tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Erysipelas Toxins—A Reply to the Editorial of Dec. 15, 1894.
Authors: William B. Coley
Journal: JAMA (1895)

New York, Dec. 20, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —My attention has been called to your recent editorial upon the " Failure of the Erysipelas Toxins." Coming so soon after a previous editorial upon the<i>success</i>of the toxins, I am somewhat surprised, not so much at the radical change of views, as at the change having been allowed to take place without a more careful inquiry as to the present status of the treatment and a more critical analysis of the evidence presented. The statement is made in your editorial: "There is no longer much question of the entire failure of the toxin injections as a cure for sarcomata and malignant growths. During the past six months the alleged remedy has been faithfully tried by many surgeons, but so far not a single well authenticated case of recovery has been reported, so far as our reading has extended, and the personal
The Nucleoporin Nup96 Is Required for Proper Expression of Interferon-Regulated Proteins and Functions
Authors: Ana M.C. Faria, Agata Levay, Yaming Wang, Alice O. Kamphorst, Magda L.P. Rosa, Daniel R. Nussenzveig, Wayne Balkan, Yuh Min Chook, David E. Levy, Beatriz M.A. Fontoura
Journal: Immunity (2006)
Concordia Health wins south London contract for primary care
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Contracts for running three GP practices that have been run directly by the local primary care trust have been awarded to new operators. Southwark Health and Social Care Board has awarded contracts for the management of the medical centres at Melbourne Grove, Parkside, and Sternhall Lane, all in south London. The new regimes are expected to …
Computers Star in New Communication Concepts for Physically Disabled People
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1989)

WORKING HAND in glove, some engineers and scientists concerned with the communication problems of people with multiple physical disabilities have come up with innovative solutions to the challenge posed by persons who are both deaf and blind. Other creative individuals have thought of a way to help people who retain hearing and vision but are incapable of movement. Tapping the functions that remain is what scientists and engineers attempt to do when they design devices for use by persons with physical losses. This is difficult enough when a sensory loss, sight or sound, is involved; when people have multiple disabilities, finding a way to help them compensate is an even more daunting task. At the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in San Francisco, Calif, researchers described new approaches to meeting these input-output challenges through computer-assisted technology. Here is what the developers of Dexter, the
The Biochemistry of Functional and Experimental Psychoses
Authors: Donald W. Goodwin
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Galen believed that depression came from an excess of black bile. If the black bile became overheated or there was also an excess of yellow bile, mania resulted. He was right about the connection between depression and mania, wrong about bile. Still, nearly 2,000 years later, the search continues for a quirk of body chemistry to explain mental illness. Chromatography, radioisotopes, the whole panoply of techniques available to the modern scientist have not helped much. The biochemical basis for "functional" mental illnesses remains as elusive as ever. This is not precisely the conclusion of this book, but almost. The authors try to be sanguine about their speciality, ending with the hope that "biochemistry may indeed contribute significantly to the ultimate solution of the mystery of mental illness." Their book, however, provides little support for optimism. It consists almost entirely of "claims and counterclaims" (the authors' words). Little, if anything, is
European parliament tries to stamp out trafficking in human organs
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The European parliament has overwhelmingly supported wide ranging moves to stamp out the growing phenomenon of trafficking in human organs.

The measures include proposals to make it a criminal offence for European Union citizens to go abroad and pay for kidney transplants, and to introduce a minimum 10 year prison sentence for anyone caught trafficking individuals into the union so their organs can be removed without consent.

The draft legislation says that the penalties would apply especially where force, violence, threats, deceit, or other forms of coercion (in particular psychological or physical) are used.

