tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidermal growth factor in the oesophagus.
Authors: J Jankowski, G Coghill, B Tregaskis, D Hopwood, K G Wormsley
Journal: Gut (1992)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been implicated in mitogenesis and oncogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. To determine the role of EGF in oesophageal disease, its quantity and distribution in the oesophageal mucosa of control subjects and patients with oesophageal disease were studied. Oesophageal biopsy specimens, taken 20-40 cm from the incisors in 72 patients, were graded histologically and adjacent specimens were taken for immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of EGF. In patients with Barrett9s columnar lined oesophagus, specimens were also taken from the gastric cardia for comparison. Twenty two biopsy specimens showed oesophagitis, 20 Barrett9s mucosa, and 30 were histologically normal. EGF was found in the capillary endothelium of the normal oesophageal papillae and basal mucosa. Significantly more EGF positive papillae were found in the normal mucosa (81%) than in the inflamed mucosa (42%) (p &lt; 0.001). The 20 patients with Barrett9s mucosa showed abnormal expression of EGF in 25% of the isthmus and superficial epithelial cells. This study has shown that EGF is found only in the endothelial cells of the capillaries of the normal oesophageal mucosa and that the peptide is detectable significantly less frequently than normal in the inflamed oesophageal mucosa. EGF is also abnormally present, in large quantities, in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of Barrett9s mucosa compared with gastric mucosa.
Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Fulminant hepatic failure, especially when characterized by deep coma, forebodes severe morbidity and high mortality. The Fulminant Hepatic Failure Surveillance Study reports an overall mortality of 22% in 318 patients, and of those having deep coma only 17.6% survived.<sup>1</sup>Fulminant hepatitis following halothane anesthesia had the worst prognosis, only 4% of 53 patients surviving. Age above 45 years and the presence of complications also worsened the prognosis. Exchange transfusions offered the best hope for survival, 24% of 166 patients living compared to 10% of 101 patients who received no special treatment. Companion reports by Burnell and by Buckner and their colleagues<sup>2,3</sup>afford means for comparison of treatment of fulminant hepatic failure by cross circulation or by plasma exchange. Burnell et al applied cross circulation in three patients, one having acute hepatic necrosis of viral origin (presumably serum hepatitis), the second having hepatitis following a second use of halothane
Terrorism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Authors: L. D. Hankoff
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This volume is based on a symposium held in 1979 that focused on four major areas of terrorism: ethics, "victimology," law enforcement personnel training, and research. In the decade of the 1970s there were approximately 2,000 deaths from international terrorist incidents. While this is but a tiny fraction in the overall scheme of worldwide wars and violence, the impact of terrorist activities made the issue a common public concern and created a new subscience. As a problem that affects human lives and minds, terrorism has become a medical concern. Terrorist acts tend to recur largely in about ten or so countries. Western democracies are highly represented on the list and communist countries infrequently, with Eastern bloc countries and Cuba rarely reporting terrorist incidents. The terrorist operation of hostage taking is one that has captured the most attention and has invited the involvement of the psychiatrist as a participant in the
Health care and the European Union
Authors: E. Mossialos
Journal: BMJ (2002)

mid-1990s in Afghanistan, for example, Meddings found a decline in the rate of weapons related injury, before and after a particular region came under uncontested control, of only 20-40% when weapons remained in circulation. 12upply side strategies such as buyback and amnesty schemes have been tried in countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia.In response to massacres at Dunblane and Port Arthur, those countries tightened regulations, the former banning handguns and the latter semiautomatic rifles.British citizens voluntarily turned in 250 000 weapons, while the Australian buyout programme netted 750 000.Law enforcement officials in both countries affirm the effectiveness of these measures in reducing damage by these weapons.Many argue that a supply side approach alone is inadequate, and various demand side measures have been proposed.Awareness building and educational programmes to promote cultures of peace; international norms that stigmatise the possession of guns; and programmes to reintegrate former combatants into society and to provide real economic opportunities have all been postulated to reduce harm from small arms, but are more difficult subjects of study.In Mozambique a unique project, Tools for Arms, combines supply and demand side approaches.The buyback of weapons, the metal of which is turned into art, provides compensation for gun owners, giving them new economic opportunities.International humanitarian law may be applied to restrict weapons that cause damage disproportionate to war aims.Whole classes of weapons could be banned from civilian possession, just as landmines and other indiscriminately harmful weapons have been banned from military and civilian use.Although it seems clear that restrictions on the possession of weapons are necessary to prevent harm due to small arms, such restrictions are fiercely opposed by highly organised, wealthy, and influential groups such as America's National Rifle Association.The failure to reach meaningful agreement to control illegal manufacture and trafficking in small arms at the recent United Nations conference on the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons was partly the result of the lobbying of these groups.Public health models could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of each preventive approach.Inter-
