tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Precautions in Care of Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: DOUGLAS W. BLAYNEY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Letters and Corrections1 August 1984Precautions in Care of Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeDOUGLAS W. BLAYNEY, M.D.DOUGLAS W. BLAYNEY, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-101-2-275_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The policy of Franson and colleagues (1) for blood handling precautions for patients suspected to harbor one of the human T-cell lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV) deserves clarification. Reinterpretation of clinical and epidemiologic studies in light of new laboratory information (including recognition of at least three distinct members of this retrovirus family) is in order.The prototype human retrovirus, HTLV-I, is associated with the syndrome of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) as previously described (2). The two patients mentioned by Franson and colleagues (1) (with T-cell lymphoma and with mycosis fungoides complicated by T-cell immunoblastic sarcoma) most likely fit into...References1. FRANSONABRAMSRITCH TRP. Blood-handling precautions and the human T-leukemia virus [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:765. LinkGoogle Scholar2. BLAYNEYJAFFEFISHER DER. The human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, lymphoma, lytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:144-51. LinkGoogle Scholar3. SAXINGERBLAYNEYPOSTAL WDM. Risk of infection of laboratory workers with the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV). Lancet. 1983;2:274-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. POPOVICSARNGADHARANREAD MME. Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patient with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science. 1984;224:497-500. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. . Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): precautions for clinical and laboratory staffs. MMWR. 1982;31:577-9. MedlineGoogle Scholar6. BLAYNEYBLATTNERGALLO DWR. Isolation procedures for patients with leukemia or lymphoma associated with human T-cell leukemia virus [Letter]. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:844. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: *GRUBER HE. The origin of the origin of species. Review of Darwin and the Mysterious Mr. X: New Light on the Evolutionists. By: EISELEY L. The New York Times Book Review, 1979 July 22:16. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 August 1984Volume 101, Issue 2Page: 275-275KeywordsAIDSBloodClinical epidemiologyHuman t lymphotropic virusLymphomaPatientsResearch laboratoriesRetrovirusesSarcoma Issue Published: 1 August 1984 PDF DownloadLoading ...
“Color realism” shows a subjectivist' mode of thinking
Authors: Michael H. Brill
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Abstract Byrne &amp; Hilbert (B&amp;H) assert that reflectances embody the reality of color, but metamerism smears the authors' “real” color categories into uselessness. B&amp;H ignore this problem, possibly because they implicitly adopt a sort of subjectivism, whereby an object is defined by the percepts (or more generally by the measurements) it engenders. Subjectivism is unwieldy, and hence prone to such troubles.
Book Review Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health and Preventive Medicine Thirteenth edition. Edited by John M. Last and Robert B. Wallace, with six others. 1257 pp., illustrated. Norwalk, Conn., Appleton and Lange, 1992. $120. 0-8385-6188-8
Authors: David R. Ragland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)
Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism. Proceedings of the Symposium on Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism, Milan 1960
Authors: Lemuel D. Wright
Journal: JAMA (1962)

This publication presents in book form 84 papers presented at a symposium on Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism held in Milan, Italy, in 1960. Although the conference was international in scope and included contributions from most of the laboratories with active programs in lipid metabolism, better than 75% of the papers are in English. All have English summaries. The papers are grouped under the following major headings: Recent Data on the Metabolism of Cholesterol and of Lipids; Experimental Methods for Evaluating Drugs Affecting the Metabolism of Cholesterol and of Lipids; Drugs Affecting the Lipid Metabolism in Relation to Experimental Atherosclerosis; Therapeutic Value of Drugs Affecting the Lipid Metabolism.  As might be expected, a majority of the contributions are concerned with fundamental lipid biochemistry and involve work with various in vitro systems or laboratory animals. The scientific standing of the contributors to this aspect of the program and the high quality of
Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Diesel Traffic in Persons with Asthma
Authors: James McCreanor, Paul Cullinan, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, James Stewart-Evans, Eleni Malliarou, Lars Jarup, Robert Harrington, Magnus Svartengren, In-Kyu Han, Pamela Ohman-Strickland, Kian Fan Chung, Junfeng Zhang
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Air pollution from road traffic is a serious health hazard, and people with preexisting respiratory disease may be at increased risk. We investigated the effects of short-term exposure to diesel traffic in people with asthma in an urban, roadside environment.We recruited 60 adults with either mild or moderate asthma to participate in a randomized, crossover study. Each participant walked for 2 hours along a London street (Oxford Street) and, on a separate occasion, through a nearby park (Hyde Park). We performed detailed real-time exposure, physiological, and immunologic measurements.Participants had significantly higher exposures to fine particles (<2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter), ultrafine particles, elemental carbon, and nitrogen dioxide on Oxford Street than in Hyde Park. Walking for 2 hours on Oxford Street induced asymptomatic but consistent reductions in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (up to 6.1%) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (up to 5.4%) that were significantly larger than the reductions in FEV1 and FVC after exposure in Hyde Park (P=0.04 and P=0.01, respectively, for the overall effect of exposure, and P<0.005 at some time points). The effects were greater in subjects with moderate asthma than in those with mild asthma. These changes were accompanied by increases in biomarkers of neutrophilic inflammation (sputum myeloperoxidase, 4.24 ng per milliliter after exposure in Hyde Park vs. 24.5 ng per milliliter after exposure on Oxford Street; P=0.05) and airway acidification (maximum decrease in pH, 0.04% after exposure in Hyde Park and 1.9% after exposure on Oxford Street; P=0.003). The changes were associated most consistently with exposures to ultrafine particles and elemental carbon.Our observations serve as a demonstration and explanation of the epidemiologic evidence that associates the degree of traffic exposure with lung function in asthma.
Iron, Aspirin, and Heart Disease Risk
Authors: Jerome L. Sullivan
Journal: JAMA (1982)

