tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE BEHAVIOR OF RESIDUAL AXONS IN PARTIALLY DENERVATED MUSCLES OF THE MONKEY
Authors: Mac V. Edds, Wilfred T. Small
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1951)

Leg muscles of the monkey have been studied following partial denervation produced by surgical elimination of from 25 to 90 per cent of the axons entering the sciatic nerve from the lumbosacral plexus. The investigation included observations on function, rate and degree of muscle atrophy, and neurohistological appearance of the affected muscles. In most of the cases, from 83 to 90 per cent of the residual nerve fibers in the peroneal and tibial nerves were destroyed and a severe paresis of the leg muscles was produced. No functional improvement was noted up to 160 days after operation, and the affected muscles became markedly atrophic. Histological examination of these muscles failed to reveal more than sporadic collateral regeneration of the residual axons. In two cases 50 and 75 per cent of the peroneal and tibial nerve fibers remained intact 63 and 200 days, respectively, after operation. The legs operated upon in these cases functioned almost normally and all muscles weighed within 11 per cent of those of the contralateral, normal leg. Histological study and counts of end-plate: nerve fiber ratios showed that many residual axons had regenerated collateral branches which entered denervated end-plates. Collateral regeneration was incomplete, however, and many end-plates remained without innervation. These results indicate that residual axons in paretic muscles of a primate do not regenerate collaterally as readily as do those of other previously studied mammals.
Inflammatory events in the blood and airways of guinea pigs immunized to toluene diisocyanate.
Authors: C E Mapp, J R Lapa e Silva, R E Lucchini, P Chitano, V Rado, M Saetta, M Pretolani, M H Karol, P Maestrelli, L M Fabbri
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma is a common cause of occupational lung disease. We used a model to investigate the course of bronchopulmonary inflammation following immunization with TDI. Guinea pigs were immunized by weekly intradermal injections and challenged with TDI 7 d after the third injection. The animals were killed at different times after challenge and prepared for histologic examination of central and peripheral airways, for immunohistochemical studies of T lymphocyte and eosinophil distribution, and for hematologic and serologic investigations. Specific IgG1 against TDI were present only in immunized animals. In immunized TDI-challenged animals there was a significant increase in the number of metachromatic cells (at 24 h) and a late increase of eosinophils (at 48 h) in the peripheral blood. Mast cells and eosinophils were also increased in the submucosa of central airways of immunized TDI-challenged animals. A similar pattern was observed in the animals' peripheral airways. Additionally, a significant increase of T-lymphocytes and eosinophils was found in the lamina propria at 6 h after exposure in immunized TDI-challenged animals as compared with control animals. In these immunized animals, TDI challenge caused a significant increase of eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, and CD4+ T cells. These findings indicate that intradermal injections of TDI induced a specific antibody response as well as an inflammatory process in both central and peripheral airways. T cells, particularly CD4+ T cells and eosinophils, are the key cells in the immunopathologic alterations induced by TDI in the guinea pig lung.
Renal artery occlusion in patients with renovascular hypertension treated with captopril.
Authors: W H Hoefnagels, T Thien
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Apheresis in the management of loiasis with high microfilariaemia and renal disease Membranous glomerulopaihy is sometimes associated with loiasis," a common disease in western and central Africa.We describe a case in which renal symptoms improved after treatment ofloiasis with apheresis followed by diethylcarbamazine. Case report Case reportsCase I-A 62 year old man after 10 years of severe kypertension (235/135 mm Hg) seemed to have-75-90% stenosis of the left and minimal stenosis of the right renal artery.Renal function was unimpaired (plasma creatinine concentration 89 slmol/l (1-01 mg/100 ml), creatinine clearance 100 mI/min) (ta'ble).Treatment
Beneficial paracrine effects of cannabinoid receptor 2 on liver injury and regeneration
Authors: Fatima Teixeira-Clerc, Marie-Pierre Belot, Sylvie Manin, Vanessa Deveaux, Thomas Cadoudal, Marie-Noele Chobert, Alexandre Louvet, Andreas Zimmer, Thierry Tordjmann, Ariane Mallat, Sophie Lotersztajn
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) plays a pleiotropic role in innate immunity and is a crucial mediator of liver disease. In this study, we investigated the impact of CB2 receptors on the regenerative process associated with liver injury. Following acute hepatitis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), CB2 was induced in the nonparenchymal cell fraction and remained undetectable in hepatocytes. Administration of CCl(4) to CB2(-/-) mice accelerated liver injury, as shown by increased alanine/aspartate aminotransferase levels and hepatocyte apoptosis, and delayed liver regeneration, as reflected by a retarded induction of hepatocyte proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression; proliferating cell nuclear antigen induction was also delayed in CB2(-/-) mice undergoing partial hepatectomy. Conversely, following treatment with the CB2 agonist JWH-133, CCl(4)-treated WT mice displayed reduced liver injury and accelerated liver regeneration. The CCl(4)-treated CB2(-/-) mice showed a decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression, and administration of the nitric oxide donor moldomine (SIN-1) to these animals reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, without affecting liver regeneration. Impaired liver regeneration was consecutive to an interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated decrease in matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity. Indeed, CCl(4)-treated CB2(-/-) mice displayed lower levels of hepatic IL-6 messenger RNA and increased MMP-2 activity. Administration of IL-6 to these mice decreased MMP-2 activity and improved liver regeneration, without affecting hepatocyte apoptosis. Accordingly, administration of the MMP inhibitor CTTHWGFTLC to CCl(4)-treated CB2(-/-) mice improved liver regeneration. Finally, in vitro studies demonstrated that incubation of hepatic myofibroblasts with JWH-133 increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 and decreased MMP-2 expressions. CB2 receptors reduce liver injury and promote liver regeneration following acute insult, via distinct paracrine mechanisms involving hepatic myofibroblasts. These results suggest that CB2 agonists display potent hepatoprotective properties, in addition to their antifibrogenic effects.
Splenomegaly and Percussion: Is the Background Noise Due to Tongue in Cheek?
Authors: Leonard D. Rosenman
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —In the article entitled Does This Patient Have Splenomegaly? by Dr Grover and colleagues, 1 the authors suggest that an expert in the art of percussion needs a soft touch, a sharp ear, and a tongue in cheek. If so endowed, the clinician will detect an enlarged spleen in a certain number of cases in which he or she strongly suspects splenomegaly before tapping and listening. The use of accessory organs in physical diagnosis was wonderfully demonstrated by a professor who taught physical diagnosis to the class of 1942 at the University of Michigan. He was Raphael Isaacs, of sainted memory, who was famous as a hematologist. He set about to show us how he could tap and outline the notch in a normal spleen (marked it with a crayon) and find the declivity between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery (also penciled on the subject's
Preconception care. Risk reduction and health promotion in preparation for pregnancy
Authors: B. W. Jack
Journal: JAMA (1990)

