tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Great Ideas in the History of Surgery
Authors: John H. Talbott
Journal: JAMA (1962)

The history of surgery, unlike that of medicine, has rarely been recorded; therefore, the publication ofGreat Ideas in the History of Surgeryis particularly welcome. According  the authors, their work attempts to convey a feeling of the growth of surgery by presenting the leading personalities from the beginning of literary records  the present.  Although this book takes the reader through the millenia of recorded surgical history, it is neither a conventional nor a complete history of surgery. It rather deals with the personalities of the  surgeons, the climate of thought of their day, their relation  medicine in general, and finally, with their writings, in which the great ideas are contained. The most significant of the writings are quoted in excerpt, many here translated into English for the first time.  From this panorama there emerges the story of surgery and the surgeon as it has not
Depression in Adults With Diabetes: Results of 5-yr Follow-Up Study
Authors: Patrick J Lustman, Linda S Griffith, Ray E Clouse
Journal: Diabetes Care (1988)

Little is known about the course of affective illnesses in patients with diabetes or in other physically ill patients. We report a follow-up study of 37 diabetic adults with major depression (according to DSM-III), 28 (76%) of whom were located and reinterviewed 5 yr after the index evaluations. At follow-up, 18 (64%) of the 28 depressed patients had experienced an episode of major depression within the previous 12 mo; 12 of these patients satisfied diagnostic criteria for depression at the time of reevaluation. The 18 patients with recurrent depression had a mean of 4.2 depressive episodes over the 5-yr period. An additional 4 patients met criteria for current dysthymic disorder, bringing the number to 22 (79%) of the total patients ill with affective disorder during the 5-yr follow-up period. In contrast, the likelihood of symptomatic affective disorder was only 10% over the same follow-up period in a comparison group of diabetic subjects without depression at the index evaluation (P &amp;lt; .001). Occurrence of depressive episodes appeared independent of diabetes complications because both the depressed and comparison groups had similar rates of neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. These data suggest that the natural course of depression in diabetes is malevolent, possibly more so than depression in the medically well.
Hormonal basis for the gender difference in epidermal barrier formation in the fetal rat. Acceleration by estrogen and delay by testosterone.
Authors: K Hanley, U Rassner, Y Jiang, D Vansomphone, D Crumrine, L Komüves, P M Elias, K R Feingold, M L Williams
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Previous studies have shown that ontogeny of the epidermal permeability barrier and lung occur in parallel in the fetal rat, and that pharmacologic agents, such as glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone, accelerate maturation at comparable developmental time points. Gender also influences lung maturation, i.e., males exhibit delayed development. Sex steroid hormones exert opposite effects on lung maturation, with estrogens accelerating and androgens inhibiting. In this study, we demonstrate that cutaneous barrier formation, measured as transepidermal water loss, is delayed in male fetal rats. Administration of estrogen to pregnant mothers accelerates fetal barrier development both morphologically and functionally. Competent barriers also form sooner in skin explants incubated in estrogen-supplemented media in vitro. In contrast, administration of dihydrotestosterone delays barrier formation both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, treatment of pregnant rats with the androgen antagonist flutamide eliminates the gender difference in barrier formation. These studies indicate that (a) estrogen accelerates and testosterone delays cutaneous barrier formation, (b) these hormones exert their effects directly on the skin, and (c) sex differences in rates of barrier development in vivo may be mediated by testosterone.
Conservative Surgery and Irradiation in the Treatment of Early Breast Cancer
Authors: BARBARA F. DANOFF
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

The treatment of early (stage I and II) breast cancer over the past 10 years has shown a trend towards conservative use of surgery. The role of mastectomy in achieving local-regional control has been challenged by procedures that preserve the breast, in which tumor excision and axillary node dissection are followed by breast irradiation. Data from retrospective studies as well as prospective randomized trials have shown that in selected patients conservative surgery and radiation achieve results comparable to those of mastectomy in terms of 10-year survival and local-regional recurrence. Studies have shown that conservative surgery, radiation, and adjuvant chemotherapy can be combined effectively in patients at high risk for systemic disease. Although the optimal treatment of early breast cancer remains controversial, the non-mastectomy approach represents major progress.
Interleukin-2 Activity in Patients With Extensive Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase II Trial of Cancer and Leukemia Group B
Authors: G. Clamon, J. Herndon, M. C. Perry, H. Ozer, H. Kreisman, T. Maher, J. Ellerton, M. R. Green
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1993)

