tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Uptake and metabolism of monohydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids by macrophages.
Authors: N A Pawlowski, W A Scott, M Andreach, Z A Cohn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

Within 5 min, resting macrophages metabolize microM quantities of exogenous arachidonic acid (20:4) to cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products. Mono-HETEs represent a major class of metabolites recovered from the medium. However, the quantity of mono-Hetes progressively decreases over a 60-min incubation period, with a concomitant increase in more polar lipoxygenase products, suggesting additional metabolic fates for these hydroxy acids. This was directly confirmed by exposing resident macrophage cultures to radiolabeled 15-, 12-, and 5-HETEs (1 microM). 12-30% of the recovered HETEs were cell-associated and predominantly esterified into phospholipid. High pressure liquid chromatography analyses of medium extracts indicated that 50% of each HETE was also converted to 10 or more metabolites over a 60-min time-course, a rate slower than for 20:4. The major metabolite generated from each mono-HETE had the elution characteristics of a di-HETE. The 5-HETE product has a triene spectrum similar to that of 5(S), 12(S)-di-HETE, whereas the 15- and 12-HETE products exhibited single ultraviolet absorption maxima, indicating a metabolic pathway for 5-HETE distinct from the other mono-HETEs. None of the stable cyclooxygenase products of 20:4 (6-keto PGF1 alpha, PGF2 alpha, PGE2, TXB2) nor polar metabolites of mono-HETEs are either incorporated or metabolized. The results indicate that macrophages have the capacity to specifically metabolize 20:4 and mono-HETEs to polar oxygenated products in the absence of a discernible trigger.
Noninvasive Monitoring of Murine Tumor Blood Flow During and After Photodynamic Therapy Provides Early Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Guoqiang Yu, Turgut Durduran, Chao Zhou, Hsing-Wen Wang, Mary E. Putt, H. Mark Saunders, Chandra M. Sehgal, Eli Glatstein, Arjun G. Yodh, Theresa M. Busch
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: To monitor tumor blood flow noninvasively during photodynamic therapy (PDT) and to correlate flow responses with therapeutic efficacy. Experimental Design: Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) was used to measure blood flow continuously in radiation-induced fibrosarcoma murine tumors during Photofrin (5 mg/kg)/PDT (75 mW/cm2, 135 J/cm2). Relative blood flow (rBF; i.e., normalized to preillumination values) was compared with tumor perfusion as determined by power Doppler ultrasound and was correlated with treatment durability, defined as the time of tumor growth to a volume of 400 mm3. Broadband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy concurrently quantified tumor hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2). Results: DCS and power Doppler ultrasound measured similar flow decreases in animals treated with identical protocols. DCS measurement of rBF during PDT revealed a series of PDT-induced peaks and declines dominated by an initial steep increase (average ± SE: 168.1 ± 39.5%) and subsequent decrease (59.2 ± 29.1%). The duration (interval time; range, 2.2-15.6 minutes) and slope (flow reduction rate; range, 4.4 -45.8% minute−1) of the decrease correlated significantly (P = 0.0001 and 0.0002, r2 = 0.79 and 0.67, respectively) with treatment durability. A positive, significant (P = 0.016, r2 = 0.50) association between interval time and time-to-400 mm3 was also detected in animals with depressed pre-PDT blood flow due to hydralazine administration. At 3 hours after PDT, rBF and SO2 were predictive (P ≤ 0.015) of treatment durability. Conclusion: These data suggest a role for DCS in real-time monitoring of PDT vascular response as an indicator of treatment efficacy.
Mannitol as a Challenge Test to Identify Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction in Elite Athletes
Authors: Karen Holzer, Sandra D. Anderson, Hak-Kim Chan, Jo Douglass
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Bronchial provocation tests provide objective criteria for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and were recommended to justify the use of inhaled beta2-agonists by athletes at the Winter Olympics 2002. Eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) was one test recommended to identify EIB. Provocation with EVH requires a special dry gas mixture limiting its availability. Provocation tests with osmotic aerosols require less expensive equipment that is easily portable. We assessed the sensitivity of a challenge with mannitol to identify responsiveness to EVH in 50 elite summer sport athletes who were unselected if they had respiratory symptoms. Asthma was previously diagnosed by a doctor in 27 subjects, and 21 subjects were currently under treatment for EIB or asthma. The mean predicted FEV1 was 103.6 +/- 10.8%, FVC was 99 +/- 13.3%, and mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC was 104 +/- 22.7%. A total of 25 subjects were positive to EVH challenge (mean percentage of fall in FEV1 was 25.4 +/- 15% SD), and 26 subjects had a positive mannitol challenge (geometric mean [95% confidence interval] provoking dose causing a 10% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second [PD10] was 202 mg [134, 300], with 24 of the subjects positive to both challenges). Mannitol had a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 92% to identify a positive response to EVH and, as such, could be used as an alternative to EVH to identify EIB.
Multiple Attacks of Aseptic Meningitis in the Same Individual
Authors: E. Elemola, K. Lapinleimu
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Renal Failure-Roscoe iBWM 1087It should be emphasized that a massive diuresis is not an obligatory stage in recovery, that when it occurs it is due to previous overhydration and should not therefore be treated by fluid replacement.The emphasis is necessary because numerous recent publications still advise this treatment, which can only perpetuate the overhydration and cause electrolyte loss.The determining factor in deciding the nature of a diuresis is the urine osmolality.If this is hypotonic it is one of water and an increasing intake is not desirable.If it is isotonic or hypertonic it is one of solutes and an increased fluid intake may be encouraged.In practice it is generally safe at this stage to allow a free intake; but some patients then, as a reaction to prolonged deprivation, drink excessively (although one patient was afraid to drink at all in case she still could not pass it).In this work there is no consistent difference between the urines of cases with chronic failure or acute failure which could help in deciding between the two conditions.The absence of any difference has already been emphasized by Franklin and Merrill (1960), but clinicians continue to seek for one.Pre- renal conditions, such as a marked reduction in food and water intake, may also produce oliguria and a relatively dilute urine.Joekes et al. (1957) consider that such urines can be distin- guished by their low sodium concentration; but this is uncertain, since similar low concentrations are seen here in acute failure. SummaryThe concentration of urea, electrolytes, and total osmols was studied in the urines of patients with acute and chronic renal failure.No differences which could be used in distinguishing the two conditions were found.Patients with chronic failure, when neither dehydrated nor overhydrated, passed urine which was hypotonic to or isotonic with plasma and never hypertonic.Those with acute failure also often passed hypotonic urine at first, the osmolality increas- ing to that of plasma or slightly more with improvement.This, since the fluid intake was strictly limited, shows an inability to concentrate, which resulted in an increase in urine volume as solute excretion increased.Improvement in con- centrating power was slow, but recovery, as shown by excretion of retained urea, occurred satisfactorily with these dilute urines, although the daily urine volumes were often only about 1.5 litres and did not exceed 3.5 litres.High volumes suggest previous or concurrent overhydration, which can be confirmed by the finding of hypotonic urine.The fluid intake under these circumstances should be less than the output.My thanks are due to Professor D. A. K. Black, whose patients were investigated.
Manufacture of porous biodegradable polymer conduits by an extrusion process for guided tissue regeneration
Authors: Markus S. Widmer, Puneet K. Gupta, Lichun Lu, Rudolf K. Meszlenyi, Gregory R.D. Evans, Keith Brandt, Tom Savel, Ali Gurlek, Charles W. Patrick, Antonios G. Mikos
Journal: Biomaterials (1998)
T-lymphocyte differentiation in vitro in severe combined immunodeficiency. Defects of stem cells.
Authors: R N Pahwa, S G Pahwa, R A Good
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

