tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Detecting plagiarism: Current quality control systems don't work
Authors: Tom Jefferson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

EDITOR—Chalmers highlights serial plagiarism, the inability of current quality control mechanisms to detect it, and the comparatively light way in which it is dealt with once discovered.1 Systematic reviews could be used to enhance the quality of editorial peer review.

Their lengthy process has several spinoffs. The most experienced and single minded reviewers quickly build in their minds and files a catalogue of what has been written on a topic, who …
Erratum: CORRIGENDUM: Genome variation and evolution of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Daniel C Jeffares, Arnab Pain, Andrew Berry, Anthony V Cox, James Stalker, Catherine E Ingle, Alan Thomas, Michael A Quail, Kyle Siebenthall, Anne-Catrin Uhlemann, Sue Kyes, Sanjeev Krishna, Chris Newbold, Emmanouil T Dermitzakis, Matthew Berriman
Journal: Nature Genetics (2007)
Priorities and Practices of Continuing Medical Education Program Directors
Authors: Judith G. Ribble
Journal: JAMA (1981)

A survey of program directors in continuing medical education (CME) was conducted to determine the priorities and practices of the persons who develop CME programs. Respondents from community hospitals, medical schools, specialty societies, state medical societies, and other organizations thought that the most important issues related to the measurement of educational needs and outcomes. A high degree of congruence between program directors' ideal priorities and those they thought were actually being attained in their organizations was noted. Differences between groups of CME providers were infrequent, but medical schools were significantly more concerned than other groups about funding and accountability; community hospitals, about needs assessment and training for program directors; and specialty societies, about methods for adult learning. The majority of directors thought that CME credits, recertification, and relicensure (but not reexamination) should be mandatory. (<i>JAMA</i>1981;245:160-163)
Cultivating a Thinking Surgeon: New Perspectives on Clinical Teaching, Learning and Assessment
Authors: James Drife
Journal: BMJ (2006)

“ T hinking surgeon” is a phrase that invites a smirk. Surgeons like to cultivate their image as doers, not thinkers. In multidisciplinary discussions they generally brood for a long time before saying, “I'm only a simple surgeon but…” No one is fooled by this self deprecation, which is a preamble to the surgeon cutting through the verbiage and getting to the heart of the matter.

Educationists, on the other hand, enjoy a good think, preferably while sitting in a circle. They write ideas on flipcharts and add arrows pointing up and down. …
Hemorrhagic Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome
Authors: Craig J. Canfield, Thomas E. Davis, Robert H. Herman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

A Syndrome of repeated episodes of pulmonary hemorrhage followed by severe renal disease progressing to renal failure and death is being described with increasing frequency. Variously recorded as Goodpasture's syndrome,1 lung purpura with nephritis2 and hemorrhage and interstitial pneumonitis with nephritis,3 it has most recently been characterized as hemorrhagic pulmonary-renal syndrome.4 That this condition represents a distinct clinical and pathological entity appears well documented.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 However, the relation of the pulmonary lesion to pulmonary hemosiderosis is not yet established. Since this condition is as yet poorly appreciated clinically, we wish to present our experiences with 3 such patients.Case ReportsCase . . .
Left Ventricular Pressure-Volume Relationships During Myocardial Ischemia in Man
Authors: JOHN L. McCANS, JOHN O. PARKER
Journal: Circulation (1973)

It has been shown in man that myocardial ischemia, whether precipitated by exercise or pacing-induced tachycardia, is associated with abnormalities of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. There has been controversy as to whether this relationship is due to decreased myocardial compliance or to an increase in left ventricular volume as a manifestation of left ventricular failure. Simultaneous measurements of left ventricular pressure and left ventricular volume using ultrasonic techniques were carried out in five normal subjects and 21 patients with coronary artery disease. In the normal subjects a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure during pacing was associated with a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and during interruption of pacing, pressures and volumes returned to normal. In nine patients with coronary artery disease who did not develop angina, a similar response was seen. In 12 patients with coronary artery disease who developed angina during pacing, the reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic volume during pacing was less marked than the other groups and during periods of interruption the increase in diastolic pressure to 26 mm Hg was accompanied by an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume to 24% above control values. The end-systolic volume showed a similar increase during myocardial ischemia. These data suggest that the changes in left ventricular filling pressure seen during myocardial ischemia are related to increase in left ventricular volume but do not exclude the possibility that there may be accompanying changes in left ventricular diastolic compliance.
Apology sought for Australian doctor accused of involvement in UK bomb attacks
Authors: J. McCredie
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Pressure has been mounting in the Australian media for the government to apologise and compensate Mohamed Haneef, the former Queensland doctor accused of being involved in the attempted terrorist attacks in Britain in June 2007, after an independent inquiry found no evidence for the charges laid against him.

