tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Critical Appraisal of the Continuous Glucose–Error Grid Analysis
Authors: Iris M. Wentholt, Joost B. Hoekstra, J. Hans DeVries
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

clinically apparent that when blood glucose is Ͻ3.9 mmol/l point accuracy should be given more emphasis than rate accuracy.A strength of CG-EGA is its ability to vary the input of either rate or point accuracy to overall clinical accuracy depending on blood glucose range.Third, the results of CG-EGA vary with time intervals.This is also an intuitive strength of CG-EGA, which is designed to account for increased noise associated with frequent sampling.We advocated (2) adopting a uniform sampling protocol with reference and/or sensor pairs taken every 10 -15 min to standardize comparisons of rate accuracy, which is a sampling scheme based on physiological considerations of possible glucose change rates.Fourth, Wentholt et al. ( 1) questioned the appropriateness of the formulae to shift point EGA based on interstitial time lag.However, the authors reported an average time lag of ϳ7 min in one of their sensors, which is identical to that assumed for CG-EGA, thus confirming that ϳ7 min is a reasonable average for blood-tointerstitial diffusion delays.CG-EGA software allows setting this parameter to any value Ͻ7 min.We are pleased that both the discussion regarding CG-EGA and the analysis of time series data have begun, and we look forward to continuing this important dialogue.However, we also recommend careful consideration of basic statistical assumptions when analyzing sensorgenerated glucose data; their inherent temporal structure should be taken into account.
Role for “uremic toxin” in the progressive loss of intact nephrons in chronic renal failure
Authors: Masaru Motojima, Fuyuhiko Nishijima, Masaaki Ikoma, Tetsuya Kawamura, Toshimasa Yoshioka, Agnes B. Fogo, Tadasu Sakai, Iekuni Ichikawa
Journal: Kidney International (1991)
Abstract 281: Insulin-like growth factor II differential activation of the IGF-1 and insulin receptors in African-American and Caucasian breast cancer tissues
Authors: Sharda Kalla Singh, Qianwei Tan, Marino De Leon, Daisy De Leon
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract African-American (AA) women with breast cancer are more likely to have advanced disease at diagnosis, higher risk of recurrence and poorer prognosis than Caucasian (CA) females. Insulin-like growth factor- II (IGF-II) is a potent mitogen that induces cell proliferation and survival signals through activation of the IGF-I (IGF-IR), insulin (INSR) and hybrid receptors. We hypothesize that differential expression of the IGF1R and INSR isoforms (IR-A, IR-B) between AA and CA women potentiates IGF-II mitogenic effects, thus contributing to the health disparity observed between these ethnic groups. We examined IGF-II, IGF1R and INSR isoforms protein expression and phosphorylation in paired breast tissue samples from AA and CA women by western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and ELISA techniques. IGF-II expression was significantly higher in AA cell lines and tissue samples when compared to Caucasians. Furthermore, significantly increased expression of IGF1R was observed in AA normal tissues as compared to CA normal tissues, while IGF1R expression was similar between AA normal and malignant tissues. Moreover, AA tumor samples expressed significantly lower levels of IR-B protein than CA tumor samples. IGF1R, INSR, IRS-1 and Shc phosphorylation were significantly higher in AA tumor samples. We conclude that the differential expression and phosphorylation of IGF-II, IGF1R and INSR between AA and CA females coupled with differential activation of downstream signaling pathways may contribute to the increased risk of malignant transformation seen in young AA females, and the more aggressive breast cancer phenotype observed among AA breast cancer patients and represent, along with IGF-II, potential therapeutic targets against health disparities in breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 281.
Reye Syndrome With Associated Influenza A and B Infection
Authors: Frederick L. Ruben
Journal: JAMA (1975)

