tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Allografts and Specific Unresponsiveness
Authors: Leslie Brent
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

The standard treatment for transplant patients consists of the continued administration of immunosuppressive drugs, primarily azathioprine and prednisone. Antilymphocytic serum (ALS) has been used in some centers as a supplementary agent, but for reasons largely concerned with problems of ALS production, supply and standardization, as well as with the question of dose and the manifold difficulties encountered in running well controlled clinical trials, the true potential of ALS in the ward remains to be ascertained. The evidence that immunosuppressed kidney recipients eventually become specifically tolerant to their transplants is scanty in the extreme: the fact that drug doses can be . . .
A DAY IN THE COUNTRY WITH A GENERAL PRACTITIONER.
Authors: GEORGE C. HIGHSMITH
Journal: JAMA (1899)

I believe it is often an advantage to the general practitioner to occasionally visit his professional brethren and observe how they do things. This is especially true of the country, where doctors have not the opportunity of meeting each other at the hospitals and colleges, and where societies have their meetings few and far between. Some time ago, feeling the need of a little recreation after passing through an epidemic of typhoid fever, I concluded to pay a long-promised visit to an old friend who lived in a comfortable town of about 6000 inhabitants about thirty miles distant. I had not seen him since we were at school together, except occasionally at the State Association or some other medical society, and knew nothing of his affairs, except that I had heard through mutual friends that he was popular in his neighborhood and was doing a good practice. I gave no
THE CLIMACTERIC OF LIFE
Authors: G. Rankin
Journal: BMJ (1919)

THE hiistory of everv life that fulfils the average duration is one of gradual ascent fromn the tiiime of birtli till its fastigium is reachecl, and from that point one of decline until it finds its ternirination in deatl.Wliat miay lhave occurred in tire process of events before tire contact of spermiiatozoon witli ovum started each being on an earthly career we know not, and wve are equally witlhout definite assutrance of tlle incidents wlichl lie in tire future after tlle
Bristol trust admits liability in baby heart surgery case
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1999)

United Bristol Healthcare Trust in Britain made the first public admission of liability this week for injuries to a child brain damaged in the Bristol heart surgery case.

The admission and apology for injuries to Ian Stewart, aged 6, were made public as James Wisheart, one of the two surgeons found guilty of serious professional misconduct by the General Medical Council, began his evidence to the public inquiry into children's heart surgery at Bristol between 1984 and 1995. The child's parents, Bronwen and James Stewart, who gave …
Kartagener's Syndrome
Authors: John H. Woodring
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Kartagener's syndrome, characterized by situs inversus, paranasal sinusitis, and bronchiectasis, is part of a more generalized syndrome characterized by sterility in men, chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis, and chronic otitis media; it is referred to as the immotile-cilia syndrome. Those patients with situs inversus will give a typical radiological appearance allowing an early diagnosis; however, in those patients with immotile-cilia syndrome who have normal visceral situs, a high index of suspicion and early electron microscopic examination of respiratory tract cilia will be necessary for early diagnosis and therapy to prevent irreversible bronchiectasis and lung destruction. We describe a young woman with bronchiectasis associated with situs inversus and chronic sinusitis, found to have abnormal respiratory epithelium cilia.
Prostate cancer screening can save lives but it is too early for a national programme, study finds
Authors: A. Sayburn
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer can reduce the number of deaths from the disease, a long term study has confirmed.1 But the authors added that “the time for population based screening has not arrived” and that further work was needed to reduce the harms from overdiagnosis and overtreatment of prostate cancer.

The European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer began in 1993 and included centres in eight European countries. It randomised 163 388 men to PSA screening every four years (two years in Sweden) or no screening. The latest results detailed the prostate cancer mortality data after 13 years’ follow-up.

