tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Does myocardial stunning contribute to infarct size limitation by ischemic preconditioning?
Authors: T Miura, M Goto, K Urabe, A Endoh, K Shimamoto, O Iimura
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND The mechanism through which ischemic preconditioning causes cardioprotection is unknown. The present study investigated the role of stunning in preconditioning. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied three different protocols of preconditioning: two cycles of 2-minute ischemia separated by 5-minute reperfusion (2'PC), one cycle of 5-minute ischemia by 5-minute reperfusion (5'PC1), and two cycles of 5-minute ischemia separated by 5-minute reperfusion (5'PC2). In the first series of experiments, the stunning associated with 2'PC, 5'PC1, or 5'PC2 was assessed using an epicardial Doppler transducer in anesthetized open-chest rabbits. The thickening fraction (percent baseline) of the preconditioned region was 76.8 +/- 7.2% (mean +/- SEM) after 2'PC but 31.4 +/- 9.2% and 34.3 +/- 9.7% after 5'PC1 and 5'PC2, respectively, which were significantly lower, thus indicating more severe stunning than that after 2'PC. In the second series of experiments, a branch of the left circumflex artery was occluded for 30 minutes and then reperfused for 72 hours in four groups of rabbits. One group was not preconditioned and three groups were preconditioned with 2'PC, 5'PC1, or 5'PC2 protocols before the 30-minute ischemia. In contrast to the differences observed in the stunning in the first series of experiments, histological infarct size was similar in the three preconditioned groups (21.1 +/- 3.0% of area at risk after 2'PC, 20.1 +/- 3.4% after 5'PC1, 16.4 +/- 4.2% after 5'PC2), all of which were significantly smaller than that in the unpreconditioned group (43.9 +/- 5.0%). The third series of experiments examined the degree of stunning by 2'PC, 5'PC1, or 5'PC2 and the size of infarct (tetrazolium staining) in the same animal after 30-minute ischemia/3-hour reperfusion; again, the results showed no significant correlation between degree of stunning and infarct size. CONCLUSIONS The myocardial infarct size-limiting effect of preconditioning did not correlate with the degree of myocardial stunning accompanying preconditioning. Thus, it is unlikely that myocardial stunning contributes to the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning.
Labour's defence of NHS
Authors: W. Russell
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Labour's decision to take the government to task over its plans for the future ofthe National Health Service as a platform from which to show off the debating skills ofits new leader, Mr Neil Kinnock, paid off.The Grenada affair led to the debate being delayed for a day, but that proved no disadvantage and Mr Kinnock came up with exactly what was needed-a good, fighting speech that greatly enthused his backbenchers by staking out a reasonable claim for Labour to be the "only defender" of the NHS.He argued that the NHS could not be dismembered or dismantled by British prime ministers or foreign economists, because it was not theirs to get rid of."It belongs to the British people and they will strive to retain their proud possession," he said.He also accused the Prime Minister, who had decided not to take part, of treating the service with contempt.Her approach and that of the health ministers to the NHS was "a mixture of private profiteering and Victorian philanthropy," he said.The NHS was already the most efficient health service in the world, with adminis- trative costs only 6% of the budget, far less than in France, Italy, or the United States, while the government's claim of a 17% increase in spending on it was only true in relation to the retail price index and did not take into account the rise in the price ofmedical supplies.Its policies amounted to "an unmitigated crime against the people of this country."The point is it got his side cheering, which was the purpose of the exercise.The government's tactic for the week was to announce decisions to define Labour's attack.First came acceptance of the Griffiths report's proposals for a new management structure (p 1391), and then in the debate itself a decision at long last on the Acheson report.
Identification of a human OX-40 ligand, a costimulator of CD4+ T cells with homology to tumor necrosis factor.
Authors: W R Godfrey, F F Fagnoni, M A Harara, D Buck, E G Engleman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

