tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
In vitro fluid secretion by epithelium from polycystic kidneys.
Authors: J J Grantham, M Ye, V H Gattone, L P Sullivan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

The size of the kidneys in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is due in large measure to the accumulation of secreted fluid within thin-walled epithelial sacs. We measured the net transepithelial movement of liquid in response to forskolin in isolated, intact cysts excised from the surface of human ADPKD kidneys and in cultured, polarized monolayers of epithelial cells derived from ADPKD cysts. 10 excised cysts bathed symmetrically in control culture medium secreted fluid at a rate of 0.19 +/- 0.03 microliter/cm2 per hour after stimulation with forskolin (10 microM). Ouabain (100 microM) addition to the cavity fluid did not change the rate of fluid secretion of 10 forskolin-treated cysts, but addition of the glycoside to the external bathing medium fluid of nine cysts decreased secretion to -0.004 +/- 0.05 microliter/cm2 per hour. 24 monolayers absorbed fluid (range -0.029 to -0.412 microliter/cm2 per hour); by contrast, fluid was secreted (range 0.074 to 1.242 microliters/cm2 per hour) after stimulation with forskolin (10 microM). Ouabain (0.1 microM) in the basolateral but not in the apical medium inhibited fluid secretion. Forskolin increased the intracellular cyclic AMP content of ADPKD and MDCK monolayers by 236 and 196%, respectively. Six ADPKD monolayers had stable lumen negative transepithelial electrical potential differences (PDte) of -1.4 +/- 0.3 mV, positive short circuit currents (SCC) of 11.9 +/- 2.1 microAmp/cm2 and a tissue resistance (Rte) of 116 +/- 14 ohm.cm2. Forskolin increased SCC to 15.5 +/- 1.9 microAmp/cm2 (P < 0.005) and decreased Rte to 95 +/- 13 ohm.cm2 (P < 0.05); PDte remained stable at -1.4 +/- 0.3 mV. Ouabain (10 microM) had no effect when added to the apical medium, but in the basolateral medium decreased SCC to 1.7 +/- 0.3 microAmp/cm2 and PDte to -0.2 +/- 0.1 mV. We conclude that ADPKD cells in surface cysts have the potential to absorb or to secrete solutes and fluid. cAMP-mediated fluid secretion from the basolateral medium into the lumen of surface ADPKD cysts may be driven by anion transport.
Hypochromic Anemia Secondary to Leeching
Authors: Seymour Glick, Norton D. Ritz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

IN this era of specific therapy the medical interest aroused by the intensive application of leeches for therapeutic purposes is considerable. We have had the opportunity to observe a woman who treated herself with leeches for over three years before a severe hypochromic anemia caused her to be hospitalized. This case is reported below as a medical curiosity.Therapeutic leeching has occupied an esteemed place in the medical armamentarium for hundreds or thousands of years. The use of leeches probably reached its peak in Western Europe toward the middle of the nineteenth century, but has since declined precipitously. One author . . .
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FAT STARVATION WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRODUCTION OF SEROUS ATROPHY OF FAT
Authors: C. A. Herter
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1898)

THE FOLLOWING INFERENCES MAY BE MADE FROM THE FOREGOING STUDY: 1. The lesions resulting from fat starvation, at least in the case of pigs, do not resemble or even suggest those of rickets. 2. Prolonged fat starvation leads to the entire disappearance of fat from the adipose tissues. The form of fat atrophy observed as the result of experimental fat starvation corresponds to the serous fat atrophy described by Flemming, and is essentially the same type of fat atrophy as that found in the epicardial and perirenal fat in the human subject as the result of wasting disease. 3. The. lecithins of the brain and the fat of the liver are not materially reduced by fat starvation. 4. Fat starvation does not lead to advanced serous fat atrophy of the subcutaneous fat if the animal be given a large excess of carbohydrate food or a considerable excess of the carbohydrate and proteid constituents of milk. 5. Fat starvation causes a very imperfect absorption of the salts of P(2)O(5) from the intestine.
Mitochondrial priming of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients associates Bcl-xL dependence with alvocidib response
Authors: W E Pierceall, S L Warner, R J Lena, C Doykan, N Blake, M Elashoff, D V Hoff, D J Bearss, M H Cardone, L Andritsos, J C Byrd, M C Lanasa, M R Grever, A J Johnson
Journal: Leukemia (2014)
John Loutit's advance in collecting blood.
Authors: R. Drummond
Journal: BMJ (1992)

his textbook on the treatment of alcoholism to 'ether inebriety" and a further nine pages to "chloroform inebriety."He gave his detailed views on the geographical and social spread of abuse of ether between 1842 and the legislative restrictions of 1909.He, too, believed that "another remedy
Neurosurgeons Address EC/IC Study; Question Controlled Surgical Trials
Authors: Beverly Merz
Journal: JAMA (1986)