A study of T-lymphocyte differentiation was made on fractionated bone marrow cells from normal volunteers and from 11 patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using normal thymic epithelial monolayers and their culture supernates as inducing agents. Normal marrow cells could regularly be induced to bear the human T-lymphocyte antigen (HTLA), to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes), and to respond to the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) after coculture with the thymic epithelial monolayers or their culture supernates. In contrast, studies of T-cell differentiation on the marrow cells of patients with SCID revealed varying defects, ranging from a complete "absence" of definable T-cell precursors to partial differentiation resulting in acquisition of one (HTLA) or two (HTLA and E rosettes) markers for T lymphocytes. Only in one patient was there induction of all three T-cell markers, namely, HTLA, E rosettes, and responsiveness to Con A. These observations indicate that SCID is a heterogeneous disorder in which defects of differentiation can occur at one or more multiple sites of differentiation leading the the clinical expression of T- and B-cell dysfunction. Further, our studies indicate that in T-cell differentiation, HTLA probably appears before the capacity to form E-rosettes, and development of the latter capacity is followed by a state of responsiveness to mitogens. A scheme of normal differentiation along with the defects of precursor T cells seen in SCID is presented.
Delusion: Internal Dimensions of Political Life
Authors: Carl C. Bell
Journal: JAMA (1985)

