tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analysis of Low-Glycemic Index Diets in the Management of Diabetes
Authors: Marion J. Franz
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Mann (1) and Brand-Miller et al. (2) state in this issue of Diabetes Care that study subjects have been on previous nutrition therapies before the implementation of low–versus high–glycemic index diets. Although this may be the case, in reviewing the studies included in the meta-analysis, only two studies state this clearly. The first is the study by Fontvieille et al. (3), in which the low–compared with high–glycemic index diet did not improve HbA1c levels over 5 weeks but did result in a decrease in fructosamine ( P < 0.05). The second is the study by Heilbronn et al. (4), wherein subjects participated in 12 weeks of energy restriction. After 4 weeks on a weight loss diet similar in composition to the average Australian diet, the subjects were randomized to a low–versus high–glycemic index diet for 8 weeks. At …
Anatomic and Position-Induced Increased Radiopharmaceutical Uptake in the Cervical Spine on Bone Imaging
Authors: RICHARD R. BLACK, MARIANO FERNANDEZ-ULLOA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

The finding of increased radiopharmaceutical (RP) in the cervical spine was noted in a patient when placed in the full forward flexion position. When imaged in the neutral position, this finding was not noted. A series of 10 consecutive patients demonstrated this finding. The positioning of the cervical spine erroneously manifested increased RP uptake, which may mimic disease and should be taken into account when positioning the cervical spine for routine imaging.
Mast cell-mediated tumor-cell cytotoxicity. Role of the peroxidase system.
Authors: W R Henderson, E Y Chi, E C Jong, S J Klebanoff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

Mast cells, when supplemented with H2O2 and iodide, are cytotoxic to mammalian tumor cells as determined by 51Cr release, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. H2O2 at the concentration employed (10(-4) M) initiates mast cell degranulation, and mast cell granules (MCG), which contain a small amount of endogenous peroxidase activity, are toxic to tumor cells when combined with H2O2 and iodide. This toxicity is greatly increased by binding eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) to the MCG surface. Each component of the mast cell, MCG, or MCG-EPO system was required and toxicity was inhibited by the addition of the hemeprotein inhibitors azide or aminotriazole, which is compatible with a requirement for peroxidase in the cytotoxic reaction. A sequence of reactions is proposed in which mast cells, stimulated to release their granules by H2O2 generated by adjacent phagocytes, react with H2O2 and a halide to damage tumor cells. EPO release from eosinophils may contribute to this sequence of reactions, both by stimulation of H2O2-induced mast cell secretion and by combination with MCG to form a complex with augmented tumoricidal activity. These rections may play a role in the host defense against neoplasms.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF EXAMINING THE FEMALE BLADDER.
Authors: J. CLARENCE WEBSTER
Journal: JAMA (1902)

In his earlier papers describing his method of examining the female bladder, Dr. Howard Kelly recommended that the necessary elevation of the pelvis be obtained by placing pillows under the hips as the patient lay on a flat table in the lithotomy position. More recently he has advocated the genupectoral posture as more advantageous. Each of these methods has certain disadvantages. When the first posture is adopted, the examination is frequently unsatisfactory. The elevation necessarily leads to a flexing of the upper part of the abdomen on itself. This interferes with the free descent of the intestines toward the diphragm, which is necessary to the complete distension of the bladder with air. The hips can not be raised much above twelve or fourteen inches without discomfort to the patient if she be not anesthetized, and if an anesthetic be employed, the cramping of the abdomen interferes with free respiration. In
P146 INCREASE OF ACTIVATED REGULATORY T CELLS WAS FOUND ONLY IN IMMUNE CLEARANCE STAGE AND WAS RELATED TO LIVER INFLAMMATION AND GALECTIN-9 IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B
Authors: C.C. Hu, J.H. Fang, R.N. Chien, W.J. Jeng, C.H. Huang, Y.C. Chen, I.S. Sheen, C.Y. Lin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
A moral history of the evolution of a caste of workers.
Authors: S W Samuels
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

Using a dialectic method of philosophic inquiry, the actual ethical, legal, and social situation associated with genetic testing of beryllium-exposed workers in Department of Energy nuclear weapons facilities for markers of chronic beryllium disease is described. The cultural evolution of a caste system in a similar situation, and its social and biological implications, among uranium miners in the Erz Gebirge of Central Europe and on the Colorado Plateau of the United States, marked by suicide and lung disease, including cancer, is also described. The historically persistent social disease resulting from these situations. The Masada Syndrome, named from an analogous situation in biblical times, is characterized. Cultural intervention, a necessary condition for the ethical progression of the Human Genome Project, is outlined.
Sensitization: A mechanism for somatization and subjective health complaints?
Authors: Holger Ursin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

