tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increase and decrease of delayed cutaneous reactions obtained by hypnotic suggestions during sensitization Studies on dinitrochlorobenzene and diphenylcyclopropenone
Authors: R. Zachariae, P. Bjerring
Journal: Allergy (1993)

Cutaneous reactivity to challenge with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP) was studied in 16 volunteers following hypnotic suggestions to increase and decrease response during sensitization. The immunoreactivity to DNCB and DCP was modulated by direct suggestions and guided imagery under hypnosis. The volunteers were highly susceptible subjects selected by means of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Form A. Measurement of skin reactions to the challenge I month after sensitization was performed double blindly. Results showed a significant ( P &lt;0.01) difference in visually scored reactions to DCP and DNCB between the group instructed to increase reaction to DCP and decrease reaction to DNCB and the group given the opposite instructions. A non‐significant difference ( P = 0.055) in skin thickness measured by ultrasound was found between the two groups. The study supports previous reports of experimental modulation of immunoreactivity and indicates that the specific immunnnological processes involved in the development of allergic reactions may be susceptible to psychological factors.
Disseminated Encephalomyelitis after Influenza
Authors: K. V. Thiruvengadam
Journal: BMJ (1959)

Disseminated Encephalomyelitis after InfluenzaThe following case of disseminated encephalomyelitis treated with corticotrophin may be found of interest. CASE REPORTA boy of 14 was admitted to the Government General Hospital, Madras, on June 19, 1957, during the epidemic period of influenza, with a complaint of inability to use the right arm and leg and retention of urine.About five days before admission he attended the Government Ophthalmic Hospital, as an out-patient, for diplopia of rapid onset, with headache and pain in the nape of the neck and in the right arm.Fever, vertigo, vomiting, and pain on moving the eyes were not present at that time.The diplopia disappeared after persisting for two days, without any particular treatment for it.Three days after subsi- dence of the diplopia his right leg began to drag while walking, and in the course of a day he completely lost power in his right arm; he also developed retention of urine.At the time of admission his temperature was 990 F.(37.`2 C.).About a week before the onset of the neurological disability he had fever for two days, the symptomatology being suggestive of a mild attack of influenza.During that fever he did not lose consciousness or develop any skin rashes.Other cases of influenza occurred in the family at that time.There was no other information of relevance in the past history or the family history.On admission he was well nourished, conscious, and co-operative.He was not anaemic and there was no oedema or alteration of temperature or of sweating over his paralysed limbs.He showed no alteration of emotion, his speech was normal, and he was right-handed.He was unable to walk.
Glomerular Lesions in Sickle Cell Nephropathy
Authors: Barry R. Walker
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Nine patients with sickle cell anemia (SS) and four with sickle cell trait (AS) were studied for evidence of nephropathy. Two of the SS patients died with uremia, and three others had proteinuria, including one with the nephrotic syndrome. With light microscopy, eight SS patients were found to have anatomical changes similar to those caused by a proliferative glomerulonephritis, whereas the AS patients were found to have no significant abnormalities. In cases of SS, renal function tests did not reflect the degree of pathological glomerular disease. Anatomical abnormalities seemed to correlate with the number of sickle cell crises, and may have been due to renal arteriolar ischemia. Previous reports of SS histology have not emphasized glomerular changes. It is postulated that, as the life span of SS patients increases, clinical evidence of glomerular disease will be seen more frequently.
NICOTINE POISONING BY ABSORPTION THROUGH THE SKIN
Authors: JAMES M. FAULKNER
Journal: JAMA (1933)

