tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
BRAIN STIMULATION, EXPERIENCE, AND BEHAVIOR
Authors: LOUIS AARONS, JULES H. MASSERMAN, THOMAS MCAVOY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1962)

An apparatus was constructed for the electrical stimulation of the brain by a modified radio frequency carrier wave to a receiving unit fastened subfascially over the cranium of 8 rhesus monkeys (4 with brain lesions) and 6 cats. The uni-or bipolar electrodes were stereotactically implanted in the median forebrain bundle or the septal, thalamic, hypothalamic or mesencephalic reticular areas. Animals with varied preceding experiences were subjected to conflict-inducing air blast or shock stimuli while discriminating external (tone, light) vs. internal (brain stimulation) cues, and developed adaptational conflicts characterized by the disruption of learned skills, persistent and generalized aversions, organic dysfuctions, loss of body weight and other deviations of conduct. All behavior patterns were evaluated on highly reliable rating scales. Our results were as follows: 1. "Threshold" stimulation of various regions of the brain did not interfere with previously established auditory-visual discriminations. 2. Intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) was variously ignored, avoided, or sought for prior to its establishment as a discriminative cue. 3. The response patterns to ICS were not significantly correlated with anatomical location or species (except that cats uniformly ignored it) but were influenced by prior preferences, and were reversible as the externally applied electrical brain stimulation (EBS) became differentially meaningful. 4. All animals readily learned to discriminate liminal EBS from a tone or light signal, but facility in this varied directly with the general adaptability of each animal. 5. Discrimination of brain stimulation was retained up to 4 months without practice and could be transferred immediately to the interruption of a continued squaredpulse stimulation. 6. Adaptational conflicts produced generalized "neurotic" behavioral deviations which included "conditioned anxiety" reactions to EBS, but these effects again varied with the length and adequacy of each animal's laboratory adaptation. 7. Stimulus generalization gradients for EBS frequency were similar in animals with different brain lesions, but varied greatly with each animal's previous experiences. 8. Chemotherapy with Ritalin and Librium failed to mitigate behavioral deviations and showed no essential interactions with EBS.
Antimuscarinic drugs to treat overactive bladder
Authors: D. Robinson, L. Cardozo
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A 45 year old woman presents to her general practitioner complaining of troublesome urinary symptoms increasingly affecting her quality of life. She is currently voiding more than 10 times a day and rising three times at night. In addition she notices a sudden urgent desire to void and on two occasions has leaked urine before reaching the toilet. She gives no history of urinary tract infection or haematuria. Her periods remain regular.

In the past she has had two vaginal deliveries, has no significant medical history, and is not taking any medication. Pelvic examination is unremarkable and urine analysis normal. Ultrasound examination shows no post-void residual urine.

Based on the history, clinical examination, and basic investigations you make a symptomatic diagnosis of overactive bladder. After discussing her bladder symptoms, you offer lifestyle advice including the moderation of fluids and reduction of caffeine intake. In addition you refer her for bladder retraining and start treatment with antimuscarinic drugs.

Overactive bladder is the term used to describe the symptom complex of urinary urgency, usually accompanied by frequency and nocturia, with or without urge urinary incontinence, in the absence of urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology.1

Epidemiological studies in North America have reported a prevalence of overactive bladder in women of 16.9%, and the prevalence increases with age—from 4.8% in women under 25 years to 30.9% in those aged over 65 years.2 Prevalence data from Europe are similar, with frequency the most commonly reported symptom (85%), and 54% reporting urgency and 36% urge incontinence.3

The symptoms of overactive bladder are most likely due to involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle during the filling phase of the micturition cycle; abnormalities in afferent sensation may also play a role. Detrusor overactivity1 is mediated by acetylcholine induced stimulation of muscarinic receptors …
IgE Anti‐IgG Antibodies in Patients with Juvenile and Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis Including Felty's Syndrome
Authors: Henrik Permin, Else‐Marie Egeskjold
Journal: Allergy (1982)

