tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Estimating the extent of the health hazard posed by high-production volume chemicals.
Authors: A R Cunningham, H S Rosenkranz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

We used structure-activity relationship modeling to estimate the number of toxic chemicals among the high-production volume (HPV) group. We selected 200 chemicals from among the HPV chemical list and predicted the potential of each for its ability to induce a variety of adverse effects including genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, developmental, and systemic toxicity. We found a significantly less than expected proportion of toxic chemicals among the HPV sample when compared to a reference set of 10,000 chemicals representative of the universe of chemicals.
The Complications of Coronary Arteriography
Authors: DOUGLASS F. ADAMS, DAVID B. FRASER, HERBERT L. ABRAMS
Journal: Circulation (1973)

A nationwide survey was undertaken to determine the rate of complications due to coronary arteriography during 1970-71. The responses from 173 hospitals-including a total of 46,904 coronary arteriograms-were analyzed in relationship to the technique employed and to the number of examinations performed at each hospital during the two-year period. The overall mortality rate was 0.45% (brachial 0.13%, femoral 0.78%). The mortality rate in institutions performing fewer than 200 examinations per two years was eight times higher than in institutions performing more than 800 examinations per two years. Similarly, the incidence of myocardial infarction and cerebral embolism was significantly higher when a smaller number of examinations was performed. The incidence of major complications-including death, myocardial infarction, and cerebral embolism-was higher in examinations using the femoral approach than the brachial approach. The incidence of arterial thrombosis and contrast agent reactions was higher for the brachial approach. Factors which may help to explain these differences are considered and discussed.
Bacteriotherapy: the time has come
Authors: P. Huovinen
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The worldwide emergence of bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents has produced a need for new methods of combating bacterial infections. This need is forced on us by the long time lag in developing new antibacterial agents. And even though new agents may be in the pipeline, they will not solve all current resistance problems. In addition, we also have to recognise that the use of antibacterial agents not only selects resistant bacteria but also disturbs normal human flora, which may itself further inhibit our defence against infection. Bacteriotherapy—using harmless bacteria to displace pathogenic organisms—is an alternative and promising way of combating infections.1

A recent paper in the BMJ by Roos et al showed how commensal α haemolytic streptococci were used to replace the normal nasopharyngeal flora in children with recurrent otitis media.2 The results were astonishing. After treatment, recurrences of otitis media fell to half of those in the control group; at three months 42% of children given streptococci in nasal spray were healthy …
THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE URINE AS A TEST OF KIDNEY FUNCTION
Authors: F. H. LASHMET
Journal: JAMA (1930)

