tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nerves and Nerve Injuries
Authors: Horace Norrell
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The unique opportunity to study a large number of casualties with peripheral nerve injuries was first recognized during the American Civil War. At that time, Weir Mitchell emphasized the necessity of keeping complete records on each case for further analysis, since wartime provided little time for deep thought. In subsequent wars, adequate records have been maintained, but interest in the fate of the victim of nerve injury and the problems surrounding peripheral nerve repair usually waned with the ending of the conflict. Sydney Sunderland, an exception to this rule, lost interest neither in his nerve-injured patients of World War II nor in the study of peripheral nerves. Already recognized for his detailed and authoritative publications dealing with peripheral nerves, Sunderland has consolidated into a single volume his vast wartime clinical experience as an Australian Army physician and surgeon and his peacetime laboratory work as an anatomist at the University of
Terbutaline and Muscular Symptoms
Authors: Samuel Zelman
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The new β-2-adrenergic bronchodilator drugs are well known to cause muscle tremor by stimulation of β-2-adrenergic receptors in skeletal muscle. Not previously noted is that in predisposed persons they may also cause persistent and widespread muscle twitching and cramping. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> At 60 years of age a male physician had left radical nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma. This left him with stable mild uremia (serum creatinine level, 1.5 to 1.9 mg/dl; urea level, 30 to 36 mg/dl), manifested symptomatically only by polyuria and occasional nocturnal leg cramp. Five years later following acute viral sinusitis, chronic intrinsic asthma developed and was severe enough to require corticosteroid (aerosol beclomethasone) and β-2-adrenergic agents. Terbutaline sulfate, 5 mg three times daily at intervals of six to eight hours, caused not only prominent muscle tremor but also widespread muscle twitchings and frequent (numerous times daily) muscle cramping involving not
NHS breast screening report contradicts Cochrane findings.
Authors: Andrew Moscrop
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The NHS Cancer Screening Programmes insisted this week that breast screening saved lives, despite recent claims to the contrary by the Cochrane centre.

Julietta Patnick, national coordinator of the NHS Cancer Screening Programmes, said that breast cancer screening “reduces the risk of a woman dying from the disease.” This statement contradicts the findings of a Cochrane review published last month. The Cochrane review concluded that “currently available reliable evidence does not show a survival benefit of mass screening for breast cancer (and the evidence is inconclusive for breast cancer mortality).” The abstract of the …
Recurrent Epidemics Caused by a Single Strain of Erythromycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Nancy A. Back
Journal: JAMA (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To compare the accuracy of clinical epidemiologic findings with results of molecular epidemiologic analysis in identifying the source of recurrent epidemics of erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ERSA) infections in a well-baby nursery. DESIGN--Epidemic investigations with retrospective and prospective microbiological surveillance. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were evaluated by plasmid analysis and genotyping. SETTING--A well-baby nursery in a 700-bed university teaching hospital with approximately 250 deliveries per month. PATIENTS--Newborn infants who developed ERSA infections during 1990 and 1991. INTERVENTION--Traditional infection control measures, including cohorting of infected infants and hand washing, were implemented. Personnel were cultured for nasal carriage of S aureus during both epidemics. Employees carrying ERSA were removed from the nursery and treated with mupirocin. RESULTS--In the first epidemic, 15 infants were infected with ERSA. A nursing assistant who cared for most of the infants was found to be a carrier of ERSA. She was removed from the nursery and the epidemic resolved. Fifteen months after the first epidemic ended, an epidemic that involved 11 infants began. The attending physician had a facial furuncle and was found to be a carrier of ERSA. The physician was treated and the epidemic resolved. Plasmid and genotyping showed the ERSA organisms from both epidemics were the same. The employee implicated in the first epidemic did not have the epidemic strain, but the physician who attended during both epidemics did. CONCLUSIONS--Traditional epidemic investigations may lead to false conclusions that can only be recognized with molecular epidemiologic techniques. For these techniques to be useful in the control of outbreaks, plasmid analysis and/or genotyping must be readily available.
Systemic T‐cell unresponsiveness during rush bee‐venom immunotherapy
Authors: J. A. Segura, M. Assenmacher, J. Irsch, N. Hunzelmann, A. Radbruch
Journal: Allergy (1998)

