tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin containing cells in inflammatory bowel disease of the colon: a morphometric and immunohistochemical study.
Authors: P C Rosekrans, C J Meijer, A M van der Wal, C J Cornelisse, J Lindeman
Journal: Gut (1980)

Immunoglobulin containing cells in rectal and sigmoid colonic mucosa in endoscopically obtained biopsies from 10 patients with ulcerative colitis and 10 patients with Crohn9s disease were studied, using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. These findings were compared with the immunoglobulin containing cell number in colonic biopsies from 10 control patients with no evidence of colitis. In biopsies from the 20 patients with inflammatory bowel disease a marked increase in area of the lamina propria per millimetre mucosa length was found. In ulcerative colitis a marked increase in number of IgG containing cells was observed. In Crohn9s disease the increase in IgG containing cell number is dependent on the degree of activity of inflammation. In quiescent of active Crohn9s disease of the colon we found a significant increase of the IgM containing cells. The number of IgM containing cells per millimetre mucosa length will differentiate the pathology of Crohn9s disease from ulcerative colitis.
Vitamin D Insufficiency is Strongly Associated with Challenge-proven Infantile Food Allergy in the Healthnuts Population-based Study
Authors: K.J. Allen, J.J. Koplin, P.E. Martin, L.C. Gurrin, M.L.K. Tang, A.J. Lowe, N.J. Osborne, M.N. Robinson, A. Ponsonby, S.C. Dharmage
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
CARDIAC DIAGNOSES IN SURVIVORS OF CARDIAC ARREST WITH CULPRIT-FREE CORONARY ANGIOGRAMS
Authors: Howell J. Williams, Abhishek Joshi, Claire Kirkby, Teresa Castiello, Edward J. Stephenson, Andrew Wragg, Neha Sekhri, Richard J. Schilling, Saidi A. Mohiddin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Mortality in the Medicare Population and Chronic Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution in Urban Centers (2000–2005)
Authors: Scott L. Zeger, Francesca Dominici, Aidan McDermott, Jonathan M. Samet
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

BackgroundProspective cohort studies constitute the major source of evidence about the mortality effects of chronic exposure to particulate air pollution. Additional studies are needed to provide evidence on the health effects of chronic exposure to particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) because few studies have been carried out and the cohorts have not been representative.ObjectivesThis study was designed to estimate the relative risk of death associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5 by region and age groups in a U.S. population of elderly, for the period 2000–2005.MethodsBy linking PM2.5 monitoring data to the Medicare billing claims by ZIP code of residence of the enrollees, we have developed a new retrospective cohort study, the Medicare Cohort Air Pollution Study. The study population comprises 13.2 million participants living in 4,568 ZIP codes having centroids within 6 miles of a PM2.5 monitor. We estimated relative risks adjusted by socioeconomic status and smoking by fitting log-linear regression models.ResultsIn the eastern and central regions, a 10-μg/m3 increase in 6-year average of PM2.5 is associated with 6.8% [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.9–8.7%] and 13.2% (95% CI, 9.5–16.9) increases in mortality, respectively. We found no evidence of an association in the western region or for persons ≥ 85 years of age.ConclusionsWe established a cohort of Medicare participants for investigating air pollution and mortality on longer-term time frames. Chronic exposure to PM2.5 was associated with mortality in the eastern and central regions, but not in the western United States.
723 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) TO PREDICT CIRRHOSIS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC). COMPARISON WITH A LOGISTIC REGRESSION (LG) MODEL
Authors: M. Cazzaniga, G. Borroni, R. Ceriani, P. Guerzoni, M.A. Casiraghi, F. Salerno
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Heavy Smokers, Smoking Cessation, and Clonidine
Authors: J.J. Green
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To the Editor.—  The article by Glassman and colleagues 1 entitled Heavy Smokers, Smoking Cessation, and Clonidine was timely indeed, as the Surgeon General had, in the same week, declared cigarette smoking to be an addiction to nicotine.  At the University of Arizona, we have used clonidine since the inception of our University Smoking Cessation Clinic, and it appears to be quite efficacious in the first few weeks of nicotine withdrawal. Instead of oral clonidine, however, we have used the new clonidine transdermal patch. The 0.1-mg patch can be left on the skin for a week at a time. We taper patients off cigarettes over a three-day period and maintain the clonidine therapy for two to three weeks.  'The simplicity of the transdermal delivery system will certainly diminish problems of compliance and its presence may also provide some small degree of motivation for the patient in a smoking cessation program.
THE RESTORATION OF THE PERINEUM.
Authors: HENRY O. MARCY
Journal: JAMA (1903)