In early 1974, seventeen children were treated for Reye syndrome. Thirteen of these were studied for laboratory evidence of concomitant viral infection. Influenza B/Hong Kong was isolated from the pharynx in four of nine 1974 cases tested. One child had just recovered from varicella. Adenovirus type 2 and respiratory syncytial virus were isolated from two additional patients. Serologic tests for influenza suggested concomitant or recent influenza B infection in ten of 13 of 1971 cases. During February 1975, six children were treated for this syndrome. Influenza A/Port Chalmers was recovered from three in six 1975 cases, and all six showed significant antibody rises to influenza A. These studies suggest that influenza viruses provide a trigger mechanism for the development of Reye syndrome in susceptible children.
Effect of changing the saddle angle on the incidence of low back pain in recreational bicyclists.
Authors: M Salai, T Brosh, A Blankstein, A Oran, A Chechik
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1999)

OBJECTIVE: According to the literature, 30-70% of cyclists suffer from cervical, dorsal, or lumbar back pain. This study was conducted to evaluate one of the possible causes of low back pain and to suggest a solution by appropriate adjustments to the bicycle. METHODS: Serial fluoroscopic studies were performed while cyclists sat on different types of bicycle (sports, mountain, and city). Pelvic/spine angles were measured at different seat angles, and the related force vectors analysed. RESULTS: There was a tendency towards hyperextension of the pelvic/spine angle which resulted in an increase in tensile forces at the promontorium. These forces can easily be reduced by appropriate adjustment of the seat angle--that is, by creating an anterior inclining angle. The findings of the biomechanical analysis were then applied to a group of cyclists who were members of a cycling club and who complained of low back pain. After appropriate adjustment of the saddle angle, most of the cyclists (&gt;70%) reported major improvement in the incidence and magnitude of their back pain. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and magnitude of back pain in cyclists can be reduced by appropriate adjustment of the angle of the saddle. It is important that these findings be conveyed to cyclists, bicycle salesmen, trainers, and members of the general public who engage in cycling, in order to decrease the prevalence of back pain.
Thoughts on Cancer Chemotherapy and Combination Modality Therapy (1974)
Authors: Howard E. Skipper
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Localized cancers, even very large, slowly growing, tumor cell masses, often are curable by surgery or irradiation. The major limitation to these modalities is widespread metastasis. Chemotherapy is the most effective means for treatment of widely disseminated cancer cells. The major limitations to chemotherapy are (1) permanently resistant variant tumor cells (eg, one in a million tumor cells resistant to a single drug or class of drugs) and (2) "resting tumor cell resistance" that is not inherent or necessarily permanent. Both of these types of resistance are most frequently encountered in relatively large, slowly growing, tumor cell masses. Combination modality treatment already has proved more effective than surgery alone, irradiation alone, or chemotherapy alone in a number of "disseminated" solid cancers in both animals and man. Data gained at the molecular, cellular, and in vivo levels point to the potential of combination modality therapy against additional metastatic cancers. (<i>JAMA</i>230:1033-1035, 1974)
833-3 Statin therapy and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty
Authors: Giuseppe De Luca, Harry Suryapranata, Jan Paul Ottervanger, Arnoud J.W van't Hof, Jan C.A Hoorntje, A.T Marcel Gosselink, Jan-Henk E Dambrink, Felix Zijlstra, Menko-Jan de Boer
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
The Clinical Value of Taking Routine Biopsies from the Incisura Angularis During Gastroscopy
Authors: N. K. Eriksson, M. A. Färkkilä, M. E. Voutilainen, P. E. Arkkila
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Background and Study Aims: The incisura angularis is considered to be a typical site for Helicobacter pylori colonization, glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, gastric ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. Our aim was to clarify whether it is necessary to biopsy the incisura angularis routinely during gastroscopy, in addition to obtaining biopsies of the corpus and antrum. Patients and Methods: A total of 272 consecutive patients, with a mean age ± SD of 53.8 ± 15.5 years, had two biopsies taken from the angulus, two from the antrum, and two from the corpus of the stomach during routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Histological specimens were examined according to the updated Sydney System for the classification and grading of gastritis. Results: Of the 272 patients, 11 (4.0 %) showed chronic inflammation in the angulus biopsy only. Similarly, the angulus was the only biopsy site which showed neutrophil polymorph infiltration (or "activity") in two patients (0.7 %), intestinal metaplasia in 13 patients (4.7 %), atrophy in three patients (1.1 %), and H. pylori colonization in one patient (0.4 %). Dysplasia (intraepithelial neoplasia) was not found in any of the biopsied sites in any of the 272 patients. H. pylori was found in 39 of the 272 patients (14 %). Of the 272 patients, 120 patients showed abnormalities at the incisura angularis, 101 having gastropathy or erosions, and only 19 showing more specific macroscopic changes, the main ones being ulcer, ulcer scarring, and atrophy. Of the 152 patients with a normal-looking mucosa at the angulus, only six (3.9 %) showed the histological changes of chronic inflammation in the angulus alone. Similarly, the angulus was the only biopsy site which showed neutrophil polymorph infiltration in one patient (1/152, 0.7 %), and intestinal metaplasia in five patients (5/152, 3.3 %). Atrophy and H. pylori colonization were not seen exclusively at the angulus in any of the patients with a macroscopically normal-looking angulus. Conclusion: Based on our data, routine biopsy of the incisura angularis would provide little additional clinical information to that obtainable from antrum and corpus biopsies.
Decision-Support Guide and Use of Prenatal Genetic Testing
Authors: Mark P. Hehir, Jane Dalrymple, Fergal D. Malone
Journal: JAMA (2015)

