tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sex, Diabetes, and Stroke After Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Robert A. Hegele, Michael Eliasziw, Massimiliano De Angelis
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Results from a population-based survey Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic proficiency of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-III definitions (1,2) for the metabolic syndrome in a Mexican nationwide, population-based survey.Details of the sampling procedures have been previously described (3).The population was composed of 2,158 men and women aged 20 -69 years sampled after a 9-to 12-h fasting period.For the WHO criteria, insulin resistance was diagnosed if a nondiabetic case had fasting insulin concentrations Ն126 pmol/l (21 U/ml) (Ͼ75th percentile in Mexican adults).The ageadjusted prevalence was 13.61% for the WHO criteria (n ϭ 268) and 26.6% for the NCEP-III definition (n ϭ 574).After excluding patients with diabetes, the prevalence was 9.2 and 21.4%, respectively.The agreement between the definitions was assessed in 1,969 subjects; 189 cases were eliminated due to the lack of a urine sample.The number of abnormal cases was lower using the WHO criteria.Only 237 of the 545 subjects (43.4%) who fulfilled the NCEP criteria were diagnosed as affected using the WHO definition.Just 16 of 253 cases (6.3%) detected by the WHO definition did not fulfill the NCEP definition.The agreement between the criteria was moderate ( ϭ 0.507).On the other hand, the subjects diagnosed using the WHO recommendations had a worse profile than the cases detected by the NCEP-III definition only-they had a higher BMI and higher non-HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations.The demonstration of insulin resistance among the nondiabetic population caused the lack of agreement in 202 of the 242 cases that fulfilled the NCEP definition but failed the WHO criteria.Other reasons for disparity were the higher thresholds used by the WHO criteria; these differences explained the lack of agreement in 66 of the 152 cases with diabetes.In conclusion, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is influenced by the selection of the diagnostic criteria.The WHO criteria identified a lower number of cases than the NCEP-III definition.These differences were explained mainly by the inclusion of abnormally high insulin concentrations as a diagnostic criterion.However, the presence of insulin resistance may help to identify patients more severely affected (4).
Observations on the Temperature of the Human Rectum
Authors: J. Grayson
Journal: BMJ (1951)

Bernard's concept of the milieu interieur was a vital step in our understanding of the human body.It is funda- mental to realize that much of our biological activity is concerned in the maintenance of the so-called internal environment.But it is becoming increasingly clear that a rigid approach to the body constants which constitute this internal environment is no longer wholly acceptable.Such standards as blood pressure, once the inflexible index of an individual's circulatory health, are labile to a degree which even now is insufficiently realized.
Preferential uptake of lactate by the normal myocardium in dogs
Authors: A. J DRAKE, J. R HAINES, M. I M NOBLE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1980)

Journal Article Preferential uptake of lactate by the normal myocardium in dogs Get access ANGELA J DRAKE, ANGELA J DRAKE * From The Midhurst Medical Research Institute, Midhurst, West Sussex *Correspondence and reprint requests to: Angela J Drake, The Midhurst Medical Research Institute, Midhurst, West Sussex GU29 0BL. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JAMES R HAINES, JAMES R HAINES From The Midhurst Medical Research Institute, Midhurst, West Sussex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MARK I M NOBLE MARK I M NOBLE From The Midhurst Medical Research Institute, Midhurst, West Sussex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 14, Issue 2, February 1980, Pages 65–72, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/14.2.65 Published: 01 February 1980
Towards greener hospitals
Authors: D. King
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2007)

Robin Stott's article entitled ‘Climate change, poverty and war’ (JRSM 2007;100:399-402)1 was, I feel, a little ambitious, with surely most of the initiatives to halt climate change having to come from politicians rather than health professionals. However, his point that we need to commit ‘ourselves to live and develop within environmental limits and ensure that the institutions within which we have influence do likewise’ is an interesting one which deserves further consideration.

