tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recombinant Murine Interleukin-12 Facilitates Induction of Cardiac Myosin–Specific Type 1 Helper T Cells in Rats
Authors: Yuji Okura, Kazuyoshi Takeda, Shigeru Honda, Haruo Hanawa, Hisami Watanabe, Makoto Kodama, Tohru Izumi, Yoshifusa Aizawa, Shuhji Seki, Toru Abo
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —Autoimmunity after viral myocarditis is considered to be one of the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cytokines are assumed to play an important role in the pathogenesis. We recently reported that interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA are expressed in the myocardium of rats with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). However, the role of cytokines in autoimmune myocardial injury in detail is still not clear. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction identified IL-12 (p40) mRNA in antigen-presenting cells in the initial phase of EAM. Cardiac myosin–specific T lymphocytes (MSTLs) were cultured with cardiac myosin peptide (CMP) in the presence of IL-2 and/or IL-12 and were transferred to other naive rats. The results showed that EAM could be effectively induced by transfer of MSTLs cultured with IL-12, whereas transfer of MSTLs cultured with IL-2 was less effective. However, IL-2 acts synergistically with IL-12, and MSTLs cultured with both cytokines most efficiently induce EAM. In vitro experiments showed that MSTLs cultured with both IL-12 and IL-2 produced a much greater amount of IFN-γ than did MSTLs cultured with either IL-12 or IL-2 alone. The amount of IFN-γ production was correlated with pathogenicity of MSTLs. Transfer experiments after sorting further demonstrated that the transfer was affected by CD4 + helper T (Th) cells but not by CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes. IL-12 and IL-2 synergistically enhance the pathogenicity of MSTLs. Furthermore, a type 1 Th (Th1) cytokine, IFN-γ, which is a potent regulatory cytokine of autoimmunity, is produced by MSTLs. IL-12 and IL-2 potentiate the expansion of cardiac myosin–specific Th1 cells and play an important role in the development of autoimmune myocardial injury.
Measurement of bicarbonate output from the intact human oesophagus.
Authors: C M Brown, C F Snowdon, B Slee, L N Sandle, W D Rees
Journal: Gut (1993)

Injury of the oesophageal mucosa can result from exposure to refluxed gastric acid and pepsin. Competence of the lower oesophageal sphincter and peristaltic activity serve to reduce contract time between luminal acid and oesophageal mucosa, but intraluminal neutralisation of residual acid by bicarbonate may also be important in preventing oesophageal mucosal injury. Whereas swallowed saliva contains bicarbonate, recent experiments have also demonstrated alkali secretion from the mammalian oesophagus. Bicarbonate secretion from the human oesophagus was therefore examined with an intubation technique and perfusion of the oesophagus with a non-absorbable marker. Saliva, gastric, and oesophageal aspirates were collected and bicarbonate concentrations determined by measurements of pH and pCO2 or by back titration. In 32 normal subjects (17 women, 15 men) median basal oesophageal bicarbonate secretion determined by a pH/pCO2 method was 416 (range 139-1050) mumol/hour/10 cm. In a subgroup of 15 experiments median oesophageal bicarbonate output was 489 (range 157-1033) mumol/hour/10 cm (pH/pCO2 method) compared with a median alkali output of 563 (range 135-799) mumol/hour/10 cm as determined by back titration. The difference was not significant. Salivary contamination of the oesophagus accounted for 25% of all bicarbonate measured within the oesophagus and refluxed gastric bicarbonate accounted for 2.5%. Bicarbonate secretion from the normal human oesophagus may, in combination with swallowed salivary bicarbonate, play a part in preventing oesophageal mucosal damage due to refluxed gastric acid and pepsin.
Left-to-Right Cardiac Shunt Diagnosed on Tc-99m MAG-3 Renal Study
Authors: Hamda Saleh, Roger F. Uren, Robert Howman–Giles, Maurice Gett
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

