tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A case of reticulosis.
Authors: S Carne, M Whitehouse
Journal: BMJ (1977)

The trainee's problemThe patient is a 10-year-old boy who attended the surgery two months ago complaining of a sore throat.He had an exud- ative tonsillitis with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, including glands in both anterior and posterior triangles.The left supraclavicular node was the most prominent, measuring about 2 x 1-5 cm, being soft and mobile but not tender.There was no hepatosplenomegaly and no other lymphadenopathy apart from some "scraggy" inguinal nodes.He was treated with penicillin V 250 mg four times a day for seven days and was asked to return in a fortnight.He was not seen again, however, until six weeks later, when he again attended with his mother, who is an ex-district nurse.He said that his throat was not troubling him, and he felt well.But his mother expressed concern about the left supraclavicular node, which was still enlarged and was occasionally painful, and posed the question ". . .could it be Hodgkin's disease ... ?"The boy looked healthy, and examination showed nothing abnormal except for a persisting cervical lymphadenopathy with the left supraclavicular node being the most prominent.It had not changed in size but appeared to be more tender.There was again no hepatosplenomegaly, there were no enlarged axillary nodes, and the inguinal nodes were as previously noted.The boy appeared quite fit now and was coping well at school both academically and at sports.He is growing normally.The problem, as I see it, is whether this node requires a
Ron Receptor Signaling Augments Mammary Tumor Formation and Metastasis in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer
Authors: Belinda E. Peace, Kenya Toney-Earley, Margaret H. Collins, Susan E. Waltz
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract The tyrosine kinase receptor Ron has been implicated in several types of cancer, including overexpression in human breast cancer. This is the first report describing the effect of Ron signaling on tumorigenesis and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer. Mice with a targeted deletion of the Ron tyrosine kinase signaling domain (TK−/−) were crossed to mice expressing the polyoma virus middle T antigen (pMT) under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Both pMT-expressing wild-type control (pMT+/− TK+/+) and pMT+/− TK−/− mice developed mammary tumors and lung metastases. However, a significant decrease in mammary tumor initiation and growth was found in the pMT+/− TK−/− mice compared with controls. An examination of mammary tumors showed that there was a significant decrease in microvessel density, significantly decreased cellular proliferation, and a significant increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated nick end labeling–positive staining in mammary tumor cells from the pMT+/− TK−/− mice compared with the pMT+/− TK+/+ mice. Biochemical analyses on mammary tumor lysates showed that whereas both the pMT-expressing TK+/+ and TK−/− tumors have increased Ron expression compared with normal mammary glands, the pMT-expressing TK−/− tumors have deficits in mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT activation. These results indicate that Ron signaling synergizes with pMT signaling to induce mammary tumor formation, growth, and metastasis. This effect may be mediated in part through the regulation of angiogenesis and through proliferative and cell survival pathways regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT.
Disruption of CRAF-Mediated MEK Activation Is Required for Effective MEK Inhibition in KRAS Mutant Tumors
Authors: Piro Lito, Anna Saborowski, Jingyin Yue, Martha Solomon, Eric Joseph, Sunyana Gadal, Michael Saborowski, Edward Kastenhuber, Christof Fellmann, Kazuhiro Ohara, Kenji Morikami, Takaaki Miura, Christine Lukacs, Nobuya Ishii, Scott Lowe, Neal Rosen
Journal: Cancer Cell (2014)
Allergic and Anaphylactoid Inflammation
Authors: W. P. Raab
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The first reports on allergic phenomena uniformly stressed that sensitization produces a state without protection (anaphylaxis) against minimal amounts of the antigen. Testing procedures for the detection of allergies are only reliable when carried out with minimal amounts of the allergen. This rule is of utmost importance when testing with anaphylactoid substances. Intracutaneous or epicutaneous applications of such substances in higher amounts might easily produce anaphylactoid inflammation which is indistinguishable from true allergic inflammation. In "Allergy to Dermatologic Agents" (<b>198</b>:517, 1966), it was claimed that patch tests for neomycin allergy should be performed with 20% to 40% solutions. Even though the exact amount of solution for the testing procedure is not mentioned, one might assume that an amount of 50 to 200 mg of neomycin is applied on skin areas with greatly enhanced penetration. Studying the table in the paper, one finds the number of "allergic"
The collective invention of language to access the universe of possible ideas
Authors: Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D. Vohs
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Thought uses meaning but not necessarily language. Meaning, in the form of a set of possible concepts and ideas, is a nonphysical reality that lay waiting for brains to become smart enough to represent these ideas. Thus, the brain evolved, whereas meaning was discovered, and language was invented – collectively – as a tool to help the brain use meaning.
