tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inaugurating a new area of comparative cognition research
Authors: J. David Smith, Wendy E. Shields, David A. Washburn
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

There was a strong consensus in the commentaries that animals' performances in metacognition paradigms indicate high-level decisional processes that cannot be explained associatively. Our response summarizes this consensus and the support for the idea that these performances demonstrate animal metacognition. We amplify the idea that there is an adaptive advantage favoring animals who can – in an immediate moment of difficulty or uncertainty – construct a decisional assemblage that lets them find an appropriate behavioral solution. A working consciousness would serve this function well. This explains why animals may have the functional equivalent of human declarative consciousness. However, like other commentators who were friendly to this equivalence, we approach carefully the stronger claims that animals' metacognitive performances imply full-blown self-awareness or phenomenal consciousness.We discuss the commentators' interesting ideas for future research, as well as their intriguing ideas about the evolution and development of metacognition and its relation to theory of mind. We also discuss residual confusions about existing research and remaining methodological issues.
Health and the Environment
Authors: Burton E. Einspruch
Journal: JAMA (1993)

At the end of the 19th century, it was commonly thought that the bounties of the earth would be an ever-present cornucopia. The attitude in Europe was one of elation as the benefits of the Industrial Revolution, which first occurred in England, put to rest the well-publicized anxieties of Malthus and Adam Smith. The century was ushered in with a sense of prosperity generated by Victorian colonial success and expansion of Western trade, and ended with the surprisingly quick submission of the Russian Bear upon the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War. Problems were observed, however, on both sides of the Atlantic inasmuch as early social conscience took notice of the association of poverty and its resultant diseases and the misery and relative immobility of the lower classes. The 20th century enjoys less confidence in the results of the final phases of industrialization, owing to its growing impact on earth's fragile
THE TREATMENT OF HOOKWORM INFECTION
Authors: SAMUEL T. DARLING
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The data that we present dealing with the therapeutics of oil of chenopodium and thymol are derived from our report to the International Health Board, Rockefeller Foundation, on the subject of the effect of hookworm infection on the working efficiency of the people of the Malay Peninsula, Java and Fiji. On account of the importance of the subject of the treatment of hookworm infection among our soldiers at this time, the accompanying data have been abstracted from the report for immediate publication. The views here expressed are based on experiments in which the number of cases was, perhaps, too small for drawing satisfactory conclusions. So far as they compare the efficiency of various vermicides in different doses, therefore, they should be interpreted as being subject to confirmation by more extended investigation, rather than as being sufficient in themselves to establish a fact. It should be borne in mind also that
ABC of poisoning. The elderly.
Authors: P Crome
Journal: BMJ (1984)

85 year old Stanley Jones is today racovering in hospital after being found unconscious in Hatton Woods yesterday afternoon.Neighbours had told the social services department that he seemed Beauty Queen confused and depressed.Mr Jones, a widower, lives in Prize Row alone in Bolbeck Rd, not tar from the woods- Although the elderly form a relatively small proportion of those admitted to hospital for acute selfpoisoning, the poisoning which ensues is often more serious, complications are more frequent, and a fatal outcome is more common.The elderly also form a large proportion ofthose admitted with iatrogenic poisoning.The "normal" physiological changes ofaging, the presence ofconcomitant and often multiple physical, psychiatric, and social problems, together with possible difficulties in the diagnosis ofpoisoning may all combine to make the management ofthe elderly more complicated than that ofyounger poisoned patients.Recovery j5,77s,7 775E ns55-17 *,.fi, \n '.''\,'''.''I'..-'''''''''''-.
Gene Amplification Is a Mechanism of <i>Six1</i> Overexpression in Breast Cancer
Authors: Kelly J. Reichenberger, Ricardo D. Coletta, Aline P. Schulte, Marileila Varella-Garcia, Heide L. Ford
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract The Six1 homeoprotein plays a critical role in expanding progenitor populations during normal development via its stimulation of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Overexpression of Six1 is observed in several tumor types, suggesting that when expressed out of context, Six1 may contribute to tumorigenesis by reinstating properties normally conveyed on developing cells. Indeed, Six1 contributes to tumor cell proliferation both in breast cancer and in rhabdomyosarcomas, in which it is also implicated in metastasis. Whereas Six1 overexpression has been reported in several tumor types, the mechanism responsible for its overexpression has not previously been examined. Here we show that a change in gene dosage may contribute to Six1 mRNA overexpression. Significant Six1 gene amplification and overrepresentation occurs in numerous breast cancer cell lines as compared with normal mammary epithelial cells, and the changes in gene dosage correlate with increased Six1 mRNA levels. Of 214 human infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas examined for Six1 gene dosage, 4.7% show Six1 amplification/overrepresentation, and tumors that exhibit an increase in Six1 gene dosage overexpress Six1 mRNA. These data implicate Six1 gene amplification/overrepresentation as a mechanism of Six1 mRNA overexpression in human breast cancer.
Stress-Driven In Vivo Selection of a Functional Mini-Gene from a Randomized DNA Library Expressing Combinatorial Peptides in Escherichia coli
Authors: V. G. Stepanov, G. E. Fox
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

