tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Human umbilical cord. A new source for vascular prosthesis
Authors: Herbert Dardik, Ibrahim M. Ibrahim, Robert Baier, Seymour Sprayregen, Mitchell Levy, Irving I. Dardik
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Reconstructions were performed to the popliteal, tibial, and peroneal arteries employing a modified umbilical cord vein prosthesis. The latter was obtained from human cords and was made available as an onshelf graft for surgery following glutaraldehyde tanning. The early patency and limb salvage rates are equivalent to those obtained with autogenous saphenous veins. Additional benefits include significant decreased operative time and morbidity. It is also probable that this new graft may be resistant to biodegradation and therefore may obviate many of the causes for late failure that occur with the use of living biologic tissues or collagen tubes. Long-term follow-up and study are essential to validate the results obtained thus far and to assess the potential of this new graft in a variety of vascular reconstructions. (<i>JAMA</i>236:2859-2862, 1976)
Stuart Clotting Defect. I. Segregation of an Hereditary Hemorrhagic State from the Heterogeneous Group Heretofore Called “Stable Factor” (SPCA, Proconvertin, Factor VII) Deficiency
Authors: Cecil Hougie, Emily M. Barrow, John B. Graham
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1957)

In 1951, Alexander, Goldstein, Landwehr, and Cook (1) described a patient with a congenital hemorrhagic diathesis of an unusual type.There was a normal prothrombin concentration, but a prolonged prothrombin time which could be corrected by serum and serum fractions but not by BaSO4-adsorbed plasma or serum.The clotting factor deficient in the plasma of this patient dif- fered, therefore, from prothrombin, Factor V, ac- celerator globulin (Ac-G), and antihemophilic factor (AHF).The normal analogue of the factor deficient in this patient was relatively heat stable, adsorbable by barium sulphate and diminished in dicoumarol plasma.The patient was believed to lack the precursor of SPCA (serum prothrombin conversion accelerator) a factor which had been studied previously (2).Independently in 1951, Koller, Loeliger, and Duckert (3) and Owren (4) recognized the presence of clotting factors designated Factor VII and proconvertin, respectively.These two factors were believed to be identical with each other and with SPCA.Although the three terms have been used synonymously since that time, the literature shows no evidence that the identity has been rigor- ously established.Since the case of Alexander, Goldstein, Landwehr, and Cook (1), 29 other cases (Table I) of a congenital deficiency of these presumably identical factors have been described (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24).Our present studies indicate that the patient of Crockett, Shotton, Craddock, and Leavell (25) also belongs in the same group.The thromboplastin generation test has been performed on 16 of the 31 patients.It has been normal in six, abnormal in nine, and questionable in one (see Table I).This suggests that the cases diagnosed as Factor VII deficiency, SPCA defi-
Cancer Symptom Assessment Instruments: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jordanka Kirkova, Mellar P. Davis, Declan Walsh, Eoin Tiernan, Norma O'Leary, Susan B. LeGrand, Ruth L. Lagman, K. Mitchell Russell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Purpose A variety of assessment instruments have been created to identify cancer symptoms. We reviewed systematically cancer symptom assessment instruments published in English. Methods A systematic search of the MEDLINE database, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and EMBASE was performed. Non–peer-reviewed articles were identified through BIOSIS. Articles were accessed through the related article links in PubMed and references were searched by hand. Studies were included if the instrument had symptom assessment as the primary outcome. Quality-of-life instruments were excluded. Results We identified 21 instruments; some had undergone modification or validation. An additional 28 studies examined symptom prevalence and interrelations; many involved symptom checklists. Studies varied in design, patient characteristics, symptoms, and outcome. Meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity in design, study outcomes, and validation. Seventy-six articles and two conference abstracts (derived from MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, BIOSIS, related articles link in PubMed, and search by hand) met inclusion/exclusion criteria. The electronic search (without related links) yielded only 26% of those articles and conference abstracts that met inclusion criteria. Searches by hand of related articles identified 59% of studies. Conclusion Twenty-one instruments were identified as appropriate for clinical use. The instruments vary in symptom content and extent of psychometric validation. Both comprehensive and shorter instruments have been developed, and some instruments are intended for specific symptom assessment or symptoms related to treatment. There is no ideal instrument, and the wide variety of instruments reflects the different settings for symptom assessment. Additional research is necessary.
A Cheaper Source of Oxygen
Authors: H. L. ARNOLD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1930)