Recent publications show that, notwithstanding the study of the subject by many of our best surgeons during the present generation, there is by no means a general acceptation of any well-settled method for the repair of the injuries of the perineum. On this account I add this contribution, although I have several times published monographs on this subject. As a primary premise, it may be accepted that the repair of any injured organ should be undertaken to restore it, as far as possible, to its original normal condition. In order to accomplish this, it must be first ascertained just what the normal condition has been. In other words, it must consist of an accurate knowledge of the anatomy and function of the component parts. The injuries to the perineal structures vary widely. In the minor degree, the hymen, or the vaginal fourchette, may be the only part involved, but
Vaccinations for travellers
Authors: G. Bally
Journal: BMJ (1995)

that the total dosage of antimalarial drugs is related to toxicity,' it may well be correct, as suggested in Mackenzie's paper, that the true relation is with the daily dose, based on lean body mass.There is an important inference to be drawn from Mackenzie's work-that the normally recom- mended dosages may well be too high in either very slim people or very fat people.
Abstract LB-205: Genome-wide copy number analysis of pediatric hepatocellular carcinomas: Identification of characteristic aberrations
Authors: Torsten Pietsch, A. Carmichael, Christian Vokuhl, Ivo Leuschner
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) of childhood are rare neoplams. Their pathogenesis is believed to be different from HCC in adulthood. The differential diagnosis from hepatoblastoma (HBL)is important because of worse prognosis of pediatric HCC (pHCC) and different treatment approaches. However, the diagnosis by conventional histological analysis may be difficult in some cases. Informations on chromosomal alterations in pHCC are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify recurrent chromosomal aberrations in a larger cohort of pHCC and compare it to a previously published cohort of HBL (Weber et al., American Journal of Pathology, 2000) to identify characteristic chromosomal alterations of pHCC. Genomic DNA was extracted from FFPE samples of a cohort of 34 pHCC including 4 cases of the fibrolamellar subtype and 3 cases with partial fibrolamellar differentiation from the archives of the German Pediatric Tumor Registry, University of Kiel. Genome-wide copy analysis was performed by molecular inversion profiling. GISTIC analysis was done to identify significant large and focal aberrations. Most frequent copy number alterations were gains of chromosome 1q (65%), 2q (35%), 6p (35%), 20 (35%), 19q (32%) and 8q (29%) and losses of chromosomal regions 1p (56%) and 4q (38%). In addition, GISTIC analysis identified several significant fokal alterations including losses of the AXIN1 tumor suppressor locus on 15q26 in 53% of cases. 6/34 pHCC lacked any larger chromosomal imbalances. Of note, 5 of these 6 genomically stable tumors showed fibrolamellar differentiation. When pHCC with fibrolamellar differentiation were compared to the other pHCC, loss of 1p and 4q and gains of 1q, 2q, 6q and 20 occurred significantly more frequent in the latter. When pHCC were compared to HBL, both entities shared similar alterations including gains if 1q and 2q, but losses of 1p (56% vs. 3%), and gains of 6p (35% vs. 3%) and 19q (32% vs. 0%) were significantly more frequent in pHCC. In this genome-wide copy number analysis of a large cohort of pHCC we were able to identify for the first time characteristic alterations which may indicate a specific pathogenesis of these neoplasms, may help to subclassify pHCC and to differentiate these tumors from HBL. Supported by the German Childhood Cancer Foundation. Citation Format: Torsten Pietsch, A. Carmichael, Christian Vokuhl, Ivo Leuschner. Genome-wide copy number analysis of pediatric hepatocellular carcinomas: Identification of characteristic aberrations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-205. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-205
Why doctors should support welfare reform
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Lack of equality when it comes to diverse cultural backgrounds makes people angry, and yet the exclusion from public life of the poorest in society is often dismissed as a problem of social mobility. I know something of social mobility. My parents came from privileged backgrounds but suffered the social cataclysms of bankruptcy and divorce in the late 1960s. Consequently, I was comprehensively educated, and I received free school dinners and clothing vouchers. To add to the mix we moved to Orkney, as minority English settlers. I may not be working class but I do know what it means to be both poor and an …
Recombinant human C1-inhibitor for the treatment of acute angioedema attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema
Authors: Bruce Zuraw, Marco Cicardi, Robyn J. Levy, Jan H. Nuijens, Anurag Relan, Sonja Visscher, Gerald Haase, Leonard Kaufman, C. Erik Hack
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
An Address ON RECENT THEORIES AND EXPERIMENTS ON HEREDITY AND INHERITANCE: Delivered before the Denbigh and Flint Division of the British Medical Association
Authors: H. Drinkwater
Journal: BMJ (1908)