Monoclonal T-Cell Proliferation and Plaque Instability in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Giovanna Liuzzo, Jörg J. Goronzy, Hongyu Yang, Stephen L. Kopecky, David R. Holmes, Robert L. Frye, Cornelia M. Weyand
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Unstable angina (UA) is associated with systemic inflammation and with expansion of interferon-γ–producing T lymphocytes. The cause of T-cell activation and the precise role of activated T cells in plaque instability are not understood. Methods and Results —Peripheral blood T cells from 34 patients with stable angina and 34 patients with UA were compared for the distribution of functional T-cell subsets by flow cytometric analysis. Clonality within the T-cell compartment was identified by T-cell receptor spectrotyping and subsequent sequencing. Tissue-infiltrating T cells were examined in extracts from coronary arteries containing stable or unstable plaque. The subset of CD4 + CD28 null T cells was expanded in patients with UA and infrequent in patients with stable angina (median frequencies: 10.8% versus 1.5%, P &lt;0.001). CD4 + CD28 null T cells included a large monoclonal population, with 59 clonotypes isolated from 20 UA patients. T-cell clonotypes from different UA patients used antigen receptors with similar sequences. T-cell receptor sequences derived from monoclonal T-cell populations were detected in the culprit but not in the nonculprit lesion of a patient with fatal myocardial infarction. Conclusions —UA is associated with the emergence of monoclonal T-cell populations, analogous to monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. Shared T-cell receptor sequences in clonotypes of different patients implicate chronic stimulation by a common antigen, for example, persistent infection. The unstable plaque but not the stable plaque is invaded by clonally expanded T cells, suggesting a direct involvement of these lymphocytes in plaque disruption.
Mechanical Ventilation Triggers Hippocampal Apoptosis by Vagal and Dopaminergic Pathways
Authors: Adrián González-López, Inés López-Alonso, Alina Aguirre, Laura Amado-Rodríguez, Estefanía Batalla-Solís, Aurora Astudillo, Cristina Tomás-Zapico, Antonio Fueyo, Claudia C. dos Santos, Konrad Talbot, Guillermo M. Albaiceta
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Rationale: Critically ill patients frequently develop neuropsychological disturbances including acute delirium or memory impairment. The need for mechanical ventilation is a risk factor for these adverse events, but a mechanism that links lung stretch and brain injury has not been identified.Objectives: To identify the mechanisms that lead to brain dysfunction during mechanical ventilation.Methods: Brains from mechanically ventilated mice were harvested, and signals of apoptosis and alterations in the Akt survival pathway were studied. These measurements were repeated in vagotomized or haloperidol-treated mice, and in animals intracerebroventricularly injected with selective dopamine-receptor blockers. Hippocampal slices were cultured and treated with micromolar concentrations of dopamine, with or without dopamine receptor blockers. Last, levels of dysbindin, a regulator of the membrane availability of dopamine receptors, were assessed in the experimental model and in brain samples from ventilated patients.Measurements and Main Results: Mechanical ventilation triggers hippocampal apoptosis as a result of type 2 dopamine receptor activation in response to vagal signaling. Activation of these receptors blocks the Akt/GSK3β prosurvival pathway and activates the apoptotic cascade, as demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Vagotomy, systemic haloperidol, or intracerebroventricular raclopride (a type 2 dopamine receptor blocker) ameliorated this effect. Moreover, ventilation induced a concomitant change in the expression of dysbindin-1C. These results were confirmed in brain samples from ventilated patients.Conclusions: These results prove the existence of a pathogenic mechanism of lung stretch–induced hippocampal apoptosis that could explain the neurological changes in ventilated patients and may help to identify novel therapeutic approaches.