A cursory look around any hospital in this country will reveal appliances and lights left on unnecessarily, tap water that is far too hot, rooms which are heated all year round, a complete lack of double glazing and an absence of any form of recycling. Perhaps surprisingly, this issue has received scant attention in either the lay or medical press despite the environmental and financial benefits small changes could bring. Indeed, a study in the Irish Medical Journal in 2002 suggested that in one hospital, energy consumption could be quite easily reduced by 20%, water consumption by 15% and proper waste segregation could result in reductions of up to 40% of health-care waste.2

In a world in which climate change is becoming increasingly important, it is surely time both health professionals and politicians realised the environmental impact of hospitals and put in place the simple changes needed to effect real and long-lasting improvements.
Extensibility of the human carotid sinus
Authors: M. WINSON, D. HEATH, P. SMITH
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1974)

The carotid sinus is a baroreceptor. The anatomy and histology of the media of the human carotid sinus, when compared with the neighbouring common and internal carotid arteries, are compatible with its having an increased distensibility. However, the sinus is the site of severe atherosclerosis which may affect its distensibility. The circumferential extensibility of the human carotid sinus has been compared with that of the common carotid artery in 30 specimens obtained at necropsy. In all except for three cases the carotid sinus was found to be less extensible than the neighbouring common carotid artery. With increasing age both arteries become less extensible. In old age and in patients with systemic hypertension the sensitivity of the baroreceptor response of the carotid sinus is diminished. Since extensibility of the sinus is impaired it is likely that the distensibility is reduced as a consequence of the severe atherosclerosis of the sinus. This may account for the diminished baroreceptor responses recorded clinically.
Superiority of quantitative exercise thallium-201 variables in determining long-term prognosis in ambulatory patients with chest pain: A comparison with cardiac catheterization
Authors: Sanjiv Kaul, Dianne M. Finkelstein, Sunichi Homma, Marcia Leavitt, Robert D. Okada, Charles A. Boucher
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1988)
The Gishlect Question: What's So Terrible About Yiddish?
Authors: Claus A. Pierach
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  A PIECE OF MY MIND is usually the first thing I read inThe Journal. It is enlightening, touching, instructive, and amusing: all of the things you probably had in mind when creating this section.  Having immigrated from Europe, I sympathize with Dr Bierman and his patient Mrs G. 1 The sad story made me laugh when I came across Dr Bierman's translation for gishlect as terrible. The German word for sexually transmitted disease is Geschlechtskrankheit, where Geschlecht means sex. Could Dr Bierman have thought of schlect, which indeed means terrible—but has nothing to do with geschlecht? Although I am not fluent in Yiddish, gishlect probably means sex or sexual and not terrible.
Firearm Training and Storage
Authors: Edgar A. Suter
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article entitled "Firearm Training and Storage" by Dr Hemenway and colleagues<sup>1</sup>wrongfully equated all loaded, unlocked guns with risk of accident (ie, unintentional gunshot injury), suicide, and homicide. The authors did not distinguish among adult-only homes in which guns may be safely stored loaded and accessible, homes in which the threat of attack outweighs the risk of gun accident, and homes in which the danger of a loaded accessible gun is great. Interestingly, the authors failed to mention the most striking fact about gun accidents: that whatever the storage habits of gun owners, gun accident fatality rates have been falling steadily since 1903 and now hover at an all-time low.<sup>2</sup>For perspective, about 140 innocent children die at home from gun accidents annually,<sup>2</sup>compared with a tragedy that is 1300 times greater—the 180 000 Americans who die from physicians' negligence each year.<sup>3</sup>
Brain Death — Well Settled yet Still Unresolved
Authors: Alexander Morgan Capron
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

