tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pneumocystis jirovecii infection
Authors: R Miller
Journal: Thorax (2004)

A review of Pneumocystis and the rationale for renaming it

The organism Pneumocystis causes severe pneumonia in individuals with immune systems impaired by HIV, transplantation, malignancy, connective tissue disease, and the treatment thereof. In HIV infected patients it remains a major pathogen in those who are unaware of their HIV serostatus, or who decline to take or are intolerant of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pneumocystis also infects a wide variety of mammals and causes pneumonia in those that are immunosuppressed or immunodeficient. Originally Pneumocystis was thought to be a single species of protozoa. Study of the organism has been severely hampered by the fact that it cannot be cultured in vitro. Over the last 20 years, using molecular biological, immunological and other techniques, Pneumocystis has been shown to be a fungus, to be genetically diverse, host species specific, transmissible from animal to animal, to colonise individuals with minor degrees of immunosuppression, and to cause clinical disease by “new” infection in addition to reactivation of latent childhood acquired infection. More recently the organism causing disease in humans has been renamed Pneumocystis jirovecii . This article highlights some of these recent developments and provides a rationale for the renaming of the organism.

Chagas first identified Pneumocystis organisms in humans in 1909, but they were mistaken for a new stage of the life cycle of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi .1 Within a very short time it became apparent that the organism infected other host species, was not a trypanosome, and was named Pneumocystis carinii in honour of Carini, a colleague of Chagas.2 For many years the organism continued to …
The Skid Row Problem
Authors: David J. Myerson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

