tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Passive smoking exposure in adults and chronic respiratory symptoms (SAPALDIA Study). Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults, SAPALDIA Team.
Authors: P Leuenberger, J Schwartz, U Ackermann-Liebrich, K Blaser, G Bolognini, J P Bongard, O Brandli, P Braun, C Bron, M Brutsche
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

The association between passive exposure to tobacco smoke and respiratory symptoms was examined in a sample of 4,197 never-smoking adults. They constituted the never-smoking subsample of a random sample of 9,651 adults (age, 18 to 60 yr) in eight areas in Switzerland. Information on passive smoking exposure and standardized questions on respiratory symptoms were obtained via a questionnaire administered by trained examiners. After controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), study area, atopy, and parental and sibling history, passive smoking exposure was associated with an elevated risk of wheezing apart from colds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.39 to 2.70), an elevated risk of bronchitis symptoms (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.17 to 2.15), an elevated risk of symptoms of chronic bronchitis (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.28 to 2.16), an elevated risk of dyspnea (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.20 to 1.76), and an elevated risk of physician diagnosed asthma (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.86). It was not associated with any increased risk of allergic rhinitis including hayfever. Adding a variable for low educational level, excluding subjects whose mother ever smoked or subjects with end-expiratory CO levels > or = 7 ppm, and controlling for paternal smoking during childhood or occupational exposure had little impact on the association. The association of passive smoking exposure with dyspnea, wheeze, and asthma showed evidence of a dose-dependent increase with hours per day of exposure, whereas association with symptoms of bronchitis was stronger with years of exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Perianal Skin and Anal Canal
Authors: Paul G. Kuehn, Ronald Beckett, Henry Eisenberg, John F. Reed
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

EPIDERMOID carcinoma of the perianal skin and anal canal is a rare lesion. An initial pilot study using the pathological material available at Hartford Hospital (30 cases) prompted an in-depth study using the available material of the Connecticut State Tumor Registry (157 cases).Thirty-one Connecticut hospitals co-operated in making this study possible.Clinical MaterialOver a period of twenty-five years, a total of 157 cases were available for evaluation. There were 149 cases of squamous-cell carcinoma, 7 of the mixed basosquamous type and 1 case of carcinoma in situ. Age and SexThe ages ranged from twenty-seven to eighty-nine years, . . .
Theophylline in the management of airflow obstruction. 2. Difficult drugs to use, few clinical indications.
Authors: I D Johnston
Journal: BMJ (1990)

The narrow therapeutic index, potential toxicity, and need to monitor plasma concentrations make theophyllines difficult to use. Other drugs provide comparable or better bronchodilator and prophylactic efficacy. In asthma theophyllines should be considered for chronic stable asthma when treatment with optimal doses of inhaled steroids and bronchodilators fails to provide adequate control; for nocturnal asthma; and for prophylaxis and relief of symptoms in children and adults when inhaled treatment cannot be given. In general, theophyllines cannot be recommended for chronic airflow obstruction. A trial of theophylline is reasonable in individual patients whose symptoms remain troublesome despite a trial of steroids and optimal doses of inhaled bronchodilators.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: T. Meredith, A. Vale
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Carbon monoxide poisoningCarbon monoxide is a tasteless, odourless, colourless, and non-irritating gas produced by incomplete combustion of organic materials.It is also produced in man during the catabolism of haemoglobin.The normal endogenous pro- duction of carbon monoxide is sufficient to saturate 0 4-0 7% ofthe body's haemoglobin-that is, 0 4-0 7% carboxyhaemoglobinaemia-at rest,' but a national survey in North America found 1-2% carboxyhaemoglobinaemia in urban non- smokers as a result of environmental exposure and 5-6% in smokers (cigarette smoke contains about 4% carbon monoxide).2
Phenotypic and functional analysis of lymphocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Jennifer E. Tseng, Sharon E. Hall, Thad A. Howard, Russell E. Ware
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1995)

