tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reduced beta adrenoceptor density in vivo in human lung tumours: a preliminary study with positron emission tomography.
Authors: F. Qing, M. J. Hayes, C. G. Rhodes, T. Krausz, S. W. Fountain, M. M. Burke, T. Jones, J. M. Hughes
Journal: Thorax (1996)

BACKGROUND: Reduced beta adrenergic receptor density in tumours has been reported in previous in vitro studies. The aim of the present study was to assess whether this occurs in vivo. METHODS: Pulmonary beta adrenoceptors were imaged and quantified in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) and the beta antagonist radioligand (S)-[11C]CGP-12177 in five men with lung tumours of mean age 58 years (range 42-68). The histology of the tumours was squamous cell carcinoma in two cases, adenocarcinoma in one, carcinoid tumour in one, and large cell carcinoma in one. The regional blood volume and extravascular tissue density were also measured using PET. Regions of interest were drawn for both non-tumour and tumour lung tissue. RESULTS: The mean (SD) blood volume was 0.142 (0.025) ml/ml in tumour regions and 0.108 (0.010) ml/ml in normal lung regions--a difference of 31%. Mean (SD) extravascular tissue density was 0.653 (0.133) g/ml in tumour regions, substantially higher than in normal lung regions (0.157 (0.021) g/ml). On the contrary, beta receptor density was 5.1 (1.8) pmol/g in tumour regions, lower than the value of 9.9 (1.6) pmol/g found in adjacent normal lung--a difference of 48%. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo beta adrenoceptor density is reduced in human lung tumours.
Points: The handicapped child
Authors: D C Horsman
Journal: BMJ (1981)

question about the distinction between a Down's syndrome baby aged 1 week and a fetus of 20 weeks' gestation (28 November, p 1464) has, I think, an answer in a recent article by the legal correspondent of the Lancet.'Killing a baby of 1 week is illegal because in English law it is held to be a "living being" in a way that a fetus of 20 weeks is not (despite the fact that a fetus, or zygote, is even more distinctly alive than most living human tissue and has unique potential).The baby is capable of an independent existence, and so, of course, potentially is a fetus of 28 weeks or more (or perhaps 24 weeks, as discussed recently).Its independence exists even though (as Diana Brahams points out') it may be attached to its mother by the umbilical cord, and obviously is almost totally dependant on it for food....
Paracervical Block Anesthesia in Obstetrics
Authors: Herbert F. Sandmire, Stephen D. Austin
Journal: JAMA (1964)

PARACERVICAL BLOCK ANESTHESIA is receiving increasing attention in the obstetrical literature. Page and associates<sup>1</sup>state that the first published report was by Gellert of Germany who reported 30 cases in 1926. He produced pain relief in the laboring patient by injecting 10 cc of 1% procaine hydrochloride into the parametrium on each side of the cervix. The first two reports in the American literature were by Rosenfeld<sup>2</sup>in 1945 and Freeman and associates<sup>3</sup>in 1956. Recent articles include those by Kobak and Sadove,<sup>4</sup>Page et al,<sup>1</sup>Davis et al,<sup>5</sup>and Pitkin and Goddard.<sup>6</sup> Page et al<sup>1</sup>state that all authors have reported favorable results with paracervical anesthesia, yet few obstetricians have attempted to use it or use it regularly in their practice. With the development of longer acting regional anesthetic agents, it is predicted that interest in paracervical anesthesia will increase. We have
Empirical Studies Assessing the Quality of Health Information for Consumers on the World Wide Web
Authors: Gunther Eysenbach, John Powell, Oliver Kuss, Eun-Ryoung Sa
Journal: JAMA (2002)

