tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recent Trends in Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Darios Getahun, Steven J. Jacobsen, Michael J. Fassett, Wansu Chen, Kitaw Demissie, George G. Rhoads
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

OBJECTIVE To examine trends in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and median household income. DESIGN An ecologic study of trends in the diagnosis of ADHD using the Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) health plan medical records. Rates of ADHD diagnosis were derived using Poisson regression analyses after adjustments for potential confounders. SETTING Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena. PARTICIPANTS All children who received care at the KPSC from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2010 (n = 842 830). MAIN EXPOSURE Period of ADHD diagnosis (in years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of physician-diagnosed ADHD in children aged 5 to 11 years. RESULTS Rates of ADHD diagnosis were 2.5% in 2001 and 3.1% in 2010, a relative increase of 24%. From 2001 to 2010, the rate increased among whites (4.7%-5.6%; relative risk [RR] = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.4), blacks (2.6%- 4.1%; RR = 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5-1.9), and Hispanics (1.7%-2.5%; RR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5-1.7). Rates for Asian/Pacific Islander and other racial groups remained unchanged over time. The increase in ADHD diagnosis among blacks was largely driven by an increase in females (RR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.5-2.3). Although boys were more likely to be diagnosed as having ADHD than girls, results suggest the sex gap for blacks may be closing over time. Children living in high-income households were at increased risk of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the rate of ADHD diagnosis among children in the health plan notably has increased over time. We observed disproportionately high ADHD diagnosis rates among white children and notable increases among black girls.
BERLIN FACULTY AND AMERICAN PHYSICIANS
Authors: William B. Peck
Journal: JAMA (1926)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The Journal, January 16, in the department of foreign news, carried an item with the title, "Berlin Faculty Decides Against Official Welcome to American Physicians," copied from a German medical journal. No doubt this was the attitude taken by the faculty of Berlin last fall, but many things have transpired to strengthen our international relations since that time. This month we received assurance from both the German government and the faculty of the University of Berlin that the members of the Inter-State Post-Graduate Assemblies, who will visit Berlin, June 15, 16 and 17, will receive a most hearty welcome. These greetings were received following several months of discussion between the representatives of the German government, the faculty of the university and representatives of this association, especially Dr. Carl Beck, secretary of the foreign assemblies of this organization, who is now in Europe completing the final clinic
Streptococcus mutans endocarditis. Confusion with enterococcal endocarditis by routine laboratory testing
Authors: L. I. Neefe
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<i>Streptococcus mutans</i>endocarditis was initially diagnosed as enterococcal endocarditis. The organisms were indistinguishable by testing in two commonly used diagnostic media, Enterococcosel and<i>S faecalis</i>broths. Of 97 additional<i>S viridans</i>cultures isolated, 10% produced false-positive reactions in Enterococcosel broth and 1% in<i>S faecalis</i>broth. The identification of an "enterococcus" that is sensitive to lincomycin by the use of these media should be confirmed by growth in 6.5% sodium chloride broth and on eosin methylene blue agar. (<i>JAMA</i>230:1289-1290, 1974)
Extent of hepatitis B immunisation among medical and dental students
Authors: V Sivarajasingam, J Laszlo, G R Ogden
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Hepatitis B virus may affect 1 in 20 of the earth's population.1 Transmission is through blood, sexual intercourse, and unsterile inoculation injury; vertical transmission occurs in utero and post partum. The consequences of infection are potentially fatal and include chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

In view of the above, immunisation policies have been implemented, varying with prevalence of the disease. In the United Kingdom the Department of Health has stated that from mid-1995 all workers conducting invasive tasks must have immunity from hepatitis B.2 In the wake of this the Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals has stated that all prospective medical and dental students should be immunised against hepatitis B before admission in October 1996.3 We investigated uptake of immunisation and depth of knowledge among Dundee's medical and dental students in June 1994.

The deans of the medical …
EFFECT OF AGE AND RENAL FUNCTION ON THE RISKS OF STROKE AND MAJOR BLEEDING WITH DABIGATRAN COMPARED TO WARFARIN: AN ANALYSIS FROM THE RE-LY STUDY
Authors: Jeff S. Healey, John Eikelboom, Lars Wallentin, Michael D. Ezekowitz, Stuart J. Connolly, Paul Reilly, Cameron D. Joyner, Basil S. Lewis, Ellison Themeles, Salim Yusuf
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Keyur Patel, Andrew J Muir, John G McHutchison
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Hepatitis C virus was identified in 1989 as a major cause of the parenterally transmitted non-A non-B hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection affects an estimated 170 million people worldwide1 and is characterised by varying degrees of inflammation and hepatic fibrosis. A proportion of patients with chronic infection will develop progressive liver damage with cirrhosis and complications of end stage liver disease over 20 to 40 years. Chronic infection is now the leading indication for liver transplantation in developed nations and will continue to pose an important health and economic burden during the next 10 to 20 years. Here we outline the criteria for screening, diagnosing, and treating patients with hepatitis C virus infection and describe potential future therapies.