Alcohol and Family Violence
Authors: Ivy Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> It is heartening that the widespread problem of alcoholism is being addressed at the highest levels of the Department of Health and Human Services.<sup>1</sup>Drs Bowen and Sammons make an important point when they note the contribution of alcohol abuse and alcoholism to a host of other medical and social problems, including family violence. Research has uniformly found a frequent association between alcohol (and other drug) abuse and wife battering. Studies of battered women report concurrent alcohol abuse in batterers, varying from 44%<sup>2</sup>to 93%.<sup>3</sup>In addition, Scott<sup>4</sup>surveyed 100 wives of alcoholics and found that 72% had been threatened, 45% had been beaten, and 27% had sustained potentially lethal assaults at their husbands' hands. Finally, 50% of all female alcoholism may be precipitated by abuse.<sup>5</sup> However, these statistics can lead one erroneously to believe that successful abstinence will uniformly bring
Antioxidants, Pro-oxidants, and Their Effects-Reply
Authors: Wolfgang Schalch
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The antioxidant properties of vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene are well recognized in the body under normal physiological conditions, even in individuals taking supplements in excess of RDAs. These micronutrients are important in human cellular protection because of their antioxidant functions, which have been documented extensively in biologically significant contexts. As with all antioxidants, there is the potential for formation of their own radical species during the processes by which highly reactive free radicals are quenched. However, the so-called pro-oxidant forms of vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene are much less reactive and have lower energy levels than the free radicals that they neutralize. Thus, the reactivity of antioxidants in pro-oxidant forms is much less than that of the harmful radicals associated with damage to tissues and organs of the body. Hence, the antioxidant functions of these micronutrients are the attributes that are biologically relevant,
Reductions in defence medical services
Authors: C Ambury
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,—I was disheartened to read the apologia from the most senior medical officer in the defence medical services.1 I am a medical officer in the Royal Air Force and am disillusioned by pronouncements of this kind. As a general duties doctor—a general practitioner—I am part of the “front line” of the defence medical services. In the past 12 months much uncertainty has shrouded the changes that will be wrought by the most …
PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CLOPIDOGREL AND ROSUVASTATIN: EFFECTS ON VASCULAR PROTECTION IN SUBJECTS WITH CORONARY HEART DISEASE
Authors: Maria Cristina Izar, Luiz Pinheiro, Carolina N. Franca, Simone P. Barbosa, Soraia H. Kasmas, Henrique T. Bianco, Rui M. Povoa, Francisco Fonseca
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
alpha-Lipoic acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and improves glucose effectiveness in lean and obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Authors: T Konrad, P Vicini, K Kusterer, A Höflich, A Assadkhani, H J Böhles, A Sewell, H J Tritschler, C Cobelli, K H Usadel
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

We examined the effect of lipoic acid (LA), a cofactor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), on insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (SG) and on serum lactate and pyruvate levels after oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTTs) in lean (n = 10) and obese (n = 10) patients with type 2 diabetes.FSIGTT data were analyzed by minimal modeling technique to determine SI and SG before and after oral treatment (600 mg, twice a day, for 4 weeks). Serum lactate and pyruvate levels of diabetic patients after glucose loading were compared with those of lean (n = 10) and obese (n = 10) healthy control subjects in which SI and SG were also determined from FSIGTT data.Fasting lactate and pyruvate levels were significantly increased in patients with type 2 diabetes. These metabolites did not exceed elevated fasting concentrations after glucose loading in lean patients with type 2 diabetes. However, a twofold increase of lactate and pyruvate levels was measured in obese diabetic patients. LA treatment was associated with increased SG in both diabetic groups (lean 1.28 +/- 0.14 to 1.93 +/- 0.13; obese 1.07 +/- 0.11 to 1.53 +/- 0.08 x 10(-2) min-1, P < 0.05). Higher SI and lower fasting glucose were measured in lean diabetic patients only (P < 0.05). Lactate and pyruvate before and after glucose loading were approximately 45% lower in lean and obese diabetic patients after LA treatment.Treatment of lean and obese diabetic patients with LA prevents hyperglycemia-induced increments of serum lactate and pyruvate levels and increases SG.
An ideational account of early word learning: A plausibility assessment
Authors: Rita Nolan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

The theoretical framework of Bloom's account of child word learning is here assessed only for initial plausibility and neural plausibility. The verdict on both dimensions is low, largely due to the size and character of knowledge it is claimed that the child brings to the task. It is suggested that elements of constructivist accounts could profitably be drawn from to reduce this implausibility.
Adhesion of peripheral blood lymphocytes to high endothelial venules of gut mucosa.