If one subject in health law and bioethics can be said to be at once well settled and persistently unresolved, it is how to determine that death has occurred. Once this determination involved simply the measurement of vital signs. It was as often performed by laypersons as by physicians. Now it is often a complex matter requiring specialized expertise and raising both conceptual and practical difficulties.In the majority of cases, death is diagnosed on the basis of the irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions. But beginning in the middle of the 20th century, increasingly sophisticated means were developed . . .
Abstract 4109: The unfolded protein response promotes tolerance to extreme hypoxia through autophagy dependent maintenance of cellular metabolism
Authors: Dan Cojocari, Aalim Weljie, Jing Wen, Kasper M.A Rouschop, Ravi Vellanki, Marianne Koritzinsky, Bradly G. Wouters
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Oxygenation patterns in solid human tumors are highly heterogeneous both amongst and within tumors, and individual cells can be exposed to mild or extreme hypoxia. Hypoxia is known to influence the behavior of tumor cells in an adverse manner, resulting in poor response to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and an increased metastatic capacity. The ability of cells to tolerate extreme hypoxia and the unusual metabolic environments found within tumors are not fully understood, but cell phenotype is influenced through at least three important oxygen-sensing pathways: HIF, mTOR and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Previously we have shown that the PERK-eIF2α arm of UPR, which is activated rapidly in response to extreme hypoxia, contributes to hypoxia tolerance in both cell lines and in human tumor xenografts. Furthermore, we found that signaling through PERK results in increased capacity for autophagy through direct transcriptional regulation of the autophagy genes ATG5 and LC3b during hypoxic exposure. We hypothesize that autophagy promotes survival during hypoxia through regulation of metabolic homeostasis and control of proteotoxicity. To elucidate the contribution of PERK signaling and autophagy to cell survival and metabolic homeostasis we created a series of isogenic cell lines with inducible expression of transgenes that cause PERK or autophagy signaling deficiency. We analyzed the changes in metabolism and in global metabolite levels during exposure to extreme hypoxia in wild type, PERK deficient, and autophagy deficient variants. Using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we identified a series of metabolites whose concentration varied in a time-dependent manner during hypoxia. Importantly, we found that cells defective in PERK signaling decreased levels of amino acids, increased fatty acids and evidence of oxidative stress products. Both, PERK signaling and autophagy deficiency resulted in accelerated glucose metabolism as evidenced by increased consumption and lactate production during hypoxia compared to controls. Together, these results suggest that PERK-dependent regulation of autophagy contributes to maintenance of bio-energetic status, preventing increased glucose flux and production of reactive oxygen species. Our data also demonstrate that aggressive, therapy resistant hypoxic cells may be selectively targeted by therapies that exploit the dependency of these cells on autophagy for survival. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4109. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4109
In Vivo Evaluation of Fontan Pathway Flow Dynamics by Multidimensional Phase-Velocity Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Eliezer Be’eri, Stephan E. Maier, Michael J. Landzberg, Taylor Chung, Tal Geva
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Hemodynamic efficiency of Fontan circulation is believed to be a major determinant of outcome. Prior research on flow dynamics in different modifications of Fontan circulation used in vitro models and computer-based simulation. This study was designed to compare in vivo flow dynamics in the systemic venous pathway between patients with atriopulmonary anastomosis (APA) and those with total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC). Methods and Results —Multidimensional phase-velocity magnetic resonance imaging (PV-MRI) studies were performed on 10 patients who had undergone a modified Fontan operation (5 with TCPC and 5 with APA) and were free of symptoms. The groups were comparable in terms of age and body surface area. The interval since surgery was longer for APA than for TCPC subjects. In each subject, the phase-velocity data sets were used to generate dynamic velocity-vector maps and to calculate quantitative flow indices describing the 3-dimensional blood-flow patterns throughout the cardiac cycle at the widest diameter of the Fontan pathway. Mean flow rate was comparable between groups. Velocity-vector maps showed areas of flow reversal, flow stagnation, and circular flow within APA but not TCPC pathways. Analysis of quantitative flow indices showed that compared with the APA group, flow velocities in the TCPC patients were significantly higher (mean velocity, 14±6 cm/s versus 5±3 cm/s; P =0.02), less variable (coefficient of variation, 19±2% versus 37±3.5%; P &lt;0.0001), and more unidirectional (degree of unidirectionality, 89±7% versus 71±12%; P =0.03). APA pathways were significantly more dilated than were TCPC pathways ( P &lt;0.01) and showed a trend toward larger diameter with increased interval since surgery ( R 2 =0.6, P =0.09). Fontan pathway dilatation correlated with flow velocity variability ( R 2 =0.57, P =0.01) and inversely with flow unidirectionality ( R 2 =0.75, P =0.001). Conclusions —Blood flow patterns are more organized and uniform in TCPC than in APA pathways and are significantly influenced by pathway diameter. We speculate that TCPC may result in a more hemodynamically efficient circulation than APA because of differences in pathway dimension and uniformity.
The Growing Problem of Chronic Renal Failure after Transplantation of a Nonrenal Organ
Authors: Colm Magee, Manuel Pascual
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

