tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION AREAS (CEREBRUM) IN MONKEYS.
Authors: SHEPHERD IVORY FRANZ
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Our knowledge of the functions of the cerebrum has been obtained from studies of the effects of stimulation and destruction of the various parts of the organ. In this study both physiologists and clinicians have been engaged. Physiologists have spent most time in determining the effects of lesions, experimentally produced, and the motor accompaniments of stimuli of different kinds. The clinicians, including surgeons, neurologists and pathologists, have been able to observe in man the effects of destructions from accidents, disturbances of functions from emboli, thrombi and hemorrhages, and in some cases it has been found practicable to stimulate the cerebral cortex in man after the fashion of the physiologic experiments and thus to map out the muscular reactions represented in the cortex. <h3>PHYSIOLOGIC AND CLINICAL METHODS.</h3> Both the physiologic and the clinical methods have advantages and disadvantages. On animals the physiologist is enabled to limit the lesion, to repeat his
GROUP THERAPY FOR EPILEPTICS
Authors: GUY C. RANDALL, WILL C. ROGERS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1950)

From The above study the following conclusions are drawn: 1. That patients show improvement under group therapy as readily as with individual therapy. 2. That certain Latin-American patients respond to group therapy more readily than to individual therapy. 3. That pre-existing personality configuration plays an important part in the patient's success in therapy. [see Table 4 in source PDF] 4. That careful selection of patients for therapy through established psychological criteria facilitates treatment. 5. That certain patients, who do not show improvement with individual therapy, show improvement under group therapy. 6. That those who do not show improvement in group therapy do not show any with individual therapy. 7. That community education is imperative. 8. That it is important to have patients whose epileptic State has been approximately of the same duration. 9. That the chronological age per se is not important. 10. That group therapy for epileptics must be thought of in terms of a long-range program. 11. That the improvements shown do not depend necessarily on the control of the epileptic attacks.
Thrombospondin-1 Triggers Cell Migration and Development of Advanced Prostate Tumors
Authors: Virginie Firlej, Jacques R.R. Mathieu, Cristèle Gilbert, Loïc Lemonnier, Jessica Nakhlé, Catherine Gallou-Kabani, Basma Guarmit, Aurélie Morin, Natalia Prevarskaya, Nicolas Barry Delongchamps, Florence Cabon
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The antitumor effects of pharmacologic inhibitors of angiogenesis are hampered in patients by the rapid development of tumor resistance, notably through increased invasiveness and accelerated metastasis. Here, we reevaluated the role of the endogenous antiangiogenic thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) in prostate carcinomas in which angiogenesis is an active process. In xenografted tumors, we observed that TSP1 altogether inhibited angiogenesis and fostered tumor development. Our results show that TSP1 is a potent stimulator of prostate tumor cell migration. This effect required CD36, which also mediates TSP1 antiangiogenic activity, and was mimicked by an antiangiogenic TSP1-derived peptide. As suspected for pharmacologic inhibitors of angiogenesis, the TSP1 capacities to increase hypoxia and to trigger cell migration are thus inherently linked. Importantly, although antiangiogenic TSP1 increases hypoxia in vivo, our data show that, in turn, hypoxia induced TSP1, thus generating a vicious circle in prostate tumors. In radical prostatectomy specimens, we found TSP1 expression significantly associated with invasive tumors and with tumors which eventually recurred. TSP1 may thus help select patients at risk of prostate-specific antigen relapse. Together, the data suggest that intratumor disruption of the hypoxic cycle through TSP1 silencing will limit tumor invasion. Cancer Res; 71(24); 7649–58. ©2011 AACR.
Tempting fate: control of communicable disease in England.
Authors: J M O'Brien, S J O'Brien, A M Geddes, B J Heap, R T Mayon-White
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Recent changes in the NHS have left many defects in the systems for the control of communicable diseases and infection and their surveillance and the management of outbreaks. Clear, explicit legislation is needed, placing the responsibilities on health authorities. New teams led by consultants need to be set up to investigate and manage outbreaks of communicable diseases of all types.
Evidence for Splenic Sequestration of In Vivo-labeled Erythrocytes
Authors: P TODD MAKLER, BARRY DENEBERG, LEON S. MALMUD, N DAVID CHARKES, LESLIE BOSHKO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1980)

