tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Does the ileocolonic junction differentiate between solids and liquids?
Authors: J Hammer, M Camilleri, S F Phillips, A Aggarwal, A M Haddad
Journal: Gut (1993)

Previous observations from our laboratory have suggested that colonic filling from the ileum is characterised by a series of bolus movements. The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that bolus transit of ileal contents into the colon would not distinguish between solids and liquids. After a manometric infusion assembly was positioned by mouth into the ileum of 13 healthy volunteers, a mixture of nutrients (75 kcal), incorporating a solid phase radiolabel (111In labeled resin pellets) and a liquid phase marker (99mTc-DTPA), was infused into the ileum. Transit of both labels from the ileum to colon was quantified scintigraphically and ileal motility was also recorded. When markers were infused into the proximal ileum, 100 cm proximal to the ileocolonic junction (six), there were clear cut examples of discriminant transit, when liquids moved more rapidly from the small to the large bowel than did solids. When isotopes were instilled into the distal ileum, less than 50 cm from the ileocolonic junction, no separate transit of the solid and liquid phases was observed. No specific motor pattern of the ileum was regularly associated with bolus filling of the colon. These results support the hypothesis that the distal ileum can discriminate between solids and liquids but that the ileocecal junction cannot.
Number of ambulances being turned away from full emergency departments increases by a quarter
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Labour has urged the government to suspend all planned closures of hospital emergency departments, citing more “evidence” of the strain they are under.

It published figures showing a jump of 24% in one year in the number of ambulances turned away from emergency departments that were full—from 287 in 2011-12 to 357 in 2012-13.

Labour said that in recent weeks, hospitals that had to send ambulances away to other units included Queen’s Hospital (Romford), Whipps Cross (Waltham Forest), Princess Royal (Bromley), Lewisham Hospital (south London), Northwick Park (Newham), and King George’s (Ilford).

Labour said that the diversions had occurred either …
Ultrasound. A new diagnostic approach to the jaundiced patient
Authors: M. B. Isikoff
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Evaluation of the jaundiced patient's condition frequently can be difficult. Clinical history, physical examination, liver function tests, and other laboratory data are often inconclusive in differentiating extrahepatic obstruction (surgical jaundice) form intrahepatic cholestasis (medical laundice). During a 14-month period, we have evaluated 40 cases of jaundice of unknown causes. Ultrasound was able to correctly diagnose pathologically proved extrahepatic obstruction in 23 of 24 patients and intrahepatic cholestasis in 15 of 16 patients. There was one false-positive and one false-negative result in this series.
A new two-dimensional echocardiographic technique for evaluating right ventricular size and performance in patients with obstructive lung disease.
Authors: M R Starling, M H Crawford, S G Sorensen, R A O'Rourke
Journal: Circulation (1982)

To compare two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic estimates of right ventricular size and performance to similar determinations from equilibrium radionuclide angiography (RNA) before and after isosorbide dinitrate, we evaluated 19 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes estimated from subcostal 2-D echocardiographic views of the right ventricle correlated with the RNA end-diastolic and end-systolic counts (r = 0.76 and 0.82, respectively). The 2-D echocardiographic and RNA right ventricular ejection fraction (EF) estimates also correlated (r = 0.80), and the average right ventricular EF measures of 42 +/- 11% and 40 +/- 12%, respectively, did not differ significantly. Nitrate administration produced a significant increase in heart rate (99 +/- 11 to 108 +/- 14 beats/min, p less than 0.001) and a decrease in systolic arterial pressure (139 +/- 23 to 120 +/- 22 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). Nitrates also significantly decreased the average 2-D echocardiographic end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (22 +/- 16% and 18 +/- 12%, p less than 0.001), as well as RNA end-diastolic and end-systolic counts (33 +/- 17% and 32 +/- 22%, p less than 0.001), but did not significantly decrease the average right ventricular EF values (4 +/- 12% and 4 +/- 24%, respectively). Nevertheless, after isosorbide dinitrate, the 2-D echocardiographic right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume estimates continued to correlate with the corresponding RNA count measures (r = 0.76 and 0.79, respectively), as did the 2-D echocardiographic and RNA right ventricular EF values (r = 0.75). We conclude that 2-D echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular size and performance is feasible in selected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and that 2-D echocardiographic measures of right ventricular size and performance compare favorably with similar determinations by RNA at rest and after nitrate administration.
Can UG and L1 be distinguished in L2 acquisition?
Authors: Ken Hale
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract The contribution to L2-acquisition which comes from UG is conceptually distinct from that which comes from L1 (or from L1 and L2 jointly), but it is difficult to tease the two apart. The workings of deep, core principles (e.g., locality and subjacency) are so massively evident in L1 and L2 as to be of questionable use in the search for the contribution which is purely of UG.
Primary adrenal adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Takeaki Tomoyose, Akitoshi Nagasaki, Jun‐Nosuke Uchihara, Shigeko Kinjo, Kimio Sugaya, Tomohiro Onaga, Kouichi Ohshima, Masato Masuda, Nobuyuki Takasu
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2007)

