tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Norway's plan to change placement scheme for trainee doctors proves controversial
Authors: K. Skinningsrud
Journal: BMJ (2011)

After a long and heated debate Norway’s health minister proposed last week to change the almost 60 year old poll system for deciding where doctors serve their compulsory training placement.

In the current system medical candidates study for six years and then work in supervised training positions in hospitals (12 months) and general practice (six months) before receiving their licence to practise. When they apply for their first job in training they draw a poll number at the same time. The person who draws number 1 can choose to serve in any hospital, while the person who draws number 475 (the last number this year) has to take whichever placement …
Periostin is a systemic biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthmatic patients
Authors: Guiquan Jia, Richard W. Erickson, David F. Choy, Sofia Mosesova, Lawren C. Wu, Owen D. Solberg, Aarti Shikotra, Richard Carter, Séverine Audusseau, Qutayba Hamid, Peter Bradding, John V. Fahy, Prescott G. Woodruff, Jeffrey M. Harris, Joseph R. Arron
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Human Breast Cancer Growth and Metastases in Nude Mice
Authors: D. P. Rose, J. M. Connolly
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1993)

Diets rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids stimulate the growth and metastases of transplantable mammary carcinomas in rodents, whereas fish oil-containing diets, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, suppress the growth of these mammary tumor cells. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of a diet rich in menhaden fish oil on the growth and metastases of MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells in a mouse model system. Ninety female athymic nude mice (Ncr-nuJnu) were fed a 23% (wtiwt) corn oil, omega-6 fatty acid- rich diet; after 7 days, 1 × 10 6 estrogen-Independent MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells were injected into a thoracic mammary fat pad. The 23% corn oil diet was continued for a further 7 days, after which the mice were assigned randomly to one of three diets containing a total of 23% fat, but different proportions of corn oil and menhaden oil (diet Cm : 18% corn oil and 5% menhaden oil, diet CM: 11.5% corn oil and 11.5% menhaden oil, and diet cM : 5% corn oil and 18% menhaden oil). Animal body weights and the surface area of the mammary fat pad tumors were recorded weekly. The mice were killed after 12 weeks on the experimental diets. Primary tumor surface areas and body weights were compared by unpaired Student's t tests, the incidence of lung metastases by the chi-square test, and differences in the total volumes of lung metastases by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Tumor growth rates in the mice of the group fed diet Cm were significantly greater than for mice of either of the two groups fed diets containing higher levels of menhaden oil. Of the mice with primary tumors, the incidence of macroscopic lung metastases was greater in those fed diet Cm , compared with those fed diet cM (57.7% versus 22.2%; P<.01), but not significantly different from the mice fed diet CM . When metastases did occur, their extent was significantly greater in mice fed diet Cm , compared with those fed diet cM (P<.0Ol). These results indicate that a high-fat diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids can suppress human breast cancer cell growth and metastases in this mouse model system. Dietary intervention trials to reduce recurrence risk in the postsurglcal breast cancer patient should take account not only of the level of fat consumed, but also its fatty acid composition. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1743–1747, 1993]
Continuing Medical Education-Reply
Authors: Francis D. Moore
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I have enjoyed reading the letter of Dr Caplan and the cited articles. It is not my objective to deprecate CME. It is, rather, to emphasize that professional growth of physicians depends on many types of inputs. On many occasions, the formal CME courses seem disappointing. If the stimulus of some of us as critics will help this aspect of American medical education to improve its effectiveness and thus its image, then we will have done our bit to help the cause. I have taken part in hundreds of CME exercises and have known thousands of the pupils personally. I believe the general consensus is that more rigorous discipline, better examinations, a grading system, and true postgraduate academic achievement are most severely needed.
NICE is accused of "jockeying for position" in new drug pricing scheme
Authors: M. Day
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<h3>Background:</h3> Northeastern British Columbia, Canada, is undergoing rapid in-migration of young, primarily male, workers in response to the “boom” in the oil/gas industries. Chlamydia rates in the region exceed the provincial average by 32% (294.6 cases per 100 000 persons compared with 213.3). Evidence indicates that sociocultural and structural determinants of young people’s sexual health are key to consider in the design of interventions. <h3>Objectives:</h3> To investigate how sociocultural and structural features related to the oil/gas boom are perceived to affect the sexual behaviour of youth in a Northeastern “boomtown”. <h3>Methods:</h3> The study included ethnographic fieldwork (8 weeks) and in-depth interviews with 25 youth (ages 15–25 years) and 14 health/social service providers. <h3>Results:</h3> Participants identified four main ways in which the sociocultural and structural conditions created by the boom affect sexual behaviours, fuelling the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs): mobility of oil/gas workers; binge partying; high levels of disposable income and gendered power dynamics. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The sociocultural and structural conditions that are fostered by a resource-extraction boom appear to exacerbate sexual health inequalities among youths who live and work in these rapidly urbanising, remote locales. To meet the needs of this population, we recommend STI prevention and testing service delivery models that incorporate STI testing outreach to oil/gas workers and condom distribution. Global, national and local STI control efforts should consider the realities and needs of similar subpopulations of young people.
Clinical Cardiopulmonary Physiology
Authors: John H. Talbott
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This book is divided into 12 section on the heart, the lungs, and the "bridge," or pulmonary circulation. There follows in sequence detailed considerations of the normal anatomy with special reference to areas and tissues vulnerable to malfunction and disease, technics for examination, cardiovascular disease, obstructive and restrictive conditions of the chest, physiologic therapy, and the evaluation of pulmonary disability. Chapter topics of timely interest are coronary heart disease, emphysema, bronchopulmonary conditions in infants and children, physiologic sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis, resuscitation, and the relation of environmental influences to cardiopulmonary physiology, notably atmospheric conditions of cities, altitude physiology, diving and submarine operations, and blast biology. Elucidation is gained through drawings, photographs, and a significant chapter on the response to therapeutic procedures. To mix in one book the contributions and spirit of William Harvey, Robert Hooke, G. A. Borelli, John Hutchinson, and their successors in the realm of cardiopulmonary physiology is
Intracellular or extracellular heat shock protein 70 differentially regulates cardiac remodelling in pressure overload mice
Authors: Wen-Feng Cai, Xiao-Wei Zhang, Hui-Min Yan, Yong-Gang Ma, Xiao-Xing Wang, Jun Yan, Bing-Mu Xin, Xiao-Xi Lv, Qing-Qing Wang, Zi-Yan Wang, Hong-Zhen Yang, Zhuo-Wei Hu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

