tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Delaying folic acid fortification of flour
Authors: G. P Oakley
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The failure of European governments to mandate universal fortification of flour with folic acid has allowed a continuing epidemic of preventable human illness. It is ironic that the United Kingdom has not required fortification, as it was a randomised controlled trial from the United Kingdom that conclusively proved that supplementation with synthetic folic acid prevents about 75% of spina bifida and anencephaly—common and serious birth defects.1 This study provided the primary scientific basis for the United States, Canada, Chile, and other countries to require fortification.

In Europe fortification has been delayed because it has erroneously been portrayed as having definitive benefits for embryos and children and no benefits for adults, especially elderly people. Speculation of possible harm from fortification for elderly people, though hypothetical and not data driven, has resulted in unnecessary delay. Strong evidence exists that universal fortification benefits adults, including elderly people, and that it is safe. 2 3 Policy discussions should compare the definite …
R & D for LSD?
Authors: M. Farrell
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Horizon: Psychedelic Science makes the case that the cold war on psychedelic research is over and the warm light of science and reason is about to shine on this subject. However, a surreal, Twin Peaks style soundtrack and bizarre images of psychiatrists staring into blue skies made the style irritating.

The term psychedelic drug was coined by Humphrey Osmond, an English psychiatrist based in Canada, who first introduced Aldous Huxley to these mind altering drugs. After an initial period of experimentation in the late 1950s and early 1960s, research came to an abrupt halt with the banning of LSD and other hallucinogens in 1966. Since then there has been a dramatic upsurge in the use of LSD and other hallucinogens on the streets and in the clubs for recreational purposes. The Internet abounds with web sites about a …
Iris Metastasis in a Patient With Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sellam Karunanithi, Punit Sharma, Sachin Jain, Anirban Mukherjee, Rakesh Kumar
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Iris metastasis is one of the rare forms of ocular metastasis. Lung and breast cancers represent more than two thirds of the primary tumor sites in such patients. We here present the F-FDG PET/CT findings in a 60-year-old male patient with small cell lung cancer where metastasis to iris was incidentally discovered on PET/CT.
Endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria crosstalk in NIX-mediated murine cell death
Authors: Abhinav Diwan, Scot J. Matkovich, Qunying Yuan, Wen Zhao, Atsuko Yatani, Joan Heller Brown, Jeffery D. Molkentin, Evangelia G. Kranias, Gerald W. Dorn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Transcriptional upregulation of the proapoptotic BCL2 family protein NIX limits red blood cell formation and can cause heart failure by inducing cell death, but the requisite molecular events are poorly defined. Here, we show complementary mechanisms for NIX-mediated cell death involving direct and ER/sarcoplasmic reticulum–mediated (ER/SR-mediated) mitochondria disruption. Endogenous cardiac NIX and recombinant NIX localize both to the mitochondria and to the ER/SR. In genetic mouse models, cardiomyocyte ER/SR calcium stores are proportional to the level of expressed NIX. Whereas Nix ablation was protective in a mouse model of apoptotic cardiomyopathy, genetic correction of the decreased SR calcium content of Nix-null mice restored sensitivity to cell death and reestablished cardiomyopathy. Nix mutants specific to ER/SR or mitochondria activated caspases and were equally lethal, but only ER/SR-Nix caused loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential. These results establish a new function for NIX as an integrator of transcriptional and calcium-mediated signals for programmed cell death.
Anti-HCV antibodies in heart transplant recipients (HT) with post transplantation (PT) chronic viral B and non A non B (NANB) hepatitis
Authors: F. Lunel, J.F. Cadranel, M. Perrin, P. Grippon, M. Desnienne, J.M. Huraux, C. Cabrol, P. Opolon
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1990)
Hepatobiliary Scan Findings in Chronic Cholecystitis
Authors: Murthy Chamarthy, Leonard M. Freeman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