Anti‐IgG; antihodies (anti‐IgG) of the IgE class were studied in sera from patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and patients with Felty's syndrome (FS) by use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Forty‐two percent of 26 patients with JRA had IgE anti‐IgG in serum all in low titers. Positive reactions prevailed in patients with multiple joint involvement. Sixty‐three percent of 30 patients with RA and 80% of 20 patients with FS had IgE anti‐IgG, the titers found in FS patients being significantly higher. In JRA and FS patients the IgE anti‐IgG titers were correlated to the titers of anti‐IgG of the IgG class, and for FS patients also with the IgM and IgA classes of anti‐IgG. In six of 10 patients with RA the synovial fluid samples from both knees contained IgE anti‐IgG. In four of these patients the titers of IgE anti‐IgG were higher than in the corresponding serum sample, pointing to a local production. After G‐200 Sephadex chromatography IgE anti‐IgG were demonstrated in the void volume indicating the presence of these autoantibodies in immune complexes. IgE anti‐IgG may be involved in the pathogenesis of JRA and RA by eliciting Type I and III reactions.
<i>Gpx2</i> Is an Overexpressed Gene in Rat Breast Cancers Induced by Three Different Chemical Carcinogens
Authors: Aya Naiki-Ito, Makoto Asamoto, Naomi Hokaiwado, Satoru Takahashi, Hiroko Yamashita, Hiroyuki Tsuda, Kumiko Ogawa, Tomoyuki Shirai
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Gene expression alterations are essential for the process of carcinogenesis. A carcinogen may have specific mechanisms for inducing tumors, which may involve inducing characteristic gene expression alterations. In this study, we attempted to identify genes crucial for mammary carcinogenesis. For this purpose, we used human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats (Hras128), which are highly sensitive to mammary carcinogens including N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene, and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine. DNA microarray analysis revealed that glutathione peroxidase 2 (Gpx2) was commonly up-regulated in the mammary carcinomas induced by the three different carcinogens, and its up-regulation was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and Western blotting analysis. In addition, expression of GPX2 was recognized in all 41 immunohistochemically examined cases of human breast cancer. Forced suppression of GPX2 expression by siRNA resulted in significant growth inhibition in both rat and human mammary carcinoma cell lines with wild-type p53 cells. Thus, these data suggested that GPX2 may be involved in mammary carcinogenesis and cell proliferation in both rats and humans, indicating that GPX2 may be a novel target for the prevention and therapy of breast cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(23):11353–8]
Modeling estimates of the effect of acid rain on background radiation dose.
Authors: S C Sheppard, M I Sheppard
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1988)

Acid rain causes accelerated mobilization of many materials in soils. Natural and anthropogenic radionuclides, especially 226Ra and 137Cs, are among these materials. Okamoto is apparently the only researcher to date who has attempted to quantify the effect of acid rain on the "background" radiation dose to man. He estimated an increase in dose by a factor of 1.3 following a decrease in soil pH of 1 unit. We reviewed literature that described the effects of changes in pH on mobility and plant uptake of Ra and Cs. Generally, a decrease in soil pH by 1 unit will increase mobility and plant uptake by factors of 2 to 7. Thus, Okamoto's dose estimate may be too low. We applied several simulation models to confirm Okamoto's ideas, with most emphasis on an atmospherically driven soil model that predicts water and nuclide flow through a soil profile. We modeled a typical, acid-rain sensitive soil using meteorological data from Geraldton, Ontario. The results, within the range of effects on the soil expected from acidification, showed essentially direct proportionality between the mobility of the nuclides and dose. This supports some of the assumptions invoked by Okamoto. We conclude that a decrease in pH of 1 unit may increase the mobility of Ra and Cs by a factor of 2 or more. Our models predict that this will lead to similar increases in plant uptake and radiological dose to man. Although health effects following such a small increase in dose have not been statistically demonstrated, any increase in dose is probably undesirable.
Treatment outcomes in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma and high-risk cytogenetics receiving single-agent carfilzomib in the PX-171-003-A1 study
Authors: A J Jakubowiak, D S Siegel, T Martin, M Wang, R Vij, S Lonial, S Trudel, V Kukreti, N Bahlis, M Alsina, A Chanan-Khan, F Buadi, F J Reu, G Somlo, J Zonder, K Song, A K Stewart, E Stadtmauer, B L Harrison, A F Wong, R Z Orlowski, S Jagannath
Journal: Leukemia (2013)