The clinical introduction of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine in the early 1980s revolutionized the field of organ transplantation. The adoption of cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimens dramatically improved survival among patients who received nonrenal allografts. Twenty years later, cyclosporine and tacrolimus (another inhibitor of calcineurin — a key enzyme involved in T-cell activation)1 remain the cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy for most patients who receive nonrenal transplants.Not surprisingly, given the procedures involved, transplantation of nonrenal organs can be associated with acute renal failure. During the past two decades, however, it has become apparent that chronic renal failure is also an important complication. . . .
Mechanical thrombolysis: a new rotational catheter approach for acute thrombi.
Authors: J L Ritchie, D D Hansen, R Vracko, D C Auth
Journal: Circulation (1986)

We tested a new rotational thrombectomy catheter in acute thrombi formed both in vitro and in vivo. The catheter consisted of a rounded platinum tip, 0.025 inch diameter by 0.08 inch long, attached to a flexible steel guidewire supported by an external sheath. In vitro, the force required to penetrate thrombus was reduced fivefold by rotation of the catheter at 4000 rpm (0.75 +/- 1.2 g rotating vs 3.9 +/- 2.1 g static; p less than .001). Fibrin was extracted selectively from the thrombus and tightly wound about the shaft (3.8 +/- 1.5 mg rotating vs 0.75 +/- 0.4 mg static; p less than .001). In vivo, subtotal or complete thrombosis of the canine femoral artery was created. Thrombectomy by catheter rotation always produced tightly wound adherent fibrin on the catheter shaft. Angiographic patency was restored in 20 of 22 (91%) arteries, totally in seven of 22 (32%) and partially (greater than 20% increase in lumen diameter) in 13 of 22 (59%). There was one arterial perforation (5%). We conclude that this new mechanical catheter device reduces the force required to penetrate thrombus. Additionally, by winding fibrin about its shaft, the catheter is able to selectively remove the fibrin matrix of thrombus. Thus both the ease of initial thrombus recanalization as well as physical removal of thrombus are promoted by this new approach. Such an approach may be relevant to the treatment of recent thrombosis in acute myocardial infarction.
Malaria and gold fever.
Authors: H Veeken
Journal: BMJ (1993)

The mineral rich territory of the Yanomami Indians of northern Brazil has been invaded by miners--who have destroyed the environment and introduced disease. Médecins Sans Frontières agreed to help combat the malaria epidemic. Conditions in the rainforest and villages and the health care facilities are described. Mere medical aid cannot prevent the Yanomami from being decimated.
CONSERVATIVE PERINEAL PROSTATECTOMY.A REPORT 0F FIFTY CASES.
Authors: HUGH H. YOUNG
Journal: JAMA (1905)

One year ago I presented to the American Association of Genitourinary Surgeons a paper entitled "Conservative Perineal Prostatectomy—A Presentation of New Instruments and Technic."<sup>1</sup>Since then I have further elaborated the technic, and it is my purpose to-day to outline the results obtained in 50 cases in which I have employed this method. In using the word conservative, I do not wish it to be understood as opposing radical surgery for the prostate, but simply as an advocate of the conservation of those structures which are in no way concerned in the obstruction to free micturition, and are of themselves of independent importance, viz., the preservation of the urethra and of the ejaculatory ducts. By means of the 50 cases which I report I hope to make it clear that both of these structures need not be uselessly sacrificed or injured and that their preservation in no
[317] OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DMA FRAGMENTATION IN HEPATIC INJURY OF THE BILE DUCT-LIGATED RATS: MODULATORY EFFECT OF URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID
Authors: D. Sokolovic, G. Bjelakovic, J. Nikolic, G. Kocic, D. Pavlovic, V. Pavlovic, B. Djindjic
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Methaemoglobinaemia and paracetamol.
Authors: D. MacLean, P. G. Robertson, S. Bain
Journal: BMJ (1968)

