tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Correction of chronic hyperglycemia with vanadate, but not with phlorizin, normalizes in vivo glycogen repletion and in vitro glycogen synthase activity in diabetic skeletal muscle.
Authors: L Rossetti, M R Lauglin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Vanadate has insulin-like activity in vitro and in vivo. To characterize the in vivo mechanism of action of vanadate, we examined meal tolerance, insulin-mediated glucose disposal, in vivo liver and muscle glycogen synthesis, and in vitro glycogen synthase activity in 90% partially pancreatectomized rats. Four groups were studied: group I, sham-operated controls; group II, diabetic rats; group III, diabetic rats treated with vanadate; and group IV, diabetic rats treated with phlorizin. Insulin sensitivity, assessed with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique in awake, unstressed rats, was reduced by approximately 28% in diabetic rats. Both vanadate and phlorizin treatment completely normalized meal tolerance and insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Muscle glycogen synthesis was reduced by approximately 80% in diabetic rats (P less than 0.01) and was completely restored to normal by vanadate, but not by phlorizin treatment. Glycogen synthase activity was reduced in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats (P less than 0.05) compared with controls and was increased to supranormal levels by vanadate treatment (P less than 0.01). Phlorizin therapy did not reverse the defect in muscle glycogen synthase. These results suggest that (a) the defect in muscle glycogen synthesis is the major determinant of insulin resistance in diabetic rats; (b) both vanadate and phlorizin treatment normalize meal tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats; (c) vanadate treatment specifically reverses the defect in muscle glycogen synthesis in diabetic rats. This effect cannot be attributed to the correction of hyperglycemia because phlorizin therapy had no direct influence on the glycogenic pathway.
Does the Metabolic Syndrome Exist
Authors: Mayer B. Davidson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

Akey question in the debate concerning the metabolic syndrome (1,2) is whether the risk accompanying it is more than the sum of its parts. Grundy (1) asserts that “risk factors are multiplicative, i.e., risk for ASCVD [atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease] from risk factors rises geometrically, not linearly, as the number of risk factors increases. Therefore, total …
Informed consent Reply Reply
Authors: J R BENNETT
Journal: Gut (2000)

Editor,—The phrase “informed consent” falls so readily from the pen that it is easy to forget that two distinct processes are involved: firstly, providing appropriate information and then obtaining consent from the patient. In attempting to combine these two steps, Shepherd and colleagues ((2000) Gut 46:37–39; ) remove some of the patients' essential safeguards. As Neale ((2000) Gut 46:5–6.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2]) points out in his gentle and thoughtful comment, “written information . . . is undoubtedly useful but it does not replace the over-riding need for doctors to speak with their patients . . .”. Neither the paper nor the commentary cite the GMC advice1although they are quoted extensively in the British Society of Gastroenterology guideline on informed consent for endoscopy procedures.2 Particularly relevant is this: “obtaining informed consent cannot be an isolated event. It involves a continuing dialogue between you and your patients . . . you should give . . . the patient time to ask questions”. However carefully prepared, a booklet cannot be appropriate for every patient and every circumstance. Pressing patients to “sign consent” in advance of meeting any endoscopy staff is to deprive them of the opportunity to ask questions or seek reassurance. “If you are the doctor . . . undertaking an investigation it is your responsibility to discuss it with the patient …”2although the job may be delegated to an appropriate person. Giving information by post is desirable: requesting signed consent by that route is not. Editor,—Shepherd and colleagues ((2000) Gut 46:37–39.) offer a timely and thoughtful contribution to the increasingly loud debate within … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft.stitle%253DGut%26rft.aulast%253DShepherd%26rft.auinit1%253DH%2BA%26rft.volume%253D46%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D37%26rft.epage%253D39%26rft.atitle%253DPostal%2Bconsent%2Bfor%2Bupper%2Bgastrointestinal%2Bendoscopy%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgut.46.1.37%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10601052%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=gutjnl&resid=46/1/37&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F47%2F3%2F455.2.atom
The Homeless-Reply
Authors: David Hilfiker
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Mr Hickey is correct to remind us that no one is immune from the tragedy of homelessness; he is also correct to remind us of the vast potential that is being lost in our current war against poverty. Precise numbers are not available, but it is likely that almost half the homeless in America are<i>children</i>whose unlimited potential is being cruelly wasted. But the reality is that most readers of<i>JAMA</i>are not in danger of homelessness or of significant poverty. Most of the homeless do come from the margins, from environments and cultures that we who are affluent cannot imagine. Very many of the poor are broken—addicted, mentally ill, emotionally and spiritually crushed by the weight of deprivation we cannot understand. Because "they" are so different from "us," there is the growing sense in our society that the poor have somehow brought their misfortune on themselves
THE SIMULTANEOUS OCCURRENCE OF TWO NON-RELATED TUMORS IN A MOUSE.