The absolute risk reduction of PSA testing in death from prostate cancer after 13 years was 1.28 deaths in every 1000 men randomised—the equivalent of one fewer death from prostate cancer in every 781 men invited …
The effect of environmental tobacco smoke on eczema and allergic sensitization in children
Authors: U. Kramer, C.H. Lemmen, H. Behrendt, E. Link, T. Schafer, J. Gostomzyk, G. Scherer, J. Ring
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Background The negative impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on airway diseases in children is well known. Whether there is an effect on atopic eczema is not clear. Objectives To determine the impact of ETS on atopic eczema, allergic sensitization and allergic airway diseases in 1669 school beginners. Methods The prevalence of atopy‐related health outcomes was assessed by questionnaire, dermatological examination, skin prick testing and specific immunoglobulin E measurement. Exposure assessments were based on measurement of cotinine [expressed as cotinine to creatine ratio (CCR)] in spot urine samples (n = 1220) together with questionnaire and interview data on smoking behaviour of the parents. Results In the total study group, prevalence of atopic eczema diagnosed on examination was significantly associated with urinary CCR values. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), calculated for an increase of 100 ng mg−1 CCR was 1·97 (95% CI 1·23–3·16). The prevalence of skin manifestations according to questionnaire data as well as a history of asthma, wheezing, and hay fever were positively although not significantly associated with ETS exposure. When genetically predisposed children (defined by the presence of parental atopy) were compared with children whose parents had no atopy, the ORs of allergic outcome variables were generally higher in the first group. In the group of predisposed children, significant associations with urinary CCR were found for allergic sensitization against house dust mites as measured by skin prick test (OR 3·10, 95% CI 1·63–5·90). Conclusions Children are at a higher risk of developing an atopic eczema when exposed to ETS and genetically predisposed children are at higher risk of developing a sensitization against house dust mites.
Feasibility and usefulness of on-line three-dimensional reconstruction of intracoronary ultrasound for guidance of catheter based revascularizations
Authors: Francesco Prati, Carlo Di Mario, Robert Gil, Clemens von Birgelen, Nico Brulning, Edoardo Camenzind, Joss R.T.C. Roelandt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Inhibition of allergen‐dependent IgE activity by antibodies of the same specificity but different class
Authors: T. S. Dodev, H. Bowen, M. H. Shamji, H. J. Bax, A. J. Beavil, J. M. McDonnell, S. R. Durham, B. J. Sutton, H. J. Gould, L. K. James
Journal: Allergy (2015)

IgG4 purified from patients undergoing specific allergen immunotherapy inhibits the activities of the serum IgE in in vitro assays and is thought to reduce the symptoms of the disease. However, it is not known whether this is related to an intrinsic property of this subclass or only the allergen specificity. We tested the hypothesis that allergen specificity is the critical determinant for this activity using a panel of antibodies with identical specificity but different subclasses. The different antibodies were all able to inhibit the activity of IgE to the same extent. We demonstrate that specificity is the dominant factor determining the ability of an antibody to block allergen-dependent IgE activity.
Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
Authors: Theodore H. Spaet
Journal: JAMA (1987)

One of the casualties in the cold war has been free interchange of medical research. Our access to Soviet journals is limited, but even more so is our ability to get complete translations of interesting developments. There have been all too few attempts to remedy this. The present volume is therefore welcome, even though its audience is limited.  Sixteen chapters are included, each representing a topic related to thrombosis and its treatment. Much of the work is unfamiliar to Western readers; some of it demonstrates Soviet lacunae. All of the studies are revealing as to the differences in orientation between our two cultures.  Of particular clinical interest is the ongoing development of uses for blood from sudden-death cadavers. This product is known to us from earlier data on red blood cell transfusion; newly described is plasma fractionation, with particular attention to a fibrinolytic concentrate. This product has been successfully used
Screening and Immunization of Rubella-Susceptible Women
Authors: Deborah M. Shlian
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Four hundred and fifty childbearing-aged women were screened for rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody after a clinical history of susceptibility was obtained. One hundred and forty-nine (33%) were found to be susceptible (titers less than 1:8), pointing out the need for a move active immunization program for susceptible young women and for routine vaccination of children. Clinical history correlated poorly with the level of HI antibody. One hundred percent of the patients were vaccinated and protective antibody titres developed in 97%. Since titers are higher after infection than after vaccination, periodic reevaluation of the vaccinated group may be indicated if immunity is to be ensured.
A classification of hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and related disorders
Authors: N. Besbas, D. Karpman, D. Landau, C. Loirat, W. Proesmans, G. Remuzzi, G. Rizzoni, C.M. Taylor, N. Van de Kar, L.B. Zimmerhackl
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
Creatine kinase–mediated improvement of function in failing mouse hearts provides causal evidence the failing heart is energy starved
Authors: Ashish Gupta, Ashwin Akki, Yibin Wang, Michelle K. Leppo, V.P. Chacko, D. Brian Foster, Viviane Caceres, Sa Shi, Jonathan A. Kirk, Jason Su, Shenghan Lai, Nazareno Paolocci, Charles Steenbergen, Gary Gerstenblith, Robert G. Weiss
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