ContextThe quality of consumer health information on the World Wide Web is an important issue for medicine, but to date no systematic and comprehensive synthesis of the methods and evidence has been performed.ObjectivesTo establish a methodological framework on how quality on the Web is evaluated in practice, to determine the heterogeneity of the results and conclusions, and to compare the methodological rigor of these studies, to determine to what extent the conclusions depend on the methodology used, and to suggest future directions for research.Data SourcesWe searched MEDLINE and PREMEDLINE (1966 through September 2001), Science Citation Index (1997 through September 2001), Social Sciences Citation Index (1997 through September 2001), Arts and Humanities Citation Index (1997 through September 2001), LISA (1969 through July 2001), CINAHL (1982 through July 2001), PsychINFO (1988 through September 2001), EMBASE (1988 through June 2001), and SIGLE (1980 through June 2001). We also conducted hand searches, general Internet searches, and a personal bibliographic database search.Study SelectionWe included published and unpublished empirical studies in any language in which investigators searched the Web systematically for specific health information, evaluated the quality of Web sites or pages, and reported quantitative results. We screened 7830 citations and retrieved 170 potentially eligible full articles. A total of 79 distinct studies met the inclusion criteria, evaluating 5941 health Web sites and 1329 Web pages, and reporting 408 evaluation results for 86 different quality criteria.Data ExtractionTwo reviewers independently extracted study characteristics, medical domains, search strategies used, methods and criteria of quality assessment, results (percentage of sites or pages rated as inadequate pertaining to a quality criterion), and quality and rigor of study methods and reporting.Data SynthesisMost frequently used quality criteria used include accuracy, completeness, readability, design, disclosures, and references provided. Fifty-five studies (70%) concluded that quality is a problem on the Web, 17 (22%) remained neutral, and 7 studies (9%) came to a positive conclusion. Positive studies scored significantly lower in search (P = .02) and evaluation (P = .04) methods.ConclusionsDue to differences in study methods and rigor, quality criteria, study population, and topic chosen, study results and conclusions on health-related Web sites vary widely. Operational definitions of quality criteria are needed.
Inter-relationships between inflammatory mediators released from colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis and their effects on colonic secretion.
Authors: T D Wardle, L Hall, L A Turnberg
Journal: Gut (1993)