THE BIRTH of a healthy baby to a healthy woman and family depends, in part, on a woman's general health and well-being before conception as well as on the amount and quality of prenatal care. Health care before pregnancy can ameliorate disease, improve risk status, and help prepare a family for childbearing. Some interventions that are available prior to conception are not possible once a woman conceives. The trend among women who are in middle- and upper-income levels to delay pregnancy until they are 30 years of age or older has led to increased consumer demand for assistance in preparation for pregnancy. In recent years, the idea has emerged of an organized, comprehensive program that identifies and reduces women's reproductive risks before conception. This concept has been called "preconception care."<sup>1</sup> Development of this concept has been identified as a priority for the 1990s.<sup>2</sup>The Institute of Medicine's<i>Preventing</i>
Israeli assault of flotilla highlights crippling effects of blockade on Gaza's health care
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The World Health Organization has renewed its call for the unimpeded supply of medicines, equipment, and medical staff to the Gaza Strip, after the assault by Israeli forces on a convoy of ships carrying humanitarian aid to the blockaded area earlier this week.

“It is impossible to maintain a safe and effective healthcare system under the conditions of siege that have been in place now since June 2007,” said Tony Laurance, Head of office for the WHO in the West Bank and Gaza.

Hundreds of items, procured by the WHO and other organisations, including the charity Care International and the Norwegian government, have been waiting to get to Gaza, where 1.5 million Palestinians live, for up to a year, said Dr …
Was that course you went on any good?
Authors: Kieran Walsh
Journal: BMJ (2006)

At the end of most courses and conferences these days you are asked to fill in a form to indicate what you thought of the day. If you are like most people, then you tick the “average” boxes in the middle of the rows before rushing off home. It seems rude to give bad feedback, and yet the course wasn't that good. But even if you thought it was a good course and wrote that down, what would it really mean? In practice it often means very little. These “happy sheets” measure only your immediate reaction …
Recurrent urticaria: clinical investigation of 330 patients
Authors: LENNART JUHLIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