Innate and adaptive immune responses are associated with the development of hypertension-induced myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. As a result, we investigated whether heat shock protein (HSP) 70, which is a molecule of damage-associated molecular patterns, could induce inflammation in the myocardium and promote the development of hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. We found that HSP70 serum levels, as well as the amount of HSP70 translocation to the cardiomyocyte membranes and the interstitial space, were elevated in the hypertensive mice caused by abdominal aortic constriction (AAC). Transcriptional inhibition of HSP70 expression by a specific heat shock transcript factor inhibitor, KNK437, reduced the serum level, and the re-distribution of HSP70. It promoted myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunctions although it protected animals from AAC-induced cardiac fibrosis. On the other hand, the functional antagonism of HSP70 by an anti-HSP70 antibody attenuated AAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis without adverse haemodynamic effects. The cardioprotective effect of the anti-HSP70 antibody was largely attributed to its ability to block AAC-activated immune response in the heart, as was indicated by suppressing the hypertension-enhanced conjugation of HSP70 with toll-like receptor 4, reducing heart-infiltrating macrophages, decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory factor monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and profibrotic factor transforming growth factor beta 1, and attenuating pro-hypertrophy signal MAPK P38 and ERK. These results indicate that intracellular and extracellular HSP70 have different roles in the regulation of cardiac remodelling and function in response to hypertension. Extracellular HSP70 is a potential therapeutic target against cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
Plasminogen activators and their inhibitors in leukemic cell homogenates
Authors: Hideo Wada, Yasurou Kumeda, Zin Ogasawara, Michiaki Ohiwa, Toshihiro Kaneko, Shigehisa Tamaki, Toshiyuki Ohno, Sinichi Kageyama, Thoru Kobayashi, Katsumi Deguchi, Shigeru Shirakawa
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1993)