Some of the erythrocytes labeled using an in vivo technique are sequestered by the spleen and thus lost from the circulation. Allowance for this loss must be made if calculations regarding relative changes in ventricular volumes are being made over extensive periods of time.
Münchhausen Syndrome
Authors: Ira Klein
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We recently cared for a young woman who may offer an example of the Münchhausen syndrome, appearing as a case of ulcerative colitis. A 25-year-old woman was admitted to Bellevue Hospital because of bloody diarrhea. She told of frequent attacks during the previous five years of "colitis" with severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. The patient acknowledged the past use of amphetamines, barbiturates, and narcotics. She had been treated in a psychiatric hospital. She had just signed herself out of the Columbus Hospital (New York City). On admission, everything was normal, except for bright red blood and mucus per rectum. The hematocrit value was 37%. Because of complaints of severe bilateral lower abdominal pain, the patient was given sedatives and meperidine (Demerol). Colonoscopy showed a friable, granular, hemorrhagic, and ulcerated mucosa for 8 cm, but beyond this, the colon was normal to 60 cm. Rectal biopsy revealed
Sports injuries: their prevention and treatment, 3rd edn.
Authors: P McCrory
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2002)

To review this book is no easy task. It is a bit like being asked to do a book review of The Bible . It seems like this reference book has been on our shelves since Moses played half back for Egypt, and few sports physicians world wide will not have read it at some stage of their career. Many of us have used the extensive pictures from earlier editions of the book to illustrate our lectures. The authors and publishers are to be commended that one can also now purchase these illustrations on a separate CD ROM. Bowing to the inevitable consumer demands, nevertheless this makes an important “value added” aspect to the book.

The fact that …
RELATION BETWEEN EPSTEIN-BARR VIRAL AND CELL MEMBRANE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN BURKITT TUMOR CELLS
Authors: G. Pearson, G. Klein, G. Henle, W. Henle, P. Clifford
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1969)

Previous reports (1, 2) have established that the expression of certain distinctive membrane antigen(s) on the surface of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and infectious mononucleosis (IM) cells is dependent on the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the cell line. The investigations reported here provide evidence that antibodies directed against EBV antigens, as revealed by the immunofluorescence test on acetone-fixed smears (8), and the membrane reactive antibodies, although often present in the same serum, are nevertheless distinctly different. Absorption of Mutua serum, the standard reference serum for demonstrating membrane antigen(s) on BL and IM cells, with BL cells completely removed anti-membrane activity without significantly affecting the anti-EBV antibody titer. Furthermore, sera were found which contained one type of antibody but not the other. Sera with high anti-membrane but low anti-EBV activity were found among relatives of BL patients. These sera reacted with the membranes of EBV-carrying BL and IM cells in essentially the same way, i.e., against the same spectrum of target cells, as the EBV-positive Mutua serum. They were unable to block the membrane reactivity of FITC-conjugated Mutua serum, however. In some cases they showed weak but incomplete blocking. One such EBV-negative, membrane-positive BL relative serum (Robert) was conjugated with FITC and used for direct staining of BL and IM cells. Again, this conjugate reacted against the same target cell spectrum as a Mutua conjugate, but its reactivity was completely blocked by a number of Burkitt patients' sera, although unconjugated Robert serum did not block the Mutua-conjugate. A number of other membrane-positive BL relative sera also failed to block Mutua, but completely blocked the Robert conjugate. A number of Swedish and African control sera and an isoantiserum gave no blocking against Robert conjugate. It therefore appears that the Mutua conjugate contains at least two antibody specificities against the EBV-determined membrane antigens. One, but not the other, is shared with the antibody specificity present in Robert's serum and a number of other sera from relatives of BL patients.
Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Cerebrovascular Accidents
Authors: Jack Lieberman, Olga Daiber, S. I. Dulkin, Otto E. Lobstein, Melvin R. Kaplan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

THE existence of a so-called "blood–brain barrier" is a well known phenomenon. Its presence with respect to glutamic oxalacetic transaminase has been mentioned in a few reports, usually when an elevation of the enzyme in the serum was not reflected in the spinal fluid.1 Recently, more definite evidence of a barrier was shown in dogs with experimental cerebral infarction, in which marked elevation of spinal-fluid transaminase was associated with only minimal change of serum levels.2 Conversely, high serum levels resulting from acute hepatic poisoning were not reflected in the spinal fluid.3 All these studies intimated that an elevation of serum . . .
Using Secondary Structure to Identify Ribosomal Numts: Cautionary Examples from the Human Genome
Authors: Link E. Olson, Anne D. Yoder
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

