tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Maternal Arsenic Exposure and Impaired Glucose Tolerance during Pregnancy
Authors: Adrienne S. Ettinger, Ami R. Zota, Chitra J. Amarasiriwardena, Marianne R. Hopkins, Joel Schwartz, Howard Hu, Robert O. Wright
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Accumulating evidence has shown an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in general populations exposed to arsenic, but little is known about exposures during pregnancy and the association with gestational diabetes (GD).We studied 532 women living proximate to the Tar Creek Superfund Site to investigate whether arsenic exposure is associated with impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy.Blood glucose was measured between 24 and 28 weeks gestation after a 1-hr oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) as part of routine prenatal care. Blood and hair were collected at delivery and analyzed for arsenic using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell.Arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 24.1 microg/L (ppb) (mean +/- SD, 1.7 +/-1.5) and 1.1 to 724.4 ng/g (ppb) (mean +/- SD, 27.4 +/- 61.6) in blood and hair, respectively. One-hour glucose levels ranged from 40 to 284 mg/dL (mean +/- SD, 108.7 +/- 29.5); impaired glucose tolerance was observed in 11.9% of women when using standard screening criterion (> 140 mg/dL). Adjusting for age, Native-American race, prepregnancy body mass index, Medicaid use, and marital status, women in the highest quartile of blood arsenic exposure had 2.8 higher odds of impaired GTT than women in the lowest quartile of exposure (95% confidence interval, 1.1-6.9) (p-trend = 0.008).Among this population of pregnant women, arsenic exposure was associated with increased risk of impaired GTT at 24-28 weeks gestation and therefore may be associated with increased risk of GD.
Ebola: the hidden toll
Authors: Mary J Hamel, Laurence Slutsker
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2015)

The first anniversary of the west African Ebola epidemic has just passed. In Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, Ebola virus disease has resulted in more than 10 000 reported deaths while the virtual collapse of the countries' health-care systems has contributed to countless more. In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Patrick Walker and colleagues1 describe a mathematical model to estimate the effect of the ongoing Ebola disease epidemic on a less exotic and more familiar killer—malaria. The estimates are sobering, if not surprising: up to 10 900 additional malaria deaths in these three countries in 2014 can be attributed to the disruption of health-care services, with another 3900 attributed to lapses in the delivery of insecticide-treated bednets.
Uncontrolled allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis: where do we stand today?
Authors: P. W. Hellings, W. J. Fokkens, C. Akdis, C. Bachert, C. Cingi, D. Dietz de Loos, P. Gevaert, V. Hox, L. Kalogjera, V. Lund, J. Mullol, N. G. Papadopoulos, G. Passalacqua, C. Rondón, G. Scadding, M. Timmermans, E. Toskala, N. Zhang, J. Bousquet
Journal: Allergy (2012)

State-of-the-art documents like ARIA and EPOS provide clinicians with evidence-based treatment algorithms for allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), respectively. The currently available medications can alleviate symptoms associated with AR and RS. In real life, a significant percentage of patients with AR and CRS continue to experience bothersome symptoms despite adequate treatment. This group with so-called severe chronic upper airway disease (SCUAD) represents a therapeutic challenge. The concept of control of disease has only recently been introduced in the field of AR and CRS. In case of poor control of symptoms despite guideline-directed pharmacotherapy, one needs to consider the presence of SCUAD but also treatment-related, diagnosis-related and/or patient-related factors. Treatment-related issues of uncontrolled upper airway disease are linked with the correct choice of treatment and route of administration, symptom-oriented treatment and the evaluation of the need for immunotherapy in allergic patients. The diagnosis of AR and CRS should be reconsidered in case of uncontrolled disease, excluding concomitant anatomic nasal deformities, global airway dysfunction and systemic diseases. Patient-related issues responsible for the lack of control in chronic upper airway inflammation are often but not always linked with adherence to the prescribed medication and education. This review is an initiative taken by the ENT section of the EAACI in conjunction with ARIA and EPOS experts who felt the need to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of control in upper airway inflammation and stressing the unmet needs in this domain.
Myeloablation for Lymphoma — Question Answered?
Authors: Noel Milpied
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