To the Editor.—  Several studies during the past three decades have examined the effects of long-term aspirin use on heart disease risk. 1 Definite proof that aspirin lowers risk has been elusive. Protective effects are often found but are rarely statistically significant. As a working hypothesis, it has been widely supposed that aspirin might confer protection against heart disease through its antithrombotic action in coronary arteries. A recent hypothesis 2 on iron and the sex difference in heart disease risk suggests an alternative mechanism by which long-term aspirin use might reduce cardiovascular risk.  The hypothesis is that the greater risk of heart disease in men and postmenopausal women in affluent societies in comparison with premenopausal women results from their higher levels of stored iron. Hysterectomy increases cardiovascular risk in young women whether or not the ovaries are removed. 3,4 One interpretation is that cessation of menstrual blood loss alone is
Hypoxia Regulates Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Expression to Promote Breast Carcinoma Cell Survival and Invasion
Authors: Katerina Mardilovich, Leslie M. Shaw
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) belongs to the IRS family of adaptor proteins that function as signaling intermediates for growth factor, cytokine, and integrin receptors, many of which have been implicated in cancer. Although the IRS proteins share significant homology, distinct functions have been attributed to each family member in both normal and tumor cells. In cancer, IRS-2 is positively associated with aggressive tumor behavior. In the current study, we show that IRS-2 expression, but not IRS-1 expression, is positively regulated by hypoxia, which selects for tumor cells with increased metastatic potential. We identify IRS-2 as a novel hypoxia-responsive gene and establish that IRS-2 gene transcription increases in a hypoxia-inducible factor–dependent manner in hypoxic environments. IRS-2 is active to mediate insulin-like growth factor I–dependent signals in hypoxia, and enhanced activation of Akt in hypoxia is dependent on IRS-2 expression. Functionally, the elevated expression of IRS-2 facilitates breast carcinoma cell survival and invasion in hypoxia. Collectively, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which IRS-2 contributes to the aggressive behavior of hypoxic tumor cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(23):8894–901]
Primary Cardiac Amyloidosis: An Angiocardiographic Clue to Early Diagnosis
Authors: WILLIAM F. MAULE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Restrictive cardiomyopathy produced by primary cardiac amyloidosis may have a clinical syndrome identical to noncalcific constrictive pericarditis. We report two patients with amyloidosis and restrictive physiology who had enlarged papillary muscles shown on left ventricular angiocardiogram. Rapid volume expansion with normal saline failed to produce ventricular filling pressure equilibration as in occult constrictive pericarditis. The absence of diastolic pressure equilibration and enlarged papillary muscles may permit early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis.
Attenuation of HIV-associated human B cell exhaustion by siRNA downregulation of inhibitory receptors
Authors: Lela Kardava, Susan Moir, Wei Wang, Jason Ho, Clarisa M. Buckner, Jacqueline G. Posada, Marie A. O’Shea, Gregg Roby, Jenny Chen, Hae Won Sohn, Tae-Wook Chun, Susan K. Pierce, Anthony S. Fauci
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Chronic immune activation in HIV-infected individuals leads to accumulation of exhausted tissue-like memory B cells. Exhausted lymphocytes display increased expression of multiple inhibitory receptors, which may contribute to the inefficiency of HIV-specific antibody responses. Here, we show that downregulation of B cell inhibitory receptors in primary human B cells led to increased tissue-like memory B cell proliferation and responsiveness against HIV. In human B cells, siRNA knockdown of 9 known and putative B cell inhibitory receptors led to enhanced B cell receptor–mediated (BCR-mediated) proliferation of tissue-like memory but not other B cell subpopulations. The strongest effects were observed with the putative inhibitory receptors Fc receptor–like–4 (FCRL4) and sialic acid–binding Ig-like lectin 6 (Siglec-6). Inhibitory receptor downregulation also led to increased levels of HIV-specific antibody-secreting cells and B cell–associated chemokines and cytokines. The absence of known ligands for FCRL4 and Siglec-6 suggests these receptors may regulate BCR signaling through their own constitutive or tonic signaling. Furthermore, the extent of FCLR4 knockdown effects on BCR-mediated proliferation varied depending on the costimulatory ligand, suggesting that inhibitory receptors may engage specific pathways in inhibiting B cell proliferation. These findings on HIV-associated B cell exhaustion define potential targets for reversing the deleterious effect of inhibitory receptors on immune responses against persistent viral infections.
Role of calcitonin in diarrhoea associated with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
Authors: T M Cox, E A Fagan, C J Hillyard, D J Allison, V S Chadwick
Journal: Gut (1979)