Although all 15 EU countries, …
“Right to die”
Authors: A C Grayling
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To measure patients9 perceptions of patient centredness and the relation of these perceptions to outcomes. <b>Design:</b> Observational study using questionnaires. <b>Setting:</b> Three general practices. <b>Participants:</b> 865 consecutive patients attending the practices. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Patients9 enablement, satisfaction, and burden of symptoms. <b>Results:</b> Factor analysis identified five components. These were communication and partnership (a sympathetic doctor interested in patients9 worries and expectations and who discusses and agrees the problem and treatment, Cronbach9s α=0.96); personal relationship (a doctor who knows the patient and their emotional needs, α=0.89); health promotion (α=0.87); positive approach (being definite about the problem and when it would settle, α=0.84); and interest in effect on patient9s life (α=0.89). Satisfaction was related to communication and partnership (adjusted β=19.1; 95% confidence interval 17.7 to 20.7) and a positive approach (4.28; 2.96 to 5.60). Enablement was greater with interest in the effect on life (0.55; 0.25 to 0.86), health promotion (0.57; 0.30 to 0.85), and a positive approach (0.82; 0.52 to 1.11). A positive approach was also associated with reduced symptom burden at one month (β=−0.25; −0.41 to −0.10). Referrals were fewer if patients felt they had a personal relationship with their doctor (odds ratio 0.70; 0.54 to 0.90). <b>Conclusions:</b> Components of patients9 perceptions can be measured reliably and predict different outcomes. If doctors don9t provide a positive, patient centred approach patients will be less satisfied, less enabled, and may have greater symptom burden and higher rates of referral. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Preliminary evidence suggests that patients9 perceptions of patient centredness predict outcomes better than analysing what the doctor says in a consultation <h3>What this study adds</h3> There are five distinct components of patients9 perceptions that can be measured reliably: communication and partnership, personal relationship, health promotion, positive approach to diagnosis and prognosis, and interest in the effect on life Each component predicts different consultation outcomes If doctors don9t provide a positive, patient centred approach patients will be less satisfied, less enabled, and may have greater symptom burden and use more health service resources
Apparent resistance to hypotensive effect of clonidine.
Authors: L M Wing, J L Reid, D S Davies, H J Dargie, C T Dollery
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Clonidine failed to reduce the blood pressures of two patients with essential hypertension. On was given 5-4 mg/day and the other 6 mg/day, and their respective peak plasma clonidine concentrations were 26-2 ng/ml and 14-4 ng/ml. Several months after the end of clonidine treatment a single oral dose of 0-3 mg of clonidine produced maximum falls in blood pressure of 30/22 mm Hg and 88/41 mm Hg with peak plasma clonidine concentrations of 1-4 ng/ml and 0-9 ng/ml. Resistance to the hypotensive effect of high doses of clonidine may be due to stimulation of peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors causing vasoconstriction, which maintains a raised blood pressure.
Treatment for cirrhosis-associated hyponatremia? Vaptans and aquaresis
Authors: Nicholas Shackel, Geoffrey McCaughan
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration, <135 mmol per liter) is a predictor of death among patients with chronic heart failure and cirrhosis. At present, therapy for acute and chronic hyponatremia is often ineffective and poorly tolerated. We investigated whether tolvaptan, an orally active vasopressin V(2)-receptor antagonist that promotes aquaresis—excretion of electrolyte-free water—might be of benefit in hyponatremia. METHODS: In two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, the efficacy of tolvaptan was evaluated in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. Patients were randomly assigned to oral placebo (223 patients) or oral tolvaptan (225) at a dose of 15 mg daily. The dose of tolvaptan was increased to 30 mg daily and then to 60 mg daily, if necessary, on the basis of serum sodium concentrations. The two primary end points for all patients were the change in the average daily area under the curve for the serum sodium concentration from baseline to day 4 and the change from baseline to day 30. RESULTS: Serum sodium concentrations increased more in the tolvaptan group than in the placebo group during the first 4 days (P<0.001) and after the full 30 days of therapy (P<0.001). The condition of patients with mild or marked hyponatremia improved (P<0.001 for all comparisons). During the week after discontinuation of tolvaptan on day 30, hyponatremia recurred. Side effects associated with tolvaptan included increased thirst, dry mouth, and increased urination. A planned analysis that combined the two trials showed significant improvement from baseline to day 30 in the tolvaptan group according to scores on the Mental Component of the Medical Outcomes Study 12-item Short-Form General Health Survey. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia, tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, was effective in increasing serum sodium concentrations at day 4 and day 30. (ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00072683 [ClinicalTrials.gov] [SALT-1] and NCT00201994 [ClinicalTrials.gov] [SALT-2].).
Targeted correction of RUNX1 mutation in FPD patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells rescues megakaryopoietic defects
Authors: Jon P. Connelly, Erika M. Kwon, Yongxing Gao, Niraj S. Trivedi, Abdel G. Elkahloun, Marshall S. Horwitz, Linzhao Cheng, P. Paul Liu
Journal: Blood (2014)
The Muscular Dystrophies — Clarity or Chaos?
Authors: Victor Dubowitz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

