tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Doctors and Soccer Players — African Professionals on the Move
Authors: Fitzhugh Mullan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Interview with Fitzhugh Mullan on the physician brain drain in Ghana and other developing countries. (07:36)Download On June 22, 2006, the nation of Ghana erupted. SUVs flew through the streets of Accra with flag-waving celebrants jammed through sunroofs. Crowds led by shirtless drummers banging garbage-can tops snaked down major roads, picking up revelers as they went. Hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets, shouting jubilantly. Ghana, playing in its first World Cup, had beaten the United States and earned a berth in the final stage of the global soccer pageant. It was a paroxysm of national pride that Ghana had rarely experienced."It's the same for football players as it is for doctors," I . . .
On Behalf of Older Women — Another Reason to Protect Medicare and Medicaid
Authors: R N Butler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

Old age is a territory populated largely by women. Because women outlive men by an average of seven years, the ratio of women to men increases sharply among the elderly. For every 100 men 65 years of age and older, there are about 150 women. By the age of 85, this ratio becomes about 100 to 250. Longer survival brings women greater risks of living alone and in poverty, of having chronic illness, becoming frail, and being hospitalized and institutionalized.1 Now, for political reasons, older women face the possible loss of medical coverage that they have depended on and that . . .
Minimal Risk of Transmission of AIDS-Associated Retrovirus Infection by Oral-Genital Contact
Authors: D. Lyman, W. Winkelstein, M. Ascher, J. A. Levy
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The San Francisco Men's Health Study is a prospective study of a population-based random sample of single men 25 to 54 years of age residing in the 19 census tracts of San Francisco with the highest incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). One thousand thirty-five eligible men were recruited. Participants visit the study clinic at six-month intervals, where they undergo a detailed medical and life-style interview and physical examination and provide specimens for laboratorystudy. Serological testing for AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV) is performed on the cohort using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique.<sup>1,2</sup> Between June 1984 and January 1985 at the time of the first clinic visit, 214 exclusively heterosexual men were found to be uniformly seronegative for antibodies to ARV and will not be considered further in this communication. At that time, the overall seropositivity rate for the remaining 821 homosexual and/or bisexual men was 48.4%.
High levels of circulating soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor in hairy cell leukemia and type B chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Authors: W Digel, F Porzsolt, M Schmid, F Herrmann, W Lesslauer, M Brockhaus
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

The presence of soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding proteins (BP) was investigated in the sera of healthy volunteer blood donors and cancer patients. Two distinct types of TNFBP, types A and B, which are immunologically related to the cellular 75-kD TNF receptor (TNFR) and the cellular 55-kD TNFR, respectively, were assessed by immunoassays using nonblocking anti-receptor antibodies and 125I-recombinant human TNF alpha. As compared to the titers observed in 25 healthy controls, TNFBP types A and B titers were found to be elevated in almost all sera obtained from patients with underlying malignant disease. The highest amounts of TNFBP were seen in the sera of patients with B cell malignancies including hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and type B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Treatment of HCL patients with recombinant human interferon-alpha was associated with decrease of circulating TNFBP.
Detection of an Apico-Aortic Conduit by Radionuclide Ventriculography
Authors: JEAN LIU, PRASAN J. VASAVADA, MYRON C. GERSON, PETER J. ENGEL
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

Radionuclide ventriculography has proven useful in the identification of cardiac chambers and great vessels. A case is presented in which a cardiac surgical procedure resulted in arterial output from the left ventricle into the descending aorta by way of a valved conduit. The presence and location of this conduit were readily established by blood pool imaging.
Oligosaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines induce and prime for oligoclonal IgG antibody responses to the Haemophilus influenzae b capsular polysaccharide in human infants.
Authors: R A Insel, P W Anderson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