The human OX-40 cell surface antigen is a CD4+ T cell activation marker that acts as a costimulatory receptor and is a member of the nerve growth factor receptor/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Using a soluble form of the receptor, the extracellular region fused with human immunoglobulin Fc, we expression cloned the human OX-40 ligand cDNA from a library derived from an activated B lymphoblastoid cell line MSAB. The encoded protein is identified as gp34, a type II transmembrane antigen previously known to be expressed only by human T cell lymphotropic virus 1-infected cells. We describe gp34 as a new member of the TNF family, and find that the recombinant ligand expressed in COS cells costimulates phorbol myristate acetate, phytohemagglutinin, and anti-CD3-induced CD4+ T cell proliferation.
Management of cancer.
Authors: A Green
Journal: BMJ (1971)

It Selective vagotomy no pyloroplasty no stenosis _ O [ 2 ++ 3 -+ + + 4 0 0 0 5 + 0 0 6 + .00 ~7 0 !12 3 + + 0+ 0 0 14 0 15 ~+ 0 17 0 18 _ °O 0 14 0 0 0_ lb + O~+O_ 70 01 0 0 3 6 12 months afteroperation so long as nerve section is complete and the nerves of Latarjet properly preserved.It is a very much better operation than bilateral selective vagotomy without drainage for it can be used in the presence of organic duo- denal narrowing.Probably only in advanced duodenal stenosis is a drainage operation required.-Iam, etc.,
Live Poliomyelitis Virus Vaccines
Authors: Hilary Koprowski
Journal: JAMA (1961)

NOW THAT RESEARCH in vaccination with live attenuated polioviruses goes back 11 years,1 to the year of the first experimental inoculation in man, it can be said that live virus vaccination is approaching its adolescence. During its childhood considerable research was done in strain selection, mechanism of immunization, genetic markers, and capacity to spread; then came the gradual increase in the numbers of persons vaccinated—from tens to thousands to millions. The child was obviously a prodigy; now many of the important parameters of successful vaccination are known, such as dosage, infection rate, antibody response, influence of age, value of monovalent versus trivalent administration, factors that influence age, value of monovalent versus trivalent administration, factors that influence spread, and so on. In field trials unparalleled in magnitude, approximately 100 million persons were given live virus in order that the action of the attenuated virus might be studied.  The results already
Toxic megacolon: the knee-elbow position relieves bowel distension.
Authors: M Z Panos, M J Wood, P Asquith
Journal: Gut (1993)

Toxic megacolon complicating inflammatory or infective colitis carries a high morbidity and mortality and surgical intervention is necessary in up to 80% of cases. Perforation complicates toxic megacolon in about 35% of cases. After perforation, the death rate nears 50%. Gaseous distension of the bowel causes considerable discomfort to the patient and increases transmural pressure. The latter is thought to cause a reduction in blood flow and may predispose to perforation. The use of instruments for colonic aspiration is discouraged, because of the high risk of perforation. The successful use of the knee-elbow position to relieve bowel distension in two patients with toxic megacolon is described.
ARE PROCEDURAL PREDICTORS OF POST–TAVR AORTIC REGURGITATION DIFFERENT FOR BALLOON–EXPENDABLE AND SELF–EXPENDABLE DEVICES: INSIGHTS FROM THE FRANCE 2 REGISTRY
Authors: Eric Van Belle, Francis Juthier, André Vincentelli, Bernard lung, Helene Eltchaninoff, alain Leguerrier, Jean Fajadet, Marc Laskar, Carlo Banfi, Alain Prat
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Validation of Doppler-derived pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with ductus arteriosus under different hemodynamic states.
Authors: N N Musewe, J F Smallhorn, L N Benson, P E Burrows, R M Freedom
Journal: Circulation (1987)