LAST YEAR, Sydney J. Peerless, MD, was among the first to learn the results of an eight-year international surgical study. "My jaw dropped. I couldn't believe what I found," he said. "What the data were telling me was that with 95% confidence we can rule out a 5% benefit from extracranial/intracranial [EC/IC] bypass surgery." Peerless, who is professor of neurosurgery at Canada's University of Western Ontario, London, was principal neurosurgical investigator in the 71-center study. His incredulity was mirrored 500-fold when the study was presented at the International Congress of Neurosurgery in Toronto a month later. And, when he reprised the study's findings at a special symposium at the American Association of Neurological Surgeons in Denver this spring, it was apparent that many of his colleagues still refused to believe what they were hearing. Yet the message was straightforward. The neurosurgeons were told that the intricate microsurgical procedure—the anastamosis of
Microculture-Based Chemosensitivity Testing: A Feasibility Study Comparing Freshly Explanted Human Melanoma Cells With Human Melanoma Cell Lines
Authors: E. S. Marshall, G. J. Finlay, J. H. L. Matthews, J. H. F. Shaw, J. Nixon, B. C. Baguley
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1992)

Journal Article Microculture-Based Chemosensitivity Testing: A Feasibility Study Comparing Freshly Explanted Human Melanoma Cells With Human Melanoma Cell Lines Get access Elaine S. Marshall, Elaine S. Marshall Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Auckland School of MedicineAuckland, New Zealand. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Graeme J. Finlay, Graeme J. Finlay * Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Auckland School of MedicineAuckland, New Zealand. *Correspondence to : G. J. Finlay, Ph.D., Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Auckland School of Medicine, Auckland, New Zealand. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John H. L. Matthews, John H. L. Matthews Department of Clinical Oncology. Auckland HospitalAuckland. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar James H. F. Shaw, James H. F. Shaw Department of Surgery, University of Auckland School of MedicineAuckland. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Johanna Nixon, Johanna Nixon Department of Pathology, Auckland HospitalAuckland. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Bruce C. Baguley Bruce C. Baguley Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Auckland School of MedicineAuckland, New Zealand. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 84, Issue 5, 4 March 1992, Pages 340–345, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/84.5.340 Published: 04 March 1992 Article history Received: 25 September 1991 Revision received: 06 December 1991 Accepted: 17 December 1991 Published: 04 March 1992
JAK-STAT signaling in asthma
Authors: Alessandra B. Pernis, Paul B. Rothman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in the prevalence of asthma worldwide (1). Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by variable airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and airway inflammation and remodeling. Histological studies show that airways of asthmatic patients contain a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. This infiltrate is usually accompanied by desquamation of the bronchial epithelial layer, goblet cell hyperplasia, and thickening of the submucosa. In most cases, the asthmatic inflammatory process results from inappropriate immune responses to common environmental antigens in a genetically susceptible individual (2). These inappropriate immune responses are orchestrated by a subset of CD4+ T helper cells termed T helper 2 (Th2) cells.

