tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hypotheses to explain the higher symptom rates observed around hazardous waste sites.
Authors: R Neutra, J Lipscomb, K Satin, D Shusterman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Five studies were carried out around hazardous waste sites in California in which the main route of exposure was to low-level parts per billion concentrations of either gaseous emissions or airborne dust particles. Although there was no evidence suggesting excesses in cancer or birth defects, the total number and the prevalence of many of subjective symptoms were higher in areas near the site than in control neighborhoods. We discuss a number of causal processes that could explain these results. We conclude that a classical toxicological response and mass psychogenic illness are not valid explanations. Recall bias may explain part of the pattern. We present data from situations where stress alone from environmental anxiety has produced a similar magnitude of excess symptoms in populations. The fact that excess symptoms in waste site neighbors is found primarily in those who complain of odors or who are worried about environmental chemicals suggests the possibility that autonomic, stress-mediated mechanisms or behavioral sensitization are active in the genesis of these symptoms. A variety of confounders were controlled for. The hypothesis that chemically "acquired immune deficiency" can cause subtle symptomatology as a prodrome to subsequent serious disease has been raised in testimony at several toxic tort trials about waste sites. Although this hypothesis seems unlikely, particularly at sites such as the ones we studied with low airborne exposures, if true it would have profound regulatory implications.
THE AFTER-HISTORY OF HEALED SURGICAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: E. D. Telford
Journal: BMJ (1930)

I ETDII JBOUN had secondary Graves's disease, w-ere iiot seriously ill, and imaproved rapidly under treatmienlt; the remainiing eight weere youncm femiales (average age 26 years) with primary-Graves's disease, who either iml)roved rapidly withl treat- ment, or were in such domiiestic and financial circumstances as to allow of proloniged rest ulnder supervision.In onie of tlhemn the resuilt could nlot be called " good " unitil as loing as six years aftel commencing treatmenit, anid as long as eleven years fromii the onset of the disease.
Scoop-stretcher "sandwich": method of turning patients with spinal injuries.
Authors: R L Herbert, K Hines, R Winch, T Booker
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Calcitonin for multiple fractures in Paget's disease Paget's disease of bone -often causes pathological fracture,' though Paget made no mention of this complication in his original treatise.Multiple fractures may occur, and some measure of their incidence may be gauged from a series of femoral fractures secondary to Paget's disease described by Barry.-:Thirteen out of 73 patients had two femoral fractures, and four had at intervals sustained three fractures of the same femur.We describe here a particularly florrid case of Paget's disease with multiple fractures, for which calcitonin was prescribed. Case reportA 73-year-old woman presented with a week's history of a painful right hip and no history of injury.Radiographs showed Paget's disease of the pelvis and femora with a virtually undisplaced transverse fracture of the proximal right femoral shaft.Within the previous two years she had sustained a left subtrochanteric and a right intertrochanteric fracture secondary to Paget's disease.Both had been treated with internal fixation, with a subsequent incisional infection on the right.The underlying metal implant was removed late, after the fracture had united.The presenting right femoral shaft fracture was initially treated con- servatively by immobilisation, but while lifting herself in bed the patient sustained a pathological mid-shaft fracture of the left clavicle.To improve the patient's mobility the femoral fracture was internally fixed with a compression plate, and at surgery the bone was found to be soft and vascular.A spontaneous supracondylar fracture of the same femur occurred soon after operation, this being the third pathological fracture within three weeks.The leg was immobilised in a plaster-of-Paris cylinder.Serum alkaline phosphatase concentration was raised (1750 IU/1), and because of this florrid clinical and biochemical presentation treatment of the Paget's disease was started with salmon calcitonin 100 MRC units daily.The alkaline phosphatase fell dramatically and the subsequent calcitonin dosage was titrated to its fluc- tuations (see figure).The serum calcium was normal and after a fall at the onset of treatment remained within the normal range.Seven weeks after the femoral fracture the knee was mobilised, and at 10 weeks the patient started full weight bearing.No further fractures occurred in the next two years, despite the fact that the patient once had a fall that caused an effusion into the right knee.The calcitonin was discontinued after 10 months of treatment, and since that time two further short courses have been given with benefit for pelvic girdle pain.17 50Alkaline phosphatase
Direct Measurement of Three-dimensionally Reconstructed Flow Convergence Surface Area and Regurgitant Flow in Aortic Regurgitation
Authors: Takahiro Shiota, Michael Jones, Alain Delabays, Xiaokui Li, Izumi Yamada, Masahiro Ishii, Philippe Acar, Scott Holcomb, Natesa G. Pandian, David J. Sahn
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Evaluation of flow convergence (FC) with two-dimensional (2D) imaging systems may not be sufficiently accurate to characterize these often asymmetric, complex phenomena. The aim of this study was to validate a three-dimensional (3D) method for determining the severity of aortic regurgitation (AR) in an experimental animal model. Methods and Results In six sheep with surgically induced chronic AR, 20 hemodynamically different states were studied. Instantaneous regurgitant flow rates were obtained by aortic and pulmonary electromagnetic flow meters. Video composite data of color Doppler flow mapping images were transferred into a TomTec computer after computer-controlled 180° rotational acquisition. Direct measurement of the 3D reconstructed FC surface areas as well as measurements of FC areas estimated with 2D methods with hemispherical and hemielliptical assumptions were performed, and values were multiplied by the aliasing velocity to obtain peak regurgitant flow rates. There was better agreement between 3D and electromagnetically derived flow rates than there was between the 2D and the reference values ( r =.94, y =1.0 x− 0.16, difference=0.02 L/min for the 3D method; r =.80, y =1.6 x −0.3, difference=1.2 L/min for the 2D hemispherical method; r =.75, y =0.90 x +0.2, difference=−0.20 L/min for the 2D hemielliptical method). Conclusions Without any geometrical assumption, the 3D method provided better delineation of the FC zones and direct measurements of FC surface areas, permitting more accurate quantification of the severity of AR than the 2D methods.
Tampon absorbency may 'culture' bacteria
Authors: Katie Baer
Journal: JAMA (1982)