This book sets out to perform a very difficult task, ie, to show how the delusional system of schizophrenic patients is relevant to the understanding of political theory. The result is a very philosophical text that is at times difficult but at other times easy to read.  The author looks at delusional thought from a psychoanalytic perspective and successfully argues that delusions are not meaningless utterances but rather are steeped in profound meaning that forms a necessary basis of being for the patient. The delusional patient follows rules of logic and language that are wholly egocentric, however, and thereby rejects society in a political fashion. An excellent description is given of the process of schizophrenia, starting from the initial trauma that occurs in infancy, through the severe regression and development of delusional thought, and, finally, to the long road of recovery, to which the author refers as the therapeutic demystification
Health Service or Sickness Service?
Authors: A. W. Franklin
Journal: BMJ (1972)

SIR,-In your leading article on "Clofibrate in Ischaemic Heart Disease" (25 December, p. 765) mention is made of the numbers and percentages of patients in the clofibrate and placebo groups who "died suddenly from myocardial infarction."This statement embraces both sudden deaths and fatal myocardial infarction.In the analysis of the results we deliberately distinguished sudden deaths from fatal myocardial infarcts and believe that this distinction may be important in such clinical trials.-Weare, etc.,
Ménétrier’s disease with normal albumin level
Authors: Lang Yang, Xiaojun Zhao, Ai-qin Li, Jian-qiu Sheng
Journal: Endoscopy (2015)

A 49-year-old man presented with a 5-month history of epigastric distension after meals. He had no history of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea and no family history of cancer. The physical examination was negative for edema, ascites, and superficial lymph nodes. Helicobacter pylori infection was detected with the carbon 13 urea breath test. Gastroscopy showed diffuse hypertrophic gastric mucosa covered by excessive mucus and limited to the stomach body and fundus ([Fig. 1 a, b]). A regular pit pattern of the hypertrophic mucosa was observed on narrow-band imaging ([Fig. 1 c]). Ultrasonic endoscopy revealed a thickened mucosal layer ([Fig. 1 d]). Computed tomography confirmed these findings and showed no palpable abdominal lymph nodes ([Fig. 1 e]). Histology of full-thickness biopsy specimens showed marked foveolar epithelial hyperplasia and no malignant cells ([Fig. 2]). The patient's total serum protein, albumin, gastrin, and immunoglobulin G (subtypes IgG1 – IgG4) were normal, as well as the blood cell count. Therefore, Ménétrier's disease was diagnosed.
Water and solute absorption from a new hypotonic oral rehydration solution: evaluation in human and animal perfusion models.
Authors: J B Hunt, A V Thillainayagam, A F Salim, S Carnaby, E J Elliott, M J Farthing
Journal: Gut (1992)