Dr Haneef, who had been working at a hospital on the Gold Coast, was arrested at Brisbane airport a few days after the attempted car bombings in the West End in London and at Glasgow airport.

The Indian born doctor had …
Malignant Neoplasms of the Minor Salivary Glands
Authors: George A. Gates
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

THE minor salivary glands are simple tuboalveolar glands with predominantly mucus-secreting and occasionally serous fluid-secreting acini. They are located in the submucosa of the oral cavity, nose and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and tracheobronchial tree. Their secretory products coat, lubricate, and protect the epithelium from which they emanate. In the respiratory tract, they contribute to the mucous blanket that traps and clears exogenous particulate matter and is in equilibrium with the inspired air for exchange of heat and water vapor. In the oral cavity, the minor salivary glands contribute the bulk of the saliva not secreted at mealtime, which moistens . . .
Directly acting antivirals for the treatment of patients with hepatitis C infection: A clinical development update addressing key future challenges
Authors: Alex Thompson, Keyur Patel, Hans Tillman, John G. McHutchison
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)

Current therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is effective in less than 50% of genotype 1-infected patients. Antiviral agents specifically targeting either the HCV protease or polymerase, or other targets, are now in clinical development. In general, direct antivirals are potent inhibitors of HCV replication and can result in rapid declines in serum HCV RNA levels. Yet these agents drive selection pressure for mutant viruses that can reduce susceptibility to any given drug. Using pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) in combination with direct antivirals can suppress viral breakthrough and increase the likelihood of sustained virologic response. Direct antivirals also result in adverse events in a proportion of patients, adding to concerns of tolerability that exist with PEG-IFN and RBV. Direct antivirals are very likely to become an integral part of treatment within the next decade, and already their use in clinical trials has raised important issues related to duration of treatment, early stopping rules, retreatment of previously treated patients, and how or when direct antivirals should be combined. Here, we provide current information regarding the effectiveness of direct antivirals in treating chronic HCV infection and discuss the key questions and challenges now facing the field. Current therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is effective in less than 50% of genotype 1-infected patients. Antiviral agents specifically targeting either the HCV protease or polymerase, or other targets, are now in clinical development. In general, direct antivirals are potent inhibitors of HCV replication and can result in rapid declines in serum HCV RNA levels. Yet these agents drive selection pressure for mutant viruses that can reduce susceptibility to any given drug. Using pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) in combination with direct antivirals can suppress viral breakthrough and increase the likelihood of sustained virologic response. Direct antivirals also result in adverse events in a proportion of patients, adding to concerns of tolerability that exist with PEG-IFN and RBV. Direct antivirals are very likely to become an integral part of treatment within the next decade, and already their use in clinical trials has raised important issues related to duration of treatment, early stopping rules, retreatment of previously treated patients, and how or when direct antivirals should be combined. Here, we provide current information regarding the effectiveness of direct antivirals in treating chronic HCV infection and discuss the key questions and challenges now facing the field.
Resolution of immune activation defines nonpathogenic SIV infection
Authors: Olivier Manches, Nina Bhardwaj
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

Natural nonhuman primate hosts of SIV do not succumb to AIDS despite significant viral replication, a phenomenon attributed to reduced levels of chronic and deleterious “immune activation.” Two studies in this issue of the JCI, by Bosinger et al. and Jacquelin et al., now show that SIV induces vigorous immune activation and upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes in both natural and susceptible hosts, but strikingly, the responses resolve only in the former (see the related articles, beginning on pages 3556 and 3544, respectively). Thus, natural hosts for SIV actively engage mechanisms to abort sustained immune activation and its associated harmful effects.
INFLUENCE OF NOXIOUS EFFLUVIA ON THE ORIGIN AND PROPAGATION OF EPIDEMIC DISEASES
Authors: R. D. Grainger
Journal: BMJ (1853)