The brain seems to be able to generate and uphold sensitization by itself, based on previous experience, or genetic disposition. This seems to be particularly important for muscle pain. There seem to be positive feedback loops where pain produces more pain, and more sensitization. Musculoskeletal pain is the most common pain state. It amounts to almost 50% of all long term sickness absence. But other subjective complaints are also common, and may depend on sensitization. Sensitization has been introduced as an explanation for subjective complaints from the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, like fatigue, tiredness, dizziness, and vertigo. [coderre &amp; katz]
Abstract P5-09-01: Evaluation of BCL2 sequence variant in Iranian women patients with Breast cancer
Authors: B Motahari, M Ghaffarpour, GH Javadi, M Houshmand
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Introduction: Despite recent advancements in the treatment and management of cancers, Breast cancer still remains the most common malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Iran. Apoptosis and cellular proliferation play role an important role during normal mammary development and carcinogenesis of the mammary gland. In normal tissues, the homeostasis between apoptosis and cell proliferation is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins. Tumor cells tend to interfere with the mechanism of Apoptosis by activating anti apoptotic genes such as bcl-2. BCL-2 gene, located at 18q21.3 and consists of three exons and two promoters (P1 and P2), which have different functions. The second promoter, P2, is located 1,400 bp upstream of the translation initiation site and functions as a negative regulatory element to the P1 promoter. Bcl-2 is the one of the most important anti apoptotic genes. It has been shown that the −938AA genotype s associated with higher Bcl-2 expression levels in B-CLL and poor prognosis. Bcl2 gene has been also demonstrated with breast cancer development and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP-938C &amp;gt;A) has been identified recently and can provide a susceptible factor for causing breast cancer. The main objective of this study was to evaluation of the frequency of specific genetic alterations in the BCL-2 gene (−938,-758 and 21) and the risk of breast cancer in Iranian women patients with Breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Patients; 27 paired Fresh tumor and adjacent normal samples were obtained from consecutive patients with BC who underwent surgery for mama mastroctomy from IRANIAN National Tumor Bank, National Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complexes, Medical Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. Histopathological examinations were performed, and all tumors were confirmed as adenocarcinoma. Mutational analysis: Fresh tumors and their adjacent were extracted for genomic DNA using the QIA amp Mini Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. We searched DNA samples of Iranian patients for identification of SNP; −938C&amp;gt;A, −758T insertion in the inhibitory P2 promoter and 21A/G in exon 2 of the BCL-2 gene by means of PCR sequencing. Results and conclusions: In All cases, the frequency of genetic alterations in the BCL-2 gene (−938, −758 and 21) was 16 of 27 (59.29%) heterozygous in −938(C, A) and 5 of 27(18.51%) SNP-938 C&amp;gt;A, 0 of 27(0%)and 8 of 23(34.78%)heterozygous in +21(A, G)and 2 of 23(8.69%)SNP 21A&amp;gt;G respectively. According to our findings, point mutation in −938C and 21A alleles displayed a positive relation with increasing tumorgenesis in breast cancer. Our result indicated that the regulatory BCL2 promoter polymorphism (−938C, A) and coding BCl2 gene (21A, G) may be useful as a tumor marker for increasing tumorgenesis in Iranian women breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-09-01.
Human Labor and Birth
Authors: S. B. Gusberg
Journal: JAMA (1964)

This excellent exposition of labor and delivery by two seasoned teachers at McGill University sets for itself a limited objective, since these authors believe that such traditional subjects are crowded in current obstetrical texts. The presentation is carefully planned, complete, and set forth clearly in atlas or syllabus fashion with excellent illustrative line drawings and diagrams. While the anatomic drawings are necessarily somewhat meager, the entire concept of a succinct, skeletonized but complete statement concerning the anatomic, physiological, and therapeutic aspects of labor will be welcome to medical students and house officers alike. It reminds us that we are obstetric surgeons and must master the technical aspects of our craft. With the view that most textbooks for medical students have become increasingly concerned with metabolic and physiological aspects, and thus reduce the space for traditional subjects, one cannot dissent. The increasing complexity of obstetrics and gynecology as a science makes
Septic Shock and Respiratory Failure in Community-acquired Pneumonia Have Different TNF Polymorphism Associations
Authors: GRANT W. WATERER, MICHAEL W. QUASNEY, RITA M. CANTOR, RICHARD G. WUNDERINK
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