ATP is required for normal cardiac contractile function, and it has long been hypothesized that reduced energy delivery contributes to the contractile dysfunction of heart failure (HF). Despite experimental and clinical HF data showing reduced metabolism through cardiac creatine kinase (CK), the major myocardial energy reserve and temporal ATP buffer, a causal relationship between reduced ATP-CK metabolism and contractile dysfunction in HF has never been demonstrated. Here, we generated mice conditionally overexpressing the myofibrillar isoform of CK (CK-M) to test the hypothesis that augmenting impaired CK-related energy metabolism improves contractile function in HF. CK-M overexpression significantly increased ATP flux through CK ex vivo and in vivo but did not alter contractile function in normal mice. It also led to significantly increased contractile function at baseline and during adrenergic stimulation and increased survival after thoracic aortic constriction (TAC) surgery-induced HF. Withdrawal of CK-M overexpression after TAC resulted in a significant decline in contractile function as compared with animals in which CK-M overexpression was maintained. These observations provide direct evidence that the failing heart is "energy starved" as it relates to CK. In addition, these data identify CK as a promising therapeutic target for preventing and treating HF and possibly diseases involving energy-dependent dysfunction in other organs with temporally varying energy demands.
Acquisition of Genital Herpes from an Asymptomatic Sexual Partner
Authors: James F. Rooney, James M. Felser, Jeffrey M. Ostrove, Stephen E. Straus
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