Metabolites of arachidonic acid have been implicated in the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis-they can stimulate intestinal secretion, increase mucosal blood flow, and influence smooth muscle activity. The influence on the mucosal transport function of culture medium in which colonic mucosal biopsy specimens had been incubated was investigated using rat stripped distal colonic mucosa in vitro as the assay system. Colonic tissue from patients with colitis and from control subjects was cultured. Medium from inflamed tissue contained more prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and evoked a greater electrical (secretory) response in rat colonic mucosa than control tissue medium. In inflamed tissue, cyclo-oxygenase inhibition (indomethacin) attenuated PGE2 but increased LTD4 production; conversely lipoxygenase inhibition (ICI 207968) inhibited LTD4 production but enhanced PGE2 output. Each inhibitor alone enhanced the electrical response in the rat colon. Inhibition of both enzymes (indomethacin plus ICI 207968) caused a fall in both PGE2 (82%) and LTD4 (89%) production and in the electrical response (57%). Inflamed tissue treated with a phospholipase A2 inhibitor (mepacrine) produced less PGE2, LTD4, and electrical responses when compared with inflamed tissue, either untreated (91%, 92%, and 79% respectively) or treated with cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition. Incubation with bradykinin stimulated eicosanoid release and electrical response, while a bradykinin antagonist caused a modest inhibition. Analysis of these observations suggests that a combination of arachidonic acid derivatives accounts for about half the secretory response. Other products of phospholipase A2 activity are probably responsible for much of the remainder, leaving up to 20% the result of types of mediator not determined in this study.
DIFFERENCES IN NEUROMUSCULAR ACTIVITY OF QUADRICEPS AND HAMSTRINGS WITH RESPECT TO DIFFERENT LANDING PATTERNS IN FEMALE ATHLETES
Authors: B Malfait, B Dingenen, F Staes, J Vanrenterghem, S Verschueren
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background A high knee abduction moment (KAM) and an erect movement pattern during landing have been suggested as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk factors. Previous research focused mainly on determination of parameters with a predictive value for ACL injuries. However, few studies have investigated neuromuscular activity patterns. Objective To investigate muscular activity of quadriceps and hamstrings with respect to a flexed or erect landing pattern during drop vertical jumps (DVJ) and its association with the KAM. Design Cross-sectional exploratory study. Setting Controlled laboratory study. Participants 48 uninjured female elite athletes were recruited. Based on “peak knee flexion angle” (pKFA) and “peak hip flexion angle” during landing, subjects were subdivided in a “high flexion group” (hip and knee flexion&gt;mean; n=17) or “low flexion group” (hip and knee flexion&lt;mean; n=15). Risk factor assessement 3D movement analysis was used during DVJ. Main Outcome Measurements The root mean square of normalized EMG amplitude was calculated for medial vastus (VM), lateral vastus (VL), medial hamstrings (HM) and lateral hamstrings (HL) from touchdown until pKFA during the first landing of the DVJ. Muscular activity, co-contraction ratios and KAM were compared between groups with independent t-tests. Results Subjects that performed landing with low hip and knee flexion (low flexion group), showed a significantly higher activity of the VL (P=.007), a significantly lower VM/VL activity ratio (P=.01) and a significantly higher absolute and normalized (to bodyweight * height) peak KAM compared to the ones with a high flexion landing pattern (respectively P=.03; P=.02). No significant results were found for hamstrings activity. Conclusions A more erect landing pattern is associated with higher VL activity, a more disproportional medial/lateral activation pattern, and a higher KAM. These associations provide new support to proposed mechanisms of increased ACL injury risk.
The E1B 19K/Bcl-2–binding Protein Nip3 is a Dimeric Mitochondrial Protein that Activates Apoptosis
Authors: Gao Chen, Reena Ray, Don Dubik, Lianfa Shi, Jeannick Cizeau, R. Chris Bleackley, Satya Saxena, R. Dan Gietz, Arnold H. Greenberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Nip3 (nineteen kD interacting protein-3) is an E1B 19K and Bcl-2 binding protein of unknown function. Nip3 is detected as both a 60- and 30-kD protein in vivo and in vitro and exhibits strong homologous interaction in a yeast two-hybrid system indicating that it can homodimerize. Nip3 is expressed in mitochondria and a mutant (Nip3163) lacking the putative transmembrane domain and COOH terminus does not dimerize or localize to mitochondria. Transient transfection of epitope-tagged Nip3 in Rat-1 fibroblasts and MCF-7 breast carcinoma induces apoptosis within 12 h while cells transfected with the Nip3163 mutant have a normal phenotype, suggesting that mitochondrial localization is necessary for induction of cell death. Nip3 overexpression increases the sensitivity to apoptosis induced by granzyme B and topoisomerase I and II inhibitors. After transfection, both Nip3 and Nip3163 protein levels decrease steadily over 48 h indicating that the protein is rapidly degraded and this occurs in the absence of cell death. Bcl-2 overexpression initially delays the onset of apoptosis induced by Nip3 but the resistance is completely overcome in longer periods of incubation. Nip3 protein levels are much higher and persist longer in Bcl-2 expressing cells. In conclusion, Nip3 is an apoptosis-inducing dimeric mitochondrial protein that can overcome Bcl-2 suppression.
Electrocardiographic Artifacts Simulating Atrial Flutter
Authors: Gennarino Borrello
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  Rubenfire recently observed an unusual electrocardiographic artifact simulating atrial flutter. The artifact was only evident in leads II, III, and aV F . The artifact was proven to be due to a broken wire on the left leg electrode. According to Rubenfire, had this artifact occurred in a monitoring situation, auricular flutter would have inappropriately been diagnosed.  We have recently observed an unusual ECG in which involuntary muscle contractions caused simulation of atrial flutter. The ECG showed typical F waves in leads to V 1 to V 2 (Fig 1). Involuntary muscle contractions of the muscle pectoralis major were observed in the anterior chest wall. These myoclonics were probably caused by the cold temperature of the room, because they disappeared immediately after a warm cover was put on the patient (Fig 2). The frequency and size of these muscle contraction waves were quite unusual and might be almost considered
Kidney Function in Cor Pulmonale
Authors: ALFRED P. FISHMAN, MORTON H. MAXWELL, CHARLES H. CROWDER, PABLO MORALES
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion were investigated in two groups of patients with cor pulmonale: group 1 was in heart failure at the time of study, and group 2 had previously been in heart failure. These subjects, who were virtually or potentially in heart failure, were exposed to various levels of oxygenation in order to aggravate acutely or relieve their chronic anoxia. The compensatory adjustments in kidney function to these changes in oxygen tension and their implications constitute the substance of this report.
Ethics in Oncology: Consulting for the Investment Industry
Authors: Jordan Berlin, Suanna S. Bruinooge, Ian F. Tannock
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

