tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Predicting cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis before transplantation.
Authors: M Miros, P Kerlin, N Walker, J Harper, S Lynch, R Strong
Journal: Gut (1991)

Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis are at an increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, which is difficult to diagnose because the biliary tree is already distorted. Eleven patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation at this hospital were evaluated. Four patients had coincidental histologically proved cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with cholangiocarcinoma in contrast to patients without tumour presented with rapid onset of persistent jaundice, pruritus, and weight loss associated with an appreciable rise in bilirubin (8x v 2x) and alkaline phosphatase (3.5x v 1.2x) over one year. Cholangiography and computed tomography showed appreciably dilated intrahepatic bile ducts (3/4 v 0/7). The diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma could only be established before operation in one patient by fine needle aspiration cytology. Tumour was recognised at operation in one other. Histological examination of hepatectomy specimens showed that patients with cholangiocarcinoma had less advanced histological features of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Multiple areas of carcinoembryonic antigen positive epithelial atypia and carcinoma in situ were found in all patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma recurred in two patients at 14 and 39 months after transplantation. Superimposed cholangiocarcinoma can be predicted in most patients with cholangitis before transplantation, although a definitive diagnosis is difficult to make. Their prognosis after successful transplantation is guarded.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE
Authors: Alexis Carrel, Albert H. Ebeling
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1926)

1. Monocytes and tissue macrophages become identical in appearance when they live under identical conditions. Macrophages cultivated in nutrient and non-nutrient media acquire different structures. Monocytes and tissue macrophages are mere functional variations of a single type. 2. The structure of the segregation apparatus and of the mitochondria of monocytes and macrophages depends on the composition of the pericellular fluid and on the metabolic state of the cells. 3. The monocyte and the macrophage are endowed with a number of physiological properties which become apparent when they grow in pure cultures. 4. The knowledge of these fundamental characteristics explains the behavior of the cells within the organism.
928. Reversal of PPC1 Prostate Cancer Cells Radioresistance by Degradation of Acid Ceramidase Using the Lysosomotropic Drug LCL385
Authors: Ayman E.M. Mahdy, Xiang Liu, Saeed N. ELojeimy, Alicja Bielaswka, Yusuf A. Hannun, Thomas E. Keanne, Ahmed M. El-Zawahry, James S. Norris
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in USA males and one of the most common causes of death from cancer in men. Resistance of prostate cancer cells to radiation therapy is still a major concern. This radio-resistance may be due to defects in the apoptotic signaling pathways. In addition to their important role as structural components of cell membranes, sphingolipids have been lately shown to be important signaling molecules with crucial roles in cancer cells apoptosis. At the center of sphingolipid metabolism is the tumor suppressor lipid ceramide.
Spirituality and clinical care
Authors: L. Culliford
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Medicine, once fully bound up with religion, retains a sacred dimension for many. Differing religious beliefs and practices can be divisive. Spirituality, however, links the deeply personal with the universal and is essentially unifying. Without boundaries, it is difficult to define, but its impact can be measured.1 This is important because, although attendance in churches is low and falling,w1 people increasingly (76% in 2000) admit to spiritual and religious experiences.2

The World Health Organization reports: “Until recently the health professions have largely followed a medical model, which seeks to treat patients by focusing on medicines and surgery, and gives less importance to beliefs and to faith—in healing, in the physician and in the doctor-patient relationship. This reductionist or mechanistic view of patients is no longer satisfactory. Patients and physicians have begun to realise the value of elements such as faith, hope, and compassion in the healing process.”w2 In one study, 93% of patients with cancer said that religion helped sustain their hopes.3 Such high figures deserve our attention.

A signal publication offers a critical, systematic, and comprehensive analysis of empirical research, examining relations between religion or …
MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE SUPRA-RENAL GLAND
Authors: WILLIAM E. STEVENS
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Malignant tumors of the suprarenal gland are comparatively rare, and an early diagnosis is more difficult than that of hypernephroma or other growths occurring in the kidneys. The prompt detection of this condition is, however, of paramount importance, for the patient's only hope of recovery lies in surgical intervention before adjacent structures have become involved or metastases have occurred. The case here reported is of unusual interest from etiologic and diagnostic standpoints. It afforded an opportunity for anatomic and histologic study, in addition to thorough clinical investigation. While correctly designated under the broader term a hypernephroma, it should be classified with the adenocarcinomas. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> M. G., a youth, aged 17, a leather repairer, seen in consultation with Dr. Harold Brunn, entered the Mount Zion Hospital clinic complaining of pain in the left upper abdominal quadrant. Except for measles when a child, he had never been sick before. Two
Ethics Consultation: A Practical Guide
Authors: Stanley B. Troup
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Ethics Consultation:</h3> <i>A Practical Guide</i>is a short, sharply focused book, strongly oriented toward the physicianclinician as ethics consultant. The book is modest in scale, just over pocket-size and containing 128 pages of primary text, 74 additional pages of appendix with illustrative cases and their analyses, and a final 23 pages of briefly annotated references, including several as recent as 1993. The authors are forthright in declaring the purpose of the text at the outset. This is very much a "how to" book, operating at a fairly fundamental level. The text provides little of historical background, moral theory, or discussion of the development of ethical principles applied to the care of the patient. The authors explain their methods of consultation based upon extensive personal experience, emphasizing the skills that must be acquired and their application in the consultative process. They have included material infrequently found in such texts. Alternative modes
Humidifier Disinfectant–associated Interstitial Lung Disease in an Animal Model Induced by Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Aerosol
Authors: Sanghoon Park, Kyuhong Lee, Eun Joo Lee, Sang Yeub Lee, Kwang Ho In, Han-Kyeom Kim, Min-Sung Kang
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)
Little and often
Authors: J. Davis
Journal: BMJ (2012)