By rush bee‐venom immunotherapy, subjects reacting allergically to the venom can be effectively anergized, although the mechanism of action is not known. Here we analyzed the systemic effects of rush desensitization on the T cells of allergic patients. In most patients, we found reduced frequencies of T cells recalled to express CD69 and the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐4 and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, as compared with normal donors. These frequencies are progressively reduced during immunotherapy. The frequency of cells expressing IL‐2 does not change. A few patients show a different response to immunotherapy: frequencies of cells expressing CD69, IL‐4, or IFN‐γ do not change, and remain similar to those of normal donors. However, the frequency of cells able to express IL‐2 is increased. The analysis of cytokine expression in CD45RO* vs CD45RO' T‐cell populations revealed differences between normal and allergic donors. In allergic patients, higher frequencies of IL‐4‐ and IFN‐γ‐expressing cells among the CD45RO subpopulation were found than in normal donors. This situation is not modified by immunotherapy. The results reveal a certain degree of heterogeneity in the response of allergic patients to bee‐venom rush immunotherapy; however, all are clearly differentiated from normal controls as judged by cytokine expression of CD45RO T cells. In most allergic patients, a considerable percentage of TTi cells become unresponsive to mitogenic stimulation, and may be responsible for the desensitization itself
The effect of altered sodium concentration in the distal nephron segments on renin release
Authors: C. Robert Cooke, Torrey C. Brown, Barry J. Zacherle, W. Gordon Walker
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

Ethacrynic acid, a potent inhibitor of sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, produces a sharp rise in renal venous renin activity within 5 min after intravenous administration in anesthetized dogs. This response persists when volume depletion is prevented by returning urinary outflow to the femoral vein. Comparable studies with chlorothiazide, a diuretic with little or no effect on the medullary portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, failed to produce a significant increase in renal venous renin activity.When administered during ureteral occlusion, ethacrynic acid produced no change in renal venous renin activity until ureteral occlusion was released and flow restored. Following release of the ureters, a prompt rise in renal venous renin was again observed within 5 min of release. Control studies of ureteral occlusion yielded a fall in renal venous renin activity following release of the ureter without administration of ethacrynic acid. These studies identify a prompt stimulatory effect of ethacrynic acid on renin release that is unrelated to volume depletion but dependent upon the presence of tubular urine flow. Although further definition of the site and characteristics of the distal tubular mechanism for stimulation of renin release requires more direct study, the data presented here indicate that changes in sodium concentration in distal tubular fluid serve as a stimulus for renin release.
Type 2 diabetes and risk of cancer
Authors: Ambika Satija, Donna Spiegelman, Edward Giovannucci, Frank B Hu
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Strong evidence points to an association between diabetes and several major cancers

Over the past 50 years, numerous studies have linked diabetes, in particular type 2 diabetes, to an increased risk of cancer. In 2010, a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association and American Cancer Society concluded that type 2 diabetes is convincingly associated with an increased risk for several cancers (colorectal, breast, endometrial, liver, pancreatic, and bladder), while the evidence is less conclusive for others (such as kidney cancer, leukemia, and esophageal cancer).1

In a linked article, Tsilidis and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.g7607) present an umbrella review of 27 meta-analyses summarizing the associations between type 2 diabetes and cancer.2 This review represents one of the most comprehensive efforts to summarize an important, albeit complex, question in epidemiology. In their review, Tsilidis and colleagues confirmed robust associations between type 2 diabetes and the risk of breast, colorectal, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and endometrial cancer. For most other cancer sites, however, they concluded that the associations with type 2 diabetes were not convincing, despite clinically and statistically significant summary estimates from the meta-analyses. A main reason for this largely negative conclusion is the use of a number …
Letter to the editor: Abnormal multimeric pattern of platelet von willebrand factor (vwf) in a case of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and its normalization in remission
Authors: Francesco Decataldo, Francesco Baudo, Rosaria Redaelli, Laura Pezzetti, Paola Marenco, Daniela Cattaneo
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1992)
Birth weight, current body weight, and blood pressure in late adolescence.
Authors: D S Seidman, A Laor, R Gale, D K Stevenson, S Mashiach, Y L Danon
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Objective--To study the effect of birth weight and body weight on blood pressure in late adolescence. Design--Analysis of data on weight, height, and blood pressure at age 17 of subjects from the Jerusalem perinatal study, according to their birth weight. Data for men and women were analysed separately. Setting--Jerusalem, Israel. Subjects--32,580 subjects (19,734 men and 12,846 women) born in the three major hospitals in Jerusalem during 1964-71 and subsequently drafted in to the army. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Correlations between birth weight and blood pressure at age 17 and weight and height at age 17 and blood pressure. Results--Diastolic and systolic blood pressures were associated with birth weight in both young men and young women, but the correlation coefficients were low. A high body weight at age 17 (greater than 66 kg for women, greater than 75 kg for men) rather than a low birth weight (less than 2500 g) was linked with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both men and women (p less than 0.01). Conclusions--Intrauterine environment, as reflected by birth weight, has little effect on blood pressure in young men and women. Modification of factors which lead to excess weight during adolescence may have a major role in preventing hypertension in adults.
Comparative community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza: results of the Flu Watch cohort study
Authors: Andrew C Hayward, Ellen B Fragaszy, Alison Bermingham, Lili Wang, Andrew Copas, W John Edmunds, Neil Ferguson, Nilu Goonetilleke, Gabrielle Harvey, Jana Kovar, Megan S C Lim, Andrew McMichael, Elizabeth R C Millett, Jonathan S Nguyen-Van-Tam, Irwin Nazareth, Richard Pebody, Faiza Tabassum, John M Watson, Fatima B Wurie, Anne M Johnson, Maria Zambon
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2014)