Purpose of the Report: Hepatobiliary scintigraphy, most often referred to as the HIDA scan, is often performed to assess cystic duct patency or occlusion in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. The imaging diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis is generally made by sonographic demonstration of calculi in a setting of chronic recurrent abdominal pain or nonspecific dyspeptic symptoms. When a stone blocks the gallbladder neck or cystic duct, it precipitates an attack of acute cholecystitis that could be confirmed by performing the HIDA scan. In the course of performing HIDA studies, several incidental findings suggesting chronic cholecystitis may be encountered. Recognition of these suggestive patterns should increase the suspicion of chronic disease that can be further confirmed with sonography, gallbladder ejection fraction determination with sincalide cholescintigraphy, or other clinical findings. Materials and Methods: The material selected for this atlas is accumulated from many years of experience with HIDA scan. Illustration of the several scintigraphic patterns suggesting chronic rather than acute cholecystitis is presented to familiarize the reader with these findings. Correlation with clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings is presented, as well. Results and Conclusions: The illustrated findings, though not definitive, may explain the etiology of the underlying symptoms of chronic cholecystitis and direct further management.
Radionuclide Scanning and Lung Cancer
Authors: George H. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1980)

To the Editor.—  The findings of Kelley et al (242:2855, 1979) are of interest in that they indicate the prevalence of metastatic disease, as defined by conventional radionuclide scanning procedures, at the time of diagnosis of lung cancer in asymptomatic patients. However, their data do not support the contention that information critical for therapeutic decisions is derived from routine radionuclide scanning of such patients.  Except for a small subset of patients who are entered into prospective therapeutic trials designed to test the efficacy of either adjuvant therapy or early systemic therapy for asymptomatic metastases, patients with lung cancer fall into two major therapeutic categories: (1) patients with small cell carcinoma, who, whatever the extent of disease, require systemic chemotherapy for any hope of long-term remission, 1 and (2) those patients with non-oat-cell carcinoma, for whom, at the present time, the only critical treatment decision is whether or not to resect
Science, medicine, and the future: Motor neurone disease
Authors: P. J Shaw
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Motor neurone disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases of adult onset.Currently, there is no treatment that substantially slows disease progression, and average survival from the start of symptoms is only about three years.As this article discusses, however, new understanding of disease pathogenesis is suggesting the way toward more effective neuroprotective treatments aimed at slowing or arresting injury to motor neurones.
Cimetidine and Allergy Skin Testing
Authors: STEVEN H. COHEN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Letters and Corrections1 June 1982Cimetidine and Allergy Skin TestingSTEVEN H. COHEN, M.D., STEVEN L. KAGEN, M.D.STEVEN H. COHEN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, STEVEN L. KAGEN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-96-6-787_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Although the primary action of Cimetidine is gastric acid suppression, other effects have been noted related to its H2 antihistamine effect (I)-H2 sites are present in the skin (2), and Cimetidine can cause a mild reduction of histamine-induced wheals and flares (3). The studies cited were done with oral Cimetidine, but evidence from two patients we have seen suggests that this medication may be a more potent skin suppressor when given intravenously.We were asked to see two patients with a possible penicillin allergy who were in an intensive care unit. Both patients were critically ill and...References1. Cimetidine (Tagamet): update on adverse effects. The Medical Letter. 1978;20:77-8. Google Scholar2. ROBERTSONGREAVES EM. Responses of human skin blood vessels to synthetic histamine analogues. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1978;5:319. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. HARVEYSCHOCKET RA. The effect of H1 and H2 blockade on cutaneous histamine response in man. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1980; 65:136-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: STEVEN H. COHEN, M.D.; STEVEN L. KAGEN, M.D.Affiliations: The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1982Volume 96, Issue 6_Part_1Page: 787-787KeywordsAllergy and immunologyAntihistaminesIntensive care unitsPenicillin ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1982 PDF downloadLoading ...
Cutaneous angiosarcoma as a second malignancy in a lymphedematous leg in a Hodgkin's disease survivor
Authors: Tin Tin T. Kirchmann, Bruce R. Smoller, Joseph McGuire
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1994)