IT is the aim of this paper to discuss psychiatric observations made over a three-year period of 101 destitute and homeless alcoholic men, a group hitherto inaccessible to such exploration. The rehabilitation program1 of the Long Island Hospital of Boston, Massachusetts, afforded a psychiatric and medical team the opportunity to study these men both in and out of the hospital.That such a group of men, coming from the Skid Row section of the city, represents the most debilitated type of alcoholic patient is a matter of common observation, although Straus and McCarthy2 differentiate such patients from the true addictive . . .
Pulmonary Toxicity of Thioureas in the Rat
Authors: Angus M. Scott, Gillian M. Powell, David G. Upshall, C. Gerald Curtis
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Administration of alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) to rats causes damage to pulmonary endothelial cells and possibly mesothelial lining cells that together may account for the massive pleural effusion characteristic of thiourea toxicity. Using 35S-thiourea as a model compound, the extent of binding of 35S to lung proteins correlated well with the extent of edema, suggesting that the extent of binding of thiourea metabolites is a measure of lung toxicity. ANTU and phenylthiourea (PTU) compete for 35S binding to lung slices, suggesting that these toxins may act in a similar way. Binding of 35S in lung slices from resistant rats is much less than in controls, and resistance cannot be explained by differences in either whole body metabolism or redistribution of thiourea in vivo. Lung glutathione levels (in vitro and in vivo) in normal and resistant rats following thiourea administration were essentially the same. However, at doses of thiourea that cause pleural effusion, there was an increase in total lung glutathione.
Cytokine expression in healthy mucosal colonic biopsies taken at colonoscopy compared to sigmoidoscopy indicate differences in bacterial signalling
Authors: G. Majsak-Newman, G. K. Pot, L. J. Harvey, A. R. Hart, A. Geelen, B. J. Witteman, E. Kampman, E. K. Lund
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The role of the commensal flora in the maintenance of a healthy mucosa is now recognized1 but there remains a lack of data in relation to the healthy human colon. Array analyses by us, comparing paired samples from 28 patients taken at colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy, have highlighted innate immune responses to be of particular interest. The aim of this study was to assess, in a larger cohort from the same intervention study, differences in IL1β, IL8 and CCL4 (MIP1β) expression between the two bowel preparation methods, where there are differences in bacterial exposure. <h3>Methods</h3> Normal mucosa from three groups of patients with: (1) no apparent colonic disease (healthy, n=60), (2) previous polyps (n=73) or (3) ulcerative colitis in remission (n=37) was investigated as part of The FishGastro intervention study.2 Biopsy samples taken 25 cm from the anal verge at both colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy were compared. Gene expression was analysed by RT-PCR and normalised to POL2 expression. Cytokine profiles of additional biopsies were measured using Luminex technology.3 Data were analysed by ANOVA. <h3>Results</h3> Gene expression of IL1, IL8 and CCL4 were higher in samples taken at sigmoidoscopy than in those taken at colonoscopy (table 1). Levels were comparable for control and polyps patients. UC patients had elevated expression of cytokines in colonoscopy samples but not in sigmoidoscopy biopsies. Protein expression patterns were similar. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Immunomodulatory cytokines are higher in healthy colonic mucosa biopsied at sigmoidoscopy, which has recently been exposed to a ‘normal’ bacterial population and associated metabolites, as compared to samples taken by colonoscopy where the large bowel has been essentially empty for approx. 24h. These data support the concept that immunoregulatory signalling from the lumen occurs in the absence of any breach in the integrity of the epithelial layer and are consistent with results reported previously comparing germ-free and conventionally housed mice1.
Inactivation of Glutathione Peroxidase Activity Contributes to UV-Induced Squamous Cell Carcinoma Formation
Authors: Jennifer Walshe, Magdalena M. Serewko-Auret, Ngari Teakle, Sarina Cameron, Kelly Minto, Louise Smith, Philip C. Burcham, Terry Russell, Geoffrey Strutton, Anthony Griffin, Fong-Fong Chu, Stephen Esworthy, Vivienne Reeve, Nicholas A. Saunders
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (CSCC) are a common malignancy of keratinocytes that arise in sites of the skin exposed to excessive UV radiation. In the present study, we show that human SCC cell lines, preneoplastic solar keratoses (SK), and CSCC are associated with perturbations in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and peroxide levels. Specifically, we found that two of three SKs and four of five CSCCs, in vivo, were associated with decreased GPX activity and all SKs and CSCCs were associated with an elevated peroxide burden. Given the association of decreased GPX activity with CSCC, we examined the basis for the GPX deficiency in the CSCCs. Our data indicated that GPX was inactivated by a post-translational mechanism and that GPX could be inactivated by increases in intracellular peroxide levels. We next tested whether the decreased peroxidase activity coupled with an elevated peroxidative burden might contribute to CSCC formation in vivo. This was tested in Gpx1−/− and Gpx2−/− mice exposed to solar-simulated UV radiation. These studies showed that Gpx2 deficiency predisposed mice to UV-induced CSCC formation. These results suggest that inactivation of GPX2 in human skin may be an early event in UV-induced SCC formation. [Cancer Res 2007;67(10):4751–8]
Time for a smoke? One cigarette reduces your life by 11 minutes
Authors: M. Shaw
Journal: BMJ (2000)

EDITOR—Studies investigating the impact on mortality of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors such as smoking tend to report death rates, death rate ratios, odds ratios, or the chances of smokers reaching different ages. These findings may also be converted into differences in life expectancy. We estimated how much life is lost in smoking one cigarette.