Abstract The hematologic disorder paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) arises from a somatic mutation within the Piga gene important for the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. The PNH defect has been identified in all cells of the myeloerythroid lineage, but involvement of the lymphoid lineage in PNH is more controversial. We therefore analyzed lymphocytes from 22 patients with PNH to characterize phenotypically the GPI‐deficient population, and to investigate the functional consequences of GPI deficiency. GPI‐deficient T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and NK cells were identified, but at a lower percentage than granulocytes and erythrocytes. CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly more affected than CD4+ T cells, and CD45RA+ lymphocytes were significantly more affected than CD45RO+ cells. Proliferation assays demonstrated that lymphocytes from PNH patients, either unfractionated or purified GPI‐deficient cells, responded normally to in vitro stimuli. When stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), naive CD45RA+ GPI‐deficient T lymphocytes acquired the memory CD45RO+ phenotype. In addition, GPI‐deficient T lymphocytes had a relative growth advantage as compared to normal T cells. The results demonstrate that PNH involves the lymphoid as well as the myeloerythroid lineage, and therefore arises from a totipotent bone marrow stem cell. The in vitro growth advantage of GPI‐deficient lymphocytes in PNH may have important implications for the pathogenesis of some puzzling clinical aspects of PNH, including predominance of the PNH clone, defective hematopoiesis, and leukemogenesis.
Association of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with continued exposure: cohort study
Authors: T M MacDonald, S V Morant, G C Robinson, M J Shield, M M McGilchrist, F E Murray, D G McDevitt
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To determine the profile of risk of upper gastrointestinal toxicity during continuous treatment with, and after cessation of, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. <b>Design:</b> Cohort study with a prospectively constructed, population based, record linkage database containing details of exposure to all community dispensed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and also all admissions to hospital for upper gastrointestinal diagnoses. <b>Setting:</b> The population of Tayside, Scotland. <b>Subjects:</b> 52 293 subjects aged 50 and over who received one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory between 1 January 1989 and 31 December 1991 and 73 792 subjects who did not receive one during the same period (controls). <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Admission to hospital for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation, and admission for other upper gastrointestinal diagnoses. <b>Results</b>: About 2% of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory cohort were admitted with an upper gastrointestinal event during the study period compared with 1.4% of controls. The risk of admission for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and perforation was constant during continuous non-steroidal anti-inflammatory exposure and carried over after the end of exposure. The results were similar for admissions for all upper gastrointestinal events. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study provides evidence that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory toxicity persists with continuous exposure. There seems to be carryover toxicity after the end of prescribing. These findings have implications for the management of patients requiring non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. <h3>Key messages</h3> The risk of upper gastrointestinal toxicity associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is constant with continuous exposure Gastrointestinal toxicity continues for some time after treatment stops Such toxicity is common in older patients and patients with a history of upper gastrointestinal disease Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided when possible; when they are used the lowest effective dose of the least toxic drug should be used for the shortest period possible
Evidence for the identity of the major apoprotein in low density and very low density lipoproteins in normal subjects and patients with familial hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: A. M. Gotto, W. V. Brown, R. I. Levy, Maria E. Birnbaumer, D. S. Fredrickson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The major apoprotein(s) from human plasma low density lipoproteins was isolated and compared with a major protein fraction (fraction I) from very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Fraction I had been previously found to comprise approximately 40% of the total protein of VLDL. Fraction I from VLDL and apoLDL from normal subjects were indistinguishable in amino acid compositions and circular dichroic spectra. They yielded indistinguishable displacement curves of LDL-(125)I by radioimmunoassay and formed immunoprecipitin lines of complete identity. Fraction I from VLDL of normal subjects was compared with the fraction isolated from patients with familial types II, III, IV, and V hyperlipoproteinemia. There were no detectable differences between any of these fractions in amino acid compositions, circular dichroic spectra, and immunochemical properties. It was, therefore, concluded that short of peptide mapping or determination of amino acid sequence, fraction I from VLDL of each subject with familial hyperlipoproteinemia appears to be identical with fraction I and apoLDL from normal individuals.A new convenient method of preparation of soluble apoLDL, modified from a procedure previously described from this laboratory, is presented.
Diagnostic Errors in the Evaluation of Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Robert S. Hoffman
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In 215 patients referred to a specialized medical-psychiatric inpatient unit, thorough neuropsychiatric evaluation resulted in a therapeutically important alteration of the referring diagnosis in 41%. Of patients referred with a tentative diagnosis of dementia, 63% were found to have treatable conditions. Increased educational efforts and use of neuropsychiatric consultation services are suggested to minimize diagnostic errors in medical practice. (<i>JAMA</i>1982;248:964-967)
Information failings at Scottish health authority led to inaction on adverse clinical events
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A Scottish health authority might have placed patients at risk by failing to take action on critical incident reviews for five years after “losing” the information.