A questionnaire was used from 1972-1978 for 330 consecutive patients with recurrent urticaria of 3 months to 40 years duration. Fifty men and fifty women had only urticaria. The rest had both urticaria and angio-oedema and most of them were women between 24 and 38 years of age. Urticarial attacks were less frequent during the daytime. A personal history of rhinitis, asthma or atopic dermatitis was recorded in more than one-third. Nasal polyps, migraine and arthralgia were found in 6-7% of the patients. Severe psychiatric problems were mentioned by 16%. Abdominal problems, mainly gastritis, were described by 44%. A history of side effects from drugs was found in 32% of the patients. Food was mentioned as a factor worsening the weals by 30% and drinks by 18%. Fruits, vegetables and nuts were the most common. Despite all cases with physical urticaria having been excluded, physical factors such as exercise were considered by 20% to make the urticaria worse. Provocation tests with various food additives such as azo dyes, benzoates, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) sorbic acid, quinoline yellow, carotene, canthaxanthine, annatto and nitrite revealed one or more positive reactions in one-third of the patients, one-third showed negative provocation tests and, in the rest, one or several tests were questionable. Routine history of other diseases. The fibrin microclot generation test which test which indicates the presence of circulating endotoxins was positive in 24%.
Four Arguments against the Adult-Rating of Movies with Smoking Scenes
Authors: Simon Chapman, Matthew C. Farrelly
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

SC has over 30 years experience in tobacco control research and advocacy and has won several international and national awards, including the American Cancer Society's Luther Terry medal for outstanding international leadership. He was deputy editor then editor of Tobacco Control for 17 years and is now Editor Emeritus. He is committed to exposing tobacco industry marketing practices and supporting the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control's provisions on banning tobacco advertising. MCF has dedicated his 17-year research career to conducting objective research and evaluation of major tobacco control programs such as the American Legacy Foundation's truth® campaign and key policy interventions such as cigarette excise taxes and smoke-free air laws.



No specific funding was received for writing this article.



Provenance: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Abnormal Awake Respiratory Patterns Are Common in Chronic Heart Failure and May Prevent Evaluation of Autonomic Tone by Measures of Heart Rate Variability
Authors: Andrea Mortara, Peter Sleight, Gian Domenico Pinna, Roberto Maestri, Alexander Prpa, Maria Teresa La Rovere, Franco Cobelli, Luigi Tavazzi
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Reduced heart rate variability, particularly in the very-low-frequency (VLF) spectral band, has been found to be a marker for poor prognosis in patients after myocardial infarction, but the origin of the VLF oscillations is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the power of cardiovascular oscillations in the VLF band in awake patients with mild to severe chronic heart failure is greatly increased by the common occurrence of unrecognized irregularity of breathing, which may confound the use of heart rate variability measures as indexes of autonomic tone or prognosis. Methods and Results Among 110 consecutive patients referred for consideration of transplantation, 90 were in sinus rhythm, of whom 10 were excluded as unstable. The remaining 80 patients underwent recordings of ECG, beat-to-beat arterial oxygen saturation (Sa o 2 ), and respiration during both spontaneous and controlled breathing. During spontaneous awake breathing, 64% showed periodic breathing or Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR), which was associated with dominant power in the VLF band of all signals. This VLF power accounted for 55%, 77%, and 87% of heart rate variability, respectively, in patients with normal breathing, periodic breathing, and CSR. It was reduced by 48% and 62%, respectively, during controlled breathing in patients with periodic breathing or CSR. Controlled ventilation also improved oxygen saturation and markedly reduced its variability. Conclusions Breathing disorders are surprisingly common in awake patients with poor left ventricular function and produce large VLF oscillations in heart rate variability. If measures of heart rate variability are used for prognostic purposes during both short-term and long-term recordings, the confounding effects of variable respiratory patterns should be excluded. Respiratory rehabilitation might help control potentially hazardous surges in sympathetic tone.
Age at retirement and long term survival of an industrial population: prospective cohort study
Authors: Shan P Tsai, Judy K Wendt, Robin P Donnelly, Geert de Jong, Farah S Ahmed
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To assess whether early retirement is associated with better survival. <b>Design</b> Long term prospective cohort study. <b>Setting</b> Petroleum and petrochemical industry, United States. <b>Subjects</b> Past employees of Shell Oil who retired at ages 55, 60, and 65 between 1 January 1973 and 31 December 2003. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Hazard ratio of death adjusted for sex, year of entry to study, and socioeconomic status. <b>Results</b> Subjects who retired early at 55 and who were still alive at 65 had a significantly higher mortality than those who retired at 65 (hazard ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.73). Mortality was also significantly higher for subjects in the first 10 years after retirement at 55 compared with those who continued working (1.89, 1.58 to 2.27). After adjustment, mortality was similar between those who retired at 60 and those who retired at 65 (1.06, 0.92 to 1.22). Mortality did not differ for the first five years after retirement at 60 compared with continuing work at 60 (1.04, 0.82 to 1.31). <b>Conclusions</b> Retiring early at 55 or 60 was not associated with better survival than retiring at 65 in a cohort of past employees of the petrochemical industry. Mortality was higher in employees who retired at 55 than in those who continued working.
Vascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: With Special Emphasis on Microangiopathy of the Eye
Authors: Albert M. Potts
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The subject of diabetic retinopathy is so pressing and success in treatment to date has been so lacking that a stock-taking summary of the situation is most valuable. Let us deal with each of the five subsections of the book in turn; the first of these is the Proctor lecture given by Norman Ashton. Ashton addresses himself to the general problem of oxygen and the growth of retinal vessels—a subject to which he has made important contributions. He makes the point that knowledge of the basic mechanisms which control vascular proliferation or restraint of proliferation are vital to both hyperoxic and anoxic disease as well as to other diseases of vascular growth, such as diabetic retinitis proliferans. His work on whole retinal preparations and on explanted retinal vessel cultures is presented with this in mind. Specific subsections on vascular pathology begin with a description by Cogan and Kuwabara of the
Steady Progress against HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Daniel F. Hayes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Trastuzumab is active against the overexpressed HER2 oncogene in breast cancer, and four published prospective, randomized trials have shown that adjuvant trastuzumab substantially reduces rates of recurrence and death in patients with early-stage disease.1 However, to quote Bernard Fisher of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project: "The hallmark of a good clinical trial is that it raises more questions than it answers."A critical question is whether adjuvant anthracyclines are necessary for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. In this issue of the Journal, Slamon et al. report the results of a fifth prospective, randomized trial, the Breast . . .
SOME INVESTIGATIONS UPON ANTIVENENE.
Authors: JOSEPH McFARLAND
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The investigations of the last decade upon immunity to the infectious diseases have led to the discovery of many important and interesting facts. Among the most instructive of these we may mention the successful immunization of animals to serpent's venom achieved by Wolfenden, Phisalix and Bertrand, and Calmette, and the discovery in the blood of the immunized animals of a specific protective substance, first demonstrated by Phisalix and Bertrand, and elaborately studied by Calmette and Fraser. <h3>THE METHOD OF IMMUNIZATION</h3> adopted by Calmette consisted in the administration to horses of progressively increasing doses of cobra venom, slightly modified by heat, until the animals attained a high degree of immunity and antivenene appeared in large quantity in the blood. <h3>COMPOSITION OF VENOM.</h3> It has been well known for many years that the venom of serpents is not a simple poison, but one composed of several distinct poisonous proteids of different physiologic
Hox and ParaHox Genes in Evolution, Development and Genomics
Authors: David E.K. Ferrier
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2011)