The diversity of the IgG antibody induced by immunization of human infants and children with conjugate vaccines, composed of oligosaccharides prepared from the Haemophilus influenzae b capsular polysaccharide (CP) and covalently linked to diphtheria toxoids, was studied by analytical IEF. The antibody response was similar, in the degree of restriction, to that observed in the antibody response of older children to immunization with the CP alone. The booster responses induced by reimmunization with conjugate vaccines were accompanied by increases predominantly in the IgG antibody clonotypes expressed after the priming dose of vaccine. After a series of conjugate immunizations, immunization with isolated CP boosted the antibody titer and increased expression from all the clonotypes that were expressed after conjugate immunization. These findings suggest that the conjugate vaccines are acting on a limited number of human B cell clones that are preferentially restimulated after reimmunization. Little evidence of antigen-specific B cell recruitment was found. In addition, the ability of isolated CP immunization to restimulate the same B cell clone indicates that the responding B cell has matured and suggests a linear rather than a dual developmental pathway for the B cell participating in this human antibody response.
TCT-328 FFR-guided complete revascularization during primary PCI: Preliminary data from the COMPARE ACUTE trial
Authors: Pieter C. Smits, Georgios J. Vlachojannis, Ketil Lunde, Elmir Omerovic, Carl E. Schotborgh, Gert Richardt, Mohamed Abdel-Wahab, Franz-Josef Neumann, Rainer Hambrecht, Adrian Wlodarczak, Petr Kala, Z. Piroth, Christoph A. Nienaber
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
The Action of Cathepsin D in Human Articular Cartilage on Proteoglycans
Authors: Asher I. Sapolsky, Roy D. Altman, J. Frederick Woessner, David S. Howell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

In recent years the lysosomal cathepsins have been implicated as important agents in the physiological degradation of various cartilages. In the present study, the nature of cathepsin present in human articular cartilage was investigated by microtechniques and a possible role for cathepsins in the cartilage degradation observed in osteoarthritis was sought. The results of this study indicated that the hemoglobin and proteoglycan-digesting activity in the human cartilage observed is predominantly that of a cathepsin D-type enzyme. This cathepsin D-type enzyme activity was present in two to three times greater amounts in yellowish or ulcerated articular cartilage from patients with primary osteoarthritis than in control “normal” human cartilages. The human cathepsin D-type enzyme, as well as a highly purified cathepsin D from bovine uterus degraded proteoglycan subunit (PGS) maximally at pH 5. Both enzyme preparations were inactive on hemoglobin at pH 6-8, but degraded PGS considerably at neutral pH. The activity of the human cathepsin extract was not affected by reagents which inhibit or activate cathepsins A and B. Neutral proteases which are active on hemoglobin or are inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) were not detected in these preparations, but contamination by another type of neutral protease cannot be excluded. Chloroquine inhibited the degradation of PGS at neutral pH by the human cartilage enzyme extract.
Right ventricular dysfunction detected by gated scintiphotography in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction.
Authors: P Rigo, M Murray, D R Taylor, M L Weisfeldt, D T Kelly, H W Strauss, B Pitt
Journal: Circulation (1975)

Twenty-seven patients with acute myocardial infarction not complicated by cardiogenic shock and ten normal volunteers were studied with gated cardiac blood pool scans. The ratio right vetricular area/left ventricular area (RVA/LVA) determined from the left anterior oblique end-diastolic scans was examined. The ratio was 1.11 +/- .06 in the normal volunteers. In patients with anterior infarction the ratio fell to 0.75 +/- .12 (P less than .05) due to left ventricular enlargement. In those with inferior infarction the ratio was 1.12 +/- .23 which was greater than in those with anterior infarction (P less than .05) due to enlargement of both the left and right ventricles. Six patients with cardiogenic shock, three with inferior and three with anterior infarction were studied. The three with anterior infarction had left ventricular enlargement and a decrease in the ratio of RVA/LVA to 0.62 while the three with inferior infarction had an increase in the ratio to 2.05 suggesting right ventricular dilatation and dysfunction. These studies suggest a high incidence of right ventricular dysfunction in patients with inferior myocardial infarction.
Feeding Difficulties in Infancy
Authors: U. James, B. L. Coles
Journal: BMJ (1955)

With this in mind, it seemed worthwhile analysing the admissions to the Violet Melchett Mothercraft Home, where the majority of infants are taken in on account of feeding difficulties, though a few are admitted because of general mismanagement or nutritional disorders follow- ing acute illness.The analysis deals with all babies, or mothers and babies, admitted during the year from October, 1953.Most of the cases were from the London County Council area, but some came from the Home
THE ETIOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Edgar T. H. Tsen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

Streptococci have been isolated from the central nervous system of monkeys dead of poliomyelitis. Streptococci have also been isolated from the central nervous system of monkeys dead of other causes as well as from the brains of normal rabbits. Streptococci isolated from poliomyelitic monkeys do not differ from those isolated from monkeys and rabbits dead from other causes. An etiological relation has not been established between streptococci and poliomyelitis. We have at several times isolated an organism that was similar to the globoid bodies culturally, morphologically, and in staining reaction, but have not been able to carry it along for more than three generations. The pathogenicity of these organisms has therefore not been tested on monkeys. We have not been able to produce typical lesions of poliomyelitis in rabbits by the injection of either the poliomyelitic virus or streptococci.
Lowering Cholesterol with Drugs and Diet
Authors: Terje R. Pedersen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