Angiosarcoma is a rare and highly malignant neoplasm. Cutaneous angiosarcoma not associated with postmastectomy lymphedema is rare. There are only eight reported cases of development of cutaneous angiosarcoma in a lymphedematous extremity in a patient with pre-existing malignancy other than breast cancer. This is the first reported case of development of cutaneous angiosarcoma in a lymphedematous extremity in a Hodgkin's disease survivor. A review of cutaneous angiosarcoma associated with lymphedema and a discussion of the pathogenesis of angiosarcoma are included. Angiosarcoma is a rare and highly malignant neoplasm. Cutaneous angiosarcoma not associated with postmastectomy lymphedema is rare. There are only eight reported cases of development of cutaneous angiosarcoma in a lymphedematous extremity in a patient with pre-existing malignancy other than breast cancer. This is the first reported case of development of cutaneous angiosarcoma in a lymphedematous extremity in a Hodgkin's disease survivor. A review of cutaneous angiosarcoma associated with lymphedema and a discussion of the pathogenesis of angiosarcoma are included.
Granuloma annulare: direct immunofluorescence study
Authors: PABLO UMBERT, R.K. WINKELMANN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

Direct immunofluorescence studies were carried out in eleven specimens of granuloma annulare. The results (in all cases) indicate the presence of focal deposition of fibrin, localized primarily in the intervascular portion of the dermis, corresponding to the granulomatous and necrobiotic areas. These findings implicate the cellular mechanism of delayed hypersensitivity with focal involvement of the clotting system in the development of granuloma annulare lesion.
Successful treatment of refractory anemia by high-dose methylprednisolone associated with an increment in CD68-positive cells in bone marrow
Authors: Sayuri Motomura, Toshiko Motoji, Keiko Okutomi, Toshio Nishikawa, Takeshi Kasajima, Hideaki Mizoguchi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

Refractory anemia has a relatively low incidence of the subsequent development of acute leukemia and a relatively long survival among the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We observed hematological improvement due to high-dose methylprednisolone in 9 of 18 patients with refractory anemia. The patients' age range was from 28 to 78 years old (mean age: 54), including 14 male and 4 females. A complete response was obtained in 5 patients, minimal response in 4 patients, and no response in 9 patients. Laboratory data of peripheral blood counts and differential counts of bone marrow aspirates were not different, except that fewer chromosomal abnormalities (P = 0.086) were observed in the responder group. Side effects were seen in two patients but were controllable. Overall survival was significantly longer in the responder group (Log-rank P = 0.040, Wilcoxon P = 0.045). The overall survival of responders did not reach the median and 85% of the patients were alive after 180 months, while the median overall survival of the nonresponders was 61.8 months. Disease progression was more frequently seen in the non-responder group (P = 0.045). Furthermore, we investigated retrospectively immunohistochemical bone marrow staining, and a significantly higher percentage of CD68-positive (22.6% +/- 7.1%) and CD45RA-positive cells was observed in the responder group compared to the non-responder group (6.5% +/- 1.3%). Our present results indicate that high-dose methylprednisolone is valuable as a primary treatment before other immunosuppressive treatments, because of its ease of use. High efficacy with high-dose methylprednisolone is expected, especially in patients in which increments in CD68-positive cells in bone marrow are observed.
P4-01-15: Alteration of Y-box Binding Protein-1 Expression Modifies the Response to Endocrine Therapy in Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer.
Authors: T Ito, S Kamijo, H Izumi, K Kohno, K-I Ito
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) plays an important role in tumor progression and drug resistance. This study examined whether YB-1 is involved in the alteration of response to endocrine therapy in ER-positive breast cancer cells. MCF7 cells that stably expressed YB-1 (MCF7-YB-1) and vector control cells (MCF7-vector) were established. These cells were used to analyze the expression of the factors related to the ER and growth factor receptor signaling pathways, response to the antiestrogens (tamoxifen and fulvestrant), and estrogen responsive element (ERE) activity. The effect of knocking down endogenous YB-1 expression was tested in wild-type MCF7 cells. In addition, the expression of the YB-1 and the factors related to the ER and growth factor receptor signaling pathways were evaluated in the clinical breast cancers treated with preoperative chemotherapy. The expression of HER2, AIB1, p-Erk and c-Myc were increased in the MCF7-YB-1 cells. In contrast, knocking down of YB-1 decreased the expression of these factors, but increased the expression of ERα in the wild-type MCF7 cells. Furthermore, sensitivity to antiestrogens was decreased in the MCF7-YB-1 in comparison to those in the MCF7-vector cells. In the MCF7-YB-1 cells, the expression levels of p-Erk and c-Myc were continuously upregulated when the cells were treated either with tamoxifen or fulvestrant. The ERE activity was decreased in the MCF7-YB-1 cells in comparison to the MCF7-vector cells, and the ERE activity of the MCF7-YB-1 cells was inhibited by fulvestrant at a lower concentration than that which inhibited the ERE activity of the MCF7-vector cells. In the ER-positive clinical breast cancers treated with preoperative chemotherapy, significantly more of the specimens that showed increased or positive nuclear YB-1 expression after the chemotherapy were positive for HER2 expression. These data suggest that alteration of YB-1 may modify the crosstalk between the ER pathway and HER2 pathway in ER-positive breast cancer cells, and consequently may alter the response to endocrine therapy in these cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-01-15.
Letter: Diagnosis of "reflux oesophagitis".
Authors: G W Stevenson
Journal: BMJ (1975)

