tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Coronary Artery Spasm
Authors: Peter T. Kuo
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This book, by Dr Robert A. Chahine and 16 collaborators, brings together the current state of knowledge on the role of coronary spasm in coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia. The etiology of spasm is multifactorial. Calcium ion availability, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and vasoactive humoral products, especially thromboxane and others, may be involved. This dynamic phenomenon can be diagnosed either directly by coronary arteriography with provocation of coronary spasm, or indirectly by myocardial perfusion imaging with radionuclide technique. During coronary spasm, ECG hemodynamic and angiographic abnormalities (myocardial dysfunction) can be demonstrated. Coronary spasm is not synonymous with Prinzmetal syndrome, because patients with spasm may not have angina, although spasm can almost always be provoked in patients with Prinzmetal angina. Based on available evidence, it is suggested that spasm can produce endothelial damage to start a chain of events leading to thrombus formation. Furthermore, spasm is probably involved to a
Where next with revalidation?: Political will does not exist for radical reform
Authors: Nigel Dudley
Journal: BMJ (2005)

EDITOR—Walshe and Benson underline the importance of the primary mission to protect the public.1 But little is written in their article about the inadequate arrangements for managers—deemed to be a group of professionals at the Bristol inquiry—that still exist behind closed doors rather than in the public domain. Just as a list of wayward doctors can be reeled off, it would be …
Integrated network analyses for functional genomic studies in cancer
Authors: Jennifer L. Wilson, Michael T. Hemann, Ernest Fraenkel, Douglas A. Lauffenburger
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (2013)

RNA-interference (RNAi) studies hold great promise for functional investigation of the significance of genetic variations and mutations, as well as potential synthetic lethalities, for understanding and treatment of cancer, yet technical and conceptual issues currently diminish the potential power of this approach. While numerous research groups are usefully employing this kind of functional genomic methodology to identify molecular mediators of disease severity, response, and resistance to treatment, findings are generally confounded by "off-target" effects. These effects arise from a variety of issues beyond non-specific reagent behavior, such as biological cross-talk and feedback processes so thus can occur even with specific perturbation. Interpreting RNAi results in a network framework instead of merely as individual "hits" or "targets" leverages contributions from all hit/target contributions to pathways via their relationships with other network nodes. This interpretation can ameliorate dependence upon individual reagent performance and increase confidence in biological validation. Here we provide background on RNAi studies in cancer applications, review key challenges with functional genomics, and motivate the use of network models grounded in pathway analyses.
Pac-Man Tendinitis
Authors: FRED ROSNER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 October 1983Pac-Man TendinitisFRED ROSNER, M.D.FRED ROSNER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-4-571_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The medical "sports" literature contains reports of roller skating wrist injuries; ulnar nerve palsy, pudendal neuritis, and sciatica in cyclists; finger felon in a disco dancer from constant finger snapping; subconjunctival hemorrhage after vigorous "pogo" dancing; rectal orifice trauma in waterskiers following a fall, with intense urge to defecate, a condition called waterskier's enema; lateral epicondylitis in dog walkers; rhabdomyolysis after several rides on a mechanical bull; "goggle headache" from supraorbital nerve compression in swimmers who wear goggles; photocopiers phalanx; pipetter's thumb; and a variety of ailments in joggers such as penile frostbit, jogger's nipples, jogger's petechiae,...References1. MCCOWAN T. Space-invaders wrist [Letter]. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:1368. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. NEIMANUSHIRODA RS. Slot-machine tendinitis [Letter]. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:1368. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: FRED ROSNER, M.D.Affiliations: Queens Hospital Center Affiliation of the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center Jamaica, NY 11432 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1983Volume 99, Issue 4Page: 571-571KeywordsFallsHeadachesHemorrhageNervesParalysisRhabdomyolysisSports ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1983 PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract B22: Genomic and functional analysis of gene amplification in high-grade serous and endometrioid ovarian cancer
Authors: Sally J. Davis, Kaylene J. Simpson, Ian G. Campbell, Kylie L. Gorringe
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Copy number amplification is a hallmark of oncogene-associated tumor development and progression. The targeted increase in copy number of such chromosomal regions has a significant impact upon gene expression that imparts selective advantages on cancer cells. These genes are attractive therapeutic targets. To identify amplicon targets we adopted a methodology that combines genomic copy number with RNAi to identify amplified genes that are functionally relevant in ovarian cancer. Analysis of SNP array data for a cohort of ~400 tumors identified ~300 genes amplified at a high level in 10% or more of cases. We utilized SNP array data from a panel of 39 ovarian tumor cell lines to identify 18 cell lines that recapitulate the gene amplifications observed in the clinical specimens. The set of candidate genes has been functionally assessed in these cell lines using a boutique siRNA library to interrogate phenotypic alterations in cellular viability. Data collected from the screen identified a number of genes and pathways with potential therapeutic value including URI1, GAB2, PAK4 and DYRK1B. We have assessed the therapeutic utility of PAK4 and DYRK1B using targeted small molecule inhibitors using gene amplification as a marker for response. Our preliminary in vitro data indicates that amplification of PAK4 can lead to a marked response to PF-3758309, an ATP-competitive, pyrrolopyrazole inhibitor of PAK4. The results from this study provide strong evidence for the value of focused functional genomic screening. It has been demonstrated that combining high-throughput technologies has the potential to rapidly identify candidate driver genes that may then be streamlined to a translational phase. Citation Format: Sally J. Davis, Kaylene J. Simpson, Ian G. Campbell, Kylie L. Gorringe. Genomic and functional analysis of gene amplification in high-grade serous and endometrioid ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B22.
von Willebrand's disease prevents occlusive thrombosis in stenosed and injured porcine coronary arteries.
Authors: T C Nichols, D A Bellinger, T A Johnson, M A Lamb, T R Griggs
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