To the Editor Dr Kuppermann and colleagues1 reported a decrease in invasive prenatal testing, as well as patients making more informed choices, when randomized to receive a computerized, interactive decision-support guide. The control group received no specific counseling or information on screening and diagnostic tests.

The guideline from the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists on amniocentesis and chorionic villous sampling recommends that all women undergoing these procedures provide written informed consent prior to testing. This consent should include risk of miscarriage associated with invasive testing.
DIPHTHERIA.Read before the Section on Practice of Medicine at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: J. B. MURFREE
Journal: JAMA (1893)

Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease, highly contagious and dependent upon a specific virus for its inception and propagation. Usually beginning by an involvement of the throat, characterized by exudations locally, and enlargement of the lymphatic glands, soon to be followed by a general systemic poisoning, attended with various paralyses as sequelae. At first seemingly a local disease, caused by an inoculation it soon becomes general and assumes a constitutional form of a most virulent character, constituting one of the most dreaded diseases of childhood, from the frequency of its prevalence, as well as the great fatality that attends it. While it does affect the general system finally, yet primarily it is locally characterized by affecting especially the mucous surfaces of the throat though not necessarily confined to these parts, as it may affect the mucous surfaces elsewhere and even the skin. Locally, its chief manifestation is the formation of
Integrative molecular concept modeling of prostate cancer progression
Authors: Scott A Tomlins, Rohit Mehra, Daniel R Rhodes, Xuhong Cao, Lei Wang, Saravana M Dhanasekaran, Shanker Kalyana-Sundaram, John T Wei, Mark A Rubin, Kenneth J Pienta, Rajal B Shah, Arul M Chinnaiyan
Journal: Nature Genetics (2006)
Sustained hemodynamic and clinical effects of a new cardiotonic agent, WIN 47203, in patients with severe congestive heart failure.
Authors: C S Maskin, L Sinoway, B Chadwick, E H Sonnenblick, T H Le Jemtel
Journal: Circulation (1983)

The hemodynamic and clinical effects of WIN 47203, a newly synthesized noncatecholamine, nonglycosidic inotropic agent, were studied in 11 patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure. Intravenous WIN 47203 increased cardiac index from 1.93 +/- 0.36 to 2.87 +/- 0.45 l/min/m2 (p less than 0.001) and reduced pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 27.0 +/- 8.4 to 16.3 +/- 6.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). Mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 75.2 +/- 6.7 to 72.4 +/- 6.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and systemic vascular resistance from 1591 +/- 397 to 1071 +/- 293 dyn-sec-cm5 (p less than 0.001); heart rate was unchanged. Oral WIN 47203 produced similar hemodynamic improvement. Hemodynamic monitoring of six consecutive doses did not demonstrate evidence for attenuation of effectiveness. Chronic therapy with WIN 47203 produced substantial symptomatic improvement and increased maximal oxygen uptake at 1 week. Patients were further improved after 4 weeks of WIN 47203, and maximal oxygen uptake increased from 9.0 +/- 1.9 to 11.6 +/- 2.5 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.01 vs control). No overt clinical or laboratory manifestations of toxicity were observed. Withdrawal of WIN 47203 in two patients in whom clinical benefit was not sustained resulted in clinical and hemodynamic deterioration, which was reversed by reinstitution of the drug. Therefore, this study demonstrates the acute and sustained cardiotonic efficacy of WIN 47203 in man. If long-term administration remains well tolerated and without side effects, this drug appears to be very promising for treatment of chronic severe congestive heart failure.
Oregon revises health care priorities.
Authors: E P Kirk
Journal: BMJ (1991)

