tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of type and transfer of conventional weapons on civilian injuries: retrospective analysis of prospective data from Red Cross hospitals
Authors: R. M Coupland, H. O Samnegaard
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To examine the link between different weapons used in modern wars and their potential to injury civilians <b>Design:</b> Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data about hospital admissions. <b>Setting:</b> Hospitals of the International Committee of the Red Cross. <b>Subjects:</b> 18 877 people wounded by bullets, fragmentation munitions, or mines. Of these, 2012 had been admitted to the hospital in Kabul within six hours of injury. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Age and sex of wounded people according to cause of injury and whether they were civilians (women and girls, boys under 16 years old, or men of 50 or more) <b>Results:</b> 18.7% of those injured by bullets, 34.1% of those injured by fragments, and 30.8% of those injured by mines were civilians. Of those admitted to the Red Cross hospital in Kabul within six hours of injury, 39.1% of those injured by bullets, 60.6% of those injured by fragments, and 55.0% of those injured by mines were civilians. <b>Conclusions:</b> The proportion of civilians injured differs between weapon systems. The higher proportion injured by fragments and mines is explicable in terms of the military efficiency of weapons, the distance between user and victim, and the effect that the kind of weapon has on the psychology of the user. <h3>Key messages</h3> During war, mines and fragmenting munitions (mortars, bombs, and shells) are more likely than bullets to injure civilians Civilians in a city under siege are particularly at risk of being injured by weapons whose users are not able to see the victim The inherent nature of weapons may be a factor in determining whether civilians are killed or injured There is a need for greater respect for the Fourth Geneva Convention and for greater controls on weapons being transferred to untrained and undisciplined forces
Which Babies Shall Live?: Humanistic Dimensions of the Care of Imperiled Newborns
Authors: Jon F. Watchko
Journal: JAMA (1986)

"A sense of the complexity of human affairs, a respect for human particularity, an interest in the ethical, the just and unjust sides of the social order, [and] an awareness of life's unremitting contingencies" are the "stuff of the humanities at their best" (R. Coles, Harvard Medical School commencement address, 1978). It is therefore not surprising that individuals concerned about the troubled world of parent and physician decision-making anent catastrophically ill newborns have enlisted the perspectives offered by the humanities to broaden the understanding of the tragic choices faced by those in the neonatal intensive care unit. Thomas H. Murray and Arthur L. Caplan are two such individuals. They have edited a series of essays that are the work of The Hastings Center's Research Group on Ethics and the Care of Newborns.<i>Which Babies Shall Live?</i>draws on the insights of philosophers, a historian, a theologian, an anthropologist, and others
"Excellent Medical Care In Congo Tropics"
Authors: S. G. Browne
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> My attention has been drawn to the appreciative remarks published inThe Journalon March 13, 1972 (p 1492) under the rubric INTERNATIONAL COMMENTS, and referring to an article of mine entitled "Comprehensive Medical Care Delivery Through a Church-Related Rural Health Programme in the Former Belgian Congo." To avoid any misapprehension, I should point out that the account given was a true picture of the situation as it existed until the year 1960. It was written as an "Occasional Paper" for the World Council of Churches to illustrate the thesis that long before comprehensive medical care and community medicine became fashionable talking points, there was a forward-looking program actually in operation in a developing country. Alas! "Independence" and the ensuing disturbances have sadly disrupted the whole setup as described, and the medical clock in the rural areas has been put back 40 years.
Stem cell technology
Authors: P. A Fontes, A. W Thomson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Stem cell technology is a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Stem cells are defined as totipotent progenitor cells capable of self renewal and multilineage differentiation.1 Stem cells survive well and show stable division in culture, making them ideal targets for in vitro manipulation. Although early research has focused on haematopoietic stem cells, stem cells have also been recognised in other sites. Research into solid tissue stem cells has not made the same progress as that on haematopoietic stem cells. This is due to the difficulty of reproducing the necessary and precise three dimensional arrangements and tight cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions that exist in solid organs. However, the ability of tissue stem cells to integrate into the tissue cytoarchitecture under the control of the host microenvironment and developmental cues, makes them ideal for cell replacement therapy. In this overview, we briefly discuss the current research and the clinical status of treatments based on haematopoietic and tissue stem cells. 