Our calculation is for men only and based on the difference in life expectancy between male smokers and non-smokers and an estimate of the total number of cigarettes a regular male smoker might consume in his lifetime. We derived the difference in life expectancy …
Roentgenograms in Pericardial Effusion-Reply
Authors: James A. Heinsimer
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> We heartily agree with Dunn and colleagues that echocardiography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. The SCTL chest roentgenogram is intended to increase the sensitivity and specificity of the epicardial fat stripe sign—a radiological finding of pericardial effusion that is commonly cited in the radiological literature and employed in clinical practice. In our patients, the SCTL roentgenogram demonstrated the epicardial fat stripe sign in 86% of patients with a large pericardial effusion, as opposed to a 36% demonstration of the epicardial fat stripe sign by conventional lateral roentgenogram. Thus, while the SCTL roentgenogram was not perfect, it afforded a significant improvement for the detection of pericardial effusion over the conventional roentgenographic indicator. Since the inconvenience and cost of this additional roentgenogram view are minimal, the SCTL technique is recommended to improve the roentgenographic assessment of an enlarged cardiac silhouette or suspected pericardial effusion, especially
X-Ray in Leukemia and Pseudoleukemia.
Authors: G. H. Stover
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Denver, July 28, 1904. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I note Dr. Pusey's letter inThe Journal, July 23, in which he refers to some early reports of the Roentgen ray treatment of pseudo-leukemia. In this connection permit me to state that in June, 1902, long previous to Senn's report, I reported the case of Mrs. A. (my Case No. 22) to the Colorado State Medical Society, and the article containing this was soon after published in the<i>Denver Medical Times</i>. In August, 1902, I treated J. B. (my Case No. 81), a most remarkable example of the effect of x-rays in pseudo-leukemia. This was reported to the Denver Clinical and Pathological Society about that time, also included in an article read before the Rocky Mountain Interstate Medical Association at Salt Lake City, August, 1903, included in the transactions of that society, and but recently published in the<i>New York Medical Journal</i>
Metalloproteinases Mediate Mucin 5AC Expression by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation
Authors: Hitesh S. Deshmukh, Lisa M. Case, Scott C. Wesselkamper, Michael T. Borchers, Linda D. Martin, Howard G. Shertzer, Jay A. Nadel, George D. Leikauf
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is marked by alveolar enlargement and excess production of airway mucus. Acrolein, a component of cigarette smoke, increases mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), a prevalent airway mucin in NCI-H292 cells by transcriptional activation, but the signal transduction pathways involved in acrolein-induced MUC5AC expression are unknown. Acrolein depleted cellular glutathione at doses of 10 muM or greater, higher than those sufficient (0.03 muM) to increase MUC5AC mRNA, suggesting that MUC5AC expression was independent of oxidative stress. In contrast, acrolein increased MUC5AC mRNA levels by phosphorylating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/2, or MAPK 3/2(ERK1/2). Pretreating the cells with an EGFR-neutralizing antibody, or a metalloproteinase inhibitor, decreased the acrolein-induced MUC5AC mRNA increase. Small, interfering RNA directed against ADAM17 or MMP9 inhibited the acrolein-induced MUC5AC mRNA increase. Acrolein increased the release and subsequent activation of pro-MMP9. Acrolein increased MMP9 and decreased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), an endogenous inhibitor of ADAM17, transcripts. Together, these data suggest that acrolein induces MUC5AC expression via an initial ligand-dependent activation of EGFR mediated by ADAM17 and MMP9. In addition, a prolonged effect of acrolein may be mediated by altering MMP9 and TIMP3 transcription.
Slow Release of Interleukin-2 from Polymer Implants
Authors: Colin J. Dunn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Letters and Corrections1 November 1988Slow Release of Interleukin-2 from Polymer ImplantsColin J. Dunn, PhD, Nigel D. Stake, PhD, Marilyn M. Hardee, MSColin J. Dunn, PhDSearch for more papers by this author, Nigel D. Stake, PhDSearch for more papers by this author, Marilyn M. Hardee, MSSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-109-9-761_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: The results of studies of patients with cancer have shown that significant T-lymphocyte tumor infiltration, increased HLA-DR expression, and tumor regression can be achieved after the infusion of high doses of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells (1, 2). A major concern, however, with this therapy is the incidence of severe side effects (1, 3). One alternative to high-dose cytokine therapy would be the use of a locally implanted polymer, which would allow the slow release of interleukin and the infiltration of a tumor by lymphoid cells without systemic side effects.We have recently reported (4) a localized...References1. RosenbergLotzeMuul SML. Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1485-92. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. CohenLotzeRobertsRosenbergJaffe PMJSE. The immunopathology of sequential tumor biopsies in patients treated with interleukin-2: correlation of response with T cell infiltration and HLA-DR expression. Am J Pathol. 1987;129:208-16. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. RosensteinEttinghausenRosenberg MSS. Extravasation of intravascular fluid mediated by the systemic administration of recombinant interleukin-2. J Immunol. 1986;137:1735-42. MedlineGoogle Scholar4. DunnHardeeGibbonsStaiteRichard CMANK. Chronic pathological tissue responses to local continual-release of recombinant interleukin-1 (rIL-1), interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and interferon gamma (rIFnᵧ) in the mouse. Fed Proc. 1988;2:A 1821. Google Scholar5. BubeníkIndrová JM. Cancer immunotherapy using local interleukin-2 administration. Immunol Lett. 1987;16:305-10. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: The Upjohn Company Kalamazoo, MI 49001 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited BySustained-release interleukin-2 following intramuscular injection in rats 1 November 1988Volume 109, Issue 9Page: 761-762KeywordsCellsCytokinesInterleukinsLymphocytes Issue Published: 1 November 1988 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Prehospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Andrew D. Weinberg
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—   recent article on prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 1 is excellent within its scope, but it is imperative to emphasize a key phrase: The clinical data suggest that bystander CPR buys valuable time, until definitive procedures (such as defibrillation) can be applied. Basic CPR, in itself, will rarely save a life unless more advanced intervention is available.  To this end, the teaching of advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) has been gaining acceptance in this country. A major impetus behind the increased support for the teaching of ACLS has been the expanded awareness that approximately 330,000 people who die each year of coronary heart disease do so in the first symptom hour. 2,3 Many of these arrests may be reversible. 4 Advanced cardiac life-support training encompasses a wide spectrum of advanced techniques including defibrillation, synchronized cardioversion, central line venipuncture, monitoring and recognition of dysrhythmia, adjuncts for artificial circulation, airway ventilation,
Reply to Matthew Bultitude and Tim O’Brien’s Letter to the Editor re: Guido Dalbagni, Kinjal Vora, Matthew Kaag, et al. Clinical Outcome in a Contemporary Series of Restaged Patients with Clinical T1 Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2009;56:903–10
Authors: Guido Dalbagni
Journal: European Urology (2010)
Frequency dependent myocardial potassium fluxes during adrenergic stimulation of intact pig hearts
Authors: O. Ellingsen, O. M Sejersted, O. A Vengen, A. Ilebekk
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1991)