Several cytogenetic abnormalities are associated with poor outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM). We prospectively analyzed the impact of cytogenetic abnormalities on outcomes during the phase 2 PX-171-003-A1 study of single-agent carfilzomib for relapsed and refractory MM. In the response-evaluable population (257/266), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)/conventional cytogenetic profiles were available for 229 patients; 62 (27.1%) had high-risk cytogenetics—del 17p13, t(4;14) or t(14;16) by interphase FISH or deletion 13 or hypodiploidy by metaphase cytogenetics—and 167 (72.9%) had standard-risk profiles. Generally, baseline characteristics were similar between the subgroups, but International Staging System stage III disease was more common in high- vs standard-risk patients (41.9% vs 27.5%) as was Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 1/2 (85.5% vs 68.3%). Overall response was comparable between the subgroups (25.8% vs 24.6%, respectively; P=0.85), while time-to-event end points showed a trend of shorter duration in high-risk patients, including median duration of response (5.6 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.7–7.8) vs 8.3 months (95% CI 5.6–12.3)) and overall survival (9.3 (95% CI 6.5–13.0) vs 19.0 months (95% CI 15.4–NE); P=0.0003). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that single-agent carfilzomib is efficacious and has the potential to at least partially overcome the impact of high-risk cytogenetics in heavily pre-treated patients with MM.
THE PROBABLE DEMONSTRATION OF THYROID SECRETION IN THE BLOOD IN EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER.
Authors: REID HUNT
Journal: JAMA (1907)

I showed in a former paper<sup>1</sup>that when small amounts of thyroid are fed for a few days to mice the latter acquire markedly increased resistance to acetonitrile.* Further studies have shown that this is an exceedingly delicate test for thyroid; as small an amount as one-tenth of a milligram (1/640 of a grain) of the official dried thyroid fed daily for a few days may enable a mouse to recover from double the dose of acetonitrile fatal to the controls. Thus it has been possible to detect as little as one milligram of thyroid. Dr. Seidell, of this laboratory, has found that forty or fifty times as much thyroid as the above is necessary to give a distinct test for iodin, especially when the thyroid is mixed with a large amount of other organic material; moreover, it is doubtful if it is possible to determine, by any chemical
III. Statistical Analysis of Narrative Content
Authors: Julius Korein
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The use of the variable-field-length (VFL) format for obtaining narrative medical data in a form suitable for computer input and subsequent storage, analysis, and retrieval has been described previously (see p 950).<sup>1</sup>This report discusses the computer programs which have been produced, some data-analytical results thus far demonstrated, and the use of a large-scale computer facility for statistical analysis of narrative medical data. The group of programs is outlined by the use of a specific example. The advantages, limitations, costs, and possible future applications of computer processing of narrative medical data are also discussed. The utility of the VFL format for the analysis of medical narrative data depends on the ability to produce computer programs that will perform medically meaningful operations on the data in a convenient and economical way. Such operations include, among others, the retrieval of sections of the records on the basis of content. For example,
First use of intravenous artesunate in Liberia and effect on patient mortality relative to artemeter and quinine: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wilson Wang, Augustine Koryon, Bernice Dahn
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2014)