Authors: E. E. TYZZER
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>HISTORY OF THE CASE.</h3> The tumors described in the present paper occurred in an old uninoculated mouse kept apart for breeding purposes. They were primary in the lung and in the kidney. <h3>History.</h3> —The mouse was an old, black, female, purchased April 29, 1905. It died Aug. 4, 1905. During this time, slightly over three months, it raised two litters of young and was vigorous and apparently in good health up to the last week of its life. At this time the two young ones, which were then about three weeks old, appeared small and poorly nourished, but were soon able to care for themselves. The mother ate irregularly and became uneasy. There was a slight loss of flesh and toward the last the animal's breathing became labored. An autopsy was made immediately after death. <h3>Autopsy.</h3> —The superior lobe of the right lung occupies the major portion of the right
Dynamically Determined Contractile States of Airway Smooth Muscle
Authors: SOUFIA HELIOUI RABOUDI, BRETT MILLER, JAMES P. BUTLER, STEPHANIE A. SHORE, JEFFREY J. FREDBERG
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<EFFECTS OF TIDAL STRETCHTHE DYNAMICALLY DETERMINE...FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONSReferencesCITING ARTICLES
CONGENITAL UTERINE ATRESIA AND DOUBLE HEMATOSALPINX.
Authors: ALEX. HUGH FERGUSON
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Congenital uterine atresia with consequent double hematosalpinx is sufficiently rare and interesting to crave your attention to a report of the only case suffering from these conditions met with in my practice. This was a case of atresia of the cervix uteri without the least communication between the uterine cavity and vagina. The vagina was nearly normal in size. There was a free communication between the uterine cavity and the enormously distended Fallopian tubes and adventitious cysts in the pelvis. The accumulation of six years of the menstrual fluid was imprisoned in the uterus, tubes and acquired cysts, except the amount that had become absorbed. An operation effected relief. The history of the case is as follows: Mrs. B., patient of Dr. Dame of Winnipeg, was admitted to the St. Boniface Hospital, complaining of abdominal enlargement and frequent attacks of pain in the lower half of the abdomen. She was
Consciousness and its (dis)contents
Authors: Jeffrey A. Gray
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract The first claim in the target article was that there is as yet no transparent, causal account of the relations between consciousness and brain-and-behaviour. That claim remains firm. The second claim was that the contents of consciousness consist, psychologically, of the outputs of a comparator system; the third consisted of a description of the brain mechanisms proposed to instantiate the comparator. In order to defend these claims against criticism, it has been necessary to clarify the distinction between consciousness-as-such and the contents of consciousness, to widen the description of the neural machinery instantiating the comparator system, and to clarify the relationship between the contents of consciousness in the here-and-now and episodic memory.
1078-89 Stem cell mobilization with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor has no effect on infarct size and left ventricular function in an experimental model of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: John Terrovitis, Apostolos Papalois, Christos Charitos, Paraskevi Dolou, Aggeliki Eleftheriou, Efstratios Charitos, Michail Mponios, Panagiotis Glentis, John Nanas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Expert witnesses examined on dealing with ethical dilemmas
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1984)

The problems faced by physicians as expert witnesses were discussed by attorney Oliver Schroeder at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in Anaheim, Calif. Ethical dilemmas are compounded by the difficulty of remaining impartial in the adversarial process. Both plaintiffs and defendents should have equal access to the expert's knowledge. A related editorial by George D. Lundberg in the same journal issue focuses on the desirability of having the court appoint impartial experts and reaffirms the American Medical Association's policy on the physician's duty to remain objective when testifying.