A plasmid-borne randomized mini-gene library expressing a population of combinatorial 20-mer peptides with no bias toward any biological function was used as an initial source of genetic variance during stress-driven evolution of Escherichia coli. The transformed bacteria were evolved under multiple rounds of selective pressure imposed by nearly lethal concentrations of NiCl(2), AgNO(3), or K(2)TeO(3). At the final stage, clones conferring resistance to NiCl(2) were found to carry identical functional mini-genes, which conferred significant nickel tolerance on the host cells. Expression of the mini-gene markedly improved growth parameters of the evolved clones at subinhibitory concentrations of NiCl(2) while being slightly detrimental in the absence of the stress. This substantial increase in resistance, as compared with control cultures adapted in the absence of the mini-gene, is shown to be largely due to coadaptation with changes elsewhere in the E. coli genome. Clones resistant to AgNO(3) and K(2)TeO(3) harbored plasmid variants with an inactive mini-gene and with a deleted mini-gene operon, respectively. In those cases, an exploration of the mini-gene sequence space apparently was fruitless, and the developed toxicity tolerance was likely to be exclusively associated with acquired adaptive mutations. Overall, the results demonstrate a very natural outcome in which the mini-genes were expected to be either successfully integrated into the bacterial genetic network or rejected depending on their effect on host fitness. This approach is immediately useful as a laboratory model to study the dynamics of bacterial adaptive evolution at the molecular level and is especially relevant as a rapid method to study cellular response to recently acquired genetic material.
Topical diphencyprone for alopecia areata: evaluation of 48 cases after 30 months' follow-up
Authors: P.M. GORDON, R.D. ALDRIDGE, E. McVITTIE, J.A.A. HUNTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

Forty-eight patients (23 male, 25 female) with severe alopecia areata were sensitized and treated with topical diphencyprone. Thirty-eight per cent of the subjects had good regrowth of hair at a mean follow-up period of 30.8 months. The presence of nail changes, a personal history of atopy and a long duration of alopecia had an adverse prognostic effect.
Modular contracts for general practitioners.
Authors: S. Ford
Journal: BMJ (1992)

