tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ANEURYSM OF THE BASILAR ARTERY SIMULATING OPIUM POISONING
Authors: S. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1924)

_997.X_4 I _ZZ ORA." there are more things in heavenl and earth thani are 'dreanmt of in our philosophy "-a tllought ever present in the mind of the research worker-and tliat, failly complete and rounded off as is the story I have here told, there is much that we have yet to learn of the laws govelriiig the noiimal function of the thyroid gland and of the causes wwhich determine its departure from niormial.It is by the application of the knowledge we already possess that the gaps in it will be made manlifest and thle meanis found to bridge them.
Postnatal prophylaxis of chlamydial conjunctivitis
Authors: Philip J. Rettig, Pisespong Patamasucon, Jane D. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> There is a general misconception that the PSRO is a faceless, unilateral entity that does "things" such as "criteria selection." In fact, criteria are selected by groups of physicians with expertise in their respective areas. In the study described in our article, a subcommittee of the Colorado Health Care Standards Committee established the criteria. This committee is composed of representatives appointed by their state-wide specialty societies. In the case of obstetrics and gynecology, the gynecologist on the committee was the appointed representative of the Colorado Obstetrics-Gynecology Society. The criteria described are part of a structure that precludes their application by "bureaucrats." The criteria were used as guidelines by nurse reviewers to screen out cases for physician peer review. Physicians whose cases fell outside the indications were not "castigated." Every case that fell outside of the indications was reviewed by a peer physician. The attending physician was contacted only
SURGERY IN CANCER OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: J. Gordon Scannell
Journal: JAMA (1942)

To the Editor:—   appears to me that the statement in the March 7 issue ofThe Journal(in the department of Queries and Minor Notes) regarding carcinoma of the prostate to the effect that It is the opinion among urologists that once the clinical diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate has been made it is technically impossible to do any sort of surgical procedure that would effect a cure is an unfortunate one.  seems to me an error to dismiss in such a cavalier fashion the not infrequent series of promising results of total prostatectomy in cases in which early diagnosis is not missed because of lack of awareness or suspicion of the nature of isolated hard areas in the prostate. As I see it, the chief problem about cancer of the prostate is that of making the physician who is not a urologist suspicious of what he
Developmental potential of the earliest precursor cells from the adult mouse thymus.
Authors: L Wu, M Antica, G R Johnson, R Scollay, K Shortman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