In the old days junior radiologists used to spend a lot of time doing barium lists—swallows, meals, and the dreaded enema list. Barium enemas must have been equally dreaded by our patients given the unpleasant preparation required and the indignities of the double contrast enema—“Try to hold on to the air, Mrs Green. Imagine you are having tea with the Queen.”

But beyond the horror of trying …
The American College of Physicians Award Lecture: Intermediary Metabolism—Before and After Isotopes.
Authors: A. Baird Hastings
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 April 1964The American College of Physicians Award Lecture: Intermediary Metabolism—Before and After Isotopes.A. Baird Hastings, Ph.D.A. Baird Hastings, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-4-715_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptOur concepts of the metabolism of both inorganic and organic substances have undergone radical revision since isotopic labeling has become available. The author will review some of the striking examples of these revolutions in concepts, drawn from his experience. Some of the current work on the metabolic role of carbon dioxide will also be included.... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: La Jolla, California PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1964Volume 60, Issue 4Page: 715-715KeywordsCarbon dioxide Issue Published: 1 April 1964 PDF DownloadLoading ...
UK is urged to rethink funding of long term care of elderly people
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The United Kingdom needs to overhaul its funding arrangements for the long term care of elderly people, says a report by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. If it doesn't it will face a large shortfall in care as the population ages in the decades ahead, the report by the UK think tank on social policy says.

The report argues that the UK has not yet found a clear, fair, and adequate system for financing the growing demand for long term care, having “shied away from major reform” in the 1990s while other countries such as Germany and Japan were restructuring their systems.

“If we continue with this already overstretched, inequitable, and incomprehensible system of funding while demand continues to rise, there will be serious costs for the dignity and wellbeing of older …
Requirement of precommitted cells as targets for the augmentation of lymphocyte proliferation by leukocyte dialysates.
Authors: L Cohen, R S Holzman, F T Valentine, H S Lawrence
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

After our initial report tha leukocyte dialysates containing transfer factor augment the thymidine incorporation of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes, we have adapted the system to microleukocyte cultures. This modification permits both (a) the simultaneous assay of a single dialysate on the cells of multiple individuals, and (b) the assay of multiple dialysates on the cells of a single individual. The data thus secured, demonstrate that dialysates from both skin-test-positive and -negative donors produced similar degrees of augmentation whether the data are expressed as an arithmetic difference or as a ratio. When expressed as an arithmetic difference, the amount of augmentation is increased in proportion to the level of thymidine incorporation of the assay cells when they were stimulated by antigen alone. When expressed as a ratio, however, the degree of augmentation is independent of the response of the assay cells. An analysis of the ability of dialysates to engage previously uncommitted lymphocytes and thus to augment thymidine incorporation, revealed that precommitted cells were required. In these experiments, antigen-reactive cells were deleted from populations of peripheral blood lymphocytes by incubation with purified protein derivative of tuberculin, diphtheria toxoid, or streptokinase-streptodornase in the presence of [3H]thymidine of high specific activity. This deletion depressed or abolished the effect of dialysate on the residual population when it was recultured with the same antigen, but the effect on the response of the remaining lymphocytes to other antigens was unaltered. In this study, leukocyte dialysate appeared to augment nonspecifically the thymidine incorporation of an antigen-specific precommitted clone of lymphocytes. The relationship of these adjuvant effects on peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro to the specific and nonspecific activities of transfer factor in vivo remains to be elucidated.
Systemic and Renal Hemodynamics in Oliguric Hepatic Failure: Effect of Volume Expansion*
Authors: Felix E. Tristani, Jay N. Cohn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