The value of early myeloablative treatment of aggressive lymphoma in adults has been the subject of argument for many years. Before the addition of rituximab to the four-drug regimen known as CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone), a meta-analysis of randomized trials showed similar survival among patients undergoing up-front autologous stem-cell transplantation and those undergoing standard chemotherapy.1 At that time, outside clinical trials, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell support was recommended only for patients with primary refractory or relapsed aggressive lymphoma. The widespread use of CHOP plus rituximab (R-CHOP) chemotherapy has considerably improved overall survival rates among patients with diffuse . . .
JAMA relaxes requirements on industry sponsored studies
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA , will no longer require independent statistical analyses of industry sponsored studies by an academic biostatistician.

The journal adopted the requirement in 2005 “during a time when several high-profile trials had evidence of problems with data integrity, inappropriately conducted statistical analyses, and incomplete reporting of major findings,” wrote the journal’s editor, Howard Bauchner, in an editorial announcing the new policy posted …
PWE-071 Efficacy Of Infliximab As Second-line Biologic In Crohn’s Disease: Abstract PWE-071 Table 1
Authors: E Russo, R Hackett, S Campbell, JO Lindsay, PM Irving, TR Orchard
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> A common therapeutic strategy in events of failure of the first-line anti-TNFα biologic in Crohn’s Disease (CD) is to switch to another biologic agent from the same class. There is a significant body of evidence to support using adalimumab (ADA) as second-line therapy following infliximab (IFX) intolerance or loss of response. The aim of this study is to provide evidence around the use of IFX as second-line therapy in CD, an empirical strategy gaining popularity since both agents have recently been licensed as first line agents for moderate-to-severe CD. <h3>Methods</h3> Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) specialists from 5 hospitals were invited to contribute all suitable cases through a secure online questionnaire. Data was gathered on patient demographics, disease extent and behaviour, prior or concurrent therapies, duration and outcome of ADA and IFX therapy and reason for switching. Response to the biologic was determined using Physician’s Global Assessment (PGA) by each IBD specialist. <h3>Results</h3> Data on 28 patients (10 male) were gathered. Median duration of disease before starting biologics was 4.5years. Of the 19 patients on ongoing IFX, 5/19 (26%) are on monotherapy 11/19 (58%) are on concurrent immunomodulator 2/19 (11%)on concurrent mesalasine and 1/19(5%) are on concurrent steroids. 3 people discontinued IFX following an initial response due to hypersensitivity reaction (2/3) and due to conversion back to ADA due to patient preference (1/3). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Using ADA as first-line and IFX second-line for ADA failures is a successful and safe strategy in patients with moderate-to-severe CD. <h3>Reference</h3> Sandborn WJ. <i>Ann Intern Med</i>. Jun 19;2007;146(12):829–38 <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> E. Russo Grant/research support from: GSK, R. Hackett: None Declared, S. Campbell Grant/research support from: MSD. Abbvie, J. Lindsay Grant/research support from: MSD, Abbvie, Consultant for: MSD, Abbvie, Tadeka, P. Irving Consultant for: Abbvie, MSD, T. Orchard Grant/research support from: Johnson and Johnson, Consultant for: Abbvie, Ferring, MSD, Takeda, Vifor, Warner Chilcott.
HEMOSTATIC SCALP CLIP
Authors: Alfred W. Adson
Journal: JAMA (1933)