We studied the role of von Willebrand factor in coronary thrombosis in normal, heterozygous, and homozygous von Willebrand's disease pigs by producing coronary stenosis with a Goldblatt clamp positioned around the left anterior descending coronary artery. Flow velocity was assessed by a 20-MHz Doppler velocity probe distal to the Goldblatt clamp. Myocardial extracellular potassium levels were measured by potassium-sensitive electrodes in myocardium supplied by the left anterior descending artery. Whereas stenosis sufficient to block reactive hyperemia to a 20-second occlusion produced an elevation of myocardial extracellular potassium, it produced neither spontaneous cyclic flow reductions nor permanent cessation of coronary blood flow velocity. Injury of the coronary artery at the stenosis site with spring-loaded forceps produced cyclic flow reductions or permanent cessation of flow in eight of nine phenotypically normal pigs. On the other hand, flow variations occurred in none of the 10 von Willebrand's disease pigs, including four given purified von Willebrand factor at a dose that failed to correct the bleeding time (p less than 0.001, chi 2 test). Permanent cessation of flow was caused by an occlusive platelet-fibrin-red-blood-cell thrombus. Scanning electron micrographs from pigs with cyclic flow variations and from von Willebrand's disease pigs showed injured endothelium covered by adherent platelets, red and white blood cells, and fibrin. These data suggest an important role of native von Willebrand factor in sudden occlusive arterial thrombosis following stenosis and intimal injury.
Osteolysis of the Clavicle-Reply
Authors: Aman U. Buzdar
Journal: JAMA (1988)

In Reply.—  We appreciate the comments of Dr Ahmad regarding our report of osteolysis of the clavicle. Osteolysis is not uncommon in ribs that have been included in radiotherapy fields and have subsequently fractured. The same phenomenon also is seen occasionally in the shoulder and pelvic bones under these circumstances.1While the pathophysiology of the osteolysis is not clear, we believe that phenomenon occurred in our case to a greater and more obvious extent.  This patient was treated with cobalt 60 photons at an outside institution. The depth of maximum dose from this energy is 0.5 cm,2and we doubt there was any contribution to the clavicle dose from the posterior axillary supplement of 10 Gy. The superficial location of the clavicle placed it on the region of maximum dose. No sparing of the clavicle can be assumed.  The fracture in this case was traumatic and not pathological;
Activated mast cells produce interleukin 13.
Authors: P R Burd, W C Thompson, E E Max, F C Mills
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