Hepatitis C virus (see bmj.com for description of virus) is transmitted by parenteral or permuscosal exposure to infected blood or body fluids. Many patients will give a history of injecting drug use or transfusion of blood products before the implementation of antihepatitis C virus screening of blood donors in 1992. Seroprevalence among injecting drug users is more than 80%, and this remains a major risk factor for newly acquired hepatitis C virus infection in the developed world. Community based strategies for prevention of infection in these high risk groups are needed urgently but depend on resources (box 1). Screening of volunteer blood donations in developed nations has significantly reduced transfusion related hepatitis. Most countries in the developing world do not, however, have adequate screening procedures, and only about 40% of donated blood is tested for the virus. Occupational, vertical, and sexual transmission account for only a minority of new cases of hepatitis C virus infection. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among monogamous partners is rare, but testing is often carried out for reassurance (box 2). See bmj.com for contact …
HALLMARKS OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
Authors: Nils Y. Wessell
Journal: JAMA (1960)

I have strong conviction that we need a reminder of what the hallmarks of the university are. This is particularly true of those of us who are involved in education for the professions. We need to hear repeated those considerations and we need to hear restated those standards and ideals which make the university, and not the guild, the proper repository for professional education's responsibilities. One does not have to be a university teacher or administrator to be committed to any one or all of the fundamental principles which I define as the hallmarks of university education, but it is in the true university alone that you will find all of these principles daily determining the functions and setting the qualitative bench marks through which and by which the university is operated. I was careful to use the phrase "true university," in recognition, of course, that compromise with these fundamental
Hemodynamic study during upright isotonic exercise before and six months after dynamic cardiomyoplasty: Preliminary results
Authors: Edimar Bocchi, Luiz Felipe Moreira, Giovenni Bellotti, Antonio C.P. Barrato, Luiz G.S. Azul, Noedir Stoff, Adib Jatena, Fulvio Pileggi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
Unstable angina pectoris: management based on available information.
Authors: R O Russell, C E Rackley, N T Kouchoukos
Journal: Circulation (1982)

Several prospective randomized studies of medical or surgical therapy have not shown that either form of management alone is uniformly superior with respect to mortality for unstable angina pectoris. Patients managed medically have a greater incidence of angina pectoris. Earlier studies indicated a higher rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction with urgent surgery. Present management includes hospitalization and early intensive medical therapy with nitrates and, usually, beta-blocking agents. Coronary arteriography is advised within a few days. If the patient has left main coronary artery disease or three-vessel disease, early coronary artery bypass graft surgery within days to a couple of weeks is advised. Otherwise, medical management is advised and elective surgery can be performed if the patient remains symptomatic.
Is the two week rule for cancer referrals working?
Authors: R. Jones
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Mortality rates in the United Kingdom for several cancers compare unfavourably with those in other countries,1 and this may be explained at least partly by British patients having more advanced disease at the time of treatment than their European counterparts. Morbidity and mortality can be reduced through primary and secondary prevention, including screening; by early detection; and by prompt and effective treatment. Last year, in the context of the NHS's disgracefully long waiting lists, the government pledged that patients with suspected cancer would be seen by a specialist within two weeks of referral by their general practitioner. The aim was to reduce delays between presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. The two week rule has now been implemented across a range of specialties, supported by widely distributed information about risk factors and criteria for rapid referral for suspected cancer. How is it working?