A possible breakthrough in determining why Rely brand tampons were associated with a greater risk of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was reported recently by two New York City microbiologists.  Bruce A. Hanna, PhD, reported that he and colleague Philip Tierno, PhD, found that several characteristics of Rely combine to form an ideal growth substrate forStaphylococcus aureus, the causative organism for TSS.  First of all, a bacterial enzyme normally present in the vagina (β-glucosidase) breaks down Rely's superabsorbent material carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to produce glucose, Hanna toldJAMAMEDICAL NEWS.  In a laboratory experiment, the microbiologist inoculated Rely CMC with a small amount of β-glucosidase and a toxigenic strain ofS aureus. After 18 hours, we were able to get a two log increase in growth, he said.  Hanna, director of clinical microbiology at Bellevue Hospital, presented his and Tierno's findings at a recent meeting of the New York City branch
Activation of the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation in patients with chronic urticaria
Authors: Riccardo Asero, Alberto Tedeschi, Raffaella Coppola, Samantha Griffini, Paolo Paparella, Piersandro Riboldi, Angelo V. Marzano, Daniele Fanoni, Massimo Cugno
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Perinatal mortality and other severe adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: meta-analysis
Authors: M Arbyn, M Kyrgiou, C Simoens, A O Raifu, G Koliopoulos, P Martin-Hirsch, W Prendiville, E Paraskevaidis
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Objective</b> To assess the relative risk of perinatal mortality, severe preterm delivery, and low birth weight associated with previous treatment for precursors of cervical cancer. <b>Data sources</b> Medline and Embase citation tracking from January 1960 to December 2007. <b>Selection criteria</b> Eligible studies had data on severe pregnancy outcomes for women with and without previous treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Considered outcomes were perinatal mortality, severe preterm delivery (&lt;32/34 weeks), extreme preterm delivery (&lt;28/30 weeks), and low birth weight (&lt;2000 g, &lt;1500 g, and &lt;1000 g). Excisional and ablative treatment procedures were distinguished. <b>Results</b> One prospective cohort and 19 retrospective studies were retrieved. Cold knife conisation was associated with a significantly increased risk of perinatal mortality (relative risk 2.87, 95% confidence interval 1.42 to 5.81) and a significantly higher risk of severe preterm delivery (2.78, 1.72 to 4.51), extreme preterm delivery (5.33, 1.63 to 17.40), and low birth weight of &lt;2000 g (2.86, 1.37 to 5.97). Laser conisation, described in only one study, was also followed by a significantly increased chance of low birth weight of &lt;2000 g and &lt;1500 g. Large loop excision of the transformation zone and ablative treatment with cryotherapy or laser were not associated with a significantly increased risk of serious adverse pregnancy outcomes. Ablation by radical diathermy was associated with a significantly higher frequency of perinatal mortality, severe and extreme preterm delivery, and low birth weight below 2000 g or 1500 g. <b>Conclusions</b> In the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cold knife conisation and probably both laser conisation and radical diathermy are associated with an increased risk of subsequent perinatal mortality and other serious pregnancy outcomes, unlike laser ablation and cryotherapy. Large loop excision of the transformation zone cannot be considered as completely free of adverse outcomes.
Recurrent haematuria in 17 children.
Authors: G. C. Arneil, C. N. Lam, A. M. McDonald, M. McDonald
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Haematuria is a common presenting symptom in paediatric practice.Alarming to both parents and doctors, it is even more so when recurrent.Children with the recurrent complaint tend to be subjected to extensive urological investigations, prolonged restrictions of activity, and special diets.Harrison and his colleagues (1966) regarded glomerulonephritis as the com- monest cause of non-traumatic haematuria in children of all age groups and most prevalent between 5 and 10 years.This study investigates the clinical, morphological, and functional features in a group of children with recurrent haematuria. Material and MethodsA total of 58 children with haematuria not due to clinical acute glomerulitis were admitted to the medical wards of the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, in the six-year period 1962-7.The great majority of these ceased to have further episodes and were not included in this study.Eleven boys and six girls with recurrent haematuria underwent renal biopsy.The age at onset of their haematuria varied from 3 to 10 years.Each child was followed up to July 1968, the longest period being seven years and the shortest one year.The mean follow-up period is four years.Percutaneous renal biopsy was carried out at least once on each child under general anaesthesia with the use of a modified Vim-Silverman needle.The core of renal tissue obtained was fixed in formal saline, embedded in paraffin, cut in thin sec- tions, and stained by haematoxylin and eosin, periodic-acid Schiff (P.