Nicotine is one of the most deadly poisons known to man and, at the same time, one with which he comes into most intimate contact in his daily life. It is somewhat surprising, therefore, that serious cases of nicotine poisoning are not reported more frequently. The main reasons for the infrequency of serious poisoning are that the percentage of nicotine in tobacco is too small to make it easy to get a fatal dose from the ingestion of tobacco or the inhalation of its smoke, and that nausea and vomiting are early symptoms which ordinarily prevent further absorption of the drug. Fatal poisoning from tobacco, although rare, has been reported from smoking, from swallowing tobacco, from tobacco enemas, and from its use as a local application to the skin in favus.<sup>1</sup>The commercial insecticides that contain high percentages of nicotine are, of course, far more dangerous. McNally<sup>2</sup>has
ABC of oxygen: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Authors: R M Leach, P J Rees, P Wilmshurst
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Over the past 40 years hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been recommended and used in a wide variety of medical conditions, often without adequate scientific validation of efficacy or safety. Consequently a high degree of medical scepticism has developed regarding its use. The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society approves use of hyperbaric oxygen for a few conditions for which there is thought to be reasonable scientific evidence or well validated clinical experience. In these conditions early referral is essential. #### Therapeutic uses of hyperbaric oxygen ##### Strong scientific evidence ##### Suggestive scientific evidence Hyperbaric oxygen has been shown ineffective in diseases such as multiple sclerosis and dementia, but it continues to be used despite the risks of the treatment. For conditions where its use remains unproved—for example, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis, and gastroduodenal ulcer—hyperbaric oxygen should be used only in the context of well controlled clinical trials. At sea level the plasma oxygen concentration is 3 ml/l. Tissues at rest require about 60 ml of oxygen per litre of blood flow (assuming normal perfusion) to maintain normal cellular metabolism, although requirements vary between tissues. At a pressure of 3 atmospheres (304 kPa) dissolved oxygen approaches 60 ml/l of plasma, which is almost sufficient to supply the resting total oxygen requirement of many tissues without a contribution from oxygen bound to haemoglobin. This has advantages in situations such as carbon monoxide poisoning or in severe anaemia where difficult crossmatching or religious belief prevents blood transfusion. #### Cellular and biochemical benefits of hyperbaric oxygen
Risk factors for breast cancer
Authors: K McPherson, C M Steel, J M Dixon, W R Miller
Journal: BMJ (1995)

and V and no significant decrease by men in socioeconomic group V or women in socioeconomic group III.Our data do not exclude the future impact of health publicity or, indeed, of a reduction or cessation in advertising on smoking by lower socioeconomic groups, and we think it important that there should be research into and evaluation of health promotion and advertising aimed at these groups.
SPECT of the Cervical Spine in the Evaluation of Neck Pain After Trauma
Authors: JOHN P. SEITZ, CARMELA E. UNGUEZ, HOWARD F. CORBUS, WES W. WOOTEN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

In a retrospective study, the authors reviewed the use of SPECT in the evaluation of cervical spine abnormalities in 35 patients with persistent neck pain after trauma. Nineteen patients had normal bone SPECT studies, which, in addition to several volunteers, were used to identify tomographic landmarks and determine resolution of individual vertebrae. Sixteen patients had abnormal SPECT results. When compared to final diagnosis, this group included seven (44%) patients with recent fractures, five (31%) patients with traumatic periostitis (periosteal injury resulting from severe strain), and four patients (25%) with mild cervical strain superimposed on degenerative changes. SPECT sensitivity in the detection of recent fractures was 100% with a specificity of 78%. SPECT detected occult fractures in 7 of 35 patients (27%), including 3 patients with normal radiographs and 4 patients with equivocal radiographs. Recent fractures were excluded in six of nine patients (67%) with known fracture identified on cervical spine radiographs and none of the patients with normal SPECTs had CT or MRI evidence of recent fractures. SPECT was useful in 1) the diagnosis of occult fractures or periostitis (periosteal injury) in patients with normal radiographs, 2) characterization of radiographic abnormalities (recent versus healed fractures), 3) identification of active, possible post-traumatic osteoarthritis superimposed on chronic degenerative disease, and 4) eliminating or targeting subsequent imaging modalities, when appropriate. The authors conclude that bone SPECT has a valuable place in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with persistent neck pain after trauma.
Principles of Paediatric Pharmacology
Authors: Harry C. Shirkey
Journal: JAMA (1985)

