of Cardiovascular Research [7] should stimulate considerable interest in further human work with these compounds.

The decision to target a ‘neurohumoral’ or other substance in heart failure should be based on a sound pathobiological rationale, coupled with evidence that enough of the substance in question is present to produce an adverse effect. Then one needs to perform convincing pre-clinical studies, and initially, human studies in which appropriate measurements are made in small series of subjects. Only then can or should larger outcomes studies be undertaken. What constitutes convincing preliminary evidence is, however, controversial. Traditionally, improving hemodynamic measurements or showing a beneficial effect on exercise capacity were viewed as important. Unfortunately, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, and beta adrenergic blockers have little or no positive short term effect on hemodynamics or exercise, yet produce significant benefits on major outcomes such as survival and hospitalization [1–5]. Other interventions including powerful vasodilators … 

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Cost-Effectiveness in a Flat World — Can ICDs Help the United States Get Rhythm?
Authors: Lee Goldman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

The remarkable reduction of 50 percent or more in the age-adjusted mortality rate from coronary heart disease over the past four decades in the United States1 has been driven by three parallel phenomena: an understanding of the risk factors that influence the likelihood and presentation of coronary events, the use of randomized trials to create an indisputable evidence base on which to make decisions, and the flexibility to change systems of care to incorporate new knowledge into practice. Despite the failure of some physicians to adopt proven interventions2 and substantial disparities in the U.S. health care system,3 the reduction in . . .