Evaluation of Heart Rate Turbulence Parameters According to Localization of Infarction in Patients with ST-elevation MI who Underwent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Özge Özcan Abacıoğlu, Harun Kılıç, Ramazan Akdemir, Ekrem Yeter, Mustafa Gökhan Vural, Sadık Açıkel
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Nasal carriage of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in house dust mite allergic patients and healthy controls
Authors: H. Riechelmann, A. Essig, T. Deutschle, A. Rau, B. Rothermel, M. Weschta
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Background: Staphylococcal colonization may influence the course of allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis. The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) nasal carriage and its possible influence on persistent allergic rhinitis was investigated. Methods: In nasal lavages from 22 patients with house dust mite allergy and 18 healthy controls, the number of SA colony forming units per ml were assessed and related to nasal symptom scores, the concentrations of three inflammatory cell activation markers, nasal total IgE and 17 cytokines in nasal secretions. Results: SA was found in 15/22 allergic patients and 4/18 controls ( P &lt; 0.01). Comparing allergic SA carriers with allergic noncarriers, nasal symptom scores tended to be higher ( P &lt; 0.1), and the cell activation markers ECP (10 2.23±0.33 vs 10 1.45±0.50 ng/ml; P &lt; 0.05) and elastase (10 2.70±0.21 vs 10 2.12±0.34 ng/ml; P &lt; 0.01), and nasal total IgE‐levels (10 1.66±0.38 vs 10 1.2±0.28 kU/ml; P &lt; 0.05) were significantly higher in allergic SA carriers. Nasal SA carriers had a higher nasal IL‐13/IFN‐ γ ratio ( P &lt; 0.01), and this was correlated with higher nasal total IgE in allergic patients ( r = 0.6, P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Nasal SA carriage is frequent in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis. The data of this study suggest that they are not only secondary bystanders, but actively modulate the disease by promoting local IgE production.
High infusion rate of isoproterenol in patients with atrial fibrillation: frequent evidence of firing from multiple veins
Authors: Eduardo Saad, Nassir F. Marrouche, Thomas Dresing, Christopher Cole, Krysztof Balaban, Mina Chung, Dianna Bash, Eduardo Saad, Andrea Natale
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Social responsibility and research ethics in community-driven studies of industrialized hog production.
Authors: Steve Wing
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Environmental health research can document exposures and health effects that result from inequitable relationships between communities of low income or people of color and the institutions that derive benefits (profits, federal and state funding or services, avoidance of wastes) from activities and policies that burden these communities. Researchers, most of whom work in relatively privileged institutions, are placed in situations of conflicting loyalties if they conduct research in collaboration with, or on behalf of, communities burdened by environmental injustices. These conflicts can threaten the self-interest of researchers and may raise social and ethical issues that do not typically arise in research projects that respond to the agendas of institutions. This article describes how we addressed issues of research ethics and social responsibility in environmental health research on industrialized hog production in North Carolina. Researchers and institutional review boards are not well prepared to address ethical issues when interests of entire communities, as well as individual research participants, are involved. Community-driven research partnerships can help address problems in research ethics and can enhance the social responsibility of researchers and their institutions.
Regulator challenges government about instructions to foundation hospitals
Authors: Nicholas Timmins
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A battle has broken out about the operational independence of foundation trusts—one that goes to the heart of the government’s NHS reforms.