The identification of inadvertently sequenced mitochondrial pseudogenes (numts) is critical to any study employing mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Failure to discriminate numts correctly can confound phylogenetic reconstruction and studies of molecular evolution. This is especially problematic for ribosomal mtDNA genes. Unlike protein-coding loci, whose pseudogenes tend to accumulate diagnostic frameshift or premature stop mutations, functional ribosomal genes are not constrained to maintain a reading frame and can accumulate insertion-deletion events of varying length, particularly in nonpairing regions. Several authors have advocated using structural features of the transcribed rRNA molecule to differentiate functional mitochondrial rRNA genes from their nuclear paralogs. We explored this approach using the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene and three known 12S numts from the human genome in the context of anthropoid phylogeny and the inferred secondary structure of primate 12S rRNA. Contrary to expectation, each of the three human numts exhibits striking concordance with secondary structure models, with little, if any, indication of their pseudogene status, and would likely escape detection based on structural criteria alone. Furthermore, we show that the unwitting inclusion of a particularly ancient (18–25 Myr old) and surprisingly cryptic human numt in a phylogenetic analysis would yield a well-supported but dramatically incorrect conclusion regarding anthropoid relationships. Though we endorse the use of secondary structure models for inferring positional homology wholeheartedly, we caution against reliance on structural criteria for the discrimination of rRNA numts, given the potential fallibility of this approach.
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER
Authors: B. J. CLAWSON
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Data concerning primary carcinoma of the liver previous to 1870 are apparently not to be relied on, as primary and metastatic carcinomas were not well differentiated. The many writers reporting primary carcinoma of the liver agree that it is rare. In 1890, von Hansemann1gave a report of 258 cases of malignant epithelial tumors of the liver, four of which were primary. Goldzieher and von Bokay,2in a series of 6,000 necropsies, found eighteen definite primary carcinomas. Eggels,3in his review of the literature up to 1901, reported 163. Karsner4reviewed the literature up to 1911, and reported nine cases coming under his observation. Winternitz5summarized the reports up to 1916, and decided that primary carcinoma of the liver occurred in from 0.028 to 0.3 per cent, of all necropsies. In a series of 3,700 postmortem examinations at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, he found three
Intra- and extracellular electrolytes and sarcolemmal ATPase in the failing heart due to pressure overload in dogs
Authors: K. PRASAD, J. C. KHATTER, B. BHARADWAJ
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1979)

An investigation of changes in the Mg2+ -dependent, Na+ -K+ -stimulated sarcolemmal ATPase and of intracellular electrolytes in the left failing heart due to pressure overload (aortic banding) was carried out in dogs. There was no change in the sarcolemmal Mg2+ -ATPase of the left or right ventricle for the whole duration (3 to 9 months) of left ventricular pressure overload. In the early phase (3 months) of aortic banding, when there was no haemodynamic evidence of left ventricular failure, there was also no significant change in the sarcolemmal Na+ -K+ -ATPase, extracellular space, or intra- and extracellular electrolytes. However, during 6 to 9 months of aortic binding when there was haemodynamic evidence of left ventricular failure (increased end-diastolic pressure, decreased cardiac index and (dP/dt)/IIP, enlarged heart), there was also a marked increase in the left ventricular sarcolemmal Na+ -K+ -ATPase and intracellular K+; and a decrease in the intracellular Na+ and Ca2+. The extracellular space in the left ventricle also increased significantly. Unlike the left ventricle, the right ventricle did not show any evidence of failure, not did it show any change in the sarcolemmal Na+ -K+ -ATPase and intracellular electrolytes during any period of aortic banding. These results suggest that the decrease in the myocardial contractility in failing heart due to pressure overload might be associated with a decrease in the intracellular Ca2+ as a result of an increase in the sarcolemmal Na+ -K+ -ATPase.
Duodenal bile examination in identifying potential non-responders to bile salt treatment and its comparison with gall bladder bile examination.
Authors: D K Agarwal, G Choudhuri, V A Saraswat, T S Negi, V K Kapoor, R Saxena
Journal: Gut (1994)

The results of bile salt treatment in patients with radiolucent stones and a functioning gall bladder have been poor. In 42 of these patients awaiting cholecystectomy we determined the value of duodenal bile examination in predicting gall stone composition, and thus identifying those less likely to respond to bile salt therapy. Based on chemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy, 28 of 42 (67%) gall stones retrieved at surgery were potentially insoluble. Microscopic examination of duodenal bile correctly identified 21 (75%) of them: it predicted all four (100%) pigment stones, three of six (50%) calcium carbonate containing cholesterol stones, and 14 of 18 (78%) cholesterol stones with pigment shells. It was nearly as reliable as microscopic examination of bile aspirated directly from the gall bladder during surgery (21 (75%) v 23 (82%); p = NS). Furthermore, the presence of cholesterol crystals in duodenal bile was a more sensitive indicator than chemical detection of supersaturation (34 of 38 (89%) v 25 of 35 (71%); p < 0.05) for prediction of cholesterol gall stones. Microscopic examination of duodenal bile, if used as a screening test, could help to exclude potential non-responders and thereby improve considerably the results of oral bile salt treatment for gall stone dissolution.
Routine Urinalysis: Is the Dipstick Enough?-Reply
Authors: S. T. Shaw
Journal: JAMA (1985)