IN order to get a clear view of the present aspect of the subject of heredity and inheritance it is desirable to take a review of the principal theories that have been propounded since the beginning of the last century, when Lamarck published his Philo8Ophie Zoologique (1809).Up to this time all living things were supposed to have been created in their present condition, and one species was believed to be, genetically, quite distinct from every other species, however closely it might resemble it morphologicallv and in its relationship to the environment.Though a small oceanic island should possess hundreds of distinct species of beetles, yet they were not related to one another by descent from a common type, but had descended from remote ancestors exactly like themselves, which were specially and separately created, for some inscrutable purpose, for that particular island.Moreover, the idea was prevalent that animals, whilst still .inthe germ, were models in miniature of the adult condition, the various parts only requiring expansion and unfolding, a process to which the term " evolution " was applied.Haller (1708-77), the greatest physiologist of his time, said: " No part of the body is made from another; all are created at once."But the leading apostle of evolution, as then understood, was Charles Bonnet (1720-93), the dis- coverer of parthenogenesis of Aphide8 (the green fly).Kaspar Friedrich Wolff (1733-94) demonstrated that all the complex organs are formed from simpler structures, and are only developed gradually.To this process he applied the term " epigenesis."He was the true founder of modern embryology.The first great naturalist who ventured to hint that all the present species have gradually been evolved from ancestral forms of a different type was Buffon.But, however much his own mind was made up on this subject, in his writings he only said that such trans- formation might have occurred if one were to judge by appearances, and then adds: "But no; it is certain from Revelation that every species was directly created by a separate fiat.""This," a modern writer declares, was " merely as a concession to the Sorbonne, and to the fashionable exegesis of the day."Buffon probably did not like the prospect of spending the remainder of his days in the Bastille, which a too candid expression of his opinion might have involved.In 1795 Geoffroy St. Hilaire came to the conclusion that all species have descended from a few primitive types.About the same time, and quite independently, Goethe said that all the more perfect organic natures, such as fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals, with man at their head, were formed at first on one general type.Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles Darwin, said that animals vary from one another chiefly because they are continually altering their habits and changing their environment.
Unclassified oesophageal motor disorders simulating achalasia.
Authors: W J Hogan, C R Caflisch, D H Winship
Journal: Gut (1969)