#### Summary points

Stem cells are progenitor cells that are capable of self renewal and differentiation into many different cell lineages

Stem cells have potential for treatment of many malignant and non-malignant diseases

Peripheral blood stem cells are used routinely in autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Gene transfer into haematopoetic stem cells may allow treatment of genetic or acquired diseases

Embryonic stem cells may eventually be grown in vitro to produce complex organs

Neuronal stem cells are being used for neurone replacement in neurovegetative disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntingdon's diseases

### Applications of cultured haematopoietic stem cells

Haematopoietic stem cells are a somatic cell population with highly specific homing properties and are capable of self renewal and differentiation into multiple cell lineages.2 Human haematopoietic progenitor cells, …
Proliferation, apoptosis, and induction of hepatic transcription factors are characteristics of the early response of biliary epithelial (oval) cells to chemical carcinogens
Authors: H C Bisgaard, P Nagy, E Santoni-Rugiu, S S Thorgeirsson
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

In this study, we used [ 3 H]thymidine labeling of newly synthesized DNA to examine the earliest effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) on the mitotic activation of cells in the adult rat liver, and in situ hybridization analysis to study the expression of three transcription factors (HNF1 beta, HNF3 γ, and HNF4), and two of the genes (α-fetoprotein [AFP] and albumin) regulated by these factors. A low dose of 2-AAF (and its analogs, 2-AF [2-aminofluorene] and N -OH-2-AAF) elicited a mitogenic response in ductal cells and nondescript periductular cells within 24 hours after administration. The compounds also induced the expression of HNF1 beta, HNF3 γ, AFP, and albumin in ductal structures but had no detectable effect of HNF4 expression. In contrast, initiation of bile duct proliferation by ligation of the common bile duct had no effect on the expression of these genes in ductal cells. In addition to inducing a mitogenic response, 2-AAF resulted in increased numbers of apoptotic cells in the portal areas, a process that contributed to overall retention of liver morphology. Our results demonstrate that 2-AAF and some of its analogs can elicit a specific mitogenic response and induce expression of the “establishment” transcription factors, HNF1 beta and HNF3 γ, in ductal cells. Our data provide further support of a precursor-product relationship between “stem-like” cells located in ductal structures, oval cells, and hepatocytes.
Adding niacin plus laropiprant to statins did not reduce vascular events and increased serious adverse events
Authors: Hanna E. Bloomfield
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

ACP Journal Club18 November 2014Adding niacin plus laropiprant to statins did not reduce vascular events and increased serious adverse eventsHanna E. Bloomfield, MD, MPHHanna E. Bloomfield, MD, MPHVA Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA (H.E.B.)Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-161-10-201411180-02008 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationHPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group, Landray MJ, Haynes R, et al. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:203-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25014686Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Cardiology: Endocrinology: References1 AIM-HIGH Investigators, Boden WE, Probstfield JL, et al. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2255-67. [PMID: 22085343] Google Scholar2 Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M, et al; ILLUMINATE Investigators. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2109-22. [PMID: 17984165] Google Scholar3 Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:S1-45. [PMID: 24222016] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: VA Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA (H.E.B.)This article was published at Annals.org on 4 November 2014. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byTackling cardiometabolic risk in the Asia Pacific regionHIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASEThe mystery of evacetrapib - why are CETP inhibitors failing?Translating Evidence of HDL and Plaque RegressionAcute high-density lipoprotein therapies 18 November 2014Volume 161, Issue 10Page: JC8KeywordsCerebrovascular diseasesDrugsLipidsMyocardial infarctionNiacinStable coronary artery diseaseStatinsVascular diseases ePublished: 18 November 2014 Issue Published: 18 November 2014 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
The Effect of Oral Sucrose on Exercise Tolerance in Patients with McArdle's Disease
Authors: John Vissing, Ronald G. Haller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Energy metabolism in muscles relies predominantly on the breakdown of glycogen early in exercise. In patients with McArdle's disease, blocked glycogenolysis in muscles results in low exercise tolerance and can lead to muscle injury, particularly in the first minutes of exercise. We hypothesized that ingesting sucrose before exercise would increase the availability of glucose and would therefore improve exercise tolerance in patients with McArdle's disease.
The effect of ischemia on thallium-201 clearance from the myocardium.
Authors: H Gewirtz, D D O'Keefe, G M Pohost, H W Strauss, J B McIlduff, W M Daggett
Journal: Circulation (1978)

