tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of prewarming in the cold season on thermoregulatory responses during exercise.
Authors: M Torii, M Yamasaki, T Sasaki
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1996)

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether thermoregulation in the cold season can be affected by prewarming before exercise. METHODS: Four healthy non-athletic unacclimatised males were exercised to the same degree in summer and winter on a bicycle ergometer without prewarming (experiment 1) and after prewarming by sitting for 30 min in a room at 30 degrees C (experiment 2). During exercise, sweat production and rectal and skin temperatures were measured continuously. RESULTS: There was seasonal variation in sweating capacity and sensitivity and in heat storage during exercise without prewarming (experiment 1). After the subjects were warmed before exercise, there was no such seasonal variation in their sweat rates during exercise at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C (experiment 2). In both cases, the sweat rate and skin temperature were dependent on the environmental temperature, and the sweat rate and core temperature were dependent on the workload. In the cold season, sweating sensitivity and evaporative cooling response could be enhanced by thermal stimulation. There was no seasonal difference in the relation between evaporative heat loss and metabolic rate in the two thermal conditions. These values did not differ significantly between winter after prewarming and summer (P &gt; 0.05), neither did heat storage and metabolic heat production at various workloads (P &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is adaptation of the thermoregulatory mechanisms during temperature acclimatisation. Body warming enhances not only the heat dissipating activity of the thermoregulatory centre but also the induction of peripheral sweat gland activity. Seasonal change of sweat rate in exercising men can be eliminated through a different type of acclimatisation by prewarming in the cold season.
Hope of prevention training in South Asia
Authors: Sunita Dodani, Chandrakant Pandav, Sisira Siribaddana, Ronald E LaPorte, Paras Pokharel
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Editor—The theme issue on Health in South Asia in April addressed problems and hopes for health but neglected prevention. South Asia has a quarter of the world's population. The optimal means to improve health is public health, which means that new public health workers need to be recruited and educated. The global 25 year increase in life expectancy is almost all due to prevention, not clinical medicine. In South Asia, Sri Lanka …
The association between biomarker-based exposure estimates for phthalates and demographic factors in a human reference population.
Authors: Jung-Wan Koo, Frederick Parham, Michael C Kohn, Scott A Masten, John W Brock, Larry L Needham, Christopher J Portier
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Population-based estimates of environmental exposures using biomarkers can be difficult to obtain for a variety of reasons, including problems with limits of detection, undersampling of key strata, time between exposure and sampling, variation across individuals, variation within individuals, and the ability to find and interpret a given biomarker. In this article, we apply statistical likelihoods, weighted sampling, and regression methods for censored data to the analysis of biomarker data. Urinary metabolites for seven phthalates, reported by Blount et al., are analyzed using these methods. In the case of the phthalates data, we assumed the underlying model to be a log-normal distribution with the mean of the distribution defined as a function of a number of demographic variables that might affect phthalate levels in individuals. Included as demographic variables were age, sex, ethnicity, residency, family income, and education level. We conducted two analyses: an unweighted analysis where phthalate distributions were estimated with changes in the means of these distributions as a function of demographic variables, and a weighted prediction for the general population in which weights were assigned for a subset of the population depending on the frequency of their demographic variables in the general U.S. population. We used statistical tests to determine whether any of the demographic variables affected mean phthalate levels. Individuals with only a high school education had higher levels of di-n-butyl phthalate than individuals with education beyond high school. Subjects who had family income less than $1,500 in the month before sampling and/or only high school education had higher levels of n-butyl benzyl phthalate levels than other groupings. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was higher in males and/or in urban populations and/or in people who had family income less than $1,500 per month. Our findings suggest that there may be significant demographic variations in exposure and/or metabolism of phthalates and that health-risk assessments for phthalate exposure in humans should consider different potential risk groups.
Treatment of Drug Intoxication by Hemoperfusion
Authors: John P. Merrill
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