Local rapid access referral mechanisms have been established, including specially designed forms and direct electronic access to outpatient appointments for patients meeting prespecified criteria. In addition, the government established the cancer services collaborative programme, creating nine cancer networks covering about 15 million people, aimed at optimising systems of care and improving …
Use of midazolam as a human cytochrome P450 3A probe: II. Characterization of inter- and intraindividual hepatic CYP3A variability after liver transplantation Thummel KE, Shen DD, Podoll TD, Kunze KL, Trager WF, Bacchi CE, Marsh CL, et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;271:549?556
Authors: P WATKINS
Journal: Hepatology (1995)
The autologous serum skin test in the follow‐up of patients with chronic urticaria
Authors: A. Fusari, C. Colangelo, F. Bonifazi, L. Antonicelli
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Background: The presence of anti‐Fc ε RI and anti‐IgE autoantibodies in a subset of patients with chronic urticaria suggests their aetiopathogenetic role. In clinical practice, the presence of these antibodies is usually considered when the autologous serum skin test (ASST) is positive. Aims: To evaluate if the positive ASST follows up the activity of chronic urticaria. Methods: Autologous serum skin test and thyroid autoantibody detection were performed in 82 patients with chronic urticaria and repeated 1 year later, when the vast majority of patients were symptom‐free. Twenty patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), who had never suffered from urticaria, represented the control group. Results: At the start of the study, the prevalence of positive ASST was 46.6%. The association of HT–urticaria was 29.3%. ASST was positive in 62 and 39% of patients with and without HT, respectively ( P &gt; 0.05 ns). One year later, 28 of 34 patients with a positive ASST were symptom‐free, but 50% of them were positive for ASST. The ASST was positive in 86.7 and 8% of patients with and without HT, respectively ( P &lt; 0.001). In the control group, ASST was always negative. Conclusions: The co‐existence of autoimmune thyroiditis with chronic urticaria seems to induce a significant difference in the persistence of a positive ASST. Consistent with previous reports, a positive ASST correlates with disease exacerbation in chronic urticaria patients without thyroiditis. In patients with thyroiditis and urticaria, positive ASST persists even after the urticaria has disappeared, thus questioning whether a positive ASST to be a surrogate marker of the functional role of anti‐Fc ε RI and anti‐IgE autoantibodies.
Efficient Generation of Functional Hepatocytes From Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by HNF4α Transduction
Authors: Kazuo Takayama, Mitsuru Inamura, Kenji Kawabata, Kazufumi Katayama, Maiko Higuchi, Katsuhisa Tashiro, Aki Nonaka, Fuminori Sakurai, Takao Hayakawa, Miho Kusuda Furue, Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2011)

Hepatocyte-like cells from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are expected to be a useful source of cells drug discovery. Although we recently reported that hepatic commitment is promoted by transduction of SOX17 and HEX into human ESC- and iPSC-derived cells, these hepatocyte-like cells were not sufficiently mature for drug screening. To promote hepatic maturation, we utilized transduction of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) gene, which is known as a master regulator of liver-specific gene expression. Adenovirus vector-mediated overexpression of HNF4α in hepatoblasts induced by SOX17 and HEX transduction led to upregulation of epithelial and mature hepatic markers such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and promoted hepatic maturation by activating the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Thus HNF4α might play an important role in the hepatic differentiation from human ESC-derived hepatoblasts by activating the MET. Furthermore, the hepatocyte like-cells could catalyze the toxication of several compounds. Our method would be a valuable tool for the efficient generation of functional hepatocytes derived from human ESCs and iPSCs, and the hepatocyte-like cells could be used for predicting drug toxicity. Hepatocyte-like cells from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are expected to be a useful source of cells drug discovery. Although we recently reported that hepatic commitment is promoted by transduction of SOX17 and HEX into human ESC- and iPSC-derived cells, these hepatocyte-like cells were not sufficiently mature for drug screening. To promote hepatic maturation, we utilized transduction of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) gene, which is known as a master regulator of liver-specific gene expression. Adenovirus vector-mediated overexpression of HNF4α in hepatoblasts induced by SOX17 and HEX transduction led to upregulation of epithelial and mature hepatic markers such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and promoted hepatic maturation by activating the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Thus HNF4α might play an important role in the hepatic differentiation from human ESC-derived hepatoblasts by activating the MET. Furthermore, the hepatocyte like-cells could catalyze the toxication of several compounds. Our method would be a valuable tool for the efficient generation of functional hepatocytes derived from human ESCs and iPSCs, and the hepatocyte-like cells could be used for predicting drug toxicity.
The Effect of α +-Thalassaemia on the Incidence of Malaria and Other Diseases in Children Living on the Coast of Kenya
Authors: Sammy Wambua, Tabitha W Mwangi, Moses Kortok, Sophie M Uyoga, Alex W Macharia, Jedidah K Mwacharo, David J Weatherall, Robert W Snow, Kevin Marsh, Thomas N Williams
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Background The α-thalassaemias are the commonest genetic disorders of humans. It is generally believed that this high frequency reflects selection through a survival advantage against death from malaria; nevertheless, the epidemiological description of the relationships between α-thalassaemia, malaria, and other common causes of child mortality remains incomplete. Methods and Findings We studied the α+-thalassaemia-specific incidence of malaria and other common childhood diseases in two cohorts of children living on the coast of Kenya. We found no associations between α+-thalassaemia and the prevalence of symptomless Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia, the incidence of uncomplicated P. falciparum disease, or parasite densities during mild or severe malaria episodes. However, we found significant negative associations between α+-thalassaemia and the incidence rates of severe malaria and severe anaemia (haemoglobin concentration < 50 g/l). The strongest associations were for severe malaria anaemia (> 10,000 P. falciparum parasites/μl) and severe nonmalaria anaemia; the incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for α+-thalassaemia heterozygotes and homozygotes combined compared to normal children were, for severe malaria anaemia, 0.33 (95% CI, 0.15,0.73; p = 0.006), and for severe nonmalaria anaemia, 0.26 (95% CI, 0.09,0.77; p = 0.015). Conclusions Our observations suggest, first that selection for α+-thalassaemia might be mediated by a specific effect against severe anaemia, an observation that may lead to fresh insights into the aetiology of this important condition. Second, although α+-thalassaemia is strongly protective against severe and fatal malaria, its effects are not detectable at the level of any other malaria outcome; this result provides a cautionary example for studies aimed at testing malaria interventions or identifying new malaria-protective genes.
US drugs regulator issues severe pain alert on bisphosphonates
Authors: Jeanne Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Bisphosphonate drugs, which are used to reduce bone fractures in patients with osteoporosis, may cause severe and even “incapacitating” musculoskeletal pain, says the US Food and Drug Administration in an alert issued on 7 January.