This book is excellently printed and bound. It contains 18 chapters and an adequate number of tables and figures. Cross-references are ample. Because the book was written in Australia, no mention is made of the fact that the majority of drugs in the United States contain "orphaning clauses" for exclusion of use in children. Stress is put on data for infants and children. Adequate strength, however, is achieved by including appropriate adult data. I believe the book is intended less for practicing physicians and pediatricians than for PharmDs, pharmacists, and students. It should be valuable for those groups and for pharmacy and therapeutic committees of hospitals that specialize in treating children. Pharmacokinetic materials would be better read and understood elsewhere before tackling this book. However, the data, cautions, and other points make this a valuable book for those aforementioned.<i>Principles of Pediatric Pharmacology</i>is not a pediatric counterpart to the
Management of Disasters and their Aftermath
Authors: P. K Plunkett
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Ed W Angus Wallace, John M Rowles, Christopher L Colton BMJ Publishing Group, pounds sterling36, pp 314 ISBN 0 7279 0841 3

Having previously been fascinated by air disasters and read, at length, various reports on them, I automatically assumed that Management of Disasters would be the usual self congratulatory internal report. I was wrong. I read this book from cover to cover, in two evenings, and found it fascinating.

The details of how the Air Accident Investigation branch operates, and the analysis of both survivors' and victims' placement in an aircraft, kept me enthralled. They also helped me understand the practical difficulties in arranging for the investigations to occur—for instance, setting up a site for a major disaster mortuary with …
George Rowland Taylor
Authors: John Taylor
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Community physician Hertfordshire 1949-76 (b Dorchester 1912; q St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1936; DPH, MFPM RCP), d 16 November 2004.​2004.




Figure 1




After house posts in London George was appointed deputy medical officer of health and port medical officer of health in Southampton. At the outbreak of the second world war he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps and served in the Middle East, Greece, and Germany. He was deputy medical officer of health in Ealing before being appointed medical officer of health in Mid-Hertfordshire, where he dealt with polio epidemics, influenza, and drug addiction. He had a lifelong interest in early English porcelain and antique coins. Predeceased by his wife, Sylvia, he leaves two children and two grandchildren.
From simple associations to systematic reasoning: A connectionist representation of rules, variables and dynamic bindings using temporal synchrony
Authors: Lokendra Shastri, Venkat Ajjanagadde
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1993)

Abstract Human agents draw a variety of inferences effortlessly, spontaneously, and with remarkable efficiency – as though these inferences were a reflexive response of their cognitive apparatus. Furthermore, these inferences are drawn with reference to a large body of background knowledge. This remarkable human ability seems paradoxical given the complexity of reasoning reported by researchers in artificial intelligence. It also poses a challenge for cognitive science and computational neuroscience: How can a system of simple and slow neuronlike elements represent a large body of systemic knowledge and perform a range of inferences with such speed? We describe a computational model that takes a step toward addressing the cognitive science challenge and resolving the artificial intelligence paradox. We show how a connectionist network can encode millions of facts and rules involving n -ary predicates and variables and perform a class of inferences in a few hundred milliseconds. Efficient reasoning requires the rapid representation and propagation of dynamic bindings. Our model (which we refer to as SHRUTI) achieves this by representing (1) dynamic bindings as the synchronous firing of appropriate nodes, (2) rules as interconnection patterns that direct the propagation of rhythmic activity, and (3) long-term facts as temporal pattern-matching subnetworks. The model is consistent with recent neurophysiological evidence that synchronous activity occurs in the brain and may play a representational role in neural information processing. The model also makes specific psychologically significant predictions about the nature of reflexive reasoning. It identifies constraints on the form of rules that may participate in such reasoning and relates the capacity of the working memory underlying reflexive reasoning to biological parameters such as the lowest frequency at which nodes can sustain synchronous oscillations and the coarseness of synchronization.
Dynamic vagal control of pacemaker activity in the mammalian sinoatrial node.
Authors: J Jalife, V A Slenter, J J Salata, D C Michaels
Journal: Circulation Research (1983)