CE5SPOOIL.IT is the remark of an acute observer, that one of the best tests of the progress which a people have made in civilization, is furnishedl by the manniier in which they dispose of their cxcreta.That this obscrvation has a foundation in truth, is amply shiown; independently of what we see going on arountld us, by the accounts r eceived from India and other scendi-civilizedt countries.Often as the evils arising from the cesspool system have been forced on the public atten- tion, I feel assured that thev are still but most ilnp)ercetly ajpprehended.Somc glimmeringrs of the truth have inldeed broken into thedaLrkness: we donot now-a-days hear mnany of the ancient eulogiums on cow-stalls, horse-dung, and similar remiedies, once popular, and not, as1 know, yet ex- tinct.The painful experience of the present winter has likevise convincedl the higher classes in many parts of the proviiiecs, tha;t they are niot excenpt froni tthe dangers of the poisonous effluvia which daily (lecimrLte the poor in their neg,lected abodes.Owing to the increased attention now lpaid to sLnitary inqjuiries, aind the warnincs of our own profession, the lpublic are beginning to comprehend that mtuch of the ailing and sickness an(d diarrhl(u, to which children, especially inlarce towns.are sulbject, and which arc often attributed to "b ilious attacks", are in reality depend- ent on the mnalaria carising from cesspools anid foul drains.Another an(l more widely diffusedl error is, that because nio odour or stenich can be perceived, no injuriouLs effluvia can be p)resenlt: but it is iniportant to point out that poisonous gases may be present in qjuantities quiiitc sufficiciet to inijure the hcalth, and yet without affectinthe senses.I had a curious 1proof of this a few years ago, when inquiring into the disitfecctinig properties of the nitrate of lea(l.Oni visit- ing the F ever lhspitttl, the wards were founid to be, ats they always arc, scrtupuloutsly cleani, and perfectly dlevoid of smnell.The day of the miionth was written on one of the walls with the colourless liquid; and, on examinintg the writing next day, the letters had become evident by their dl;Lrk colour, owinig to thc prescnce in the air of suil-)huretted hydrogcn, an(d the consequent formuation of sul- phurt of lead.The effluv-ia fronl ccsspools, when concentrated, affor(d a mlarked illustration of the principle already noticed, that any one of the predisposing causes of epidemic disease is capable, accordinig to, circunistanices, of developing all the principal members of the class: but the extended inquiries of liate years have showii, that affections of the abdonniina organs are specially liable to be thius iniduced.Gastric
A METHOD FOR STUDYING THE ORGANIZATION OF TIME EXPERIENCE
Authors: JOHN S. KAFKA
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1957)

A method for studying the process of self-evaluation and organization of time experience is described. It utilizes an experimental situation in which the subject is not aware of the experimenter's interest in time perception, in which external cues are minimal and "experiential" cues are confusing. Intervals in the dark are judged as longer than intervals during which the subject is in the presence of an "auto-kinetic" light. There are significant individual differences in the pattern of temporal organization. Ways in which subjects approach the experimental task are described qualitatively. Theoretical and practical implications, including implications for the study of psychopathological phenomena, and possible extensions and variations of the method are discussed.
Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Assessment of patients at high risk.
Authors: W J McKenna, A J Camm
Journal: Circulation (1989)

T he incidence of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is 2-4% a year in adults and 4-6% a year in children and adolescents.1These data have been generated from referral cardiac centers and may reflect a bias to the more severe patients.2The identification and management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who are at increased risk of sudden death remains a major problem, particularly in younger patients.
The Evolutionary Rates of Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases and of Their Transcription Factors Are Affected by the Level of Concerted Evolution of the Genes They Transcribe
Authors: R. Carter, G. Drouin
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

A defining characteristic of all eukaryotes is the presence of three RNA polymerases, each of which transcribes a particular subset of nuclear genes. RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA genes; RNA polymerase II transcribes mRNA, miRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA genes; and RNA polymerase III transcribes 5S rRNA and tRNA genes. Here, we use the sequences of up to 25 Ascomycete species to show that the type of genes transcribed by each RNA polymerase affects their evolutionary rates and those of their transcription factors (TFs). The RNA polymerase subunits and TFs of genes whose promoters experience higher levels of concerted evolution evolve significantly faster than those experiencing lower levels of concerted evolution. The rates of evolution of RNA polymerase genes and their TFs are therefore not only the result of diverse selective constraints but are also influenced by the level of concerted evolution of the genes they transcribe.
Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in the United States
Authors: William W. Thompson, David K. Shay, Eric Weintraub, Lynnette Brammer, Carolyn B. Bridges, Nancy J. Cox, Keiji Fukuda
Journal: JAMA (2004)

