tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
INDICATIONS FOR PROSTATECTOMY AND THE RESULTS OF THE OPERATION.
Authors: ALEXANDER HUGH FERGUSON
Journal: JAMA (1906)

The indications for removal of the prostate are based on the pathologic conditions present in the gland as manifested by symptoms and signs relative to obstruction to urination. The endeavor should be to learn the cause of the obstruction to the urinary outflow by studying the clinical evidence presented in each case. Inasmuch as an accurate opinion of the pathologic changes in the prostate cannot be formed without an antemortem or a postmortem section, we are forced to divide the indications for prostatectomy into two great classes: First, clinical; second, pathologic. <h3>CLINICAL INDICATIONS.</h3> The clinical features of the disease may develop slowly or quickly, run an intermittent or a continuous, but usually a chronic course, with or without complications, until complete retention of urine occurs. The function of the bladder is interfered with first. It begins to empty itself more frequently, both day and night, and the act of urination
Resident Intimal Dendritic Cells Accumulate Lipid and Contribute to the Initiation of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Kim E. Paulson, Su-Ning Zhu, Mian Chen, Sabrina Nurmohamed, Jenny Jongstra-Bilen, Myron I. Cybulsky
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Rationale : Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which leukocytes and oxidatively modified lipids accumulate in the arterial intima. Previously, we showed that dendritic cells (DCs) accumulate preferentially in regions predisposed to atherosclerosis in the normal murine aortic intima. The function of these cells in atherogenesis is unknown. Objective : Our goal was to determine the role of resident intimal DCs in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results : En face immunostaining of nascent atherosclerotic lesions in low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient ( Ldlr −/− ) mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet for 5 or 10 days demonstrated that foam cells expressed DC markers CD11c, 33D1, and major histocompatibility complex class II. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the majority of intimal lipid was intracellular. The role of resident intimal DCs in lesion formation was verified by their conditional depletion using transgenic mice expressing the simian diphtheria toxin receptor in CD11c + cells. A single injection of diphtheria toxin depleted intimal CD11c + DCs by &gt;98% within 24 hours, with 25% and 75% recovery at 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. When bred onto the Ldlr −/− background, intimal DC depletion with diphtheria toxin during 5 days of lesion formation reduced the intimal lipid area by 55% relative to undepleted controls. Transmission electron microscopy revealed few foam cells in DC-depleted mice and abundant accumulation of subendothelial extracellular lipid. Conclusions : Induction of hypercholesterolemia in mice triggers rapid ingestion of lipid by resident intimal DCs, which initiate nascent foam cell lesion formation.
Phosphoglucose Isomerase/Autocrine Motility Factor Mediates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Regulated by miR-200 in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Aamir Ahmad, Amro Aboukameel, Dejuan Kong, Zhiwei Wang, Seema Sethi, Wei Chen, Fazlul H. Sarkar, Avraham Raz
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor (PGI/AMF) plays an important role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and is associated with invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. We have previously shown its role in the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells, which led to increased aggressiveness; however, the molecular mechanism by which PGI/AMF regulates EMT is not known. Here we show, for the first time, that PGI/AMF overexpression led to an increase in the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB, which, in turn, led to increased expression of ZEB1/ZEB2. The microRNA-200s (miR-200s) miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-200c are known to negatively regulate the expression of ZEB1/ZEB2, and we found that the expression of miR-200s was lost in PGI/AMF overexpressing MCF-10A cells and in highly invasive MDA-MB-231 cells, which was consistent with increased expression of ZEB1/ZEB2. Moreover, silencing of PGI/AMF expression in MDA-MB-231 cells led to overexpression of miR-200s, which was associated with reversal of EMT phenotype (i.e., mesenchymal-epithelial transition), and these findings were consistent with alterations in the relative expression of epithelial (E-cadherin) and mesenchymal (vimentin, ZEB1, ZEB2) markers and decreased aggressiveness as judged by clonogenic, motility, and invasion assays. Moreover, either reexpression of miR-200 or silencing of PGI/AMF suppressed pulmonary metastases of MDA-MB-231 cells in vivo, and anti-miR-200 treatment in vivo resulted in increased metastases. Collectively, these results suggest a role of miR-200s in PGI/AMF-induced EMT and thus approaches for upregulation of miR-200s could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of highly invasive breast cancer. Cancer Res; 71(9); 3400–9. ©2011 AACR.
Early Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast Cancer Among Premenopausal Women: Final Report From a Study in Southern Sweden
Authors: HÅkan Olsson, Torgil R. Möller, Jonas Ranstam
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1989)

