tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Liver-expressed Igκ superantigen induces tolerance of polyclonal B cells by clonal deletion not κ to λ receptor editing
Authors: Takayuki Ota, Miyo Ota, Bao Hoa Duong, Amanda L. Gavin, David Nemazee
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2011)

Little is know about the nature of peripheral B cell tolerance or how it may vary in distinct lineages. Although autoantibody transgenic studies indicate that anergy and apoptosis are involved, some studies claim that receptor editing occurs. To model peripheral B cell tolerance in a normal, polyclonal immune system, we generated transgenic mice expressing an Igκ–light chain–reactive superantigen targeted to the plasma membrane of hepatocytes (pAlb mice). In contrast to mice expressing κ superantigen ubiquitously, in which κ cells edit efficiently to λ, in pAlb mice, κ B cells underwent clonal deletion. Their κ cells failed to populate lymph nodes, and the remaining splenic κ cells were anergic, arrested at a semi-mature stage without undergoing receptor editing. In the liver, κ cells recognized superantigen, down-regulated surface Ig, and expressed active caspase 3, suggesting ongoing apoptosis at the site of B cell receptor ligand expression. Some, apparently mature, κ B1 and follicular B cells persisted in the peritoneum. BAFF (B cell–activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family) overexpression rescued splenic κ B cell maturation and allowed κ cells to populate lymph nodes. Our model facilitates analysis of tissue-specific autoimmunity, tolerance, and apoptosis in a polyclonal B cell population. The results suggest that deletion, not editing, is the major irreversible pathway of tolerance induction among peripheral B cells.
Oral contraceptives and hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: I. Brosens, E. Johannisson, E.-E. Baulieu, G. Benagiano, I. D Cooke, J. W Goldzieher, J. Hammerstein, A. Haspels, B. Lunenfeld, M. Potts, B. Westerholm
Journal: BMJ (1986)
Prognostic Implication of EGFR, KRAS, and TP53 Gene Mutations in a Large Cohort of Japanese Patients with Surgically Treated Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Takayuki Kosaka, Yasushi Yatabe, Ryoichi Onozato, Hiroyuki Kuwano, Tetsuya Mitsudomi
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
Immunity to Measles Among Health Care Workers in France
Authors: Jacques Germanaud
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention editorial note<sup>1</sup>raises an important question concerning measles susceptibility in adults. It is pointed out that a reduction in measles susceptibility may have occurred through increased measles vaccination among preschool-aged children. Nevertheless, measles screening for health care workers in the United States revealed significant numbers of nonimmune hospital employees.<sup>2,3</sup>We studied measles immunity in hospital employees in Orleans, France, a country where vaccination coverage is much lower than that reported in the United States. During the first few months of 1993, 465 serum samples were tested by enzyme immunoassay for measles antibody (IgG). This represented 14% of the employees. Of these 465 employees, four were seronegative. Of those born before 1957, none (0%) tested seronegative, while four (2%) of those born in or after 1957 were seronegative. The number of nonimmune hospital employees was lower in France than
The Royal College of Physicians of London
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

THE Royal College of Physicians of London has now moved into its fifth home, which was formally opened by the Queen on November 5. In her speech the Queen recalled the close connection that the College has had with the Royal Family since the time when King Henry VIII's physician successfully petitioned the King to found it in 1518. She thought it would not be surprising if Thomas Linacre had found his patient rather difficult and had the wise idea of sharing his responsibilities with other distinguished members of the profession. Sir Charles Dodds, the president, pointed out, however, that . . .
Myopia and Scleral Reinforcement: A Sensitive Nerve
Authors: William W. Miller
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Regarding Dr Curtin's answer to Dr Pika's<sup>1</sup>question about bilateral high myopia, I respect Dr Curtin's great contributions to our knowledge concerning high myopia and degenerative myopia. However, he missed answering the following points. The first concerns the management of the 3 1/2-year-old male with severe myopia. This condition, when congenital, is not apt to progress. Therefore, it could not be considered degenerative at this point and surgery is definitely not indicated. I advise fitting contact lenses as soon as cooperation with the youngster can be obtained. This will provide the greatest visual rehabilitation and visual development. Second, Dr Curtin indicates that scleral reinforcement surgery is not useful. I wish to refute this and refer the readers to my article concerning scleral reinforcement surgery published in the Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (November-December 1974). In addition, I presented an exhibit at the
Short-Term Hazards of Low-Dose Radioiodine Ablation Therapy in Postsurgical Thyroid Cancer Patients
Authors: WAN-YU LIN, YEH-YOU SHEN, SHYH-JEN WANG
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

