tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Maternal Primary Hyperparathyroidism of Pregnancy
Authors: Richard F. Gaeke
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Primary hyperparathyroidism of pregnancy may result in spontaneous abortion, neonatal hypocalcemia, or neonatal tetany if appropriate treatment is not instituted. Of great importance in prevention of these complications is an awareness by physicians that this disease exists and is of clinical importance. Parathyroidectomy performed during the second trimester of pregnancy offers the best chance for fetal and neonatal survival. This operation results in little risk to either the mother or the fetus. Normal calcium homeostasis is restored to the fetus and the risk of hypocalcemia in the neonatal period is virtually eliminated. (<i>JAMA</i>238:508-509, 1977)
Cat allergen peptide immunotherapy reduces CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell responses to cat allergen but does not alter suppression by CD4<sup>+</sup> CD25<sup>+</sup> T cells: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
Authors: T. R. F. Smith, C. Alexander, A. B. Kay, M. Larché, D. S. Robinson
Journal: Allergy (2004)

Background: We have previously described both modification of allergen immunotherapy using peptide fragments, and reduced regulation of allergen stimulated T cells by CD4 + CD25 + T cells from allergic donors when compared with nonallergic controls. It has been suggested that allergen immunotherapy induces regulatory T cell activity: we hypothesized that allergen peptide immunotherapy might increase suppressive activity of CD4 + CD25 + T cells. Objective: To examine cat allergen‐stimulated CD4 T cell responses and their suppression by CD4 + CD25 + T cells before and after cat allergen peptide immunotherapy in a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study. Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained and stored before and after peptide immunotherapy or placebo treatment. CD4 + and CD4 + CD25 + were then isolated by immunomagnetic beads and cultured with allergen in vitro . Results: Comparing cells from blood taken before with that after peptide immunotherapy there was a significant reduction in both proliferation and IL‐13 production by allergen‐stimulated CD4+ T cells, whereas no change was seen after placebo. CD4 + CD25 + T cells suppressed both proliferation and IL‐13 production by CD4 + CD25 − T cells before and after therapy but peptide therapy was not associated with any change in suppressive activity of these cells. Conclusion: Allergen peptide immunotherapy alters T cell response to allergen through mechanisms other than changes in CD4 + CD25 + T cell suppression.
Transgenic mice with a rhodopsin mutation (Pro23His): A mouse model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Jane E. Olsson, Jon W. Gordon, Basil S. Pawlyk, Dorothy Roof, Annmarie Hayes, Robert S. Molday, Shizuo Mukai, Glenn S. Cowley, Eliot L. Berson, Thaddeus P. Dryja
Journal: Neuron (1992)
428. Development of an Effective Safety Switch for Selective Elimination of Human T Cells In Vivo after Adoptive Transfer
Authors: Tom van Meerten, Henk Rozemuller, Wendy Mackus, Paul Parren, Jan van de Winkel, Marie-Jose Claessen, Rozemarijn van Rijn, Anton Hagenbeek, Anton Martens, Saskia Ebeling
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Adoptive transfer of T cells is frequently associated with unwanted side effects. In order to tackle these effects one could introduce a safety switch into the cells that permits their selective in vivo elimination. The human CD20 gene in combination with CD20 antibodies was recently proposed as a novel safety switch. In such a system, T cells may be genetically modified with a CD20-encoding vector prior to adoptive transfer. If necessary, CD20-transgenic cells can be eliminated in vivo through administration of CD20 antibodies, such as the chimeric antibody rituximab (RTX) that is currently used to treat CD20+ lymphoma cells. RTX activates the complement system and recruits immune effector cells, resulting in rapid death of CD20+ cells. Recently, a novel human CD20 antibody, Humab 7D8, was shown to have superior activity over RTX. In this study a set of CD20-encoding retroviral vectors was generated, which either lacked or contained one or both of two regulatory elements: 1) the woodchuck posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE) to increase CD20 expression, and 2) the chicken