Abstract Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is very rare; the majority of cases reported previously were of B‐cell origin. We report a rare case of primary adrenal adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (primary adrenal ATLL). ATLL is a highly aggressive T‐cell type non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and etiologically associated with human T‐cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV‐1). Most ATLL patients present with leukemia and widespread lymphadenopathy. A 37‐year‐old Japanese woman presented with back pain in January 2004. Examination showed no peripheral lymphadenopathy, circulating lymphoma cells, hepatosplenomegaly, and skin lesions. Imaging studies demonstrated large adrenal masses bilaterally. Subsequently, she underwent open adrenal biopsy and pathological diagnosis was confirmed as T‐cell lymphoma. The serum antibody to HTLV‐1 was positive. Southern blot analysis detected monoclonal integration of proviral DNA of HTLV‐1 into host genome in the biopsy specimen. The diagnosis of ATLL arising in adrenal glands was established. Despite repeated systemic chemotherapy, the patient died of progressive disease in December 2004. ATLL could primarily involve the adrenal gland and this disease entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of adrenal mass lesions. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Gestational Age and Smoking Habits on the Risk of Subsequent Preterm Deliveries
Authors: Sven Cnattingius, Fredrik Granath, Gunnar Petersson, Bernard L. Harlow
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Previous preterm delivery and maternal smoking are associated with increased risks of preterm delivery. It is not known whether gestational age at the time of a preterm delivery is correlated with gestational age in successive preterm deliveries and whether changes in smoking habits influence the subsequent risk of preterm delivery.
Abstract 2506: Palomid 529, a PI3K/Akt/mTOR dual TORC1/2 inhibitor, is a radiosensitizer with effect in both subcutaneous and orthotopic U251 glioblastoma tumor xenograft models
Authors: David Cerna, Donna Carter, Siobhan Flaherty, Liang Cao, David Sherris, Stephen S. Yoo
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Palomid 529 (P529) is a small molecule drug created through three generations of computational design. P529 is an anti-tumor agent able to target and inhibit the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal transduction pathway, specifically as an allosteric dual TORC1/TORC2 inhibitor causing the dissociation of the TORC complexes. Furthermore, P529 has been shown to broadly inhibit cell lines of the NCI 60 cell screen, inhibit HIF-1α, and show tumor growth delay in murine tumor xenograft models. P529 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and show little or no effect of two transporters (P-gp and Bcrp1) in brain uptake of P529. Here we show that P529 has a more than additive radiation sensitizing activity inhibiting tumor growth in U251 glioblastoma tumor xenograft models both subcutaneous and orthotopic. P529 was administered in a dose-dependent manner at 25, 50 and 95 mg/kg oral dosing every day for 5 days with 4 Gy radiation given on day three. Tumor xenografts in both subcutaneous and orthotopic models were evaluated daily for tumor size or survival respectively up to 40 days post tumor implantation. P529 treatment alone showed marked decrease in tumor growth (subcutaneous) and increase in survival (orthotopic). With addition of radiation, there was a synergistic increase in activity of P529 on the inhibition of U251 tumor growth and survival. All in all, work described here provides evidence that P529 has activity as a radiosensitizer in murine models of glioblastoma and the possibility of efficacious activity in treatment of human patients under a novel mechanism of inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2506.
Effect of weight change and metformin on fibrinolysis and the von Willebrand factor in obese nondiabetic subjects: the BIGPRO1 Study. Biguanides and the Prevention of the Risk of Obesity.
Authors: M A Charles, P Morange, E Eschwège, P André, P Vague, I Juhan-Vague
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance is associated with hypofibrinolysis. Metformin has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and fibrinolysis. Its action on fibrinolysis and the von Willebrand factor was evaluated in the Biguanides and the Prevention of the Risk of Obesity (BIGPRO)1 trial in nondiabetic men (n = 151) and women (n = 306) aged between 34 and 65 years with a central fat distribution and a mean BMI of 32.5 kg/m2. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The subjects were randomly allocated to a 1-year treatment with metformin (850 mg b.i.d.) or placebo, in addition to diet and exercise recommendations. RESULTS: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) activity and antigen decreased significantly but similarly by 30 and 40%, respectively, in both the placebo and the metformin groups. This decrease occurred mainly in subjects who lost weight. Metformin did not have any significant additional effect on PAI-1. In contrast to the results for PAI-1, there was a significantly greater decrease in tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen in the metformin than in the placebo group (mean+/-SD: -1.1+/-3.1 vs. 0.2+/-3.2 ng/ml, P &amp;lt; 0.02). The von Willebrand factor (vWF) also decreased significantly more in the metformin group (-0.17+/-0.42 vs. -0.05+/-0.38 U/I, P &amp;lt; 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss was the main factor associated with the decrease in PAI-1, in accordance with the recent demonstration of production of PAI-1 by adipocytes. Metformin had a significant effect on two factors, tPA antigen and vWF, mainly secreted by the endothelial cells, which suggests an effect of the drug on the production or the metabolism of these two hemostatic proteins.
Sputum Biomarkers of Inflammation and Lung Function Decline in Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Scott D. Sagel, Brandie D. Wagner, Margaret M. Anthony, Peggy Emmett, Edith T. Zemanick
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Rationale: Progressive lung function decline is a defining feature of cystic fibrosis (CF). Because airway inflammation plays a central role in CF lung disease, inflammatory biomarkers that can be used to monitor disease activity would be valuable.Objectives: Examine longitudinal relationships between sputum biomarkers and lung function.Methods: In this prospective, longitudinal cohort study, sputum induction was performed annually over 3 years in 35 children with CF. Sputum was assayed for mediators related to proteolysis and a panel of inflammatory cytokines.Measurements and Main Results: Sputum neutrophil elastase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and TNF-α increased over time, whereas neutrophil elastase antiprotease complexes (NEAPCs) and secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) significantly decreased over time. Higher detectable baseline neutrophil elastase was associated with more rapid lung function decline. Similar results for neutrophil elastase were observed in a validation cohort. When categorizing subjects as “rapid” or “slow” decliners, logistic regression demonstrated that the initial measurement of neutrophil elastase had the highest individual predictive value for subsequent lung function decline, whereas neutrophil elastase, IL-8, and IL-6 had the highest combined predictive value. Lung function decline was associated with increases in neutrophil counts, neutrophil elastase, and IL-1β and declines in NEAPCs and SLPI.Conclusions: In children with CF, a single determination of sputum biomarkers, particularly neutrophil elastase, has predictive value for subsequent lung function decline, and longitudinal changes in sputum inflammatory biomarkers are related to lung function changes. Based on our results, sputum neutrophil elastase was the most informative biomarker to monitor disease activity.
Gene Expression Profiling in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Lars Bullinger, Peter J.M. Valk
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Over the last decades, significant advances have been made in the knowledge and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The WHO has recognized this new information by incorporating into its classification morphologic, immunophenotypic, genetic, and clinical features in an attempt to define biologically and clinically relevant entities. Nevertheless, well-defined cytogenetic subgroups exhibit considerable heterogeneity, and in many AML subtypes the pathogenic event is still not known. A classification system based on the underlying molecular pathogenetic abnormalities would be ideal, but such detailed knowledge is not yet available. Novel approaches in genomics, such as surveying the expression levels of thousands of genes in parallel using DNA microarray technology, open possibilities to further refine the studies on AML. Today, gene expression profiling in AML is becoming well established and has already been proven to be valuable in diagnosing different cytogenetic subtypes, discovering novel AML subclasses, and predicting clinical outcome. Recently, gene expression profiling studies in AML showed a remarkable level of concordance in findings, which may ultimately lead to an increasingly refined molecular taxonomy. While many challenges remain to be overcome, a combination of gene expression profiling with other microarray-based applications, high-throughput mutational analyses and proteomic approaches will not only significantly contribute to the classification and therapeutic decision making of AML, but also give important insights into the true pathobiologic nature of this type of leukemia.
Obesity and diabetes in TNF-alpha receptor- deficient mice.
Authors: S A Schreyer, S C Chua, R C LeBoeuf
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