of Surgeons highlights the importance of an inte- grated response to trauma, care before patients reach hospital, and communication between doctors and the emergency services.6Unfor- tunately, it does not mention immediate medical care, provided at the scene of accidents throughout.the United Kingdom by over 2000 doctors trained by the British Association of Intermediate Care.Indeed, in their major review of deaths from trauma Anderson et al do not discriminate between victims who have received immediate care before reaching hospital and those who have not.3All doctors should be trained in emergency medicine at undergraduate as well as postgraduate level."The pattern of trauma is different in the United Kingdom from that elsewhere, and accept- ing American training methods4 without modification may not be appropriate.Advanced trauma life support has much to offer as a systematic approach to trauma care but is only partially successful in meeting the needs of immediate care doctors, with its focus on x ray investigation, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, urinary catheterisation, and rectal examination, all of which are inappropriate at the scerne of an accident.I look forward to the development of an advanced trauma life support module for immediate care of trauma victims.
<i>PTH</i>Mutation with Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Undetectable Intact PTH
Authors: Amy Y.M. Au, Kerrie McDonald, Anthony Gill, Mark Sywak, Terrence Diamond, Arthur D. Conigrave, Roderick J. Clifton-Bligh
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

complicated the case because of malabsorption owing to celiac disease.
TCTAP A-158 Endovascular Treatment of Patients with Chronic Coronary Heart Disease and Nonbypassable Coronary Arteries
Authors: Bagrat Alekyan, Leo Bockeria, Yurii Buziaschvili, Elena Goluhova, Tatyana Nikitina, Anton Staferov, Narek Zakaryan, Artur Sargsyan
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
The Cushing Syndromes
Authors: James W. Findling
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

The spontaneous Cushing syndromes present many challenging diagnostic problems to the clinician. Since 1932, when Dr. Harvey Cushing suggested that secretions from small basophilic pituitary tumors were responsible for bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, it has become increasingly evident that endogenous hypercortisolism has numerous causes.The Cushing syndromes have traditionally been divided into those resulting from an ACTH-secreting tumor (pituitary or ectopic) and those independent of ACTH (adrenal adenoma or carcinoma). Although most patients who have a pituitary or ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor have bilateral diffuse hyperplasia, a minority have bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia. This condition is most likely to occur in patients . . .
Anticipating the Effects of Medicaid Expansion on Surgical Care
Authors: Seth A. Waits, Bradley N. Reames, Kyle H. Sheetz, Michael J. Englesbe, Darrell A. Campbell
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

TO THE EDITOR:

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expanded Medicaid coverage to adults with incomes up to 133% of the federal poverty level, but a subsequent Supreme Court ruling determined Congress could give states the option to expand. In September of 2013, the state of Michigan approved expansion. Beginning in April 2014, more than 400,000 adults will be newly eligible for Medicaid enrollment in the state.1

The impact of this influx of patients on surgical care and hospital costs in Michigan is unknown. Previous national studies of Medicaid patients undergoing surgery have shown worse outcomes2 and increased costs.3 Given the ACA also mandates a reduction in payments to disproportionate share hospitals (DSH),4 increased Medicaid enrollment could have substantial clinical and financial implications for hospitals facing expansion. To better understand this change, we examined the surgical outcomes and resource use of Medicaid patients in Michigan the year prior to implementation of the ACA using a statewide clinical registry.
Some Sequels to Myocardial Infarction and their Treatment
Authors: R. R. H. Lovell
Journal: BMJ (1964)

In no country with a National Heart Foundation are the citizens likely to be allowed to remain ignorant of the ravages of coronary artery disease.Doctors, of course, whatever branch of medicine they practise, are all too familiar with its problems.So, in Australia at any rate, are students, for sufferers from the disease provide a fair proportion of patients in teaching hospitals.In a recent survey in the Royal Melbourne Hospital we found that one-quarter of the occupants of general medical teaching beds had, as their main diagnosis, coronary disease, cerebral vascular disease, or peptic ulcer, and coronary disease was the commonest of these.
Accurate Diagnosis of Pancreas Divisum by Linear-Array Endoscopic Ultrasonography
Authors: R. Lai, M. L. Freeman, O. W. Cass, S. Mallery
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