There are many tests of kidney function. Some of them are fundamentally unsound because the kidneys are not working to their fullest capacity at the time of the test. The most commonly used test belonging in this category is the estimation of the blood nonprotein nitrogen. Addis1has shown that the activity of 50 per cent of the kidneys is sufficient to remove the nitrogenous wastes at the normal rate. It follows that the nonprotein nitrogen of the blood will not be elevated until the disease has destroyed at least a half of the kidneys. The test is, accordingly, inadequate at the time when it is most needed.  In order to obtain the information desired earlier in the disease, Addis2proposed to put the kidneys under a maximal strain by giving large doses of urea and by forcing fluids. By comparing the ratio of urea in a one
Silent and Apparent Cerebral Ischemia After Percutaneous Transfemoral Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Philipp Kahlert, Stephan C. Knipp, Marc Schlamann, Matthias Thielmann, Fadi Al-Rashid, Marcel Weber, Uwe Johansson, Daniel Wendt, Heinz G. Jakob, Michael Forsting, Stefan Sack, Raimund Erbel, Holger Eggebrecht
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— The risk of stroke after transfemoral aortic valve implantation (TAVI) due to dislodgement and subsequent embolization of debris from aortic arch atheroma or from the calcified valve itself ranges between 2% and 10%. The rate of clinically silent cerebral ischemia is unknown but may be even higher. Methods and Results— Thirty-two patients who underwent TAVI with the use of a balloon-expandable (n=22) or self-expandable (n=10) stent valve prosthesis were included in this descriptive study and compared with a historical control group of 21 patients undergoing open surgical aortic valve replacement. Periprocedural apparent and silent cerebral ischemia was assessed by neurological testing and serial cerebral diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at baseline, at 3.4 (2.5 to 4.4) days after the procedure, and at 3 months. TAVI was successful in all patients. After the procedure, new foci of restricted diffusion on cerebral diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging were found in 27 of 32 TAVI patients (84%) and were more frequent than after open surgery (10 of 21 patients [48%]; P =0.011). These lesions were usually multiple (1 to 19 per patient) and dispersed in both hemispheres in a pattern suggesting cerebral embolization. Volumes of these lesions were significantly smaller after TAVI than after surgery (77 [59 to 94] versus 224 [111 to 338] mm 3 ; P &lt;0.001). There were neither measurable impairments of neurocognitive function nor apparent neurological events during the in-hospital period among TAVI patients, but there was 1 stroke (5%) in the surgical patient group. On 3-month follow-up diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, there were no new foci of restricted diffusion, and there was no residual signal change associated with the majority (80%) of the foci detected in the periprocedural period. Conclusions— Clinically silent new foci of restricted diffusion on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging were detected in almost all patients (84%) undergoing TAVI. Although typically multiple, these foci were not associated with apparent neurological events or measurable deterioration of neurocognitive function during 3-month follow-up. Further work needs to be directed to determine the clinical significance of these findings in a larger patient population.
The Epstein-Barr Virus and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Reply
Authors: Walter C. Hellinger
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply. —</h3> We agree with Dr Hermann that the cause of elevated antibody to EBV early antigen in some patients with chronic fatigue remains unexplained. However, the results of our study showed that measurement of antibody to EBV early antigen, as it is being used by clinicians in the evaluation of patients with chronic fatigue, was of no practical value. The symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory evaluation, and subsequent course of patients with chronic fatigue were unrelated to antibody to EBV early antigen. We agree with the general content of the letter by Dr Reiss. We note that the sentence to which he refers begins, "In our opinion...." With what is now known, and unknown, about EBV, EBV serologies, and chronic fatigue, we believe that measurement of antibody to early antigen is of little practical value in the evaluation of patients with chronic fatigue. In our estimation, the burden
UN chief urges world leaders to put development goals back on track
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Only one of the United Nations’ eight millennium development goals, agreed at a meeting of world leaders in New York in 2000, is on target to be met by 2015, the latest UN summit meeting heard this week.

But the UN’s general secretary, Ban Ki-moon, insisted that the other seven goals were still within reach. “Despite the obstacles, despite the scepticism, despite the fast approaching deadline of 2015, the millennium development goals are achievable,” he told the meeting of 140 world leaders in New York.

He said that “there is no global project more worthwhile” and called on the leaders to provide the necessary investment, aid, and political will to ensure that the goals are achieved in the next five years.

