tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Where next for China?: Doctors' consciences are called on
Authors: Kim D Miller
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Where next for China?Rising inequalities in health and wealth are biggest challenge Editor-I write with reference to the editorial by Liu. 1 Life expectancy in China doubled from 35 to 71 years between 1949 and 2001. 2 China's human development index has been rising steadily, and it ranked 85th among countries with an index of 0.755 in 2003. 2According to China's human development report, the national Gini coefficient for income distribution rose to 0.45 in 2002 from 0.3 in 1982. 2 The average income of the highest income tenth is 11 times that of the lowest tenth? 2Disparities in health indicators between urban and rural areas are widening.Life expectancy is 75.2 years for urban residents and 69.6 for rural residents. 2The human development index is 0.816 in urban areas and 0.685 in rural areas.Rural infant mortality at 34% and maternal mortality at 61.9 per 100 000 births are nearly double that in urban areas (14% and 33.1/100 000, respectively).Rural areas have only 2.4 medical personnel per 1000 residents, compared with 5.2 per 1000 residents in urban areas.Regional disparities are widespread, with the western regions faring the worst.Life expectancy for rural residents is less than 65 in Tibet, Yunnan, and Guizhou.Maternal mortality is also highest in the western regions.Tibet ranked lowest in terms of life expectancy (65.81 years), literacy (47%), and human development index (0.562). 2 The region has the lowest number of doctors and hospital beds in China.Only 15% of the entire population of China can afford medical insurance. 2Only 2% of rural migrant workers currently have unemployment insurance. 2Coercive public health policies include forced abortions. 3hina's ambitious aim of building a society in which people are not rich but have adequate food, clothing, and basic necessities for a decent life 2 will require addressing these widening disparities, prioritising health opportunities for all, and acknowledging the inherent, instrumental and constructive 4 roles of freedom in achieving these goals.
Autotransplantation of Inferior Parathyroid glands during central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tao Wei, Zhihui Li, Judy Jin, Rui Chen, Yanping Gong, Zhenhong Du, Rixiang Gong, Jingqiang Zhu
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)
Sensitivity of some mycobacteria to Rifocin-M.
Authors: P. Cavanagh
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The improvement in his rheumatoid condition was immediate and sustained, so that he was able not only to return to work but, perhaps ill-advisedly, to take on an evening job as well.Reduction in ancillary treatment has also been possible.More remarkable is the fact that this patient has suffered from alopecia totalis for three years and three months, and four weeks after starting treatment was found to have developed some growth of hair on the scalp and elsewhere.This hair-growth has continued, and while it is somewhat patchy and irregular at the moment, it is not just the downy lanugo hair sometimes seen.
Meta-analyses: standardised mean differences
Authors: P. Sedgwick, L. Marston
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Researchers undertook a meta-analysis of the effects of local anaesthesia for pain control during hysteroscopy. Randomised controlled trials were included if they compared local anaesthesia with no intervention, placebo, oral analgesics, or conscious sedation. Participants were women undergoing diagnostic or operative hysteroscopy as outpatients without general anaesthesia. The primary outcome was pain associated with the procedure.1 In total, 15 trials were included. Four methods of administration of local anaesthesia were identified—intracervical, paracervical, and transcervical injections plus topical application. The trials used different scales to assess the pain associated with the procedure, including continuous visual analogue scales and numerical scales. The standardised mean difference in pain between treatment groups (local anaesthesia minus control) was derived for each trial. The results of the meta-analysis were presented in a forest plot, with those for the subgroup of paracervical injections shown (fig 1⇓). Fig 1 Effects of local anaesthesia compared with control treatment on pain during outpatient hysteroscopy for the subgroup of administration by paracervical injection Which of the following statements, if any, are true for the subgroup of paracervical injection of local anaesthesia?
Cytokine interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma release after ischemia/reperfusion injury in a novel lung autograft animal model.
