tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SUPERANNUATION OF POOR-LAW OFFICERS
Authors: F. L. Nicholls
Journal: BMJ (1909)

<h3>Background</h3> The aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a prototype immune-mediated inflammatory disorder, is poorly understood. It is currently unknown whether the disease process starts in the synovium, the primary target of RA, or at other sites in the body. <h3>Objective</h3> To examine, in a prospective study, the presence of synovitis in people with an increased risk of developing RA. <h3>Methods</h3> Thirteen people without evidence of arthritis, who were positive for IgM rheumatoid factor and/or anticitrullinated protein antibodies, were included in the study. To evaluate synovial inflammatory changes, all participants underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and arthroscopic synovial biopsy sampling of a knee joint at inclusion. Results were compared with knee MRI data and synovial biopsy data of 6 and 10 healthy controls, respectively. <h3>Results</h3> MRI findings evaluated by measurement of maximal enhancement, rate of enhancement, synovial volume and enhancement shape curve distribution were similar between the autoantibody-positive subjects and the healthy controls. Consistent with these findings, all but one autoantibody-positive subject showed very low scores for phenotypic markers, adhesion molecules and vascularity, all in the same range as those in normal controls. The one person with higher scores had patellofemoral joint space narrowing. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Subclinical inflammation of the synovium does not coincide with the appearance of serum autoantibodies during the pre-RA stage. Thus, systemic autoimmunity precedes the development of synovitis, suggesting that a ‘second hit’ is involved. This study supports the rationale for exploring preventive strategies aimed at interfering with the humoral immune response before synovial inflammation develops.
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with transient erythema circinatum
Authors: S. KAWANA, I. HASHIMOTO, S. NISHIYAMA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

A 4-week-old male infant who developed blisters on the face, hands and buttocks immediately after birth was diagnosed as suffering from generalized epidermolysis bullosa (EB) simplex (Köbner). At 6 months of age, centrifugally expanding erythema circinatum suddenly appeared on the trunk and limbs. Blood tests showed transient elevation of liver enzymes. An intercurrent illness such as a bacterial or viral infection, or an adverse reaction to a drug was suspected, but no supportive evidence was obtained. The circinate or arciform pattern of the eruption, and the ultrastructural findings of basal cell cytolysis and some tonofilament aggregation suggested a possible diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis (Dowling-Meara) [DM-EB]. However, the predominant feature of this child's dermatosis was erythema circinatum, with a small number of blisters limited to the areas affected by erythema. The erythema resolved spontaneously after 8 months. Round or whisk-like clumping of tonofilaments, a typical finding in DM-EB, was not demonstrated on electron microscopy. These observations were not consistent with classical DM-EB, and we consider that this case is an unusual form of EB simplex showing transient erythema circinatum.
A Glucose-Responsive Insulinoma
Authors: Lawrence Power
Journal: JAMA (1969)