Controversy continues regarding the optimal composition of glucose electrolyte oral rehydration solutions for the treatment of acute diarrhoea. Four perfusion models (normal human jejunum, normal rat small intestine, cholera toxin treated secreting rat small intestine and rotavirus infected rat small intestine) have been developed and used to compare the efficacy of a hypotonic oral rehydration solution with standard United Kingdom British National formulary and developing world oral rehydration solutions (WHO). Despite obvious physiological and pathophysiological differences between these models there was general congruence in the water and solute absorption profiles of the different oral rehydration solutions. Hypotonic oral rehydration solution promoted significantly greater water absorption than other oral rehydration solutions in all rat models (p < 0.001) but apparently increased water absorption failed to achieve significance in human jejunum. British National Formulary-oral rehydration solution was unable to reverse net water secretion in both rotavirus and cholera toxin models. Net sodium absorption from hypotonic and WHO-oral rehydration solutions was significantly greater than from the low sodium British National Formulary-oral rehydration solutions (p < 0.001) except in the rotavirus model when absorption was similar to hypotonic-oral rehydration solutions. These findings show that there is agreement in the apparent efficacy of oral rehydration solutions in these animal and human perfusion models, and that improved water absorption with adequate sodium absorption may be achieved by reducing oral rehydration solution osmolality.
The Association of Polymorphisms in the Interleukin 33 (IL33) and Interleukin 1 Receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) Genes with Risk of Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: L. Gao, D. Taylor, N.M. Rafaels, M. Campbell, R. Lewis, C.V. Ribera, L.A. Beck, R.A. Mathias, D.Y. Leung, K.C. Barnes
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Effect of ascorbic acid on arylsulfatase activities and sulfated proteoglycan metabolism in chondrocyte cultures.
Authors: E R Schwartz, L Adamy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

A correlation between increased arylsulfatase activities and decreased sulfated proteoglycan content in human osteoarthritic articular cartilage suggested a possible interrelationship between these parameters. Since we had previously shown that ascorbate caused a decrease in levels of arylsulfatase A and B activities in normal chondrocyte cultures, the validity of the above relationship was examined by measuring the effect of vitamin C on the biosynthesis and distribution of 35S-labeled proteoglycans and arylsulfatase A and B activities in cell extracts of chondrocytes derived from normal and osteoarthritic tissue. Arylsulfatase A and B activities were found to be reduced in the presence of ascorbic acid in all normal and osteoarthritic cell lines examined when measured 3, 6, 10, and 13 days after the introduction of the vitamin in the culture medium. Acid phosphatase activity, on the other hand, was found to be elevated in the presence of ascorbate. The inhibitory effect by ascorbic acid on arylsulfatase activities could be reversed by withdrawing the vitamin from the nutrient medium. Addition of EDTA to the cell extracts before assay also reversed the inhibiton. Sulfated proteoglycan biosynthesis as reflected in 35S-sulfate uptake per milligram of DNA was significantly increased in the presence of ascorbic acid. The distribution of the newly synthesized molecules between the cell layer and medium fractions was altered. In the presence of ascorbate, more deposition into the cell layer of newly synthesized macromolecules occurred. These data suggest an inverse relationship between arylsulfatase activities and the stability of the newly synthesized sulfated proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix.
Dendritic Cell Function After Gene Transfer with Adenovirus-calcium Phosphate Co-precipitates
Authors: Michael P Seiler, Stephen Gottschalk, Vincenzo Cerullo, Maheshika Ratnayake, Viraj P Mane, Christian Clarke, Donna J Palmer, Philip Ng, Cliona M Rooney, Brendan Lee
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for initiating and directing antigen-specific T-cell responses. Genetic modification of DC is under study for cancer immunotherapy, vaccine development, and antigen-targeted immunosuppression. Adenovirus (Ad) type 5 (Ad5)-mediated gene transfer to mouse bone marrow DCs and human monocyte-derived DCs is inefficient because neither express the cognate high-affinity Ads receptor. We show that co-precipitating adenoviral vectors with calcium phosphate (CaPi) increased gene expression (2000-fold) and transduction efficiency (50-fold) in mouse DC, primarily owing to receptor-independent viral uptake. Moreover, Ad5:CaPi-treated DCs were activated to express the maturation surface molecules CD40 and CD86, and to secrete proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6. However, neither DC transduction nor maturation was dependent on viral protein interactions with cell surface integrin. Ad5:CaPi also transduced human DC more efficiently than Ad5 alone, similar to a genetically modified vector (Ad5f35) targeted to the CD46 receptor. As such, this approach combines the efficiency of adenoviral-mediated endosomal escape and nuclear trafficking with the receptor independence of nonviral gene delivery. Importantly, CaPi co-precipitation could be used to functionally modify DC to activate and expand cytomegalovirus-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This study identifies a simple technique to improve the efficacy of current Ad5 gene transfer, in support of clinical adoptive immunotherapy.
Conflicts of Interest and the Future of Medicine: The United States, France, and Japan
Authors: Samuel Y. Sessions
Journal: JAMA (2011)