A new, numerically minute population of cells representing the earliest T precursor cells in the adult mouse thymus has recently been isolated. This population has been shown to be similar to bone marrow hemopoietic stem cells in surface antigenic phenotype and to express moderate levels of CD4. We now show, by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and intrathymic transfer to irradiated mice, that this apparently homogeneous population differs from multipotent stem cells in expressing the surface stem cell antigen 2 (Sca-2), that it differs from most early B lineage cells in lacking B220 and class II major histocompatibility complex expression, and that it binds rhodamine 123 like an activated rather than a quiescent cell. Irradiated recipient mice differing at the Ly 5 locus were used to compare the developmental potential of these early intrathymic precursors with bone marrow stem cells. Only T lineage product cells were detected when the intrathymic precursor population was transferred back into an irradiated thymus. However, when the intrathymic precursor population was transferred intravenously, it displayed the capacity to develop into both B and T lymphoid cells in recipient bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes, but no donor-derived myeloid cells were detected. The absence of myeloid and erythroid precursor activity was confirmed by showing that the intrathymic precursor population was unable to develop into myeloid or erythroid spleen colonies on intravenous transfer or to form colonies in an agar culture. These findings indicate that this earliest intrathymic precursor population has become restricted (or strongly biased) to lymphoid lineage development, but not exclusively to T lymphocytes.
Another artificial division – and the data don't support it
Authors: Martin Heil, Frank Rösler, Bettina Rolke
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Evidence for the contribution of the neocortex to memory is overwhelming. However, the theory proposed by Ruchkin et al. does not only ignore subcortical contributions, but also introduces an unnecessary and empirically unsupported division between the posterior cortex, assumed to represent information, and the prefrontal cortex, assumed to control activation. We argue instead that the representational power of the neocortex is not restricted to its posterior part.
A comparison of the metabolic response to phagocytosis in human granulocytes and monocytes.
Authors: A L Sagone, G W King, E N Metz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Recent studies indicate that oxygen radicals such as superoxide or singlet oxygen may be important in the functional activity of human granulocytes. We have examined the possible importance of these radicals in the functional capacity of human blood monocytes. Monocytes, like granulocytes, generate chemiluminescence during phagocytosis. Chemiluminescence is impaired 50-90% by superoxide dismutase, an enzyme which enhances the dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. These results indicate that superoxide is related to the chemiluminescence generated by monocytes. Superoxide dismutase in a concentration which impaired chemiluminescence also impaired the staphylococcal killing by monocytes. Hexose monophosphate shunt activity and hydrogen peroxide production by granulocytes and monocytes were also evaluated. The oxidation of [1-14C]glucose was used as a measure of hexose monophosphate shunt activity and the oxidation of [14C]formate as an estimation of hydrogen peroxide production. The oxidation of both substrates by monocytes was increased during phagocytosis but, in contrast to results in granulocytes, was not further increased by the addition of superoxide dismutase. These data indicate that superoxide may be important in bactericidal activity of human monocytes. Our results also suggest that the metabolism of oxygen radicals in monocytes and granulocytes may be different.
Clinical and Prognostic Significance of Vasculitis as an Early Manifestation of Connective Tissue Disease Syndromes
Authors: SHARAD LAKHANPAL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

The courses of 18 patients with arthritis and vasculitis in the first 2 years after onset of disease (mean follow-up, 54 months) were studied. The patients were categorized as having rheumatoid vasculitis, systemic vasculitis, and undifferentiated connective tissue syndrome. These patients cannot be distinguished on the basis of organ involvement by vasculitis or histopathologic findings on biopsy, but can be separated clinically by the extent of joint involvement and the presence or absence of rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibody. Early onset of vasculitis is associated with a poor outcome, especially in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with rapid progression to vasculitic involvement of the viscera, resulting in death. On the basis of the 54-month follow-up period involving this selected series, the prognosis of patients with systemic vasculitis and undifferentiated connective tissue syndrome appears more favorable than that of patients with rheumatoid vasculitis.
Cognitive and clinical characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis carrying a C9orf72 repeat expansion: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Susan Byrne, Marwa Elamin, Peter Bede, Aleksey Shatunov, Cathal Walsh, Bernie Corr, Mark Heverin, Norah Jordan, Kevin Kenna, Catherine Lynch, Russell L McLaughlin, Parameswaran Mahadeva Iyer, Caoimhe O'Brien, Julie Phukan, Brona Wynne, Arun L Bokde, Daniel G Bradley, Niall Pender, Ammar Al-Chalabi, Orla Hardiman
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2012)
Differing mechanisms of exercise flow augmentation at the mitral and aortic valves.
Authors: A Rassi, M H Crawford, K L Richards, J F Miller
Journal: Circulation (1988)