THE incidence of genital herpes simplex infection is increasing in the United States.1 Although there have been substantial advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this infection, several important aspects of its epidemiology remain unclear, including the relative importance of asymptomatic virus shedding in transmission of the disease.2 Asymptomatic genital shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 is known to occur and accounts for many cases of virus transmission from mother to infant.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 This report documents horizontal transmission of infection associated with asymptomatic virus shedding.Case ReportsIn June 1980 Patient 1, a 23-year-old woman, transmitted genital herpes to Patient . . .
Characteristics Associated With Important Clinical End Points in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at Initial Treatment
Authors: William G. Wierda, Susan O'Brien, Xuemei Wang, Stefan Faderl, Alessandra Ferrajoli, Kim-Anh Do, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Jorge Cortes, Deborah Thomas, Charles Koller, Jan Burger, Susan Lerner, Hagop Kantarjian, Michael Keating
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Response to front-line treatment and subsequent clinical course for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are heterogeneous. Identifying pretreatment patient characteristics or prognostic factors associated with clinical outcomes is important for counseling patients, conducting clinical research, and evaluating trial results.We evaluated the pretreatment characteristics of 595 previously untreated patients who had National Cancer Institute Working Group indications to initiate front-line therapy for predictors of complete response (CR), time to treatment failure (TTF), and overall survival (OS). Multivariable models were developed for all three end points.CR is an important treatment end point correlated with longer TTF and OS. In this retrospective analysis, front-line treatment regimen was a significant independent predictive factor for all three end points; chemoimmunotherapy was the superior treatment regimen. Considering front-line treatment regimen, other independent patient characteristics associated with CR included age and beta(2)-microglobulin (beta-2M). TTF was independently associated with age, beta-2M, percent lymphocytes in bone marrow, and treatment regimen. Improved OS was independently associated with younger age, lower beta-2M, and treatment regimen. Two weighted prognostic models or nomograms, one including and one excluding treatment regimen, were constructed using significant characteristics to predict 5- and 10-year survival probability and estimate median survival time.Identifying pretreatment patient characteristics associated with CR, TTF, and OS establishes a baseline to compare and incorporate new prognostic factors. Treatment had an impact on the significance of these factors. Prognostic models may help patients and clinicians in decision making as well as facilitate clinical research through design and analyses of clinical trials.
SR2-1: The Genomic Mutation Landscape of Breast Cancer: A TCGA Report.
Authors: ER Mardis
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract An important goal, that of characterizing the breadth and complexity of mutations in breast cancer, is being approached by The Cancer Genome Atlas in its next-generation sequencing and analysis of the exome and whole genome content of breast cancer samples. At present, we have produced, analyzed, and validated mutations by exome capture of matched tumor and normal genomic DNA across all breast cancer subtypes, using over 500 samples as our primary discovery set. The resulting information has been further analyzed by integration with other data types being generated in the project, including RNA-seq, methylation and SNP array data. We have further initiated a study using whole genome sequencing of 21 basal subtype cases. My presentation will provide an overview of the methods of data generation, analysis and integration. I will further provide information about our discoveries to-date and future plans. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr SR2-1.
T‐cell non‐hodgkin lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus‐1‐infected individuals
Authors: John A. Lust, Peter M. Banks, W. Craig Hooper, Carlos V. Paya, Brian D. Kueck, Gerald A. Hanson, Paul S. Ritch, Gayle E. Woloschak
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1989)

Abstract We present two patients with human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) infection in whom T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma developed, based on pathologic diagnosis, immunophenotyping, and T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement. Both cases were positive for human immunodeficiency virus‐1 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot methods. Histologic sections from each patient showed a high‐grade pleomorphic T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, and immunophenotyping demonstrated a prevalence of reactivity for CD4 (helper) over CD8 (suppressor) antigens. T‐cell receptor β‐chain gene rearrangement studies revealed a rearranged pattern with either the Hin dlll or Bam HI enzymes, whereas immunoglobulin heavy chain genes retained a germ‐line configuration. Viral sequences specific for human T‐cell leukemia virus‐1, human T‐cell leukemia virus‐II, or HIV‐1 were not detected. Thus, although rare, T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma may be observed in HIV‐1‐infected individuals.
Hypoxic ventilatory drive in normal man
Authors: John V. Weil, Edward Byrne-Quinn, Ingvar E. Sodal, W. Otto Friesen, Brian Underhill, Giles F. Filley, Robert F. Grover
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