Does unemployment kill?
Authors: A Scott-Samuel
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Heme oxygenase (HO) is a microsomal enzyme that oxidatively cleaves heme to form biliverdin, with the release of iron and carbon monoxide (CO). HO not only controls the availability of heme for the synthesis of heme proteins but also is responsible for the generation of CO, which binds to the heme moiety of heme proteins thus affecting their enzymatic activity. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a heme protein that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H<sub>2</sub>, the precursor of prostanoids that participate in the regulation of vascular function. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the heme-HO system regulates COX enzyme expression and activity in vascular endothelial cells. Endothelial cells stably transfected with the human HO-1 gene exhibited a severalfold increase in human HO-1 mRNA levels, which was accompanied by an increase in HO activity and a marked decrease in prostaglandin (PG) E<sub>2</sub> and 6-keto-PGF<sub>1α</sub> levels. Exposure of cells to CoCl<sub>2</sub>, an inducer of HO-1 gene expression, resulted in increases in HO-1 protein levels and HO activity. The increase in HO activity was associated with a subsequent decrease in COX activity, which returned to normal levels following normalization of HO activity. The addition of heme resulted in an increase in COX activity with an increase in PGE<sub>2</sub> and 6-keto-PGF<sub>1α</sub> levels. The degree of HO-1 expression and, consequently, the level of cellular heme, were directly related to COX activity. These results demonstrate that the heme-HO system can function as a cellular regulator of the expression of vascular COX, thus influencing the generation of prostanoids, PGE<sub>2</sub> and PGI<sub>2</sub>, known to play a role in vascular homeostasis.
Coeliac disease presenting with intestinal pseudo-obstruction.
Authors: D J Dawson, C M Sciberras, H Whitwell
Journal: Gut (1984)

A 22 year old woman presenting with recurrent intestinal pseudo-obstruction is reported. Jejunal biopsy showed subtotal villous atrophy which improved markedly during a period of total parenteral nutrition and with steroid treatment. It did not relapse on a gluten free diet. The reasons why this patient represents a case of coeliac disease with secondary pseudo-obstruction, rather than primary intestinal pseudo-obstruction with secondary bacterial overgrowth, is discussed.
Radiation exposure to the pediatric patient during cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Emphasis on the thyroid gland.
Authors: E C Martin, A P Olson, C N Steeg, W J Casarella
Journal: Circulation (1981)

Thermoluminescent dosimetry was used to measure the radiation exposure to the skin, thyroid and gonads in 50 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography using cine photofluorography. Average exposures were 17.1 R to the skin, 2.3 R to the thyroid and 0.1 R to the gonads. Fluoroscopy accounted for approximately 80% of the skin and thyroid exposure and cine photofluorography for 20-25%. Occasional primary-beam irradiation was the major contributor to gonad exposure. Internal scatter of the incident x-ray beam was primarily responsible for thyroid exposure, so that infants received relatively high exposures; one receiving 7.3 R. The thyroid was not frequently in the primary beam. The significance of high radiation exposure to the thyroid, and in particular its relationship to thyroid carcinoma, are discussed. The results are compared with other series in the literature and relative exposures of cine photofluorography and serial filming are contrasted.