<h3>Background</h3> Since its inception in 2011, ACP has steadily gained traction among healthcare providers in rapidly ageing Singapore. Efforts to implement ACP, beginning with public hospitals, are spearheaded by a National ACP Steering Committee, in collaboration with service providers and government agencies. However public awareness remains low. This poster examines the key thrusts, outcomes, and challenges in assimilating ACP in our system of care. <h3>Aim</h3> To share Singapore9s experience in implementing ACP nationally, with considerations such as its diverse cultural and ethnic composition, family structures that tend to place familial harmony over autonomy, and lack of communication on end of life matters. <h3>Methods</h3> ACP is implemented along 3 thrusts: (i) Increasing ACP awareness among healthcare professionals, community and religious leaders, and the public; (ii) Training more ACP facilitators in health and social care organisations to assist with ACP conversations; and (iii) Building and strengthening systems to support ACP implementation, including a national ACP IT system. <h3>Results</h3> Over 450 facilitators have been trained. Pilots are on-going in five public hospitals, in departments such as Palliative Medicine, Cardiology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine. <h3>Discussion</h3> With plans to improve health and social support for aged persons in the community, greater emphasis must be placed on developing ACP services among providers of intermediate and long-term care. Community engagement, media advocacy and publicity also need to be in place to raise awareness and normalise conversations in care planning. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In tandem with the growth of ACP at acute and community settings, greater engagement and empowerment of providers and the public must also happen.
Abstract P6-04-11: Use of synthetic isoprenoids to target protein prenylation and Rho GTPases in breast cancer invasion
Authors: M Chen, T Knifley, T Subramanian, HP Spielmann, KL O'Connor
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Tumor metastasis causes the majority of cancer deaths. Dysregulation of small GTPases such as K-Ras and Rho family GTPases (RhoA, RhoC, Rac1 and Cdc42) is critical to drive the invasion and metastasis of a variety of cancers including breast carcinomas. In order to fulfill their biological functions, these GTPases must properly localize subcellularly and associate with cellular membrane. The association of these proteins to membranes is regulated by a series of post-translational modifications including either farnesylation or geranylgeranylation of the C-terminal CaaX motif, thus providing the rationale to target the farnesyltransferase (FTase) and geranylgeranyltransferases (GGTase) as the potential anti-cancer drugs. However, FTase inhibitors (FTIs) failed in clinic due to alternative prenylation, which causes K-Ras to be geranylgeranylated, and their inability to target geranylgeranylated proteins such as Rho family GTPases. As an alternative, we have developed a unique class of potential anti-cancer therapeutics called Prenyl Function Inhibitors (PFIs), which are synthetic farnesol or geranylgeraniol analogs that act as alternative substrates for FTase or GGTase but do not support normal prenyl function. Here, we test the ability of our lead PFIs anilinogeraniol (AGOH; farnesol analog) and anilinofarnesol (AFOH; geranylgeraniol analog) to impact the migratory and invasive capacities of breast carcinoma cells. We found that AGOH treatment effectively decreased the invasion of MDA-MBA-231 in a two-dimensional invasion assay at 100 mM while it blocked invasive growth in three-dimensional (3D) culture model in as little as 20 μM. Notably, the effect of AGOH on 3D invasive growth was phenocopied by electroporation of cells with C3 exotransferase, which ribosylates and inactivates Rho proteins. The results demonstrate that Rho proteins are essential for the invasive growth of MDA-MB-231 cells. To determine how AGOH impacts Rho signaling, we performed RhoA and RhoC activity assays in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. We determined that AGOH blocked RhoA and RhoC activation in response to LPA and EGF stimulation. Notably, the geranylgeraniol analog AFOH was more potent than AGOH in inhibiting RhoA/C activation and invasive growth where it inhibited RhoA and RhoC activation completely at 20 μM and blocked the invasive growth of MDA-MB-231 cells at ≤ 5 μM. Interestingly, both AGOH and AFOH had no effect on the growth of MCF10A cells in 3D culture. Collectively, this study demonstrates that our lead PFI compounds dramatically inhibited breast cancer invasion, at least in part, through affecting RhoA and RhoC function; thus, suggesting that targeting the function of Rho prenylation by PFIs will offer a promising mechanism for the treatment of breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P6-04-11.
Cold comfort for carers.
Authors: N. Pearce
Journal: BMJ (1992)