Achalasia of the oesophagus is characterized by the absence of peristalsis, failure of the inferior oesophageal sphincter to relax after swallowing (Harris, 1966), and a positive mecholyl test (Kramer and Ingelfinger, 1951).This combination offeatures is regarded as specific for this disease.Nevertheless, in the literature a number of cases have been designated achalasia despite the presence of some peristalsis or inferior sphincter relaxation (Vantrappen, van Goidsenhoven, Verbeke, van den Berghe, and Van- denbroucke, 1963) or even a negative mecholyl test (Hightower, Olsen, and Moersch, 1954).Therefore, absolute diagnostic criteria for the disease seem to be incompletely defined.We have studied six patients with severe oeso- phageal motor abnormalities referred to us with the clinical diagnosis of achalasia.The oesophageal motility findings in these patients were, however, not characteristic for achalasia; moreover, they were 'Presented in part to the American Gastroenterological Association, Colorado Springs, Colorado, on 26 May 1967.unlike any other recognized oesophageal motor disturbance.Because these patients clinically simulate achalasia but demonstrate some preservation of normal oesophageal motor function, it is possible that they represent variations of true achalasia. PATIENTSFive of the patients were males, one was a female.Ages ranged from 23 to 76 years.Standard barium oesophagrams in these patients showed the features of achalasia: oesophageal dilatation, barium retention, and distal oesophageal narrowing in all (Fig. 1).These radiographs and the presence of dysphagia had led to the clinical diagnosis of achalasia in each patient.CASE 1 N.D., a 38-year-old construction worker, initially noted difficulty in swallowing in 1962.One year later he experienced severe anterior chest pain associated with a 'catching sensation in the middle of the chest'.He was conservatively treated for 'obstruction of the oeso- phagus'.The return of substernal pain and progressive ND HH SS MP LJ EF 40M.69M.
Insulin Concentrations and Time-Action Profiles of Three Different Intermediate-acting Insulin Preparations in Nondiabetic Volunteers Under Glucose-controlled Glucose Infusion Technique
Authors: P Bottermann, H Gyaram, K Wahl, R Ermler, A Lebender
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

This study describes the pharmacokinetics of three intermediate-acting insulin preparations, NPH porcine insulin, NPH human insulin (recombinant DNA), and “Depot-A” insulin, a mixture of 20% regular and 80% NPH human insulin from Eli Lilly and Company. Metabolic healthy normal weight volunteers were selected for the study. After overnight fasting, each test person received 0.4 U of each insulin per kg body weight injected subcutaneously in the triceps area of the arm. To prevent severe hypoglycemia, the test persons were connected to a “GCIIS Biostator” with blood glucose clamp at the 60 mg/dl level. Peripheral blood was sampled at regular intervals for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide determination. More elevated insulin levels were measured after application of both NPH human insulin and “Depot-A” insulin than after NPH porcine insulin. A more rapid decrease in the blood glucose concentration was observed after injection of both human insulin preparations than after porcine insulin. The dextrose output of the “GCIIS Biostator” was more pronounced in both human insulins than after the porcine preparation. After the injection of NPH human and NPH porcine insulin, significant differences were calculated between the concentrations of these two insulins in the blood, from the 2nd to the 10th hour (P &amp;lt; 0.05-P &amp;lt; 0.005) and between the dextrose output of the “GCIIS Biostator” from the 3rd to the 8.5th hour (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The fall of the C-peptide concentration to the lower detection limit of the assay reflects suppression of the endogenous B-cell secretion and confirms the measure of peripheral insulin concentrations as a result of the exogenously applied insulin. Although all investigations were performed under identical experimental conditions and equal dosages of each insulin were injected, higher insulin concentrations and a stronger biologic effect, shown by larger amount of dextrose delivered, were observed in both human insulins than in porcine insulin. Why this phenomenon occurs is as yet unclear. The clamp technique used with the “GCIIS Biostator” enables establishment of the biologic profile of any insulin, and thus represents a valuable tool in comparative studies.
Glucose-insulin-potassium solution and hypoglycemia
Authors: L. S. Koehler
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution was originally introduced as a possible means of preservation of the ischemic myocardium. 1 In this institution GIK solution has been used preoperatively for 12 hours in adult patients undergoing coronary-artery-bypass graft procedures to protect the ischemic myocardium before and during the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. In recent months we have begun use of the membrane oxygenator and have used crystaloid pump prime (lactated Ringer's solution to albumin in the ratio 1 liter to 25 g) instead of the partial blood prime that had been used with the bubble oxygenator.  When the patient arrived in the operating room, the administration of GIK solution was discontinued. Intravenous fluid administration was continued with 1 liter of 5% dextrose in 0.2 normal saline, followed by lactated Ringer's solution until cardiopulmonary bypass began. We obtained blood glucose levels before starting the bypass and at one-half hour after bypass
BTBR Ob/Ob Mutant Mice Model Progressive Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Kelly L. Hudkins, Warangkana Pichaiwong, Tomasz Wietecha, Jolanta Kowalewska, Miriam C. Banas, Min W. Spencer, Anja Mühlfeld, Mariko Koelling, Jeffrey W. Pippin, Stuart J. Shankland, Bardia Askari, Mary E. Rabaglia, Mark P. Keller, Alan D. Attie, Charles E. Alpers
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2010)