BackgroundIntravenous artesunate reduces mortality by 35% relative to intravenous quinine. In 2010, WHO changed guidelines favouring intravenous artesunate, yet wide-scale adoption lags. In April, 2012, the Clinton Foundation with the Liberian Health Ministry brought intravenous artesunate into Liberia's busiest paediatric centres, Redemption and JDJ. The Foundation reached out to the International Rescue Committee, a non-governmental organisation that supported the hospitals, to implement the change.MethodsWe created a JDJ decision support instrument to guide and document proper intravenous artesunate administration. 4 months later, in July–October, 2012, we determined the proportion of children aged 1–16 years who were admitted for malaria with a positive rapid diagnostic test or malaria smear, the proportion who received intravenous artesunate, and the proportion who died. We compared these findings with the same period 1 year earlier when artesunate was not available.FindingsFrom July to October, 2011, 707 patients were admitted to JDJ for malaria with 67 deaths, giving a mortality rate of 0·0950. 1 year later, 811 patients were admitted with 48 deaths, giving a mortality rate of 0·059—a decrease risk of 0·6455 (95% CI 0·4514–0·9231, p=0·0155). In 2011, no patients received intravenous artesunate, 650 (92%) intramuscular artemether, and 21 (3%) intavenous quinine. 1 year later, 632 (78%) of malaria patients received intravenous artesunate and 178 (22%) intramuscular artemether.InterpretationWe show how malaria treatment can be changed quickly and effectively towards contemporary care standards. Our findings support the probable benefit of intravenous artesunate in Liberia and the need for the Ministry of Health to ensure artesunate supply and provider friendly treatment guidelines.FundingNone.
T Cell Immunoglobulin Mucin-3 Crystal Structure Reveals a Galectin-9-Independent Ligand-Binding Surface
Authors: Erhu Cao, Xingxing Zang, Udupi A. Ramagopal, Arunika Mukhopadhaya, Alexander Fedorov, Elena Fedorov, Wendy D. Zencheck, Jeffrey W. Lary, James L. Cole, Haiteng Deng, Hui Xiao, Teresa P. DiLorenzo, James P. Allison, Stanley G. Nathenson, Steven C. Almo
Journal: Immunity (2007)
BMA meeting: BMA members reject neutral stance on assisted dying
Authors: H. Jaques
Journal: BMJ (2012)

BMA members have rejected calls for the organisation to take a neutral stance on assisted dying after a tense debate at the union’s annual representative meeting in Bournemouth on 27 June.

A motion stating that assisted dying is a matter for society and not for the medical profession and that the BMA should adopt a neutral position on any change in the law was rejected by a considerable proportion of delegates at the conference.

The BMA’s 2010 guidance advises doctors to avoid all actions that might be interpreted as assisting, facilitating, or encouraging a suicide attempt, including advising patients on what constitutes a fatal dose of any drug and suggesting the option of suicide abroad. …
A prospective randomized multicenter trial comparing distal protection during saphenous vein graft intervention with a filter-based device compared to balloon occlusion and aspiration: The FIRE trial
Authors: Gregg W. Stone, Campbell Rogers, James Hermiller, Robert Feldman, Patrick Hall, Robert Haber, A. Masud, Patrick Cambier, Ronald P. Caputo, Mark Turco, Richard Kovach, Bruce R. Brodie, Howard Herrmann, Richard Kuntz, Steve Ramee, David A. Cox
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Systemic steroids and eczematized Darier's disease
Authors: P.M. Gordon, H. Shahidullah, F. Hhumphreys, G.W. Beveridge
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1995)