In southern Sweden during the 1960s, women began to use oral contraceptives (OCs) extensively at a young age. This case-control study investigates the relationship between the use of OCs and breast cancer development in women in southern Sweden diagnosed in the early 1980s. The risk for breast cancer after OC use among premenopausal women was modeled, after adjustment was made for age, age at menarche, and age at first full-term pregnancy or parity. Both the duration of OC use before 25 years of age and commencement of OC use at a young age were associated with a significant increase in the risk of breast cancer as well as a significant trend. The duration of OC use before the first full-term pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but it did not show a significant trend. The total duration of OC use was weakly, but not significantly, associated with breast cancer development. The odds ratio for women starting OC use before 20 years of age was 5.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.6-12.8]; for women using OCs for greater than 5 years before age 25, it was 5.3 (95% CI, 2.1-13.2); and for women using OCs for greater than or equal to 8 years before first full-term pregnancy, it was 2.0 (95% CI, 0.8-4.7). In multivariate analyses including the different measurements of OC use, only starting age of OC use was significantly associated with breast cancer. The exposure-response relationship between duration of OC use and risk of breast cancer depended on the age at first use of OCs. Given a fixed duration of OC use, the risk increased with younger starting age of OC use. The findings point to the importance of the early reproductive years as risk determinants for breast cancer after OC use.
Rupture of the Aorta Associated With Aortic Stenosis
Authors: James F. Flanders
Journal: JAMA (1965)

THE ASSOCIATION of aortic stenosis with dilatation of the ascending aortia, so-called poststenotic dilatation, has been known for many years. Recently, with the report of four cases, 1 a clinical syndrome has been described in which there is the association of aortic stenosis with medionecrosis, dilatation, and dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta. It is the purpose of this paper to present a similar case with a discussion of the hemodynamic mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis.  Report of a Case  A 31-year-old well-developed white man gave no history of rheumatic fever, but was first informed that a heart murmur was present during a routine examination for summer camp at the age of 12 years. He was classified 4F in the Selective Service because of the murmur, and subsequently became active as a contractor, without limitation of activity, syncope, or chest pain. He had undergone a tonsillectomy in 1944, an appendectomy
Recent developments in thyroid eye disease
Authors: Tom Cawood, Paul Moriarty, Donal O'Shea
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Thyroid eye disease affects an estimated 400 000 people in the United Kingdom. This estimate is based on a UK population of 59 million (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/), a prevalence of Graves' disease of 1.85% (estimates range from 1%1 to 2.7%2), and a prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves' disease of 37.5% (25% to 50%3). For a sizeable minority thyroid eye disease is an extremely unpleasant, painful, cosmetically distressing, and occasionally sight threatening condition. Medical treatment has progressed little in the past 25 years and remains unsatisfactory, but recent advances in other immune mediated disorders indicate that a selective treatment for thyroid eye disease should be a realistic goal.

We discuss the clinical features of thyroid eye disease and what treatments are available. We also explore the current views on the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease and their clinical implications.

### Sources of information

We retrieved from Medline papers with “thyroid” and “eye'” anywhere in the abstract and drew further information from leading medical textbooks. We also consulted with recognised experts (R Bahn, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; P Kendall-Taylor, Department of Endocrinology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne; A P Weetman, Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Centre, University of Sheffield; and W M Wiersinga, Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands).

### Clinical features

Thyroid eye disease is also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy and thyroid associated ophthalmopathy and is usually associated with autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease). Its typical ocular manifestations are recognised by a variety of clinical features including pain, gritty eyes, photophobia, chemosis, diplopia, and exophthalmos. Compression of the optic nerve can, in extreme cases, lead to blindness.

### Smoking

Once a patient has Graves' disease, the major clinical risk factor for developing thyroid eye disease is smoking.4 Patients with thyroid eye disease are four times …
ROENTGEN-RAY TREATMENT IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Authors: ISAAC GERBER
Journal: JAMA (1925)

This paper is not intended to be a presentation of anything absolutely new, but is rather a fresh emphasis on a field of radiation treatment that has been largely neglected in this country. The roentgen-ray treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis has been developed chiefly in Germany. In fact, the available literature is almost entirely German. I know that some of the American radiologists have been using this treatment for years, but the value of the method has not yet penetrated the general literature.  Bronchial asthma is not, of course, a true disease entity; it has a wide variety of causes. The work, during the last decade, of Walker and his associates on the intrinsic specific causes of asthma has widened this field considerably. The present ideas with regard to anaphylaxis and protein sensitization have made the treatment of many of these cases much easier and much more hopeful.
IgE sensitization profiles toward green and gold kiwifruits differ among patients allergic to kiwifruit from 3 European countries
Authors: Merima Bublin, Adriano Mari, Christof Ebner, André Knulst, Otto Scheiner, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Heimo Breiteneder, Christian Radauer
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
The semi-quantitative distribution of T4 and T6 surface antigens on human Langerhans cells
Authors: D. SCHMITT, M. FAURE, C. DAMBUYANT-DEZUTTER, J. THIVOLET
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

