tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sports medicine: some ethical issues.
Authors: J Sim
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1993)

The ethical aspects of sports medicine have hitherto received little scrutiny, in contrast to its legal implications, which have recently been subject to much greater discussion. However, the differences that are apparent between sports medicine and 'mainstream' areas of clinical practice can shed new light on a number of the central issues within health-care ethics. By means of hypothetical case studies, this paper seeks to examine some of these issues within a sports medicine context. Specific attention will be paid to the concepts of autonomy and paternalism, issues to do with truthfulness, and the question of conflicting professional loyalties. It is suggested that the ethics of sports medicine warrant further and more detailed examination.
Characteristics of House-Staff Candidates
Authors: MYRON BOOR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Letters and Corrections1 October 1982Characteristics of House-Staff CandidatesMYRON BOOR, PH.D., STEVEN A. WARTMAN, M.D., PH.D., DAVID B. REUBEN, M.D.MYRON BOOR, PH.D.Search for more papers by this author, STEVEN A. WARTMAN, M.D., PH.D.Search for more papers by this author, DAVID B. REUBEN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-97-4-623_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Greganti and associates (1) surveyed the faculty, fellows, and residents of a department of medicine to ascertain the relative importance attributed to each of eight personal characteristics shown during interviews by house staff candidates. These investigators found that "professional attitude" was regarded as the single most important personal characteristic for candidate evaluation. We collected data that suggests that professional attitude, as shown in overt behavior, influences actual interview evaluations and subsequent selection decisions of medical school faculties.Two receptionists independently rated the "professionalism" of 18 medical residency applicants awaiting selection interviews. These ratings were related significantly both...References1. GREGANTI M, MCGAGHIE W, and FINN W. Personal characteristics of house staff candidates: a quantitative analysis of relative weights. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:108-11. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: MYRON BOOR, PH.D.; STEVEN A. WARTMAN, M.D., PH.D.; DAVID B. REUBEN, M.D.Affiliations: Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Providence, RI 02902 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1982Volume 97, Issue 4 Page: 623-623 Keywords Behavior Residency ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1982 PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract 4857: Clonal expansion of Lkb1-deficient stromal cells underlies polyp development in mouse models of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Authors: Saara Ollila, Kaisa Laajanen, Iris Wong, Kari Vaahtomeri, Tomi P. Mäkelä
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract While the role of LKB1 mutations in the Peutz-Jeghers polyposis syndrome (PJS) is uncontroversial, the originating cell type remains unclear as Lkb1 mutations in both epithelial cells and stromal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) have been proposed as tumor drivers. Since SMCs do not represent a major fraction of stromal cells in polyps, altered signaling from Lkb1-deficient SMCs to epithelium has been suggested as a possible mechanism for polyposis. Here we investigate the cell type origin and tumor development mechanism of PJS type polyps in mice by targeting Lkb1 in either early mesenchymal progenitors (Twist2-Cre) or in stromal fibroblasts (Fsp1-Cre). Remarkably, both Twist2 (Twist2-Cre;Lkb1flox/+) and Fsp1-driven (Fsp1-Cre;Lkb1flox/+ and Fsp1-Cre;Lkb1flox/flox) Lkb1 deletion led to formation of PJS-type gastrointestinal polyps predominantly in the stomach, as noted before for Lkb1+/- mice. Furthermore, lineage-tracing experiments demonstrated that Lkb1 deletion results in early local expansion of Lkb1-deficient myofibroblast-like alpha smooth muscle actin-expressing cells between gastric glands, and subsequent clonal expansion filling the stroma of the forming polyps. The simultaneous expansion of the adjacent epithelium seems to be secondary to the stromal growth, based on lack of noticeable genetic alterations in the epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical and mRNA analyses demonstrate that the polyps arising from the stromal deletion models are indistinguishable from Lkb1+/- mice and PJS patient polyps. These results indicate that polyps in the Twist2-Cre and Fsp1-Cre mice represent stromal tumors, and suggest that the identified tumorigenic mechanism is shared in PJS syndrome. Citation Format: Saara Ollila, Kaisa Laajanen, Iris Wong, Kari Vaahtomeri, Tomi P. Mäkelä. Clonal expansion of Lkb1-deficient stromal cells underlies polyp development in mouse models of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4857. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4857
Filling GAPs in the understanding of cardioprotection induced by GPCR activation: RGS proteins modulate ischaemic injury
Authors: R. J. Korthuis
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

This editorial refers to ‘Gαi2-mediated protection from ischaemic injury is modulated by endogenous RGS proteins in the mouse heart’ by R.E. Waterson et al. , pp. 45–52, this issue. 