Assessment of the effect of influenza on populations, including risk of infection, illness if infected, illness severity, and consultation rates, is essential to inform future control and prevention. We aimed to compare the community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza across different age groups and study years and gain insight into the extent to which traditional surveillance underestimates this burden.Using preseason and postseason serology, weekly illness reporting, and RT-PCR identification of influenza from nasal swabs, we tracked the course of seasonal and pandemic influenza over five successive cohorts (England 2006-11; 5448 person-seasons' follow-up). We compared burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic strains. We weighted analyses to the age and regional structure of England to give nationally representative estimates. We compared symptom profiles over the first week of illness for different strains of PCR-confirmed influenza and non-influenza viruses using ordinal logistic regression with symptom severity grade as the outcome variable.Based on four-fold titre rises in strain-specific serology, on average influenza infected 18% (95% CI 16-22) of unvaccinated people each winter. Of those infected there were 69 respiratory illnesses per 100 person-influenza-seasons compared with 44 per 100 in those not infected with influenza. The age-adjusted attributable rate of illness if infected was 23 illnesses per 100 person-seasons (13-34), suggesting most influenza infections are asymptomatic. 25% (18-35) of all people with serologically confirmed infections had PCR-confirmed disease. 17% (10-26) of people with PCR-confirmed influenza had medically attended illness. These figures did not differ significantly when comparing pandemic with seasonal influenza. Of PCR-confirmed cases, people infected with the 2009 pandemic strain had markedly less severe symptoms than those infected with seasonal H3N2.Seasonal influenza and the 2009 pandemic strain were characterised by similar high rates of mainly asymptomatic infection with most symptomatic cases self-managing without medical consultation. In the community the 2009 pandemic strain caused milder symptoms than seasonal H3N2.Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust.
Needs and opportunities for improving the health, safety, and productivity of medical research facilities.
Authors: M Hodgson, W Brodt, D Henderson, V Loftness, A Rosenfeld, J Woods, R Wright
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Medical research facilities, indeed all the nation's constructed facilities, must be designed, operated, and maintained in a manner that supports the health, safety, and productivity of the occupants. The National Construction Goals, established by the National Science and Technology Council, envision substantial improvements in occupant health and worker productivity. The existing research and best practices case studies support this conclusion, but too frequently building industry professionals lack the knowledge to design, construct, operate, and maintain facilities at these optimum levels. There is a need for more research and more collaborative efforts between medical and facilities engineering researchers and practitioners in order to attain the National Construction Goals. Such collaborative efforts will simultaneously support attainment of the National Health Goals. This article is the summary report of the Healthy Buildings Committee for the Leadership Conference: Biomedical Facilities and the Environment sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, the National Association of Physicians for the Environment, and the Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers on 1--2 November 1999 in Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: Beware patients lost to follow-up
Authors: Ulf R Dahle
Journal: BMJ (2006)

EDITOR—Lawn and Wilkinson report on the global emergence of extensively drug resistant tuberculosis.1 An outbreak of extensively drug resistant tuberculosis has been ongoing for a decade in Norway.2 In 1994 treatment was started in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis who was lost to follow-up. One …
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF PHOSPHATASE FROM THE HYDRONEPHROTIC KIDNEY
Authors: Harry A. Wilmer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1943)

"Alkaline" phosphatase disappears or only remains in small amounts in the rabbit and rat kidney after periods of hydronephrosis of 2 to 5 days or more, following complete obstruction of the ureter. By the use of the Gomori-Takamatsu technique it has been possible to distinguish normally functioning from non-functioning cells, when by ordinary histologic stains the cells are indistinguishable.
The Anionic Surfactant Lipid, Palmitoyl-Oleoyl-Phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), Suppresses Der p 2-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses in Lung Epithelial Cells and Macrophages
Authors: Sasipa Tanyaratsrisakul, Surapon Piboonpocanun, Dennis R. Voelker
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
The Case for Evidence-Based Rulemaking in Human Subjects Research
Authors: Benjamin Sachs
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2010)