The time-consuming procedure of opening and closing in craniotomy has not been improved to the same degree as have diagnostic methods and surgical treatment of cerebral neoplasms. Many methods for the control of hemorrhage from the scalp have been employed, but still there remains ample opportunity for additional aids. The scalp tourniquet was not practicable, for it was difficult to hold it in place during the operation, and it could not always be placed so as to control the hemorrhage. The running lock stitch served its place for hemostasis, but again it was unsatisfactory, for it required additional time to sew it in place; often it failed to control hemorrhage, and more often it devitalized the cut edge of the scalp. The scalp clamps, if properly applied, controlled the bleeding from the cut edges of the scalp, but they frequently crushed the edges of the scalp, besides cluttering the wound
Reply to C.J. Shukla, Dylan Edwards and Krishna K. Sethia’s Letter to the Editor re: Anja Rabien, Mick Burkhardt, Monika Jung, Florian Fritzsche, Martin Ringsdorf, Hanka Schicktanz, Stefan A. Loening, Glen Kristiansen and Klaus Jung. Decreased RECK Expression Indicating Proteolytic Imbalance in Prostate Cancer is Associated with Higher Tumor Aggressiveness and Risk of Prostate-Specific Antigen Relapse after Radical Prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2007;51:1259–66
Authors: Anja Rabien, Monika Jung, Florian Fritzsche, Bettina Erguen, Klaus Jung, Glen Kristiansen
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Agriculture Alters Gonadal Form and Function in the Toad <i>Bufo marinus</i>
Authors: Krista A. McCoy, Lauriel J. Bortnick, Chelsey M. Campbell, Heather J. Hamlin, Louis J. Guillette, Colette M. St. Mary
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Many agricultural contaminants disrupt endocrine systems of wildlife. However, evidence of endocrine disruption in wild amphibians living in agricultural areas has been controversial. Typically, studies on the effects of pollutants on wildlife attempt to compare polluted with unpolluted sites.We took a novel approach to address this question by explicitly quantifying the relationship between gonadal abnormalities and habitats characterized by differing degrees of agricultural activity.We quantified the occurrence of gonadal abnormalities and measures of gonadal function in at least 20 giant toads (Bufo marinus) from each of five sites that occur along a gradient of increasing agricultural land use from 0 to 97%.The number of abnormalities and frequency of intersex gonads increased with agriculture in a dose-dependent fashion. These gonadal abnormalities were associated with altered gonadal function. Testosterone, but not 17beta-estradiol, concentrations were altered and secondary sexual traits were either feminized (increased skin mottling) or demasculinized (reduced forearm width and nuptial pad number) in intersex toads. Based on the end points we examined, female morphology and physiology did not differ across sites. However, males from agricultural areas had hormone concentrations and secondary sexual traits that were intermediate between intersex toads and non-agricultural male toads. Skin coloration at the most agricultural site was not sexually dimorphic; males had female coloration.Steroid hormone concentrations and secondary sexual traits correlate with reproductive activity and success, so affected toads likely have reduced reproductive success. These reproductive abnormalities could certainly contribute to amphibian population declines occurring in areas exposed to agricultural contaminants.
Lifelines to a sinking cause
Authors: H. Dieter Steklis
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Rose's attack on ultra-Darwinists' and evolutionary psychologists' accounts of human behavior fails, largely because he does not offer a viable alternative. His “lifelines” view of organismic development is essentially an epigenetic one that few sociobiologists would disagree with, Rose seeks to disempower genes where human behavior is concerned, despite contrary neurogenetic evidence and at odds with the implications of his own lifelines view. He attempts to discredit biological determinist accounts by suggesting that their research program is politically motivated, while ignoring the scientific viability and novel insights such research has yielded.
C-Type Lectin Receptors Dectin-3 and Dectin-2 Form a Heterodimeric Pattern-Recognition Receptor for Host Defense against Fungal Infection
Authors: Le-Le Zhu, Xue-Qiang Zhao, Changying Jiang, Yun You, Xiao-Ping Chen, Yuan-Ying Jiang, Xin-Ming Jia, Xin Lin
Journal: Immunity (2013)
Defining Scientific Misconduct
Authors: Rebecca Dresser
Journal: JAMA (1993)