Brief periods of vascular occlusion followed by reperfusion (I/R) have been shown to confer protection against myocardial injury and necrosis induced by subsequent exposure to prolonged I/R, a phenomenon referred to as ischaemic preconditioning. Initially discovered by Murry et al. 1 in canine hearts 25 years ago, subsequent work has shown that preconditioning induces two periods of protection: an initial, early phase that arises with minutes of exposure to the bouts of preconditioning I/R, persists for 1–4 h, and then disappears, followed by the re-emergence of a protected phenotype 24 h later (delayed preconditioning).2,3 More recently, the phenomenon of ischaemic post-conditioning has been described, wherein the short bouts of I/R are initiated at the onset of reperfusion to induce cardioprotection.4 These preconditioning protocols (IPC) activate endogenous cell survival programmes that appear to exist in every species, organ, and tissue tested and may also operate in humans.2–4 Moreover, IPC represents the most powerful cardioprotective intervention yet discovered. As a consequence, an intense research effort has ensued in an attempt to elucidate the signalling mechanisms that mediate IPC so that practical therapies can be developed for patients who are predisposed to ischaemic disease. This work has resulted in identification of a number of pharmacological agents that mimic IPC, including adenosine, acetylcholine, opioids, calcitonin gene-related peptide, bradykinin, angiotensin II, and endothelin.2–4 Because each of these endogenously produced agonists serves as a ligand for Gαi protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), there is growing interest in developing therapies that potentiate and/or sustain their activity in cardiovascular disease. Since it is difficult to predict when myocardial ischaemia will occur, …
Mitral Insufficiency Secondary to Ruptured Chordae Tendineae
Authors: Carl Wolnisty, Sam L. Friedman
Journal: JAMA (1964)

RUPTURE of the mitral chordae tendineae, until recent years, has remained a medical curiosity and conversational material at clinical pathological conferences. With development of open heart surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass, surgical repair is now feasible. Mitral insufficiency may result from distortion of the mitral leaflet by ruptured chordae tendineae with loss of the normal valve restraining mechanism. The following communication presents a case of ruptured chordae secondary to subacute bacterial endocarditis with associated mitral insufficiency diagnosed preoperatively, and successfully corrected. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> The patient is a 38-year-old Caucasian female who was admitted on Nov 23, 1962 with the history of right parascapular pain. She had a dilatation and curettage performed because of menorrhagia in December, 1961. Because of persistent menorrhagia a hysterectomy was performed in October, 1962. During the course of her hospitalization she was examined by several physicians; no cardiac abnormalities were discovered. She had an uneventful
Adverse changes in mood and cognitive performance of house officers after night duty.
Authors: D. I. Orton, J. H. Gruzelier
Journal: BMJ (1989)

The effects of long hours of work by junior doctors are the subject of growing concern. Experimental investigations of the effects of night duty on young doctors are few and have given inconclusive results. To measure the effects of long hours of work and reduced sleep on cognitive performance and mood 20 house officers (14 men and six women; mean age 25, range 24-35) were examined for 35 minutes in one session towards the end of a normal working day and in a second session at the same time after working for up to 31 continuous hours with reduced sleep. The order of the sessions was counterbalanced across the subjects. Each session comprised a series of cognitive tests: choice reaction time, vigilance reaction time, and haptic sorting tests and completion of a profile of mood states and a general questionnaire. After night duty there was a significant slowing in cognitive processing together with a decline in reaction times in the vigilance test. Loss of sleep contributed only to increased variability in the choice reaction time. Significant deleterious changes in mood after night duty occurred in all the mood scales after night duty. Continuous working may adversely affect the cognitive function and mood to the detriment of the welfare of doctors and their patients.
Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) in Alzheimer's disease.
Authors: J. Byrne, T. Arie
Journal: BMJ (1989)

fewer found guilty.These checks may thus give rise to a false sense of security and diminish vigilance and supervision.All organisations therefore need careful guidelines governing access to children.There are also legal problems.As the police cannot be indemnified for incorrect information the employing bodies may be liable for mistakes-if, for instance, the wrong John Smith is checked.Finally, there is the difficulty ofinterpreting the information received and its relevance to the job in question.For example, the gay movement points out that a conviction for a homosexual offence with, say, a 20 year old is not equivalent to child abuse, and many offences uncovered will have nothing to do with children and may date back many years.The nominated officer may need expert advice in assessing information received.An attempt to select out those with a relevant criminal background must, however, be made, and if we can bar even one of the multiple child sex offenders much will have been achieved.
DIFFUSE INTRATUBULAR TUBERCULOSIS OF THE HUMAN TESTICLE
Authors: EDWIN F. HIRSCH
Journal: JAMA (1933)