Dynamic heart rate control by parasympathetic nervous input involves feedback mechanisms and reflex bursting of efferent cardiac vagal fibers. Periodic vagal bursting induces phasic changes in sinoatrial cycle length and can entrain the pacemaker to beat at periods that may be identical to those of the vagal burst. We investigated the electrophysiological basis of these phenomena in isolated sinus node preparations (rabbit, cat, and sheep). In the presence of propranolol (3.9 X 10(-6)M), relatively brief (50-150 msec) trains of stimuli, applied onto the endocardial surface of the preparation, activated postganglionic vagal terminals and induced a brief hyperpolarization of sinoatrial pacemaker cells. This vagally mediated hyperpolarization could alter the pacemaker rhythm by an amount that depended on its duration and its position in the cycle, as well as on the duration of the free-running pacemaker period. When the free-running period was sufficiently long and the hyperpolarization was induced sufficiently early in the spontaneous cycle, a "paradoxical" acceleration of the pacemaker rhythm ensued. Phasic changes were plotted on phase-response curves, constructed by scanning systematically the sinoatrial pacemaker period with single or repetitive vagal trains. These phase-response curves enabled us to predict the entrainment characteristics and the levels of synchronization of the pacemaker to the vagal periodicity. The overall data explain the cellular mechanisms involved in the phasic effects of brief vagal discharges on sinoatrial periodicity, and provide conclusive evidence for the prediction that repetitive vagal input is capable of forcing the cardiac pacemaker to beat at rates that can be faster or slower than the intrinsic pacemaker rate. These data should improve our knowledge of the dynamic control of heart rate by neural reflexes and aid in our understanding of rhythm disturbances generated by the interaction of the cardiac pacemaker with vagal activity.
Female genital mutilation outlawed in United States
Authors: N. Macready
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Effective March 29, 1997, under new Congressional legislation, female genital mutilation (FGM) will be outlawed in the United States. Federal authorities will be required to inform new immigrants from countries where FGM is prevalent that parents who arrange FGM for their daughters and those who perform it will face prison sentences of up to five years. US representatives to the World Bank and other international financial institutions will be required to oppose aid to countries that have not established educational programs to end the practice. FGM is most common in Africa; it is estimated that 99% of women in Somalia and Djibouti, 90% of women in Ethiopia, and 85% of women in Sudan have undergone it. More than 127 million African women have been mutilated, and each year 2 million girls, usually between 4 and 12 years old, undergo the ordeal. In the US, 168,000 girls either are at risk of being mutilated or have been already. Almost half of them live in urban areas with large immigrant populations, including New York; Washington, D.C.; Los Angeles; Houston; Chicago; Philadelphia; Atlanta; Oakland, California; Newark, New Jersey; Dallas; and Boston. Fourteen states have, or are considering, bills against the practice.
Service increment for teaching and research
Authors: G. Clack, A L W F Eddleston
Journal: BMJ (1992)

operative complications and therefore the day-case unit is not a suitable place for basic surgical training.All trainees should, however, benefit from experience in the day-case unit."'With the high level of day surgery in the United States much of trainees' teaching there must obviously go on in that setting.One of us (RH) performs 40% of his cataract operations as day cases and finds no real difficulty in teaching junior staff members while so doing.We certainly agree with Alistair R Fielder that this issue must not be used to stem the development of day case cataract surgery.Colin Dryden may be correct in claiming that modern general anaesthesia has many of the benefits associated with local anaesthesia.2A recent study of cataract surgery comparing general anaes- thesia with local anaesthesia found, however, that local anaesthesia was 15 times cheaper in material, led to a faster throughput of patients in the operating theatre, and halved the expenditure on staff (ophthalmologists gave the local anaesthetic).'These are important factors where waiting lists are long or units are competing to obtain contracts for work.Patients' opinions are hard to gauge, but a small study of 24 patients with cataract suggested a preference for local anaesthesia.4
The giant cells in the synovial membrane.
Authors: A Soren, T R Waugh
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1981)