Abstract Plasminogen activator (PA) and PA inhibitor (PAI) were measured in homogenates of leukemia cells. Both PA and PAI levels were higher in non‐lymphoblastic leukemia than in lymphoblastic leukemia. The levels were below the sensitivity of determination in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) but showed significant increases in blast crisis (CML, bc). The level of the tissue type PA (t‐PA) antigen was highest in acute myelobtestic leukemia (AML) and that of the urokinase type PA (u‐PA) was highest in acute promyeiocytic leukemia (APL). The PAH antigen showed no marked cell specificity, but the PAI‐II antigen was markedly increased in myelomonocytic leukemia and acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL). From these findings, various PAs and PAIs are considered to be present in leukemia cells and to be involved in hemostatic disorders, thus they are of diagnostic value in leukemia. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AMA Drug Evaluations
Authors: Joseph R. DiPalma
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The original publication, AMA Drug Evaluations 1971, (AMA-DE) arose out of the atmosphere of severe criticism of drug manufacturers and physicians, engendered on the one side by the great increase of drug usage with its resulting iatrogenic disease, and on the other by congressional hearings such as the Kefauver Investigation of 1959-1962. More recent hearings have continued to be critical and there has been a mandate to produce a  that gives clear indications for the safe use of drugs and that would prevent overprescription of useless and dangerous drugs. The first edition of AMA-DE—bacause of publication delays, numerous errors, and a poor format and style—did not seem to catch on either as a bible or otherwise.  The present (second) edition (1973) 1 is much more readable and useful. It ought to be at the right hand of every prescribing physician, available at every nursing station and clinic. Pharmacology instructors,
Thoracic surgery in a crisis
Authors: M. R Partridge
Journal: BMJ (2002)

In the United Kingdom all specialties and primary care are calling out for more doctors. The government's response has been to open more medical schools and increase the places in existing schools. Clearly this will not address today's problems and the numbers may be too small to address tomorrow's. One response should be for us all to examine whether we currently deliver care in the most effective manner. Some specialties have been more innovative than others in sharing the workload with nursing colleagues, but a shortage of nurses means that this is only a partial solution. Making patients more equal partners and enhancing their ability to care more for themselves is another approach, but is applicable only to certain aspects of care.

The recent report from a joint working party of the British Thoracic Society and the Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland suggests that thoracic surgery especially deserves …
Abstract 1497: Enhanced atherogenesis and altered High Density Lipoprotein in patients with Crohn's Disease
Authors: Sander I van Leuven, Rachel Hezemans, Han Levels, Sander J van Deventer, John J Kastelein, Erik S Stroes, Eric de Groot, Daan W Hommes
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Introduction: Atherosclerosis has been characterized as a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease. Conversely, accelerated atherogenesis has been shown to be a hallmark of chronic inflammatory disea...
Recovery of B-cell homeostasis after rituximab in chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Stefanie Sarantopoulos, Kristen E. Stevenson, Haesook T. Kim, Whitney S. Washel, Nazmim S. Bhuiya, Corey S. Cutler, Edwin P. Alyea, Vincent T. Ho, Robert J. Soiffer, Joseph H. Antin, Jerome Ritz
Journal: Blood (2010)
Children are still seen but not heard
Authors: S. P Maskey
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—Kroenke and Gask and Underwood describe in some detail the multiplicity of psychological presentations in patients. 1 2 No mention is made, however, of the many children seen in general practice and by paediatricians who have primarily mental health problems, psychological factors associated with their physical illness (such as diabetes management), or medically unexplained symptoms (such as …
Amir A F Azmy
Authors: I. Azmy, P. Raine, A. Fyfe
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Amir Azmy died after a serious illness borne stoically: even close friends and colleagues were unaware of the gravity of his situation. Many knew him as very friendly, open, and generous, but he was essentially a private man and always a gentleman, especially in his manners and dress. Amir exuded good humour and humanity, and on the rare occasion when his ire was raised he invariably suffered most.