The pain can occur within days or years after starting treatment, says the agency. Severe musculoskeletal pain is mentioned in the prescribing information for all bisphosphonates, but the agency issued the alert because of “ a sizable number of additional reports of severe bone, joint, and/or muscle pain in patients taking a variety of bisphosphonates” since a 2005 report on …
Pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare
Authors: D. Rigopoulos, A. Prantsidis, E. Christofidou, D. Ioannides, S. Gregoriou, A. Katsambas
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Journal Article Pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare Get access D. Rigopoulos, D. Rigopoulos Departments of Dermatology and *Pathology, University of Athens, A. Sygros Hospital, 1 Lourou Street, 11528 Athens, Greece †Department of Dermatology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece E‐mail: drigop@hol.gr Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Prantsidis, A. Prantsidis Departments of Dermatology and *Pathology, University of Athens, A. Sygros Hospital, 1 Lourou Street, 11528 Athens, Greece †Department of Dermatology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece E‐mail: drigop@hol.gr Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. Christofidou, E. Christofidou Departments of Dermatology and *Pathology, University of Athens, A. Sygros Hospital, 1 Lourou Street, 11528 Athens, Greece †Department of Dermatology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece E‐mail: drigop@hol.gr Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D. Ioannides, D. Ioannides Departments of Dermatology and *Pathology, University of Athens, A. Sygros Hospital, 1 Lourou Street, 11528 Athens, Greece †Department of Dermatology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece E‐mail: drigop@hol.gr Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Gregoriou, S. Gregoriou Departments of Dermatology and *Pathology, University of Athens, A. Sygros Hospital, 1 Lourou Street, 11528 Athens, Greece †Department of Dermatology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece E‐mail: drigop@hol.gr Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Katsambas A. Katsambas Departments of Dermatology and *Pathology, University of Athens, A. Sygros Hospital, 1 Lourou Street, 11528 Athens, Greece †Department of Dermatology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece E‐mail: drigop@hol.gr Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 152, Issue 6, 1 June 2005, Pages 1364–1365, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06594.x Published: 01 June 2005
Public Health Officials Mark 50th Year of Measles Vaccine
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2014)

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After budesonide, what next for collagenous colitis?
Authors: D. S Pardi
Journal: Gut (2008)

Collagenous colitis, and the related condition lymphocytic colitis, are relatively common causes of watery diarrhoea, particularly in the elderly. Epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of these conditions is increasing significantly.1 Despite these facts, there have been relatively few randomised controlled trials assessing treatment options. Budesonide has been assessed in at least three randomised, controlled induction studies in collagenous colitis2 and one in lymphocytic colitis,3 and is superior to placebo for the short-term treatment of these conditions. Unfortunately, although budesonide appears to be very effective for induction, the relapse rate is high once this medication is discontinued.4

Therefore, it is appropriate for clinicians and patients to ask, after budesonide, what next for collagenous colitis? There have now been two studies assessing budesonide maintenance therapy in collagenous colitis in a randomised, placebo controlled fashion. The first, by Bonderup and colleagues, appears in this issue of Gut ( see page 68 ).5 In this well done study, 34 patients in remission after 6 weeks open-label therapy with oral budesonide were randomised to 24 weeks additional therapy with budesonide, 6 mg/day, or placebo. Patients were then followed for an additional 24 weeks after discontinuation of therapy to assess the durability of response to prolonged budesonide treatment.

After the 6 week open-label induction period, approximately 87% of patients were …