tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sexual violence among children is widespread within gangs, report says
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Sexual assault, including rape, is being carried out by children as young as 12 within gangs, says a detailed report from the children’s commissioner for England.

The report, If Only Someone had Listened , is the result of a two year inquiry into child sexual exploitation and gangs.1 It says that young girls are often treated as commodities within gangs, passed around as sexual playthings or used to ensnare rival gang members. Despite increased awareness of child sexual exploitation, too many agencies and services were failing to safeguard children and teenagers effectively, the report concludes.

The deputy children’s commissioner, Sue Berelowitz, said in a foreword to the report, “We have found …
Distribution of Arterial Lesions Demonstrated by Selective Cinecoronary Arteriography
Authors: WILLIAM L. PROUDFIT, EARL K. SHIREY, F. MASON SONES
Journal: Circulation (1967)

The distribution of obstructions exceeding 30% of the normal diameter of the lumen of one or more major coronary arteries was studied in 627 of 1,000 patients who had selective cinecoronary arteriograms. An additional 99 patients had lesser degrees of narrowing, and in the arteriograms of 274 patients, normal arteries were demonstrated. An average of 2.0 lesions resulting in at least 50% luminal narrowing of major arteries was found per patient. The anterior descending coronary artery was involved slightly more frequently than were other vessels. More than 75% of the symptomatic patients had 90% or more obstruction of at least one vessel, and more than 50% had total occlusions of one or more vessels. A single major artery was the site of obstruction exceeding 30% of the luminal diameter in 131 patients (20.9% of the 627 patients), and in 43 of these (6.9%) the other arteries appeared to be entirely normal. Severe involvement of single arteries was most frequent in patients who had myocardial infarction without angina pectoris or in those who had rest pain only. No pattern of arterial involvement was pathognomonic of a clinical syndrome.
Vein of Marshall Cannulation for the Analysis of Electrical Activity in Patients With Focal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Chun Hwang, Tsu-Juey Wu, Rahul N. Doshi, C. Thomas Peter, Peng-Sheng Chen
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Whether or not the muscle bundle within the ligament of Marshall (LOM) can serve as the origin of focal atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown.A total of 28 consecutive patients with paroxysmal AF underwent balloon-occlusion coronary sinus angiograms to identify the vein of Marshall (VOM). Attempts were then made to advance a 1.5-French electrophysiological catheter into the VOM via the coronary sinus orifice. In 17 of the 28 patients (10 of 17 were men aged 38+/-15 years), cannulation was successful. Double potentials were registered in 8 of these 17 patients. The first potential corresponded with local left atrial activation. The second potential was shorter and narrower than the first. The sequence of activation in the second potential in the VOM was proximal to distal. In 6 patients with direct VOM recordings, we documented that the origin of AF was in the muscle bundle within the LOM. Radiofrequency catheter ablation aimed at the insertion site of the VOM successfully terminated AF in 4 of these 6 patients.(1) It is possible to cannulate and to record electrical potentials from the VOM. (2) The characteristics of the double potentials within the VOM suggest that the second potential is from the muscle bundle (Marshall bundle) within the LOM. (3) The Marshall bundle may be the origin of focal AF in some patients.
Sanctions for irregular marketing do "really hurt" drug companies, authority says
Authors: H. Mooney
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The head of the panel that monitors the marketing of drugs in the United Kingdom has defended its system of regulation as being “very strong,” despite persistent offences by one company.

Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals UK was reprimanded in October 2009 for breaching the voluntary code of practice of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry for using marketing material with the strapline “Confidence in colitis.” However, the Prescription Medicines Code of Practice Authority, the arm’s length body that enforces the code of practice on behalf of the association, had to take action against Procter & Gamble again this month over the same offence.