Systemic and renal hemodynamics were studied by indicator dilution techniques before and after infusion of 500 ml of dextran 40 in 21 patients with renal failure developing in the course of decompensated cirrhosis. Cardiac index was directly correlated with total blood volumes. Renal blood flow was low and renal vascular resistance elevated in 13 of 15 patients. Renal vascular resistance was directly related to total systemic nonrenal vascular resistance. Two patients with the highest cardiac outputs in the group were oliguric with high renal blood flow. Plasma volume expansion increased cardiac output in 19 of 21 patients and increased renal blood flow in 12 of 14. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of control cardiac index. Those with lower cardiac index had lower blood volumes and responded to dextran with a 73% increase in cardiac output, a 148% increase in renal blood flow, and a rise in renal fraction. Those with high control cardiac index had significantly higher blood volumes and responded to dextran with only a small average rise in cardiac output and renal blood flow. Systolic arterial pressure was less than 100 mm Hg in 12 patients. When compared to the normotensive subjects, this hypotension was characterized by a lower vascular resistance, a tendency for a lesser rise in renal blood flow after volume expansion, and a more rapid demise. The prompt circulatory improvement after volume expansion in many of these patients indicates that functional plasma volume depletion may be an important factor in the renal vasoconstriction of oliguric hepatic failure. In an attempt to sustain volume expansion, reinfusion of ascitic fluid was accomplished in four patients. Normal renal blood flow was maintained during reinfusion and a diuresis always occurred, but the response usually was not maintained after the infusion was terminated.
Binge Drinking in College
Authors: Linda A. Dimeff
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —We commend Dr Wechsler and colleagues<sup>1</sup>for bringing the seriousness of college student binge drinking to public consciousness. Since the study by Strauss and Bacon,<sup>2</sup>few disagree that college students constitute a risk group for alcohol problems as a result of excessive drinking. The question now (as it has been for years) is what can be done. The solution is in part determined on the basis of how binge drinking is defined. Wechsler et al define binge drinking as five or more drinks in a row for men and four or more drinks in a row for women. This criterion fails to address the student's body weight or the interval over which the drinks were consumed. If drinks consumed "in a row" are evenly distributed over 3 hours, a person could meet the binge criterion but not be legally impaired to drive (a blood alcohol
Brief Myocardial Ischemia Attenuates Platelet Thrombosis in Remote, Damaged, and Stenotic Carotid Arteries
Authors: Katsuya Hata, Peter Whittaker, Robert A. Kloner, Karin Przyklenk
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Brief antecedent periods of coronary artery occlusion improve subsequent vessel patency in damaged and stenotic coronary arteries via release of adenosine from ischemic/reperfused myocardium and resultant adenosine receptor stimulation. However, the site of receptor stimulation—circulating blood-borne elements (ie, platelets) versus vessel-wall components of the culprit artery—remains unclear. If platelet adenosine receptors are involved, then the benefits of brief coronary occlusion (1) should be manifested systemically and improve patency at a remote site and (2) should be inhibited by an antagonist of adenosine A 2 receptors, whereas, in contrast, (3) brief vascular occlusion not associated with appreciable adenosine release should be ineffective in improving vessel patency. Methods and Results —In Protocol 1, anesthetized rabbits received 5 minutes of transient coronary occlusion, 5 minutes of transient bilateral carotid occlusion (purported to cause negligible adenosine release from the brain), or no intervention. All rabbits then underwent injury plus stenosis of the left carotid artery, resulting in repeated cyclic variations in carotid blood flow (CFVs). Carotid patency during the initial 2 hours after stenosis (assessed by quantifying the nadir of the CFVs and area of the flow-time profile) was significantly enhanced with antecedent coronary—but not carotid—occlusion versus controls. In Protocol 2, improvement in carotid patency after brief coronary occlusion was corroborated in anesthetized dogs. However, the benefits of brief coronary occlusion were abrogated by the A 2 /A 1 antagonist CGS 15943. Conclusions —Brief antecedent coronary artery occlusion enhanced vessel patency in remote, damaged, and stenotic carotid arteries, largely due to adenosine receptor stimulation on circulating elements.
Oncostatin M receptor β and cysteine/histidine-rich 1 are biomarkers of the response to erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Michael L. Merchant, Adam E. Gaweda, Andrew J. Dailey, Daniel W. Wilkey, Xiaolan Zhang, Brad H. Rovin, Jon B. Klein, Michael E. Brier
Journal: Kidney International (2010)
Regulation of hormone-sensitive lipase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Carole Sztalryd, Fredric B. Kraemer
Journal: Metabolism (1995)