Background : Chemotherapy may induce overall (complete plus partial) response rates of more than 50% and complete response rates up to 25% in extensive small-cell lung cancer (stage IIIB or IV), but survival is generally limited to 8–12 months. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has demonstrated activity against this disease in vitro and has produced regression in melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine in a prospective, nonblinded, phase II trial the activity of IL-2 in patients with extensive small-cell lung cancer who had not achieved complete remission with chemotherapy. Methods : The 68 patients eligible for the study were initially treated with at least one dose of combination chemotherapy with cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophos-phamide, and etoposide (PACE). Of the 50 who did not obtain complete remission with PACE, 24 who had measurable or evaluable disease and whose medical condition allowed further therapy were treated with IL-2. Beginning 3 weeks after the last dose of PACE, IL-2 was administered intravenously at 4.5 million Nutley units/m 2 per day as a continuous infusion for 96 hours, followed by a 3-day rest. The planned duration of therapy was 8 weeks. Results : Of the 24 patients eligible to receive IL-2, four (17%) with measurable disease or evaluable but not measurable disease obtained a complete response after IL-2 therapy; one (4%) patient had a partial response. The overall response rate was 21%. Complete responses continued for 8, 9, and more than 11 months in three patients; the remaining patient developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia while in complete remission approximately 8 months after the start of IL-2 therapy. Only five of the 24 patients were able to complete the planned 8 weeks of IL-2 therapy. Therapy was discontinued in 11 patients because of life-threatening side effects, in six because of disease progression, and in two who with drew from the study, probably related to IL-2 toxicity. Conclusions : These results indicate that IL-2 has some activity in extensive small-cell lung cancer and suggest that IL-2 is not cross-resistant with PACE therapy. Implications : Further studies are needed to define the optimum timing, dose, and schedule of IL-2 and to determine whether the agent has a role in the therapy of small-cell lung cancer. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 316–320, 1993]
MedScrip Automated Prescription Writer
Authors: John H. van de Leuv
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Is not a frequent complaint from pharmacists that they cannot read your prescription and are calling for verification? This takes up your time and may be conceived as an annoyance. MedScrip is the solution to this. Perfectly clear, printed scripts are the end result. Is that not a dream?  MedScrip, however, goes beyond the production of printed scripts. The program allows the physician to choose from a long list of the most commonly used drugs or to add to the list any personnally preferred drugs. The MedScrip producers have even gone well beyond these features. The physician's entries are protected by a password, so that more than one physician can use the same program in a protected fashion.  Two drugs are printed on one prescription. In states where this is not allowed, however, it is possible to print a single drug per script. The prescribing physician has the option of
Pitfalls of editorial miscommunication
Authors: K. Shashok
Journal: BMJ (2003)

When Human Immunology retracted an article from a special issue, it blamed the guest editor, who was also one of the authors. But journals should not hand responsibility to someone unfamiliar with that journal's editorial procedures without written guidance or oversight

In October 2001, the publishers of Human Immunology retracted an immunogenetics paper that some readers felt contained inappropriate political content. They also deleted it from the online edition of the journal and asked librarians to physically remove the pages the article was printed on. The first author of the controversial article was also guest editor of the special issue the paper appeared in. The case triggered much debate in editorial organisations and internet discussion groups, and the guest editor, editor in chief, sponsoring society, and publisher were all criticised for their roles in the affair. This article examines the claims and counterclaims.

Human Immunology , a journal published by Elsevier Science and sponsored by the American Society of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, produced a special issue on anthropology and genetic markers in September 2001. The guest editor was Dr Antonio Arnaiz-Villena, head of the immunology department at a large public hospital in Madrid and professor of immunology and cell biology at Madrid's Complutense University. Dr Arnaiz-Villena was recruited by the journal's editor in chief, Dr Nicole Suciu-Foca, because of his expertise in the new, interdisciplinary research front that he called historic genomics.1 He was expected to contribute a keynote paper written specifically for the special issue.2

The paper attracted attention not only for its scientific content but also for parts of the text some readers felt reflected political bias. The authors reported that their analysis of human leucocyte antigen gene variability and haplotypes showed that “Jews and Palestinians came from ancient Canaanites, who extensively mixed with Egyptians, Mesopotamian, …
CRITICA: coding region identification tool invoking comparative analysis
Authors: J. H. Badger, G. J. Olsen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1999)