An unusual islet cell adenoma developed in one patient. It caused no symptoms of fasting hypoglycemia, but over a six-year period it had provoked progressively severe attacks of reactive hypoglycemia. Starvation of the patient for 72 hours neither provoked symptoms nor depressed his blood glucose level below 45 mg/100 cc yet he lost consciousness and convulsed from hypoglycemia during three glucose tolerance tests. His tumor produced thousands of microunits of insulin in response to glucose microunits lenge.
Abstract LB-261: Atopic allergic conditions and colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Neal A. Tambe, Dan O. Stram, Lynne R. Wilkens, Peggy Wan, Frank D. Gilliland, Brian E. Henderson, Loic L. Marchand, Christopher A. Haiman
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Previous studies have provided suggestive evidence of an inverse association between atopic allergic conditions (AAC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality in predominantly White populations. Here we examined the association between AAC and CRC among White, African American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, and Latino men and women in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). AAC exposure status was ascertained via self-reported physician diagnosis using a baseline 26-page validated questionnaire. The analysis included 4259 incident CRC cases and 1221 CRC-related deaths ascertained between 1993 and 2010. We also examined associations by ethnic group, location, and stage of cancer as well as potential effect modification by CRC risk factors. AAC was associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer incidence among both men and women (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.79, 0.91, p &amp;lt; 0.0001). The reduction in risk was noted in each population and was significant in Whites (RR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.71, 0.98, p = 0.03), African Americans (RR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.69, 0.95, p = 0.01), and Japanese Americans (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.75, 0.97, p = 0.01). Suggestive evidence of effect modification was noted by smoking (p = 0.07) and aspirin use (p = 0.08), with a greater protective effect observed among current smokers (RR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.58, 0.89, p = 0.002) and never users of aspirin (RR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.73, 0.89, p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Individuals with AAC also had a 19% reduction in CRC-related mortality (P = 0.004). Colonoscopy screening is unlikely to explain these inverse associations, as individuals with AAC were more likely to be screened than those without AAC (p &amp;lt; 0.003 for all ethnic groups). These findings provide support for an association between immune pathology and colorectal cancer, potentially through modulation of the immune system's IgE-mediated pathways systemically and within the gut. Citation Format: Neal A. Tambe, Dan O. Stram, Lynne R. Wilkens, Peggy Wan, Frank D. Gilliland, Brian E. Henderson, Loic Le Marchand, Christopher A. Haiman. Atopic allergic conditions and colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-261. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-261
Abstract 2749: YM155, a small molecule survivin suppressant, sensitizes human B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma to rituximab-induced apoptosis
Authors: Naoki Kaneko, Aya Kita, Masamichi Mori, Takanori Sengoku
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins, and is highly expressed in various tumor types. Given its preferential expression in tumor cells, and its ability to block apoptosis and regulate cancer cell proliferation, survivin appears to be an attractive target for cancer therapy. YM155 is a small molecule survivin suppressant and shows in vitro antiproliferative activity against the broad spectrum of human cancer cell lines, including B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). The continuous infusion of YM155 induced the tumor regression in B-NHL xenograft mice models. Furthermore, our recent study indicated that the combination treatment of YM155 and rituximab induced significant tumor growth inhibition and tumor regression without weight loss. In the present study, we examined the in vitro combination efficacy of YM155 and rituximab, and its underlying signaling pathways involved in the combination effect of YM155 and rituximab. The combination of YM155 at 1 nmol/L and rituximab at 2 ug/mL induced higher sub G1 compared with each single treatment in WSU-DLCL-2 and SU-DHL-4. Rituximab at 2ug/mL decreased phospho-STAT3 level, meanwhile, did not decreased phospho-p38 MAPK and phospho-AKT levels in WSU-DLCL-2 and SU-DHL4. To further characterize the growth inhibitory effect of inactivation of STAT3 pathway, we investigated the cell growth inhibition by AG490, a JAK2 inhibitor and STA-21, a STAT3 dimerization inhibitor in WSU-DLCL-2 and SU-DHL4. The treatment of AG-490 or STA-21 decreased cell viability in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the combination of YM155 at 1 nmol/L and AG490 at 10μmol/L or STA-21 at 6μmol/L induced higher apoptosis rate that was evident by the sub G1 fraction and annexin-V induction compared with each single treatment. These results suggested that the growth of human B-NHL is STAT3 dependent manner and the inhibition of STAT3 pathway sensitizes human B-NHL to YM155 induced apoptosis. The present study suggested that survivin suppression by YM155 and the convergence of disabling inhibition of STAT-dependent survival pathway by ritximab would contribute the synergistic combination efficacy. A phase 2 study with YM155 plus rituximab is ongoing in relapsed patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2749. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2749
Landmark perspective: The historical role of the Dick test
Authors: G. H. Stollerman
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The contemporary medical student who reads in 1983 the brief<i>JAMA</i>article that was written by the Dicks<sup>1</sup>some 60 years ago could well wonder why it was selected by the current editors ofThe Journalas a historical highlight of modern medicine. After all, scarlet fever is now a relatively rare and not serious disease. It is no more dangerous an affliction than is a nonscarlatinal streptococcal infection of comparable severity. Indeed, the scarlatinal rash actually may be diagnostically helpful in signaling the cause of an acute pharyngitis or, indeed, in flagging an outbreak of such infections. With the advent of antibiotics, this erstwhile feared and dramatic disease has been dropped almost universally from the list of quarantinable contagious diseases by local health authorities. The rash that is produced by the streptococcal erythrogenic toxin is now likely to be regarded as a clinical curiosity of some theoretical interest
Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120
Authors: Akira Hirasawa, Keiko Tsumaya, Takeo Awaji, Susumu Katsuma, Tetsuya Adachi, Masateru Yamada, Yukihiko Sugimoto, Shunichi Miyazaki, Gozoh Tsujimoto
Journal: Nature Medicine (2004)
TOTAL EPICARDIAL FAT VOLUME IS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY RECURRENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER CATHETER ABLATION
Authors: Chika Murakami, Takayuki Nagai, Fujii Akira, lio Chiharuko, Teruhito Kido, Kazuhisa Nishimura, Katsuji Inoue, Jun Suzuki, Akiyoshi Ogimoto, Teruhito Mochizuki, Jitsuo Higaki
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
The New<i>Clostridium difficile</i>— What Does It Mean?
Authors: John G. Bartlett, Trish M. Perl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Recent experience with influenza, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (also known as SARS), avian influenza, and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has demonstrated how old pathogens can emerge with increased virulence and challenge scientists to explain their rebirth, clinicians to care for patients, and infection-control personnel to prevent their spread. Clostridium difficile appears to illustrate these challenges. It already has some distinctive features: it causes disease almost exclusively in the presence of exposure to antibiotics, it is the only anaerobe that poses a nosocomial risk, and it produces toxin in vivo only in the colon.About 3 percent of healthy adults . . .
Book Review UpToDate in Nephrology and Hypertension Edited by Burton D. Rose; System designed by Joseph Rush. Eight diskettes with manual, 44 pp. System needed: Apple Macintosh with minimum 14 MB free hard-disk space. Wellesley, Mass., Carol Peckham, 1992. $495 (individual); $250 (partner); $135 (fellow); $1550 (institution).
Authors: Theodore Danoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)
Treatment of Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: J. M. Vaughan
Journal: BMJ (1937)