The argument has arisen after the Department of Health wrote to all hospitals, including foundation trusts, telling them to appoint extra matrons, to undertake “deep cleans” of hospitals, and to take other measures announced by ministers at the time of the Labour’s party conference to tackle infections acquired by patients in hospitals.

William Moyes, chairman of Monitor, the foundation trust regulator, has protested that such instructions amount to a return by the Department of Health to line management of foundation …
Renal protective effect of enalapril in diabetic nephropathy.
Authors: S. Bjorck, H. Mulec, S. A. Johnsen, G. Norden, M. Aurell
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVE--To determine whether inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme can reduce the rate of decline in kidney function more than reducing blood pressure with other antihypertensive treatment. DESIGN--Prospective, open randomised study lasting a mean of 2.2 years in patients with diabetic nephropathy. SETTING--Three outpatient nephrology clinics. PATIENTS--40 patients with insulin dependent diabetes and diabetic nephropathy with reduced renal function. INTERVENTION--Antihypertensive treatment with enalapril or metoprolol, usually combined with frusemide. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate measured as chromium-51 edetic acid clearance. RESULTS--Glomerular filtration rate declined a mean of 2.0 (SD 3.2) ml/min/year in the group given enalapril and 5.6 (5.9) ml/min/year in the control group. The mean arterial blood pressure during the study was 102 (5) mm Hg in the patients given enalapril and 103 (5) mm Hg in the patients given metoprolol. Urinary albumin excretion during treatment with enalapril was 60% lower than during treatment with metoprolol. CONCLUSIONS--Enalapril has an antiproteinuric effect independent of the effect on systemic blood pressure. Treatment with enalapril can reduce the rate of decline in kidney function in patients with diabetic nephropathy more than equally effective antihypertensive treatment with metoprolol. This points to a specific renal protective effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy.
Sortilin associates with Trk receptors to enhance anterograde transport and neurotrophin signaling
Authors: Christian B Vaegter, Pernille Jansen, Anja W Fjorback, Simon Glerup, Sune Skeldal, Mads Kjolby, Mette Richner, Bettina Erdmann, Jens R Nyengaard, Lino Tessarollo, Gary R Lewin, Thomas E Willnow, Moses V Chao, Anders Nykjaer
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2010)
Temporal Changes in Resting Heart Rate and Deaths From Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Javaid Nauman, Imre Janszky, Lars J. Vatten, Ulrik Wisløff
Journal: JAMA (2011)