hypersensitivity site 4 insulator element (INS) to achieve a position independent expression of CD20 and to increase the safety profile of the vector by preventing activation of cellular (onco)genes by the retroviral enhancer. We found that the level of CD20 expression obtained with vectors containing INS was 2-fold lower than with vectors lacking INS. Additional inclusion of WPRE restored the level to that of the vector without INS. In addition, INS greatly enhanced the homogeneity of CD20 expression in T cells. Moreover, after 3 months in culture, all cells generated with CD20-INS had retained CD20 expression, while 60% of cells transduced with the control CD20 vector had lost CD20 expression. Complement dependent cell kill (CDC) of both RTX and HuMab 7D8 was dependent on the level of CD20 expression (p<0.01). However, while very low CD20-expressing cells were completely resistant against RTX they could be effectively killed by HuMab 7D8. For maximal kill of CD20-high cells, a 100-fold lower dose of HuMab 7D8 was required, compared to RTX. In vivo efficacy was studied through bioluminescent imaging of luciferase+ CD20-transgenic T cells. After transfer of CD20+ cells in immune deficient RAG2-/-gammac-/- mice, both CD20 antibodies were capable of eliminating >99% of CD20+ cells, prolonging survival of mice from 20 till 42 days. In conclusion, we developed a safe vector that leads to homogeneous and stable expression of CD20 on human T cells. These cells can be killed effectively in vivo with HuMab 7D8, a recently developed CD20 antibody. This system will be applicable to other approaches that require inclusion of a safety switch in ex vivo modified cells. WM, PP and JvdW are employees of Genmab BV.
Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition With Sildenafil Attenuates Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Left Ventricular Dysfunction in a Chronic Model of Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity
Authors: Patrick W. Fisher, Fadi Salloum, Anindita Das, Haroon Hyder, Rakesh C. Kukreja
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, induces cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury via opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels. It is unclear whether sildenafil would provide similar protection from doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.Male ICR mice were randomized to 1 of 4 treatments: saline, sildenafil, doxorubicin (5 mg/kg IP), and sildenafil (0.7 mg/kg IP) plus doxorubicin (n=6 per group). Apoptosis was assessed with the use of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and in situ oligo ligation methods. Desmin distribution was determined via immunofluorescence. Bcl-2 expression was analyzed by Western blot. Left ventricular function was assessed by measuring developed pressure and rate pressure product in Langendorff mode. ECG changes indicative of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity were also measured. For in vitro studies, adult ventricular cardiomyocytes were exposed to doxorubicin (1 micromol/L), sildenafil (1 micromol/L) with or without N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (100 micromol/L), or 5-hydroxydecanoate (100 micromol/L) 1 hour before doxorubicin and incubated for 18 hours. Doxorubicin-treated mice demonstrated increased apoptosis and desmin disruption, which was attenuated in the sildenafil+doxorubicin group. Bcl-2 was decreased in the doxorubicin group but was maintained at basal levels in the sildenafil+doxorubicin group. Left ventricular developed pressure and rate pressure product were significantly depressed in the doxorubicin group but were attenuated in the sildenafil+doxorubicin group. ST interval was significantly increased in the doxorubicin group over 8 weeks. In the sildenafil+doxorubicin group, ST interval remained unchanged from baseline. Doxorubicin caused a significant increase in apoptosis, caspase-3 activation, and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro. In contrast, sildenafil significantly protected against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity; however, this protection was abolished by both L-NAME and 5-hydroxydecanoate.Prophylactic treatment with sildenafil prevented apoptosis and left ventricular dysfunction in a chronic model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.
Sending the Patient Home
Authors: Theodore Nadelson
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1978)