NHS Ayrshire and Arran has been accused by the Scottish Information Commissioner Kevin Dunion of the most serious failings in record management and information recovery he has seen in his nine years in office.

The problem came to light only when a charge nurse, Rab Wilson, asked for copies of reports from 2005 onwards into serious adverse events that were not being made routinely available to staff. As a result, …
Family History and the Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Richard W. Sattin
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To investigate whether a family history of breast cancer increases a woman's risk of developing breast cancer, we analyzed data from the Centers for Disease Control's Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. The 4,735 cases were women 20 to 54 years old with a first diagnosis of breast cancer ascertained from eight population-based cancer registries; the 4,688 controls were women selected at random from the general population of these eight areas. Compared with women without a family history of breast cancer, women who had an affected first-degree relative had a relative risk of 2.3; women with an affected second-degree relative had a relative risk of 1.5; and women with both an affected mother and sister had a relative risk of 14. The risk of breast cancer for a woman was higher if her first-degree relative had unilateral rather than bilateral breast cancer or had breast cancer detected at a younger rather than older age. For women aged 20 to 39, 40 to 44, and 45 to 54 years, the estimated annual incidence of breast cancer per 100,000 women attributable to a first-degree family history of breast cancer was 51.9, 115.1, and 138.6, respectively, and that attributable to a second-degree family history of breast cancer was 12.1, 19.2, and 92.4, respectively.
Diagnostic Bronchoscopy: An Introduction
Authors: Charles M. Norris
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Bronchoscopy, initially developed as a part of the specialty of otolaryngology, has in recent years been increasingly adopted by other specialties concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of chest disease, notably the thoracic surgeon, the chest physician, the gastroenterologist, and the anesthesiologist. As a by-product of this distributed responsibility, there have been problems in providing adequate training for the student bronchologist, except in those institutions where peroral endoscopic work is done entirely or chiefly in one department. Apart from the need for acquiring skill in instrumentation, the beginner in bronchoscopy must learn to interpret his findings; this can be done with authority only after a rather broad base of experience has been acquired. Stradling's small but beautifully illustrated volume provides an extraordinarily comprehensive review of normal bronchial anatomy, along with a wide coverage of inflammatory diseases and deformities of the bronchi, bronchial tumors, and miscellaneous conditions. The series of 132
Suggestive linkage of familial primary cutaneous amyloidosis to a locus on chromosome 1q23
Authors: M-W. Lin, D-D. Lee, C-H. Lin, C-Y. Huang, C-K. Wong, Y-T. Chang, H-N. Liu, K-J. Hsiao, S-F. Tsai
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Background There is a high incidence of primary cutaneous amyloidosis (PCA) in South America, South-east Asia and Taiwan. To date, the aetiology of PCA remains unknown, but it is believed to be multifactorial. Although most cases are sporadic, some patients have a family history. Familial aggregation and different susceptibility to PCA among ethnic groups suggest that genetic factors may play an important role in its pathogenesis. However, no genetic loci for familial PCA (FPCA) have been identified so far. Objectives In order to identify the susceptibility gene of FPCA, we took a candidate gene approach and performed linkage analysis on chromosome 1q21.3–24.2, including the 1q23.2 region where the gene encoding serum amyloid P component (APCS) is located. Patients and methods Nine FPCA families including 29 individuals affected with PCA were recruited for this linkage study. Initially, 11 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers spanning the region from 1q21.3 to 1q24.2 were genotyped and revealed a suggestive linkage region. This region was further fine-mapped with seven additional markers. We also re-sequenced the 2·5-kb genomic region of the APCS gene in 29 affected and 42 control individuals. Two-point and multipoint linkage analyses were performed using the LINKAGE program. Nonparametric linkage (NPL) analysis and reconstruction of haplotypes were performed with the GENEHUNTER program. Results Both two-point and multipoint linkage analysis for all 11 markers generated negative or small positive total lod scores for all nine families. However, when we considered only three families, a maximum two-point total lod score of 2·09 was obtained for the marker D1S2844 at θ = 0·01. A plateau of multipoint total lod score between D1S2768 and D1S2878 with a maximum of 2·48 at the marker D1S2844 was observed. A maximum NPL score of 3·11 (P = 0·008) was also obtained for the marker D1S2878. However, re-sequencing of the APCS gene identified no functional mutation. Conclusions Both parametric and nonparametric linkage evidence suggested that a possible susceptibility locus for a subset of FPCA might exist on chromosome 1q23. This is the first report demonstrating suggestive evidence of linkage of FPCA to a locus in this candidate region. No functional sequence variations of the APCS gene were found to be associated with this disease among the study families. Our data imply the existence of at least one additional locus responsible for FPCA in these families, confirming genetic heterogeneity of this skin disorder.
Data from the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trial
Authors: Aman U. Buzdar
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