During the last two decades, there has been a trend to use low-dose I-131 ablation therapy in patients with thyroid carcinoma without metastases. However, information regarding the incidence of acute adverse reactions in patients after low-dose radioiodine therapy has not been reported. In this study, the acute radiation effects after low-dose radioiodine ablation therapy in postsurgical differentiated thyroid cancer patients was evaluated. Fifty-six patients with differentiated thyroid cancer were prospectively evaluated. None of these patients had evidence of a distant metastasis. All patients received 40 mCi (1480 MBq) I-131 MIBG orally and were evaluated for symptoms and signs by a physician on the second and seventh days after therapy. Xerostomia and nausea were the most common complaints with the same incidence rate of 5.35%. Gastralgia occurred at a frequency of 3.57%. Pain in the thyroid bed, tenderness over a parotid gland, submandibular glands, change in taste, and vomiting all were found at a frequency of 1.78%. Maximum reactions generally occurred 24-48 hours after therapy. All the symptoms except for xerostomia resolved completely in most patients within a week. In comparison with high-dose ablation therapy published in the literature, the incidence of radiation reactions in low-dose radioiodine therapy was much lower. It was concluded that in patients without lymph node or distant metastases, low-dose I-131 MIBG therapy may be recommended to avoid the high incidence of local complications after high-dose treatment.
Overexpression of CXCL5 mediates neutrophil infiltration and indicates poor prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Shao-Lai Zhou, Zhi Dai, Zheng-Jun Zhou, Xiao-Ying Wang, Guo-Huan Yang, Zheng Wang, Xiao-Wu Huang, Jia Fan, Jian Zhou
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

CXCL5 (epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78) is a member of a proangiogenic subgroup of the CXC-type chemokine family of small, secreted proteins. Recently, evidence that CXCL5 is involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression has emerged. To investigate the role of CXCL5 in tumor growth, invasion, and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we examined CXCL5 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in HCC cell lines with various metastatic potentials and in three independent cohorts of 919 HCC patients. We found that CXCL5 expression was increased in the highly metastatic HCC cell lines and in tumor tissues from patients with recurrent HCC compared to controls. CXCL5 activated the PI3K-Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in HCC cells and promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, we found that CXCL5 had a direct chemoattractant effect on neutrophils in vitro. In animal studies, the up-regulation of CXCL5 in HCC cells promoted tumor growth, lung metastasis, and intratumoral neutrophil infiltration. Conversely, down-regulation of CXCL5 in HCC cells reduced tumor growth, metastasis, and intratumoral neutrophil infiltration. Immunohistochemical analysis in HCC samples showed that overexpression of CXCL5 was well correlated with intratumoral neutrophil infiltration, shorter overall survival, and tumor recurrence. Multivariate analysis revealed that CXCL5 overexpression alone, or combined with the presence of intratumoral neutrophils, was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival and cumulative recurrence. Conclusion: CXCL5 promotes HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and intratumoral neutrophil infiltration. CXCL5 overexpression, alone or combined with intratumoral neutrophil presence, is a novel prognostic predictor, and CXCL5 is a potential therapeutic target for HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:2242–2254)
Targeting the mTOR Signaling Network for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Funda Meric-Bernstam, Ana Maria Gonzalez-Angulo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