To determine the effect of ischemia on myocardial clearance of thallium-201 (201Tl), we studied 12 dogs with ischemia produced after the injection of Tl. Tl was given I.V. 10 minutes before left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation. 85Sr-microspheres (MS) were administered 5 minutes later, and control biopsies were obtained from the myocardium. The LAD was tied and repeat biopsies obtained from the ischemic zone (IZ) and normal zone (NZ) 15 minures and 2 hours later. 46Sc-MS were given just before the final giopsy. Tl activity in the IZ was not significantly different from that in the NZ either before LAD occlusion or 15 minutes and 2 hours later. Tl clearance at the end of 2 hours was not significantly different (27 +/- 5% vs 28 +/- 5%, IZ vs NZ respectively) between the two zones. The half-time of Tl clearance from both the IZ and NZ was calculated at 4.5 hours (consistent with previously reported normal values). This occurred despite a decrease in regional myocardial blood flow to 24 +/- 6% of control (P less than 0.01) in the IZ and an increase to 47 +/- 14% of control (P less than 0.01) in the NZ during the study. We conclude that myocardial ischemia does not alter the normal rate of Tl clearance from the myocardium.
Crushed Chest Injury: Some Physiological Disturbances and Their Correction
Authors: J. M. Reid, W. L. M. Baird
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Class 2These patients have usually sustained inore serious injuries, including non-thoracic injuries.The level of consciousness may be impaired.The oxygen content of the arterial blood is reduced and the carbon dioxide content is also lowered, 1106
Failure of high‐dose I.V. Gammaglobulin in the treatment of spontaneously acquired factor VIII inhibitors
Authors: Meyer R. Heyman, Anuradha Chakravarthy, Bennett B. Edelman, Samuel W. Needleman, Charles A. Schiffer
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Two patients with spontaneously acquired factor-VIII-C inhibitors were treated with high-dose i.v. gammaglobulin. Minimal inhibition of anti-VIII-C activity was demonstrated in vitro in one patient when i.v. gammaglobulin was mixed directly with his plasma. In neither patient, however, was there any significant reduction in titer of antifactor VIII-C after i.v. gammaglobulin administration, nor was there any shortening of the aPTT or reduction in bleeding. The possible mechanisms of the previously reported salutary benefits of high-dose i.v. gammaglobulin in patients with spontaneously acquired factor-VIII inhibitors as well as the potential reasons for failure in our patients are discussed. Our cases demonstrated that high-dose i.v. gammaglobulin is not uniformly successful in the treatment of patients with acquired factor-VIII-C inhibitors. The true frequency of clinically significant responses will require further clinical trials.
Ocular Complications of Drugs
Authors: Irving H. Leopold
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Local and systemic administration of certain drugs has resulted in many forms of visual complications. These include blurred vision, disturbances in color vision, scotomata, pigmentary degeneration of the retina, and damage to the cornea, retina, and optic nerve. The drugs responsible for various of these adverse effects include those that are retinotoxic: the cardiac glycosides, the quinolines, and the phenothiazines; and those that produce toxic optic neuropathies: chlorpropamide, the corticosteroids, and chloramphenicol. Careful ophthalmologic screening whenever possible of patients who are to receive systemically administered drugs is suggested.
Hypoallergenic fragment of Par j 2 increases functional expression of Toll‐like receptors in atopic children
Authors: E. Pace, G. Duro, S. La Grutta, M. Ferraro, A. Bruno, J. Bousquet, G. Bonsignore, M. Gjomarkaj
Journal: Allergy (2006)