The third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have improved efficacy and safety versus tamoxifen for treatment of advanced breast cancer. Currently, anastrozole is the only third-generation AI with adjuvant therapy data in postmenopausal women. Initial and updated results from the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial (median follow-up, 47 months) confirm it to be more effective than tamoxifen for disease-free survival with several important tolerability benefits. As a result, there has been much debate about whether or not anastrozole should be used routinely to treat postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. In its review, the American Society of Clinical Oncology Health Services Research Committee agreed that the updated ATAC analyses provided a greater level of assurance, in terms of both toxicity and efficacy, for use of anastrozole in the adjuvant setting. However, pending 5-year data from ATAC and other trials of adjuvant AI use, adjuvant anastrozole was recommended by American Society of Clinical Oncology Health Research Committee for use only under certain circumstances, with 5 years of tamoxifen remaining the standard. Anastrozole should be the preferred AI in this setting; data from the ATAC trial should not be extrapolated to other members of the class. Despite this conservative recommendation, the overall risk:benefit profile from the ATAC trial favors anastrozole, and it is expected that a more favorable efficacy and adverse effect profile will be maintained. Anastrozole should, therefore, now be considered a valid alternative option to tamoxifen for adjuvant hormonal treatment in all postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer.
“Loops-attached rubber band” facilitation of endoscopic submucosal dissection of superficial colorectal neoplasm
Authors: T. Osada, N. Sakamoto, T. Shibuya, K. Beppu, K. Matsumoto, Y. Shimada, H. Mori, A. Konno, A. Kurosawa, A. Nagahara, M. Otaka, T. Ohkusa, T. Ogihara, S. Watanabe
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of early gastric cancer has improved the success rate of en bloc resection, but it is not widely used to treat the colorectum because of its technical difficulty. It is possible that traction of the lesion may facilitate correct visualization of the lesion and make it easier to dissect. Several techniques involving traction of lesions have been reported [1] [2] [3] [4], but these methods have not been widely employed because they are difficult to use. Furthermore, most devices lift only one part of a lesion, which does not provide a good overview of the area to dissect. Therefore, we designed a multiple traction device, which we have named “Loops-attached rubber band (LARB)”. LARB is able to lift the whole lesion by pulling at multiple points, thereby facilitating correct and better visualization of the lesion than other devices.
Immunoglobulin allotypes in Crohn's disease in the Netherlands.
Authors: I Biemond, G G de Lange, I T Weterman, A S Pena
Journal: Gut (1987)

