tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PREVENTION OF PERITONEAL ADHESIONS BY ADRENAL SALT SOLUTION, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PELVIS.
Authors: EMERY MARVEL
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Peritoneal adhesions result from a pathologic process active within or adjacent to the peritoneum. Their formation is Nature's effort to combat an injurious process, and is effectual in establishing a limiting wall and often in making inactive the irritating agent. In fulfilling these purposes, peritoneal adhesions are agents for good and a protection to the organism. If these adhesions encroach on, constrict or in various other ways impair the function of the adjacent organs, however, as most frequently they do, they then become a menace to the parts and jeopardize the comfort and vitality of the individual in whom they may occur. When such condition exists it commands the effort of the surgeon to give relief. The prophylactic remedy lies in preventing their formation, and this is perhaps best accomplished by removing the irritant before such mischief can be done. This may be illustrated by the removal of the appendix
A BLOOD DILUTING PIPET FOR MICRO-FOLIN-WU METHOD OF BLOOD SUGAR ESTIMATION, USING 0.1 C.C. OF BLOOD: PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: T. Luther Byrd
Journal: JAMA (1924)

With this pipet, one may make a blood sugar estimation simply and accurately, with the minimum quantity of blood, 3 drops, instead of from 3 to 5 c.c. Therefore, a painful venipuncture is avoided, only a pin prick in the finger or ear being necessary. It furnishes also a very simple method of obtaining blood from infants, small children, and obese patients. The drawing shows my original pipet (<i>a</i>) graduated at 0.1 c.c. and 0.8 c.c., respectively, with detachable rubber tube and mouth piece, after the style of a blood diluting pipet for counting blood cells. It is used in the same manner in obtaining blood from the patient. The finger or ear is cleaned with alcohol or iodin and pricked with a pin point cleaned with the same drug. The blood is drawn to the 0.1 c.c. mark and distilled water to the 0.8 c.c. mark (one volume of
I'm Not Sure When They Looked Different to Me
Authors: Timothy P. Endy
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Ad Libitum1 May 1992I'm Not Sure When They Looked Different to MeTimothy P. Endy, MD, MPHTimothy P. Endy, MD, MPHSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-116-9-774 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptWe had a variety of names for them, my colleagues and I. Gomers and train wrecks were just two. They were the enemy, those wrinkled many, whose existence tortured us and challenged our patience. Histories were unreliable with answers never coming fast enough. Physical exams were done quickly, not wanting to touch their parchment-like skin longer than necessary. Urosepsis, strokes, meningitis, pneumonia. . . . the list went on and on. Bringing them back from near death, a "do not resuscitate" never in reach.Exhausted one evening, unable to guide a spinal needle into a deformed arthritic back. Near tears... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Brooke Army Medical Center Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1992Volume 116, Issue 9Page: 774-774KeywordsDo not resuscitate ordersMeningitisPneumoniaStrokeTouch ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1992 PDF downloadLoading ...
Dopamine- -Hydroxylase
Authors: IRWIN J. KOPIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Dopamines-β-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, is released along with catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and from sympathetic nerve endings. The properties and mechanisms of the enzyme's action are discussed and its distribution described. Dopamines-β-hydroxylase is a valuable indicator of exocytosis as a mechanism for neurotransmitter release. The enzyme is present in plasma, but its levels vary widely between individuals. This variation seems to be related more to genetic factors than to sympathetic nerve activity. Abnormally high or low plasma levels are associated with several diseases. However, the relation of these levels to disease pathogenesis rather than to genetic determinants is unclear. Levels of the enzyme are elevated in patients with pheochromocytoma and decline after removal of the tumor. Dopamines-β-hydroxylase levels seem to be normal in hypertensive patients. Inhibition of dopamines-β-hydroxylase provides a useful pharmacologic approach to evaluating the role of norepinephrine in psychiatric disorders.
Cyclin A as molecular target of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in autoimmune liver diseases
Authors: C STRASBURG
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Background/Aims: The pathway through which iron contributes to liver cell damage and cirrhosis in genetic hemochromatosis is not clear. The objective of the present study was to describe the ultrastructural changes in liver biopsies of patients in various stages of this condition and to correlate these with clinical, histopathological and biochemical data.Methods: Liver biopsies from 20 patients with genetic hemochromatosis were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The use of unstained thin (60 nm) sections facilitated the identification and localization of the electron-opaque compounds of ferritin and hemosiderin in various liver cells. Stained thin sections permitted evaluation of the concomitant subcellular damage and collagen deposition. The ultrastructural observations were corroborated with the histopathological findings and biochemical data.Results: All patients had liver iron overload, which was classified as mild, moderate or severe. In the stage of mild overload (hepatic iron concentration HIC 93.5±23.3 μmol/g and hepatic iron index HII 2.3±0.7), cytosolic ferritin and scarce pericanalicular lysosomes (siderosomes) were seen in periportal hepatocytes (acinar zone 1), without evidence of organelle damage, and in the absence of sinusoidal cell siderosis. In moderate overload (HIC 190.8± 41.5 μmol/g and HII 4.3±1.9), ferritin was identified in hepatocytes of all acinar zones, and the pericanalicular siderosomes were abundant, especially in acinar zone 1. Single hepatocytes showed organelle damage and occasional sinusoidal cells showed siderosis. In severe overload (HIC 308±49.0 μmol/g and HII 7.5±1.7), hepatocytes of all acinar zones were-filled with large, hemosiderin-containing siderosomes, and changes in mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei were conspicuous. Marked sinusoidal cell siderosis and collagen deposition were observed predominantly in this stage.Conclusions: Electron microscopy has shown that during the long, latent stage of “compensated” genetic hemochromatosis, hepatocytes display only minimal subcellular changes, other than iron overload. “Decompensated” overload, characterized by extensive subcellular pathology and focal necrosis, is reached when 1) the hepatocytic siderosis is generalized (i.e. beyond pericanalicular polarization of siderosomes in hepatocytes, and beyond zone 1 in the acinus); and 2) there is evidence of massive siderosis of sinusoidal cells. These findings support the concept of a critical level of hepatic iron concentration beyond which organelle damage is conspicuous and liver cell injury may become irreversible.
US food industry wages bitter fight over sweeteners
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Internal company documents made public in a lawsuit between US sugar and corn companies have shown how the food industry has spent tens of millions of dollars to sway public opinion and capture market share—“spinning” research results and backing ostensibly independent consumer groups to attack competitors.