Expert panels in the United States and Europe have reinforced guidelines on lowering cholesterol as one of the fundamental preventive measures to reduce mortality from coronary heart disease.1,2 Last year the report of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study strengthened the evidence on which the guidelines were based, demonstrating a survival benefit from lowering cholesterol with simvastatin in patients with coronary disease.3 One remaining question has been whether aggressive cholesterol lowering in persons without overt coronary heart disease will result in similar benefits, without increasing the risk of noncardiac mortality. Another problem has been to find effective methods for lowering . . .
Fibrinolytic activity in the clinical crisis of sickle-cell anaemia.
Authors: A. Mahmood, D. M. Macintosh, A. G. Shaper
Journal: BMJ (1967)

BRTISH 653 the standard retinal photographs have proved of practical worth.Five retinopathic abnormalities have been photographed in four standard degrees of severity, and the photographs under study were graded according to these standards.In this way not only was it possible to define deterioration or improvement, it was also possible to devise a simple quantitative assessment of the extent of the changes.With the exception of venous changes, observer errors in assigning grades was slight and results were found to be reproducible.TABLE II.-Behaviour of Exudates sn Control Groups of Similar Studies (Percentage of Total Eyes) Edinburgh Brso London
Bleeding From Postoperative (Hepato-Jejunostomy—Roux en Y) Anastomosis Demonstrated by Labeled RBCs
Authors: RUTH HARDOFF, ZECHARYA KOVACS, ARIE BITTERMAN, AVI HEINRICH, MICHAEL KRAUSZ
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Tc-99m labeled RBC scintigraphy is a sensitive, noninvasive method for detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Because most gastrointestinal bleedings are intermittent, RBC scintigraphy establishes that the patient is actively bleeding at the time of imaging, and directs angiography to the general area of the bleeding site for accurate detection of its anatomic location. The authors present a patient who had massive bleeding from a common hepato-jejunal-anastomois after surgical repair of common hepatic duct obstruction. Labeled RBC scintigraphy demonstrated the exact anatomic bleeding site, therefore, angiography could be avoided.
Use of erythropoietins in patients with renal transplants
Authors: D. J Treleaven, C. M Clase
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Normalisation of haemoglobin is hazardous, ineffective, and costly

In the United States, patients with renal transplants account for about 16% of all people who have a glomerular filtration rate of less than 30 ml/min (stage 4 chronic kidney disease) or who require renal replacement treatment.1 2 About 40% of patients with a kidney transplant have anaemia, and half of these are treated with erythropoietins.3 Management of anaemia in patients with a kidney transplant is complicated by their long history of renal disease, the inflammation associated with infection or rejection, and immunosuppressive medication.4 

Compared with patients who have chronic kidney disease, kidney transplant recipients tend to be younger, more active, and less likely to have cardiovascular disease, although they may develop anaemia at a relatively higher glomerular filtration rate.3 Despite these differences, the linked study by Heinze and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.b4018) indicates that the association between anaemia and mortality previously observed in other patients with low glomerular filtration rate is also present in kidney transplant recipients.5 Unfortunately, this study raises concerns …
Progress of Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Authors: T. B. Mouat
Journal: BMJ (1946)

symptoms started shortly afterwards.There was no urethral discharge; pus was present in the urine, but no bacteria.Under darkground illumination a few spirilla were found.He had been taking sulphonamides.Stovarsol was given by mouth; bladder symptoms subsided and pus disappeared from urine.
Spinal Cord Compression in Patients With Advanced Metastatic Cancer
Authors: Janet L. Abrahm, Michael B. Banffy, Mitchel B. Harris
Journal: JAMA (2008)