Intraclonal heterogeneity is a critical early event in the development of myeloma and precedes the development of clinical symptoms
Authors: B A Walker, C P Wardell, L Melchor, A Brioli, D C Johnson, M F Kaiser, F Mirabella, L Lopez-Corral, S Humphray, L Murray, M Ross, D Bentley, N C Gutiérrez, R Garcia-Sanz, J San Miguel, F E Davies, D Gonzalez, G J Morgan
Journal: Leukemia (2013)
THE TREATMENT OF LYE STRICTURES OF THE ESOPHAGUS
Authors: THOMAS HUBBARD
Journal: JAMA (1918)

In 1910, Dr. Jackson made earnest appeal for legislation to protect innocents from lye products sold for domestic use. Careless and misleading labels and indiscriminate distribution of caustic cleansers have been responsible for many of these accidents and food and drug laws do not penalize the manufacturer or agent. They are put on the market to be used by housewives and certain it is that the more careless the housewife the more likely she is to use the stuff and, also, the more liable she is to have more children than she can safeguard. These overworked women and their children deserve what protection the law can give them against the commercial shark and it seems to become the duty of the medical profession to keep hammering away until they are heard. Caustic alkalis and cleansers should be caution labeled and the sale restricted as are all poisons. There are a
Abstract 672: PBI-1402, a first-in-class erythropoiesis regulating agent, inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of murine mastocytoma and does not overshoot hemoglobin: Comparison with erythropoietin
Authors: Lyne Gagnon, François Sarra-Bournet, Lilianne Geerts, Kathy Hince, Mouna Lagraoui, Pierre Laurin, Christopher Penney, Brigitte Grouix
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract BACKGROUND: PBI-1402 reduces the need for transfusion and increases hemoglobin (Hb) level and red blood cell count (RBC) in chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) by a mechanism of action distinct from erythropoietin (EPO). AIM: The objective was to compare the effect of PBI-1402 and EPO on modulation of tumor growth. METHODS: The effect of PBI-1402 (200 mg/kg, oral, once a day) or EPO (200 or 2000 U/kg, s.c. injection, twice a week) was studied in a subcutaneous P815 mastocytoma model. P815 cells express both PBI-1402 and EPO receptors. Tumor growth, metastasis, serum nitric oxide (NO) and hematocrit (Ht) were assessed. RESULTS: P815 tumor growth is rapid and metastasizes to the liver. Inflammation is also associated with P815 tumor growth. PBI-1402 significantly reduced tumor growth (T/C=37%) and invasion as demonstrated by a 33% reduction of mice with liver metastasis. In comparison, EPO had no effect (200 U/kg, equivalent dose used in CKD treatment). However, high dose EPO (2000 U/kg, equivalent dose used in human cancer treatment) exacerbated tumor growth (T/C: 135%). Both doses of EPO induced a significant increase in the percentage of mice with liver metastasis (2X, 200 U/kg, and 3X, 2000 U/kg) compared to control. PBI-1402 treatment had no effect on NO and did not overshoot normal hematocrit. However, treatment with high dose EPO significantly increased NO and Ht levels (Table 1). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that oral treatment with PBI-1402 may inhibit growth and metastasis of cancer cells. As an important safety feature, PBI-1402 does not induce overshoot of hemoglobin. In contrast to EPO, PBI-1402 may offer the advantage of reducing tumor growth and metastasis while preventing anemia induced by chemotherapy. In conclusion, PBI-1402 has the potential to be a safe erythropoiesis-regulating agent useful in treating anemia in cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 672. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-672
Abstract 410: NLRP3 is involved in tumor development by regulating immune function
Authors: Marie-Aude Le-Bitoux, Ivan Stamenkovic