As Ethics Committee Chair, I am pleased to introduce the first in an ongoing series of ethics vignettes. These columns, which are based on true-to-life situations that arise in oncology research and practice, are intended to identify and explore important ethical issues and provide commentary that is specific to oncology. Please look for them periodically in both the Journal of Clinical Oncology and the Journal of Oncology Practice. The idea for publishing vignettes evolved through the joint efforts of the Ethics Committee and the Board of Directors. Rather than adopt a single set of ethical principles that applies vaguely to any situation and well to none, the Committee and the Board preferred to tackle ethical dilemmas individually, specifically, and directly. Because the Ethics Committee thought the ethical and legal implications of physician interactions with the investment industry were so important and timely, it chose to address this topic in both a position article, which was previously published in the January 20, 2007, issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology (J Clin Oncol 25:338-340, 2007) and in its first vignette column. The Ethics Committee hopes this column will be the first of several that ASCO members will find helpful as they grapple with the many ethical issues that arise in daily practice in the field of oncology. Because these columns are intended to address the concerns of ASCO members, the Committee welcomes suggestions for future topics at vignettes@asco.org. Martin D. Abeloff, MD, Chair, Ethics Committee
Weather Variability, Tides, and Barmah Forest Virus Disease in the Gladstone Region, Australia
Authors: Suchithra Naish, Wenbiao Hu, Neville Nicholls, John S. Mackenzie, Anthony J. McMichael, Pat Dale, Shilu Tong
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

In this study we examined the impact of weather variability and tides on the transmission of Barmah Forest virus (BFV) disease and developed a weather-based forecasting model for BFV disease in the Gladstone region, Australia. We used seasonal autoregressive integrated moving-average (SARIMA) models to determine the contribution of weather variables to BFV transmission after the time-series data of response and explanatory variables were made stationary through seasonal differencing. We obtained data on the monthly counts of BFV cases, weather variables (e.g., mean minimum and maximum temperature, total rainfall, and mean relative humidity), high and low tides, and the population size in the Gladstone region between January 1992 and December 2001 from the Queensland Department of Health, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Queensland Department of Transport, and Australian Bureau of Statistics, respectively. The SARIMA model shows that the 5-month moving average of minimum temperature (β = 0.15, p-value < 0.001) was statistically significantly and positively associated with BFV disease, whereas high tide in the current month (β = −1.03, p-value = 0.04) was statistically significantly and inversely associated with it. However, no significant association was found for other variables. These results may be applied to forecast the occurrence of BFV disease and to use public health resources in BFV control and prevention.
Failure of rituximab in human immunodeficiency virus-associated multicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Ségolène Neuville, Felix Agbalika, Claire Rabian, Josette Brière, Jean-Michel Molina
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

Two human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who needed etoposide therapy to control exacerbations of Castleman disease received four infusions of rituximab. Clinical and virologic relapses with increased blood human herpesvirus-8 DNA levels occurred in both patients 4 and 24 weeks later and were associated with a worsening of Kaposi sarcoma. Am. J. Hematol. 79:337–339, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Listen to grandmother
Authors: John Dewhurst
Journal: BMJ (2004)

They were the two daughters of a couple originally from Pakistan. Their parents had taken them for a visit of several months to see their homeland and renew family ties. On the day after their return to Britain, I was asked to see them because both were feverish and unwell. Their grandmother, who had come back with them, sat in the corner of the room. It was a hot sunny day, and the curtains were drawn for coolness. The grandmother wore a white garment that almost completely covered her.