Here I inquire into the status of the rules promulgated in the canonical pronouncements on human subjects research, such as the Declaration of Helsinki and the Belmont Report. The question is whether they are ethical rules or rules of policy. An ethical rule is supposed to accurately reflect the ethical fact (the fact that the action the rule prescribes is ethically obligatory), whereas rules of policy are implemented to achieve a goal. We should be skeptical, I argue, that the actions prescribed by the rules are ethically obligatory, and consequently we should focus our attention on how to craft the rules so as to promote the legitimate goals of human subjects research. Unfortunately, this cannot be done without evidence about the likely effects of various candidate policies-evidence we currently lack. Therefore, we should take the rules as mere starting points, subject to revision as the evidence comes in.
ASC: Anesthesia Simulator Consultant
Authors: Tod Sloan
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<b>Rhythm &amp; Pulse: Advanced Cardiac Life Support Simulator</b>, by Howard A. Schwid and Daniel O'Donnell, version 2.0, one 3.5-inch diskette for any PC, 286 or better recommended, 640 KB RAM, 500 KB hard-disk memory, EGA or VGA graphics, DOS 3.2 or higher; or two 3.5-inch diskettes for Mac Plus or better, 500 KB RAM, 360 KB hard-disk memory, System 6.0 or higher; documentation: 90-pp spiral-bound user's guide; $149, Bellevue, Wash, AneSoft Corp, 1991, 1992 (guidelines based on<i>JAMA</i>1992; 268). Anesthesia simulators have long been a dream of many educators in anesthesia. Like the pilot of an aircraft, the anesthesiologist is often faced with rare but life-threatening circumstances, in which only one's skill and expertise stand between the patient and a bad outcome. Pilots fortunately have had flight trainers to practice their art, so that they can have experience dealing with rare events before their skill becomes necessary. With the
To Each His Farthest Star
Authors: Edward S. Petersen
Journal: JAMA (1976)

This book of essays, prepared by a committee under the chairmanship of John Romano, commemorates the 50th anniversary of the University of Rochester Medical Center, founded in 1925. In essence, it represents a "Festschrift" honoring the anniversary and dedicated to George Hoyt Whipple, the Founding Dean, born in 1878, who died Feb 1 [p 1098]. In this book, the opening and most noteworthy essay is a transcription of the address given by Wallace Osgood Fenn at the time of the dedication of the Whipple Auditorium in 1950. The essays were prepared by some 36 authors, including several presidents of the University, deans and faculty members of the medical and nursing schools, students, citizens of the community, and "An Outside View" by Robert S. Morison. The section "The Early Years" holds the greatest interest to the non-Rochester reader. It offers an excellent review of the medical educational setting of the time,
Severe anaphylactic reaction to thymostimulin
Authors: C. Marcos, S. Quirce, J. A. Compaired, M. Lazaro, J. M. Igea, J. Cuesta, E. Losada
Journal: Allergy (1991)

Thymostimulin is a partially purified extract of calf thymus, consisting of a group of polypeptides with a total molecular weight of approximately 12,000 D. It is used as an immunologic response modifier in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. We report a patient who had a severe anaphylactic reaction with the first injection of thymostimulin. Type I hypersensitivity to thymostimulin was suggested by an immediate skin test response, specific IgE determination by indirect ELISA and a positive histamine release test. This patient also reacted to bovine serum albumin (BSA), fetal calf serum (PCS) and cow hair and dander. The controls did not react to any of these tests. Clinicians need to be aware that the use of medical products of xenogeneic origin may lead to severe allergic reactions.
Vitamin D3 and response to glucocorticoids in steroid resistant asthmatics
Authors: S Kon
Journal: Thorax (2006)

▴ Xystrakis E, Kusumakar S, Boswell S, et al. Reversing the defective induction of IL-10 secreting regulatory T cells in glucocorticoid-resistant asthma patients. J Clin Invest2006;116:146–55 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] This study showed that human IL-10 secreting regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit cytokine production from allergen specific Th2 cells in an IL-10 dependent manner. They therefore have the capacity to inhibit the immune response implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. In steroid resistant asthmatics the failure of T … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BClin%2BInvest%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1172%252FJCI21759%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16341266%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1172/JCI21759&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=16341266&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F61%2F5%2F375.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000234488700018&link_type=ISI