The first artificial kidney described in the United States by Abel, Rowntree and Turner in 19131 was fabricated specifically for the purpose of removing toxins from the blood. In this case, salicylates were effectively removed from dogs' blood circulated through collodion tubing with dialysate solution on the outside. Since then, repeated attempts have been made to treat drug intoxication by removal of drugs either by peritoneal dialysis or by the use of the artificial kidney. It seems eminently logical to attempt to remove toxins from the circulating blood if these toxins are present in adequate concentration and are the cause . . .
Moderate potassium chloride supplementation in essential hypertension: is it additive to moderate sodium restriction?
Authors: S J Smith, N D Markandu, G A Sagnella, G A MacGregor
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Twenty patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension and not receiving any drug treatment, who had been moderately restricting their sodium intake to around 70 mmol(mEq) a day for at least one month and whose mean blood pressure was then 163/103 mm Hg, were entered into a double blind, randomised crossover study to compare one month9s treatment with slow release potassium chloride tablets (64 mmol potassium chloride a day) with one month9s treatment with a matching placebo. Mean (SEM) urinary sodium excretion on entry to the study was 68 (6.8) mmol/24 h. Mean urinary potassium excretion increased from 67 (6.9) mmol(mEq)/24 h with placebo to 117 (4.6) mmol/24 h with potassium chloride. Supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures did not change significantly with potassium chloride supplementation when compared with pressures while receiving placebo or before randomisation. In patients who are able moderately to restrict their sodium intake doubling potassium as a chloride salt has little or no effect on blood pressure.
Comparison of patients with and without atrial fibrillation after implantation of a dual-chamber defibrillator using a defibrillation lead with free-floating atrial bipole
Authors: Andreas Schuchert, Dietmar Schmitz, Bernd Lemke, Hans-Jürgen Bondke, Thomas Zerm, Ulrich Wiegand, Andreas Tiroke, Manuel Pavón
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Delivery dependence of early proximal bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat in respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
Authors: R N Santella, D A Maddox, F J Gennari
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

In the intact rat kidney, bicarbonate reabsorption in the early proximal tubule (EP) is strongly dependent on delivery. Independent of delivery, metabolic acidosis stimulates EP bicarbonate reabsorption. In this study, we investigated whether systemic pH changes induced by acute or chronic respiratory acid-base disorders also affect EP HCO3- reabsorption, independent of delivery (FLHCO3, filtered load of bicarbonate). Hypercapnia was induced in rats acutely (1-3 h) and chronically (4-5 d) by increasing inspired PCO2. Hypocapnia was induced acutely (1-3 h) by mechanical hyperventilation, and chronically (4-5 d) using hypoxemia to stimulate ventilation. When compared with normocapneic rats with similar FLHCO3, no stimulation of EP or overall proximal HCO3 reabsorption was found with either acute hypercapnia (PaCO2 = 74 mmHg, pH = 7.23) or chronic hypercapnia (PaCO2 = 84 mmHg, pH = 7.31). Acute hypocapnia (PaCO2 = 29 mmHg, pH = 7.56) did not suppress EP or overall HCO3 reabsorption. Chronic hypocapnia (PaCO2 = 26 mmHg, pH = 7.54) reduced proximal HCO3 reabsorption, but this effect was reversed when FLHCO3 was increased to levels comparable to euvolemic normocapneic rats. Thus, when delivery is accounted for, we could find no additional stimulation of proximal bicarbonate reabsorption in respiratory acidosis and, except at low delivery rates, no reduction in bicarbonate reabsorption in respiratory alkalosis.
Automatic differentiation of melanoma from melanocytic nevi with multispectral digital dermoscopy: A feasibility study
Authors: Marek Elbaum, Alfred W. Kopf, Harold S. Rabinovitz, Richard G.B. Langley, Hideko Kamino, Martin C. Mihm, Arthur J. Sober, Gary L. Peck, Alexandru Bogdan, Dina Gutkowicz-Krusin, Michael Greenebaum, Sunguk Keem, Margaret Oliviero, Steven Wang
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2001)
Retention of Intrauterine Contraceptive Device during and after Delivery
Authors: J. A. D. Clinch
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Although the mechanism of action of IUDs is not yet known there is strong evidence to show that it it fails it is unlikely to have an adverse effect on the ensuing pregnancy.  A case report in a British journal confirms this.  A 26-year old married woman with 4 children had a Lippes loop insertion in December 1962.  In May 1963 she had an acute attack of lower abdominal pain which was diagnosed as pelvic infection and treated with antibiotics although the patient herself suspected pregnancy.  A radiograph 3 months later revealed a pregnancy superimposed on the loop.  In January 1964 the patient had a spontaneous vertex delivery of an apparently normal female infant weighing 7 lbs 5-1/2 ounces.  The loop was not found in the placenta or membrane.  Radiography taken 4 days after the delivery revealed the loop still in utero.  In June 1964 pelvic examination was performed and showed no abnormality except for a slight tenderness on mobilizing the uterus.  The loop was finally removed in July 1964 6 months after delivery.  The patient recovered uneventfully.  This case shows that IUDs left in utero after delivery for a considerable period of time do not cause any local or general reaction.
Remedy UK loses court case over doctors' training applications
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2007)