HARDLY a month goes by without word from the science journalists of another alleged "research scandal." The reports are a product of the increased awareness that scientists, subject to normal human frailties, sometimes place self-interest and convenience above the painstaking disinterestedness good research demands. They also reflect the growing acknowledgment that traditional safeguards of replication and peer review are insufficient in the contemporary research climate. Today, scientists, institutional administrators, and government officials subject the research process to unprecedented scrutiny in an effort to detect, For editorial comment see p 915. investigate, penalize, and prevent behavior that unacceptably departs from scientific standards. After over a decade of extensive debate and analysis, however, an adequate definition of the targeted behavior has yet to emerge. There is a disturbing lack of clarity regarding the specific conduct that ought to be the focus of professional, institutional, and government attention. This lack of clarity has
Recovery From Postpartum Cardiomyopathy in 2 Patients by Blocking Prolactin Release With Bromocriptine
Authors: Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner, Gerd Peter Meyer, Elisabeth Schieffer, Britta Goldmann, Edith Podewski, Ingrid Struman, Philipp Fischer, Helmut Drexler
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2007)
The kinetics of CD4+Foxp3+ T cell accumulation during a human cutaneous antigen-specific memory response in vivo
Authors: Milica Vukmanovic-Stejic, Elaine Agius, Nicola Booth, Padraic J. Dunne, Katie E. Lacy, John R. Reed, Toni O. Sobande, Steven Kissane, Mike Salmon, Malcolm H. Rustin, Arne N. Akbar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) Tregs (nTregs) are highly proliferative in blood. However, the kinetics of their accumulation and proliferation during a localized antigen-specific T cell response is currently unknown. To explore this, we used a human experimental system whereby tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) was injected into the skin and the local T cell response analyzed over time. The numbers of both CD4(+)Foxp3(-) (memory) and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) (putative nTreg) T cells increased in parallel, with the 2 populations proliferating at the same relative rate. In contrast to CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cell populations, skin CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells expressed typical Treg markers (i.e., they were CD25(hi), CD127(lo), CD27(+), and CD39(+)) and did not synthesize IL-2 or IFN-gamma after restimulation in vitro, indicating that they were not recently activated effector cells. To determine whether CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells in skin could be induced from memory CD4(+) T cells, we expanded skin-derived memory CD4(+) T cells in vitro and anergized them. These cells expressed high levels of CD25 and Foxp3 and suppressed the proliferation of skin-derived responder T cells to PPD challenge. Our data therefore demonstrate that memory and CD4(+) Treg populations are regulated in tandem during a secondary antigenic response. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate effector CD4(+) T cell populations from inflamed tissues and manipulate them to generate Tregs with the potential to suppress inflammatory responses.
ATP8B1 requires an accessory protein for endoplasmic reticulum exit and plasma membrane lipid flippase activity
Authors: Coen C. Paulusma, Dineke E. Folmer, Kam S. Ho-Mok, Rudi D. de Waart, Petra M. Hilarius, Arthur J. Verhoeven, Ronald P. J. Oude Elferink
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Mutations in ATP8B1 cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 1. Previously, we have shown in mice that Atp8b1 deficiency leads to enhanced biliary excretion of phosphatidylserine, and we hypothesized that ATP8B1 is a flippase for phosphatidylserine. However, direct evidence for this function is still lacking. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, members of the Cdc50p/Lem3p family are essential for proper function of the ATP8B1 homologs. We have studied the role of two human members of this family, CDC50A and CDC50B, in the routing and activity of ATP8B1. When only ATP8B1 was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, the protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Coexpression with CDC50 proteins resulted in relocalization of ATP8B1 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. Only when ATP8B1 was coexpressed with CDC50 proteins was a 250%-500% increase in the translocation of fluorescently labeled phosphatidylserine observed. Importantly, natural phosphatidylserine exposure in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane was reduced by 17%-25% in cells coexpressing ATP8B1 and CDC50 proteins in comparison with cells expressing ATP8B1 alone. The coexpression of ATP8B1 and CDC50A in WIF-B9 cells resulted in colocalization of both proteins in the canalicular membrane.Our data indicate that CDC50 proteins are pivotal factors in the trafficking of ATP8B1 to the plasma membrane and thus may be essential determinants of ATP8B1-related disease. In the plasma membrane, ATP8B1 functions as a flippase for phosphatidylserine. Finally, CDC50A may be the potential beta-subunit or chaperone for ATP8B1 in hepatocytes.
[220] INTRAVENOUS ALBUMIN IS NOT NECESSARY IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS AND LOW-RISK OF MORTALITY
Authors: M. Casas, G. Soriano, E. Ayala, C. Guarner-Argente, I. Ordas, J. Merce, J. Balanzo, C. Guarner
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
The elephant in the room?
Authors: A. A Pierry
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Egg-laying in <i>Drosophila</i> is the product of post-mating physiological and behavioural changes that culminate in a stereotyped sequence of actions. While egg-laying behaviour has been mostly used as a system to understand the neuronal basis of decision making in the context of site selection, it harbours a great potential as a paradigm to uncover how, once a site is selected, the appropriate motor circuits are organized and activated to deposit an egg. To study this programme, we first describe the different stages of the egg-laying programme and the specific actions associated with each stage. Using a combination of neuronal activation and silencing experiments we characterize the role of three distinct neuronal populations in the abdominal ganglion with different contributions to the egg deposition motor elements. Specifically, we identify a subset of glutamatergic neurons and a subset of cholinergic neurons that promote the initiation and completion of egg expulsion respectively, while a subset of GABAergic neurons suppresses egg-laying. This study provides insight into the organization of neuronal circuits underlying complex motor behaviour.
Cell adhesion molecules
Authors: P. Murray, G Frampton, P. Nelson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Cell adhesion molecules were first identified through their ability to allow cells to adhere to each other and to the extracellular matrix. We now know, however, that this group of cell surface receptors not only promotes adhesion but also allows cells to interact and communicate with each other and their environment and, in doing so, regulates a range of cell functions, including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. A theme issue of Molecular Pathology , published this month, provides an opportunity to review work on cell adhesion, including its application to clinical practice.