During linear-array endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), the main pancreatic duct can be followed continuously from the major papilla into the pancreatic body in most patients. Often, the duct can also be seen crossing a sonographic border between the ventral and dorsal pancreatic anlagen. It was hypothesized that the presence of either feature excludes pancreas divisum, whereas the absence of these features suggests complete pancreas divisum.Pancreas divisum was sought during all linear-array EUS examinations conducted between July 1999 and June 2003. Charts were reviewed retrospectively, and patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde pancreatography after, but not before, EUS were included in the study.A total of 162 patients had EUS before ERCP. Adequate evaluation of the pancreatic duct was possible in 78 % of the patients. The prevalence of pancreas divisum was 13.6 %. In patients with adequate duct visualization, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for EUS were 95 %, 97 %, 86 %, and 99 %, respectively. The overall accuracy of EUS for identifying pancreas divisum was 97 % in this subgroup.Adequate EUS evaluation of pancreas divisum was possible in most cases. Linear-array EUS is a promising diagnostic test for pancreas divisum.
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty: Opportunity Fleeting
Authors: David H. Spodick
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Nonsurgical restoration of coronary patency has become a reality. Successful dilation of noncalcific coronary stenoses by balloon catheter has been reported by Grüntzig et al<sup>1</sup>and Simpson and colleagues.<sup>2</sup>To their great credit, these investigators proceeded judiciously and without unseemly publicity. Careful preliminary work on animals and in human peripheral arteries laid the groundwork for their success, and their postdilation cineangiograms are convincing. It now seems that the currently handmade Swiss balloon catheters are becoming available to other investigators. Widespread interest will surely promote demand and large-scale manufacture. In this issue ofThe Journal, Mautner and Phillips (p 1625) have neatly summarized balloon angioplasty—its technique, its early results, and its promise. They raise serious questions regarding objective benefits, particularly because the procedure seems to be indicated mainly for patients who, at least on the basis of anatomy, do well with surgery and may survive well without surgery (2%
International recruitment of health professionals
Authors: James Buchan
Journal: BMJ (2005)

We need to identify effective approaches to managing and moderating migration 

F or the United Kingdom, and some other developed countries, active international recruitment has become a solution to shortages of health professionals. However, one country's solution may become another's problem. The recent House of Commons report on migration and development1 and other commentators have highlighted the negative impact of international recruitment on the health systems of some of the main source countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.2 The issue of migration of health professionals has become an important feature of international health policy debate symbolised by the passing of a resolution at the World Health Assembly.3

How important is international recruitment to the NHS? Estimates of the inflow of doctors to the United Kingdom can be derived from the registration records of the General Medical Council. Registration data highlight …
Abstract 4102: Histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat, decreases transcription of survivin and is an enhancer of gemcitabine therapy for resistant pancreatic tumors
Authors: Leila J. Green, Nadezhda V. Koshkina, Steven A. Curley
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Introduction: Overall 5-year survival rates of patients with pancreatic cancer remains below 15% due to delay in diagnosis and chemotherapeutic resistance. Combinational therapy has become the mainstay of treatment in patients who have metastatic pancreatic cancer. We hypothesize that 1) vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydoxamic acid), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, will improve efficacy of gemcitabine in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic tumor cells; and 2) vorinostat works through decreasing the transcription inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Methods: Six different human pancreatic cell lines were treated with various levels of vorinostat with or without gemcitabine. Viability of tumor cells was determined via MTT assay and cytoplasmic levels of IAPs, including survivin, were analyzed via western blot assay. Real-time RT-PCR was performed on cell lysates to determine changes in survivin gene expression. Results: Combinations of vorinostat with gemcitabine significantly inhibited pancreatic cancer cells growth in vitro when compared with either treatment alone (p&amp;lt;0.05). Screening of IAPs expression in tumor cells after exposure to vorinostat revealed variation of their expression in pancreatic tumor cells except survivin, whose expression declined consistently in all cells after vorinostat treatment. Overall cytoplasmic levels of survivin were seen to decline across all cell lines treated. Real-time RT-PCR showed a decrease in survivin gene expression in all cell lines tested as compared to control. Conclusion: We conclude that 1) vorinostat increases the efficacy of gemcitabine on pancreatic cells; and 2) decline of survivin protein levels in after exposure to vorinostat is due to a decrease in gene transcription and indicates that survivin plays an important role in improving the chemotherapeutic effect of gemcitabine. We are currently conducting in vivo experiments to verify our findings using orthotopic pancreatic tumor animal models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4102. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4102
Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Leon Wolf
Journal: JAMA (1976)