A meta-analysis of 42 trials of the type 2 diabetes drug rosiglitazone (Avandia) has shown a significantly raised risk of myocardial infarction and an increase in cardiovascular deaths that did not quite reach statistical significance (New England Journal of Medicine 2007 May 21 doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa072761).The analysis by Steven Nissen and Kathy Wolski, of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, included 15 560 patients randomly assigned to regimens that included rosiglitazone, and 12 283 patients assigned to regimens that did not.The mean age of patients was 56 years, and the mean baseline glycated haemoglobin concentration was about 8.2%.Patients receiving rosiglitazone had an odds ratio for myocardial infarction of 1.43 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.98, P=0.03).The odds ratio for death from cardiovascular causes was 1.64 (0.98 to 2.74, P=0.06).An editorial (doi: 10.1056/NEJMe078099) criticised the Food and Drug Administration for approving the drug on the basis of only its efficacy in glycaemic control in short term studies and also for a poor system for reporting adverse events after marketing.Bruce Psaty of the University of Washington in Seattle and Curt Furberg of Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, also say that the Food and Drug Administration Revitalization Act, now moving through Congress, should be strengthened so that the FDA can follow a drug through its life cycle, with new emphasis on postmarketing.The FDA posted a safety alert on its website, cautioning patients taking the drug who have heart disease or are at high risk of a heart attack to talk to their doctors (www.fda.gov).GlaxoSmithKline said it "strongly disagrees" with the findings (www.gsk.com). Study links diabetes drug to heart deathsUK
STUDIES ON THE PROPAGATION IN VITRO OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES
Authors: William F. Scherer, Jerome T. Syverton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1952)

Cells like fibroblasts, having no resemblance whatever to nerve cells were obtained in morphologically pure cultures from monkey testicular tissue and were found to support the growth in vitro of poliomyelitis virus, Type 2, Yale-SK strain. Moreover, these cells were destroyed as a result of the multiplication of this virus within them. Similarly, "fibroblasts" propagated in primary explant cultures of testicle were destroyed by poliomyelitis viruses, Types 1 and 2. Type specific antibodies neutralized the pathogenic effect of poliomyelitis virus on monkey testicular fibroblasts.
Cirrhosis-related Parkinsonism: Prevalence, mechanisms and response to treatments
Authors: Anita B. Tryc, Annemarie Goldbecker, Georg Berding, Stefan Rümke, Kambiz Afshar, Golschan Hamidi Shahrezaei, Henning Pflugrad, Hannelore Barg-Hock, Christian P. Strassburg, Hartmut Hecker, Karin Weissenborn
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Role of nitric oxide in obesity-induced beta cell disease.
Authors: M Shimabukuro, M Ohneda, Y Lee, R H Unger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Here we report that free fatty acid-induced suppression of insulin output in prediabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats is mediated by NO. When normal islets were cultured in 2 mM FFA, NO production and basal insulin secretion increased slightly. In cultured prediabetic ZDF islets, FFA induced a fourfold greater rise in NO, upregulated mRNA of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and reduced insulin output; both nicotinamide and aminoguanidine, which lower NO, prevented the FFA-mediated increase in iNOS mRNA, reduced NO, and minimized the loss of insulin secretion. In vivo nicotinamide or aminoguanidine treatment of prediabetic ZDF rats prevented the iNOS expression in islets and decreased beta cell dysfunction while blocking beta cell destruction and hyperglycemia. We conclude that NO-lowering agents prevent adipogenic diabetes in obese rats.
Long-Acting Nitrates in the Treatment of Angina Pectoris
Authors: Nathaniel Reichek
Journal: JAMA (1976)

"LONG-ACTING" nitrates are widely regarded as a mainstay of medical therapy for angina pectoris, but their efficacy and duration of action remain controversial. Moreover, a confusing variety of nitrate preparations is currently available (Table). Now that other effective modes of angina prophylaxis exist (for example, propranolol hydrochloride or coronary bypass surgery), a critical awareness of the usefulness and limitations of long-acting nitrates is all the more important. This review will outline nitrate pharmacology and propose a practical approach to the rational selection of an effective nitrate regimen for the individual patient. The therapeutic effectiveness of sublingual nitroglycerin in typical angina pectoris is clear-cut and undisputed. Administration of an effective dose during anginal pain clearly reduces the duration of the episode if the patient's untreated angina normally persists long enough for sublingual nitroglycerin to take effect. While this effect is helpful and reas
Prostate Cancer Practice Patterns and Quality of Life: the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study
Authors: A. L. Potosky, L. C. Harlan, J. L. Stanford, F. D. Gilliland, A. S. Hamilton, P. C. Albertsen, J. W. Eley, J. M. Liff, D. Deapen, R. A. Stephenson, J. Legler, C. E. Ferrans, J. A. Talcott, M. S. Litwin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1999)
Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at a global level.
Authors: Annette Prüss, David Kay, Lorna Fewtrell, Jamie Bartram
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