Heather Simmonds, the authority’s director and chairwoman of its code of practice panel, told the BMJ that sanctions levied …
Activation and function of human Hageman factor. The role of high molecular weight kininogen and prekallikrein.
Authors: H L Meier, J V Pierce, R W Colman, A P Kaplan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

The activation and function of surface-bound Hageman factor in human plasma are dependent upon both high molecular weight (HMW) kininogen and prekallikrein. HMW kininogen does not affect the binding of Hageman factor to surfaces, but it enhances the function of surface-bound Hageman factor as assessed by its ability to activate prekallikrein and Factor XI. The initial conversion of prekallikrein to kallikrein by the surface-bound Hageman factor in the presence of HMW kininogen is followed by a rapid enzymatic activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein. The latter interaction is also facilitated by HMW kininogen. Kallikrein therefore functions as an activator of Hageman factor by a positive feedback mechanism and generates most of the activated Hageman factor during brief exposure of plasma to activating surfaces. HMW kininogen is a cofactor in the enzymatic activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein and it also augments the function of the activated Hageman factor generated. The stoichiometry of the Hagman factor interaction with HMW kininogen suggests that it enhances the activity of the active site of Hageman factor. Since HMW kininogen and prekallikrein circulate as a complex, HMW kininogen may also place the prekallikrein in an optimal position for its reciprocal interaction with Hageman factor to proceed. The surface appears to play a passive role upon which bound Hageman factor and the prekallikrein-HMW kininogen complex can interact.
When is a "free" registrar in clinic not free?
Authors: A. S. Lota, C. H. Manisty, R. Sutton, D. P. Francis
Journal: BMJ (2011)

To investigate whether using registrars (doctors undergoing higher specialist training, whose salary is reimbursed) rather than consultants in outpatient clinics saves moneyDevelopment of a formula calculating the economic breakeven point and application to retrospective audit data from 273 outpatient consultations.General cardiology outpatient clinic in a secondary and tertiary referral NHS hospital. Outcomes Difference in probability of a registrar and a consultant making a diagnostic decision that completes a clinical episode. Use of UK costings for consultant salaries and outpatient attendances to determine the economic breakeven point.The formula showed that if a registrar's episode completing probability is 12 percentage points lower than that of a consultant, then using a registrar costs the hospital more. Real life data showed that episode completion probabilities are 43 percentage points lower for registrars than for consultants (26% versus 69%, 95% CI 32% to 54%, P<0.0001).It is wrong to assume that external reimbursement of registrar salaries makes them a money saving option for staffing clinics. The apparent service role of a registrar can be a disservice.
Manjusha Ravindra Gokhale
Authors: R. Gokhale
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) have the potential to generate CD8 T cell immunity that may limit the virulence of an antigenically shifted influenza strain in a population lacking protective Abs. However, current LAIVs exert limited T cell immunity restricted to the vaccine strains. One approach to improve LAIV-induced T cell responses is the use of specific adjuvants to enhance T cell priming by respiratory dendritic cells, but this hypothesis has not been addressed. In this study, we assessed the effect of the TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) on CD8 T cell immunity and protection elicited by LAIVs. Mucosal treatment with poly IC shortly after vaccination enhanced respiratory dendritic cell function, CD8 T cell formation, and production of neutralizing Abs. This adjuvant effect of poly IC was dependent on amplification of TLR3 signaling by nonhematopoietic radioresistant cells and enhanced mouse protection to homosubtypic, as well as heterosubtypic, virus challenge. Our findings indicate that mucosal TLR3 ligation may be used to improve CD8 T cell responses to replicating vaccines, which has implications for protection in the absence of pre-existing Ab immunity.
Youth suicide rate in rural US is nearly double that of urban areas, study finds
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The suicide rate among US youths living in rural counties is nearly double that seen in urban areas, a new study has found.