A technique is described which permits the inscription of the ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia in man as a continuous curve relating alveolar oxygen tension and minute ventilation. The adjustment of ventilation to changes in alveolar oxygen tension is complete in 18-23 sec and this is sufficiently rapid to justify the use of a non-steady-state method. Changes in alveolar carbon dioxide tension are prevented by addition of carbon dioxide to the inspired gas. The resulting [unk]V(E)-P(Ao2) curves are hyperbolic such that falling P(Ao2) produces only slight rises in [unk]V(E) until a critical P(Ao2) range of 50-60 mm Hg is reached. With further fall in P(Ao2), [unk]V(E) increases steeply and the slope of the curve approaches infinity at a tension of 30-40 mm Hg. For purposes of quantitation these curves are approximated by a simple hyperbolic function, the parameters of which are evaluated by a least squares fit of the data. The parameter A denotes curve shape such that the higher the value of A. the greater the increase in ventilation for a given decrease in P(Ao2) and hence the greater the hypoxic drive. Curves are highly reproducible for each subject and curves from different subjects are similar. In 10 normal subjects at resting P(ACo2), A = 180.2 +/-14.5 (SEM). When P(ACo2) is adjusted to levels 5 mm Hg above and below control in six subjects A = 453.4 +/-103 and 30.2 +/-6.8 respectively. These latter values differed significantly from control (P < 0.05). These changes in curve shape provide a clear graphic description of interaction between hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory stimuli. At normal P(ACo2) the [unk]V(E)-P(Ao2) curve has an inflection zone located over the same P(o2) range as the inflection in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. This indicated that ventilation might be a linear function of arterial oxygen saturation or content. Studies in four subjects have demonstrated that ventilation is indeed related to arterial oxygen content in a linear fashion. These data suggest, but do not prove, that oxygen tension in chemoreceptor tissue as in part determined by circulatory oxygen delivery may be an important factor in controlling the ventilatory response to hypoxia.
Formaldehyde Toxicity-Reply
Authors: Barry H. Rumack
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> The letter by Bender et al accurately reflects the fact that some of our references were misnumbered. This occurred during the process of shortening our reference list for publication and several other editing procedures. We apologize for our error and a correction has been prepared. The study of consumer complaints, which we reported, was necessarily incomplete because of the failure of the urea formaldehyde foam industry to cooperate. We repeatedly asked for, and were promised, a list of homes in the Denver area that had been insulated with urea formaldehyde foam. Not only did the foam industry renege on these promises, but various representatives of suppliers refused to provide information or attend any of our meetings. This list would have allowed us to make a random choice of foam-insulated and unfoamed homes for study. We asked for raw data and all we ever received was eloquent testimony as
HLA-DR4 and the spondyloarthropathies
Authors: J D Taurog
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

HLA-DR4 may be genetically linked to the spondyloarthropathies

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was first described as a pathological entity in the 1690s by a medical student who found, in a French graveyard, a skeleton in which the ilium, sacrum, and 15 lowest vertebrae were completely fused.1 Several similar descriptions were reported during the 18th century. A number of isolated clinical descriptions were reported throughout the 19th century, culminating in the detailed classical descriptions by Bechterew, Strumpell, and Marie in the late 19th century. By the mid-1930s, the classical pathological and radiographic features of AS had been described. Nevertheless, rheumatologists, particularly in America, tended to view AS a variant of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and referred to the disorder as “rheumatoid spondylitis”.2 This view was partly based on the similarity between the two diseases of the early inflammatory histology in the peripheral joints and in the cervical spine.3 It even prevailed for several decades after the discovery of rheumatoid factor and the observation that patients with “rheumatoid spondylitis” were almost uniformly seronegative.4 Other entities with both axial and peripheral arthritis, including Reiter's syndrome …
THE BLOOD AS GUIDE TO EARLY DIAGNOSIS IN LEAD POISONING
Authors: R. Craik
Journal: BMJ (1923)

THE rarity of embolism of a main arterial trunk as a com- plication of lobar pneumonia, and the unusual bacteriological findings on examination of the blood, prompt mne to make a record of this case.W. J., aged 39, an insured person who worked as a labourer in a tinplate works, on October 16th, 1922, felt chilly andl had a rigor after having been exposed to cold and getting wet through during a drinking bout.On October 17th 1 found him complaining of pain in the right side of the chest.The temperature was 1040, pulse 110, and the spuLtum was rusty.The right upper lobe was found to be the site of lobar pneumonia.All over the rest of the chest were signs of clronic bronchitis.Crisis occurred on the ninth day; at no time was there any real cause for anxiety, and apart from a soft systolic bruit at the apex there were no phy-sical signs or symptoms of any cardiac affection.After the crisis con- valescence was uneventful until the fourth dav, when he began coughing badlv, expectoration was profuse, the temperature was elevated, and sweating was marked.There were signs of brolnchitis over both lungs; over the prneumonic area in the right lung the