When mast cells are activated through their immunoglobulin (Ig)E receptors, release of low molecular weight mediators like histamine is followed by secretion of multiple cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-3, IL-4, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Here we report that stimulated mast cells also synthesize IL-13 mRNA and protein; secretion of this cytokine may be of particular importance because of its ability to stimulate IgE expression. IL-13 transcripts detected by a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction assay were induced within 30 min after stimulation of mast cells by dinitrophenyl plus monoclonal IgE anti-dinitrophenyl, and peaked at about 1 h. Within 3 h of IgE stimulation, secreted IL-13 bioactivity, estimated by proliferation of an IL-13-dependent cell line, reached levels equivalent to 1-2 ng/ml of IL-13. When added to human B lymphocytes, the mast cell-derived IL-13 activity (like bone fide IL-13) induced Ig C epsilon transcripts, DNA recombination characteristic of the isotype switch to C epsilon, and the secretion of IgE protein. These results suggest a model of local positive feedback interactions between mast cells and B cells, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of atopy.
Enhanced expression of the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor in glomeruli correlates with serum receptor antibodies in primary membranous nephropathy
Authors: Elion Hoxha, Ursula Kneißler, Gesa Stege, Gunther Zahner, Ina Thiele, Ulf Panzer, Sigrid Harendza, Udo M. Helmchen, Rolf A.K. Stahl
Journal: Kidney International (2012)
Heme oxygenase-1 and its reaction product, carbon monoxide, prevent inflammation-related apoptotic liver damage in mice
Authors: Gabriele Sass, Miguel Che Parreira Soares, Kenichiro Yamashita, Stefan Seyfried, Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann, Thomas Eschenhagen, Elzbieta Kaczmarek, Thomas Ritter, Hans-Dieter Volk, Gisa Tiegs
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Heme oxygenase–1 (HO–1), a stress–responsive enzyme that catabolizes heme into carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin, and iron, has previously been shown to protect grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury and rejection. Here we investigated the protective potential of HO–1 in 5 models of immune–mediated liver injury. We found that up–regulation of endogenous HO–1 by cobalt–protoporphyrin–IX (CoPP) protected mice from apoptotic liver damage induced by anti–CD95 antibody (Ab) or D–galactosamine in combination with either anti–CD3 Ab, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF–α). HO–1 induction prevented apoptotic liver injury, measured by inhibition of caspase 3 activation, although it did not protect mice from caspase–3—independent necrotic liver damage caused by concanavalin A (Con A) administration. In addition, overexpression of HO–1 by adenoviral gene transfer resulted in protection from apoptotic liver injury, whereas inhibition of HO–1 enzymatic activity by tin–protoporphyrin–IX (SnPP) abrogated the protective effect. HO–1—mediated protection seems to target parenchymal liver cells directly because CoPP treatment protected isolated primary hepatocytes from anti–CD95—induced apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, depletion of Kupffer cells (KCs) did not interfere with the protective effect in vivo. Exogenous CO administration or treatment with the CO–releasing agent methylene chloride mimicked the protective effect of HO–1, whereas treatment with exogenous biliverdin or overexpression of ferritin by recombinant adenoviral gene transfer did not. In conclusion, HO–1 is a potent protective factor for cytokine– and CD95–mediated apoptotic liver damage. Induction of HO–1 might be of a therapeutic modality for inflammatory liver diseases. (Hepatology 2003;38:909-918).
Plasma creatinine and urea: creatinine ratio in patients with raised plasma urea.
Authors: D B Morgan, M E Carver, R B Payne
Journal: BMJ (1977)

We examined the plasma urea and creatinine concentrations and the ratio between them according to diagnosis in 100 unselected and 31 selected adult hospital patients with a plasma urea concentration greater than or equal to 10 mmol/l (60mg/100ml). We also examined plasma urea and creatinine concentrations in 350 unselected consecutive patients, but found no useful relation between the two values. Congestive heart failure was the most common identifiable cause of a raised plasma urea concentration in the 100 unselected patients (36%). Among these 100 patinets the plasma creatinine concentration was a more useful discriminant between prerenal uraemia and intrinsic renal failure than was the urea:creatinine ratio or the plasma urea concentration. A plasma creatinine concentration greater than 250 mumol/1 (2-8 mg/100ml) indicated intrinsic renal failure with a 90% probability.
Child Abuse and Hemoglobinuria
Authors: Ronald L. Rimer
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Hemoglobinuria occurred in two children following severe beating. The development of transient oliguria in one child and acute renal failure in the other emphasizes the importance of early recognition of these unusual complications in the syndrome of child abuse. Appropriate therapy should be given to prevent or lessen the severity of acute renal failure in this clinical situation.
Quality of care in private sector and NHS facilities for people with dementia: cross sectional survey
Authors: C. Ballard, J. Fossey, R. Chithramohan, R. Howard, A. Burns, P. Thompson, G. Tadros, A. Fairbairn
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Residential and nursing homes provide an essential contribution towards the care of people with dementia.It is a challenge to provide good care within tight budgets and often with a workforce that has little formal training.Most people are cared for within the private sector, although a limited number of NHS beds provide continuing care for people with severe dementia and intractable behaviour problems.Dementia care mapping 1 is a direct, standardised assessment with good interrater reliability. 2Activities are coded according to category of behaviour, and they are recorded every five minutes.Wellbeing is measured using the dementia care index, which indicates the overall quality of care within a particular environment extrapolated from dementia care mapping evaluations of half of the residents. 1 We used dementia care mapping to evaluate the quality of care in 10 private sector and seven NHS care facilities.
"Ischaemic" Colitis in Young Adults
Authors: A. W. Clark, R. H. Lloyd-Mostyn, M. R. d. C. Sadler
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Four cases of transient haemorrhagic colitis seen in young adults resemble 10 others in the literature. The 14 cases are distinguished from the classical transient ischaemic colitis syndrome by their youth, the low incidence of stricture formation, and the prevalence of right-sided lesions.
Enrichment of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells on a culture surface with a glucose-displaying dendrimer
Authors: Shohreh Mashayekhan, Mee-Hae Kim, Satsuki Miyazaki, Fumi Tashiro, Masahiro Kino-oka, Masahito Taya, Jun-ichi Miyazaki
Journal: Biomaterials (2008)
Membranous nephropathy due to skin-lightening cream.
Authors: J W Kibukamusoke, D R Davies, M S Hutt
Journal: BMJ (1974)