An association between Crohn's disease and immunoglobulin allotypes has been reported. Confirmation of this association in other populations would be of particular importance for the study of hereditary factors in Crohn's disease. In the present study we have typed 155 unrelated Dutch patients with Crohn's disease and 450 blood donors for the Gm, Am, and Km markers. No significant differences were found in Gm phenotypes and haplotypes between patients and controls. It therefore seems unlikely that the immunoglobulin allotypes play an important role in the susceptibility of individuals to Crohn's disease.
Folk metaphysics and the anthropology of science
Authors: Michael T. Ghiselin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Atran's treatment of classification suggests a need to recognize the difference between ontological categories and less metaphysically fundamental distinctions. The shift that scientists have made from classes to individuals may not be as pervasive as he proposes, and the same may be said for the abandonment of essences. It is also possible that the sort of causality that is of concern to scientists plays a role in folk classification.
Otitis Media: Closing the Information Gap
Authors: Ralph D. Feigin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

One of the great paradoxes of modern medicine is that our knowledge is often most incomplete with respect to the disorders that afflict mankind with the greatest frequency. Such is the case with otitis media.Hippocrates (460 to about 375 B.C.) was apparently the first to describe acute otitis media. He wrote, "Acute pain of the ear, with continued strong fever, is to be dreaded, for there is danger that the man may become delirious and die."1 Celsus (53 B.C. to 7 A.D.) stated, "But inflammation and pains of the ear lead sometimes to insanity and death. Thus it is . . .
&lt;emph type="ital"&gt;DSM&lt;/emph&gt; Panel Considers Ways to Clarify Diagnostic Criteria for Eating Disorders
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Members of a work group preparing the upcoming fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) are hoping to clarify the assessment of eating disorders that, at this point, do not have distinct diagnostic criteria.
Contradictory Supranormal Function in Hydronephrotic Kidneys: Fact or Artifact on Pediatric MAG-3 Renal Scans?
Authors: Sabahat Inanir, Nese Biyikli, Omid Noshari, Billur Caliskan, Halil Tugtepe, Tanju Yusuf Erdil, Ihsan Akpinar, Gursu Kiyan, Harika Alpay
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Contradictory supranormal renal function (SRF) in unilateral hydronephrosis is a debatable subject resulting from the methodology of nuclear renography or the characteristics of the patient. In this study, we aimed to investigate the frequency and comparison of SRF with MAG-3 scans by 8 different technical analyses in pediatric hydronephrosis.We reviewed Tc-99m MAG-3 scans in 82 children with unilateral hydronephrosis (52 male, 30 female, mean age: 47.7 +/- 64.5 months). Of 82, 34 also had Tc-99m DMSA scans. Data were reprocessed with 4 different regions of background activity (subrenal, perirenal C-type, perirenal ring, and lateral) at 2 different time intervals (1-2 and 2-3 minute), and 8 different estimates of MAG-3 differential renal function (DRF) were obtained in 67 patients. SRF was defined as DRF greater than 55% in the hydronephrotic kidney.The routine processing protocol showed only 3 renal units with SRF, and all were on the right side (3.6%). After reprocessing, a total of 10 dilated kidneys had SRF in 1 or more of DRF estimates (5.2% of all estimations). These cases were significantly younger (8.1 +/- 6.7 vs. 42.5 +/- 52.5, P < 0.05) and had a larger renal area ratio (1.25 +/- .24 vs. 1.07 +/- .21, P < 0.05). There was no SRF with DMSA. In comparison between MAG-3 and DMSA DRF in 20 children who underwent both tests within 3 months, the best correlation was obtained when C-type correction was used for both agents at 2 time intervals (r: .86 and .84 for early and late time intervals, P < 0.00001, respectively).SRF in unilateral hydronephrosis is, at least, in part, technical in origin in this particular pediatric patient population with tubular immaturity (ie, physiological high background activity) and asymmetric kidney size.