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein cytoplasmic complex that mediates the processing of pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18 and possibly IL-33, via the activation of Caspase-1. While NLRP3 has been widely described in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, its role in tumor-host interactions, where inflammation is known to be a major player, has yet to be fully elucidated. We observed that DMBA carcinogen treatment that induced large and numerous papillomas in the skin of wt mice induced barely visible lesions in NLRP3 deficient counterparts. Similarly IV injection of B16F10 melanoma cells resulted in multiple lung metastases in wt mice but virtually no metastatic growth in NLRP3-deficient animals. The NLRP3 inflammasome thus appears to be a key helper for tumor cell growth and survival at both primary and secondary sites. Bone marrow transplantation revealed that leukocyte-derived NLRP3 plays a key role in supporting tumor cell survival prompting us to compare the immune cell distribution and function in NLRP3 deficient mice to those in wt littermates, in both the presence and absence of tumor growth. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cell populations in these mice allowed us to link NRLP3 to the recruitment, adaptation and ability of the immune system to target tumor cells. We observed that compared to wt animals, NLRP3 KO mice had fewer CD3+CD4+ T cells, NK cells and F4/80+CD11c+ myeloid cells but more CD11b+Gr1+ cells, B lymphocytes and F4/80+CD206+ macrophages of the M2 phenotype in the spleen. The increased numbers of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and M2 macrophages in mice that displayed decreased tumor growth was counterintuitive but was associated with functional impairment that could explain decreased permissiveness of the microenvironment for tumor growth. Our observations provide a framework to investigate the mechanistic implication of NLRP3 in the relationship between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 410. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-410
Neuronal Precursor-Restricted Transduction via in Utero CNS Gene Delivery of a Novel Bipartite HSV Amplicon/Transposase Hybrid Vector
Authors: William J. Bowers, Michael A. Mastrangelo, Darlene F. Howard, Hilary A. Southerland, Kathleen A. Maguire-Zeiss, Howard J. Federoff
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

The ability to modify genetically in utero the precursors of neuronal lineage contributing to multiple postmitotic cell types in the adult central nervous system would provide a means to evaluate strategies to ameliorate conditions affecting cellular patterning, metabolism, or survival. The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived amplicon, a vector devoid of viral genes and with the largest known payload capacity, normally exists episomally within nuclei of transduced cells, thus precluding conveyance during mitosis. Herein, we modify the Tc1-like Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system to create an integrating amplicon vector platform wherein provision of transposase in trans effectively catalyzes integration of a transgenomic segment. Cotransduction with a Rous sarcoma virus promoter-driven beta-galactosidase-neomycin (betageo) fusion flanked by SB terminal repeats (HSVT-betageo) and a second expressing the SB transposase gene under HSV immediate-early 4/5 gene promoter control (HSVsb) resulted in integration and extension of expression duration. Most notably, in utero intraventricular application led to extensive transgene expression within neuronal precursors and their derivatives without attendant adverse consequences, suggesting this new platform could be used to evaluate prenatally the function of gene products in neuronal lineages and evaluate therapeutic strategies for correction of genetic abnormalities affecting the developing CNS.