Authors: G S Panayi, G H Kingsley, C Pitzalis
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)mRNA and IGF-I protein was studied in human osteoarthritic and young articular cartilage by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridisation showed that relatively low amounts of IGF-I mRNA signal were present in anatomically normal regions of osteoarthritic and young cartilage. In fibrillated osteoarthritic cartilage, however, the signal intensity was significantly higher than in non-fibrillated cartilage. Particularly high levels of IGF-I mRNA were present in the surface cell clones of more advanced lesions, the amount of signal being about four to five times greater than in anatomically normal cartilage. The amount of message varied with cartilage depth. In young cartilage there was less IGF-I mRNA in the superficial zone than in the middle and deep zones. In fibrillated regions of osteoarthritic joints the amount of message in surface cells was greater than in deeper regions. A specific human IGF-I antibody was used to show the presence intracellularly of IGF-I protein in osteoarthritic and young cartilage. Raised levels of IGF-I message in osteoarthritic chondrocytes may represent an attempt at increased matrix repair, operating by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism.
Abstract 3920: Off-target effects of the putative G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) agonist G1 in ovarian and breast cancer cells
Authors: Cheng Wang, Chao Jiang, Xiangmin Lv, Lan Fu, John S. Davis
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER or GPR30) plays important roles in mediating estrogen action in many different tissues and organs under both physiological and pathological conditions. G-1 (1-[4-(6-bromobenzo[1,3]dioxol-5yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-8-yl]-ethanone), the putative selective GPER agonist, has been reported to activate GPER, trigger several signaling pathways, and stimulate cell proliferation in ER-negative breast cancer, endometrial and ovarian cancer. More recently, reports showed that activation of GPER by estrogen or G1 can suppress certain cell proliferation. This study was initiated to clarify the function of GPER and its agonist on the granulosa cell tumor (GCT) cell proliferation using KGN cell as a cellular model. Well characterized epithelial ovarian cancer and breast cancer cell lines were used for comparison. GPER siRNA was used to knock down GPER. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect protein expression. We found that knockdown of GPER significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) suppressed KGN cell proliferation, suggesting that GPER may play positive roles on KGN cell proliferation. Low concentrations of G1 (&amp;lt;500nM) had no effect on KGN cell proliferation, whereas higher concentrations (&amp;gt;1μM) of G1 significantly suppressed KGN cell proliferation and arrested KGN cells in G2/M phase. These results indicated that G1 may suppress KGN cell proliferation in a GPER-independent manner. Supporting our hypothesis, knockdown of GPER did not block the inhibitory effect of G1on KGN cell proliferation. Moreover, G15, a potent GPER antagonist, failed to block G1-induced suppression of cell proliferation and G1-induced cell cycle arrest in KGN cells. In IGROV-1 epithelial ovarian cancer cells, G1 suppressed cell proliferation, a response which was not blocked by G15, even at concentrations 8-fold higher than that of G1. G1 treatment also suppressed the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, a cell line which reportedly expresses very low amounts of GPER. In HEK-293 cells, which are reported to have no expression of GPER, G1 also significantly suppressed the cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that G1 is able to suppress ovarian and breast cancer cell proliferation in a GPER-independent manner. G1 may be a candidate for the development of drugs against ovarian and breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3920. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3920
Epidemiology of adverse drug reactions to phenformin and metformin.
Authors: U Bergman, G Boman, B E Wiholm
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to phenformin and metformin reported to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committee during 1965--77 were analysed in relation to sales and prescription data. The biguanides accounted for 0.6% of all reported adverse drug reactions but for 6% of the fatal cases (all phenformin). Sixty-four ADRs to phenformin and eight to metformin were classified as causal relation "probable" or "not excluded." Fifty-one of these reactions (71%) were lactic acidosis, all but one being reactions to phenformin. After 1973 phenformin was prescribed less in Sweden and metformin became predominant. A nationwide prescription survey during 1975--6 disclosed no differences in age and sex between patients receiving phenformin and metformin. The mean daily doses prescribed in 1976 were 74 mg of phenformin and 1.5 g of metformin. The numbers of ADRs to the two drugs reported during 1975--7 were related to use. The relative incidences of ADRs reported for phenformin and metformin did not differ. Significantly more cases of lactic acidosis and deaths were reported for phenformin.
To augment yet not contradict
Authors: David A. Case
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Evidence from 45 early studies of resistance to extinction following reinforcement of differing amounts, taken in sum, challenges both the basic and the augmented models of Nevin &amp; Grace. The augmented model seems too ad hoc in salvaging the analogy between persistence in behavior and concepts from physics, as my meta-analysis of these data affirms.