ContextRespiratory viral infections are responsible for a large number of hospitalizations in the United States each year.ObjectiveTo estimate annual influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States by hospital discharge category, discharge type, and age group.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsNational Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) data and World Health Organization Collaborating Laboratories influenza surveillance data were used to estimate annual average numbers of hospitalizations associated with the circulation of influenza viruses from the 1979-1980 through the 2000-2001 seasons in the United States using age-specific Poisson regression models.Main Outcome MeasuresWe estimated influenza-associated hospitalizations for primary and any listed pneumonia and influenza and respiratory and circulatory hospitalizations.ResultsAnnual averages of 94 735 (range, 18 908-193 561) primary and 133 900 (range, 30 757-271 529) any listed pneumonia and influenza hospitalizations were associated with influenza virus infections. Annual averages of 226 054 (range, 54 523-430 960) primary and 294 128 (range, 86 494-544 909) any listed respiratory and circulatory hospitalizations were associated with influenza virus infections. Persons 85 years or older had the highest rates of influenza-associated primary respiratory and circulatory hospitalizations (1194.9 per 100 000 persons). Children younger than 5 years (107.9 primary respiratory and circulatory hospitalizations per 100 000 persons) had rates similar to persons aged 50 through 64 years. Estimated rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations were highest during seasons in which A(H3N2) viruses predominated, followed by B and A(H1N1) seasons. After adjusting for the length of each influenza season, influenza-associated primary pneumonia and influenza hospitalizations increased over time among the elderly. There were no significant increases in influenza-associated primary respiratory and circulatory hospitalizations after adjusting for the length of the influenza season.ConclusionsSignificant numbers of influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States occur among the elderly, and the numbers of these hospitalizations have increased substantially over the last 2 decades due in part to the aging of the population. Children younger than 5 years had rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations similar to those among individuals aged 50 through 64 years. These findings highlight the need for improved influenza prevention efforts for both young and older US residents.
Colorectal Cancer Heterogeneity and Targeted Therapy: A Case for Molecular Disease Subtypes
Authors: Janneke F. Linnekamp, Xin Wang, Jan Paul Medema, Louis Vermeulen
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Personalized cancer medicine is becoming increasingly important in colorectal cancer treatment. Especially for targeted therapies, large variations between individual treatment responses exist. Predicting therapy response is of utmost significance, as it prevents overtreatment and adverse effects in patients. For EGFR-targeted therapy, many mechanisms of resistance have been uncovered, for example, mutations in KRAS and BRAF, and upregulation of alternative receptors. Currently, routine testing for all known modifiers of response is unpractical, and as a result, decision-making for anti-EGFR therapy is still largely based on assessing the mutation status of an individual gene (KRAS). Recently, comprehensive classifications of colorectal cancer have been presented that integrate many of the (epi-)genetic and microenvironmental factors that contribute to colorectal cancer heterogeneity. These classification systems are not only of prognostic value but also predict therapy efficacy, including the response to anti-EGFR agents. Therefore, molecular subtype–based stratification to guide therapeutic decisions is a promising new strategy that might overcome the shortcomings of single gene testing in colorectal cancer as well as in other malignancies. Furthermore, the development of new agents in a disease subtype–specific fashion has the potential to transform drug-discovery studies and generate novel, more effective therapies. Cancer Res; 75(2); 245–9. ©2014 AACR.
Are duodenal diverticula associated with choledocholithiasis?
Authors: R H Kennedy, M H Thompson
Journal: Gut (1988)

The results of 250 consecutive ERCP examinations were analysed in order to assess whether or not juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula are associated with choledocholithiasis. Cholangiography showed common bile duct stones in 71 patients of whom 25 (35%) had periampullary diverticula. Clear bile ducts were shown in 99, of whom only 12 had diverticula (12%) (p less than 0.05). After allowing for the differences in age between the two groups, patients with choledocholithiasis were 2.6 times (95% CI: 1.14-5.93) more likely to have a periampullary diverticulum than patients without choledocholithiasis. In the remaining 80 patients, cholangiography was either not successful or not indicated. Further clinical follow up and/or investigation have failed to reveal duct stones in any and only 10 (13%) of these 80 patients had diverticula. Overall, 47 patients had diverticula: 25 (53%) had duct stones, four may have had stones and 18 had none. Three or more years after cholecystectomy 59% of patients with duct stones had diverticula, while only 13% with clear ducts had them. These results show a significant association between periampullary duodenal diverticula and choledocholithiasis.
An index for cancer clustering.
Authors: T Tango
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

This paper generalizes the index for temporal clustering proposed by Tango in two ways: it allows for nonuniform population distributions across the study period and it is applicable to the detection of disease clustering in space where there are variations in population distribution among categories of the confounding factor such as age and sex. Applications are illustrated with 1833 cases of mortality from uterine cancer in the Tokyo metropolitan area during 1978-1982.