A 6-year-old girl with a history of frequent febrile urinary tract infections in the preceding 2 years is presented. Initial investigation with ultrasound and cystogram demonstrated a small right kidney with grade III right vesicoureteric reflux. She underwent right ureteric reimplantation. Two weeks postoperatively she had a volume expansion diuretic renal study with Tc-99m MAG-3 to exclude the obstruction to urinary outflow from the kidneys. A central left-to-right cardiac shunt was suspected on reviewing the dynamic study (2 seconds/frame for 40 seconds), which showed markedly delayed lung clearance during the first transit of activity.
Surgery of Parotid Tumours
Authors: H. S. Shucksmith, T. McM. Boyle, W. K. J. Walls
Journal: BMJ (1951)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MEDICJU JOURWUM Case 3.-Aged 6 years.Admitted to hospital on July 4, having hal scarlet fever and chicken-pox a month previously, from which she appeared to make a good recovery.*Since June 25 she had a pyrexia of unknown origin.The Mantoux test was positive and there was enlargement of glands at the left hilum with an opacity in left lower zone.The glandular enlargement subsided satisfactorily, and it was estimated that the child would be fit to return to school in March, 1951.Case 4.-Aged 6 years.History of measles in mid-June, followed by a normal recovery, but on July 4 a pyrexia developed.Investigation showed enlarged right hilar glands and a positive Mantoux reaction.X-ray examination in January, 1951, showed the primary focus to be cleared, but enlarged hilar glands were still present.Case 5.-Aged 7 years.History of pyrexia starting on July 4. Investigation showed enlargement of the glands at the bifurcation of the trachea and a positive Mantoux re- action.By February the lesion had cleared completely and her general condition was satisfactory.Case 6.-Aged 6 years.Routine Mantoux test positive.X-ray examination of chest revealed enlarged left hilar glands.Progress was such that this boy was allowed to attend school in December.Case 7.-Aged 9 years.Routine Mantoux test positive.X-ray examination of chest showed left hilar glands enlarged with stippling in left mid-zone.Satisfactory resolution of root glands enabled her to start school in February, 1951.Case 8.-Aged 9 years.Vague history suggestive of erythema nodosum.Routine Mantoux test positive.X- ray examination of chest revealed enlarged right hilar glands.Satisfactory resolution was made by February, 1951, when she was able to be up and about, although not fit to return to school.Case 9.-Aged 8 years.Routine Mantoux test on July 21 negative.General malaise and pyrexia on July 28.Mantoux test positive on August 18, and x-ray films of chest showed enlarged right hilar glands.Satisfactory resolution was made by February and the child was fit to return to school.Case 10.-Aged 9 years.Routine Mantoux test on July 21 negative.Developed febrile illness on July 31, when the Mantoux test was positive and x-ray examination of chest showed shading in the right upper zone with right hilar glands enlarged.There was satisfactory healing by February, 1951, and the child was able to carry on normal activities.Case 11.-Aged 8 years.Routine Mantoux test on July 21 negative.Referred to clinic, and Mantoux test repeated in September; the test was then positive, and x-ray films showed enlarged left hilar glands.Progress by February, 1951, enabled him to return to school.Case 12.-Aged 8 years.Routine Mantoux test in November positive and x-ray films of chest revealed enlargement of right hilar glands.Satisfactory progress was made, enabling her to be fit for school in February, 1951.
Study of cardiac arrhythmias and other forms of conduction abnormality in newborn infants.
Authors: D P Southall, M J Orrell, J F Talbot, R J Brinton, D G Vulliamy, A M Johnson, B R Keeton, R H Anderson, E A Shinebourne
Journal: BMJ (1977)

In an unselected population of 2030 newborn infants studied by electrocardiography (ECG) between April 1975 and April 1977, 35 were found to have arrhythmias or other cardiac conduction abnormalities. Further investigation by means of 24-hour ECG monitoring showed that apparently serious tachyarrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia and slow heart rates associated with sinoatrial block, may be present without clinical disturbance in some newborn babies. Six infants had both bradycardia and tachycardia in the 24-hour recording, although the screening ECG had shown only one of these abnormalities. The alarming ECG appearance of some of the arrhythmias suggested a possible aetiological link with some unexplained sudden infant deaths: a multicentre study could determine this more readily and is therefore recommended.
Acupuncture for Blood Pressure Lowering
Authors: Fiona Turnbull, Anushka Patel
Journal: Circulation (2007)