We estimated the disease burden from water, sanitation, and hygiene at the global level taking into account various disease outcomes, principally diarrheal diseases. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) combines the burden from death and disability in a single index and permits the comparison of the burden from water, sanitation, and hygiene with the burden from other risk factors or diseases. We divided the world's population into typical exposure scenarios for 14 geographical regions. We then matched these scenarios with relative risk information obtained mainly from intervention studies. We estimated the disease burden from water, sanitation, and hygiene to be 4.0% of all deaths and 5.7% of the total disease burden (in DALYs) occurring worldwide, taking into account diarrheal diseases, schistosomiasis, trachoma, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm disease. Because we based these estimates mainly on intervention studies, this burden is largely preventable. Other water- and sanitation-related diseases remain to be evaluated. This preliminary estimation of the global disease burden caused by water, sanitation, and hygiene provides a basic model that could be further refined for national or regional assessments. This significant and avoidable burden suggests that it should be a priority for public health policy.
Tilt Test for Investigating a Neural Component in Hypertension
Authors: EDWARD D. FROHLICH, ROBERT C. TARAZI, MILOS ULRYCH, HARRIET P. DUSTAN, IRVINE H. PAGE
Journal: Circulation (1967)

Hemodynamic changes associated with diastolic hypertension were investigated using 50° head-up for 52 untreated hypertensive patients not in cardiac failure, and for 17 normotensive subjects. Normals responded to tilt with±10 mm Hg change in mean arterial pressure. Twenty-four hypertensives responded similarly; the remainder had either orthostatic hypertension (18) or orthostatic hypotension (10). During tilt, cardiac output reduction of each hypertensive group was greater than normal, but only orthostatic hypertensives responded with exaggerated increase in peripheral resistance. When supine, orthostatic hypotensives had lower cardiac indices and higher peripheral resistances than orthostatic hypertensives. When the three hypertensive groups were compared with respect to clinical features, orthostatic hypertensives had the least severe vascular disease; orthostatic hypotensives were the opposite extreme, and normal responders were intermediate. These findings suggest that neurogenic activity is highest in mild hypertension and in the more severe forms of the disease, it is least.
Fluorosis in Nalgonda District, Hyderabad-Deccan
Authors: A. H. Siddiqui
Journal: BMJ (1955)

MEDICALJSHOU9ALnothing of relationships, for which a knowledge of the harmony and co-operation of the units which comprise it is essential.This is the real physiology of the brain, the subject on which Hughlings Jackson himself expended so much of his hardest thinking.Jackson's knowledge of cortical function was inadequate, but that did not prevent him from the formulation of a majestic conception of the brain's actions.Since his day we became too engrossed by the cortex.In recent years attention has shifted back again, none too soon, to the subcortex-to the brain stem and basal ganglia-in a way that earlier generations would have recognized as a search for integration along paths fainter in their day but nevertheless familiar.The new work has come largely from the Canadian school led by Wilder Penfield and Jasper, the Americans led by Ranson and Magoun and their many pupils, and also from Adrian in England and Bremer in Brussels.Our current knowledge of the cortex and its deeper con- nexions has been made possible by modern technical inven- tions.If the conception of the centrencephalic system, to use Penfield and Jasper's term for a lower level integrating centre-a concept not, it is true, accepted by all-runs counter to Jacksonian levels, if higher levels physiologically seem to be lower anatomically, and therefore not to fit very well, we have no right to say that the proposition is neces- sarily wrong.It may not indeed be the last word, yet it fits well with neurosurgical clinical experience.We see the powers that reside in human minds called into being along the ancient pathways which man shares with the animalsbut with a final result so different because of the immense potential cellular wealth of the cortex and the vast richness of its relays and communication systems.We see them destroyed by lesions at mid-brain level more completely than anywhere else.This is the crux of the new plan of integration in which cortical localization has its proper and honoured place.If we no longer believe that such things as love and loyalty, tenderness and friendship and happiness, have special abodes in the brain, yet we know that some such attributes exist, fictitious as definite entities though they may be, and that they are the by-products of the harmony of body and brain.
Variable Bioavailability of Oral Mercaptopurine
Authors: Solomon Zimm, Jerry M. Collins, Riccardo Riccardi, Dondra O'Neill, Prem K. Narang, Bruce Chabner, David G. Poplack
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Induction therapy is now successful in producing a complete remission in more than 90 per cent of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.1 , 2 However, maintenance of remission remains a major problem, since a third of patients with a standard risk and approximately 80 per cent of patients with a high risk relapse despite periodic intensification of chemotherapy and continual maintenance chemotherapy.3 The daily administration of oral mercaptopurine forms the backbone of maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia; most treatment regimens also include weekly or biweekly administration of oral methotrexate. The rationale for giving mercaptopurine orally has been based on clinical studies . . .
Signal of Schizophrenia Risk
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2013)

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