The Sugar Association—a trade association based in Washington, DC—and a group of large US sugar producers filed the lawsuit in 2011 against major producers of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and their industry trade group, the Corn Refiners Association.

The sugar companies charged that the corn refining companies, in a bid to halt a decline in HFCS sales, had conducted a “false and misleading” publicity campaign portraying HFCS as a natural product that was nutritionally the same as sugar—including changing its name to “corn sugar.”

The sugar companies argued that HFCS was not a natural product but a manmade one that was metabolized differently from sugar, which derives from sugar cane and sugar beet. By claiming that the two products were the same the HFCS producers sought to “co-opt the goodwill of ‘sugar,’” the lawsuit claimed.

The suit called for the court to order the HFCS producers to halt their publicity efforts and to pay damages for any financial losses the sugar companies claimed to have suffered from the efforts to rebrand HFCS as a natural product equivalent to sugar.

The HFCS producers called …
UN report calls for governments to intensify fight against drug abuse
Authors: John Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Governments need to do more to stem the abuse of illicit drugs—from cannabis to amphetamine-type stimulants, and cocaine—to counter growing demand and to increase awareness of the dangers of using them, a United Nations report warns.

In 2005 about 200 million people, or 5% of the world's population aged between 15 and 64, used illegal drugs at least once, it says.