Some patients become grossly disorganized during a hospital stay for medical illness. In the midst of a confusing medical picture, the unpredictable behavior of such patients causes great consternation among the medical or surgical staff. Families also become particularly anxious; their concern about the medical problem shifts to concern about the altered mental state. Physicians and family members frequently agree that such patients should continue their hospital stay past the point where medical attention <i>per</i><i>se</i> is needed in order to regain control over the disturbed mental functioning. This paper presents an alternative therapeutic approach, suggesting that sending the patient home to a more familiar environment may result in improved psychological functioning. A model for viewing the interaction between 'constancies' in the brain/mind environment (particularly the hospital milieu) is presented. This model takes into account the facts of the internal regulatory mechanisms of the brain, the facts of illness and lack of the more familiar orienting cues in the environment.
Bone Scintigraphy in Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Authors: Mustafa Yildirim, Mustafa Ersoz, Fatih Alper, Bedri Seven, Hatice Uslu, Sinan Tozoglu, Erhan Varoglu, Husamettin Oktay
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CLCD) is an autosomal-dominant disorder. There is altered bone formation with clavicular hypoplasia or agenesis with a narrow thorax, causing approximation of the shoulders in front of the chest occurring with delayed ossification of the skull, excessively large fontanelles, and delayed closure of the sutures. More than 100 additional anomalies can be associated, including dental abnormalities, delayed skeletal maturation, hearing deficiency, and mild mental retardation in some cases. Scintigraphic images showed delayed epiphyseal closure, which can be seen in this disease.
Aortography in Infants
Authors: JOHN D. KEITH, CONSTANCE FORSYTH
Journal: Circulation (1950)

Making a diagnosis of a patency of a ductus arteriosus is often difficult in the first few months or first year of life. When the diagnosis is in doubt, one may profitably turn to angiocardiography for help. In this paper a method of demonstrating the patent ductus by the injection of contrast medium is described. The practical importance of the correct diagnosis is presented with reference to 4 cases treated surgically in the early months of life. Demonstration of coarctation of the aorta by this method is also discussed.
Peritoneal Laceration Due to Muscular Effort
Authors: Jasbir S. Deol
Journal: JAMA (1967)

HEMOPERITONEUM is usually seen in such clinical conditions as ruptured ectopic pregnancy or severe abdominal trauma. The unanticipated finding of a large amount of blood in the peritoneal cavity without apparent cause is rarely encountered. The case recorded below is unusual, and thought to be worthy of record. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 66-year-old white man (BA 871) was admitted to the Easton Hospital on April 9, 1964, suffering from vague, lower abdominal distress of 48 hours' duration. Prior to this he had enjoyed excellent health. He was known to have had bilateral inguinal herniae and had received sclerosant therapy for this condition as a child. He smoked heavily and noted frequent paroxysms of severe coughing. During such an episode he experienced acute pain in the right inguinal area. This subsided rapidly, leaving only a persistent dull ache throughout the lower region of the abdomen. He had pursued his normal
Prostaglandin F2 Concentrations in Peripheral Blood During the First Stage of Normal Labour
Authors: S. C. Sharma, B. M. Hibbard, J. D. Hamlett, R. J. Fitzpatrick
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Prostaglandins stimulate myometrial activity in late pregnancy and are also used for induction of labor. The present study analyzed the level of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2a) in peripheral plasma in relation to uterine contraction. Blood samples from 10 patients in the first stage of normal labor were collected and assayed. Preliminary studies conducted on 2 groups (group 1, n=4; group 2, n=6) utilized a continuous sampling technique spanning uterine contractions. Substantial and rapid fluctuations in the concentration of PGF2a in peripheral blood during normal labor were observed. Maximum concentrations in the antecubital vein were seen in most cases 15 to 45 seconds after the peak of a uterine contraction. The observed fluctuations were attributed either to intermittent prostaglandin formation, possibly causing uterine contraction, or to intermittent release resulting from uterine contractions. Collection of more exact data, possibly by serial sampling of blood from uterine veins, is needed and should be correlated with observations on other humoral agents which initiate or influence uterine contractility.
Controlled Trials for Operations
Authors: David H. Spodick
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr. Love's point is that skill varies among surgeons (232: 37-38, 1975). It is a point on which he rests an inverted pyramid of argument that one cannot or should not do controlled trials of surgery. That surgical skill varies is obvious, but quite tangential, if not irrelevant, to the question. Dr. Love is correct when he tells us a surgeon is likely to perform an operation better the hundredth time than he will the first time. But even if more patients survive his procedure, where are they if they are worse off or no better off than if it had not been done at all? Internal mammary artery ligation, for example, was done in hundreds of patients by surgeons of the highest skill. A controlled clinical trial in 17 patients helped to eliminate this worthless procedure. When we examine results of an operation reported by a
Pressure-derived collateral flow index as a parameter of microvascular dysfunction in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Kouichi Yamamoto, Hiroshi Ito, Katsuomi Iwakura, Yasunori Shintani, Tohru Masuyama, Masatsugu Hori, Shigeo Kawano, Yorihiko Higashino, Kenshi Fujii
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Cost-Effectiveness of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitor Therapy in Older Patients with Myocardial Infarction
Authors: David A. Ganz, Karen M. Kuntz, Gretchen A. Jacobson, Jerry Avorn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Background: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy has proven efficacy in reducing the rate of coronary and cerebrovascular events in patients 75 years of age or younger with a history of myocardial infarction. However, in patients older than 75 years of age, the efficacy and potential cost-effectiveness of statins are unknown. Objective: To estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of statin therapy compared with usual care in patients 75 to 84 years of age with previous myocardial infarction. Design: Cost-effectiveness analysis. Data Sources: Published data from cohort studies. Target Population: Patients 75 to 84 years of age with a history of myocardial infarction. Time Horizon: Lifetime. Perspective: Societal. Intervention: Statin therapy. Outcome Measures: Life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, and incremental cost-effectiveness. Results of Base-Case Analysis: The incremental cost-effectiveness of statin therapy compared with usual care in patients 75 to 84 years of age with previous myocardial infarction was $18 800 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Results of Sensitivity Analysis: On the basis of a probabilistic sensitivity analysis, there is a 75% chance that statin therapy costs less than $39 800 per QALY compared with usual care. If the cost of statin therapy and efficacy of statin therapy at reducing myocardial infarction were set to their most favorable values, statin therapy cost $5400 per QALY; if cost and efficacy were set to their least favorable values, statin therapy cost $97 800 per QALY. Conclusions: The cost-effectiveness ratios of statin therapy in older patients with previous myocardial infarction are reasonable under a wide variety of assumptions about drug efficacy, drug cost, and rates of cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Pending results of randomized, controlled trials of secondary prevention in patients in this age group, statin therapy seems to be as cost-effective as many routinely accepted medical interventions in this setting.
Sharing of patients' data should not be based on implied consent, say GPs' representatives
Authors: A. Cole
Journal: BMJ (2009)