SIR,-There is no doubt that the medical rehabilitation service established in the Royal Air Force during the last world war provided a great stimulus to the subsequent development of rehabilitation in many other parts of the world, and thus it is one of the most significant contributions of R.A.F.medicine.It was surprising to find in a historical article, presumably an official one, on medi- cine in the R.A.F.
NF-E2 domination over Nrf2 promotes ROS accumulation and megakaryocytic maturation
Authors: Hozumi Motohashi, Momoko Kimura, Rie Fujita, Ai Inoue, Xiaoqing Pan, Mariko Takayama, Fumiki Katsuoka, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Emery H. Bresnick, Masayuki Yamamoto
Journal: Blood (2009)
Abnormal TI-201 Limb Scan Due to Unilateral Tremor
Authors: MARIA SIMONS, KAREL SCHELSTRAETE, MARC BRATZLAVSKY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

An abnormal intra- and interextremity distribution pattern of TI-201 was observed on the limb scan of a patient with a unilateral tremor. This is ascribed to the increased blood flow in the muscles responsible for the tremor. The suggestion is made that the existence of tremor should be considered as a possible explanation for unexpected abnormalities on TI-201 limb scintigrams.
Dispersion of ‘Refractoriness’ in Noninfarcted Myocardium of Patients With Ventricular Tachycardia or Ventricular Fibrillation After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Anand R. Ramdat Misier, Tobias Opthof, Norbert M. van Hemel, Jessica T. Vermeulen, Jacques M.T. de Bakker, Jo J.A.M. Defauw, Frans J.L. van Capelle, Michiel J. Janse
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Postinfarction ventricular tachycardias (VTs) may degenerate into ventricular fibrillation (VF), but this does not happen in all patients. The underlying mechanism is not exactly known, but dispersion of refractory periods is considered a major factor in both induction and persistence of reentrant arrhythmias in general. Hypertrophied, noninfarcted myocardium has altered electrophysiological characteristics. We hypothesized that noninfarcted ventricular tissue may provide the heterogeneities that cause the transition from VT into VF. Local fibrillation intervals, ie, the average interval between local activations during VF, have previously been shown to correlate well with local refractoriness in human and canine atrium and in porcine and canine ventricle and may therefore be used as an index of local refractoriness. This technique permits simultaneous assessment of refractoriness at multiple sites.We measured local fibrillation intervals at 32 to 64 sites in the noninfarcted part of the left ventricle in patients undergoing antiarrhythmic surgery for symptomatic, drug-refractory, postinfarction ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The grid of electrodes (interelectrode distance, 7 mm) was attached to the epicardium of the left ventricle remote from the infarcted tissue. Group 1 consisted of 7 patients with hemodynamically tolerable sustained VT (VT group). Group 2 consisted of 7 patients with cardiac arrest and documented VF (VF group). With the patients on cardiopulmonary bypass, VF was induced by multiple premature stimulation. The VF interval was not significantly different in the two study groups (VT group, 136 +/- 5.5 ms; VF group, 129 +/- 3.4 ms, mean +/- SEM). However, spatial dispersion of the VF intervals (remote from the infarcted area) expressed as the coefficient of variation of VF intervals (SD x 100/mean VF interval in each heart) was significantly larger in the VF group. It was 3.63 +/- 0.56 in the VF group and 1.55 +/- 0.40 in the VT group (mean +/- SEM; P < .01). Differences between the shortest and longest VF intervals in one and the same heart and the largest difference between two adjacent sites were also larger in the VF group (P < .02 and P < .05, respectively).This study shows larger dispersion in VF intervals and therefore suggests larger dispersion of refractory periods in parts of the myocardium remote from the infarction in patients with postinfarction VF than in patients with postinfarction VT.