Cannabis was the most widely used drug, with an estimated 162 million users or nearly 4% of the world's population (aged 15-64). Second were amphetamine-type stimulants, with 35 million users. There were an estimated 16 million opiate users (11 million of whom used heroin) and 13 million cocaine users.

The report singles out for criticism …
Coronary Heart Disease: Prevention, Complications, and Treatment
Authors: Joseph S. Alpert
Journal: JAMA (1985)

This text is a contemporary, extensive review of the state of knowledge of coronary artery disease in 1985. Twenty-five chapters written by epidemiologists, basic scientists, psychologists, clinical investigators, and clinicians examine all aspects of coronary heart disease, from epidemiologic studies in the United States to suggested treatment protocols for complications of acute myocardial infarction. The chapters are complete and well referenced, with minimal overlap. Of particular value are the first ten chapters, which examine the epidemiology of ischemic heart disease and the role played by risk factors in its genesis. The text has been carefully edited, and the figures are clear and well presented. The only drawback that one might note is that much of the material presented is already available in standard cardiology reference works, such as Braunwald or Hurst. Despite this criticism, I highly recommend this book to cardiologists, cardiology fellows, and internists with a special interest in
The time course of the change in antibody titres in herpes gestationis
Authors: None SATOH, None SEISHIMA, None SAWADA, None IZUMI, None YONEDA, None KITAJIMA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)

The time course of the change in antibody titres was examined postpartum after treatment in two patients with herpes gestationis. The first patient, a 29-year-old woman seen first in the 32nd week of her first pregnancy, had an exudative erythema, and developed an itchy erythema with small tense vesicles on the trunk and legs after delivery in the 40th week of pregnancy. The second patient, a 28-year-old woman seen first in the 28th week of her first pregnancy, had an itchy exudative erythema, small tense vesicles and crusts on the legs. After a Caesarean section in the 40th week of pregnancy performed because of cardiac complications in the fetus, the skin lesions extended to the trunk and extremities. Direct immunofluorescence revealed linear depositions of IgG and C3 at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) and indirect immunofluorescence was positive at the epidermal side of the BMZ in 1 mol/L NaCl-split skin in both cases. In patient 1, prednisolone, 20 mg/day, administered 4 months after delivery, gave rapid improvement (within 1 week) of the skin lesions; in patient 2, minocycline, 200 mg/day, administered 2 weeks after delivery, gave improvement within 2 weeks. Immunoblotting against epidermal extracts revealed the presence of antibodies directed to the 180 kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen in both sera. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblot were positive for at least 2 months in patient 1 and for 5 months in patient 2 after disappearance of the skin lesions.
Abstract PD07-03: INCREASED PATHOLOGIC COMPLETE RESPONSE RATE AFTER A LONG TERM NEOADJUVANT LETROZOLE TREATMENT IN POSTMENOPAUSAL ESTROGEN AND/OR PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR-POSITIVE BREAST CANCER
Authors: G Allevi, C Strina, D Andreis, V Zanoni, L Bazzola, S Bonardi, C Foroni, M Milani, MR Cappelletti, D Generali, A Berruti, A Bottini
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy has been increasingly employed in clinical practice to improve surgical options for postmenopausal women with bulky hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Recent studies indicate that tumor response and in particular the pathologic complete response (CR) in this setting may predict long-term outcome. The letrozole approval in neoadjuvant setting is based on a study that included 4 months of letrozole treatment only. Prospective studies have not investigated treatment duration beyond 6 months, and retrospective studies suggest that useful responses can occur after this period. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical and pathologic response of 2.5 mg daily letrozole used with different schedule in breast cancer patients (pts) unfit for chemotherapy. Patients and Methods: This single Institution retrospective study comprised 102 postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer (clinical stage ≥T2, N0-1), who were divided into 3 subgroups (34 each in single subgroup) according to the different duration of neoadjuvant letrozole treatment: 4 months (subgroup A), 8 months (subgroup B) or 12 months (subgroup C) of treatment. The subgroups were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics. Results: Pts and tumor characteristics included: median age 77.3 years (range 53.9–95.4); 100% estrogen receptor-positive, 81.4% progesterone receptor-positive; median Ki67 13.5% (range 2–90%). All pts were evaluable for clinical and pathologic response. A total of 77 pts (75.5%) achieved an objective response at individual end: 40 (39.2%) clinical CR and 37 (36.3%) partial responses (PR). The clinical CR were significantly confined to subgroups C (20/34 pts, 58.8%) and B (16/34 pts, 47.1%) than to subgroup A (4/34 pts, 11.8%) (p for trend = 0.00001). Objective response rate was 46.1% (47/102 pts) at month 4, 83.8% (57/68 pts) at month 8, and 94.1% (32/34 pts) at month 12 compared with baseline. As expected, letrozole induced a significant reduction of Ki67 expression after treatment in any single subgroup, without significant differences between them. With very interest, the pathologic CR rate was significantly higher in subgroup C (7/34 pts, 20.6%) than in subgroups A (1/34 pt, 2.9%) and B (1/34 pt, 2.9%) (p for trend &amp;lt;0.02). Conclusions: One-year neoadjuvant letrozole therapy can lead to a high pathologic CR rate. This observation suggests that pathologic CR may be a reliable endpoint after endocrine therapy, but a long-term drug exposure is needed. The optimal letrozole treatment duration in neoadjuvant setting is a matter of future research. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD07-03.
What makes a good reviewer of manuscripts?
Authors: S. Goldbeck-Wood
Journal: BMJ (1998)