TNF-alpha may play a role in mediating insulin resistance associated with obesity. This concept is based on studies of obese rodents and humans, and cell culture models. TNF elicits cellular responses via two receptors called p55 and p75. Our purpose was to test the involvement of TNF in glucose homeostasis using mice lacking one or both TNF receptors. C57BL/6 mice lacking p55 (p55(-)/-), p75, (p75(-)/-), or both receptors (p55(-)/-p75(-)/-) were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity. Marked fasting hyperinsulinemia was seen for p55(-)/-p75(-)/- males between 12 and 16 wk of feeding the high-fat diet. Insulin levels were four times greater than wild-type mice. In contrast, p55(-)/- and p75(-)/- mice exhibited insulin levels that were similar or reduced, respectively, as compared with wild-type mice. In addition, high-fat diet-fed p75(-)/- mice had the lowest body weights and leptin levels, and improved insulin sensitivity. Obese (db/db) mice, which are not responsive to leptin, were used to study the role of p55 in severe obesity. Male p55(-)/-db/db mice exhibited threefold higher insulin levels and twofold lower glucose levels at 20 wk of age than control db/db expressing p55. All db/db mice remained severely insulin resistant based on fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Our data do not support the concept that TNF, acting via its receptors, is a major contributor to obesity-associated insulin resistance. In fact, data suggest that the two TNF receptors work in concert to protect against diabetes.
696 BILE SALTS REGULATE THEIR SYNTHESIS BY INDUCING NITRIC OXIDE (NO) PRODUCTION IN HEPATOCYTES ALLOWING NITROSYLATION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF Cyp7a1 REPRESSOR COMPLEX PROTEINS
Authors: C.M. Rodriguez-Ortigosa, J. Celay, N. Juanarena, S. Arcelus, J.F. Medina, J. Prieto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Essentials of Human Anatomy
Authors: Ernest Lachman
Journal: JAMA (1965)