When tuberculosis of the testis was first accepted as a disease, caseation was taken as the diagnostic criterion and gross examinations alone sufficed. Such a standard for diagnosis, of course, did not separate tuberculosis from other caseous diseases. Later, when the histologic structure of tuberculous lesions was established, the microscopic examinations and the demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in characteristic tissue lesions became the standards of reference. In 1877, Gaule<sup>1</sup>stated that there were two interpretations of the genesis and composition of testicular tuberculosis. The first was from Virchow, who noted the testicle tubercle always as a small gray translucent nodule similar in structure to the miliary tubercles of other viscera and the larger lesions as conglomerates of these smaller nodules; the other from Rindfleish, who described larger spherical caseous nodules which conglomerated into groups, became confluent and formed lesions with an irregularly nodular or branched configuration. According to Rindfleish,
Abstract 1964: Development of a nanovaccine for cancer therapy
Authors: Vanessa R. Bright, Pavlo Gilchuk, Laura Gordy, Andrew Flyak, Sebastian Joyce, Thomas Yankeelov, Wellington Pham
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Purpose: Despite significant advancements in dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer immunotherapy, the approach remains challenging, especially with regard to developing a simple yet robust method for activating the immune system against cancer in the context of using tumor antigen-activated DCs. To improve the feasibility of this immunotherapy approach, we sought to develop a robust vaccine that utilizes nanotechnology to activate endogenous DCs in the host. Method: Using a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle as the carrier for this therapy, two immune system activating molecules were conjugated to the nanoparticle. The dextran-coated SPIO nanoparticles were reacted with an epoxyamine linker to produce amine groups on the surface of the nanoparticle. Next, a potent Natural Killer T (NKT) cell activating glycolipid, was conjugated to the SPIO nanoparticle via a disulfide-containing crosslinker. For in vivo studies, an MUC-1 derived antigenic peptide was conjugated as well to the same nanoparticles. Here, adult MUC-1 transgenic C57BL/6 mice were implanted with MUC-1 transfected C57G tumors. The protein and adjuvant conjugated nanoparticle was delivered to mice via subcutaneous injection. Tumor growth in the treated and untreated groups of mice was measured by ultrasound over a 5-week period. Results: Using a mouse model, the effectiveness of a nanovaccine was determined. The nanoparticle conjugated with the NKT cell agonist induced robust IFN-γ and IL-4 response in wild-type mice while no response was elicited in NKT cell- or DC-deficient mice probed with the same nanovaccine. In a different mouse model group, treatment of tumor-bearing MUC-1 animals with the nanovaccine resulted in markedly diminished tumor growth compared to the untreated group. Conclusion: The results indicate that the nanoparticle delivery vehicle can induce a robust immune response in mice. Beyond this vehicular capability, the SPIO nanoparticles can be used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. As a result, this multimodal and multivalent nanovaccine, achieved through nanotechnology, has the potential to provide microanatomical and functional imaging feedback of the DC-targeted anti-cancer immunotherapy, thus leading to longitudinal treatment and monitoring. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1964. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1964
Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery
Authors: Sidney W. Winchell
Journal: JAMA (1986)

To the Editor.—  I read with interest Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery, which appeared in the Dec 20, 1985, issue ofThe Journal. 1 All three correspondents are concerned about the safety of the patient. However, the discussion primarily involves pharmacologic agents rather than skill and compassion of the anesthetizing personnel.  We have performed in the past several years approximately 8,000 ophthalmologic procedures, primarily on elderly patients. We use a technique similar to that outlined by Dr DeFalque, using significantly fewer drugs, however. Patients aged 60 to 75 years receive premedication with 5 mg of diazepam (Valium) orally one to 1 1/2 hours before the procedure. Patients aged 75 to 80 years receive no premedication. The amount of fentanyl citrate administered varies between 10 and 20 μg. This is approximately one fifth to half of the lowest dose given by Dr DeFalque. Methohexital sodium is administered to an average total dose
Dual Actions of the Gα <sub>q</sub> Agonist <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> Toxin to Promote Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Enhance Apoptosis Susceptibility
Authors: Abdelkarim Sabri, Brenda A. Wilson, Susan F. Steinberg
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Previous attempts to delineate the consequences of Gα q activation in cardiomyocytes relied largely on molecular strategies in cultures or transgenic mice. Modest levels of wild-type Gα q overexpression induce stable cardiac hypertrophy, whereas intense Gα q stimulation induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The precise mechanism(s) whereby traditional targets of Gα q subunits that induce hypertrophy also trigger cardiomyocyte apoptosis is not obvious and is explored with recombinant Pasteurella multocida toxin (rPMT, a Gα q agonist). Cells cultured with rPMT display cardiomyocyte enlargement, sarcomeric organization, and increased atrial natriuretic factor expression in association with activation of phospholipase C, novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and (to a lesser extent) JNK/p38-MAPK. rPMT stimulates the ERK cascade via epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transactivation in cardiac fibroblasts, but EGF receptor transactivation plays no role in ERK activation in cardiomyocytes. Surprisingly, rPMT (or novel PKC isoform activation by PMA) decreases basal Akt phosphorylation; rPMT prevents Akt phosphorylation by EGF or IGF-1 and functionally augments cardiomyocyte apoptosis in response to H 2 O 2 . These results identify a Gα q -PKC pathway that represses basal Akt phosphorylation and impairs Akt stimulation by survival factors. Because inhibition of Akt enhances cardiomyocyte susceptibility to apoptosis, this pathway is predicted to contribute to the transition from hypertrophy to cardiac decompensation and could be targeted for therapy in heart failure.
THE TREATMENT OF GONORRHEA OF THE MALE URETHRA
Authors: E. L. KEYES
Journal: JAMA (1920)