young African women, of skin-lightening creams containing mercury.(Barr et al., 1972).Light microscopy, electron microscopy, and iimmunofluorescence were used to examine renal tissue from a patient with the nephrotic syndrome who had used mercurial skin-lighteners.
The Question of Steroids in Neurotrauma
Authors: Arthur I. Kobrine
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Steroids have been used extensively in neurological surgery since 1951, when Galicich and co-workers<sup>1</sup>first introduced them. Initially they were used only in treating patients with brain tumors and were shown to have a tremendously beneficial effect in reducing the cerebral edema surrounding such lesions, often with remarkable decreases in neurological deficit. Later, their use was extended to all elective neurosurgical procedures. This was done under the premise that steroids would reduce the perioperative brain swelling that accompanied most neurosurgical procedures. In fact, steroid treatment has substantially decreased the operative morbidity and mortality accompanying lesions in and around the pituitary gland, as well as morbidity and mortality associated with operative intervention for meningiomas, gliomas, and other brain tumors. As neurosurgeons embraced the use of steroids given for systemic effects, neurotrauma became an indication for steroid treatment. Patients with closed head injury have been treated with small-dose, large-dose, and megadose
Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects
Authors: L. G. Raisz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

Osteoporosis is a disorder in which loss of bone strength leads to fragility fractures. This review examines the fundamental pathogenetic mechanisms underlying this disorder, which include: (a) failure to achieve a skeleton of optimal strength during growth and development; (b) excessive bone resorption resulting in loss of bone mass and disruption of architecture; and (c) failure to replace lost bone due to defects in bone formation. Estrogen deficiency is known to play a critical role in the development of osteoporosis, while calcium and vitamin D deficiencies and secondary hyperparathyroidism also contribute. There are multiple mechanisms underlying the regulation of bone remodeling, and these involve not only the osteoblastic and osteoclastic cell lineages but also other marrow cells, in addition to the interaction of systemic hormones, local cytokines, growth factors, and transcription factors. Polymorphisms of a large number of genes have been associated with differences in bone mass and fragility. It is now possible to diagnose osteoporosis, assess fracture risk, and reduce that risk with antiresorptive or other available therapies. However, new and more effective approaches are likely to emerge from a better understanding of the regulators of bone cell function.
Asthma and Indoor Exposure to Allergens
Authors: Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills, Melody C. Carter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

The increase in the prevalence and severity of asthma over the past 35 years has been observed in perennial rather than seasonal disease and in many different countries. Asthma is now the most common chronic disease of childhood. In many countries, the increase in asthma has been reported in all social classes, but particularly in higher-income groups. In the United States, for reasons that are not clear, the increase has been most marked in population groups of lower socioeconomic status.In the 1990s, African-American children living in large urban areas in the United States have rates of hospitalization and mortality . . .
Geographic Aspects of Atherosclerosis
Authors: W A Thomas, K T Lee, A S Daoud
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1964)

Atherosclerosis in man is a ubiquitous disease occurring to some extent in every human adult on earth. However, associated morbidity and mortality vary widely from one geographic area to another. Among the peoples of cer­ tain areas there are almost no associated ill effects while, among others, nearly half the deaths may result directly or indirectly from the complica­ tions of atherosclerosis. Obviously, comparative studies of such disparate groups might reveal useful information on the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A number of factors make useful comparative studies diffi­ cult, and, in some instances, impossible. These include (a) the difficulty in evaluating objectively the extent of atherosclerosis in living individuals (and in the nonautopsied dead, which comprise the vast majority in many places) except on the basis of morbidity; (b) problems of quantitating atherosclerosis even in autopsied individllals, plus the absence of widely accepted standards that can be used in comparing different studies, plus the inherent bias of an autopsy population; (c) the vast differences in life expectancy among peoples in various areas; (d) the difficulty of classifying individuals genetically; and (e) the tendency of people to migrate from one area to another over the course of a lifetime. For the individual investigator working in a single country, the problems are almost insurmountable. Therefore, most of the investigative work in this field in recent years has been done by united efforts of relatively large groups of investigators working in several different geographic areas simultaneously. In this review, recent studies of several such teams will be summarized be­ ginning with those of the Albany-Afro-Asian group (to which the authors of this review belong) .