In Reply.—  Dr Campbell raises plausible questions about our article on routine urinalysis and dipstick screening. However, he oversimplifies our definition of abnormal sediment as we described it. Our choice of spun-urine microscopy as the reference standard for determining dipstick performance was not based on any faith that it is a gold standard; rather, it was based on the well-known fact that this examination is the exclusive method of semiquantitation of formed urinary elements in routine urinalysis as practiced today. However, we can anticipate some progress toward quantitation resulting from introduction of automated urinalysis instruments. We agree with his argument that leukocyte esterase dipsticks correlate better with pyuria by hemocytometry than by spun-urine microscopy and may be more reliable than spun-urine microscopy. This argument applies, however, to only one microscopic element in urine—leukocytes. Our study compared multitest dipsticks with spun-urine microscopy used to detect and semiquantitate nine additional microscopic elements
Evidence that cytotoxic T cells are part of the host's response to influenza pneumonia.
Authors: F A Ennis, M A Wells, G M Butchko, P Albrecht
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Cytotoxic T cells were detected in the cervical lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, and peripheral blood of mice with influenza. Lymphocytes decreased in the peripheral circulation and increased in the lung during the period of acute inflammation and pneumonia. Peak cytotoxic T-cell activity was present at the time of marked pulmonary infiltration, and it decreased with resolution of the pneumonia. The cytotoxic T cells in the lung were shown to be H-2 restricted and specific for the hemagglutinin of the infecting virus. The results indicate that hemagglutinin specific cytotoxic T cells are (a) induced during influenza infection; (b) they circulate in the blood; (c) they are present in greatest number; and (d) they have their peak cytotoxic effect when pneumonia is most marked. We interpret the results to indicate that specific cytotoxic T cells in the infected target organ are part of the immunological and pathological response to virus infection.
Family that accused hospital of putting a "do not resuscitate" notice in patient's notes was in denial, says judge
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A terminally ill patient’s family who took legal action over two “do not resuscitate” (DNR) notices in her medical notes was “in denial” about her prognosis and was protecting her by not discussing it, a High Court judge has ruled.

Janet Tracey’s husband, David, claimed that the two notices were put in his wife’s notes without her knowledge and without the agreement of her daughters, in breach of the policy of Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and in violation of her human rights.1

The trust denied that the DNR notices were made without consultation, and Mrs Justice Nicola Davies was asked to resolve a factual conflict between the family and the trust’s doctors before the court went on to consider whether …
Extrinsic rapid electrical stimulation modulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+regulatory proteins in cultured rat cardiomyocytes
Authors: Tomoko Nao, Tomoko Ohkusa, Noriko Inoue, Tomo Matsumoto, Dong Jing Yao, Yuji Hisamatsu, Masafumi Yano, Masunori Matsuzaki
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
IL-12-Deficient Mice Are Defective in IFNγ Production and Type 1 Cytokine Responses
Authors: Jeanne Magram, Suzanne E Connaughton, Rajeev R Warrier, Daisy M Carvajal, Chang-you Wu, Jessica Ferrante, Colin Stewart, Ulla Sarmiento, Denise A Faherty, Maurice K Gately
Journal: Immunity (1996)
Medical Schools and the Federal Government
Authors: Willard C. Rappleye
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE are convinced that adequate health services should be made available to all members of our society and are determined that both the advancement of knowledge and the training of adequate numbers of competent health personnel for their benefit must be supported by the constructive use of their wealth through tax as well as voluntary channels. The most crucial resource of an individual and a country is the capacity to achieve. The responsibility of the health services in the aggregate is to maintain that capacity, and that of education is to build and strengthen it through opportunities for learning and training. The public is turning to the educational institutions and the health professions to propose and guide such programs in order that our human resources be safeguarded and expanded. Medical education is the keystone in the entire arch of our health services; the annual expenditures for medical education
Beyond Suicide
Authors: Ian R. H. Rockett, Nestor D. Kapusta, Jeffrey H. Coben
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

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A COMMUNITY PROJECT FOR THE COOPERATIVE CARE OF MENTAL HOSPITAL PATIENTS: THE COOPERATIVE CARE PROJECT
Authors: JULES V. COLEMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1963)

This has been a pioneering venture, in which a community undertakes to share responsibility for the mentally ill with its State mental hospital. In the project, we have developed routines and methods which take advantage of existing community resources to bring about greater coordination of effort in understanding and meeting the problems of patients and their families. Inevitably, a great deal of contact and exchange of views and information between hospital staff and staff members of the participating community agencies have taken place, leading to increased mutual understanding and acceptance. A new kind of team relationship of social agencies and medical facilities has been set up as an integral part of the project, for the benefit of the mentally ill patient and his family.