“We have more development success stories …
UNUSUAL "REACTION" SIMULATING ALLERGIC SHOCK
Authors: G. L. Waldbott
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Reactions following injections of antigens manifest a great variety of symptoms. In addition to the anaphylactic type of reactions, during the course of which any known symptom of allergy may arise, there are many reactions that have no association with allergy; for instance, reactions due to fever-producing substances, to certain drugs, syncope, and the like, may appear following therapeutic injections. Thus the clinical appearance may become greatly confused. An unusual reaction presenting a rather serious aspect and found to be entirely on a neurotic basis without any relationship to the antigen injected is herewith reported. M. K., an obese woman, aged 40, had been treated successfully for fall hay fever with extracts of giant and short ragweed for the past three years without having experienced other than local reactions. In July, 1933, after she had received several small doses of pollen extract without disturbances, she suddenly began to have a
Visualization of Distal Spinal Cord on F-18 FDG PET/CT
Authors: Robin L. Greenspan, Valmore Suprenant, Folefac Atem
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate frequency, intensity, and associations of distal spinal cord F-18 FDG uptake visible on PET/CT. Normal cervical, but not distal cord uptake, has been reported previously. Methods: This is a retrospective review of consecutive oncologic whole body PET/CTs from 14 June, 2006 to 9 August, 2006 in 108 patients (49 male, 59 female; mean age, 61.9 years; range, 26–91 years) on Siemens Biograph 6 at 60 minutes post IV F-18 FDG (median dose 577.2 MBq). Distal spinal cord visual intensity was graded on a 3-point scale. Age, gender, race, weight, diabetes, glucose level, F-18 FDG dose, scan delay, and standard uptake value (SUV) of distal cord, vertebra, blood pool, and liver were recorded. The electronic medical record was reviewed more than 2 years later for history of radiation therapy (RT) or evidence of distal spinal cord malignancy, which might cause uptake. Results: There was visible distal spinal cord uptake in 55% of patients, mild in 39% and moderate in 16%, seen as a narrow band of activity up to 2 segments in length at T11–L1. None showed history of regional RT or spinal cord malignancy on medical record review. Statistically significant associations were found between distal cord visual intensity and younger age, lower blood glucose, female gender, and white race (P < 0.05, χ2 test). In multiple predictor fitted regression, age and glucose were statistically significant (P < 0.05); gender and race were not. Higher visual intensity was associated with higher distal cord SUV (highest maximal SUV, 3.7) and higher SUV ratios to vertebra, blood pool, and liver, but with much overlap. There was no significant association with other variables. Conclusion: Mild to moderate distal spinal cord F-18 FDG uptake on PET/CT is a common normal variant, more common in younger age and in patients with lower glucose levels. It likely represents metabolic activity of lumbosacral plexus nerve cell bodies.
Chest compression or conventional CPR after out of hospital cardiac arrest?
Authors: I. G. Jacobs
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Definitive evidence is lacking, but either is better than no CPR

The proportion of people with cardiac arrest who receive bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before the arrival of an ambulance remains suboptimal. This is disappointing considering the substantial effort over many decades to promote bystander CPR. Reasons for the public not starting resuscitation include fear of infection, fear of litigation, and the complexity of conventional CPR.1 Consequently, it might be possible to improve participation in community CPR by removing the rescue breathing component of conventional CPR. However, such a strategy would be acceptable only if outcomes were at least similar for compression only CPR to those seen for conventional CPR⇓.



Shout/Alamy

In the linked observational study (doi:10.1136/bmj.c7106), Ogawa and colleagues report that one month survival after out of hospital arrest is significantly better with conventional CPR than compression only CPR (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to …
Quantification of Gallium-67 Citrate in Breast Milk
Authors: RONALD E. WEINER, RICHARD P. SPENCER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