Article1 May 1930A Cheaper Source of OxygenH. L. ARNOLD, M.D.H. L. ARNOLD, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-3-11-1157 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe increasing use of oxygen inhalation for long periods in hypoxemic states, and the considerable expense attendant upon the prolonged administration of oxygen from tanks under pressure, emboldens me to report a very inexpensive source of oxygen which is available in practically all large cities.The now widely used Linde process for the manufacture of oxygen consists of the compression and fractional release of compressed air on a progressive plan leading to the liquefaction of air at a temperature of — 190 C. This liquid when exposed at atmospheric pressure rapidly gives off its nitrogen, since the boiling point of... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Honolulu, Hawaii PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1930Volume 3, Issue 11Page: 1157-1158KeywordsInhalationOxygenTemperature Issue Published: 1 May 1930 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Results and relevance of critical temperature threshold testing in patients with acquired cold urticaria
Authors: A. Młynek, M. Magerl, F. Siebenhaar, K. Weller, R. Vieira dos Santos, T. Zuberbier, A. Zalewska-Janowska, M. Maurer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Background Acquired cold urticaria (ACU) is a physical urticaria characterized by local skin reactions after cold exposure. Objective markers of disease severity and activity would be helpful. Unfortunately, such markers are not yet available, even though stimulation time and temperature thresholds are promising candidates. Objectives We assessed and correlated critical temperature thresholds (CTTs) with disease severity and activity in patients with ACU. Methods CTTs were determined in 45 patients with ACU by TempTest®‐based cold contact stimulation tests (Emo Systems GmbH, Berlin, Germany), and ACU severity and activity were assessed using Likert scales. Results Patients with ACU exhibited mean ± SEM CTTs of 17 ± 6 °C (range 4–27 °C). These thresholds and their changes correlated with the severity (r = 0·53, P < 0·05) and activity of disease (r = 0·64, P < 0·05), respectively. Conclusions These findings indicate that temperature threshold measurements may be used for assessing disease severity and activity as well as the efficacy of therapeutic measures including novel treatment approaches for cold urticaria.
Targeting the BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: John M. Goldman, Junia V. Melo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is one of the most remarkable cancers.1,2 It was probably the first type of leukemia to be recognized, in the 1840s, as a distinct entity. A landmark was the discovery of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome in 1960.3 This led to the identification in CML cells of the BCR-ABL fusion gene and its corresponding protein, which is now firmly established as the unique cause of the initial, or “chronic,” phase of CML. ABL and BCR, which are located on chromosomes 9 and 22, respectively, are normal genes whose function is still unknown. The ABL gene encodes . . .
Interleukin-23 Drives Intestinal Inflammation through Direct Activity on T Cells
Authors: Philip P. Ahern, Chris Schiering, Sofia Buonocore, Mandy J. McGeachy, Dan J. Cua, Kevin J. Maloy, Fiona Powrie
Journal: Immunity (2010)

Mutations in the IL23R gene are linked to inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility. Experimental models have shown that interleukin-23 (IL-23) orchestrates innate and T cell-dependent colitis; however, the cell populations it acts on to induce intestinal immune pathology are unknown. Here, using Il23r(-/-) T cells, we demonstrated that T cell reactivity to IL-23 was critical for development of intestinal pathology, but not for systemic inflammation. Through direct signaling into T cells, IL-23 drove intestinal T cell proliferation, promoted intestinal Th17 cell accumulation, and enhanced the emergence of an IL-17A(+)IFN-gamma(+) population of T cells. Furthermore, IL-23R signaling in intestinal T cells suppressed the differentiation of Foxp3(+) cells and T cell IL-10 production. Although Il23r(-/-) T cells displayed unimpaired Th1 cell differentiation, these cells showed impaired proliferation and failed to accumulate in the intestine. Together, these results highlight the multiple functions of IL-23 signaling in T cells that contribute to its colitogenic activity.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Immunity
Authors: Sarah E. Bettigole, Laurie H. Glimcher
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2014)

Immune responses occur in the midst of a variety of cellular stresses that can severely perturb endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. The unfolded protein response is a three-pronged signaling axis dedicated to preserving ER homeostasis. In this review, we highlight many important and emerging functional roles for ER stress in immunity, focusing on how the bidirectional cross talk between immunological processes and basic cell biology leads to pleiotropic signaling outcomes and enhanced sensitivity to inflammatory stimuli. We also discuss how dysregulated ER stress responses can provoke many diseases, including autoimmunity, firmly positioning the unfolded protein response as a major therapeutic target in human disease.
Prostacyclin production in rat aortic smooth muscle cells: role of protein kinase C, phospholipase D and cyclooxygenase-2 expression
Authors: M Frias
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) and phospholipase D (PLD) in angiotensin II (AngII)- and phorbol ester (PMA)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostacyclin (PGI2) production in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Methods: Prostacyclin production in cultured VSMC was determined by radioimmunoassay. PKC activity was examined by measuring the transfer of 32P from (γ-32P)ATP to histone III-S. COX-2 expression was determined by Western blotting. To measure PLD activity, thin layer chromatography was used. Results: AngII (50 nM) and PMA (100 nM) promoted the translocation of PKC activity from the cytosol to the membranes within 30 min, followed by a strong increase in PLD activity as well as COX-2 expression and PGI2 production. After 48 h exposure to PMA, PKC was downregulated resulting in a complete suppression of its activity. PKC-downregulation and the PKC inhibitor CGP41251 abolished PMA- and AngII-induced PLD activation, suppressed the stimulatory effect of PMA on COX-2 expression and PGI2 production and strongly inhibited that of AngII. Furthermore, AngII- and PMA-induced PGI2 production depended on protein synthesis and COX-2 but not COX-1 activity. Inhibition of PLD-mediated phosphatidic acid (PA) formation by 1% 1-butanol abolished AngII-induced COX-2 expression and PGI2 secretion, while dioctanoyl PA increased COX-2 expression and PGI2 production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our results indicate that in VSMC, AngII promotes PGI2 production to a large extent through a rise in COX-2 expression which is mediated by PA generated from increased PKC-dependent PLD activity.
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE SUGAR CONTENT OF THE CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID IN ENCEPHALITIS LETHARGICA
Authors: H. A. Cookson
Journal: BMJ (1925)