Background: Parietaria judaica (Par j) is one of the main causes of allergy in the Mediterranean countries. The activation of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits nasal inflammation of atopic children. Objective: To examine, in vivo and in vitro , the effect of recombinant Par j 2 (rPar j 2) and of its fragments (1–55 and 52–102) on atopic children. Methods: We used skin prick test for in vivo evaluations. We assessed, in vitro , in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the effect of rPar j 2 and of the two fragments on neutrophil chemotaxis, on CD45RO, on TLR2 and TLR4 expression, on LPS binding and on interferon (IFN)‐ γ release, by a microchemotaxis chamber, by flow cytometry and by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results: In vivo while rPar j 2 induced a positive skin reaction, 1–55 and 52–102 fragments did not. In vitro , while rPar j 2 increased both CD45RO expression and neutrophils chemotaxis in PBMC, both Par j 2 fragments did not. 1–55 fragment of Par j 2 upregulated both TLR2 and TLR4 expression and LPS binding, while the rPar j 2 and 52–102 fragment did not. Finally, 1–55 fragment of Par j 2 induced IFN γ release, while the rPar j 2 and 52–102 fragment did not. Conclusions: Hypoallergenic 1–55 fragment, upregulating innate immunity receptors and increasing IFN γ , might re‐orientate, in atopics, the immune system toward a physiologic balance between Th1 and Th2 responses.
Abstract IA3: Functional implications of relocation of regulated transcription units in prostate cancer
Authors: Liuqing Yang, Chunru Lin, Esperanza Nunez, Wenbo Li, Eugin Destici, Michael G. Rosenfeld
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Despite the long-standing recognition of distinct subnuclear architectural features and the recent discovery of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), their potential interacting roles in gene regulation remain elusive. We have found that two ncRNAs, TUG1 and NEAT2, located in Polycomb body (PcGs) and interchromatin granules, respectively, control relocation of growth control genes required for regulation of cell cycle between these two subnuclear structures, depending on the status of Polycomb 2 protein (Pc2) methylation in response to growth signals. These ncRNAs direct the assembly of multiple transcriptional co-repressor/coactivator complexes and, surprisingly, can alter “reading” of the histone tail marks by the Pc2 chromodomain, thereby specifying growth control gene expression and cell proliferation in a spatially organized manner. Binding of NEAT2 to demethylated Pc2, which promotes the SUMOylation of E2F1, which culminates in activation of the growth control gene program. These observations provide a molecular logic integrating actions of transcription factor/co-regulators, non-histone protein methylation, and ncRNAs resident in distinct subnuclear architectural structures to achieve coordinated programs of regulated gene expression in the three-dimensional space of the nucleus. We also will present data linking these strategies to mechanisms of ligand-induced activation of AR target genes in prostate cancer cells. Citation Format: Liuqing Yang, Chunru Lin, Esperanza Nunez, Wenbo Li, Eugin Destici, Michael G Rosenfeld. Functional implications of relocation of regulated transcription units in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA3.
Functional abilities at age 4 years of children born before 29 weeks of gestation.
Authors: A Johnson, P Townshend, P Yudkin, D Bull, A R Wilkinson
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVES--To assess the rate of impairment and disability among babies born very preterm and to investigate the association between such impairment and gestational age at birth. DESIGN--Cohort study of a geographically defined population of babies. SETTING--Oxford Regional Health Authority. SUBJECTS--All babies born alive before 29 weeks of gestation to mothers resident in the region during 1984-6. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Survival rates and rates of impairment and disability among survivors at the age of 4 years. RESULTS--Of the 342 babies, half (170) survived to be discharged home. Of the 164 survivors to age 4 years, 153 (93%) were assessed. A total of 35 (23%; 95% confidence interval 16% to 30%) were severely disabled and only 54 (35%; 28% to 43%) were unimpaired. The risk of impairment and disability increased with decreasing gestational age at birth (p &lt; 0.003). CONCLUSIONS--With the increasing survival rate among babies born before 29 weeks of gestation, we need urgently to establish reliable ways of monitoring the proportion of survivors who have a disability.
Separation of Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent from Kallikrein by the Plasma α2-Macroglobulin, Kallikrein Inhibitor
Authors: Peter C. Harpel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, factor XI) is an important intermediate in the intrinsic coagulation system, and plasma kallikrein has been implicated as a mediator of the inflammatory process. Whereas their biologic activities are functionally distinct, their identity as separate entities in plasma has not been fully established, and the nature of their plasma inhibitors has not been completely characterized. A partially purified preparation containing the clotting, tosyl arginine methyl ester (TAMe) esterase and kinin-producing activities of these substances has been prepared by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of a Celite eluate obtained from acid-treated human plasma. These activities were not separable by acrylamide gel electrophoresis nor by isoelectric focusing, their pI being approximately 8.7. Human plasma alpha(2)-macroglobulin has been shown to inhibit the proteolytic activity of kallikrein and to inhibit partially its TAMe esterase activity. An alpha(2)-macroglobulin, PTA, kallikrein incubation mixture was separated by gel filtration chromatography. The alpha(2)-macroglobulin formed a high molecular weight complex with kallikrein and appeared in early chromatographic fractions. The PTA-clotting activity was not inhibited by the alpha(2)-macroglobulin; 64% of the initial PTA activity was isolated in later fractions free of kallikrein-induced kinin-like activity. In contrast, clotting, TAMe esterase, and kinin-forming activities were inhibited after gel filtration chromatography of an incubation mixture of these activities and partially purified C1 inactivator (C1 esterase inhibitor). Electrofocusing of an incubation mixture of an activated PTA, kallikrein preparation, and alpha(2)-macroglobulin resulted in the isolation of a PTA fraction free of kallikrein proteolytic activity, and with 4% of the original TAMe esterase activity. In this manner, activated PTA and plasma kallikrein have been shown to be distinct substances, and methods have been introduced for the further purification of active coagulation factor XI.
Salmonella Infections in the Hospital.
Authors: F. J. Sweeney
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 October 1964Salmonella Infections in the Hospital.F. J. Sweeney Jr., M.D. (Associate)F. J. Sweeney Jr., M.D. (Associate)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-61-4-807_4 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe problems and hazards associated with Salmonella disease in hospitals have recently received widespread attention due to outbreaks of Salmonellosis in various parts of the United States and abroad. Hospitals frequently admit patients with Salmonella infections for diagnosis and treatment. These patients potentially can contaminate other patients and the hospital environment. Infection may also occur through contaminated food.The majority of Salmonella infections, other than those thought to be strictly human pathogens (Salmonella typhosa and Salmonella paratyphoid A and B) and Salmonella choleraesuis are usually self-limited and cause only acute gastroenteritis in the majority of patients. However, when Salmonellosis occurs... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: F. J. SweeneyJr., M.D. (Associate)Affiliations: Philadelphia, Pa. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1964Volume 61, Issue 4Page: 807-808KeywordsCholeraFoodGastroenteritisParatyphoidPathogensPatientsSalmonellaSalmonellosis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...