HBAg in Papular Acrodermatitis of Childhood SIR,-Your leading article on Australia antigen in papular acrodermatitis of childhood (9 March, p. 407), criticizing Gianotti's' hypothesis that serum hepatitis and papular acrodermatitis of childhood (P.A.C.) are the same disease or are closely related, prompts us to report our own ex- perience in the matter.We have recently seen three children with the characteristic picture of P.A.C. as described by C&anotti.Their serum bilirubin was normal and transaminases were at the upper end of the normal range.Using radioimmunoassay as described by Ling and Overby2 we found that all three children were HBAg positive.None were living in any institution.Their parents were HBAg negative.We agree that the presence of HBAg in cases of P.A.C. needs further investigation, and the most sensitive method available for this is radioimmunoassay.If such studies confirm previous reports they will provide strong support for Gianotti's theory of a close relationship between serum hepatitis and P.A.C. P.A.C. would then be the only disease other than serum hepatitis to be consistently associated with HBAg.Con- sidering the prevalence of anicteric hepatitis in children P.A.C. might be a peculiar formn of hepatitis in childhood due to a particular reactivity of the reticulohistiocytic system to the viral infection.-Weare, etc.,
Excess adenosine in murine penile erectile tissues contributes to priapism via A2B adenosine receptor signaling
Authors: Tiejuan Mi, Shahrzad Abbasi, Hong Zhang, Karen Uray, Janci L. Chunn, Ling Wei Xia, Jose G. Molina, Norman W. Weisbrodt, Rodney E. Kellems, Michael R. Blackburn, Yang Xia
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Priapism, abnormally prolonged penile erection in the absence of sexual excitation, is associated with ischemia-mediated erectile tissue damage and subsequent erectile dysfunction. It is common among males with sickle cell disease (SCD), and SCD transgenic mice are an accepted model of the disorder. Current strategies to manage priapism suffer from a poor fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disorder. Here we report that mice lacking adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme necessary for the breakdown of adenosine, displayed unexpected priapic activity. ADA enzyme therapy successfully corrected the priapic activity both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that it was dependent on elevated adenosine levels. Further genetic and pharmacologic evidence demonstrated that A2B adenosine receptor–mediated (A2BR-mediated) cAMP and cGMP induction was required for elevated adenosine–induced prolonged penile erection. Finally, priapic activity in SCD transgenic mice was also caused by elevated adenosine levels and A2BR activation. Thus, we have shown that excessive adenosine accumulation in the penis contributes to priapism through increased A2BR signaling in both Ada–/– and SCD transgenic mice. These findings provide insight regarding the molecular basis of priapism and suggest that strategies to either reduce adenosine or block A2BR activation may prove beneficial in the treatment of this disorder.
What worries parents when their preschool children are acutely ill, and why: a qualitative study
Authors: J. Kai