Histopathological examinations of synovial tissues, obtained in 393 operations, disclosed the presence of foreign body giant cells or synovial giant cells or both in 51 cases. The presence of the former could be related to the occurrence of material foreign to the location, whereas for the latter group fo coincidence of precipitated fibrin only was noted in a significant number of cases. The patients operated upon were classified by 10 diagnosed entities of joint disease, and the synovial giant cells, lysing among synoviocytes or in the subsynoviocytic tissue, were observed in 8 of these categories. Thus no diagnostic significance could be attributed to the giant cells.
Remote preconditioning by infrarenal occlusion of the aorta protects the heart from infarction: a newly identified non-neuronal but PKC-dependent pathway
Authors: C Weinbrenner
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Background: Ischemic preconditioning is a powerful mechanism in reducing infarct size of the heart. Protection can be performed either by an ischemic stimulus of the heart itself or by ischemia of an organ distant to the heart. To address the question whether this remote preconditioning is transduced by neuronal or humoral factors an in situ model of infrarenal occlusion of the aorta (IOA) in the rat was developed. Furthermore, the signal transduction pathways of classical and remote preconditioning regarding protein kinase C, which is one of the key enzymes in classical preconditioning, were compared. Methods and Results: Controls (30 min regional ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion) had an infarct size of 62±5% whereas classical preconditioning reduced it to 10±3% of the risk zone (P≤0.001). Fifteen minutes IOA without reperfusion of the aorta had no influence on infarct size (52±4%). When, however, IOA was performed for 15, 10, or 5 min, respectively, followed by a 10-min reperfusion period the size of myocardial infarction decreased significantly. This decrease was dependent on the duration of IOA (18±3%, 37±8%, 42±2%, respectively; P≤0.001 for the time-dependent linear trend in decrease of infarct size). Fifteen minutes IOA showed the strongest protection which was comparable to classical preconditioning (18±3%, P≤0.001 vs. control). Blockade of the nervous pathway by 20 mg/kg hexamethonium could not inhibit the protection afforded by IOA (14±4%). Using chelerythrine, a selective protein kinase C-inhibitor, at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight, protection from remote (68±4%, P≤0.001 vs. 15 min IOA followed by 10 min of reperfusion without chelerythrine) as well as from classical preconditioning (56±5%, P≤0.001) was completely blocked. Conclusion: Protection of the heart by remote preconditioning using IOA is as powerful as classical preconditioning. Both protection methods share protein kinase C as a common element in their signal transduction pathways. Since hexamethonium could not block the protection from IOA and a reperfusion period has to be necessarily interspaced between the IOA and the infarct inducing ischemia of the heart, a neuronal signal transmission from the remote area to the heart can be excluded with certainty. A humoral factor must be responsible for the remote protection. Interestingly the production of the protecting factor is dependent on the duration of the ischemia of the lower limb. The protecting substance, which must be upstream of protein kinase C, remains to be identified.
Synergism between hepatic injuries and a nonhepatotropic reovirus in mice. Enhanced hepatic infection and death.
Authors: D A Piccoli, C L Witzleben, C J Guico, A Morrison, D H Rubin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Reovirus type 1, after intravenous inoculation in the adult mouse, is secreted via bile into the intestine in an infectious form. Although reovirus type 1 is rapidly removed from systemic circulation by the liver and the lung, very few hepatocytes express reovirus antigen during infection. In intestinal cells, reovirus replicates selectively in the crypts. This site preference may be due to active cell proliferation in the crypts. We hypothesized that the state of the cell may affect virus replication and tested this hypothesis by using chemical and surgical means to increase hepatic mitotic activity. Adult mice were treated with carbon tetrachloride or surgical trauma, inoculated with reovirus type 1 intravenously, and subsequently killed. Virus antigen was identified using a highly specific immunohistochemical technique. Liver sections were stained using immunoperoxidase with specific rabbit antireovirus antibody. Hepatotoxin and surgical trauma increase reovirus antigen detection in both Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Only the sequential administration of CCl4 and virus caused mortality at doses sublethal for each alone. These data demonstrate a synergism between hepatic injury and reovirus which results in a significant increase in the magnitude of viral infection and contributes to mortality. Such synergism may be important in idiopathic liver disease.