Cytokines play a pivotal role in the development of asthma by regulating the expansion of Th2 cells and by mediating many of the Th2 effector functions that underlie the pathogenic events of an asthmatic response. Much effort has recently been placed in elucidating the pathways used by cytokines to mediate their actions. These studies have revealed that cytokine-mediated signals are primarily transduced by the Jak-Stat signaling cascade (3). In this review we will highlight the recent advances made in dissecting the roles of this signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of asthma.
An isoform shift in the cardiac adenine nucleotide translocase expression alters the kinetic properties of the carrier in dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Andrea Dörner, Stefanie Giessen, Regina Gaub, Helga Große Siestrup, Peter L. Schwimmbeck, Roland Hetzer, Wolfgang Poller, Heinz‐Peter Schultheiss
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2005)
C-Reactive Protein and Incident Cardiovascular Events Among Men With Diabetes
Authors: Matthias B. Schulze, Eric B. Rimm, Tricia Li, Nader Rifai, Meir J. Stampfer, Frank B. Hu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—Several large prospective studies have shown that baseline levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are an independent predictor of cardiovascular events among apparently healthy individuals. However, prospective data on whether CRP predicts cardiovascular events in diabetic patients are limited so far. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—To investigate the association between plasma CRP levels and incidence of cardiovascular events among men with type 2 diabetes, we followed prospectively a cohort of 746 American men aged 46–81 years who were free of cardiovascular diseases at the time of blood collection in 1993–1994. RESULTS—During an average of 5 years of follow-up (3,986 person-years), we identified 103 incident cardiovascular events (18 myocardial infarction, 70 coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty, and 15 stroke), confirmed by medical records. After adjustment for age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, family history of coronary heart disease, history of high blood pressure, history of high serum cholesterol, aspirin use, and fasting status as well as for fibrinogen, creatinine, HbA1c, and non-HDL cholesterol levels, CRP remained significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The relative risks for quartiles were 1.00, 1.51, 2.52, and 2.62 (95% CI: 1.29–5.32; P for trend: 0.011). We observed no effect modifications by plasma levels of LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, HbA1c, and fibrinogen or by BMI. CONCLUSIONS—High plasma levels of CRP were associated with an increased risk of incident cardiovascular events among diabetic men, independent of currently established lifestyle risk factors, blood lipids, and glycemic control.
Control of Breast Cancer Through Mass Screening
Authors: Philip Strax
Journal: JAMA (1976)

MASS screening for detection of earlier breast cancer by palpation and mammography is the only method that has produced a notable reduction in mortality from this disease. A onethird reduction in death rate has been achieved in a seven-year follow-up in the mass-screening program conducted by the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York under contract with the National Cancer Institute. This has led to the creation of the Guttman Breast Diagnostic Institute in New York City, whose major objective has been to develop practical methods for mass screening. In this program, a higher proportion of localized breast cancer with no nodal involvement than is the case in general medical practice has been found. These findings point up the potential of mass screening not only in increasing survival from the disease, but in increasing salvage. <h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Mass-screening programs for breast cancer detection were conducted in the 1940s and 1950s by
Dendritic cells and apoptosis in mycosis fungoides
Authors: M. Luftl, A. Feng, E. Licha, G. Schuler
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Summary Background The existence of an effective antitumour immune response in mycosis fungoides (MF) has been shown by the isolation of tumour-specific T-cell clones from such patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered crucial for the induction of immunity, including resistance to tumours. Apoptotic tumour cells are a major source for tumour antigens processed and presented by DCs via cross-presentation. The production of interleukin (IL)-10 by MF tumour cells is acknowledged and may block DCs maturation leading to tumour tolerance. Objectives Cross-presentation of apoptotic tumour cells by DCs will induce immunity if the DCs mature, but tolerance if maturation does not occur. We now further characterize the DCs in skin infiltrates of patch/plaque-stage MF (PS) and tumour-stage MF (TS) in situ . Secondly, we demonstrate apoptosis in MF infiltrates in situ and analyse the association of apoptotic cells to immature DCs, mature DCs and IL-10-positive cells. Methods Immunohistochemical staining (single, double, triple) employing novel markers specific for immature and mature DCs, IL-10 and a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (TUNEL) test were done on representative skin biopsies from PS and TS. Results In PS, the immature DCs are mostly lag/langerin + Langerhans cells (LCs). In the epidermis of PS, LCs predominate over fully mature DCs (non-LC type, CD83+, DC-lamp+). In the dermis of PS and TS, equal numbers of mature and immature (CD1a+, CD1c+) DCs are densely interspersed between the lymphocytic infiltrate. In TS, immature DCs mostly lack lag or langerin expression. Immature DCs with incorporated apoptotic cells were found rarely in PS but increasingly in TS. By triple staining in situ we could now show that strongly IL-10+ cells frequently surround immature DCs, some of them with incorporated apoptotic cells. Conclusions DCs in MF perform a dual role, namely induction and maintenance of antitumour immunity, or, under less favourable circumstances such as production of IL-10 downregulation of antitumour immunity. The latter condition was mainly seen in TS, possibly explaining disease progression. Further in vitro studies are now required illuminating the role of DCs for the antitumour immune response in MF.
THE SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC ACTION OF TUBERCULIN IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Joseph D. Aronson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