Amir was born near Alexandria in Egypt in 1939 and was one of a successful family of six brothers and a sister. He first came to the UK in 1970 to undertake training in surgery, working in Glasgow and London (including Westminster, Carshalton, and Great Ormond Street). Despite a short return to a lecturer post in Azhar University in Cairo, his future lay in Britain. In London, Amir worked with Herbert Eckstein, Duncan Forrest, and Jeremy Lawson, among others. Like all trainees of his day, …
Hydrolase activities in the rat aorta. I. Effects of diabetes mellitus and insulin treatment.
Authors: H Wolinsky, S Goldfischer, L Capron, F Capron, B Coltoff-Schiller, L Kasak
Journal: Circulation Research (1978)

Vascular disease in diabetics could arise in part from altered vessel wall catebolism. Specific activities of hydrolases in aortic smooth muscle cells from rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were measured. Enyzmes included: neutral alpha-glucosidase, alpha-mannosidase, and lysosomal N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin C, acid alpha-glucosidase, and acid cholesteryl esterase. After 4,8, and 11 weeks of diabetes, activities of all enzymes studied were decreased significantly in diabetic vessels, decreases ranging from 15% for cathepsin C to 62% for alpha-mannosidase. After 3 weeks of diabetes, insulin treatment for 1 week restored enzyme levels to normal. After 7 weeks of diabetes, 1 week of insulin treatment did not restore enzyme levels fully to normal (acid cholesteryl esterase was unchanged); 4 weeks of insulin did. Acid phosphatase and N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase activities were reduced markedly in histochemical studies of diabetic aortas at all time periods and were restored by insulin treatment. Alloxan-induced diabetes gave results similar to those with streptozotocin. Significant decreases of aortic hydrolase activities, including those of lysosomes, occur in experimental diabetes mellitus and could contribute to accumulation of substrates in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Retinal Crystals in Type 2 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia
Authors: Ferenc B. Sallo, Irene Leung, Mina Chung, Ute E.K. Wolf-Schnurrbusch, Alfredo Dubra, David R. Williams, Traci Clemons, Daniel Pauleikhoff, Alan C. Bird, Tunde Peto
Journal: Ophthalmology (2011)
P682 MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS GENOTYPES CIRCULATING IN ACUTE HEPATITIS B PATIENTS IN CAMPANEA AREA
Authors: C. Sagnelli, M. Ciccozzi, M. Pisaturo, G. Zehender, A. Lo Presti, V. Messina, L. Alessio, G. Tonziello, M. Starace, M.F. Greco, D. Lovero, E. Sagnelli, N. Coppola
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
The Economic Impact of Early Life Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Early Intervention for Developmental Delay
Authors: Thaddeus Miller, Virginia A. Rauh, Sherry A.M. Glied, Dale Hattis, Andrew Rundle, Howard Andrews, Frederica Perera
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Background and ObjectivesEarly-life exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) can result in developmental delay as well as childhood asthma and increased risk of cancer. The high cost of childhood asthma related to ETS exposure has been widely recognized; however, the economic impact of ETS-related developmental delay has been less well understood.Methods and ResultsThe Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) has reported adverse effects of prenatal ETS exposure on child development in a cohort of minority women and children in New York City (odds ratio of developmental delay = 2.36; 95% confidence interval 1.22–4.58). Using the environmentally attributable fraction (EAF) approach, we estimated the annual cost of one aspect of ETS-related developmental delay: Early Intervention Services. The estimated cost of these services per year due to ETS exposure is > $50 million per year for New York City Medicaid births and $99 million per year for all New York City births.ConclusionThe high annual cost of just one aspect of developmental delay due to prenatal exposure to ETS provides further impetus for increased prevention efforts such as educational programs to promote smoke-free homes, additional cigarette taxes, and subsidizing of smoking cessation programs.
Dame Barbara Clayton
Authors: P. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Introduced new methods for detecting phenylketonuria