The muscular dystrophies are characterized by variable degrees of muscle weakness and degeneration. Their classification has traditionally been based on the phenotype and mode of inheritance. The molecular genetic revolution has now helped clarify but has also confounded our understanding of these disorders.The well-known X-linked Duchenne's and Becker's types of muscular dystrophy are due to mutations in the same gene and result in abnormalities of dystrophin, its protein product. At a clinical level one can recognize a continuum from the severe Duchenne's type, with loss of ambulation before adolescence, through the mild Becker's form, in which ambulation is lost . . .
Racial Misclassification and Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Among American Indians and Alaska Natives
Authors: Dorothy A. Rhoades
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— National vital event data suggest that cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rates are lower for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) than for the general US population, but these data are disproportionately flawed for AIAN because of racial misclassification. Methods and Results— Vital event data adjusted for racial misclassification and published by the Indian Health Service were used to compare trends in CVD mortality from 1989 to 1991 to 1996 to 1998 between AIAN, US all-races, and US white populations. Without misclassification accounted for, AIAN initially had the lowest mortality rates from major CVD, but by the end of the study, their rates were the highest. Adjustment for misclassification revealed an early and rapidly growing disparity between CVD mortality rates among AIAN compared with rates in the US all-races and white populations. By 1996 to 1998, the age- and misclassification-adjusted number of CVD deaths per 100 000 among AIAN was 195.9 compared with age-adjusted rates of 166.1 and 159.1 for US all races and whites, respectively. The annual percent change in CVD mortality for AIAN was 0.5 compared with −1.8 in the other groups. Regardless of racial misclassification, the most striking and widening disparities were found for middle-aged AIAN, but CVD mortality among AIAN ≥65 years of age was lower than in the other populations. Conclusions— A previously underrecognized disparity in CVD mortality exists for AIAN, particularly among middle-aged adults. Moreover, these disparities are increasing. Efforts to reduce CVD mortality in AIAN must begin before the onset of middle age.
The Relationship Between Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines Survey Scores and Future Child Immunization Status
Authors: Douglas J. Opel, James A. Taylor, Chuan Zhou, Sheryl Catz, Mon Myaing, Rita Mangione-Smith
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

Acceptance of childhood vaccinations is waning, amplifying interest in developing and testing interventions that address parental barriers to immunization acceptance.To determine the predictive validity and test-retest reliability of the Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines survey (PACV), a recently developed measure of vaccine hesitancy.Prospective cohort of English-speaking parents of children aged 2 months and born from July 10 through December 10, 2010, who belonged to an integrated health care delivery system based in Seattle and who returned a completed baseline PACV. Parents who completed a follow-up survey 8 weeks later were included in the reliability analysis. Parents who remained continuous members in the delivery system until their child was 19 months old were included in the validity analysis.The PACV, scored on a scale of 0 to 100 (100 indicates high vaccine hesitancy).Child's immunization status as measured by the percentage of days underimmunized from birth to 19 months of age.Four hundred thirty-seven parents completed the baseline PACV (response rate, 50.5%), and 220 (66.5%) completed the follow-up survey. Of the 437 parents who completed a baseline survey, 310 (70.9%) maintained continuous enrollment. Compared with parents who scored less than 50, parents who scored 50 to 69 on the survey had children who were underimmunized for 8.3% (95% CI, 3.6%-12.8%) more days from birth to 19 months of age; those who scored 70 to 100, 46.8% (40.3%-53.3%) more days. Baseline and 8-week follow-up PACV scores were highly concordant (ρ = 0.844).Scores on the PACV predict childhood immunization status and have high reliability. Our results should be validated in different geographic and demographic samples of parents.
Abstract 5613: Beta-mannosylceramide: a novel NKT cell agonist which synergizes with alpha-galactocylceramide to induce protection against tumors
Authors: Jessica J. O'Konek, Petr Illarionov, Deborah Stewart Khursigara, Elena Ambrosino, Bernard F. Castillo, Ravinder Raju, Maryam Khalili, Hee-Yong Kim, Amy R. Howell, Gurdyal S. Besra, Steven A. Porcelli, Jay A. Berzofsky, Masaki Terabe
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Type I natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of T cells which express phenotypic and functional characteristics of both NK cells and T cells. NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the non-classical MHC-like molecule CD1d. Upon stimulation with the prototypical type I NKT cell antigen α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), type I NKT cells promote tumor immunity through IFN-γ-dependent mechanims. In this study the ability of glycosylceramides with alterations of the sugar moiety to induce anti-tumor immune responses in an in vivo model of CT26 colon carcinoma metastasis to lungs of BALB/c mice was investigated. β-mannosylceramide (β-ManCer) induced strong tumor protection, while α-mannosylceramide and α-fucosylceramide did not. This is the first evidence of a glycosylceramide with a β-linked sugar moiety capable of inducing significant NKT cell-dependent anti-tumor immunity. We also confirmed that β-ManCer could protect at least as well as α-GalCer in a model of B16F10 melanoma lung metastasis in C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, β-ManCer induced little cytokine production and retained protective activity in IFN-γ KO mice, unlike α-GalCer analogs which where completely dependent upon IFN-γ. The protection did not require CD8+ T cells, and was largely independent of NK cells. Blockade of nitric oxide synthase or TNF-α significantly reversed the β-ManCer-induced protection but had no effect on tumor protection for the α-GalCer analogs. Thus, contrary to α-GalCer, β-ManCer protects through a novel TNF-α and NOS-dependent, IFN-γ-independent mechanism. Consistent with the conclusion that β-ManCer and α-GalCer induce tumor immunity by distinct mechanisms, simultaneous administration of sub-therapeutic doses of these glycolipids resulted in synergistic reduction in the number of lung metastases. The distinct mechanism of action and ability to synergize with α-GalCer may suggest that β-ManCer represents a new class of NKT agonists with novel clinical applications. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5613.
Abstract 5487: A new generation of tumor targetable polymeric nanoparticles for cancer therapy and imaging
Authors: Jong-Ho Kim, Sang Mun Bae, Kwangmeyung Kim, Byung-Heon Lee, Rang-Woon Park, Ick Chan Kwon, In-San Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Despite the significant progress in the development of anticancer technology, there is still no common cure for patients with malignant diseases. Conventional anticancer treatments are nonspecific to target killing of tumor cells, and always lead to systemic toxicity, causing undesirable severe side effects such as hair loss, damages to liver, kidney, and bone marrow. In order to achieve therapeutic levels of drug at the tumor site without damaging healthy organs and tissues, it is important to recognize the physiological differences between diseased and normal sites. Targeting drug delivery system is attracting increasing interest in research field to remove severe side effects and to increase reorganization of physiological differences. Polymeric nanoparticles can accumulate and extravasate within tumor tissue since their prolonged circulation by enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect, passive targeting system, which is achieved due to disorganized vascularization and defective vascular architecture induced in rapidly growing cancers. Even though passive targeting system shows moderate tumor therapeutic efficacy, active targeting drug delivery system has recently gained considerable attention to improve specificity. Especially, ligand/receptor-medicated targeting has emerged as a novel paradigm in the active targeting. Here, we have investigated active targeted polymeric nanoparticles by conjugation of tumor-specific homing peptide, AP-1 peptide, with modified glycol chitosan nanoparticles. Selection of peptides which show preferential binding to the target can be achieved by biopanning phage-displayed peptide libraries. Phage display technique is a promising tool for selecting peptides or proteins with specific binding properties from a lot of variants. AP-1 peptide can bind with interleukin-4 receptor which expressed on surface of several human cancer cells like H226 and MDA-MB231. Developed peptide-guided targetable polymeric nanoparticles show more specific binding and uptake as well as better therapeutic efficacy than net polymeric nanoparticles, passive targeted nanoparticles, which were confirmed with flowcytometry, immunofluorescence, histology, immunohitochemistry studies and animal experiments. In addition, they are better candidate as an imaging probe for cancer imaging and diagnosis than net polymeric nanoparticles. In conclusion, AP-1 peptide-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles are effective candidate as drug carrier and imaging probe for cancer therapy and imaging since AP-1 peptide induces the improvement of cell binding and uptake of nanoparticles. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5487.
Design for Ambulances
Authors: T. Hambly
Journal: BMJ (1968)