Twenty-nine patients with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in isolation (n = 17) or in combination with other lesions (n = 12) underwent simultaneous hemodynamic assessment and evaluation of PDA flow velocity by the Doppler method. The accuracy with which Doppler velocity across the PDA predicted pulmonary arterial pressure and the influence of PDA size and shape on the Doppler velocity-pressure relationship were examined. Seventy percent had a cone-shaped PDA (narrowest at the pulmonary artery end), and the remainder were tubular. Narrowest PDA diameter ranged from 1.5 to 9 mm (mean 3.5 mm). Peak systolic and mean pulmonary arterial pressure ranged from 10 to 116 and 8 to 72 mm Hg, respectively. Twenty-one patients (group 1) had left-to-right shunting only. The following variables showed significant correlation in this group: peak instantaneous systolic aortic-to-main pulmonary arterial (MPA) pressure gradient and maximum Doppler velocity across the PDA (slope = 1.03, SEE = 13 mm Hg, r = .94, p less than .001), mean aortic-to-MPA pressure gradient and mean Doppler velocity (slope = 1.06, SEE = 10 mm Hg, r = .95, p less than .001), and end diastolic aortic-to-MPA pressure gradient and minimum Doppler velocity (slope = 1.12, SEE = 8 mm Hg, r = .96, p less than .001). Eight patients (group 2) had bidirectional shunting. In this group peak instantaneous aortic-to-MPA pressure gradient significantly correlated with maximum Doppler velocity measured from the left-to-right shunt (slope = .70, SEE = 2 mm Hg, r = .92, p less than .002) and mean pressure gradient correlated with mean Doppler velocity (slope = .83, SEE = 3 mm Hg, r = .78, p less than .003). Right-to-left Doppler velocities showed no correlation with pressures. In six patients with pulmonary hypertension Doppler velocity changes accurately predicted the effect of pulmonary vasodilation on pulmonary arterial pressure. Doppler velocity of PDA flow reliably predicts pulmonary arterial pressure over a wide range of pressures and PDA shapes and sizes.
AMA considers whether to pay for donation of organs
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

In a major and contentious policy shift, the American Medical Association (AMA) has voted to encourage studies that would determine whether financial incentives could increase the pool of cadaveric organ donors.

The association's House of Delegates endorsed such studies after furious debate at their an-nual meeting in Chicago, Illinois.

The issue was originally considered at a meeting in December 2001, when the association's council for ethical and judicial affairs ruled that …
Physiological levels of tumstatin, a fragment of collagen IV α3 chain, are generated by MMP-9 proteolysis and suppress angiogenesis via αVβ3 integrin
Authors: Yuki Hamano, Michael Zeisberg, Hikaru Sugimoto, Julie C Lively, Yohei Maeshima, Changqing Yang, Richard O Hynes, Zena Werb, Akulapalli Sudhakar, Raghu Kalluri
Journal: Cancer Cell (2003)
Life sustaining technology: making the decisions
Authors: B. Jennett
Journal: BMJ (1989)

The implications of these alterations in the most basic aspects of cardiovascular physiology are not clear, but they may need to be taken into account in the development ofnew treatments for the critically ill.Prospective studies have indicated that treat- ment based on some understanding of the pathophysiology of critical illness is associated with considerable improvements in survival.6Preventing gross errors in the management of acute critical illness is essential, but the ways to achieve this are not evident.Even with good treatment many patients go on to succumb to multiple organ failure, and research effort must now be directed to developing scientifically based treatments for this poorly understood condition.Unfortunately, research into shock, trauma, and critical illness does not fall cleanly within the remit of any of the principal charities or specialties with existing research infrastructures.Given the associated difficulty of research funding, I would
Sexual life after gynaecological operations-I.
Authors: A G Amias
Journal: BMJ (1975)