As 1 of the 12,700 US cancer patients who, each year, develops metastatic spinal cord compression, Ms H wishes to walk and live her life. Sadly, this wish may be difficult to fulfill. Before diagnosis, 83% to 95% of patients experience back pain, which often is referred, obscuring the site(s) of the compression(s). Prediction of ambulation depends on a patient's ambulatory status before therapy and time between developing motor defects and starting therapy. Ambulatory patients with no visceral metastases and more than 15 days between developing motor symptoms and receiving therapy have the best rate of survival. To preserve ambulation and optimize survival, magnetic resonance imaging should be performed for cancer patients with new back pain despite normal neurological findings. At diagnosis, counseling, pain management, and corticosteroids are begun. Most patients are offered radiation therapy. Surgery followed by radiation is considered for selected patients with a single high-grade epidural lesion caused by a radioresistant tumor who also have an estimated survival of more than 3 months. Team discussions with the patient and support network help determine therapy options and include patient goals; assessment of risks, benefits, and burdens of each treatment; and discussion of the odds of preserving prognosis of ambulation and of the effect of therapy on the patient's overall prognosis. Rehabilitation improves impaired function and its associated depression. Clinicians can help patients cope with transitions in self-image, independence, family and community roles, and living arrangements and can help patients with limited prognoses identify their end-of-life goals and preferences about resuscitation and entering hospice.
Reduced Exposure to PM<sub>10</sub>and Attenuated Age-Related Decline in Lung Function
Authors: Sara H. Downs, Christian Schindler, L.-J. Sally Liu, Dirk Keidel, Lucy Bayer-Oglesby, Martin H. Brutsche, Margaret W. Gerbase, Roland Keller, Nino Künzli, Philippe Leuenberger, Nicole M. Probst-Hensch, Jean-Marie Tschopp, Jean-Pierre Zellweger, Thierry Rochat, Joel Schwartz, Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Air pollution has been associated with impaired health, including reduced lung function in adults. Moving to cleaner areas has been shown to attenuate adverse effects of air pollution on lung function in children but not in adults.We conducted a prospective study of 9651 adults (18 to 60 years of age) randomly selected from population registries in 1990 and assessed in 1991, with 8047 participants reassessed in 2002. There was complete information on lung volumes and flows (e.g., forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], FEV1 as a percentage of FVC, and forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the FVC [FEF25-75]), smoking habits, and spatially resolved concentrations of particulate matter that was less than 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) from a validated dispersion model assigned to residential addresses for 4742 participants at both the 1991 and the 2002 assessments and in the intervening years.Overall exposure to individual home outdoor PM10 declined over the 11-year follow-up period (median, -5.3 mug per cubic meter; interquartile range, -7.5 to -4.2). In mixed-model regression analyses, with adjustment for confounders, PM10 concentrations at baseline, and clustering within areas, there were significant negative associations between the decrease in PM10 and the rate of decline in FEV1 (P=0.045), FEV1 as a percentage of FVC (P=0.02), and FEF25-75 (P=0.001). The net effect of a decline of 10 microg of PM10 per cubic meter over an 11-year period was to reduce the annual rate of decline in FEV1 by 9% and of FEF25-75 by 16%. Cumulative exposure in the interval between the two examinations showed similar associations.Decreasing exposure to airborne particulates appears to attenuate the decline in lung function related to exposure to PM10. The effects are greater in tests reflecting small-airway function.
Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus in Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: S.K. Hira, D. Wadhawan, J. Kamanga, D. Kavindele, R. Macuacua, P.S. Patii, M.A. Ansary, A.M. Macher, P.L. Perine
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1988)
Chronic Pulmonary Artery Pressure Elevation Is Insufficient to Explain Right Heart Failure
Authors: Harm J. Bogaard, Ramesh Natarajan, Scott C. Henderson, Carlin S. Long, Donatas Kraskauskas, Lisa Smithson, Ramzi Ockaili, Joe M. McCord, Norbert F. Voelkel
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— The most important determinant of longevity in pulmonary arterial hypertension is right ventricular (RV) function, but in contrast to experimental work elucidating the pathobiology of left ventricular failure, there is a paucity of data on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of RV failure. Methods and Results— A mechanical animal model of chronic progressive RV pressure overload (pulmonary artery banding, not associated with structural alterations of the lung circulation) was compared with an established model of angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension associated with fatal RV failure. Isolated RV pressure overload induced RV hypertrophy without failure, whereas in the context of angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension, RV failure developed that was associated with myocardial apoptosis, fibrosis, a decreased RV capillary density, and a decreased vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and protein expression despite increased nuclear stabilization of hypoxia-induced factor-1α. Induction of myocardial nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 and heme-oxygenase 1 with a dietary supplement (Protandim) prevented fibrosis and capillary loss and preserved RV function despite continuing pressure overload. Conclusion— These data brought into question the commonly held concept that RV failure associated with pulmonary hypertension is due strictly to the increased RV afterload.
Relationship of slow conduction detected by pace-mapping to ventricular tachycardia re-entry circuit sites after infarction
Authors: Corinna B Brunckhorst, William G Stevenson, Kyoko Soejima, William H Maisel, Etienne Delacretaz, Peter L Friedman, Shlomo A Ben-Haim
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)