The serine-threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a major role in the regulation of protein translation, cell growth, and metabolism. Alterations of the mTOR signaling pathway are common in cancer, and thus mTOR is being actively pursued as a therapeutic target. Rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs) have proven effective as anticancer agents in a broad range of preclinical models. Clinical trials using rapalogs have demonstrated important clinical benefits in several cancer types; however, objective response rates achieved with single-agent therapy have been modest. Rapalogs may be more effective in combination with other anticancer agents, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies. It is increasingly apparent that the mTOR signaling network is quite complex, and rapamycin treatment leads to different signaling responses in different cell types. A better understanding of mTOR signaling, the mechanism of action of rapamycin, and the identification of biomarkers of response will lead to more optimal targeting of this pathway for cancer therapy.
Who Is Responsible for the Common Good in a Competitive Market?
Authors: Robert H. Fletcher
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Smoking Cessation Curriculum for First-Year Medical Students
Authors: Virginia L. Ernster
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —We underscore the need to include instruction in smoking cessation in medical school curricula discussed by Dr Fiore and colleagues. 1 In our core course in epidemiology for first-year medical students, we include a lecture on the health effects of smoking, followed by a lecture and videotape that identify specific steps physicians can take to assist their patients to quit smoking. In the past we provided each student with his or her own copy of How to Help Your Patients Stop Smoking by the National Cancer Institute; this year each student received a copy of How to Help Patients Stop Smoking published by the American Medical Association, which describes the National Cancer Institute protocol for office-based smoking intervention (Ask-Advise-Assist-Arrange) and includes information on nicotine replacement therapy. Soon after the lectures, pairs of students role-play in smoking cessation, or practice smoking cessation counseling with simulated patients (trained actors),
Differentiating defensive and predatory aggression: Neuropsychological systems and personality in sex differences
Authors: Philip J. Corr, Adam M. Perkins
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract We draw a distinction between defensive and predatory forms of aggression, and how these forms relate to basic neuropsychological systems, especially the Fight-Flight-Freeze-System (FFFS; putatively related to defensive aggression), and the Behavioural Approach System (BAS; putatively related to predatory aggression). These systems may help further to account for proximal brain processes and personality influences in the context of sex differences.
Organization and Evolution of Brain Lipidome Revealed by Large-Scale Analysis of Human, Chimpanzee, Macaque, and Mouse Tissues
Authors: Katarzyna Bozek, Yuning Wei, Zheng Yan, Xiling Liu, Jieyi Xiong, Masahiro Sugimoto, Masaru Tomita, Svante Pääbo, Chet C. Sherwood, Patrick R. Hof, John J. Ely, Yan Li, Dirk Steinhauser, Lothar Willmitzer, Patrick Giavalisco, Philipp Khaitovich
Journal: Neuron (2015)

Lipids are prominent components of the nervous system. Here we performed a large-scale mass spectrometry-based analysis of the lipid composition of three brain regions as well as kidney and skeletal muscle of humans, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and mice. The human brain shows the most distinct lipid composition: 76% of 5,713 lipid compounds examined in our study are either enriched or depleted in the human brain. Concentration levels of lipids enriched in the brain evolve approximately four times faster among primates compared with lipids characteristic of non-neural tissues and show further acceleration of change in human neocortical regions but not in the cerebellum. Human-specific concentration changes are supported by human-specific expression changes for corresponding enzymes. These results provide the first insights into the role of lipids in human brain evolution.Video AbstracteyJraWQiOiI4ZjUxYWNhY2IzYjhiNjNlNzFlYmIzYWFmYTU5NmZmYyIsImFsZyI6IlJTMjU2In0.eyJzdWIiOiI3YzIzM2RlODE2YWZjNTQ3ZmNlMjU2ODlmY2IwNDY0OSIsImtpZCI6IjhmNTFhY2FjYjNiOGI2M2U3MWViYjNhYWZhNTk2ZmZjIiwiZXhwIjoxNjc4NDM5NjQ0fQ.i8VpB5NEDmPX-5g0MJlXWr7dNJtQpU3NImPJuVGeDHELbIEEJ_ZrkSRmaPqEnDTzbQxLC-Z9X8cj97l1rrtxuZ-b-lLmd08y_PQ-izDar5JHpsLIcVAD1ExbCJVcsF20A3x2n1SE0iL14POFlz9Ue3Y2yuIW8CZ3uTp8C1hsoolJhsIAzVLXfvjYwChh3f3cDwTvtx09yTurDHOpYXvIRI5wLAwvl7a0modXEUXKLT_ChYQmfPU5iNa5qXFkLvO5AJe50118TCPyDWWywBwVCBspNZbMt4ThgKTfsJsCkS62FScpXSZYG5r2ZDv21u5cFeqLxTYUVlduAqR8eB-UXQ(mp4, (9.52 MB) Download video
Carcinoma of the Oesophagus as a Complication of Achalasia of the Cardia
Authors: J. L. Williams
Journal: Thorax (1956)