Study objective – The aim was to determine the frequency dependent myocardial potassium fluxes of intact pig hearts at control inotropy and during β adrenergic stimulation. Design – Atrial pacing rate was suddenly raised and decreased by 50 beats·min−1 at control inotropy and during infusion of isoprenaline, 2.5 nmol·min−1, into the left coronary artery. Experimental material – Nine anaesthetised pigs (21-33 kg) were instrumented for electric pacing of the right atrium and metabolic and haemodynamic recordings. Measurements and main results – Myocardial potassium balance was measured by PVC-valinomycin electrodes in the left atrial cavity and in a shunt (with flow meter) diverting blood from the coronary sinus to the right atrium. Isoprenaline raised net myocardial potassium flux following the change in pacing rate from 19(14-23) to 38(32-46) μmol·100 g−1·min−1 (median, 95% confidence interval, difference: p = 0.03). The corresponding myocardial potassium flux per beat increased from 0.38(0.29-0.45) to 0.80(0.63-0.97) μmol·100g−1 (p = 0.03). Accumulated potassium flux increased from 9(8-11) to 17(11-27) μmol·100g−1, respectively (p = 0.03). Conclusions – In intact hearts β adrenergic stimulation doubles the frequency dependent myocardial potassium flux. This component constitutes 22-25% of the ouabain inhibitable potassium flux at both levels of inotropy.
Patterns of late gadolinium enhancement are associated with ventricular stiffness in patients with advanced non‐ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy†
Authors: Eui‐Young Choi, Byoung Wook Choi, Sung‐Ai Kim, Sang Jae Rhee, Chi Young Shim, Young Jin Kim, Seok‐Min Kang, Jong‐Won Ha, Namsik Chung
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2009)
A prescription for better prescribing: Medical education is a continuum
Authors: Peter Rubin
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A prescription for better prescribing Medical education is a continuumEditor-The editorial by Aronson et al raises important concerns about the preparedness of newly qualified doctors to prescribe safely and effectively, but fails to provide evidence to support the claims that are made. 1 Importantly, the authors assume that the number of curricular hours equates to learning.The General Medical Council issues and regularly updates requirements for the content and outcomes of undergraduate medical education and the first foundation year.We deliberately do not tell medical schools how many hours must be spent on a particular subject: it is the acquisition of our learning objectives that is important.Medical education is a continuum.With respect to prescribing, as with so many other areas of medical education, we expect principles to be learnt and understood at medical school and then put into practice, under supervision, during the F1 year.Our requirements are laid out clearly in Tomorrow's Doctors and The New Doctor and include very clear expectations about the quality and extent of knowledge about the safe and effective use of drugs.Despite the strength of views expressed in the editorial, the authors have not presented robust and generally applicable evidence to show serious inadequacies in the learning of clinical pharmacology in the undergraduate medical curriculum.We look forward, however, to engaging with all interested parties to clarify the issues surrounding this very important subject.
A Case in which Ruptured Tubal Pregnancy Occurred Twice in the Same Patient
Authors: L. Tait
Journal: BMJ (1888)