MEDICALJO 157past twio mionliths somiie enlargemi-ent of the veins over the front of the left clhest lhad appeared, and the patiel-t comn- plainwd 6f some deftgoc of breathlessness anid of plln in thle clest.WXlieni I exaliliie(l hier I founid tlhree lhard nodules.a;Di. Bromiiley lad obser ved.Tlhese were each abouit half anI iiieli in dianieter, were situated beineatlh the skinl, atndii-ei e iiot fixed eithi-e to) tle .skinlor to tlle dselevlw parlt-s.
Countering child poverty
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Britain has three million children living in poverty, a higher proportion of the population than any other developed country apart from the United States. When the present government came to power it was four million. The government has committed itself to eradicating child poverty,1 but a recent conference organised by the National Children's Bureau, the Academy of Royal Colleges, and the BMJ heard just how hard that target will be to achieve.

BMJ readers know that poverty has a profound effect on health and that the damage lasts throughout the child's life and passes on to subsequent generations. This deep rootedness of the problem is one reason why it's so hard to tackle. Iona Heath, an inner city general practitioner and former chair of the Intercollegiate Forum on Poverty and Health, defined poverty as “attrition of hope and opportunity.” This attrition leads to insecurity and a low level of control and self esteem, …
Intracellular Trafficking of a Fiber-modified Adenovirus Using Lipid Raft/Caveolae Endocytosis
Authors: Sophie Rogée, Elodie Grellier, Claudine Bernard, Anne Loyens, Jean-Claude Beauvillain, Jean-Claude D'halluin, Morvane Colin
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Most adenoviral vectors (HAdvs) elaborated for gene therapy are derived from serotype 5 viruses that use clathrin-coated vesicle endocytosis for cell entry. However, it appears that adenoviral vectors are able to take advantage of lipid raft/caveolae endocytosis to infect cells. In vivo targeting of a therapeutic gene to specific cells by vector engineering has become a major focus of gene therapy research. Yet, modification of adenoviral tropism, especially fiber gene engineering, can induce deficient intracellular trafficking of the viral particle, with a shift in subcellular localization resulting in extensive exocytosis. In this study we demonstrate that uptake of a fiber-modified adenovirus using lipid raft/caveolae endocytosis leads to non-altered intracellular trafficking without endosomal retention. Moreover, activation of lipid raft structures by this vector leads to the formation of "mega-caveosomes". These results demonstrate that, by forcing adenoviruses to take advantage of a non-clathrin, non-classical endocytic pathway, it is possible to compensate for the deficiency in endosomolysis that is associated with the use of some of the fiber-modified adenoviral constructs. Moreover, it renders such vectors ideal candidates for infecting human coxsackie and adenoviruses receptor (hCAR) negative cells.
Health costs of social injustice
Authors: M Bartley
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The benefits of increasing technological power for the mass of the population, in terms of higher living standards, greater freedom, and better health, have never been automatic. Reforming energy and social innovation have always been necessary for people to reap the full benefit of economic and scientific advances. The significance of last month's report by the Commission on Social Justice needs to be understood within this history of reform.1,2

One hundred and sixty years ago the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 established the “workhouse rule,” according to which unemployed people were obliged to enter prison-like workhouses to become eligible for “relief.” The act was intended to cut the cost of “poor relief” and to create what we would now call a labour market. In this market people (or at least their ability to work) would be treated as commodities to be bought and sold by the owners of the great new factories, which were changing the face of Britain.3 A low price for labour aided profits, and when demand fell in recessions this price could be cut even further. When not needed workers did not have to be paid at all. Debates took place on how little low paid …
Extracts from the Milroy Lectures on the Etiology and Prevention of Phthisis
Authors: A. Ransome
Journal: BMJ (1890)