In the study, reported in the journal Pediatrics , researchers looked at suicide rates among US people aged 10 to 24 from 1996 to 2010. During this period 66 595 youths died by suicide. The most common methods were death by firearm (51.1%), hanging or suffocation (33.9%), and poisoning (7.9%), and other means accounted for 7.1%.1

In rural counties suicide rates were nearly twice as high as …
FIC1, the protein affected in two forms of hereditary cholestasis, is localized in the cholangiocyte and the canalicular membrane of the hepatocyte
Authors: Elaine F. Eppens, Saskia W.C. van Mil, J.Marleen L. de Vree, Kam S. Mok, Jenneke A. Juijn, Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink, Ruud Berger, Roderick H.J. Houwen, Leo W.J. Klomp
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
SPORADIC BACILLARY DYSENTERY IN ENGLAND
Authors: G. W. N. Joseph, J. S. Manson
Journal: BMJ (1927)

The effects of general radiation are clinically no less definite, but many medical men refuse to credit this.Steenbock and Black, of the University of Wisconsin, have shown that ultra-violet rays can reactivate cod-liver oil the antirachitic power of which has been destroyed by heat; and can also confer this power upon other fats, including that present in the human skin.This "explains" their action in rickets in terms of cod-liver oil.Again, Leonard Hill and his co-workers have proved that an erythema dose over about one-quarter of the body surface raises the bactericidal power of the blood.Here is a possible explanation, in bacteriological terms-which, by virtue of thirty years' use, have become familiar and respectable-f the action of ultra-violet rays in tuber- culosis.But when it is stated, for example, that great benefit may result from their use in disseminated sclerosis, in pernicious anaemia, and in Hodgkin's disease, there is no obvious link with familiar facts.*Yet it is generaUy believed that these disorders are the result of toxins, and that these toxins are probably of microbial origin.The bodily resistance to known toxins is raised, by ultra-violet rays, and this stimulation is effective against such widely different organisms as the tubercle bacillus and the cocci of suppuration.Surely, then, it is not very difficult to admit that it may be effective against other, and at present unknown, organisms.It is often said that light treatment is useless, and even dangerous, in phthisis, but by cautious dosage-erythema should be avoided-and a careful selection of cases, much * Since the delivery of this address good results have been obtained in the treatment of the inco-ordination and depression which follow " sleepy Bickniess."
Increased cell membrane arachidonic acid in experimental colorectal tumours.
Authors: M L Nicholson, J P Neoptolemos, H A Clayton, I C Talbot, P R Bell
Journal: Gut (1991)

Tumour cell membrane fatty acid composition was investigated using an animal model of colorectal carcinogenesis. Eighty six male Wistar rats were fed experimental diets containing either 5% saturated fat or 20% saturated fat. Colorectal tumours were induced by intraperitoneal injection of azoxymethane, and control rats received saline. Animals were killed at intervals up to 26 weeks after the last injection of carcinogen for histology and lipid analysis. Cell membrane fatty acids in colonic mucosa and colorectal tumours were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Animals fed the 20% fat diet developed more carcinomas (28 cancers in 14 rats) than those fed the 5% fat diet (14 cancers in 15 rats; chi 2 = 8.03, p = 0.0046) but they did not develop significantly more adenomas (28 and 24 respectively). Cell membrane fatty acid analysis showed a considerable increase in the content of arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) in the tumours (mean (SEM) 11.7 (1.5)%) compared with colonic mucosa (4.2 (0.4)%; p less than 0.05). Dietary fatty acid composition was also found to influence the profile of fatty acids in the colonic mucosa. This study suggests that a high saturated fat diet promotes the malignant transformation of colorectal adenomas. The colorectal tumours were characterised by an increased cell membrane arachidonic acid, the precursor of putative cancer promoting prostaglandins.
Circulating levels of vasoactive peptides in patients with acute bacterial meningitis
Authors: Ronan M. G. Berg, Gitte Irene Strauss, Flemming Tofteng, Tavs Qvist, Lars Edvinsson, Jan Fahrenkrug, Jesper Qvist, Lise Fonsmark, Peter Skinhøj, Kirsten Møller
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2009)
Laparoscopic Sterilization through Cusco's Speculum
Authors: P. Steptoe
Journal: BMJ (1971)