uses current investment to defray dividends owing to past investors, which can possibly work only in an expanding economy (and is a questionable business practice).This is now being questioned.The famous buck referred to by Heginbotham stopped with Harry Truman, not some anonymous purchaser health authority.Truman did not avoid uncomfortable decisions, even in 1948 when he fought for his political life.It is in this spirit of personal integrity and accountability that the experimental Oregon scheme should be viewed.
The EPHB6 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Is a Metastasis Suppressor That Is Frequently Silenced by Promoter DNA Hypermethylation in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Jun Yu, Etmar Bulk, Ping Ji, Antje Hascher, Moying Tang, Ralf Metzger, Alessandro Marra, Hubert Serve, Wolfgang E. Berdel, Rainer Wiewroth, Steffen Koschmieder, Carsten Müller-Tidow
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Purpose: Loss of EPHB6 receptor tyrosine kinase expression in early-stage non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is associated with the subsequent development of distant metastasis. Here, we analyzed the regulation and function of EPHB6 in lung cancer metastasis. Experimental Design: The expression levels of EPHB6 were compared among normal lung tissue (n = 9), NSCLC without metastasis (n = 39), and NSCLC with metastasis (n = 39) according to the history of the patients. In addition, EPHB6 expression levels of matched tumor-normal pairs from 24 NSCLC patients were analyzed. The promoter DNA methylation status and its association with the expression levels of EPHB6 were determined among 14 pairs of tumor-normal samples. Metastatic potential of EPHB6 was assessed in vitro and in vivo in a metastasis mouse model. Overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches were used for analysis of the biological functions of EPHB6. Results: EPHB6 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in NSCLC tumors compared with matched normal lung tissue. Decreased EPHB6 expression levels were associated with an increased risk for metastasis development in NSCLC patients. Loss of expression correlated with EPHB6 hypermethylation. EPHB6 expression was induced by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment in an NSCLC cell line. Restoration of EPHB6 expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells increased adhesion and decreased migration. Reexpression of EPHB6 in lung cancer cells almost entirely abolished metastasis formation in non obese diabetic (NOD)/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Conclusions: Taken together, these analyses show that EPHB6 is a metastasis inhibitory gene that is frequently silenced by hypermethylation of its promoter in NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 16(8); 2275–83. ©2010 AACR.
The Culture of Biomedicine: Studies in Science and Culture
Authors: Florence Ruderman
Journal: JAMA (1985)

This slender volume contains 11 essays by physicians, philosophers, ethicists, and others in humanistic fields. The essays are quite diverse, although all deal with various aspects of medicine and have in common the premise that medicine, or science, is not enough; we need morality, or philosophy, or religion, as well. A few of the articles may be described briefly, to indicate the range of topics. Michael Gregory argues that we need a philosophy or world view, that transcends both "reductionist" science and present-day religions or philosophies. David Thomasma discusses medicine's failure to develop a clear set of goals, or ideals, with the result that it simply implements the goals or values of the society (self-love and self-interest). Richard Zaner considers the dilemmas inherent in viewing the body (or matter) as life (thus, the medical student begins his study of "life" with the cadaver, which is dead). James E. Trosko disputes