"THE STORY OF CHILDBIRTH"
Authors: Palmer Findley
Journal: JAMA (1933)

To the Editor:  —The review of  Story of Childbirth inThe Journal, November 4, says:  usual indefensible statement is made that the United States is the worst place in the civilized world for a woman to have a baby, and—unfairly —the statistics of various countries, which, all serious students of the situation decide, are not comparable, are repeated again in an attempt to prove it.  I challenge the writer of the review to find any such statement in the text coming from the author. There is, to be sure, a quotation from one of the most distinguished and accomplished obstetricians in the country that closely parallels the statement credited to me. What I did say (p. 218) was:  The indictment has been made and often repeated in the medical and lay press that the maternal mortality in the United States is the highest in the civilized world; and,
Costs of teaching hospitals
Authors: D. J Williams
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Dr Faizallah and others seem therefore to find themselves in a predicament.They have achieved results which are statistically powerful but not consistent with background clinical data.They attempt to explain their findings on the basis of poor compliance in the high dose antacid group and reference to a paper by Deering et a12 suggesting that single large doses of antacid increase gastric acid secretion.Compliance in their study may have been a problem, but most patients in the high dose group consumed an appreciable amount of antacid-judging by the high incidence of diarrhoea at two and four weeks (890' and
Calreticulin mutation does not modify the IPSET score for predicting the risk of thrombosis among 1150 patients with essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Guido Finazzi, Alessandra Carobbio, Paola Guglielmelli, Chiara Cavalloni, Silvia Salmoiraghi, Alessandro M. Vannucchi, Mario Cazzola, Francesco Passamonti, Alessandro Rambaldi, Tiziano Barbui
Journal: Blood (2014)
UK improves cancer control
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The United Kingdom has traditionally lagged behind many other countries in Europe and the United States in cancer control. But if it were given a school report on its efforts in treating and preventing cancers, the phrase “making good progress” would sum up the improvements achieved over the past two decades.

The EUROCARE-2 study, published in 1999, showed that survival rates for 18 of the 25 cancers studied were poorer in Britain than in most other European countries ( IARC Scientific Publications 1999;151:1-572). This, and other concerns about cancer survival, led to the NHS Cancer Plan in 2000, which acknowledged that cancer patients in England often had poorer survival prospects than those in other European countries. It suggested that for some cancers, such as breast and bowel, this might be due to patients having more advanced disease by the time they were treated (www.doh.gov.uk/cancer/cancerplan.htm).

Reductions in cancer deaths can be achieved in two main ways—reducing incidence and improving survival. The United Kingdom has done particularly well in reducing cancer incidence, mainly due to public health measures. UK mortality statistics for 2000 showed that the age standardised mortality from lung cancer in men had fallen from about 857 deaths per million population in 1991 to 608 deaths per million in 2000, continuing a downward trend since the 1970s. This has been due to …
433 FREQUENCIES OF RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED AMINO ACID VARIANTS DETECTED BY 454-SEQUENCING DURING COMBINATION TREATMENT WITH BOCEPREVIR PLUS PEGINTRON (PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2B)/RIBAVIRIN IN HCV (GT1)-INFECTED PATIENTS
Authors: J.A. Howe, P. Qiu, R.A. Ogert, P. Mendez, C.A. Brass, J. Albrecht, R. Ralston, R.J.O. Barnard, D. Hazuda
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Treatment of Cancer of the Head and Neck by Chemotherapy
Authors: Oliver H. Beahrs, Vincent T. Caldarola, Edgar G. Harrison
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THE OF chemotherapeutic agents as adjuvants in palliative treatment for malignant tumors in other parts of the body suggested that perhaps beneficial effects could be obtained in lesions involving the head and neck. Although the specificity of these various compounds for certain types of cancer has already been demonstrated in leukemia, lymphoma, and certain epithelial tumors, the variable response of the more common forms of cancer to these agents does not necessarily rule out their use as a last resort. The amenability of tumors in regions of the head and neck to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs by perfusion and infusion is determined to some extent by the source of the blood supply of the tumors. The blood must be almost entirely supplied by the external carotid artery or its branches. The initial reports on the use of chemotherapeutic drugs for inoperable cancer of the head and neck as a palliative
The Perforated Appendix
Authors: Ronald A. Malt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

Although an editorial in the Journal 20 years ago implied heady times approaching in the treatment of appendicitis,1 token recognition and no excitement greeted the 100th anniversary of the codification of the appendicitis syndrome last June.2 , 3 In 1886 the situation was different. Surgery was emerging from its dark days, when anesthesia permitted major operations but antisepsis was so imperfect that they often failed. Women's abdomens had been entered occasionally for treatment of ovarian cysts — men's abdomens rarely, on any pretext. For a pathologist-physician like Reginald H. Fitz2 , 3 to argue that the common and usually fatal disease called perityphlitis was . . .