There are at least five groups of cell adhesion molecules: integrins, selectins, adhesion molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, cadherins, and the CD44 family. All cell adhesion molecules bind to other cells or matrix components through their interaction with appropriate counter-structures, referred to as a ligands. In some cases the ligands are themselves adhesion molecules, as is the case with the selectin family, whose ligands are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and vice versa.

Cell adhesion molecules are critical to many normal physiological processes During embryogenesis, for example, the differential expression of adhesion molecules is responsible for the selective association of embryonic cells into specific tissues, and in the immune system adhesion molecules mediate the migration and homing of lymphocytes to specific tissues. Given their widespread importance it is not surprising that cell adhesion …
876. Development of a Novel Adenovirus-Alphavirus Hybrid Vector Providing High Efficacy and Safety in the Treatment of Liver Cancer
Authors: Min Guan, Cristian Smerdou, Juan R. Rodriguez-Madoz, M. Gabriela Kramer, Stefan Kochanek, Jesus Prieto, Cheng Qian
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Background & Aims: An ideal viral vector for cancer gene therapy should be able to infect tumors with high efficiency, provide high level of transgene expression specifically in tumors and selectively destroy tumor cells. In order to design such a vector for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) we took advantage of 1) the high infectivity of adenoviruses for hepatic cells, 2) the high level of protein expression and pro-apoptotic properties that characterize alphavirus replicons and 3) tumor selectivity provided by alpha fetoprotein (AFP) promoter.
Methylcellulose-Induced Regression of Murphy-Sturm Lymphosarcoma in the Rat
Authors: Allan Lazar, Zdenek Hruban, Agris Slesers, Diane Lazar
Journal: JAMA (1963)

METHYLCELLULOSE (MC) is a long-chain polymer, a methyl ether of cellulose which forms a colloidal suspension. It is not absorbed from the alimentary tract. After intraperitoneal or intravascular injection of amounts comparable to those used in this study, the following changes are among those which have been observed: hypersplenism and hemolytic anemia<sup>1</sup>; a nephrotic-like syndrome due to renal damage induced by MC<sup>2</sup>; increase in circulating gamma globulin due to the appearance of a new gamma globulin fraction<sup>1</sup>; decrease in hemolysin formation<sup>1</sup>; and storage of large amounts of MC in endothelial cells of glomeruli and macrophages, especially in the spleen and liver. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> Nonlittermate male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing from 300 to 360 gm were divided into groups which averaged 340- to 350-gm. All animals were on laboratory rat chow diet and water ad libitum throughout the studies. The subcutaneous transplantation of the lymphosarcoma and