A woman, 6 months postpartum and nursing her child, had a Ga-67 scintigram. A sample of breast milk obtained at day 2 revealed 2.8% of the injected dose (ID) per liter. The percent ID/L was compared with literature values; the highest concentration was in a report of galactorrhea. Similarity of the gallate ion to phosphate, as a possible explanation for accumulation in the breast, was pointed out. An earlier recommendation that a patient given Ga-67 citrate should discontinue breast feeding for at least 2 weeks was re-examined.
The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 links insulin signaling to Pdx1 regulation of pancreatic β cell growth
Authors: Tadahiro Kitamura, Jun Nakae, Yukari Kitamura, Yoshiaki Kido, William H. Biggs, Christopher V.E. Wright, Morris F. White, Karen C. Arden, Domenico Accili
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Diabetes is caused by an absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) deficiency of insulin-producing β cells. The mechanisms governing replication of terminally differentiated β cells and neogenesis from progenitor cells are unclear. Mice lacking insulin receptor substrate-2 (Irs2) develop β cell failure, suggesting that insulin signaling is required to maintain an adequate β cell mass. We report that haploinsufficiency for the forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 reverses β cell failure in Irs2–/– mice through partial restoration of β cell proliferation and increased expression of the pancreatic transcription factor pancreas/duodenum homeobox gene-1 (Pdx1). Foxo1 and Pdx1 exhibit mutually exclusive patterns of nuclear localization in β cells, and constitutive nuclear expression of a mutant Foxo1 is associated with lack of Pdx1 expression. We show that Foxo1 acts as a repressor of Foxa2-dependent (Hnf-3β–dependent) expression from the Pdx1 promoter. We propose that insulin/IGFs regulate β cell proliferation by relieving Foxo1 inhibition of Pdx1 expression in a subset of cells embedded within pancreatic ducts.
Transfusion Therapy in Pregnant Patients with Sickle-Cell Disease: A National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference
Authors: John C. Morrison, Henry Foster
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Symposium1 July 1979Transfusion Therapy in Pregnant Patients with Sickle-Cell Disease: A National Institutes of Health Consensus Development ConferenceJOHN C. MORRISON, M.D., HENRY FOSTER, M.D.JOHN C. MORRISON, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, HENRY FOSTER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-91-1-122 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptFour consensus groups met in Bethesda, Maryland, on 23 and 24 April 1979 to consider whether there is sufficient evidence about prophylactic transfusion therapy to advocate its use for treatment of pregnant patients with sickle-cell disease. The work groups focused on four subject areas: need for further research, clinical research approaches, perinatal considerations, and sociomedical issues. Each group developed conclusions on its own subject.Work Group I: Need for Further ResearchFurther research in transfusion therapy for pregnant patients with sickle-cell disease is needed, but the question must be approached systematically.In transfusion therapy, pregnant patients with sickle-cell disease are... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByUse of continuous flow erythrocytapheresis in pregnant patients with sickle cell diseaseBlood transfusion in sickle cell diseaseSickle Cell Anemia: Pathophysiology and TreatmentTherapy for the pregnant patient with sickle hemoglobinopathies: A national focusConsensus StatementsSickle Hemoglobin and the Gravid Patient: A Management ControversyClinical Implications of Recent Advances in Hemoglobin Disorders 1 July 1979Volume 91, Issue 1Page: 122-123KeywordsPatient advocacyPregnancy Issue Published: 1 July 1979 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Clinical COPD phenotypes identified by cluster analysis: validation with mortality
Authors: Pierre-Régis Burgel, Nicolas Roche, Jean-Louis Paillasseur, Isabelle Tillie-Leblond, Pascal Chanez, Roger Escamilla, Isabelle Court-Fortune, Thierry Perez, Philippe Carré, Denis Caillaud
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

To the Editors:

Because forced expiratory volume in 1 s is a poor descriptor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) heterogeneity [1], interest has emerged regarding the identification of clinically relevant COPD phenotypes [2, 3]. We recently reported the usefulness of applying mathematical models ( i.e. principal component and cluster analyses) to multiple variables for the identification of clinical phenotypes in a cohort of COPD subjects [4]. These original analyses allowed the description of four COPD groups, which we called “clinical COPD phenotypes” [4]. This terminology was based on the classical definition of “phenotype”, referring to the observable characteristics (including respiratory manifestations and comorbidities) of patients. Recently, a panel of experts proposed the following modified definition for clinical COPD phenotypes: “a single or combination of disease attributes that describes differences between individuals with COPD as they relate to clinically meaningful outcomes (symptoms, exacerbations, response to therapy, rate of disease progression, or death)” [2 …
Actions of sympathomimetic amines on the Ca2+ transients and contractions of rabbit myocardium: reciprocal changes in myofibrillar responsiveness to Ca2+ mediated through alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors.
Authors: M Endoh, J R Blinks
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

