tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Impaired Decision Making in Juvenile Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Tobias U. Hauser, Reto Iannaccone, Juliane Ball, Christoph Mathys, Daniel Brandeis, Susanne Walitza, Silvia Brem
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with deficient decision making and learning. Models of ADHD have suggested that these deficits could be caused by impaired reward prediction errors (RPEs). Reward prediction errors are signals that indicate violations of expectations and are known to be encoded by the dopaminergic system. However, the precise learning and decision-making deficits and their neurobiological correlates in ADHD are not well known.To determine the impaired decision-making and learning mechanisms in juvenile ADHD using advanced computational models, as well as the related neural RPE processes using multimodal neuroimaging.Twenty adolescents with ADHD and 20 healthy adolescents serving as controls (aged 12-16 years) were examined using a probabilistic reversal learning task while simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram were recorded.Learning and decision making were investigated by contrasting a hierarchical Bayesian model with an advanced reinforcement learning model and by comparing the model parameters. The neural correlates of RPEs were studied in functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram.Adolescents with ADHD showed more simplistic learning as reflected by the reinforcement learning model (exceedance probability, Px = .92) and had increased exploratory behavior compared with healthy controls (mean [SD] decision steepness parameter β: ADHD, 4.83 [2.97]; controls, 6.04 [2.53]; P = .02). The functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis revealed impaired RPE processing in the medial prefrontal cortex during cue as well as during outcome presentation (P < .05, family-wise error correction). The outcome-related impairment in the medial prefrontal cortex could be attributed to deficient processing at 200 to 400 milliseconds after feedback presentation as reflected by reduced feedback-related negativity (ADHD, 0.61 [3.90] μV; controls, -1.68 [2.52] μV; P = .04).The combination of computational modeling of behavior and multimodal neuroimaging revealed that impaired decision making and learning mechanisms in adolescents with ADHD are driven by impaired RPE processing in the medial prefrontal cortex. This novel, combined approach furthers the understanding of the pathomechanisms in ADHD and may advance treatment strategies.
HISTORY OF A TYPHOID CARRIER
Authors: DONALD H. CURRIE
Journal: JAMA (1913)

nghl hand, while the left hand maintains the urethro- M"l"' in ils proper position.[he rheostat and light-carrier will lie found of inesti- "';l'1'1' value in the management of suitable cases.It will naturally be understood that the electrical systems °f both urethroscope and light-carrier will be tested oefore use. 45Wesl Ninth Street.
Diabetes and Risk of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Chin-Hsiao Tseng
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

OBJECTIVE The link between diabetes and prostate cancer is rarely studied in Asians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The trend of age-standardized prostate cancer incidence in 1995–2006 in the Taiwanese general population was calculated. A random sample of 1,000,000 subjects covered by the National Health Insurance in 2005 was recruited. A total of 494,630 men for all ages and 204,741 men ≥40 years old and without prostate cancer at the beginning of 2003 were followed to the end of 2005. Cumulative incidence and risk ratio between diabetic and nondiabetic men were calculated. Logistic regression estimated the adjusted odds ratios for risk factors. RESULTS The trend of prostate cancer incidence increased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). The cumulative incidence markedly increased with age in either the diabetic or nondiabetic men. The respective risk ratio (95% CI) for all ages and age 40–64, 65–74, and ≥75 years was 5.83 (5.10–6.66), 2.09 (1.60–2.74), 1.35 (1.07–1.71), and 1.39 (1.12–1.71). In logistic regression for all ages or for age ≥40 years, age, diabetes, nephropathy, ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia, living region, and occupation were significantly associated with increased risk, but medications including insulin and oral antidiabetic agents were not. CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer incidence is increasing in Taiwan. A positive link between diabetes and prostate cancer is observed, which is more remarkable in the youngest age of 40–64 years. The association between prostate cancer and comorbidities commonly seen in diabetic patients suggests a more complicated scenario in the link between prostate cancer and diabetes at different disease stages.
The Intrauterine Device and Deaths from Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Willard Cates, Howard W. Ory, Roger W. Rochat, Carl W. Tyler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