Vasopressin-induced coronary constriction at low perfusion pressures
Authors: G. A PANTELY, H. D LADLEY, C. G ANSELONE, J D. BRISTOW
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1985)

We studied the effects of intracoronary vasopressin on the relationship between pressure and flow in the coronary circulation of anaesthetised swine. In addition to measurements at control levels, diastolic pressure-flow relationships were constructed from steady-state points below a coronary pressure of 50 mmHg, where endogenous vasodilatation is strongly stimulated. At baseline pressures, flow fell 28% with maximal vasopressin effect. At all levels of diastolic pressure below 50 mmHg vasopressin also decreased flow, eg, at 30 mmHg flow was depressed by 40%. The slope of the steady-state pressure-flow relationship fell from 1.21 to 0.75 ml.min-1.mmHg-1. The diastolic pressure at which coronary flow ceased rose slightly from 13 to 15 mmHg. Intracoronary adenosine completely prevented vasopressin's effect, and the vasodilator response to adenosine was not attenuated by simultaneous administration of vasopressin. The porcine coronary circulation will constrict in response to vasopressin, not only at normal perfusion pressure, but also at low levels when metabolic vasodilatation is intense. Our study has implications about the therapeutic use of vasopressin, and demonstrates interaction of vasoactive stimuli in the coronary circulation.
Effect of NHS reforms on general practitioners' referral patterns.
Authors: A Coulter, J Bradlow
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To compare outpatient referral patterns in fundholding and non-fundholding practices before and after the implementation of the NHS reforms in April 1991. DESIGN--Prospective collection of data on general practitioners9 referrals to specialist outpatient clinics between June 1990 and March 1992 and detailed comparison of two time periods: October 1990 to March 1991 (phase 1) and October 1991 to March 1992 (phase 2). SETTING--10 fundholding practices and six non-fundholding practices in the Oxford region. SUBJECTS--Patients referred to consultant outpatient clinics. RESULTS--After implementation of the NHS reforms there was no change in the proportion of referrals from the two groups of practices which crossed district boundaries. Both groups of practices increased their referral rates in phase 2 of the study, the fundholders from 107.3 per 1000 patients per annum (95% confidence interval 106 to 109) to 111.4 (110 to 113) and the non-fundholders from 95.0 (93 to 97) to 112.0 (110 to 114). In phase 2 there was no difference in overall standardised referral rates between fundholders and non-fundholders. Just over 20% of referrals went to private clinics in phase 1. By phase 2 this proportion had reduced by 2.2% (1.0% to 3.4%) among the fundholders and by 2.7% (1.2% to 4.2%) among the non-fundholders. CONCLUSIONS--Referral patterns among fundholders and non-fundholders were strikingly similar after the implementation of the NHS reforms. There was no evidence that fundholding was encouraging a shift from specialist to general practice care or that budgetary pressures were affecting general practitioners9 referral behaviour.
Third World of Medicine
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1985)

There are two sorts of history: narrative, which tells what happened, and explanatory, which tells how it happened and why. Schoolchildren usually learn narrative history, which can be quite absorbing. The story of wars and battles, deeds of heroism and adventure, biographical accounts of important people—such details fill up most of the history texts used in grade school. If we jump from grade school to medical school, we find that traditional medical history, for the most part, follows the narrative type, but shows very little dramatic excitement. Too much of it takes the form that so-and-so was born here or there, had one or another kind of education, discovered such-and-such, wrote and published much (or little), exerted this or that influence, and died. And most students find it extraordinarily dull. When offered masses of such straightforward information, they may reply, "So what?," and this question is very difficult to answer.
Reaction of mineral dusts with primary lung fibroblast cultures.
Authors: R J Richards, J Hunt
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

The complex metabolism of rabbit lung fibroblast cultures maintained over 24 days in vitro and their interaction with the fibrogenic group of asbestos minerals is reviewed. The differential effects of nine dusts given as a single dose to 3-day-old fibroblast cultures which were then analyzed for DNA, protein and cell mat hydroxyproline after 3 weeks are discussed. A comparison is made of the ability of these minerals to promote reticulin deposition in vivo following instillation into rats with the ability of each mineral to alter cell mat hydroxyproline levels in fibroblast cultures. Because this comparison is poor for some of the minerals investigated, it is concluded that with the current methodology the fibroblast cultures do not provide an adequate in vitro test system for assessing the potential fibrogenicity of a mineral in vivo.
Attitudes to malarial prophylaxis.
Authors: E Walker, A Qayyum
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Breast transillumination using the sinus diaphanographTransillumination in the diagnosis of breast disease was first used about 50 years ago.'-3The sinus diaphanograph is a recent development that provides a light beam of variable intensity.When it is used at the lowest possible setting small lesions become capable of light interference and more subtle changes in tissue density can be visualised.Diaphanoscopy is performed in a totally darkened room.Normal Diaphanoscopic appearance at first consultation compared with final diagnosis in 176 patients Final diagnosis Appearance on Fibroadenosis diaphanoscopy Cancer Cyst Fibroadenoma or Abscess Other normal Cancer .. 13 1 1 Cyst .