Carcinoma of the oesophagus is an unusual complication of achalasia of the cardia.Since Fagge described the first case in 1872, only 26 further proven cases have been described in the literature.Biter and Sicher reviewed the literature in 1947 and found eight cases, and added one of their own.They excluded those reported by Guisez, Cade, Letulle, and Albu on the grounds of insufficient evidence.A further search of the literature has brought to light other cases, and all that I have been able to find up to the present day are summarized in Table 1.Gottstein (1908) mentioned three further examples but gave no details, so they are not included here.A further case is now total to 28. reported, bringing the CASE HISIORY R. W. S., a man aged 41 years, who was a machinist.was admitted to hospital on April 20, 1955, with a history of loss of weight, anorexia, pyrexia, and a productive cough over the previous three months.This was at first diagnosed as influenza.Five weeks before admission his voice became hoarse, and during the previous three weeks he could onls talk in aI whisper.He occasionally vomited large amounts of undigested food, streaked with blood.Since childhood he had had difficulty in swiallo\ing some solid foods, which appeared to stick behind the lower end of the sternum.He had had frequent attacks of vomiting, but these diminished with increas- ing age, and his dysphagia had not increased lately.He had always coughed LIp whitish sputum in the morning, but this had become purulent in th. last three months.
Imperfect Osteogenesis and Osteoporosis
Authors: Jay R. Shapiro, David W. Rowe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Olaus Jacob Eckman, in defending his doctoral thesis at the University of Uppsala on May 10, 1788, reported on the presence of a hereditary bone fragility, termed congenital osteomalacia, in four generations of a family living in Uppland. This was the first description of osteogenesis imperfecta, a heritable disorder of connective tissue that is characterized by blue sclerae, deafness, and fragile bones. Osteogenesis imperfecta has recently been the subject of intensive investigative efforts by both clinicians and molecular biologists. Recognized approximately once in 20,000 live births, it is an uncommon but by no means rare disorder. Both orthopedic surgeons and . . .
Monitoring human exposure to urban air pollutants
Authors: R. Barale, I. Barrai, I. Sbrana, L. Migliore, A. Marrazzini, V. Scarcelli, E. Bacci, A. Di Sibio, A. Tessa, L. Cocchi, V. Lubrano, C. Vassalle, J. He
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

A multidisciplinary study on a general population exposed to vehicle exhaust was undertaken in Pisa in 1991. Environmental factors such as air pollution and those associated with lifestyle were studied. Meanwhile, biological and medical indicators of health condition were investigated. Chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and micronuclei in lymphocytes were included for the assessment of the genotoxic risk. Because of the large number (3800) of subjects being investigated, standardization of protocols was compulsory. The results on data reproducibility are reported. To assess the reliability of the protocol on a large scale, the population of Porto Tolle, a village located in northeast Italy, was studied and compared to a subset of the Pisa population. Preliminary results showed that probable differences between the two populations and invididuals were present in terms of SCE frequencies. The study was potentially able to detect the effects of several factors such as age, smoking, genetics, and environment. The in vitro treatment of lymphocytes with diepoxybutane confirmed the presence of more responsive individuals and permitted us to investigate the genetic predisposition to genetic damage. The possible influence of environmental factors was studied by correlation analyses with external exposure to air pollutants as well as with several lifestyle factors.
Ascending-Ramp Biphasic Waveform Has a Lower Defibrillation Threshold and Releases Less Troponin I Than a Truncated Exponential Biphasic Waveform
Authors: Jian Huang, Gregory P. Walcott, Richard B. Ruse, Scott J. Bohanan, Cheryl R. Killingsworth, Raymond E. Ideker
Journal: Circulation (2012)