GPs’ representatives voted overwhelmingly this week for a system in which patients opt in to any sharing of medical data with third parties—rather than one in which their consent is assumed unless they opt out, the system favoured by the Department of Health.

Clinical confidentiality depends on GPs being the prime data holder of their patients’ medical records, said the BMA’s annual conference of local medical committee representatives in London. It also strongly opposed using implied consent as justification for releasing information on named patients.

Proposing the motion, John Doyle from Surrey said that computerisation had enabled doctors to improve delivery of health care by improving access. …
Guideline calls for better treatment of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Patients with an irregular pulse should undergo electrocardiography to improve the detection of atrial fibrillation, recommends a new guideline for the NHS in England. And patients with atrial fibrillation should be treated with antithrombotic drugs after formal risk assessment, to reduce the risk of preventable strokes associated with the condition, it says.

The guideline says it is important that atrial fibrillation—the commonest cardiac arrhythmia—is diagnosed early, because people with it have a one in 20 chance of stroke. To achieve early diagnosis it recommends electrocardiography for all patients in whom atrial fibrillation is suspected because of an irregular pulse, whether or not they have symptoms.

The guideline was drawn up by the …
Amniotomy and Oral Prostaglandin E2 Titration for Induction of Labour
Authors: I. Craft
Journal: BMJ (1972)

The efficacy of oral prostaglandin E(2) used on a titration basis in association with amniotomy for the induction of labour was investigated in a series of 50 patients. Induction was successful in 29 out of 32 primigravid and 17 out of 18 multigravid patients. The mean induction-delivery intervals in successful cases were 10(1/2) and 6 hours respectively. There were no significant effects on the fetuses.
Soaring price of generic drugs hits elderly Americans
Authors: F. B Charatan
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Recent sharp rises in the price of many generic drugs have squeezed the health budgets of many older Americans. Medicare, the federal health insurance programme for those over 65, does not cover the cost of prescription drugs.