We have used indirect immunogold electron microscopy to compare the respective density of cell membrane determinants revealed by OKT6 and OKT4 monoclonal antibodies on normal human Langerhans cells (LC): 12.9 +/- 3.5 gold granules were noted per cell section on OKT4-positive LC whereas 236.8 +/- 23.5 granules were counted per cell section on OKT6-reactive cells. These results confirm that human LC react with OKT4 antibody and they demonstrate a marked quantitative difference on LC surface between the antigenic determinants recognized by OKT6 and OKT4 antibodies.
Clinical management decisions are related to the impact of psoriasis on patient-rated quality of life
Authors: R.P. Katugampola, Y. Hongbo, A.Y. Finlay
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Clinical decisions over psoriasis are based on many factors. Patients' quality of life (QOL) is not directly related to disease severity alone as judged by physical signs, so decisions should not be based on physical assessments alone. This is increasingly important as new potent biological therapies become available.This study aimed to determine whether clinicians' routine decisions in psoriasis correlate with patient-rated QOL.Over 35 weeks all 687 outpatient psoriasis consultations by 13 clinicians were included. Each patient received a Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire following their consultation. Case notes were analysed to assign management decisions taken by clinicians to one of 11 categories. Patient-rated DLQI was correlated with the type of management decision.Three hundred and eighty-three completed DLQI questionnaires were analysed. Within the 'no change to main type of therapy' group the mean DLQI for patients not changing the potency, dose or frequency of main treatment was 8.9. For patients in whom the potency, dose or frequency of main treatment was increased, the mean DLQI was 11.9. For patients in whom the potency, dose or frequency of main treatment was decreased, the mean DLQI was 6.2. Major management decisions were associated with a high mean DLQI such as change of topical therapy (11.2), topical to systemic therapy (14.8), change of systemic therapy (16.7), starting photo(chemo)therapy (13) and requiring hospital admission (14.4). By contrast, patients discharged reported low DLQI values (mean 4.0). The cohort of patients in whom a decision was taken to start day treatment had a surprisingly low mean DLQI of 8.6. Significant differences in mean DLQI were seen in the cohorts classified by type of management decision. For example, when the mean DLQI values in each cohort were compared (Mann-Whitney U-test), significant differences were seen between the cohorts in whom treatment was increased in potency, dose or frequency, compared with the cohorts whose treatment was unchanged (P < 0.05) or decreased (P < 0.01) or who were discharged from clinic (P < 0.01).In psoriasis there is a relationship between the type of management decision and the patient-rated QOL. However, there is a very wide score scatter for each management decision, challenging the appropriateness of some clinical decisions.
PUERPERAL FEVER; ITS PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT.
Authors: E. E. MONTGOMERY
Journal: JAMA (1896)

The mysterious condition known as puerperal fever has been a prolific theme for discussion. Its insidious character, its multiple lesions and its grave mortality sometimes depopulating lying-in hospitals or causing the death of every parturient women in a district, have naturally directed interest to its study. When we review the conflicting theories as to its genesis we find they may be resolved into two views; the one, the more simple and concrete, but less satisfactory, which seeks to associate the disease with the discovered anatomic lesion. With the development of the anatomy the distinction of the lesions has become more delicate and is limited to the tissues, as peritonitis, adenitis and the various abscesses of the pelvis. This is the localization theory. The other theory is that known as the essential doctrine, that the disease is due to some special miasm or infectious poison from which has been evolved the
St. Louis Encephalitis
Authors: Kenneth E. Powell
Journal: JAMA (1975)