We tested the hypothesis that the shape of the shock waveform affects not only the defibrillation threshold but also the amount of cardiac damage.Defibrillation thresholds were determined for 11 waveforms-3 ascending-ramp waveforms, 3 descending-ramp waveforms, 3 rectilinear first-phase biphasic waveforms, a Gurvich waveform, and a truncated exponential biphasic waveform-in 6 pigs with electrodes in the right ventricular apex and superior vena cava. The ascending, descending, and rectilinear waveforms had 4-, 8-, and 16-millisecond first phases and a 3.5-millisecond rectilinear second phase that was half the voltage of the first phase. The exponential biphasic waveform had a 60% first-phase and a 50% second-phase tilt. In a second study, we attempted to defibrillate after 10 seconds of ventricular fibrillation with a single ≈30-J shock (6 pigs successfully defibrillated with 8-millisecond ascending, 8-millisecond rectilinear, and truncated exponential biphasic waveforms). Troponin I blood levels were determined before and 2 to 10 hours after the shock. The lowest-energy defibrillation threshold was for the 8-milliseconds ascending ramp (14.6±7.3 J [mean±SD]), which was significantly less than for the truncated exponential (19.6±6.3 J). Six hours after shock, troponin I was significantly less for the ascending-ramp waveform (0.80±0.54 ng/mL) than for the truncated exponential (1.92±0.47 ng/mL) or the rectilinear waveform (1.17±0.45 ng/mL).The ascending ramp has a significantly lower defibrillation threshold and at ≈30 J causes 58% less troponin I release than the truncated exponential biphasic shock. Therefore, the shock waveform affects both the defibrillation threshold and the amount of cardiac damage.
Evidence that ultrafine titanium dioxide induces micronuclei and apoptosis in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts.
Authors: Qamar Rahman, Mohtashim Lohani, Elke Dopp, Heidemarie Pemsel, Ludwig Jonas, Dieter G Weiss, Dietmar Schiffmann
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Inhaled ultrafine titanium dioxide (UF-TiO2) particles cause pronounced pulmonary inflammation, in contrast to fine TiO2. Previous studies provide evidence for the production of reactive oxygen species by alveolar macrophages, after overloading with UF-TiO2 particles and cytotoxicity of UF-TiO2 in rat lung alveolar macrophages. UF-TiO2 also causes pulmonary fibrosis and lung tumors in rats. UF-TiO2 particles are photogenotoxic, but in general, information on the genotoxicity of UF-TiO2 is still limited. We studied the potential of UF-TiO2 (particle size less than or equal to 20 nm) and fine TiO2 (particle size > 200 nm) to induce chromosomal changes, which can be monitored by the formation of micronuclei (MN) in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. We also analyzed UF-TiO2-treated cells for apoptosis induction. The MN assay revealed a significant increase in MN induction (p less than or equal to 0.05) in SHE cells after treatment with UF-TiO2 (1.0 micro g/cm2) for 12 hr (mean, 24.5 MN/1,000 cells), 24 hr (mean, 31.13 MN/1,000 cells), 48 hr (mean, 30.8 MN/1,000 cells), 66 hr (mean, 31.2 MN/1,000 cells), and 72 hr (mean, 31.3 MN/1,000 cells). Bisbenzimide staining of the fixed cells revealed typical apoptotic structures (apoptotic bodies), and the apoptosis-specific "DNA ladder pattern" resulting from internucleosomal cleavage was identified by gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy of the exposed cells revealed the typical chromatin compaction of apoptosis.