To determine the mechanisms by which blood flow increases across the mitral and aortic valves during exercise, 18 normal men were studied during graded supine and upright bicycle exercise at matched workloads. Mitral valve orifice and ascending aortic blood velocities were recorded by Doppler echocardiography during steady states at each stage of exercise. Parasternal two-dimensional echocardiographic imaging of the ascending aorta adjacent to the aortic valve orifice and the mitral valve orifice at the tips of the valve leaflets was used to calculate changes in cross-sectional area during exercise. Heart rate increased from rest to exercise from 67 to 150 beats/min (124%) during supine exercise and from 72 to 147 beats/min (104%) during upright exercise. Stroke volume increased 20% during supine and 46% during upright exercise; the increase in stroke volume was statistically significant when rest and exercise were compared and when the magnitude of change was compared vs position (p less than .05). The increase in stroke volume measured at the ascending aorta was accomplished by an increase in the velocity-time integral (+15% supine and +48% upright, p less than .05), with little change in aortic cross-sectional area (5% supine and 0% upright, p = NS). By contrast, the increase in flow rate measured at the mitral valve was predominantly due to an increase in mean diastolic cross-sectional area (+29% supine and 34% upright, p less than .05); the velocity-time integral did not increase significantly (-10% supine and 4% upright; p = NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
First case against doctor from Stafford hospital set to start next week
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A surgeon who worked at Stafford Hospital, where inquiries uncovered hundreds of excess deaths and “appalling” standards of care between 2005 and 2008, is to face a fitness to practise hearing at the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service next week.

Roderic Hutchinson faces allegations of deficient professional performance at a 10 day hearing, which opens at the tribunal in Manchester on 18 March.

Three medically qualified managers at Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust are also set to appear before the tribunal, although no dates have yet been fixed. They have been named as …
Screening populations at low risk carries high risks
Authors: L. Bonneux
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—In their key points Lu-Yao et al say that the lack of association between more intensive screening and treatment and lower mortality from prostate cancer means that trials should continue to settle this question.1 More research is the classic conclusion of all studies, but is it true?

Firstly, trials cannot be used to prove that something does not work. That is unethical; there has to …
Chest Wall Hyperinflation during Acute Bronchoconstriction in Asthma
Authors: MASSIMO GORINI, IACOPO IANDELLI, GIANNI MISURI, FRANCESCO BERTOLI, MARIO FILIPPELLI, MARCO MANCINI, ROBERTO DURANTI, FRANCESCO GIGLIOTTI, GIORGIO SCANO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