Gene recognition is essential to understanding existing and future DNA sequence data. CRITICA (Coding Region Identification Tool Invoking Comparative Analysis) is a suite of programs for identifying likely protein-coding sequences in DNA by combining comparative analysis of DNA sequences with more common noncomparative methods. In the comparative component of the analysis, regions of DNA are aligned with related sequences from the DNA databases; if the translation of the aligned sequences has greater amino acid identity than expected for the observed percentage nucleotide identity, this is interpreted as evidence for coding. CRITICA also incorporates noncomparative information derived from the relative frequencies of hexanucleotides in coding frames versus other contexts (i.e., dicodon bias). The dicodon usage information is derived by iterative analysis of the data, such that CRITICA is not dependent on the existence or accuracy of coding sequence annotations in the databases. This independence makes the method particularly well suited for the analysis of novel genomes. CRITICA was tested by analyzing the available Salmonella typhimurium DNA sequences. Its predictions were compared with the DNA sequence annotations and with the predictions of GenMark. CRITICA proved to be more accurate than GenMark, and moreover, many of its predictions that would seem to be errors instead reflect problems in the sequence databases. The source code of CRITICA is freely available by anonymous FTP (rdp.life.uiuc.edu in/pub/critica) and on the World Wide Web (http:/(/)rdpwww.life.uiuc.edu).
Postpartum Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Paul Stoll, J. Christian Virchow, Marek Lommatzsch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

To the Editor: In their Image in Clinical Medicine, Zalts and Hayek (Dec. 18 issue)1 describe a woman with postpartum venous thromboembolism. The patient was found to be heterozygous for a mutation...
Trophic action of epidermal growth factor on human duodenal mucosa cultured in vitro.
Authors: D N Challacombe, E E Wheeler
Journal: Gut (1991)

The action of epidermal growth factor on the human duodenal mucosa has been studied by estimating the crypt cell production rate in cultured explants, using a stathmokinetic technique with crypt microdissection. The addition of epidermal growth factor (400 ng/ml) to paired explants from five patients caused an almost fivefold increase in the crypt cell production rate, showing that epidermal growth factor has a trophic action on the human duodenal mucosa in vitro.
Metoclopramide to Treat Gastroparesis due to Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: WILLIAM J. SNAPE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Ten patients with diabetic gastroparesis were selected for a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of metoclopramide. Each patient had longstanding insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus and symptoms of gastric stasis. The patients were evaluated for the symptoms of gastric stasis and radionucleotide gastric emptying was measured before the patients entered the study and after they were given either metoclopramide or placebo treatment. Metoclopramide, 10 mg orally, stimulated an increase in the rate of gastric emptying (56.8% ±7.4%) in contrast to the response to placebo (37.6% ±7.7%) (p < 0.01). The overall symptoms and symptoms of vomiting were markedly reduced during metoclopramide treatment in contrast to those during placebo treatment. Before the study five patients were constipated (less than three bowel movements per week); during metoclopramide treatment the patients' bowel habits were improved. There was a poor correlation between improved gastric emptying and decreased symptoms. Metoclopramide may improve symptoms of diabetic gastric stasis through two mechanisms: its peripheral effect on gastric smooth muscle, which increases gastric emptying; and its central effects on the chemoreceptor vomiting zone, which decrease nausea.
Reimbursement, Beneficence, and Advance Directives
Authors: Kenneth Grant
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor.  —The thoughtful discussion of the Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 by La Puma et al 1 and White and Fletcher 2 is timely because of the recent December 1,1991, deadline for the act's implementation by hospitals, nursing homes, and hospices. However, there is a danger that health care professionals forced by legislatively imposed time constraints merely to comply with the act, may then, in their zeal, mistakenly become salesmen of advance directives to acutely ill hospitalized patients. Both sets of JAMA authors agree that the acute care setting is not optimal for discussion of advance directives, and then inexplicably go on to discuss additional ways to involve the attending physician and primary nurses in such discussions. It seems that the authors agree that it is not just legally expedient, but ethically correct to make the treating physician the salesman of advance directives to patients who, the authors
The Sleeping Muse
Authors: G. G. Liddle
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In response to your request for a limerick from Limerick, on descent at the Shannon aerphor I hurried to Limerick City, to burst into the nearest Oifig of the Bord Failte Eireann. "A thousand greetings," I cried. "I come for a limerick from Limerick. Please direct me, if you will, to " You know that line from Service, "The cold sweat froze on the end of her nose?" There were no welcomes. The temperature dropped 12 C in 12 seconds, and the colleen reached for a battle-axe, while pressing panic buttons. I fled for Cork and Cobh, hid among the Wicklow mountains for a week, withstood a gale beneath the whin bush at Portmarnock, finally sneaking back into Limerick along the south of the Shannon estuary. At the public library, I asked, "Could you perhaps advise me on the subject of native Limerick poetry? The famous nose and
Eligibility for and benefit of thrombolytic therapy in inferior myocardial infarction: Focus on the prognostic importance of right ventricular infarction
Authors: Manfred Zehender, Wolfgang Kasper, Elisabeth Kauder, Annette Geibel, Martin Schönthaler, Manfred Olschewski, Hanjörg Just
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)
A CASE OF ENORMOUS PIGMENTED MOLE
Authors: D. T. Quigley
Journal: JAMA (1924)