S.J. Steele suggests that the risk of hemorrhage from the inferior epigastric vessels during laparoscopy can be minimized by inserting the trochar and cannula for the biopsy forceps lateral to the rectus abdominal muscle through an area shown  to be free of blood vessels by transillumination.  In another letter P. Steptoe suggests that before the laparoscope is withdrawn the site of entry for the forceps and surrounding area should be inspected to insure no accidental damage.  He also stresses the need for laparoscopic sterilization to be done by fully trained personnel.
ABC of sexually transmitted diseases. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Authors: I Weller
Journal: BMJ (1984)

By definition Not covered by definitionOther tumours.eglymphoma Autoimmune phenomena Chronic persistent lymphadenopathy Mild opportunistic infections Immune abnormalities in healthy individuals ?Asymptomatic carrier state Causes Group affected (first 2000 cases in USA) Homosexuals 1427* (71%) Intravenous drug abusers 513 (17%) Haitians 105 ( 5%) Hoemophiliacs 17t (07%) Miscel laneous 115 ( 6%) * Includes 175 intravenous drug abusers t Includes one hornosexual and one drug addict ;;
The Imperative of Overcoming Barriers to the Conduct of Large, Simple Trials
Authors: Zubin J. Eapen, Michael S. Lauer, Robert J. Temple
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Randomized clinical trials remain the most reliable means of identifying the drugs, devices, and treatment strategies that will improve human health. There is increasing interest in the possibility that “personalized” medicine can be evaluated in much smaller trials because the average treatment effect is expected to be larger in highly selected cohorts. Smaller, biomarkerdriven trials can provide major insights into whom to treat and may be sufficient for selected disease states in which considerable treatment effects may be observed. However, a precise biological understanding of most chronic illnesses and biomarkers that might predict response has eluded investigators. Moreover, treatment effect sizes in chronic conditions are expected to be modest in most cases. As a result, determining the long-term balance of risk and benefit, particularly in comparative effectiveness trials, often requires large numbers of clinical events in representative populations. The conduct of large trials by government agencies, industry sponsors, academicians, and advocacy groups is limited by complexity and cost. As a result, many trials are too small to provide reliable estimates of the risk-benefit balance. Without adequate trials, clinicians will have insufficient guidance on how to meaningfully affect individual and population health. Achieving the “triple aim” (improving patient experience of care, improving health of populations, and reducing per
Maurice Ravel and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Nicholas P. Christy
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Donald Dalessio's<sup>1</sup>perceptive analysis of Maurice Ravel's neurological illness has made a valuable contribution to the history of medicine and to musicology. He infers from the fragmentary evidence available that the composer suffered from presenile dementia—Alzheimer's disease—during the last six years of his life. Dr Dalessio correctly sees the peculiar irony of dementia, with its inevitable tendency toward disorder, for a man like Ravel, whose entire life work was dedicated to precision and lucidity. Linear, neoclassical orderliness characterizes his music; his manuscript scores themselves are models of calligraphy. Ravel's tidiness, dapperness, and passion for order in all things became legendary. To such a person, the deterioration of mental faculties must be particularly distressing. As Dalessio<sup>1</sup>tells us, Ravel's powers began to fail in 1931. Fatigued and unable to compose, he spent inordinate amounts of time playing with mechanical toys. Up to 1936, he could correctly
Radical Surgery: What's Next for America's Health Care
Authors: Mark A. LaPorta
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Joseph Califano, Jr, has been an administrator, attorney, and seasoned Democratic federal bureaucrat. His latest entry into the health care reform contest begins to make penance for the decades of liberal federalist policies to which Mr Califano himself has contributed heavily since he assisted the Johnson administration in spawning Medicare in 1965 and, as the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare during the Carter administration, helped create the Health Care Financing Administration in 1977. His broad perspective provides a valuable historical lesson and some insight into why centrally controlled programs are fraught with hazard:<i>Homo bureaucraticus</i>has an amoral agenda. A recurring analogy to the nuclear arms race reminds us that we have developed the technology but not the philosophy. A relatively easy read, this volume is amusing and enlightening in its recitation of indictments and listing of criticisms of the corruption of health care delivery as it has evolved
Ernesta (Child With Nurse)
Authors: M. Therese Southgate
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
INLYING URETERAL CATHETER IN TREATMENT OF PYELONEPHRITIS AND OTHER RENAL CONDITIONS
Authors: DANIEL N. EISENDRATH
Journal: JAMA (1927)