A third edition appearing only a few years after the original publication indicates the favorable acceptance of the author's approach to anatomy. Woodburne has poured the content of classical anatomy into a new and smaller vessel by a regional presentation which proceeds from the superficial to the deep, thus paralleling the dissection; yet by systemic headings, illustrations, and numerous crossreferences within each region, the book allows systemic integration in the mind of the student.  The work lives up to its title by covering concisely the essentials of human anatomy without being encyclopedic. An outstanding feature is the first chapter which presents general concepts in anatomy, arranged by body systems.  The new third edition reflects many improvements. More than 50 illustrations have been added, among them five new, fully labeled color plates and a number of radiographs; many drawings have been greatly improved by enlargement; a graded series of cross-sections has
Characteristics of Hori naevus: a prospective analysis
Authors: H.L. Ee, H.C. Wong, C.L. Goh, P. Ang
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Acquired, bilateral naevus of Ota-like macules or Hori naevus (HN) is a common dyschromia seen in Orientals. Other than the original report which documented the clinical spectrum in a group of 22 patients, there have not been many epidemiological reports of this condition.To evaluate the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of HN in Asian patients.A prospective analysis of 161 patients with HN seen from June 2003 to June 2004 was performed.All 161 patients in the study were women. Patients were Chinese (n = 155), Eurasian (n = 4), Malay (n = 1) and Indian (n = 1). The median age at onset was 30 years. The malar region was the most frequently affected area. Discrete brown macules were the most common early presentation. Confluent slate-grey macules occurred later. Aggravating factors included sun exposure and pregnancy. Sixty-seven patients reported a positive family history.We report our data on the largest series of HN in the literature so far. Predisposing factors in our study are Chinese race, female sex and positive family history. HN became progressively more confluent and grey over time, suggesting migration from the epidermis to the deeper dermis. More studies are needed to confirm the pathogenesis.
Infantile Overnutrition in the First Year of Life: A Field Study in Dudley, Worcestershire
Authors: A. Shukla, H. A. Forsyth, C. M. Anderson, S. M. Marwah
Journal: BMJ (1972)