To evaluate, the intrauterine device as a risk factor for mortality associated with spontaneous abortion, we analyzed all deaths from spontaneous abortions reported in the period 1972–1974. Women dying from spontaneous abortions with a device in place were more likely to be young, white and married than those not wearing a device. Risk of death from spontaneous abortion was over 50 times greater for women who continued their pregnancy with a device in place than for those who did not. The Dalkon shield carried an increased risk of death, as compared to other devices, even after rates were adjusted for duration of use. However, pregnant women with either a loop or a coil in place also had a higher risk of dying from spontaneous abortion than those without any device. The results support the clinical recommendation that any device should be removed when pregnancy is first diagnosed. (N Engl J Med 295:1155–1159, 1976)
Importance of cyclophosphamide-induced bystander effect on T cells for a successful tumor eradication in response to adoptive immunotherapy in mice.
Authors: E Proietti, G Greco, B Garrone, S Baccarini, C Mauri, M Venditti, D Carlei, F Belardelli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Cyclophosphamide (CTX) increases the antitumor effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy in mice, and combined immunotherapy regimens are now used in some clinical trials. However, the mechanisms underlying the synergistic antitumor responses are still unclear. The purpose of this study was (a) to evaluate the antitumor response to CTX and adoptive immunotherapy in mice bearing four different syngeneic tumors (two responsive in vivo to CTX and two resistant); and (b) to define the mechanism(s) of the CTX-immunotherapy synergism. Tumor-bearing DBA/2 mice were treated with a single injection of CTX followed by an intravenous infusion of tumor-immune spleen cells. In all the four tumor models, a single CTX injection resulted in an impressive antitumor response to the subsequent injection of spleen cells from mice immunized with homologous tumor cells independently of the in vivo response to CTX alone. Detailed analysis of the antitumor mechanisms in mice transplanted with metastatic Friend leukemia cells revealed that (a) the effectiveness of this combined therapy was dependent neither on the CTX-induced reduction of tumor burden nor on CTX-induced inhibition of some putative tumor-induced suppressor cells; (b) the CTX/immune cells' regimen strongly protected the mice from subsequent injection of FLC, provided the animals were also preinoculated with inactivated homologous tumor together with the immune spleen cells; (c) CD4(+) T immune lymphocytes were the major cell type responsible for the antitumor activity; (d) the combined therapy was ineffective in mice treated with antiasialo-GM1 or anti-IFN-alpha/beta antibodies; (e) spleen and/ or bone marrow cells from CTX-treated mice produced soluble factors that assisted in proliferation of the spleen cells. Altogether, these results indicate that CTX acts via bystander effects, possibly through production of T cell growth factors occurring during the rebound events after drug administration, which may sustain the proliferation, survival, and activity of the transferred immune T lymphocytes. Thus, our findings indicate the need for reappraisal of the mechanisms underlying the synergistic effects of CTX and adoptive immunotherapy, and may provide new insights into the definition of new and more effective strategies with chemotherapy and adoptive immunotherapy for cancer patients.
Barriers to implementing a policy not to attempt resuscitation in acute medical admissions: prospective, cross sectional study of a successive cohort
Authors: H Fidler, C Thompson, A Freeman, D Hogan, G Walker, y Weinman
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To establish whether acutely unwell patients admitted to hospital wish to participate in discussions about resuscitation. <b>Design</b> Prospective, cross sectional study of a successive cohort of patients. <b>Setting</b> Admission through the emergency department. <b>Participants</b> 374 adult patients. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Whether acutely unwell patients wished to participate in discussions about resuscitation. <b>Results</b> Of the total sample, 74 patients consented to take part in the study and provide full data. Of the remaining patients, 189 could not be approached for practical reasons and 111 did not wish to participate. Of the 74 patients who read the leaflet, 65 (88%) reported having little or no prior knowledge, 70 (96%) understood it, 56 (77.8%) preferred for resuscitation decisions to be discussed with them, and 55 (77.5%) did not mind discussing resuscitation within 24 hours of admission and overall showed a decline in their anxiety score. <b>Conclusion</b> Many patients admitted through the emergency department for medical reasons cannot participate in their decision not to attempt resuscitation within 24 hours of admission. Patients who were willing to participate rated the information leaflet that was provided positively.
Air Pollution and Postneonatal Infant Mortality in the United States, 1999–2002
Authors: Tracey J. Woodruff, Lyndsey A. Darrow, Jennifer D. Parker
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Our goal was to evaluate the relationship between cause-specific postneonatal infant mortality and chronic early-life exposure to particulate matter and gaseous air pollutants across the United States.We linked county-specific monitoring data for particles with aerodiameter of < or = 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and < or = 10 microm (PM10), ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide to birth and death records for infants born from 1999 to 2002 in U.S. counties with > 250,000 residents. For each infant, we calculated the average concentration of each pollutant over the first 2 months of life. We used logistic generalized estimating equations to estimate odds ratios of postneonatal mortality for all causes, respiratory causes, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and all other causes for each pollutant, controlling for individual maternal factors (race, marital status, education, age, and primiparity), percentage of county population below poverty, region, birth month, birth year, and other pollutants. This analysis includes about 3.5 million births, with 6,639 postneonatal infant deaths.After adjustment for demographic and other factors and for other pollutants, we found adjusted odds ratios of 1.16 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.27] for a 10-mug/m3 increase in PM10 for respiratory causes and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.09-1.32) for a 10-ppb increase in ozone and deaths from SIDS. We did not find relationships with other pollutants and for other causes of death (control category).This study supports particulate matter air pollution being a risk factor for respiratory-related postneonatal mortality and suggests that ozone may be associated with SIDS in the United States.
Effect of respiratory obstruction on the arterial and venous circulation in animals and man
Authors: V. E. Negus, S. Oram, D. C. Banks
Journal: Thorax (1970)