Authors: C Serrick, S La Franchesca, A Giaid, H Shennib
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Previously, we have reported an increase in the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) early after left lung allotransplantation in dogs. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel model of canine lung autotransplantation and to observe whether ischemia/reperfusion injury alone (in the absence of an allogenic stimulus) would result in this cytokine release as seen in the allograft. Thus, using this model, early changes in cellular and cytokine composition in the lung autograft were monitored through the use of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and plasma. The effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury on lung histology and major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) antigen expression were also observed. Ten mongrel dogs were subjected to left lung autotransplantation. Lungs were stored cold for 4 h, with a warm ischemic time of 1 h. BAL, blood, and biopsy specimens were taken preoperatively and 1 h, 4 h, 24 h, and 1 wk postoperatively. The mean BAL IL-2 levels significantly rose from a preoperative value of 150 +/- 19 pg/ml to 246 +/- 67 pg/ml 4 h after transplantation (p < 0.05), decreasing to preoperative levels after 24 h (128 +/- 54 pg/ml). Plasma levels of IL-2 did not change from preoperative values. In contrast to IL-2, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma did not change in either BAL or plasma of the autograft.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Surgeon amputated healthy legs
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2000)

A surgeon in Scotland amputated the legs of two psychologically disturbed men who had nothing physically wrong with them but felt a “desperate” need to be amputees, it emerged this week.

Both men, one from England and one from Germany, had a rare type of body dysmorphic disorder known as apotemnophilia, in which patients are convinced from childhood that they will be normal only once a limb has been removed. The obsession is always with the removal of a specific limb, and each patient had a leg amputated above the knee.

The operations were carried out in …
Hepatitis Types B and Non-B
Authors: James W. Mosley
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Two episodes of acute viral hepatitis occurred in each of 34 patients. One episode in each patient was serologically diagnosable as type B hepatitis on the basis of tests for hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody. The other episode was classified as "non-B" on the basis of seronegativity, reinforced by seropositivity in an alternate bout. An epidemiologic background appropriate to "serum" hepatitis, either transfusion (one bout) or illicit self-injection (46 bouts), was associated just as frequently with serologically non-B episodes as with identified type B disease. The diagnosis of type B hepatitis, therefore, should be made only on the basis of serologic tests specific for hepatitis B virus infection. Other cases of sporadic diseases in adults must be labeled "viral hepatitis, type unspecifiable."
1133. A Phase I Study of Antitumor Vaccination Using Genetically Modified Tumor Cells Expressing α(1,3)Galactosyltransferase in Patients with Refractory or Recurrent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Preliminary Results
Authors: John C. Morris, John E. Janik, Nicholas Vahanian, Leslie Moses, Diana O'Hagan, Lucinda Tennant, Stefania Pittaluga, Wendy Gao, Paul Albert, Tatiana Seregina, Charles J. Link
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Background: Despite new therapies lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. In a phase I trial we examined the safety and feasibility of antitumor vaccination with three genetically altered human lung cancer cell lines (HyperAcute|[trade]| Lung Cancer Vaccine) engineered to express xenotransplantation antigens through retroviral transfer of the murine |[alpha]|(1,3)galactosyltrasferase gene in patients (Pts) with advanced NSCLC. Methods: Pts with stage IV, recurrent or refractory NSCLC, ECOG PS |[le]|2, |[le]|2 prior chemotherapies, adequate nutrition, bone marrow and organ function were eligible for the study. Cohorts of 3 Pts were scheduled to receive intrademal injections of 3 |[times]| |[Lgr]|6, 10 |[times]| 10|[Lgr]|6, 30 |[times]| 10|[Lgr]|6, or 100 |[times]| 10|[Lgr]|6 irradiated vaccine cells every 4-weeks |[times]| 4. Toxicity was assessed using standard criteria and response was determined by RECIST criteria. Immunological responses included anti-|[alpha]|Gal antibody titers, whole cell interferon-|[gamma]| ELISPOT and vaccine site skin biopsies. Results: To date, 9 Pts, 6 men and 3 women, median age 54 (range, 34-72 yrs.), median number of prior chemotherapies 1 (range, 1-2) were vaccinated with up to 30 |[times]| 10|[Lgr]|6 cells. Five Pts received 4/4 vaccinations, 1 Pt received 3/4 vaccinations and 1 Pt received 2/4 vaccinations, and 2 Pts. have received 1 vaccination. Adverse events (|[le]|grade 2) attributable to vaccination include injection site pain/discomfort, local skin reaction, fatigue, and hypertension. Other adverse events (|[le]|grade 2) include bradycardia, cough, diarrhea, dyspnea, headache, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, nausea, pleural effusion, and vomiting. Four patients had stable disease |[ge]|16 weeks (range, 21-36+ weeks), three other Pts progressed and 2 Pts are not evaluable at this time. Skin biopsies 48-hrs after vaccination demonstrated vaccine cells in the dermis with infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils. Conclusions: Antitumor vaccination with genetically altered allogeneic human lung cells expressing |[alpha]|(1,3) galactosyltrasferase is safe and feasible.