In a reveiw of sexual problems after gynecological operations, social, cultural, and psychological overtones beyond the immediate physical effect were discussed. Sexual difficulty may occur unless sympathetic advice has been made available before and after a procedure. Hysterectomy, either abdominal or vaginal, results in only temporary restriction of 6 weeks, although 3-4 months may be necessary to return to normal. Difficulties may arise in postoperative recovery; however, coitus will help tissues to stretch. Continuing maladjustment may be due to psychological factors preceeding the operation or fears fostered by erroneous notions. Subtotal hysterectomy was considered an obsolete procedure and removal of the cervix as in total hysterectomy allows the full cycle of sexual response. Complete oophectomy results in a lack of estrogen and will reduce libido, lubrication and sensation in the lower genital tract. A daily oral estrogen supplement should be considered. The treatment of uterine cancer has profound effects on the sexual activity. Wertheim's hysterectomy necessitates a long recovery and entails removal of the upper 1/3 of the vagina. The resumption of coitus will gradually stretch the vagina. Anxiety, however, may produce a serious loss of libido in husband and wife. Radiotherapy seriously distorts the lower genital tract in 80% of cases. Knowledge of the results of treatment in this disease can help in choosing between alternatives. Explanation and sympathy can help reduce the fear, anxiety and guilt of treatment.
Psychiatric Disorders of Children With Congenital Rubella
Authors: A. Herbert Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1972)

The ability to define a psychiatric disorder separate and distinct from physical abnormalities, or to define such a disorder in its relationship to definite or possible central nervous system abnormality is a monumental task. This study of 243 youngsters, ages 2 1/2 to 4 years, presents the first detailed study of the behavioral consequences of congenital rubella in such a large group of children. Despite efforts to produce and present a detailed study, in many areas the report is incomplete. For example, information on the intactness of families, details of the examination, individual and family responses to rubella in pregnancy and its sequelae, the characteristics of the mothering available to each child, and data on inter-interviewer reliability are, if considered at all, presented in a minimal fashion. In addition, from a psychiatric point of view, it would have been of interest to note the influence on the family of the
Biology of cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 expression
Authors: M. B. Rook, M. M. Evers, M. A. Vos, M. F. A. Bierhuizen
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

Nav1.5, the pore forming α-subunit of the voltage-dependent cardiac Na+ channel, is an integral membrane protein involved in the initiation and conduction of action potentials. Mutations in the gene-encoding Nav1.5, SCN5A, have been associated with a variety of arrhythmic disorders, including long QT, Brugada, and sick sinus syndromes as well as progressive cardiac conduction defect and atrial standstill. Moreover, alterations in the Nav1.5 expression level and/or sodium current density have been frequently noticed in acquired cardiac disorders, such as heart failure. The molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations are poorly understood, but are considered essential for conception of arrhythmogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies for prevention or treatment of arrhythmias. The unravelling of such mechanisms requires critical molecular insight into the biology of Nav1.5 expression and function. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date account of molecular determinants of normal Nav1.5 expression and function. The parts of the Nav1.5 life cycle that are discussed include (i) regulatory aspects of the SCN5A gene and transcript structure, (ii) the nature, molecular determinants, and functional consequences of Nav1.5 post-translational modifications, and (iii) the role of Nav1.5 interacting proteins in cellular trafficking. The reviewed studies have provided valuable information on how the Nav1.5 expression level, localization, and biophysical properties are regulated, but also revealed that our understanding of the underlying mechanisms is still limited.
Do Increases in Markers of Vagal Activity Imply Protection From Sudden Death?
Authors: Stephen S. Hull, Emilio Vanoli, Philip B. Adamson, Gaetano M. De Ferrari, Robert D. Foreman, Peter J. Schwartz
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Low-dose scopolamine increases heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with a prior myocardial infarction (MI). This observation, combined with the evidence that elevated cardiac vagal activity during acute myocardial ischemia is antifibrillatory, has generated the hypothesis that scopolamine might be protective after MI. We tested low-dose scopolamine in a clinically relevant experimental preparation for sudden death in which other vagomimetic interventions are effective. Methods and Results Nineteen mongrel dogs that survived an anterior MI were used in the study. Occurrence or lack of ventricular fibrillation (VF) due to acute myocardial ischemia during submaximal exercise identified dogs at high and low risk for sudden death. Dose-response curves performed in 12 dogs at high (n=6) and low (n=6) risk showed that scopolamine at 3 μg/kg exerts the greatest effect on HRV. A second group of 7 high-risk dogs were exposed to an exercise-and-ischemia test after treatment with scopolamine (3 μg/kg IV). Scopolamine increased the standard deviation of RR intervals by 41%, increased the high-frequency band of spectral analysis by 48%, and decreased resting heart rate by 14%. Despite the increase in markers of vagal activity, VF recurred during the exercise-and-ischemia test in 6 dogs (86%). Conclusions The significant increase in HRV induced by acute scopolamine did not result in a decreased risk for VF due to acute myocardial ischemia in association with sympathetic activation. Caution must be applied when extrapolating the potential antifibrillatory activity of an intervention from its influence on autonomic markers.
Surgery of the Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: R. H. Smithwick
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