There remains a need for robust mouse models of diabetic nephropathy (DN) that mimic key features of advanced human DN. The recently developed mouse strain BTBR with the ob/ob leptin-deficiency mutation develops severe type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, elevated triglycerides, and insulin resistance, but the renal phenotype has not been characterized. Here, we show that these obese, diabetic mice rapidly develop morphologic renal lesions characteristic of both early and advanced human DN. BTBR ob/ob mice developed progressive proteinuria beginning at 4 weeks. Glomerular hypertrophy and accumulation of mesangial matrix, characteristic of early DN, were present by 8 weeks, and glomerular lesions similar to those of advanced human DN were present by 20 weeks. By 22 weeks, we observed an approximately 20% increase in basement membrane thickness and a >50% increase in mesangial matrix. Diffuse mesangial sclerosis (focally approaching nodular glomerulosclerosis), focal arteriolar hyalinosis, mesangiolysis, and focal mild interstitial fibrosis were present. Loss of podocytes was present early and persisted. In summary, BTBR ob/ob mice develop a constellation of abnormalities that closely resemble advanced human DN more rapidly than most other murine models, making this strain particularly attractive for testing therapeutic interventions.
Microglial production of TNF-alpha is induced by activated T lymphocytes. Involvement of VLA-4 and inhibition by interferonbeta-1b.
Authors: S Chabot, G Williams, V W Yong
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

TNF-alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in many inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cachexia, AIDS, and multiple sclerosis (MS). TNF-alpha is produced mainly by cells of the macrophage lineage, which includes microglia in the central nervous system. Here, we describe a mechanism through which TNF-alpha is generated by microglia. We show that activated human T lymphocytes induce the microglial production of TNF-alpha, and that is attenuated by a functional blocking antibody to CD49d, the alpha chain of the VLA-4 integrin on T cells. We also report that interferonbeta-1b (IFNbeta-1b), a drug that alleviates symptoms in MS, downregulates the expression of CD49d and reduces TNF-alpha production, mechanisms which can help account for its efficacy in MS.
THE TREATMENT OF MASTITIS
Authors: M. PIERCE RUCKER
Journal: JAMA (1924)

I shall discuss the etiology and pathology of mastitis only so far as they have a direct bearing on the treatment. The infecting organisms gain access to the breast either by way of the milk ducts or by way of the blood stream. The predisposing causes of mastitis are erosions or cracks of the nipples and trauma of the breasts.  The times of especial danger are (1) when the mother discharges her nurse or leaves the hospital; (2) when she begins wearing street clothes, and (3) when her milk begins to fail. When the mother discharges the nurse, she is very apt to be careless about the care of the nipples. Erosions or tiny fissures are the next step; then there is a tender mass in the breast, with possibly a chill and fever, and finally an abscess. When the mother begins to go about, one of two things may
Diet and state of nutrition of Pakistani infants in Bradford, Yorkshire.
Authors: W. R. Aykroyd, M. A. Hossain
Journal: BMJ (1967)

they do not seek work, and are fully occupied in looking after their husbands, children, and homes.In Bradford they are ready to make use of the excellent maternal and child health services.Most infants come under medical and public health supervision, being usually brought to the infant welfare clinics when they are under 3 weeks of age.Nearly all the Pakistani infants are delivered in maternity hospitals. Duration of Breast-feedingEleven infants were still receiving breast milk at the time of the interview.Five of-these, of whom three were under 3 weeks of age and the other two aged 2 to 31 months, were getting breast milk only.The remaining six, receiving some breast milk in addition to other foods, were between 2 and 31 months of age.The breast-feeding history of the remaining 89, no longer breast-fed, is shown in Table II.