Does This Patient Have a Severe Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed?
Authors: F. Douglas Srygley, Charles J. Gerardo, Tony Tran, Deborah A. Fisher
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Emergency physicians must determine both the location and the severity of acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) to optimize the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.To identify the historical features, symptoms, signs, bedside maneuvers, and basic laboratory test results that distinguish acute upper GIB (UGIB) from acute lower GIB (LGIB) and to risk stratify those patients with a UGIB least likely to have severe bleeding that necessitates an urgent intervention.A structured search of MEDLINE (1966-September 2011) and reference lists from retrieved articles, review articles, and physical examination textbooks.High-quality studies were included of adult patients who were either admitted with GIB or evaluated in emergency departments with bedside evaluations and/or routine laboratory tests, and studies that did not include endoscopic findings in prediction models. The initial search yielded 2628 citations, of which 8 were retained that tested methods of identifying a UGIB and 18 that identified methods of determining the severity of UGIB.One author abstracted the data (prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios [LRs]) and assessed methodological quality, with confirmation by another author. Data were combined using random effects measures.The majority of patients (N = 1776) had an acute UGIB (prevalence, 63%; 95% CI, 51%-73%). Several clinical factors increase the likelihood that a patient has a UGIB, including a patient-reported history of melena (LR range, 5.1-5.9), melenic stool on examination (LR, 25; 95% CI, 4-174), a nasogastric lavage with blood or coffee grounds (LR, 9.6; 95% CI, 4.0-23.0), and a serum urea nitrogen:creatinine ratio of more than 30 (summary LR, 7.5; 95% CI, 2.8-12.0). Conversely, the presence of blood clots in stool (LR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.38) decreases the likelihood of a UGIB. Of the patients clinically diagnosed with acute UGIB, 36% (95% CI, 29%-44%) had severe bleeding. A nasogastric lavage with red blood (summary LR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.2-14.0), tachycardia (LR, 4.9; 95% CI, 3.2-7.6), or a hemoglobin level of less than 8 g/dL (LR range, 4.5-6.2) increase the likelihood of a severe UGIB requiring urgent intervention. A Blatchford score of 0 (summary LR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0-0.05) decreases the likelihood that a UGIB requires urgent intervention.Melena, nasogastric lavage with blood or coffee grounds, or serum urea nitrogen:creatinine ratio of more than 30 increase the likelihood of a UGIB. Blood clots in the stool make a UGIB much less likely. The Blatchford clinical prediction score, which does not require nasogastric lavage, is very efficient for identifying patients who do not require urgent intervention.
Effect of Hypersensitivity on Protein Uptake Across the Air-Blood Barrier of Isolated Rabbit Lungs
Authors: Janet F. Braley, Laurence B. Peterson, Christopher A. Dawson, Vernon L. Moore
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

In previous studies with isolated perfused rabbit lungs, we observed that human serum albumin (HSA) and ovalbumin, introduced into the isolated lungs as an aerosol, entered the pulmonary circulation antigenically intact. The “inhaled” proteins were also broken down in the lung. When lungs from animals immunized with one protein inhaled the two proteins simultaneously, absorption of intact antigen was specifically reduced, and there was a nonspecific increase in the appearance of metabolites of both proteins in the blood.