lood pressure-related disease remains a major public health problem in developed and developing countries alike.The Global Burden of Disease study estimates 62% of stroke, 49% of ischemic heart disease, and 14% of other cardiovascular disease can be attributable to mean systolic blood pressure levels Ͼ115 mm Hg worldwide. 1The mainstay of medical management of hypertension is a number of commonly used drugs, 2 the mechanisms of action of which are well understood and grounded in conventional science.However, despite the strength of evidence supporting the efficacy of these agents and their wide endorsement in national and international guidelines, only about one half of those patients in whom treatment is indicated are compliant with drug therapy.Treatment cost, adverse effects, and complexity are commonly cited barriers to patient adherence, 3,4 and such factors undoubtedly play an important role in the growing interest in alternative therapies for blood pressure control.
Bone Scan Flare Phenomenon in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated With Gefitinib
Authors: Heng-Sheng Chao, Cheng-Pei Chang, Chao-Hua Chiu, Lee-Shing Chu, Yuh-Min Chen, Chun-Ming Tsai
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Purpose: The bone scan flare phenomenon has been evaluated in various cancers in the presence of positive response to therapy. The aim of this study was to determine whether flare phenomenon occurs in non-small-cell lung cancer patients, especially adenocarcinoma in East-Asians, who respond dramatically and promptly to gefitinib. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the radiographic and scintigraphic images of 125 lung cancer patients who had previous gefitinib treatment between July 2003 and October 2005. Those patients who had the first post-treatment scan done within 3 months and the second scan performed after 3 months after starting the therapy were included. New lesions or increased intensity observed on the first follow-up bone scan with improvement on the second one during gefitinib treatment was defined as positive for flare phenomenon. The results were correlated with clinical disease status. Results: Thirty-three non–small-cell lung cancer patients were included. Seven (21.2%) of them showed bone scan flare phenomenon. Of these seven, 5 had adenocarcinoma and 2 had unclassified non–small-cell lung cancer. Partial response was achieved after treatment in all these cases, and flare phenomena were detected between 29 and 77 days (median: 34 days) after treatment. Conclusion: The findings show that the flare is common during the first 3 months of gefitinib initiation; hence, a repeat bone scan should be reserved for later in the treatment course.
Lipoprotein lipase—enhanced binding of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] to heparan sulfate is improved by apolipoprotein E (apoE) saturation: Secretion-capture process of ApoE is a possible route for the catabolism of Lp(a)
Authors: Harrold H.J.J. van Barlingen, Henne A. Kleinveld, D.Willem Erkelens, Tjerk W.A. de Bruin
Journal: Metabolism (1997)
Effect of Onions on Blood Fibrinolytic Activity
Authors: I. S. Menon, R. Y. Kendal, H. A. Dewar, D. J. Newell
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Twenty-two convalescent patients at rest were given a fat-enriched breakfast with and without the addition of 60 g. of fried or boiled onions. Both forms of onions were found to prevent the expected decrease in fibrinolytic activity, and indeed the latter was actually increased.
Release of Inflammatory Mediators from Stimulated Neutrophils
Authors: Howard L. Bleich, Mary Jean Moore, Gerald Weissmann, James E. Smolen, Helen M. Korchak
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

NEUTROPHILS of peripheral blood form the first line of defense against foreign substances introduced into the body by routes other than the digestive tract. As Metchnikoff observed in 1905, encounters between these professional phagocytes and foreign material invariably provoke inflammation:The mechanism by which the organism modifies these substances...is not as yet sufficiently known...But we know, very definitely, that each injection of serum, white of egg, milk, or fatty matter, is followed by a rather considerable aseptic inflammation at the point at which these substances are introduced. The organism digests the substances outside the gastrointestinal canal by means of an . . .
Book Review Child and Adolescent Obesity: Causes and Consequences, Prevention and Management Edited by Walter Burniat, Tim J. Cole, Inge Lissau, and Elizabeth M.E. Poskitt. 416 pp., illustrated. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2002. $90. 0-521-65237-5
Authors: Gilbert B. Forbes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)
Anticoagulant Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: STANFORD WESSLER, LAMONT W. GASTON
Journal: Circulation (1966)