Both children had bronchitis. I gave a prescription for antibiotics and asked that they be brought to the surgery in a week's time. …
Association of Adrenocorticosteroid Therapy and Peptic-Ulcer Disease
Authors: Julio Messer, Dinah Reitman, Henry S. Sacks, Harry Smith, Thomas C. Chalmers
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

We reexamined the association between corticosteroid therapy and subsequent peptic ulceration or gastrointestinal hemorrhage by pooling data from 71 controlled clinical trials in which patients were randomized to systemic corticosteroids (or ACTH) or to nonsteroid therapy. Of 3064 steroid-treated patients evaluated for peptic ulcer, 55 (1.8 per cent) had ulcers, as compared with 23 of 2897 controls (0.8 per cent) (relative risk, 2.3; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.4 to 3.7). Of 3135 steroid-treated patients evaluated for gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 78 (2.5 per cent) had bleeding, as compared with 48 of 2976 controls (1.6 per cent) (relative risk, 1.5; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.2). The incidence of ulcers varied directly with the dosage of steroids. When separate analyses were performed for studies that were double-blind, used only oral steroids, used only parenteral steroids, or excluded patients with a history of ulcer, the trend remained consistent but did not always reach statistical significance. This study strongly suggests that corticosteroids do increase the risk of peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Excess smoking in malignant-phase hypertension
Authors: C Isles, J J Brown, A M M Cumming, A F Lever, D McAreavey, J I S Robertson, V M Hawthorne, G M Stewart, J W K Robertson, J Wapshaw
Journal: BMJ (1979)

The smoking habits of 82 patients with malignant-phase hypertension were compared with those of subjects in three control groups matched for age and sex. Sixty-seven (82%) of the patients with malignant-phase hypertension were smokers compared with 41 (50%) and 71 (43%) of the patients in two control groups with non-malignant hypertension, and 43 people (52%) in a general population survey. The excess of smokers in the malignant-phase group was significant for men and women, together and separately, for cigarette smoking alone, and for all forms of smoking. There were no significant differences between the control groups. The chance of a hypertensive patient who smoked having the malignant phase was five times that of a hypertensive patient who did not. Twelve patients in the malignant-phase group had never smoked. All were alive three and a half years on average after presentation (range 11 months to seven years). Twenty-four (36%) of the smokers with malignant-phase hypertension died during the same period. The mortality rate was significantly higher among patients with renal failure, as was the prevalence of smoking. Eighteen patients with malignant-phase hypertension had a serum creatinine concentration higher than 250 μmol/l (2·8 mg/100 ml); 17 were smokers and one an ex-smoker. Eleven of these 18 patients died. It is concluded that hypertensive patients who smoke are much more likely to develop the malignant phase than those who do not, and that once the condition has developed it follows a particularly lethal course in smokers.
Quantitative Analysis of the Electrocardiographic Pattern of Hypopotassemia
Authors: BORYS SURAWICZ, HAROLD A. BRAUN, WILLIAM B. CRUM, ROBERT L. KEMP, SEYMOUR WAGNER, SAMUEL BELLET
Journal: Circulation (1957)

Electrocardiographic patterns typical of hypopotassemia and compatible with hypopotassemia were defined on the basis of the number of electrocardiographic signs of hypopotassemia present in 2 leads (generally leads II and V 3 ). In 50 hypopotassemic patients a good correlation was found between the electrocardiographic pattern and plasma potassium concentration. Appearance of the electrocardiographic signs of hypopotassemia was not prevented by disturbance of other plasma electrolytes or by blood pH.
Lessons from mother: Long-term impact of antibodies in breast milk on the gut microbiota and intestinal immune system of breastfed offspring
Authors: Eric W Rogier, Aubrey L Frantz, Maria EC Bruno, Leia Wedlund, Donald A Cohen, Arnold J Stromberg, Charlotte S Kaetzel
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

From birth to adulthood, the gut microbiota matures from a simple community dominated by a few major bacterial groups into a highly diverse ecosystem that provides both benefits and challenges to the host. Currently there is great interest in identifying environmental and host factors that shape the development of our gut microbiota. Breast milk is a rich source of maternal antibodies, which provide the first source of adaptive immunity in the newborn's intestinal tract. In this addendum, we summarize our recent data demonstrating that maternal antibodies in breast milk promote long-term intestinal homeostasis in suckling mice by regulating the gut microbiota and host gene expression. We also discuss important unanswered questions, future directions for research in this field, and implications for human health and disease.