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Effects of Dobutamine Stimulation on Myocardial Blood Flow, Glucose Metabolism, and Wall Motion in Normal and Dysfunctional Myocardium
Authors: Karl T. Sun, Johannes Czernin, Janine Krivokapich, Yuk-Kong Lau, Morten Bo¨ttcher, Gerald Maurer, Michael E. Phelps, Heinrich R. Schelbert
Journal: Circulation (1996)

This investigation examines the effects of inotropic stimulation on myocardial blood flow (MBF) and glucose metabolism (MRGlc) in dysfunctional myocardium through the use of positron emission tomography (PET).Nineteen patients with chronic coronary artery disease and 12 normal volunteers were studied with 13N-ammonia, 18F-deoxyglucose, and PET and with two-dimensional echocardiography at baseline and during intravenous dobutamine (5 to 10 micrograms/kg per minute). At rest, MBF in mismatch regions (n = 10) averaged 0.53 +/- 0.19 mL/g per minute and increased by 41.4 +/- 46.6% (P = .01) during dobutamine, whereas in match regions (n = 16) MBF was 0.28 +/- 0.09 mL/g per minute at rest without an increase during dobutamine (26.4 +/- 47.3%; NS). Myocardium with normal rest MBF was classified as normal remote (normal wall motion, n = 8) or abnormal remote (abnormal wall motion, n = 11). Dobutamine raised MBF similarly in normal subjects and in normal remote regions (by 82 +/- 85% and 84 +/- 42%, P < .01) but by only 33 +/- 34% in abnormal remote regions. MRGlc declined by 49 +/- 28% (P < .005) with dobutamine in the normal subjects, remained unchanged in normal and abnormal remote regions of the patients, but increased in mismatch and match regions (by 49 +/- 74% and 46 +/- 77%; P < .05). Wall motion improved with dobutamine only in mismatch and abnormal remote regions but not in match regions.Blood flow-metabolism mismatch patterns are not consistently associated with a fixed downregulation of MBF; the increased contractile work in response to dobutamine stimulation is associated with an increase in MBF and a greater reliance on glucose utilization, possibly reflecting acute ischemia or alterations in substrate selection by chronically dysfunctional myocardium. Importantly, functionally impaired though normally perfused myocardium frequently exists in chronic coronary artery disease patients and may represent repetitively stunned or, more likely, remodeled left ventricular myocardium.
Thoracic Duct Cannulation Via a Transjugular Vascular Endoscope (Lymphoscope) in the Dog
Authors: K. Seeliger, Marlys Witte, Ch. Witte
Journal: Endoscopy (1981)

We describe the feasibility of transjugular endovascular visualization and cannulation of the canine cervical thoracic duct using a flexible cholangioscope modified for lymphoscopy. The lymphoscope is composed of a prismatic side-view optic with a catheter guide channel attached by a metal cap to the terminal end. The technique has clinical applicability to the study of neoplastic diseases, examination and depletion of lymphocyte subpopulations in immunologic disorders, and perhaps the overcoming of increased resistance to lymph flow at the cervical lympho-venous junction in edematous conditions characterized by excessive lymph formation.