Information available at the present time allows the following conclusions to be drawn: 1. Anticoagulant therapy is clearly effective in treating and preventing venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli. 2. If used in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, anticoagulant drugs may salvage 3 to 4% of the treated population. This small gain is probably achieved by the prevention of thromboembolic episodes. While only a small percentage of patients are benefited, the actual number of persons salvaged is relatively great because of the large size of the population at risk. In the considerable majority of treated patients who do not benefit from coumarin drugs, the therapy need do no harm, if proper safeguards are employed in the selection of patients and the administration and laboratory control of the drug. 3. In long-term therapy of patients who have recovered from acute myocardial infarction, it appears that men, especially below age 60, may be helped for the first 1 or 2 years after infarction. 4. More data are required to evaluate the role of anticoagulant treatment in patients with angina pectoris or coronary insufficiency. For the present, the physician may reasonably be influenced in the use of anticoagulant therapy by the recent onset of symptoms, the patient's age, and the family history. 5. Although appropriately controlled studies are lacking, it appears as though patients with peripheral emboli secondary to coronary artery disease may be benefited by anticoagulant therapy.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal permeability, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: S M Riordan
Journal: Gut (2002)

In a recent issue, Wigg and colleagues ( Gut 2001; 48 :206–11) reported that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), as diagnosed by a combined 14C-d-xylose/lactulose breath test, is significantly more common in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) than in control subjects without liver disease. The authors investigated the possible pathogenic significance of this observation by examining whether intestinal permeability and circulating levels of endotoxin and tumour necrosis factor α are increased in NASH patients with SIBO compared with those without. No significant differences in any of these parameters could be demonstrated in the two groups.

An important factor influencing the validity or otherwise of these findings is the diagnostic accuracy of the 14C-d-xylose and lactulose breath tests for SIBO. Our experience, using a sterile endoscopic technique to sample small intestinal secretions under direct vision, is that these breath tests lack sensitivity and specificity for culture proven SIBO.1,2 Endogenous CO2 production and colonic metabolism of d-xylose are important factors inherently limiting the accuracy of the 14C-d-xylose breath test for SIBO.1 Furthermore, reliance on the finding of “double peaks” in serial breath hydrogen or methane levels after ingestion of lactulose to improve the accuracy of the 14C-d-xylose breath test, or as a diagnostic marker in its own right, is problematic. In a study in which a scintigraphic tracer was administered concurrently with lactulose, we found that each of the double peaks in breath hydrogen values may occur after the arrival of the test meal at the caecum, paralleling delivery patterns of fermentable substrate to caecal bacteria. A caecal source of each peak was suggested on 50% of occasions, rather than the first peak necessarily reflecting small intestinal metabolism …
Synopsis of Pathology
Authors: H. M. Sommers
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The author of this continuously popular hand-book of pathology has made a significant effort to include in the new edition many of the recently recognized disease entities described in the past few years, as well as changing concepts of the previously described diseases. Changes in the format include moving all references to a separate section of the book. Because of this, the book is only slightly larger than previous editions, despite the addition of a great deal of new material. As might well be expected in a text covering such a broad subject, occasional changes have escaped attention. The number of groups of streptococci have grown from 4 to 14, and the increasing complexity of blood coagulation probably deserves more than a sentence telling of the identification of new factors, with new hypotheses. Today's students are taught that<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>was formerly called<i>Bacillus pyocyaneus</i>, and they may be confused
TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION
Authors: NELLIS B. FOSTER
Journal: JAMA (1922)