Dame Barbara Clayton, who has died aged 88, showed the importance of lead as a poison in children, and her research brought about its removal from paint, domestic plumbing, and eventually petrol. At Great Ormond Street Hospital in London in the 1960s she introduced new methods for detecting phenylketonuria, now familiar to all parents who witness the midwife taking a needleprick of blood from their newborn baby’s heel. She was at the forefront of emphasising the importance of nutrition in medicine. Among her many roles on advisory groups and committees, she chaired a controversial inquiry into water contamination at Camelford in Cornwall. She also furthered the role of women in medicine, becoming the first female president of the Royal College of Pathologists (1984-7) and the first woman to be dean of Southampton medical school.

Her college portrait shows her not with microscope or learned tome but a cup of tea—a symbol of her convivial personality. “She solved problems with diplomacy,” said the consultant chemical pathologist Valerie Walker, a …
Tuberculosis Outbreak in a General Hospital: Evidence for Airborne Spread of Infection
Authors: N. JOEL EHRENKRANZ
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Tuberculin skin test conversions in 23 employees of a general hospital were attributed to exposure to a patient with undetected tuberculous bronchopneumonia. Two converters had evidence of active infection, and 21 were asymptomatic. On a ward where the patient spent 57 hours there were 21 converters in 60 tuberculin-negative personnel (35%). Ten had little or no direct contact with the patient and were likely to have been infected by the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through an unbalanced air conditioning system that lacked high-efficiency filters. On a better ventilated ward, where the patient spent 67 hours, conversions occurred in only 2 of 19 personnel at risk (10.6%), and both were in close contact.
Two Phase 3 Trials of Bapineuzumab in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Stephen Salloway, Reisa Sperling, Nick C. Fox, Kaj Blennow, William Klunk, Murray Raskind, Marwan Sabbagh, Lawrence S. Honig, Anton P. Porsteinsson, Steven Ferris, Marcel Reichert, Nzeera Ketter, Bijan Nejadnik, Volkmar Guenzler, Maja Miloslavsky, Daniel Wang, Yuan Lu, Julia Lull, Iulia Cristina Tudor, Enchi Liu, Michael Grundman, Eric Yuen, Ronald Black, H. Robert Brashear
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Bapineuzumab, a humanized anti–amyloid-beta monoclonal antibody, is in clinical development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Choledochitis: a lesson in applied physiology.
Authors: K C Lam, D K Kwok, T Chang
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Do chronic cigarette smokers forget people's names?There is evidence that cigarette smoking encourages the formation of generalised atherosclerosis.' 2 This could impair arterial blood supply to the brain and thus cause a functional deficiency that would show up on psychometric testing.We have just completed a controlled study concerned with this question. Subjects, methods, and resultsTen addresses were randomly selected by specially trained interviewers in each of 11 different geographical areas of Edinburgh.When there was no response or a potential subject declined to participate a neighbour was randomly substituted.From this pool of 110 subjects a colleague blindly matched two groups of 37 subjects each, one group comprising smokers, the other non-smokers.The groups were matched for verbal intelligence, perceptual aptitude, age, sex, educational level, social class, and consumption of alcohol (table).Data on minor psychiatric symptoms, neuroticism, and extraversion were available but not used in the group matching procedure.Nevertheless, the groups did not differ significantly on these variables (table).Comparison of group of smokers with matched group of non-smokers Variable Smokers Non-smokers DifferenceDaily cigarette intake 20 (range 3-35) Nil Duration of smoking (years) 27-5 (range 3-40) -