According to Drummond Rennie, deputy editor of JAMA , peer review exists to keep egg off authors' faces. Others might say it exists to shield busy readers from wasting their time reading inferior papers or to protect patients from the damaging effects of unreliable research. All may be right, although little evidence exists on how well peer review achieves any of these objectives. One thing we do know is that it helps editors to make difficult decisions about which manuscripts to publish and in what form. Here at the BMJ we are keen to recruit good new reviewers to add to the pool of over of 4000 who currently advise us. In some newer research subjects such as health economics and qualitative research our need for more advisors is particularly great. So what makes a good reviewer, and might you be that person?

Good reviewing requires idealism. It is often a thankless task which takes time and effort to do …
A Multivariate Logistic Regression Equation to Screen for Diabetes
Authors: Bahman P. Tabaei, William H. Herman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

To develop and validate an empirical equation to screen for diabetes.A predictive equation was developed using multiple logistic regression analysis and data collected from 1,032 Egyptian subjects with no history of diabetes. The equation incorporated age, sex, BMI, postprandial time (self-reported number of hours since last food or drink other than water), and random capillary plasma glucose as independent covariates for prediction of undiagnosed diabetes. These covariates were based on a fasting plasma glucose level >/=126 mg/dl and/or a plasma glucose level 2 h after a 75-g oral glucose load >/=200 mg/dl. The equation was validated using data collected from an independent sample of 1,065 American subjects. Its performance was also compared with that of recommended and proposed static plasma glucose cut points for diabetes screening.The predictive equation was calculated with the following logistic regression parameters: P = 1/(1 - e(-x)), where x = -10.0382 + [0.0331 (age in years) + 0.0308 (random plasma glucose in mg/dl) + 0.2500 (postprandial time assessed as 0 to >/=8 h) + 0.5620 (if female) + 0.0346 (BMI)]. The cut point for the prediction of previously undiagnosed diabetes was defined as a probability value >/=0.20. The equation's sensitivity was 65%, specificity 96%, and positive predictive value (PPV) 67%. When applied to a new sample, the equation's sensitivity was 62%, specificity 96%, and PPV 63%.This multivariate logistic equation improves on currently recommended methods of screening for undiagnosed diabetes and can be easily implemented in a inexpensive handheld programmable calculator to predict previously undiagnosed diabetes.
SPANISH TOXIC OIL AND CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
Authors: J.M. Tabuenca Oliver, M. Castro García, J. Ruíz Galiana, R. Pieltain Alvarez-Arenas, M. Posada De La Paz, I. Abaitua Borda, J.M. Alonso Gordo, F. Díaz De Rojas
Journal: The Lancet (1983)
Study the effect of participation in physical activity on mental health
Authors: Lena Motallebi M S, Mahvash Noorbakhsh
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