Abstract P1-01-28: What is the actual impact of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes in regards to global survival and disease free survival
Authors: EM Barbosa, Neto JT Araujo, EC Filho, KP Infante, MM Felzener, CR Matielle, MG Modesto, R Basso, JCS Goes
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Assess the clinical relevance of micro metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes in the overall survival and disease free survival of 1,211 patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including 1,211 patients undergoing consecutive SLB from 1998 to 2010. SLB were performed in patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast with clinically negative axilla. Age, tumor size, and histologic grades, estrogen and progesterone receptors expression, HER-2, lymphovascular invasion and size of metastases in lymph nodes were assessed. Tumor sizes were divided according to pathologic staging into pT1(&amp;lt; 2,0mm) and pT2(&amp;gt;2,0mm). Lymph nodes were classified as negative (pN0), positive with micro metastases with diameter ranging from 0,21mm to 2,0mm(pN1mi) and positive with macro metastases with diameter greater than 2,0mm(pN1). Statistical analyses were performed by the Likelihood ratio test or Chi-square test for insufficient samples between macro metastases and micro metastases in SLB. Time was considered in months and the overall follow-up time was 125 months and mean time was 65 months. Local regional and distant recurrences were considered as events for disease free survival and Kaplan-Meier survival functions were constructed, testing time between metastases sizes in SLB using the Log-rank test, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Of the studied variables, lymphovascular invasion(p = 0,068) and local regional and distant metastases(p = 0,002) had a statistically significant association with overall survival. Tumor size(p = 0,016); lymph vascular invasion(p = 0,002) and metastases types in sentinel lymph node(p &amp;lt; 0,001) were associated to disease free survival. In the association tests with types of metastases in sentinel lymph node, the following were statistically significant: age(p = 0,004), tumor size(p &amp;lt; 0,001), lymph vascular invasion(p &amp;lt; 0,001) and local regional and distant recurrences. In the interim and final Cox regression analysis, macro metastases were the only statistically relevant factor for disease free survival(p &amp;lt; 0,001). CONCLUSION: The presence of micro metastases(pN1mi) in sentinel lymph node is associated to a prognosis similar to that of negative axilla patients(pN0), indicating that other risk factors for local regional and systemic recurrences should be taken into account. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-01-28.
Drug eluting stents are safe for licensed indications, FDA panel says
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2006)

5-Methyl-1-[[2-[(2-methyl-3-pyridyl)oxyl]-5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindone (SB 243213) is a selective, high-affinity 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)<sub>2C</sub> receptor ligand that has been previously characterized as a competitive 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor antagonist that has a long duration of activity in vivo. It is active in two preclinical models of anxiety and has an improved anxiolytic profile compared with benzodiazepines. In this study, we further characterized the pharmacological properties of SB 243213 by measuring its effects on each of multiple responses coupled to the 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor. In Chinese hamster ovary cells, SB 243213 was an inverse agonist for the phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> response, for guanosine 5′-<i>O</i>-(3-[<sup>35</sup>S]thio)triphosphate binding, for reduction of constitutive desensitization, and for enhancement of dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens, with relative efficacies of 0.6, 1, 1, and 0.6, respectively. However, for the phospholipase C (PLC) signaling cascade, SB 243213 behaved as an antagonist. Although SB 243213 was previously characterized as a competitive antagonist for the PLC response, the magnitude of the dextral shift of the 5-HT concentration-response curve was time-dependent, and the maximal PLC response to 5-HT was decreased, probably as a result of the slow dissociation rate of SB 243213 (initial dissociation rate was 3.2 times slower than SB206553, a prototypical 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor inverse agonist). Taken together, these data show that the pharmacological characteristics of SB 243213 at the 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor differ depending upon the response measured, and they support the hypothesis that different drugs, acting at the same receptor subtype, can differentially regulate multiple cellular signaling systems.
Abstract A47: Increased levels of IL-12, IL-23 and IL-18 in skin expressing HPV16 E7 protein.