<h3>Background</h3> A new trainee-oriented paediatric podcast was launched on 8th September 2019; Dragon Bytes. The aim of this was to support trainees more holistically with training. Episodes covering a wide range of topics; complex conditions, reflective writing or career advice for example. The aim of this study is to use Data from streaming websites to determine user demographics and preferences. <h3>Objectives</h3> Methods: User analytics were accessed on Spotify, SoundCloud, apple and google podcasts on 4th January 2021, over one year after launch, for the most current statistics. These were exported to SPSS for analysis. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 48 episodes have been released in the first year. With 64 episodes at the time by the data was collected. Listeners on Spotify are 57% female and 42% male. Those aged 28–34 are most likely to listen, accounting for 43% of listens. Outside of the UK, the three countries that most listen to the podcasts are the United States, Australia and the Sauda Arabia. There have been 17,121 listens to the podcasts; 12,386 via SoundCloud and 4,313 via Spotify, 390 on apple podcasts and 38 on google podcasts. The average number of listeners per podcast was 267.5. The most popular podcast was with RCPCH COVID adapted clinical exam with over 1000 listens. ‘Paediatric Knowledge’ were the most popular group of podcasts with an average of over 7.23 listens/week, the least popular was ‘Field Reports’ with 2.73 listens/week. <h3>Conclusions</h3> A Wales-led educational podcast has an international audience. Having teaching delivered digitally has the advantage of easy access to analytical data that can shape future teaching sessions. We could use the data to promote the listening further to an international audience and the accessibility of the different podcast platforms. There is clearly a strong appetite for Dragonbytes podcasts with RCPCH and also theory-based podcasts and so more focus needs to be given to this area in future.