It is customary to speak of hypertension as an entity, in the same way that we might speak of fever. This is due to the fact that the clinical estimations of blood pressure in the beginning were applicable only to the systolic phase and not until more recently, after the auscultatory method had been discovered, were we able to make estimation of the diastolic pressure as well. At present it is not correct to speak of an elevation of blood pressure without designating both systolic and diastolic phases. When we study blood pressure curves by determinations that have been carried out under control conditions, we find peculiarities in the systolic and diastolic phases which make it impossible to explain the departures from normal in so simple a way as is usually done. For example, we notice elevations in both systolic and diastolic phases, and this is the most common type
Familial polycythemia vera in father and daughter
Authors: Tohru Inaba, Chihiro Shimazaki, Hideyo Hirai, Takehisa Kikuta, Toshiya Sumikuma, Yoshikuzu Sudo, Noboru Yamagata, Eishi Ashihara, Hideo Goto, Naohisa Fujita, Masao Nakagawa
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)
Rhinovirus inhalation causes long-lasting excessive airway narrowing in response to methacholine in asthmatic subjects in vivo.
Authors: D Cheung, E C Dick, M C Timmers, E P de Klerk, W J Spaan, P J Sterk
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Exacerbations of asthma are often associated with respiratory infections, and particularly those caused by rhinovirus. The causative role of rhinovirus in these acute episodes is still unclear, since it has not been determined whether or not infection with the virus promotes excessive airway narrowing in asthma. We tested the hypothesis that experimental infection with inhaled wild-type rhinovirus 16 (RV16) increases the maximal degree of airway narrowing in response to bronchoconstrictor stimuli in patients with mild to moderate asthma. Fourteen nonsmoking subjects with atopic asthma and normal FEV1 values participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study. A total dose of 3 x 10(4) of the 50% tissue-culture-infective dose (TCID50) of RV16 or a placebo was administered by pipette, atomizer, and nebulizer in equal doses into both nostrils on two consecutive days. Dose-response curves for inhaled methacholine were recorded 1 d before and 2, 7, and 15 d after RV16 infection or placebo. The response to methacholine was measured by the percent decrease in FEV1, and the maximal degree of airway narrowing was expressed by the average response on the plateau of the dose-response curve. In the seven subjects receiving the virus, RV16 infection was confirmed in nasal washings and/or by an increase in antibody titer, whereas these tests were negative in the placebo group. There was no significant change in baseline FEV1 during the study in either group (p = 0.06).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A RETROSPECTIVE DETERMINATION OF GEOMETRIC SINGLE PLANE NUCLEAR LEFT VENTRICULAR VOLUMES
Authors: C. Eubig, S. P. Lance, J. C. Williams, C. A. Jones, M. J. Frank, M. Brown
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1983)

Eubig, C.; Lance, S. P.; Williams, J. C.; Jones, C. A.; Frank, M. J.; Brown, M. Author Information
Doctors and producers asked to comment on guidance for filming patients
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Doctors and television producers are being asked for their views on proposed guidance for involving patients in films and documentaries.

The General Medical Council is concerned that all involved are aware of confidentiality for patients involved in documentaries. And the guidance will also cover films of patients made for training.

Under existing GMC guidelines from 2002 doctors must ensure that patients understand the purpose of the recording. They must also make sure that the recording is going to be used only for the …
Plastic Prostheses in Systemic-Pulmonary Artery Shunts
Authors: Robert H. LePere
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE CREATION OF a systemic-pulmonary artery shunt has proved lifesaving in a critically ill cyanotic child with tetralogy of Fallot.<sup>1</sup>The Brock procedure,<sup>2,3</sup>although attacking the problem more directly, is less widely used, probably because of insufficient experience. The construction of the conventional Blalock or Potts type anastomosis has not been feasible in every case. On 5 occasions we have found it necessary to utilize a plastic prosthesis to obtain the desired result. The situations in which it was found useful and the durability of this type of shunt are described. A shunt procedure ought to permit an increase in the blood flow to the lung, while not interfering unnecessarily with the performance of a complete repair of the tetralogy of Fallot at a later date. In particular, the fashioning of the shunt ought not to be done in such a manner as to sacrifice a pulmonary artery,
Value of Dundee coronary risk-disk.
Authors: A. S. Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1992)

pathology present in impaired glucose tolerance is complex.We approached the problem of determining whether Lp(a) is a possible factor in why such subjects develop coronary artery disease by examining them before clinical coronary artery disease was established.Rather than suggesting that the pathological process-for example, impaired glucose tolerance -accounts for differences in Lp(a) concentration, we suggest that differences in either Lp(a) concentration or the size of the apoprotein(a) isoform in such subjects could account for their subsequent development of coronary artery disease.To this end a larger long term prospective study is re- quired, not so much to avoid the bias from the effect of inheritance of the apoprotein(a) isoform, but to examine the effect ofthe potential differences in this on the development of coronary artery disease in what is a common condition.