Much 22, 189O.THR BRTISR MEDICAL JOUANLA 647 mater and the third throu h the interal auditory meatus, and b&bl the fourth alo.hrbosis is, therefor.a very fatl Idon, but there is some evidence that patients with the typical s ptom appear to reover, at any rate for a time; and among these case ar8which showed that the patients had recovered-.only, however, to succumb to the seondary effects after intervals of a year, six and two monthsIn the fiSt a man, aged 23, with old otorrhoea, had been ill, giddy,and had had occipital headaches a year revFously, his left log had dragged in walking, and for the last sx months he had rigors.lie sweated profusely.He died with a cerebellar abseess, which was secondary to an old thrombus, which ws adherent and decolourised, occupying the inner part of the sinus.A second clot of more recent date was in the outer part of the sinus.The second was a girl, aged 8, who sit months previously had sickness, vomiting, headache, and inflammation of the brain, fol- lowing a blow on the head.Mastoid suppurtion followed.She died with three cerebral absceses in the centrum ovale on the op- posite side.The lateral and the posterior half of the longitudinal sinus contained old organised clot.In the third a child, two years old, caught cold, became ill, emaciated, and wu drowsy, finally dying two months later, with- out otorrboha.A thin veneer of old crot wsu found lining the wall of the longitudinal and the lateral sinus on one side, where the tympanic cavity wa filled with pus.As with cerebral abese we found that the otorrhcea had always lasted for months or years, the same is usually true for throm- bosis.In only five had the otorrhmea lasted less than seven weeks.The shortest duration was three weeks, which occurred three times.The duration of life after the first symptoms of thrombosis was six to eight weeks in six caes, three to siX weeks in three, less than three weeks in ten.The most acute cases lasted a week and a week and a half respectively.The most constant symptom was pyrexia ( 16), of which only one report fails to make mention.
Oscillatory Breathing Patterns During Wakefulness in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Piotr Ponikowski, Stefan D. Anker, Tuan Peng Chua, Darrel Francis, Waldemar Banasiak, Phillip A. Poole-Wilson, Andrew J. S. Coats, Massimo Piepoli
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Oscillatory breathing patterns characterized by rises and falls in ventilation with apnea (Cheyne-Stokes respiration [CSR]) or without apnea (periodic breathing [PB]) commonly occur during the daytime in chronic heart failure (CHF). We have prospectively characterized patients with cyclical breathing in terms of clinical characteristics, indices of autonomic control, prognosis, and the role of peripheral chemosensitivity. Methods and Results —To determine cyclical breathing pattern, power spectral analysis was applied to 30-minute recordings of respiration in 74 stable CHF patients. Analyses of heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity were used to assess autonomic balance. Peripheral chemosensitivity was assessed with the transient hypoxia method. We also determined whether the suppression of peripheral chemoreceptor activity (hyperoxia or dihydrocodeine) would influence the respiratory pattern. Cyclical respiration was found in 49 (66%) patients (22 [30%] CSR, 27 [36%] PB) and was associated with more advanced CHF symptoms, impaired autonomic balance, and increased chemosensitivity (0.80 and 0.75 versus 0.34 L · min −1 · %Sa o 2 −1 , P &lt;0.001, for CSR and PB versus normal breathing, respectively). Transient hyperoxia abolished oscillatory breathing in 7 of 8 patients. Dihydrocodeine administration decreased chemosensitivity by 42% ( P =0.05), which correlated with improvement in respiratory pattern. Cyclical breathing predicted poor 2-year survival (relative risk 9.41, P &lt;0.01, by Cox proportional hazards analysis), independent of peak oxygen consumption ( P =0.04). Conclusions —An oscillatory breathing pattern during the daytime is a marker of impaired autonomic regulation and poor outcome. Augmented activity of peripheral chemoreceptors may be involved in the genesis of this respiratory pattern. Modulation of peripheral chemosensitivity can reduce or abolish abnormal respiratory patterns and may be an option in the management of CHF patients with oscillatory breathing.
THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES OF TRANSFUSION
Authors: BERTRAM M. BERNHEIM
Journal: JAMA (1913)

On the very suggestion of the word "transfusion" one's imagination immediately conjures up an individual clinging desperately to a life that has been all but snatched from him as a result of accidental hemorrhage, postoperative hemorrhage or one of those tragic depletions that not infrequently occur in the course of certain well-recognized conditions, such as extrauterine pregnancy, gastric ulcer, etc. And there is ample justification for this; transfusion is at present an emergency operation—an operation to which one resorts with relative infrequency and only when the patient is in the direst straits. The brilliant results that have been achieved despite the unpromising conditions under which we perform it are proof. if proof be needed, of its helpfulness. I was recently reviewing my records and was forcibly impressed with the number of transfusions which I had performed, not as emergency operations, but for the relief of various other conditions. I analyzed