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura may be defined as a disease characterized by a prolonged bleeding time and diminished platelet count associated with haemorrhages from mucous membranes and into the skin, the aetiology of which is not known.Before making a diagnosis of idio- pathic thrombocytopenic purpura it is essential to determine that no focus of infection and no sensitivity to any drug or food substances are present.The disease may occur in an acute and chronic form, and is liable to spontaneous and sometimes complete remissions.The effects of treat- ment are therefore difficult to assess.Few observers are explicit as to whether the cases reviewed are acute or chronic.Many forms of treatment have been advocated.Their number alone suggests that none are specific.
Epithelial Interleukin-25 Is a Key Mediator in Th2-High, Corticosteroid-Responsive Asthma
Authors: Dan Cheng, Zheng Xue, Lingling Yi, Huimin Shi, Kan Zhang, Xiaorong Huo, Luke R. Bonser, Jianping Zhao, Yongjian Xu, David J. Erle, Guohua Zhen
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Rationale: Activation of type 2 cytokine pathways plays a central role in a large subset of subjects with asthma. Th2-high and Th2-low asthma have distinct clinical, pathologic, and molecular phenotypes and respond differently to therapy. The factors that initiate type 2 responses in some subjects with asthma are unknown.Objectives: To determine whether expression of epithelial cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin are associated with type 2 responses and predict response to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in asthma.Methods: We analyzed pulmonary function tests, blood, and bronchoscopic biopsies from 21 healthy control subjects and 43 subjects with asthma. Subjects with asthma underwent an 8-week treatment with inhaled budesonide.Measurements and Main Results: Epithelial expression of IL-25, but not IL-33 or thymic stromal lymphopoietin, was increased in a subset of subjects with asthma. The IL-25-high subset had greater airway hyperresponsiveness, more airway and blood eosinophils, higher serum IgE, more subepithelial thickening, and higher expression of Th2 signature genes. ICS improved FEV1 and hyperresponsiveness in the IL-25-high but not the IL-25-low subset. Plasma IL-25 levels correlated with epithelial IL-25 expression, airway eosinophilia, and beneficial responses to ICS treatment.Conclusions: IL-25 measurements identify two subsets of subjects with distinct asthma phenotypes and different responses to ICS. Because IL-25 has a major role in triggering type 2 responses, bronchial epithelial IL-25 expression is likely a key determinant of type 2 response activation in asthma. Plasma IL-25 level reflects airway IL-25/type 2 response activation and may be useful for predicting responses to asthma therapy.
Insulin Pump Therapy: a Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jill Weissberg-Benchell, Jeanne Antisdel-Lomaglio, Roopa Seshadri
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