To the Editor.—  In July, August, and September 1974, twenty-three laboratory-confirmed cases of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) occurred in Mississippi. Attack rates were greatest in the northwest corner of the state and in persons more than 50 years old. Attack rates were similar for residents of urban and rural areas. Signs and symptoms of the patients were similar to those reported in previous epidemics.1-3Six months after the onset of illness, 9 of the 23 patients were still unable to resume their usual activities. In the same period, 43 laboratory-confirmed cases of SLE occurred in Memphis and western Tennessee, and five cases in Arkansas.  The summer reservoirs of SLE virus are birds, and the vectors for epidemic SLE are usuallyCulex pipiensorC quinquefasciatusmosquitoes. Man is an accidental host and is the only species in which serious symptomatic illness develops. Clinical illness due to SLE is usually
Abstract 2864: Molecular imaging of early inflammatory response during hyperplasia and/or colitis in response to bacterial infection.
Authors: Rao Papineni, Ishfaq Ahmed, Steven LeVine, Kenneth Bradley, William Mclaughlin, John Pizzonia, Shahid Umar
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis recruit myeloid cells and result in inflammatory responses such as generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Development of non-invasive luminescence imaging approaches is needed to evaluate these inflammatory responses. We developed methodologies to show that vibration induced gut inflammation can be determined using luminescence imaging approach in a non-invasive fashion (Papineni and Vizard, World Molecular Imaging Congress 2012). Citrobacter rodentium (CR) is a natural bacterial pathogen that infects the distal colon of mice and induces transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia (TMCH). Here we determined the early inflammatory response (ROS activity) to intestinal infection by CR in a longitudinal study. We further assessed the effects of allelic variation on murine chromosome 11 (B6.CAST. 11) on the inflammatory response. The ROS activity was monitored in real-time in vivo using L-012 (8-amino-5-chloro-7-phenylpyridol [3,4-d]pyridazine-1,4(2H,3H) dione), a chemiluminescence reporter, using planar multimodal imaging system. 0.1 ml of 1 mg/ml L-012 probe was injected (i.p.) in control and the experimental mice that were subjected to CR infection. Necrosis was imaged (post-infection day-19) using a fluorescent probe containing a bis (zinc2+dipicolylamine, Zn- DPA) motif which binds with high affinity to apoptotic, necrotic, and bacterial surfaces. Significant difference in the basal gut ROS activity was found in mice with allelic variation on chromosome 11 compared to the wild type littermates. Robust elevation in ROS activity was observed in both the wild type and B6.CAST.11mice that were infected with CR (post infection 9, 12, 19 days). The variation in the levels of ROS activity however was very distinct between the wild type and B6.CAST.11 mice indicating the contribution of molecular determinants at the chromosome 11. The potential advantages in these real-time ROS monitoring methodologies by in vivo imaging, in understanding mechanisms of infection, inflammation, and development of better intervention strategies will be elaborated. Citation Format: Rao Papineni, Ishfaq Ahmed, Steven LeVine, Kenneth Bradley, William Mclaughlin, John Pizzonia, Shahid Umar. Molecular imaging of early inflammatory response during hyperplasia and/or colitis in response to bacterial infection. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2864. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2864
The Endoscopic Picture of the Intramural Oesophageal Diverticulosis
Authors: B. Minnigerode, W. Bartholomé, R. Küpper
Journal: Endoscopy (1977)

On the basis of the results in 3 own observations the endoscopic picture of the intramural oesophageal diverticulosis has been described in detail. It is characterized by an increased tonus of the oesophagus inlet musculature, a conspicuously non-irritant oesophageal mucosa, the absence or only a slightly indicated and irregular course of the expansion peristalsis, a poor distinction of the respiratory luman variations and the occurrence of circumscribed spasms and, above them, of segmental relaxation bulging. Pathogenitically the disease is probably caused by a disturbance of the muscular activity with bulging of the functioning mucosa at points of an oesophagus wall weakness.
A CONGENITAL SACRAL TUMOR.
Authors: RICHARD T. HENDERSON
Journal: JAMA (1903)

<i>History</i>.—I was called, April 10, 1903, to see Mrs. L., a medium-sized woman, apparently healthy, aged 30. She was the mother of two children, the younger being 2 years old; she had never had any sickness since the diseases of childhood. Her family history was good. She was at about the seventh month of gestation. <i>Examination</i>.—Her excessive abdominal enlargement was double that of any woman I had ever seen at full term. Palpation was impossible, as the slightest pressure caused excruciating pain. She was unable to assume the recumbent position owing to dyspnea. <i>Labor</i>.—After being called once by a false alarm, I found her in labor April 20, the contractions being short and of not much force, though she said she had been in labor for five hours. Dilatation had taken place to the size of a silver dollar. Three hours later there was more dilatation. The
GABAergic Inhibition Regulates Developmental Synapse Elimination in the Cerebellum
Authors: Hisako Nakayama, Taisuke Miyazaki, Kazuo Kitamura, Kouichi Hashimoto, Yuchio Yanagawa, Kunihiko Obata, Kenji Sakimura, Masahiko Watanabe, Masanobu Kano
Journal: Neuron (2012)

Functional neural circuit formation during development involves massive elimination of redundant synapses. In the cerebellum, one-to-one connection from excitatory climbing fiber (CF) to Purkinje cell (PC) is established by elimination of early-formed surplus CFs. This process depends on glutamatergic excitatory inputs, but contribution of GABAergic transmission remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate impaired CF synapse elimination in mouse models with diminished GABAergic transmission by mutation of a single allele for the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD67, by conditional deletion of GAD67 from PCs and GABAergic interneurons or by pharmacological inhibition of cerebellar GAD activity. The impaired CF synapse elimination was rescued by enhancing GABAA receptor sensitivity in the cerebellum by locally applied diazepam. Our electrophysiological and Ca2+ imaging data suggest that GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition onto the PC soma from molecular layer interneurons influences CF-induced Ca2+ transients in the soma and regulates CF synapse elimination from postnatal day 10 (P10) to around P16.