Diabetes after Removal of Insulin Tumours of Pancreas: A Long-term Follow-up Survey of 11 Patients
Authors: D. C. Dunn
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Eleven patients who had islet cell tumours of the pancreas removed over a 20-year period were reviewed. Two had died, one in the postoperative period and one 10 years post-operatively. The remaining nine were traced and eight of them were personally interviewed and tested. All nine were well and free from recurrent symptoms. Five of the eight had evidence of subnormal insulin production in response to oral glucose. Glucose tolerance was impaired in three. Minor anomalies were found in the electroencephalograms of all these patients and major abnormalities in two. The results of this survey suggest that other patients who have had islet cell tumours removed may now have unsuspected diabetes.
A Tale of Metabolites: The Cross-Talk between Chromatin and Energy Metabolism
Authors: Barbara Martinez-Pastor, Claudia Cosentino, Raul Mostoslavsky
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2013)

Mitochondrial metabolism influences histone and DNA modifications by retrograde signaling and activation of transcriptional programs. Considering the high number of putative sites for acetylation and methylation in chromatin, we propose in this perspective article that epigenetic modifications might impinge on cellular metabolism by affecting the pool of acetyl-CoA and S-adenosylmethionine.
Hyperhomocysteinemia Promotes Inflammatory Monocyte Generation and Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Transgenic Cystathionine β-Synthase–Deficient Mice
Authors: Daqing Zhang, Xiaohua Jiang, Pu Fang, Yan Yan, Jian Song, Sapna Gupta, Andrew I. Schafer, William Durante, Warren D. Kruger, Xiaofeng Yang, Hong Wang
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Monocytes display inflammatory and resident subsets and commit to specific functions in atherogenesis. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that HHcy modulates monocyte heterogeneity and leads to atherosclerosis.We established a novel atherosclerosis-susceptible mouse model with both severe HHcy and hypercholesterolemia in which the mouse cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) and apolipoprotein E (apoE) genes are deficient and an inducible human CBS transgene is introduced to circumvent the neonatal lethality of the CBS deficiency (Tg-hCBS apoE(-/-) Cbs(-/-) mice). Severe HHcy accelerated atherosclerosis and inflammatory monocyte/macrophage accumulation in lesions and increased plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels in Tg-hCBS apoE(-/-) Cbs(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, we characterized monocyte heterogeneity in Tg-hCBS apoE(-/-) Cbs(-/-) mice and another severe HHcy mouse model (Tg-S466L Cbs(-/-)) with a disease-relevant mutation (Tg-S466L) that lacks hyperlipidemia. HHcy increased monocyte population and selective expansion of inflammatory Ly-6C(hi) and Ly-6C(mid) monocyte subsets in blood, spleen, and bone marrow of Tg-S466L Cbs(-/-) and Tg-hCBS apoE(-/-) Cbs(-/-) mice. These changes were exacerbated in Tg-S466L Cbs(-/-) mice with aging. Addition of l-homocysteine (100 to 500 micromol/L), but not l-cysteine, maintained the Ly-6C(hi) subset and induced the Ly-6C(mid) subset in cultured mouse primary splenocytes. Homocysteine-induced differentiation of the Ly-6C(mid) subset was prevented by catalase plus superoxide dismutase and the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin.HHcy promotes differentiation of inflammatory monocyte subsets and their accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions via NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated oxidant stress.
Saskatchewan Medical Care Scheme
Authors: F. W. Knox
Journal: BMJ (1964)

BRIITISH 911 use of small amounts of isoniazid.While the use of isoniazid alone for open tuberculosis should be avoided if possible, there are arguiments, as put forward by Canetti, for using isoniazid alone in closed tuberculosis, includ- ing surgical tuberculosis, provided it is given for a sufficient length of time.Dr. Fox has done a considerable service in his lecture by pointing out that problems of chemotherapy in tuberculosis in develop- ing countries are different to those in this country.-Iam, etc.,
Jaundice following open-heart surgery
Authors: H. M. Singh, J. T. Baker
Journal: Thorax (1974)

<b>Singh, H. M., and Baker, J. T. (1974)</b>. <i>Thorax</i>, <b>29</b>, 68-74. <b>Jaundice following open-heart surgery</b>. A study was made into the factors influencing the onset of jaundice in 102 patients undergoing valve replacement during cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative jaundice appeared to be correlated with double valve replacement, the co-existence of an uncorrected valvular lesion, length of perfusion and myocardial ischaemia times, and also the age of the patient. Factors appearing not to be correlated with the onset of jaundice included preoperative pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, parameters of preoperative renal and hepatic function, and the amount of blood used during bypass. The biochemical features of the jaundice seemed to follow a pattern not previously recognized in this context, with sometimes considerably raised bilirubin levels in association with virtually normal levels of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase.