Insulin deficiency as seen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus causes an activation of lipolysis in adipose tissue that results in hydrolysis of stored triglycerides and release of large amounts of fatty acids into the plasma, leading to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is thought to be the rate-limiting enzyme of lipolysis in adipose tissue. This study was designed to examine the effects of insulin deficiency on the regulation of HSL in isolated adipocytes. Insulin deficiency was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin. After 8 days, some animals were treated with insulin, and all animals were killed 10 days after induction of insulin deficiency. Compared with levels in control rats, 10 days of insulin deficiency increased HSL activity twofold (P < .05), as assayed for neutral cholesterol esterase activity, and insulin treatment returned HSL activity to normal. HSL protein was increased twofold (P < .05) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, as estimated by immunoblotting, but remained elevated after insulin treatment. Levels of HSL mRNA assessed by Northern blot analysis also increased twofold (P < .01) in adipose cells isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and remained elevated after insulin treatment. In conclusion, our studies suggest that 10 days of insulin deficiency increases HSL expression via pretranslational mechanisms and short-term insulin treatment returns HSL activity to normal via posttranslational mechanisms in adipose tissue.
Abstract 1283: Role of ERCC1 in metformin enhancing paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity.
Authors: Yun-Wei Lin, Sheng-Chieh Tseng, Yu-Ching Huang, Hsien-Chun Chiu, Huang-Jen Chen, Shao-Hsing Weng, Yi-Jhen Huang, Ting-Yu Wo
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Metformin, an extensively used and well-tolerated drug for treating individuals with type 2 diabetes, has recently gained significant attention as an anticancer drug. On the other hand, paclitaxel (taxol) is a new antineoplastic drug that has shown promise in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). High expression levels of excision repair cross-complementary 1 (ERCC1) in cancers have been positively associated with the DNA repair capacity and a poor prognosis in NSCLC patients treated with platinum-containing chemotherapy. In this current study, paclitaxel was found to increase phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6)-p38 MAPK as well as protein and mRNA levels of ERCC1 in H1650 and H1703 cells. Moreover, paclitaxel-induced ERCC1 protein and mRNA levels significantly decreased via the downregulation of p38 activity by either a p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 or p38 knockdown with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Specific inhibition of ERCC1 with siRNA was found to enhance the paclitaxel-induced cytotoxic effect and growth inhibition. Furthermore, metformin was able to not only decrease the paclitaxel-induced p38 MAPK-mediated ERCC1 expression, but also augment the cytotoxic effect induced by paclitaxel. Finally, expression of constitutive activate MKK6 or HA-p38 MAPK vectors in lung cancer cells was able to abrogate ERCC1 downregulation by metformin and paclitaxel as well as cell viability and DNA repair capacity. Overall, our results suggest that inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling by metformin coupled with paclitaxel therapy in human NSCLC cells may be a clinically useful combination, which however will require further validation. Citation Format: Yun-Wei Lin, Sheng-Chieh Tseng, Yu-Ching Huang, Hsien-Chun Chiu, Huang-Jen Chen, Shao-Hsing Weng, Yi-Jhen Huang, Ting-Yu Wo. Role of ERCC1 in metformin enhancing paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1283. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1283
Treatment of Heart Failure
Authors: Max Wishnofsky
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In the article on "Treatment of Heart Failure with Emphasis on the Use of Diuretics," inThe Journal, Dec. 24, 1960, Dr. Charles K. Friedberg states: "Sooner or later diuretics are indicated in the treatment of all cases of heart failure." Diuretics, given alone, are far more powerful in removing the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure than digitalis, rest, and restriction of sodium. If a patient with moderately severe, or severe congestive heart failure is given a powerful parenteral diuretic, a striking improvement of cardiac function occurs. The improvement in cardiac function as a result of the diuretics, unaided by digitalis, is so great that the fundamental conclusion must be drawn that the secondary metabolic manifestations, i.e., the accumulation of sodium and water, are far more potent in the production of congestive cardiac insufficiency than the primary system, that is cardiac incompetence itself. Thus, the
ACID-FAST BACILLI IN THE STOMACH LAVAGE AND FECES OF TUBERCULOUS CHILDREN
Authors: CAMILLE KERESZTURI
Journal: JAMA (1933)

Our purpose in this study was to determine the value of stomach lavage and of the examination of feces in finding tubercle bacilli in children suffering with tuberculosis. We also thought it interesting to correlate the results of this method with other more commonly used laboratory procedures which also serve for the demonstration of tubercle bacilli. We studied our cases from different clinical points of view, too, and tried to discover the forms of tuberculosis which, among children, are likely to produce positive stomach lavage results for tubercle bacilli. Finally, we tried to demonstrate the difference of results when obtained for research purposes as compared with the results of similar methods done as the daily routine of a large hospital. <h3>SELECTION OF CASES</h3> The 101 cases studied were all from the Sea View Hospital. Four of them occur twice in this study with more than one year's interval between the