According to the WHO experts more than 150 million of the world populations are suffering of nervous, psychological and social disorders. Expansion of urban society and consequently to the intensive human life in the urban framework and increased social communications, elimination of place and nature of the life in the city, the prime mover of diverse pressures on psyche of the human. New research shows that physical exercises have increased the ability of the brain and also assist peoples in the treatment of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. In fact have been advised to psychiatrists change their clinical methods and drug cures and set participate in physical activities in the programme's treatment their patients. In this research have been assessed mental health and four scales including, Somatic symptoms, Anxiety and Sleep disorder, Depression symptoms and Social Function by GHQ questionnaire. Data have been analysed by t test with α=0.05. In this study participated 200 students (M, F). Group 1: 100 of students (mean age 24.51, _±5.03 SD) participate in the University Sport Programs and group 2: 100 students (mean age 22.91, ±2.80 SD) don't participate in any sport activities. Considering the data showed significantly different between two groups in mental health, Somatic symptoms, Anxiety and Sleep Disorder and Social Function (p&gt;0.005). But in Depression symptoms didn't t showed significantly different between two groups (p&lt;0.05). These results showed participation in sports activities have significant effects on mental health. In the other hand evolution the score of students participating in sports programmes than the students no participating was showed they (G1) have a better condition in mental health and other variables. Participating in sports activities regularly have caused physiological adaptations such as respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and hormonal adaptations so will promote individual capabilities in physical and mental level and enhance the tolerant of the people versus oppressions of the environment and this point prevented of mental disorder.
EXPERIMENTAL CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
Authors: David Cowen, Abner Wolf
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1950)

Pregnant mice infected with Toxoplasma by the vaginal route have been found to transmit toxoplasmosis to the placentas and fetuses in utero. The microorganism entered the blood stream of the mother from primary foci of infection in the vaginal wall and produced disseminated lesions in the labyrinth of the allantoic placenta at the same time as other peripheral maternal tissues were involved. Placental lesions were observed in mice infected with Toxoplasma by vagina between the 3rd and the 9th day of pregnancy. They consisted of microscopic foci of degeneration, without inflammation, in the syncytial trophoblast, and parasites undergoing multiplication were readily identified in them. Here Toxoplasma gained access to the fetal circulation. Following the vaginal instillation of Toxoplasma on the 8th day of pregnancy, subinoculation of test animals revealed the parasites in the maternal peripheral and placental blood on the 13th day and later, while the first histopathologic changes in the placenta were found on the 17th day. Toxoplasma could be demonstrated in suspensions of fetal tissues on and after the 17th day by the injection of normal test animals. However, no lesions of toxoplasmosis, or Toxoplasma, were found in histologic sections of fetuses 11 to 21 days old removed at autopsy from vaginally infected mothers. It is concluded that before birth the parasites were confined to the fetal blood. The experiments provide the first direct histological demonstration of placental toxoplasmosis. The possible bearing of the experimental disease on human placental and fetal toxoplasmosis is briefly considered. It is probable that a maternal parasitemia during the latter part of pregnancy, whatever the portal of entry may be, is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of human congenital toxoplasmosis and that this occurs shortly after exposure to Toxoplasma rather than in a later chronic stage of the infection. The suggestion is offered that some instances of spontaneous abortion or fetal death in man, as in the mouse, may be due to inapparent toxoplasmosis.