10oo stages of congestion and inflammation, I consider ought not to he lused when suppuration exists, unless it be brought inlto action in the form of an electrical cauterisation, for tlhe purpose of makin at safe and certain outlet for the matter tlhrouglh the vaginai wall.:3.A galvano-caustic puncture is a -valuable means by wlhich we: may gain two ends: first, to clleck the outbreak of inflammatory -LCt ioIn or to stop its progress; secondly, to live an easy exit to a eollection of fluid, by thte falling of atn esc lar, in any case wlhere tlie cavity containinig suclh fluid is accessible through the upper part of the vaginal wvall.4. -Every inflammatory exudation presenting itself in the vaginal cut *e sac may be treated b)y means of the galvano- puncture, except under the condition which I shall hereafter ilienItion.5. This method may be easily and hlalrmlessly employed for the treatment of certain cases of salpingitis anlid hydrosalpinx, on ae- count of the close relation between the tumours and the vaginal wall.B. In making every galvano-puncture, all the rules wlhiel I have lhitherto laidl down concerninig the seat of the ptincture, its depth, the size of the trocar, the antiseptic precautions, the repose of the patient, etc., inust be scruipuilouisly observed.7. Two negative galvano-punctures, vaginal only, were sufficient in one case of hydrosalpinx to bring about very quickly an im- portant anatomical clange, anid cin p1ete symptomatic cure.
Qualitative Research: Research meets clinical practice
Authors: T. Jaffa
Journal: BMJ (1995)

I am a psychiatrist in a service for adolescents with serious psychiatric illness. I was recently invited to take part in a double blind, multicentre trial looking at the use of a relatively new antidepressant. My involvement would be to identify patients with major depressive illness who would then be screened for their suitability for the study. The study seemed well designed and would of course be presented to the relevant ethical committees.

It remains to be shown that antidepressant drug treatment …
Medical Genetics Casebook: A Clinical Introduction to Medical Ethics Systems Theory
Authors: Mary-Carroll Sullivan
Journal: JAMA (1983)

With her<i>Medical Genetics Casebook</i>, Colleen Clements has done a great service to the interests of theoretical and applied clinical medical ethics. The corpus of general medical ethics literature has become so vast and so nonspecific that unless one is willing or has the time to wade through all of the material to find that which is immediately pertinent to one's clinical specialty, the material is left untouched. Certainly, today's clinical practitioner is an example of a kind of "sensory overload" victim with regard to medical ethics material. However, Clements lays claim to an enormous task in the agenda she establishes for herself in writing this casebook. As the subtitle tells us, she proposes to present a clinical introduction to Medical Ethics System Theory, and in her preface she explains that her book is meant to help bridge the gap between the clinician and the theoretician with regard to medical
Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Flutamide as Adjuvant Treatment versus Observation after Radical Prostatectomy for Locally Advanced, Lymph Node-Negative Prostate Cancer
Authors: Manfred P. Wirth, Lothar Weissbach, Franz-Josef Marx, Wilhelm Heckl, Wilfried Jellinghaus, Hubertus Riedmiller, Birgit Noack, Axel Hinke, Michael Froehner
Journal: European Urology (2003)