REPORTS dealing with various aspects of surgery of the autonomic nervous system are becoming more numerous each year. It is impossible to comment upon all of them. Consequently certain articles are referred to that have a bearing upon the topics selected for discussion in this review.AnatomyFor some time, particularly since Richter1 devised a practical apparatus for studying the electrical resistance of the skin, surgeons have noted that after the removal of portions of the sympathetic chain and ganglions having to do with the sympathetic innervation of a particular area, evidence of residual pathways to that area still existed. . . .
Overnight transduction with foamyviral vectors restores the long-term repopulating activity of Fancc−/− stem cells
Authors: Yue Si, Anna C. Pulliam, Yvonne Linka, Samantha Ciccone, Cordula Leurs, Jin Yuan, Olaf Eckermann, Stefan Fruehauf, Sean Mooney, Helmut Hanenberg, D. Wade Clapp
Journal: Blood (2008)
Points: Communicating with patients
Authors: M Lakhani
Journal: BMJ (1985)

SIR,-YOU may be one of those who plan your Christmas shopping well in advance, or one who leaves it until the very last minute.But however you set about this annual task I am asking you to spare a thought for those for whom Christmas brings little joy and probably some anxiety.I am referring to those beneficiaries of the Royal Medi- cal Benevolent Fund; some are doctors, some are widows with children, all are in need of our help and may be faced with prospect of having little with which to celebrate Christmas.The object of the Christmas appeal of the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund is to enable us to send financial gifts to our 780 beneficiaries this Christ- mas and also in Christmases to come.These are a special addition to the awards that we make throughout the year.The fund knows through the many letters received how much this little extra means, enabling those less fortunate than our- selves to have at least some joy and warmth at Christmas.
Emotional networks: The heart of brain design
Authors: John C. Fentress
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

The concept of emotion as defined by Rolls is based upon reinforcement mechanisms and their underlying neural networks. He shows how these networks process signals at many levels, through both separate and convergent pathways essential for adaptive action. While many behavioral issues related to emotion are omitted from his review, he succeeds admirably in summarizing both the “current state of the art” in single unit analyses and in pointing out how future research directions may be crafted.
Transesophageal multiplane imaging of the human pulmonary artery: a comparison of MRI and multiplane transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Erik Sloth, Erik Morre Pedersen, Henrik Egeblad, J.Michael Hasenkam, Bent Juhl
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Objective: To evaluate the anatomical relationship between the esophagus and pulmonary artery including assessment of the correct transesophageal Doppler insonation angle into the mid-pulmonary artery trunk. Methods: We evaluated the anatomical relationship between the esophagus and pulmonary artery (PA) from comparable magnetic resonance (MR) and transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) multiple two-dimensional images (0°, 45°, 90° and 135° clockwise rotation of the standard transverse scanning plane when seen from the esophagus) obtained in 10 healthy, young volunteers. Results: The main PA could be visualized with both techniques in all 10 volunteers and provided highly identical images of good quality. A mean insonation angle of 35° (range 26°–46°) for a fictive esophageal Doppler beam into the main PA was disclosed. The PA trunk was short with a mean length of 23.4 mm (range 17–30 mm). Conclusions: These anatomical data contradict the general assumption of alignment of the pulmonary artery and the transesophageal Doppler beam. Angle correction should be applied in the clinical setting using MTEE by rotation of the scanning plane to approximately 45°. Ignoring the insonation angle of approximately 35° may cause 20% underestimation of blood flow velocity and cardiac output in the PA.