Implementation of government recommendations for immunising infants at risk of hepatitis B
Authors: C P Smith, M Parle, D J Morris
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Babies born to mothers positive for hepatitis B e antigen have an 80% risk of perinatal infection and a 40% risk of death from hepatitis B associated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in later life; babies born to mothers who are positive for hepatitis e antibody are at much lower risk. The Department of Health recommends vaccination at birth and at the ages of 1 month and 6 months for babies born to infected mothers. Babies at high risk should also receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin within 12 hours of birth.1 In 1992 we became concerned that these recommendations were not being carried out reliably in north Manchester. We therefore instituted a new protocol and audited the results.

We produced a neonatal pack for hepatitis B vaccination for attachment to the notes of pregnant women …
Monoclonal B-Cell Lymphocytosis — A Frequent Premalignant Condition
Authors: Guillaume Dighiero
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a lymphoproliferative disorder of B cells, is the commonest form of leukemia in Western countries, with an incidence of 6 cases per 100,000 persons in North America1; since most cases are discovered through an incidental blood count, the prevalence of the disease may be even higher. The median age at diagnosis and at death was 70 and 76 years, respectively, among men and 74 and 81 years, respectively, among women. First-degree relatives of patients are three times more likely than members of the general population to have CLL or another lymphoid neoplasm.2 CLL has a . . .
Abstract 1759: Novel naphthalimide analogs elicit their anti-tumor activity through a dual inhibition of topoisomerase II and Akt signaling pathway
Authors: A.S. Prakasha Gowda, Ugir Hossain Sk, Thomas E. Spratt, Shantu Amin, Arun K. Sharma
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Naphthalimide derivatives such as mitonafide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, have shown antitumor activity both in preclinical studies and in phase I and phase II clinical trials. However, it suffers from severe toxicity issues, especially central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. We have recently reported promising naphthalimide analogs designed by incorporating functional groups such as a isothiocyanate (ITC) group which is present in chemicals found in cruciferous vegetables, in place of N, N-dimethyl group in mitonafide. Some of these agents effectively induced apoptosis in melanoma cells and inhibited cell proliferation, and inhibited melanoma tumor growth by ∼60% without any apparent systemic toxicity issues. The ITC group was incorporated in the structure in an attempt to lower the toxicity associated with mitonafide and also because this functionality has been shown to block PI3K/Akt pathway which is activated in majority of cancer types; Akt3 is activated in 70% of sporadic melanomas. The idea was to generate a compound capable of inhibiting not only topoisomerase II similar to mitonafide but also PI3K kinase. In order to evaluate the underlying mechanism of action, we first evaluated topoisomerase-II inhibitory activity of agents relative to mitonafide to check if the new agents retained this property. Relaxation activity of DNA topoisomerase II was determined by measuring the conversion of supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA to its relaxed form. Our results indicate that the ITC analogs, NNITC-2 and NITC-6, exhibited significant inhibition for DNA-topoisomerase II similar to mitonafide. Interestingly, corresponding isoselenocyanate (ISC) analog NISC-6 was less effective compared to NITC-6 as a topoisomerase II inhibitor; NNISC-2 on the other hand was equally good as NNITC-2. Furthermore, to test our hypothesis that the addition of ITC group into the structure would make it capable of inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway, we examined the ability of naphthalimide derivatives to inhibit the total cellular content of human Akt pathway proteins, by Western blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies, in human melanoma cancer cells (UACC903). UACC903 cells treated with ITC derivatives at 0.5, 1 and 5 μM, showed a rapid decrease in Akt pathway proteins level in a dose-dependent manner. In comparison, ISC analogs were less effective. Detailed results of these investigations will be presented. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1759. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1759