Genetic factors are likely to contribute to the variable presentation of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to determine whether the LT α+ 250 (TNF β+ 250) and TNF α -308 gene polymorphisms are associated with different presentations of CAP. Septic shock (SS) was defined using American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine (ACCP-SCCM) criteria. Type I respiratory failure (T1RF) was defined as an O2 saturation on room air of < 90% with a normal Pco 2. A total of 280 patients were genotyped; 31 had SS, 80 had T1RF. Genotype proportions are given in the order of AA/GA/ GG. The proportion of patients in each genotype developing SS was as follows: LT α+ 250 0.19/0.07/0.09 (p = 0.01 AA versus non-AA); TNF α -308 0.16/0.06/0.12 (p = NS). Carrying at least one AA (tumor necrosis factor [TNF] high secretor) genotype had an 18.0% risk of SS versus 6.8% (p = 0.006). GG homozygotes (TNF low secretors) at both loci had only a 2.9% risk of SS. Septic shock was associated with the LT α+ 250:TNF α -308 A:G haplotype but not the A:A haplotype, suggesting that LT α+ 250 is a marker, rather than a causative polymorphism. Carriage of the G:G haplotype had a significant protective effect against the development of septic shock (p = 0.011). T1RF was not associated with LT α+ 250 AA genotype. In the absence of septic shock, there was a significant trend to greater T1RF in patients with LT α+ 250 GG (TNF α hyposecretor) genotype (p = 0.03). Our finding of different genotype associations for SS and T1RF has important implications for immunotherapy in both CAP and sepsis, as well as for the definition of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).
Where are the protests?
Authors: R. Browning
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Had I, before the road crash that killed our daughter, pushed my imagination to the limit I might, just might, have got a sense of the devastating impact of losing a loved one in such a way; a life crushed and gone without so much as a goodbye. But I could never have imagined just how long the effects of that day would last. Eight and a half years after our young daughter died, the lives of my wife and me have still not returned to normal. And I can now say with certainty that they never will.

> Police investigations of road death are often indifferent and court sanctions are usually paltry 

There has been a massive shift in how we view the world. Our whole frame of reference has moved: what was once funny is no longer amusing, what was once enjoyable is best avoided and friends and …
Minor surgery by general practitioners under the 1990 contract: effects on hospital workload.
Authors: A Lowy, J Brazier, M Fall, K Thomas, N Jones, B T Williams
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To determine the extent to which minor surgery undertaken by general practitioners after the introduction of the 1990 contract substituted for hospital outpatient workload. DESIGN--Before and after observational study. SETTING--Four English family health services authorities. SUBJECTS--Patients in 22 practice populations who were operated on by their general practitioner or referred to hospital for minor surgery during April to June 1990 or April to June 1991. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Numbers of minor surgical procedures undertaken in general practice and in hospital, numbers of referrals to hospitals for conditions treatable by a minor surgical procedure, and the mix of diagnoses and procedures undertaken in each setting. RESULTS--General practitioners claimed reimbursement for 600 minor surgical procedures during April to June 1990 and for 847 during April to June 1991, an increase of 41%. Referrals to hospital for comparable conditions showed no compensatory decrease (385 during April to June 1990 and 388 during April to June 1991, 95% confidence interval for change in referrals -51 to 57), and the number of hospital procedures resulting from those referrals also remained constant (187 in the first period, 189 in the second, 95% confidence interval for change in procedures -36 to 40). The mix of procedures did not change significantly from one study period to the next in either setting. CONCLUSIONS--Many or all of the additional patients receiving minor surgery under the terms of the 1990 contract may not have previously been referred to hospital. General practitioners seem not to have systematically shifted towards treating the more trivial cases. The overall increase in minor surgical activity may reflect an improvement in accessibility of care or changes in patients9 perceptions and attitudes.
Development of multidrug resistance during treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: W-J. Koh, O. J. Kwon, Y. K. Park, W. J. Lew, G. H. Bai
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

Development of multidrug resistance during treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosisTo the Editors:Several treatment regimens have been recommended for the treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis (TB).However, an optimal regimen and duration for this treatment remains a matter of some controversy.Here, we would like to share our experience in a case of pulmonary TB with acquired multidrug resistance, during a 12-month treatment of isoniazid-resistant TB with rifampin and ethambutol, with pyrazinamide administered during the initial 2 months.A 55-yr-old male visited the outpatient chest clinic for the evaluation of a chronic cough.The patient had diabetes mellitus, which had been controlled with oral hypoglycaemic agents.The patient had no history of TB.His chest radiography revealed cavitary consolidation in the left upper lobe.Several sputum samples revealed a host of acid-fast bacilli.Daily anti-TB therapy was initiated with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide.After 2 months of this treatment, the regimen was changed to isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol, at which time cultured isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were processed for drug susceptibility testing.After 3 months of therapy, the results of drug susceptibility tests indicated high-grade resistance to isoniazid.Isoniazid was discontinued and rifampin and ethambutol were continuously administered on a daily basis.Monthly monitored sputum cultures for acidfast bacilli converted to negative after 2 months of treatment.The total treatment duration was initially scheduled for a full 12 months.After 10 months of therapy, however, an additional sputum culture revealed the growth of 20 colonies of M. tuberculosis.A drug-susceptibility test revealed the development of resistance to both isoniazid and rifampin, as well as susceptibility to other drugs.After this, a sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli was, once again, positive.
An offer of rheumatology training: failure to influence clinic referrals
Authors: G J Huston
Journal: BMJ (1988)

neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and this presentation of carbon monoxide poisoning led us to treat the patient with dantrolene,' with good effect.Thermogenesis was probably due to skeletal muscle rigidity, and the relaxani action I of dantrolene produced a fall in temperature as a secondary 0)Ur patinlt may have recovered spontaneously, but the responses to dantrolene imierit notice.Further investigation is needed to see whether da;ntrolene is effective in treating severe cases ofcarbon monoxide poisoning.Moreover, its use in other hivplrmetabolic states could be beneficial.
Function of the pylorus and pyloric antrum in gastric emptying
Authors: A. K. Armitage, A. C. B. Dean
Journal: Gut (1963)

The function of the pylorus and the pyloric antrum in the control of gastric emptying has been studied in an isolated rat stomach-duodenum preparation. Pressures in the body and pyloric antrum and flow through the duodenum were recorded using electronic transducers. Vigorous peristalsis and episodic flow were induced by electrical stimulation. The pylorus is normally open until it is transiently closed by an advancing peristaltic wave. High pressures could develop in the antrum when it was separated from the body by another peristaltic wave. Exclusion of the pylorus had very little effect on the pressures developed in body and antrum. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Microbicide proves effective in reducing HIV infection
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The quest to develop a topical vaginal product that protects against HIV infection took a huge step forward this week with news that results from a trial in South Africa showed that a new gel provided significant protection to the women who used it.

The randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial used a gel containing the antiretroviral tenofovir and followed 889 women for an average of 18 months. It found that those who used the microbicide had an overall 39% lower rate of HIV infection than those in the placebo arm (5.6 versus 9.1 infections per 100 woman years (incidence rate ratio 0.61 (95% confidence interval 0.4 to 0.94; P=0.017)).

Importantly the researchers found a …
Abstract P3-10-13: Prognostic Value of Genomic Analysis after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: EL Mayer, S Shak, K Miller, H Rugo, L Carey, N Ryabin, C Pomeroy, C Yoshizawa, EP Winer, HJ Burstein
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background Oncotype DX® Recurrence Score® (RS) provides both predictive and prognostic information for estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. Whether RS evolves after exposure to chemotherapy (C), or if RS post-neoadjuvant C has prognostic capacity for outcomes after bevacizumab, is not known. Methods DFCI 05-055 treated patients (pts) with residual invasive disease following neoadjuvant C with sequential bevacizumab-containing regimens. Archival FFPE tissue was obtained from participants at 3 potential timepoints: pre-C core biopsy, post-C surgical residual disease, and core biopsy at time of systemic recurrence. Standard RS testing was performed on all samples. Results A total of 162 pts were enrolled on the parent study; of that, 118 samples from 80 pts were available for testing, including 48 pre-C core biopsies, 68 post-C surgical samples, and 34 paired samples before and after C. Comparison of ER/PR/HER2 testing by local IHC vs RT-PCR for the pre-C core biopsies showed excellent concordance. For the entire cohort of 80, 20 pts (25%) experienced distant recurrence (9 ER+, 11 ER-by IHC). RS risk distribution in this group included 14 high, 3 intermediate (int), and 3 low. High RS was positively associated with distant recurrence for the entire cohort (t-test p=0.04); this association remained consistent whether RS was tested pre-C (t-test p=0.07) or post-C (t-test p=0.02). Specimen characteristics of the 34 paired pre-C/post-C samples are described below. Of the 34 paired samples, RS was highly correlated before and after exposure to neoadjuvant C, (r=0.85, 95% CI 0.72-0.92), suggesting little, if any, change in RS from C exposure. Specific changes over time included 24 without change in RS group, 3 high to int, 1 high to low, 1 int to low, and 5 low to int. Testing by RT-PCR remained consistent for ER (r=0.91, 95% CI 0.82-0.95), PR (r=0.79, 95% CI 0.62-0.89) and HER2 (r=0.88, 95% CI 0.76-0.94) before and after neoadjuvant C. Two pts had biopsy samples from systemic recurrence; testing showed RS, ER, PR, HER remained in similar range from core biopsy to surgery to disease recurrence. Conclusions In this evaluation of samples pre-and post-neoadjuvant C, high RS determined either before or after neoadjuvant C predicted for disease recurrence after adjuvant bevacizumab treatment. RT-PCR and IHC values for ER/PR/HER2 were concordant. Paired RS and RT-PCR ER/PR/HER2 remained correlated despite interval exposure to neoadjuvant C. Post neoadjuvant C RS may provide valid prognostic information for breast cancer disease recurrence and warrants further study. Specimen Characteristics for Paired Samples (n=34) Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-10-13.