The glottis of man, which widens on inspiration, is a choked point on the airway, its lumen even when maximally open being less than that of the trachea. The glottis, however, is not the only point of obstruction, the nose being usually of greater significance, especially in carnivorous species. The nose does not change in calibre during respiration. Experiments were carried out in animals and man, consisting of measurements of intra-tracheal, intra-thoracic, femoral arterial, and right atrial pressures, to determine the effects of normal nasal obstruction of constant presence, increase in nasal resistance, rhythmic obstruction at the glottis, combined nasal and glottic obstruction, and of elimination of nasal resistance and elimination of glottic resistance. As a result of these experiments the early opinion that the pump action on the circulation was due mainly to obstruction at the glottis has proved incorrect, and the main point of resistance is the nose, which offers constant resistance, variable in wide periods of time but not so rapidly as the phases of respiration. It appears that the glottis is the point of fine adjustment.
Body content of selenium in coeliac disease.
Authors: L J Hinks, K D Inwards, B Lloyd, B E Clayton
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Concentrations of selenium in whole blood, plasma, and leucocytes were determined in 16 patients with coeliac disease confirmed by biopsy and 32 controls. All the patients were clinically well and receiving gluten free diets. The concentrations of selenium were significantly lower in the leucocytes, blood, and plasma of patients compared with controls, probably indicating a decrease in the body content of selenium. A high incidence of malignancy in coeliac disease has been reported. As a protective role for selenium against cancer has been postulated, the importance of this unexpected observation of lowered tissue concentrations of selenium requires further investigation.
Antidiuretic effect of desmopressin given in hemostatic dosages to healthy volunteers
Authors: Stefan Lethagen, Karin Frick, Gunnar Sterner
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1998)

The aim of this study was to characterize the magnitude and duration of the antidiuretic effects elicited by desmopressin given in hemostatic dosage intravenously (i.v.) (0.3 μg/kg) or intranasally (i.n.) (300 μg) both as single or repeated doses (four i.n. doses with 12-hr intervals) to healthy volunteers. Urine osmolality increased to a maximum median value of 1,087 mOsmol/kg after the single i.v. dose, 1,065 after the single i.n. dose, and 1,071 during the repeated i.n. dosing schedule, and did not differ significantly between the three dosage schedules. The increase lasted for 24 hr after single doses, and 12 hr after the last of the repeated i.n. doses. Serum sodium did not decrease more than normal diurnal variation after single doses, but decreased marginally below the normal reference range in three volunteers after repeated doses. Lowest median serum sodium concentrations after single i.v. and i.n. doses were 140 and 141 mmol/l, respectively, and 139 after repeated i.n. doses. Body weight changed only marginally after single doses, but increased 1.3 kg during repeated dosing. In adult healthy volunteers, single desmopressin doses give an antidiuretic effect lasting for about 24 hr. There is no difference in magnitude or duration between i.v. or i.n. doses. The effect is prolonged as long as the doses are repeated. Serum sodium is only marginally affected by single doses, but tends to decrease after four repeated doses with 12-hr intervals. If desmopressin is repeated for a period of up to 48 hr, fluid intake should be restricted to 2 liters per day in adults. Am. J. Hematol. 57:153–159, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Disruption of MicroRNA Expression in Human Airway Cells by Diesel Exhaust Particles Is Linked to Tumorigenesis-Associated Pathways
Authors: Melanie J. Jardim, Rebecca C. Fry, Ilona Jaspers, Lisa Dailey, David Diaz-Sanchez
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse airway health effects; however, the underlying mechanism in disease initiation is still largely unknown. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs; small noncoding RNAs) have been suggested to be important in maintaining the lung in a disease-free state through regulation of gene expression. Although many studies have shown aberrant miRNA expression patterns in diseased versus healthy tissue, little is known regarding whether environmental agents can induce such changes.We used diesel exhaust particles (DEP), the largest source of emitted airborne PM, to investigate pollutant-induced changes in miRNA expression in airway epithelial cells. We hypothesized that DEP exposure can lead to disruption of normal miRNA expression patterns, representing a plausible novel mechanism through which DEP can mediate disease initiation.Human bronchial epithelial cells were grown at air-liquid interface until they reached mucociliary differentiation. After treating the cells with 10 microg/cm(2) DEP for 24 hr, we analyzed total RNA for miRNA expression using microarray profile analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.DEP exposure changed the miRNA expression profile in human airway epithelial cells. Specifically, 197 of 313 detectable miRNAs (62.9%) were either up-regulated or down-regulated by 1.5-fold. Molecular network analysis of putative targets of the 12 most altered miRNAs indicated that DEP exposure is associated with inflammatory responses pathways and a strong tumorigenic disease signature.Alteration of miRNA expression profiles by environmental pollutants such as DEP can modify cellular processes by regulation of gene expression, which may lead to disease pathogenesis.
Revisiting the internal market.
Authors: C Ham
Journal: BMJ (1991)