One hundred healthy women were examined prospectively during their annual physical examination for any of the preliminary criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). No patient had more than three of the criteria; 50 (50%) had none. The preliminary criteria were effective in excluding normal patients. Three of 19 patients taking oral contraceptives had serum antinuclear antibody (ANA), whereas only one of 81 non-pill users had serum ANA (P less than .05). None of these patients with positive ANA had clinical evidence of SLE.
Penicillamine-Induced Polymyositis
Authors: I. MACHTEY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Comments1 June 1977Penicillamine-Induced PolymyositisI. MACHTEY, M.D.I. MACHTEY, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-86-6-832_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The recent communication by Cucher and Goldman (Ann Intern Med 85:615-616, 1976) raises two important questions.The first one is whether and to what extent this peculiar polymyositis should be attributed to penicillamine. One has to take into account that only a few days (?) before this drug was initiated, the codiagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome was established. The latter disease was reported to be associated with a special type of polymyositis (1). The improvement could be well due either to the withdrawal of the drug under discussion or to the high steroid dosage, or due to both....References1. DENKOBERGENSTAL CD: The sicca syndrome (Sjögren's syndrome) Arch Intern Med 105:849-858, 1960 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. MACHTEY I: Adverse reaction to penicillamine in a patient with Behçet syndrome and ulcer of the leg. J Clin Pharmacol 11:204-205, 1971 Google Scholar3. JAFFE I: The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and necrotising vasculitis with penicillamine. Arthr Rheum 13:436-443, 1970 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. EDITORIAL: Penicillamine! More lessons from experience. Br Med J 3:120, 1975 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. DENKOBERGENSTAL CD: The sicca syndrome (Sjögren's syndrome). Arch Intern Med 105:849-858, 1960 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. DAYGOLDINGLEEBUTTERWORTH AJPA: Penicillamine in rheumatoid disease: a long-term study. Br Med J 1:180-183, 1974 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: I. MACHTEY, M.D.Affiliations: Department of Medicine A and Rheumatology Clinic Hasharon Hospital Petah-Tiqva Israel PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPenicillamine-induced myositis in rheumatoid arthritis 1 June 1977Volume 86, Issue 6Page: 832-832KeywordsDrugsPolymyositis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1977 PDF downloadLoading ...
ANKRD1, the Gene Encoding Cardiac Ankyrin Repeat Protein, Is a Novel Dilated Cardiomyopathy Gene
Authors: Mousumi Moulik, Matteo Vatta, Stephanie H. Witt, Anita M. Arola, Ross T. Murphy, William J. McKenna, Aladin M. Boriek, Kazuhiro Oka, Siegfried Labeit, Neil E. Bowles, Takuro Arimura, Akinori Kimura, Jeffrey A. Towbin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
Medical Practice in the Philippines.
Authors: Samuel O. L. Potter
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Manila, P. I., Dec. 12, 1899. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —This is a difficult place in which to put anything into literary form, one being in a sweat-bath most of the time, and having to stop every few minutes to wipe one's hands and face. <h3>PRACTICE IN MANILA.</h3> The old Spanish law, under which we are administering the civil government here, required the passing of an examination for dentists and veterinarians, but none for physicians, who were only required to have a diploma, to register and pay an annual tax of $50 to $150, according to supposed income, by which they were classified. There is no field here for American physicians, for several reasons. In the first place the fees are too small. I was called once to an American house where I had been attending the family, and found a native physician there, sent for in emergency by the servants.