Journal Article Systemic steroids and eczematized Darier's disease Get access P.M. Gordon, P.M. Gordon University Department of Dermatology, The Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH9 9YW, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Shahidullah, H. Shahidullah University Department of Dermatology, The Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH9 9YW, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F. Hhumphreys, F. Hhumphreys University Department of Dermatology, The Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH9 9YW, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G.W. Beveridge G.W. Beveridge University Department of Dermatology, The Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH9 9YW, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 133, Issue 3, 1 September 1995, Page 492, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02687.x Published: 01 September 1995
Abstract 4167: KRas induces a Src/PEAK1/ErbB2 kinase amplification loop to drive pancreatic cancer growth, metastasis and therapy resistance
Authors: Jonathan A. Kelber, Theresa Reno, Sharmeela Kaushal, Cristina Metildi, Konstantin Stoletov, Jessica Weems, Fred D. Park, Tracy Wright, Evangeline Mose, Robert M. Hoffman, Andrew M. Lowy, Michael M. Bouvet, Richard L. Klemke
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Early biomarkers and effective therapeutic strategies are desperately needed to treat pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which has a dismal 5-year patient survival rate. We recently identified PEAK1 (pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase one, SGK269) as a catalytically active tyrosine kinase that associates with the cytoskeleton and regulates cell migration and proliferation. Tyrosine kinases are highly sought after candidates as biomarkers and therapeutic targets because they induce specific phoshorylation signatures and because their catalytic activity and downstream signals can be inhibited by small molecules. The goal of this current study was to assess the role of PEAK1 expression as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in human malignancies. Here, we report that the novel tyrosine kinase PEAK1 is upregulated in human malignancies, including human PDAC and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Oncogenic KRas induced a PEAK1-dependent kinase amplification loop between Src, PEAK1 and ErbB2 to drive PDAC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Suprisingly, blockade of ErbB2 increased Src-dependent PEAK1 expression, PEAK1-dependent Src activation and tumor growth in vivo, suggesting a mechanism for the resistance of PDAC to therapeutic intervention. Indeed, PEAK1 mediates multiple therapy resistance phenotypes that present major hurdles in the clinical treatment of this disease. Thus, PEAK1 is a novel biomarker, critical signaling hub, and new therapeutic target in PDAC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4167. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4167
Measurement of capillary blood glucose in filter-paper spots: an aid to the assessment of diabetic control.
Authors: K Wakelin, D J Goldie, M Hartog, A P Robinson
Journal: BMJ (1978)

A method of measuring glucose in capillary blood spotted on to filter paper was evaluated. Between-batch reproducibility was about 6%, and the glucose remained stable in the spots for up to four days. Adoption of the method should improve control of diabetes, particularly insulin-dependent forms.
Defense of Gastric Freezing
Authors: Harlan D. Root
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The swelling surge of criticisms and warnings about gastric freezing in chronic duodenal ulcer appears to be somewhat misleading. The published reports of gastric wall necrosis and the illogical conclusions that the procedure is too dangerous can be compared to condemning gastric resection because a patient died from a leaking duodenal stump closure. General condemnation of a procedure is poor rationalization for an imprecise performance. However, these realized dangers encountered by the inexperienced are not to be discounted or minimized but rather should be communicated in proper perspective to eliminate the cavalier attitude toward the technique of those seeking to employ it. Moreover, comparing freezing to surgery is like comparing the sprinter with the cross-country runner. Each is a member of the team but they should not be considered competitors. The indications for gastric freezing or surgery in duodenal ulcer are similar, gastric outlet obstruction and current
Acute Asymmetrical Neuritis Associated with Rapid Ultrafiltration Dialysis
Authors: A. Meyrier, M. Fardeau, G. Richet
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Three patients with chronic renal failure treated by haemodialysis developed acute asymmetrical sensory and motor neuropathies when ultrafiltration was induced to treat oedema. The neuropathies were characteristic of acute mononeuritis multiplex rather than uraemic polyneuritis, and we give our reasons for believing that they were not caused by toxic uraemic metabolites but by an ischaemic process due to vasoconstriction resulting from ultrafiltration.
Diagnosis of Torulopsis glabrata Infection
Authors: Herbert Hahn
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Two patients with<i>Torulopsis glabrata</i>fungemia were cured. One, an elderly man with cancer, diabetes, and<i>Pseudomonas</i>urinary tract infection, had received many antibiotics. His cure was attributed to amphotericin B therapy. The other patient was pregnant, and the source of the fungemia was never detected; her cure was associated with the termination of pregnancy. With this method of laboratory identification of<i>T glabrata</i>and increased awareness of the potential pathogenicity of the so-called opportunistic fungi on the part of both the clinical microbiologist and the clinician, more cases of<i>T glabrata</i>infection will be recognized, particularly among patients who are debilitated or who have altered host defenses.