Tuberculin from the human and from the bovine type of tubercle bacilli inhibits the growth of cells from explants of bone marrow, spleen and testes of tuberculous guinea pigs, and is toxic for these cells, but has no effect on explants of the same tissues from non-tuberculous animals. "Tuberculin" from other acid-fast bacteria has no inhibitory or toxic action on explants of tissues from either tuberculous or non-tuberculous guinea pigs. Tuberculins from the avian, bovine and human types of tubercle bacillus as well as "tuberculin" prepared from the Duval and from the Kedrowsky strains of M. leprae inhibit the growth of the cells of explants of the spleen and bone marrow of tuberculous fowls and are toxic for these cells, but have no effect on the explants from tissues of non-tuberculous chickens. "Tuberculins" from other acid-fast bacteria have no effect on the growth of explants of tissues from tuberculous or from non-tuberculous fowls. Tissue culture methods indicate that the sensitivity of tuberculous tissues to tuberculin is inherent in the cell, and that it cannot be passively transferred.
Further insight on the hypoglycemic and nonhypoglycemic effects of troglitazone 400 or 600 mg/d: Effects on the very-low-density and high-density lipoprotein particle distribution
Authors: Francisco J. G[oacute]mez-P[eacute]rez, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Cuauht[eacute]moc V[aacute]zquez-Ch[aacute]vez, Guillermo Fangh[auml ]nel-Salm[oacute]n, Jos[eacute] Gallegos-Mart[iacute]nez, Rita A. G[oacute]mez-Diaz, Saul Salinas-Orozco, Ismael J. Chavira-L[oacute]pez, Leticia S[aacute]nchez-Reyes, Evelyn M. Torres-Acosta, Ricardo Tamez, Angelina L[oacute]pez, Luz E. Guill[eacute]n, Gabriela Cesarman
Journal: Metabolism (2002)
P55 Post-bronchoscopy sputum: increasing the diagnostic yield in smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: P. M. George, M. Mehta, J. Dhariwal, A. Singanayagam, C. E. Raphael, M. Salmasi, D. W. Connell, P. Molyneaux, M. Wickremasinghe, A. Jepson, O. M. Kon
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> The prevalence of smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is increasing. At many centers, active PTB suspects who are Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) smear negative or non-productive of sputum undergo fiber optic bronchoscopy for bronchoalveolar lavage but post bronchoscopy sputum (PBS) sampling is not routine. The aim of the study was to establish the clinical utility of PBS sampling in this subgroup of patients with active PTB. <h3>Methods</h3> A retrospective study of all patients attending a central London University hospital with microbiologically confirmed PTB between January 2004 and December 2009. Patients who were AFB smear negative or non-productive of sputum were eligible for the study if a sputum sample was obtained within 7 days of bronchoscopy. <h3>Results</h3> The cohort (n=50) was heterogeneous—29 were male (58%), 12 were infected with HIV (24%), 19 were of African origin (38%), 17 were white Caucasian (34%) and four were from the Indian subcontinent (8%). 15 patients (30%) converted to AFB sputum smear positivity post bronchoscopy and five patients (10%) were exclusively AFB sputum smear positive on PBS microscopy. <i>M tuberculosis</i> was cultured from the PBS of 40 patients (80%) and four of these (8%) were exclusively PBS culture positive (Abstract P55 Figure 1). Two of these four patients were infected with HIV. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Sampling sputum post bronchoscopy can provide a previously underutilized method of making a rapid diagnosis of PTB and reduce the number of patients who are treated on an empiric basis, particularly in the context of sputum smear negative or non-productive disease. Importantly it can increase culture yield by up to 8% hence allowing for a greater proportion of appropriate treatment of drug resistant strains. PBS sampling is also a key infection control measure that should be considered following bronchoscopy. Further studies are now required to establish the duration of smear positivity post bronchoscopy in patients who were previously considered non-infectious but in the light of this data, we consider it best practice to only de-isolate such patients when their infective status can be ascertained with at least one post-bronchoscopy sputum sample.
Teratogenicity/fetotoxicity of DEHP in mice.
Authors: I Tomita, Y Nakamura, Y Yagi, K Tutikawa
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