The effects of sympathomimetic amines on Ca2+ transients and isometric contractions were assessed in isolated rabbit papillary muscles in which multiple superficial cells had been microinjected with the calcium-sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin. In the presence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade, the alpha-receptor agonist phenylephrine increased both the amplitude of the aequorin signals and the force of contraction in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the maximum increase in the aequorin signals was less than 10% of that produced by the beta-receptor agonist isoproterenol, while the maximum increase in force of contraction produced by alpha-stimulation was about 50% of that elicited via beta-adrenoceptors. For a given increase in the force of contraction, stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors produced much less change in the amplitude of the aequorin signals than did elevation of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration; we interpret this to mean that the positive inotropic effect of alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation is in large part the result of an increase in myofibrillar sensitivity to Ca2+. Stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors produced little change or a slight decrease in the duration of the aequorin signal and an increase in the duration of contraction, while stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors significantly decreased the time to peak and duration of both the aequorin signals and the contractions. For a given level of inotropic effect, high concentrations of isoproterenol often increased the aequorin signals more than did elevations of Ca2+, which is consistent with other evidence that the cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of troponin I leads to a decrease in myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity. However, concentrations of isoproterenol that did not produce evidence of this sort of desensitization also abbreviated the contractions much more than they did the aequorin signals. This suggests that the traditionally accepted mechanisms--a decrease in the Ca2+ affinity of troponin C and an acceleration of Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum--may not be sufficient to account for the actions of beta-receptor stimulation on the time course of contraction. In the absence of blocking agents, the naturally occurring catecholamines norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine appear to influence the function of the rabbit papillary muscle through both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. Dopamine has a relatively greater effect on alpha-adrenoceptors than the other catecholamines.
Analysis of risk factors influencing outcomes after cord blood transplantation in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: a EUROCORD, EBMT, EWOG-MDS, CIBMTR study
Authors: Franco Locatelli, Alessandro Crotta, Annalisa Ruggeri, Mary Eapen, John E. Wagner, Margaret L. MacMillan, Marco Zecca, Joanne Kurtzberg, Carmem Bonfim, Ajay Vora, Cristina Díaz de Heredia, Lochie Teague, Jerry Stein, Tracey A. O’Brien, Henrique Bittencourt, Adrienne Madureira, Brigitte Strahm, Christina Peters, Charlotte Niemeyer, Eliane Gluckman, Vanderson Rocha
Journal: Blood (2013)
Animals in Research: A Quote Out of Context
Authors: Paul B. Beeson
Journal: JAMA (1990)

To the Editor.—  I wish to correct an erroneous interpretation of a statement I made in a 1979 article 1 on the history of advances in understanding of the disease hepatitis. The sentence taken out of context in my article reads as follows: Progress by the study of man is by no means unusual, in fact it is more nearly the rule. Elsewhere in the same article I noted that although the initial observations of various human diseases must begin with the study of human beings, the elucidation of pathogenesis often depends on the use of other scientific disciplines, including animal experimentation.  Indeed most of the research I have engaged in for longer than a half century has involved experimental animals. Yet, opponents of animal experimentation, in a letter 2 published in JAMA , quoted my statement in a letter opposing the use of animals in medical research. Let's keep the
Harold Frazer Lake
Authors: John Richardson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign usually expansile, solitary lytic lesion of bone; with blood filled cystic cavities, which tend to grow eccentrically. Such eccentric growth may, on occasion, attain considerable size before it is clinically recognized, particularly if the tumor arises in a deeply situated bone. Aneurysmal bone cyst of pubis is a rare entity. In the following case report, an aneurysmal bone cyst, originating from the superior pubic ramus, expanded into the groin and first manifested itself as a gradually increasing fullness in groin and pain especially with weight bearing. The size and location of this vascular tumor posed difficulties in treatment. It was managed by curettage with high speed burr and reconstruction of the defect with an iliac crest cancellous bone graft.