Gonorrhea in the adult male is a self-limited venereal disease. Consequently, it is commonly considered an ignominious and unimportant disease, the treatment of which need not concern the mind of the welleducated practitioner in medicine. But those who have had experience with the very slow and unsatisfactory improvement in urethral conditions due to gonorrhea under the treatment they received in the army and navy during the late war will doubtless agree that there is room for improvement in the treatment of this disease as conducted by the average practitioner. The dissatisfaction with the results of our treatment of urethral gonorrhea has led me to interest myself very considerably in the pathologic conditions involved. From this interest there has arisen a classification of lesions and of the treatment of these lesions, notably in the case of chronic gonorrhea, which has been of assistance to me in helping such cases. Practical as
Gray's Anatomy
Authors: John E. Skandalakis
Journal: JAMA (1990)

In 1853, at 26 years of age, Henry Gray of St George's Hospital in London received the Astley Cooper Prize for his dissertation "On the Structure and Use of the Spleen." His opponent was Edwards Crisp, the so-called Splenic Anatomist. Perhaps the committee prophetically saw something in Henry Gray, because five years later, in 1858, the first edition of his<i>Anatomy</i>was published in 750 pages and 363 figures. Gray was lucky enough to have an excellent artist, Dr Carter, in the same way that Vesalius had Calcar. I wish that I had been there to see the reaction on the beautiful face of Gray, who could be described in the words of William Hazlitt as "a person one would wish to have seen." In the preface to this 37th edition, editors Peter L. Williams, Roger Warwick, Mary Dyson, and Lawrence H. Bannister emphasize the ecumenical spirit that must exist
Advances in Teratology
Authors: Charles W. Bodemer
Journal: JAMA (1966)

As the editor of this volume indicates in the foreword, If the subject matter of teratology today has only vague and ill-defined boundaries, its objectives are crystal clear. This new series admits the central concern as definition of the field of teratology and also recognizes the thoroughly multidisciplinary character. It takes an important step toward providing an annual survey in those diverse disciplines contributory to the problems of teratology. First of the proposed annual volumes, this book contains seven articles, each approximately 25 pages in length: (1) The causes of Down's syndrome, (2) X-chromosome inactivation in mammals, (3) recent advances in etiology of congenital anomalies, (4 ) immunologic aspects of developmental biology, (5) the teratogenic effects of Azo dyes, (6) effects of ionizing radiation on mammalian development, (7) drugs and human malformations. Each review is well written and authoritative, with an appended bibliography citing a significant amount of recent literature.  It
CIRCULATING MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-3 IS ASSOCIATED WITH VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
Authors: Justin Zachariah, Steven D. Colan, Peter Lang, John K. Triedman, Mark E. Alexander, Edward P. Walsh, Charles I. Berul, Frank Cecchin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
COMPARISON OF IMAGE QUALITY, MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION, AND LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION BETWEEN ULTRA-LOW-DOSE IMAGING USING A HIGH-EFFICIENCY SOLID-STATE SPECT CAMERA AND STANDARD LOW-DOSE IMAGING USING AN ANGER SPECT CAMERA: RESULTS FROM THE MULTICENTER NUCLEAR LOW-DOSE IMAGING AT A MILLISIEVERT (MILLISIEVERT) STUDY
Authors: Andrew Jeffrey, Einstein Ron, Blankstein Howard, Andrews Mathews, Fish Richard, Padgett Sean, Hayes John, Friedman Ming, Feng Mehreen, Qureshi Harivony, Rakotoarivelo Jim, Gerlach Sabahat, Bokhari Lynne, Johnson Marcelo, Di Carli, Daniel Berman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)