The embryonic/fetotoxic effects of DEHP on pregnant mice (ddY-Slc female x CBA male) were studied. DEHP was administered orally in dosages of 0.05 ml/kg to 30.0 mg/kg on day 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 of gestation. A single administration of DEHP over 0.1 ml/kg (1/300 of LD50) on day 7 of gestation decreased the numbers and the body weight of living fetuses, whereas no significant changes in the numbers of living fetuses (with no gross and skeletal abnormalities) were observed compared with those of the control group, when 0.05 ml/kg (1/600 of LD50) of DEHP was administered. The fetotoxicity (fetal death) was dose dependent. The LD50 and the nonfetolethal maximum dosage of DEHP in its single, oral administration was 592 mg/kg and 64 mg/kg, respectively. The latter value is much higher than an estimated DEHP intake from commercial foodstuffs in men, which is approximately 0.03 mg/kg/day.
Dutch reporting of euthanasia cases falls -- despite legal reporting requirements
Authors: Tony Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The Dutch health minister, Clemence Ross, has appealed to doctors' “medical professionalism” amid concerns that they are not fulfilling legal requirements to report euthanasia. Her appeal follows the fourth consecutive fall in the number of reported cases of euthanasia.

Last year's research, by Paul van der Maas, professor of social policy at Rotterdam's Erasmus Medical Centre, and Gerrit van der Wal, professor of social medicine at Amsterdam Free University Medical Centre, suggested that, although reporting was increasing, it had only reached 54% by 2001 ( BMJ …
Comparison of bioavailability and phototoxicity of two oral preparations of 5-methoxypsoralen
Authors: L.M.L. STOLK, A.H. SIDDIQUI, W. WESTERHOF, R.H. CORMANE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

5‐Methoxypsoralen (5‐MOP) (Psoraderm 5*) tablets obtained from France and 5‐MOP micronized in capsules (manufactured in our pharmacy department) were administered to seven psoriasis patients in a 1.2 mg/kg body weight dose schedule. Bioavailability and phototoxicity were compared. It was found that the maximum serum concentration and the area under the concentration curve were significantly higher (P < 0.01) after administration of the capsules, indicating higher bioavailability. No erythema developed in any of the patients after administration of the tablets, whereas with the capsules four of the patients developed erythema at the test site. The absence of erythema following the use of the tablets is probably due to the poor bioavailability of this preparation.
Septal rebound stretch reflects the functional substrate to cardiac resynchronization therapy and predicts volumetric and neurohormonal response
Authors: Bart W.L. De Boeck, Arco J. Teske, Mathias Meine, Geert E. Leenders, Maarten J. Cramer, Frits W. Prinzen, Pieter A. Doevendans
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2009)
EMOTIONAL STIMULI AND EFFECTOR ORGANS
Authors: A. D. Jonas
Journal: JAMA (1949)

ABSTRACT To the Editor:— In the conclusion of the article Some Effects of Myanesin in Psychiatric Patients (J. A. M. A., June 25, 1949) the authors, Schlan and Unna, state that myanesin® (tolserol®) (3-ortho-toloxy-1,2-propanediol) is the only drug that allays anxiety without clouding consciousness. For the last few years efforts have been made to prevent stimuli originating in the emotional centers of the central nervous system from reaching the effector organs. Already there are: (1) an adrenolytic drug, dibenamine (N,N-dibenzyl-beta-chloroethylamine) (Rockwell, F. V.: Dibenamine Therapy in Certain Psychopathologic Syndromes, Psychosom, Med.10: 230 [July-Aug.] 1948), and (2) a thyroid inhibitory drug, propylthiouracil (Jonas, A. D.: Propylthiouracil in the Treatment of the Anxiety State, Med. Rec.161:422 [Aug.] 1948). Obviously, there are many more drugs with similar effect awaiting discovery. I mention here only an anticorticotropic and an antithyrotropic compound.