A survey of feeding patterns and nutrient intake in relation to the growth of 300 normal infants up to 1 year of age in Dudley, Worcestershire, highlights a problem of overnutrition in the group; 50 (16·7%) were found to be suffering from infantile obesity and a further 83 (27·7%) were overweight. During the first three months of life the daily energy intakes of 136 cal/kg body weight for boys and 149 for girls were markedly greater than the level of 120/kg recommended by the Department of Health and Social Security. This coincided with the early addition of solid foods to a full milk intake. 119 babies (39·7%) were offered solids before they were 4 weeks old and 280 (93·3%) before 13 weeks of age. Some babies had solids from the first week after birth. Protein intake was persistently high throughout the first year, and the mean intake of 32·7 g/day was much greater than the intake of 20 g for infants aged up to 1 year recommended by the Department of Health. Standards for fat and carbohydrate intake are not available but in comparison with the levels reported in breast-fed babies intake of fat and carbohydrate was high in the first three months and came closer to the desired level for the former and remained slightly high for the latter in the subsequent age quarters. The relation of childhood and subsequent adult obesity to infant feeding patterns is not yet clear, but there is a high correlation between obese parents and obese and overweight babies; had these babies not been overfed the condition might have been prevented.
A DOUBLE TRIANGLE TOWEL SHOULDER-CAP
Authors: George David Cutler
Journal: JAMA (1923)

I have found the folded towel shoulder-cap here described useful to retain dressings on wounds of the shoulder, the axillary region and the groin. It has been used successfully as a shoulder-cap in combination with a swathe following operations on the breast, especially to complete the dressing of the operation wound following amputation of the breast and dissection of the axilla. A sterile towel measuring 18 by 36 inches is folded along the line<i>A C</i>. The folded towel is then placed over the shoulder so that the corner<i>B</i>falls back of the arm, and<i>D</i>, in front.<i>A</i>is tucked under the swathe posteriorly, and<i>C</i>, anteriorly. Safety pins are employed for fastening along the line of union of the shoulder-cap and the swathe. Corners<i>B</i>and<i>D</i>are then overlapped under the arm and pinned, finishing the dressing. A towel so folded has also been found useful
Methadone and Theories of Addiction-Reply
Authors: Vincent P. Dole
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply.—  Dr Fraser correctly points out that a major fraction of the methadone measured in blood plasma is unavailable for interaction with specific neuroreceptors because of nonspecific bindings to plasma proteins. A better index of effective concentration (although still imperfect since it does not allow for nonspecific, extravascular binding) would be the free methadone in plasma. Data relating the concentration of free methadone to clinical effect would indeed be welcome both for making prescriptions more precise and for analyzing the molecular basis of the clinical response. I hope Dr Fraser and other clinical chemists will be able to provide such data in the near future.  In the meantime, measurements of total methadone in plasma can reveal inadequacy of dose. If the clearance of methadone is exceptionally fast (eg, because of hyperactivity of the hepatic microsomal system), the circulating concentration can fall to a suboptimal level despite prescription of what