We thank DeVries et al. (1) for their letter in this issue of Diabetes Care . We acknowledge that nonrandomized parallel design studies have an inherent selection bias that could exaggerate group differences. Regarding the design of our study, we wanted to be as inclusive as possible in our review; therefore, we analyzed all the studies that met the criteria listed in the introduction of the …
Horizontal Dislocation of The Patella
Authors: Donald R. Gore
Journal: JAMA (1970)

To the Editor.—  Horizontal dislocation of the patella is an uncommon injury, but recently sporadic reports have appeared in the literature, and in these reports recommendations for immediate open reduction have been made. 1,2 The case reported did not require open reduction.  Report of a Case.—  On Aug 16, 1964, an 11-year-old Negro boy injured his right knee while running up stairs. He struck his knee on a railing, pain was severe, and he was unable to walk. When the patient arrived at the Milwaukee County General Hospital, the knee joint was swollen and an obvious deformity in the area of the patella was present. X-ray films showed a horizontal dislocation of the patella with interarticular surface facing distally. In the operating room with the patient under a general anesthetic, closed reduction was easily accomplished by gentle pressure over the inferior pole of the patella and simultaneous extension of the
Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships
Authors: K. S. Pick, H. Philippe, F. Schreiber, D. Erpenbeck, D. J. Jackson, P. Wrede, M. Wiens, A. Alie, B. Morgenstern, M. Manuel, G. Worheide
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

Despite expanding data sets and advances in phylogenomic methods, deep-level metazoan relationships remain highly controversial. Recent phylogenomic analyses depart from classical concepts in recovering ctenophores as the earliest branching metazoan taxon and propose a sister-group relationship between sponges and cnidarians (e.g., Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Matus DQ, et al. (18 co-authors). 2008. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 452:745–749). Here, we argue that these results are artifacts stemming from insufficient taxon sampling and long-branch attraction (LBA). By increasing taxon sampling from previously unsampled nonbilaterians and using an identical gene set to that reported by Dunn et al., we recover monophyletic Porifera as the sister group to all other Metazoa. This suggests that the basal position of the fast-evolving Ctenophora proposed by Dunn et al. was due to LBA and that broad taxon sampling is of fundamental importance to metazoan phylogenomic analyses. Additionally, saturation in the Dunn et al. character set is comparatively high, possibly contributing to the poor support for some nonbilaterian nodes.
Do Physicians Understand Cancer Screening Statistics? A National Survey of Primary Care Physicians in the United States
Authors: Odette Wegwarth, Lisa M. Schwartz, Steven Woloshin, Wolfgang Gaissmaier, Gerd Gigerenzer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Reader Survey: Test your knowledge of cancer screening statistics Background: Unlike reduced mortality rates, improved survival rates and increased early detection do not prove that cancer screening tests save lives. Nevertheless, these 2 statistics are often used to promote screening. Objective: To learn whether primary care physicians understand which statistics provide evidence about whether screening saves lives. Design: Parallel-group, randomized trial (randomization controlled for order effect only), conducted by Internet survey. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00981019) Setting: National sample of U.S. primary care physicians from a research panel maintained by Harris Interactive (79% cooperation rate). Participants: 297 physicians who practiced both inpatient and outpatient medicine were surveyed in 2010, and 115 physicians who practiced exclusively outpatient medicine were surveyed in 2011. Intervention: Physicians received scenarios about the effect of 2 hypothetical screening tests: The effect was described as improved 5-year survival and increased early detection in one scenario and as decreased cancer mortality and increased incidence in the other. Measurements: Physicians' recommendation of screening and perception of its benefit in the scenarios and general knowledge of screening statistics. Results: Primary care physicians were more enthusiastic about the screening test supported by irrelevant evidence (5-year survival increased from 68% to 99%) than about the test supported by relevant evidence (cancer mortality reduced from 2 to 1.6 in 1000 persons). When presented with irrelevant evidence, 69% of physicians recommended the test, compared with 23% when presented with relevant evidence (P < 0.001). When asked general knowledge questions about screening statistics, many physicians did not distinguish between irrelevant and relevant screening evidence; 76% versus 81%, respectively, stated that each of these statistics proves that screening saves lives (P = 0.39). About one half (47%) of the physicians incorrectly said that finding more cases of cancer in screened as opposed to unscreened populations “proves that screening saves lives.” Limitation: Physicians' recommendations for screening were based on hypothetical scenarios, not actual practice. Conclusion: Most primary care physicians mistakenly interpreted improved survival and increased detection with screening as evidence that screening saves lives. Few correctly recognized that only reduced mortality in a randomized trial constitutes evidence of the benefit of screening. Primary Funding Source: Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Max Planck Institute for Human Development.
Cupid and Cutis
Authors: Walter H. C. Burgdorf, Leonard J. Hoenig
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2015)