Authors: Christina Gosmann, Stephen R. Mattarollo, Antje Blumenthal, Ian H. Frazer
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract As a consequence of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), worldwide more than 0.25 million women die of cervical cancer each year. Chronic HPV infection is thought to create an immune suppressive environment preventing successful elimination of the virus, and there is no cure for persistent virus infection and resulting lesions. In a previous study using a mouse model of HPV16 E7 protein-induced epithelial hyperplasia, we demonstrated that IFN-γ plays a crucial role in suppressing an effective immune response against E7 in the skin (Mattarollo et al., J Immunol 2010, 184(3):1242-50). In support of these findings, we now show significantly higher levels of IFN-γ in E7-expressing compared to wild type skin. To investigate the mechanisms that drive IFN-γ production in E7 transgenic skin, we assessed the presence of the inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-23 and IL-18, which are well known potent inducers of IFN-γ. Quantitative analysis of skin mRNA levels and of supernatants from in vitro skin explant culture revealed significantly increased expression and secretion of IL-12, IL-23 and IL-18 in E7 positive compared to wild type skin. In contrast, levels of IL-6 protein and of pro-IL-1β mRNA and protein were reduced in E7 transgenic skin. We hypothesise that in chronically HPV-infected skin, a downregulation of IL-6 and IL-1β expression aids immune evasion, while IL-12, IL-23 and IL-18 induce immune suppressive IFN-γ, thus promoting persistent virus infection and allowing for the progression to cervical cancer. Citation Format: Christina Gosmann, Stephen R. Mattarollo, Antje Blumenthal, Ian H. Frazer. Increased levels of IL-12, IL-23 and IL-18 in skin expressing HPV16 E7 protein. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A47.
Gonorrhea: The Minimum Effective Dose
Authors: Richard H. Meade
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

The frequency of venereal infection has increased in the United States and among its armed countrymen and their contacts across the world. In Massachusetts the incidence of gonorrhea in February, 1970, was nearly double the seven-year median.1 Only chicken pox and streptococcal infections were commoner, but by a perceptibly diminishing margin. There had been a downward trend in the incidence of venereal disease in the United States up until 1957, when it began to rise, slowly at first. It has increased steadily and more rapidly since in parallel with the mobilization of large numbers into the armed forces.2 Gonorrhea (unlike . . .
Assessing Psychosocial Distress in Diabetes
Authors: William H. Polonsky, Lawrence Fisher, Jay Earles, R. James Dudl, Joel Lees, Joseph Mullan, Richard A. Jackson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to describe the development of the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), a new instrument for the assessment of diabetes-related emotional distress, based on four independent patient samples. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In consultation with patients and professionals from multiple disciplines, a preliminary scale of 28 items was developed, based a priori on four distress-related domains: emotional burden subscale, physician-related distress subscale, regimen-related distress subscale, and diabetes-related interpersonal distress. The new instrument was included in a larger battery of questionnaires used in diabetes studies at four diverse sites: waiting room at a primary care clinic (n = 200), waiting room at a diabetes specialty clinic (n = 179), a diabetes management study program (n = 167), and an ongoing diabetes management program (n = 158). RESULTS—Exploratory factor analyses revealed four factors consistent across sites (involving 17 of the 28 items) that matched the critical content domains identified earlier. The correlation between the 28-item and 17-item scales was very high (r = 0.99). The mean correlation between the 17-item total score (DDS) and the four subscales was high (r = 0.82), but the pattern of interscale correlations suggested that the subscales, although not totally independent, tapped into relatively different areas of diabetes-related distress. Internal reliability of the DDS and the four subscales was adequate (α &amp;gt; 0.87), and validity coefficients yielded significant linkages with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, meal planning, exercise, and total cholesterol. Insulin users evidenced the highest mean DDS total scores, whereas diet-controlled subjects displayed the lowest scores (P &amp;lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS—The DDS has a consistent, generalizable factor structure and good internal reliability and validity across four different clinical sites. The new instrument may serve as a valuable measure of diabetes-related emotional distress for use in research and clinical practice.
Acquisition of a chronic subdural haematoma during training for competitive race walking?
Authors: M R Carmont, W Mahattanakul, T Pigott
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2002)

A 65 year old man, anticoagulated for cardiac problems, developed hemiparesis while training for race walking. A computed tomography scan showed a chronic subdural haematoma. This is the first report of a chronic subdural haematoma possibly caused by the jarring action of race walking.