My object in this paper is to make a plea for the more widespread use of a method of treatment which is not as well known as it deserves to be. In ordinary lavage of the renal pelvis, the ureteral catheter is withdrawn immediately. If, on the other hand, it is left in place for a much longer period (days or weeks) it is spoken of as the inlying catheter method. Guyon, Albarran and other French urologists, as early as 1906, called attention to the value of such prolonged drainage of the kidney in the treatment of calculous anuria and reported a number of successful cases, The application of the method to the treatment of nontuberculous renal infections is of comparatively recent origin. Caulk,<sup>1</sup>in 1917, deserves credit for advocating its use in renal retention of varying degrees. A little later Bumpus<sup>2</sup>reported a number of cases of
Sharing information on violence saved Cardiff 7m in health, legal, and social costs in 2007
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Every pound spent on sharing information about violent incidents between emergency departments and local authorities in Cardiff between 2003 and 2007 led to savings of £82 (€97; $132) in health, social, and criminal justice costs, a cost benefit analysis has found.

In 2007 the Cardiff Violence Prevention Programme slashed £7m from the health, societal, and criminal justice costs caused by violence in the city, say the researchers in the journal Injury Prevention .1

The scheme, which was …
SNAKE VENOM POISONING
Authors: H. L. Joseph
Journal: JAMA (1953)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In their article "Treatment of Snake Venom Poisoning with Cortisone and Corticotropin" (<i>J. A. M. A.</i><b>152</b>:236 [May 16] 1953), Hoback and Green reported that in two cases the bite was from a "copperhead moccasin." To avoid confusion, I believe this should be clarified. The snake involved undoubtedly was either a copperhead (Agkistrodon mokasen) or a water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus). To my knowledge there is no such creature as a "copperhead moccasin." Both the moccasin (water or cottonmouth) and copperhead belong to the family Viperidae (pit vipers).
342 LIVER INJURY AND DEVELOPMENT OF SERUM ANTIMITOCHONDRIAL AUTOANTIBODIES IN AE2A,B-DEFICIENT MICE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LOW LEVELS OF GLUTATHIONE AND INCREASED APOPTOSIS
Authors: A. Ferrer, S. Sarvide, A. Portu, J. Salas, J. Prieto, R. Oude Elferink, J.F. Medina, J.M. Banales
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Hepatitis B Infection in Physicians
Authors: Alexander E. Denes, Joseph L. Smith, James E. Maynard, Irene L. Doto, Kenneth R. Berquist, Asher J. Finkel
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To define the epidemiologic features of occupationally acquired hepatitis B infection among physicians, we conducted a seroepidemiologic survey of physicians attending three American Medical Association conventions in 1975 and 1976. Of 1,192 participating physicians, 220 (18.5%) had serologic evidence of prior hepatitis B virus infection (positive hepatitis B surface antibody). The infection rate was higher among those practicing in urban communities; it increased with the number of years in practice; and among specialties, it was highest in pathologists (27%) and surgeons (28%). The serologic data demonstrated a changing pattern of viral hepatitis related to entry into the medical profession, with hepatitis B accounting for a majority of clinical hepatitis experienced after beginning medical practice. (<i>JAMA</i>239:210-212, 1978)