The mechanics of the chest wall was studied in seven asthmatic patients before and during histamine-induced bronchoconstriction (B). The volume of the chest wall (Vcw) was calculated by three-dimensional tracking of 89 chest wall markers. Pleural (Ppl) and gastric (Pga) pressures were simultaneously recorded. Vcw was modeled as the sum of the volumes of the pulmonary-apposed rib cage (Vrc,p), diaphragm-apposed rib cage (Vrc,a), and abdomen (Vab). During B, hyperinflation was due to the increase in end-expiratory volume of the rib cage (0.63 ± 0.09 L, p < 0.01), whereas change in Vab was inconsistent (0.09 ± 0.07 L, NS) because of phasic recruitment of abdominal muscles during expiration. Changes in end-expiratory Vrc,p and Vrc,a were along the rib cage relaxation configuration, indicating that both compartments shared proportionally the hyperinflation. Vrc,p-Ppl plot during B was displaced leftward of the relaxation curve, suggesting persistent activity of rib cage inspiratory muscles throughout expiration. Changes in end-expiratory Vcw during B did not relate to changes in FEV1 or time and volume components of the breathing cycle. We concluded that during B in asthmatic patients: (1) rib cage accounts largely for the volume of hyperinflation, whereas abdominal muscle recruitment during expiration limits the increase in Vab; (2) hyperinflation is influenced by sustained postinspiratory activity of the inspiratory muscles; (3) this pattern of respiratory muscle recruitment seems to minimize volume distortion of the rib cage at end-expiration and to preserve diaphragm length despite hyperinflation.
Effective Eradication of Glioblastoma Stem Cells by Local Application of an AC133/CD133-Specific T-cell–Engaging Antibody and CD8 T Cells
Authors: Shruthi Prasad, Simone Gaedicke, Marcia Machein, Gerhard Mittler, Friederike Braun, Michael Hettich, Elke Firat, Kerstin Klingner, Julia Schüler, Dagmar Wider, Ralph M. Wäsch, Christel Herold-Mende, Ursula Elsässer-Beile, Gabriele Niedermann
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Cancer stem cells (CSC) drive tumorigenesis and contribute to genotoxic therapy resistance, diffuse infiltrative invasion, and immunosuppression, which are key factors for the incurability of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The AC133 epitope of CD133 is an important CSC marker for GBM and other tumor entities. Here, we report the development and preclinical evaluation of a recombinant AC133×CD3 bispecific antibody (bsAb) that redirects human polyclonal T cells to AC133(+) GBM stem cells (GBM-SC), inducing their strong targeted lysis. This novel bsAb prevented the outgrowth of AC133-positive subcutaneous GBM xenografts. Moreover, upon intracerebral infusion along with the local application of human CD8(+) T cells, it exhibited potent activity in prophylactic and treatment models of orthotopic GBM-SC-derived invasive brain tumors. In contrast, normal hematopoietic stem cells, some of which are AC133-positive, were virtually unaffected at bsAb concentrations effective against GBM-SCs and retained their colony-forming abilities. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the high activity of this new bsAb against patient-derived AC133-positive GBM-SCs in models of local therapy of highly invasive GBM.
Population based case-control study of sick leave in postmenopausal women before diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism
Authors: E. Lundgren, E. Szabo, S. Ljunghall, R. Bergstrom, L. Holmberg, J. Rastad
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b>To analyse sick leave in women at risk of primary hyperparathyroidism before its diagnosis. <b>Design:</b>Case-control study nested within a screened cohort of postmenopausal women. Cases were women with hyperparathyroidism without prior knowledge of their disease and no traditional symptoms or complications. Controls were women from the screened population without hyperparathyroidism. <b>Setting:</b>Population based screening within a Swedish community. <b>Subject:</b>48 case-control pairs of women aged 55-70 years. <b>Main outcome measure:</b>Sick leave during the 5 years before diagnosis. <b>Results:</b>Total duration of sickness benefits was longer in the cases than controls, and this discrepancy included sick leave on full time or half time and for periods of longer than a week. Cases had an increased risk of sick leave more than half of the investigated time compared with controls (odds ratio 12). Doctors9 certificates showed that the overrepresented sick leave in the cases related mainly to cardiovascular diseases. <b>Conclusion:</b> Asymptomatic mild primary hyperparathyroidism in postmenopausal women is accompanied by a previously unrecognised morbidity, which has consequences for clinical management of the disorder and its impact on the health economy.
Lysis of Adult Ventricular Myocytes by Cells Infiltrating Rejecting Murine Cardiac Allografts
Authors: Lynne E. Wagoner, Liping Zhao, D. Keith Bishop, Sherri Chan, Shixuan Xu, William H. Barry
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Immunologic mechanisms that mediate myocardial cell injury during rejection are not fully understood. We therefore investigated whether cells that infiltrate rejecting cardiac allografts are capable of directly injuring myocytes and whether this injury resembles that produced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that are generated in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Methods and Results Heart-infiltrating cells (HICs) were isolated from murine heterotopic BALB/c cardiac allografts undergoing rejection 6 to 8 days after transplantation into C57BL/6 mice. An in vitro model system of cultured adult murine ventricular myocytes was developed to facilitate investigation of cell-mediated myocyte injury. Isolated adult myocytes were incubated with either HICs or MLR effector cells, and myocyte death was quantified by counting the number of rod-shaped myocytes excluding trypan blue. The frequency of donor-reactive CTLs was similar in the HIC and MLR populations, as assessed by limiting dilution analysis. However, HICs were less efficient at killing donor-strain myocytes than were MLR cells. CTL-mediated cell lysis occurred by 6 hours, whereas myocyte injury produced by HICs was more gradual, with considerable cytotoxicity occurring between 12 and 24 hours. Furthermore, whereas MLR cells lysed only donor-strain myocytes, HIC lysed donor, third-party, and syngeneic myocytes. Treatment of MLR cells and HICs with anti-CD8 antibody plus complement produced a much greater inhibition of MLR cytotoxicity than of HIC cytotoxicity. Conclusions These data demonstrate that only a small component of myocyte injury mediated by allograft-infiltrating cells can be ascribed to CTLs within the infiltrating cell population. These findings suggest that cell types associated with a delayed-type hypersensitivity response, as well as CTLs, cause myocyte injury during cardiac rejection.
Quantitative detection of hemoglobin saturation in the liver with near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Toshiyuki Kitai, Akira Tanaka, Atsuo Tokuka, Koichi Tanaka, Yoshio Yamaoka, Kazue Ozawa, Konomu Hirao
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