“Everybody loves somebody sometime.” So began the signature song of the popular American entertainer, Dean Martin. This famous lyric describes a universal fact of life, something we all experience sooner or later: falling in love. The ancient Romans believed that Cupid, the god of love, shot an arrow which inspired passion in the wounded victim. Being in love involves many fascinating biological and emotional forces that affect ourbodies inmanyways. Throughout theanimal kingdom, courtship rituals often involve the skin. Twoexamples are cutaneousdisplaybehaviorsandskincolorchanges,bothofwhicharealsofound in romantically involved human beings. Probably themost impressiveanimaldisplaybehavioroccurs inpeacocks,whoshowoff theirmagnificentplumage ina fan formation toprospective female mates during courtship. It has long been observed by authors and poets that people also display remarkable behaviors during courtship.Witness Ulysses’ description of the flirtatious Cressida in William Shakespeare’s play Troilus and Cressida:
ABC of sleep disorders. Nocturnal asthma.
Authors: J R Catterall, C M Shapiro
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Attacks ofbronchial asthma are common during the night.In a recent at my fits survey in general practice of over 7000 asthmatic patients, 48% woke every dten night with asthma and 73% woke at least week, despite treatment.4rowCoughing is common, and may be the only symptom.Nocturnal asthma is potentially dangerous.There is an excess of deaths ahimself due to asthma during the night, and those patients most at risk are those whose peak flow rates fall furthest at night.Noctural asthma is a manifestation of pcoratisrl bronchial hyper-reactivity.It is normal for the on 28 July
Letter: Vocational training for general practice.
Authors: I H McKee
Journal: BMJ (1975)

bosis later in her life with perhaps fatal embolism on that occasion.Jarvinen and Asp' found that the post- thrombotic state developed with unexpected rapidity-after one to three years 87 0 of patients already had symptoms and/or signs of venous insufficiency and after eight years at the latest all patients had such symptoms and/or signs.Bauer2 found that 80%, of patients with a venous ulcer had had a deep vein thrombosis.In the varicose vein clinic in this hospital, where approximately 2000 patients are seen each year, we have found that over 50 °of the female patients with a postphlebitic limb give a history of ante- or post-partum deep vein thrombosis and in some cases it had occurred after several deliveries.While the 30 deaths from pulmonary embolism per million deliveries are of ex- treme importance in the maternal mortality figures they do not give any picture of the hundreds of women with the postphlebitic limb for the remainder of their lives.