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To identify and explore parents9 concerns when young children become acutely ill. <b>Design</b>: Qualitative study making use of semi-structured one to one and group interviews with parents of preschool children. <b>Setting</b>: Disadvantaged inner city community. <b>Subjects</b>: 95 parents of preschool children. <b>Results</b>: Fever, cough, and the possibility of meningitis were parents9 primary concerns when their children became acutely ill. Parents9 concerns reflected lay beliefs, their interpretation of medical knowledge, and their fears that their child might die or be permanently harmed. Parents worried about failing to recognise a serious problem. Concerns were expressed within the context of keenly felt pressure, emphasising parents9 responsibility to protect their child from harm. They were grounded in two linked factors: parents9 sense of personal control when faced with illness in their child and the perceived threat posed by an illness. <b>Conclusions</b>: Better understanding of parents9 concerns may promote effective communication between health professionals and parents. Modification of parents9 personal control and perceived threat using appropriate information and education that acknowledge and address their concerns may be a means of empowering parents. <h3>Key messages</h3> Parents worried about fever, cough, the possi- bility of meningitis, and failing to recognise a seri- ous problem Better understanding of parents9 concerns and what causes them may promote more effective communication between health professionals and parents
Effects of interferon-gamma on nitric oxide synthase activity and endothelin-1 production by vascular endothelial cells.
Authors: S Lamas, T Michel, T Collins, B M Brenner, P A Marsden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Given the pivotal role suggested for IFN-gamma in immune diseases of the vascular wall, we investigated the effects of IFN-gamma on nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). We have previously reported that TNF-alpha enhanced NO synthase activity in BAEC as assessed by quantifying release of bioactive NO with reporter monolayers and measuring conversion of L-[14C]arginine to L-[14C] citrulline. In murine macrophages IFN-gamma synergizes with TNF-alpha or lipopolysaccharide to induce robust increases in calcium-independent NO synthase activity. In this study we have found that IFN-gamma alone failed to have a significant effect on NO synthase activity in BAEC. In contrast to murine macrophages, IFN-gamma inhibited TNF-alpha-stimulated induction of endothelial NO synthase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. This observation suggests that there is major difference in the response of BAEC and murine macrophages to IFN-gamma. A second major aim of this study was to determine the effect of IFN-gamma on preproET-1 mRNA expression and ET-1 secretion rates in BAEC. IFN-gamma alone had little or no effect on ET-1 mRNA levels and basal ET release when measured for 8 h. However, cotreatment with IFN-gamma potentiated the stimulatory effect of TNF-alpha on BAEC ET-1 mRNA transcript levels and ET release. In contrast, pretreatment of cells with IFN-gamma for 16-24 h blunted the stimulatory effect of TNF-alpha. These findings suggest that endothelial cell expression of vasoactive mediators is modified by the temporal interplay of at least two immune mediators, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.
Off to a good start: the influence of pre- and periconceptional exposures, parental fertility, and nutrition on children's health.
Authors: Robert E Chapin, Wendie A Robbins, Laura A Schieve, Anne M Sweeney, Sonia A Tabacova, Kay M Tomashek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

The scientific community is developing a compelling body of evidence that shows the importance of the in utero environment (including chemical and hormonal levels) to the ultimate health of the child and even of the aging adult. This article summarizes the evidence that shows this impact begins with conception. Only a full life-cycle evaluation will help us understand these impacts, and only such an understanding will produce logically prioritized mitigation strategies to address the greatest threats first. Clearly, the time for analysis begins when the next generation is but a twinkle in the eye.