Drug manufacturers say they have been forced to raise prices of commonly prescribed generic drugs because their costs have risen, and in many cases they have …
Psychiatric morbidity and physical toxicity associated with adjuvant chemotherapy after mastectomy.
Authors: G P Maguire, A Tait, M Brooke, C Thomas, J M Howat, R A Sellwood, H Bush
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Blood oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures during three admissions.Results are given under days after admission in each month Month of admission Pressure (kPa) March July December 0 2 6 12 0 2 4 8 0 2 4 8 Oxygen .5-4 5-7 7-1 10-0 4 5 7-3 7-2 8-3 6-0 7-3 7 0 8-8 Carbon dioxide . . 8-78-8 6-7 6-0 9-6 9 7 7-1 5-1 9 3 7 9 5-6 5-6Conversion: SI to traditional units-I kPa 7-5 mm Hg.Results of other investigations were: haemoglobin concentration 16-5 g/dl; packed cell volume 0-65 (65%); and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) 60 1/min (predicted value 535 1/min).A chest radiograph showed enlarge- ment of the heart, and an electrocardiogram showed right axis deviation, right ventricular hypertrophy, and biatrial enlargement.Results of echo- cardiography showed that the right ventricular cavity was dilated; there was good left ventricular function, a normal mitral valve, and a small pericardial effusion.Cardiac catheterisation gave the following results: pulmonary artery pressure 80/50 mm Hg; mean right atrial pressure 22 mm Hg; and right ventricular pressure 80/20 mm Hg.The table shows the severe hypoxia and hypercapnoea on each of his three presentations after further chlorine inhalation.After treatment on each occasion with diuretics, bronchodilators, digoxin, and oxygen he improved and his PEFR rose from 60 1/min to 200 1/min.Other tests at his best in hospital showed a forced expiratory volume in litres of 1 1 1 (predicted value 4-8 1).During the months in which he was no longer inhaling chlorine gas his heart size returned to normal and diuretics were stopped.Unless the adverse effects of CMF are recognised and combated its potential benefit on survival will not be fully realised.This work was supported by the North-
AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE ANAPHYLACTIC RABBIT
Authors: John Auer, G. Canby Robinson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1913)

Electrocardiographic examination of rabbits during the anaphylactic reaction revealed marked and various changes of the heart's activity in twenty-two out of twenty-four animals. Changes occurred in fatal as well as in non-fatal cases, after the vagi were cut as well as when they were intact. Cardiac disturbances are thus a practically constant result of serum anaphylaxis in the rabbit. It therefore is possible that anaphylaxis plays a role in the causation of certain cardiac derangements in man.
ANTIGENIC VARIANTS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS (PR8 STRAIN)
Authors: Dorothy Hamre, Clayton G. Loosli, Paul Gerber
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1958)

Seven variant strains of influenza A PR8-S virus, each derived from the previous one by serial passage in the lungs of mice immunized with the homologous agent have been produced. With the H.I. and neutralization procedures these variants showed a progressive serological deviation from the parent PR8-S virus. The seven variants provoked antibodies in varying titers to the preceding variants and the parent virus but not in relation to their position in the series. Thus, the seventh variant provoked significantly more antibody to the PR8-S virus than did the fifth variant. A possible explanation for this is presented. The first four variant viruses showed progressively less ability to react with antisera of the preceding variants and the PR8-S virus, and the three most recently derived variants showed essentially no ability to react with PR8-S and first variant antisera. The variant viruses remained antigenically stable through numerous lung passages in normal mice. Cross absorption tests revealed common antigenic components among the variant viruses and also individual characteristics which classify them as being different from one another. The implications of these findings in relation to studies by others have been discussed.
Cigarette smoke impairs cytokine responses and BCG containment in alveolar macrophages
Authors: Richard N van Zyl-Smit, Anke Binder, Richard Meldau, Patricia L Semple, Alicia Evans, Peter Smith, Eric D Bateman, Keertan Dheda
Journal: Thorax (2013)

There is a strong epidemiological link between smoking and tuberculosis (TB), but the association is confounded by socioeconomic and other factors. A direct relationship between cigarette smoke and poor treatment-related outcomes in patients with TB is therefore questionable. We investigated whether constituents of tobacco smoke impair mycobacterial host immune responses in vitro.