The discovery of the homeobox motif and its presence in each gene of the Hox clusters revolutionized the fields of developmental biology and evolutionary developmental biology 1, 2, providing a rapid entrance into investigating the mechanisms of development of almost any animal taxon as well as dramatically altering conceptions on the extent of genetic conservation across the animal kingdom. The wide-reaching implications stemming from Hox biology and the rapid developments in the field due to technological advances, such as improved sequencing techniques and RNAi, make this special issue of Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics a timely marker of progress.
Correction: Air Travel and the Spread of Influenza: Important Caveats
Authors: Cécile Viboud, Mark A Miller, Bryan T Grenfell, Ottar N Bjørnstad, Lone Simonsen
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 11, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030503:

Figure 1 from this correspondence was transposed with Figure 1 from the related correspondence by Brownstein and colleagues (“Air Travel and the Spread of Influenza: Authors' Reply” doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030502).



Figure 1

Patterns of Timing (A) and Spread (B) of 30 Influenza Epidemics in the US, Together with Trends in Air Travel Statistics



The legend published with Figure 1 (“Patterns of Timing (A) and Spread (B) of 30 Influenza sEpidemics in the US, Together with Trends in Air Travel Statistics”) is correct. However, the figure itself should have appeared as shown below.
Eye Injuries From Tennis Balls
Authors: SUNDARAM V. RAMANAN
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  With the ever-increasing popularity of tennis and of eye injuries of the type described by Seelenfreund and Freilich (235:2723-2726,1976), I should like to share with the readers a seemingly obvious (but often forgotten) piece of advice given to me many years ago. When standing at the net waiting for your partner to serve, never, never turn around to see what the cause of delay is; for the very instant you turn around to look may be the moment your partner decides to unleash his powerful first serve—with disastrous results. The hazard is not hypothetical: it is real. If you cannot resist the urge to turn around, at least shield your face with the racket. Temporary impairment of visibility through racket strings is far preferable to permanent loss of vision in one eye.
Green Tea and Gastric Cancer
Authors: Takeshi Sano, Mitsuru Sasako
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Gastric cancer was once the leading cause of cancer-related death in most countries, including the United States. Since 1930 the incidence of gastric cancer has steadily decreased throughout the world, with dramatic decreases in the West. In 1994, gastric cancer was the eighth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with 6.3 deaths from gastric cancer per 100,000 men and 4.2 per 100,000 women. Although the reason for the decline is uncertain, decreased consumption of salt-preserved foods and increased consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits after the widespread introduction of refrigeration have been proposed as important contributing factors. . . .