in the abstract the reader gains no insight into the type of research that was performed.About the only people who defiantly call their own studies retrospective seem to be those engaged in medical audit research.They know that audit can be done only after the facts.Yet, in reality almost all clinical follow up studies are retrospective-pace Hopkins-and rightly so: doctors want to study the disease outcome in their former patients as a guidance for the future.New ideas to delineate new syndromes or to extract new learning from old material abound in clinical medicine.Most occupational health studies, investigating the long term health effects of occupational exposures, are of the retrospective follow up type.Late follow ups of old clinical trials in oncology to detect beneficial or adverse effects with long latency are another good example.The creative and opportunistic exploitation of old data should command the admiration of anyone who has a feel for aesthetics and efficiency in research.9A real prospective follow up-that is, starting afresh with a new collection of baseline data -is necessary only when the research clearly gains by the more specific, albeit tedious, collection of novel data and by the laborious tracing of individuals when follow up events slowly accrue over time.7 Otherwise, the elegant and leisurely use of existing data, permitting very long term follow up of large numbers at minimum cost, is preferable.Even more efficient is the secondary analysis of clinical and epidemiological data, which is an exercise of great value given that the original investment in data collection has often been huge and cannot be replicated easily.At the same time the potential weaknesses need acknowledging: the investigators were not masters of the original data collection, and retro- spective and secondary analyses are more prone to the hazards of data dredging.In this regard the consumers ofresearch, the readers of journals, have the right to expect meaningful information from the more informative abstract.The most precise solution might be to abandon the use of the words prospective and retrospective altogether in favour of short descriptions of what actually happened.
The Future of Cancer Control
Authors: Emil Frei, Alfred L. Frechette
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

The Cancer Control Program, which was introduced with the National Cancer Act of 1971, was designed to facilitate the transfer of cancer-care technology out of the research and teaching centers into broader community or regional application. The goal of the program was to extend to all patients and potential patients with cancer optimal prevention, detection, diagnosis, rehabilitation and continuing-care services. This program is now a major effort on the part of the National Cancer Institute: it is one of the five divisions of the Institute, and in 1976–77 had an annual budget of $60 million.We are in complete accord . . .
Dr. McCormack's Organization Work.
Authors: Carl E. Black
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Jacksonville, Ill., April 17, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:.</h3> —I write to ask if it would not be desirable to do something to secure for Dr. McCormack audiences somewhat in proportion to the importance and value of the great humanitarian work which he is doing. It seems to me a shame for him to go on from day to day making these important talks to little groups of doctors and citizens, when every person is so vitally involved in the subjects discussed. No one, who may call on a physician for services, should fail to hear these topics considered. The patrons of physicians will be greatly benefited and will look on the physician with an increased respect if he is worthy, and if not will set about to make him worthy or discard him as unworthy. It is impossible for the local medical men to do this work effectively
Computers and Biomedical Information Storage and Retrieval
Authors: Allen Kent
Journal: JAMA (1966)

There was a time not too long ago when the doctoral student was expected to read essentially all of the previously published literature pertaining to a given field and then to continue reading currently all that was published. It was assumed that this procedure was necessary in order to provide assurance that the productivity of the graduate would not be blunted by lack of knowledge of significant developments. Accordingly, when reference to previously published literature seemed important, the graduate, now professionally active, could rely on memory to specify subjects which could be used to recall relevant material from libraries or personal collections. This type of "information retrieval" tended to be based on a recall mechanism which generally permitted the rapid identification of the desired materials. A subtle change in the recall mechanism began to take place as the volume of published literature reached the point at which the professional could
Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control
Authors: Myron E. Wegman
Journal: JAMA (1993)

This lively, informative, and comprehensive history covers in a highly readable way the story of a major innovation in the history of our federal public health service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—CDC. Fitzhugh Mullan's 1989<i>Plagues and Politics</i>dealt with the US Public Health Service as a whole, but most books over the years, whether fact or fiction, have concentrated on specific diseases or groups of diseases of humankind. Elizabeth Etheridge in this volume reviews a special phenomenon, the birth, growth, and development of a unique organization. By dealing extensively with individual personalities and how each brought a different influence to bear, she brings in a human element that adds interest to the story. Of course, not all the players, nor all readers of this book, will agree with the author's interpretations, but they add spice to the telling. What is now officially the Public Health Service of