To quantify the changes in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the liver in hypoxia and liver transplantation, we applied a novel method using near-infrared spectroscopy. Instead of the conventional two-wavelength method, we obtained near-infrared data from a wide spectral range of 700 nm to 1,000 nm with continuous-wave spectroscopy. To correct the flattened spectral shape caused by photon scattering in living tissue, we then applied an equation taking into account the relationship between absorber concentration and actual absorption in scattering materials as assessed with time-resolved spectroscopy. Hepatic hemoglobin oxygen saturation was calculated with multicomponent analysis. In room air, hepatic hemoglobin oxygen saturation of rabbit was calculated as 57.4% ± 2.5% (mean ± S.E.M., n = 7). Arterial, portal and hepatic venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation were simultaneously measured as 97.5% ± 0.7%, 77.1% ± 3.4% and 55.5% ± 4.6%, respectively. The changes in hepatic hemoglobin oxygen saturation seen in graded hypoxia were also close to those in hepatic venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation, suggesting that the average oxygenation state of sinusoidal blood approximates that in the central vein. We tested the clinical applicability of this method in a case of liver transplantation. It was determined that the hepatic hemoglobin oxygen saturation of the graft liver was heterogeneously distributed and that the initially low level of hepatic hemoglobin oxygen saturation was increased by the ligation of portal-systemic shunts. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:926-936).
Postinflammatory mitral and aortic valve prolapse: a clinical and pathological study.
Authors: T Tomaru, Y Uchida, N Mohri, W Mori, A Furuse, K Asano
Journal: Circulation (1987)

In this study we reevaluated whether the sole cause of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and aortic valve prolapse (AVP) is myxomatous degeneration. Forty-two surgical cases of prolapsed valves with mitral and/or aortic regurgitation were reviewed (AVP in nine, MVP in 27, and combined AVP and MVP [CVP] in six). On microscopic examination, myxomatous degeneration was observed in 20 patients, including six with AVP, 13 with MVP, and one with CVP. In the other 22 patients, including three with AVP, 14 with MVP, and five with CVP, microscopic examination revealed fibrosis with vascularization and scattered infiltration of inflammatory round cells caused by postinflammatory changes with or without chronic inflammation. We coined the term "postinflammatory valve prolapse" (PIVP) to describe these valves. Both postinflammatory and myxomatous degeneration were observed in seven patients with floppy mitral valves attributable to PIVP. Rupture of chordae tendineae was present in six patients with myxomatous mitral valve and three with PIVP. Seven patients with PIVP had a history of rheumatic fever. The results suggest that valvular prolapse is produced not only by myxomatous degeneration but also by postinflammatory changes, including those caused by rheumatic fever.
Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella boydii in England and Wales during 1972 and 1973
Authors: B. Rowe, R. J. Gross, H. A. Allen
Journal: BMJ (1974)

During 1972 and 1973 the Salmonella and Shigella Reference Laboratory examined 133 strains of Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella boydii isolated from patients in England and Wales. Of those infected 89 had recently travelled abroad and a further seven had been in close contact with travellers recently returned to this country. Though these subgroups were of little numerical significance they are of considerable epidemiological interest. The increase in tourism from the British Isles to North Africa and Asia is likely to lead to an increased incidence of infections due to these organisms, both in travellers infected abroad and in their contacts within the British Isles.