The patient, referred by Dr. Sol Ravitz of Omaha, is a man, aged 24, of good physique, mentally sound and in every way a normal person. He lives and works on a farm and has no trouble from his deformity except that in hot weather the sweat gathers in the deep fissures of the mole and causes local irritation. The gross appearance is that of ordinary pigmented mole except that in the heavier, thicker areas the pigment is lighter, and in the thinner areas near the edge and in the smaller islands the pigment is much deeper, all the smaller spots and all the margins being completely black. The lighter and darker shades of brown prevail in the main mass. Hair is present in all the small spots and around the edges of the main mass. The genital organs are normal, but the breasts are enlarged and resemble those of
Potentiating mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 to treat post-infarction heart failure
Authors: A. Yavari, H. Ashrafian
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Heart failure (HF) is common after acute myocardial infarction (MI) with an estimated one in five individuals aged 65 years or older who experience a first MI subsequently developing HF over the next 5 years.1 While a temporal trend towards reduction in HF hospitalizations post-MI has been noted, survival remains poor even in the era of primary reperfusion therapy, multiagent neurohormonal modulation and device implantation, with a 1-year mortality for patients hospitalized for HF after MI of over 45%.2

Complex changes in ventricular geometry ensue within hours of MI—particularly for transmural infarcts—and progress well beyond the acute episode in a process termed ventricular remodelling.3 The degree of ventricular remodelling—described by parameters such as left ventricular (LV) end-systolic volume—has emerged as a key predictor of long-term survival post-MI.4 All therapies proved to beneficially alter HF clinical outcomes, including renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibition, beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and LV assist devices, have been associated with LV reverse remodelling, highlighting it as a therapeutic target.5

Modern definitions of cardiac remodelling6 build on earlier, largely morphological descriptions of infarct expansion, progressive ventricular dilatation, and eccentric hypertrophy culminating in systolic failure.3 These reflect complex changes in: gene expression, molecular response (altered expression of proteins resulting in impaired sarcoplasmic calcium cycling and abnormal excitation–contraction coupling, increased AT1 receptor expression, and altered β-adrenoceptor function),5,7,8 cellular adaptations (altered myocyte shape, size, and increased levels of apoptosis),9 and interstitial [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated extracellular matrix remodelling, RAAS- and TGF-β-mediated fibrosis, activation and recruitment of inflammatory and progenitor cells, and reduced capillary density]10,11 in the pathogenesis and progression of post-MI HF. The ability of current evidence-based therapies to induce reverse remodelling depends on their ability to favourably alter some of these pathological changes, …
Medical Care for the Homeless
Authors: Edson O. Parker
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I endorse the concern and efforts of Dr Brickner to improve medical care for the nation's homeless as expressed recently inThe Journal.<sup>1</sup>The well-organized and funded steps planned are long overdue. Until those plans are implemented, however, there exists an effective, albeit less sophisticated, framework for aiding our nation's homeless. Specifically, medical professionals can immediately and effectively provide assistance to many of the nation's poor, homeless, and jobless by attending to them where these persons have retreated to survive, eg, the established "missions" and "soup kitchens." Each Sunday, I spend a few hours at the local Valley Rescue Mission (a Christian-oriented, nonprofit room-and-board facility), attending to the resident indigent men, women, and children. Examining, reassuring, referring, and prescribing for them costs me very little, and the rewards are priceless—genuine gratitude. The experience has developed in me a deep appreciation not only for the good fortune
Application of Psychoimmunotherapy in Patients with Alopecia universalis
Authors: Hideki Teshima, Hiroshi Sogawa, Koji Mizobe, Naoko Kuroki, Tetsuya Nakagawa
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1991)

Mental stress and immunological abnormality have recently been listed as causes of alopecia universalis. This disease is difficult to treat with only ordinary pharmacotherapy. Thus, from the standpoint of psychoneuroimmunology, stress was relieved by relaxation and image therapy, and administration of small doses of a strong immunosuppressant was effective, leading to clinically favorable results. In addition, changes were recognized in the subpopulation of peripheral lymphocytes and in Β-endorphin before and after relaxation and image therapy. The treatment of alopecia universalis favorably changed the subpopulations of T cells. A patient suffering from alopecia is always under stress. Alleviating this stress facilitates recovery of immunological competence. Our method was effective in 5 of 6 cases with refractory alopecia universalis.
Investigating iron status in microcytic anaemia: Causes and management of iron deficient anaemia
Authors: Kaushik Guha
Journal: BMJ (2006)

EDITOR—Galloway and Smellie's review of investigating iron status in microcytic anaemia did not cover several key points.1

Common causes of iron deficiency include tropical disease, such as schistosomiasis, amoebiasis, and hookworm. The estimated prevalence of hookworm is one billion people.2 This has to be borne in mind as a potential …