<h3>Context</h3>Resting heart rate (RHR) has long been recognized as an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. However, whether temporal changes in RHR influence the risk of death from ischemic heart disease (IHD) in the general population is not known.<h3>Objective</h3>To assess the association of long-term longitudinal changes in RHR with the risk of dying from IHD.<h3>Design, Settings, and Participants</h3>A prospective cohort study of 13 499 men and 15 826 women without known cardiovascular disease in Norway. Resting heart rate was measured on 2 occasions around 10 years apart in the Nord-Trøndelag County Health Study. The second RHR measurement was obtained between August 1995 and June 1997, with subsequent mortality follow-up until December 31, 2008. A total of 60 participants were lost to follow-up, all due to emigration from Norway. Using Cox regression analyses, adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) were estimated of death from IHD related to changes in RHR over time. In a corresponding analysis, death from all causes also was assessed.<h3>Results</h3>During a mean (SD) of 12 (2) years of follow-up, 3038 people died, and 388 deaths were caused by IHD. An increase in RHR was associated with increased risk of death from IHD. Compared with participants with a RHR of less than 70 beats/min at both measurements (8.2 deaths/10 000 person-years), the AHR was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.0-3.6) for participants with a RHR of less than 70 beats/min at the first measurement but greater than 85 beats/min at the second measurement (17.2 deaths/10 000 person-years). For participants with RHRs between 70 and 85 beats/min at the first measurement and greater than 85 beats/min at the second measurement (17.4 deaths/10 000 person-years), the AHR was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2-2.8). The association of change in RHR with IHD mortality was not linear (P = .003 for quadratic trend), suggesting that a decrease in RHR showed no general mortality benefit. Excluding the first 3 years of follow-up did not substantially alter the findings. The associations for total mortality were similar but generally weaker than those observed for IHD mortality.<h3>Conclusion</h3>Among men and women without known cardiovascular disease, an increase in RHR over a 10-year period was associated with increased risk of death from IHD and also for all-cause mortality.
The management of tennis elbow
Authors: J. Orchard, A. Kountouris
Journal: BMJ (2011)

#### Summary points

Tennis elbow is a tendinopathy of the common extensor origin (fig 1⇓) of the lateral elbow. Although the pathology is in the elbow region, patients present with gradual onset of pain on extension movements of the wrist and fingers and supination of the forearm. The condition was formerly known as “lateral epicondylitis.” Because the pathology is no longer thought to be inflammatory, the “itis” suffix is a misnomer,1 2 and it is more accurately described as a partially reversible but degenerative overuse-underuse tendinopathy. Because of the length of this term, most clinicians prefer to use the informal name “tennis elbow.” The condition is usually easy to diagnose on clinical presentation (imaging is rarely needed to exclude coexisting elbow joint pathology) but much harder to cure. The clinical features are tenderness at the lateral epicondyle, normal elbow range of motion, and pain on resisted movements (particularly resisted third finger extension). If the elbow’s range of motion is restricted, other diagnoses should be considered because the loss of range suggests joint pathology.

#### Sources and selection criteria

We performed a search of PubMed and SPORTDiscus for the terms “tennis elbow” and “lateral epicondl*” and extracted what we thought were the most valid reviews and trials of …
Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by Epstein-Barr virus infection
Authors: R. Verdolini, L. Bugatti, M. Giangiacomi, M. Nicolini, G. Filosa, R. Cerio
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

We report a 22‐year‐old woman who developed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) immediately after an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐induced mononucleosis infection. The link between these two conditions has long been suspected. The close temporal relationship, the course of the pathological events and the development of immunological changes in this case provide further evidence supporting the hypothesis that EBV infection could work as a trigger in some cases of SLE, particularly if the patient is genetically susceptible.