Severe watery diarrhoea in a patient with medullary thryoid carcinoma and high calcitonin levels was associated with increased distal ileal flow. Plasma from the patient inhibited small intestinal fluid absorption in dogs without affecting mucosal cyclic AMP levels. When calcitonin was removed from the plasma, the effect in experimental bowel loops was abolished but could be restored on restitution of comparable hormone levels with pure calcitonin. These studies, combined with the failure to find evidence of increased prostaglandin activity in the patient, suggest that circulating calcitonin may be a major cause of the diarrhoea in medullary thyroid carcinoma.
A CLINICAL STUDY OF WIDAL'S SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER.
Authors: JOHN H. MUSSER
Journal: JAMA (1897)

The method employed was as follows: A drop of blood was taken from the previously cleaned finger of the patient suspected to be suffering from typhoid fever. This drop of blood was allowed to dry on a cover-glass or microscopic slide and was then taken to the laboratory.  The dried blood was dissolved in one drop of distilled water, at the time of making the test. One platinum loopful of this solution was added to nine platinum loopfuls of a pure bouillon culture of the typhoid bacillus, which was not more than twenty-four hours old. This mixture was then studied in the hanging drop.  These drops were examined from time to time until it was definitely established that the reaction was present or absent. In case the motility of the organisms was still present in the evening, when the light failed, the preparations were put aside in a warm room
The complement system in ischemic heart disease.
Authors: M Yasuda, K Takeuchi, M Hiruma, H Iida, A Tahara, H Itagane, I Toda, K Akioka, M Teragaki, H Oku
Journal: Circulation (1990)

The mechanisms by which tissue injury after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) occurs has not been fully elucidated. Recent evidence in experimental models has suggested involvement of the complement system in microvascular and macrovascular injury subsequent to AMI. With respect to angina pectoris, whether or not the complement system is activated is not clear. The present study assessed the role of complement as a mediator of myocardial inflammation by quantifying products of complement activation, including C3d, C4d, Bb, and SC5b-9 complexes, in 31 patients with AMI, 17 patients with unstable angina pectoris, 19 patients with stable angina pectoris, and 20 normal volunteers. The plasma C3d levels increased in patients with AMI and in those with unstable angina pectoris (p less than 0.01). The plasma levels of C4d, Bb, and SC5b-9 increased only in patients with AMI (p less than 0.01). The plasma SC5b-9 level was related to peak creatine phosphokinase (r = 0.71) and inversely related to the ejection fraction (r = -0.71). The plasma SC5b-9 level of patients with congestive heart failure was higher than that of patients without congestive heart failure in AMI. These results show that activation of complement system occurs after AMI and show an association of myocardial damage with complement activation. With respect to angina pectoris, the complement system is mildly activated in patients with unstable angina pectoris; however, the cardiac function of patients with unstable angina pectoris is not damaged. The complement system of patients with stable angina pectoris is not activated.
Correlation between Nuclear Factor- κ B Activity in Bronchial Brushing Samples and Lung Dysfunction in an Animal Model of Asthma
Authors: FABRICE BUREAU, GIUSEPPINA BONIZZI, NATHALIE KIRSCHVINK, SYLVIE DELHALLE, DANIEL DESMECHT, MARIE-PAULE MERVILLE, VINCENT BOURS, PIERRE LEKEUX
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, in which many inflammatory genes are overexpressed. Transcription factor, nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B), which is thought to control the transcriptional initiation of inflammatory genes, has been poorly investigated in asthma. In the present report, bronchial cells (BCs), recovered by bronchial brushing in healthy and heaves-affected horses (i.e., an animal model of asthma), were assessed for NF- κ B activity. Small amounts of active NF- κ B were present in BCs of healthy horses, whereas high levels of NF- κ B activity was found during crisis (i.e., acute airway obstruction) in all heaves-affected horses. Three weeks after the crisis, the level of NF- κ B activity found in BCs of heaves-affected horses was highly correlated (p < 0.01) to the degree of residual lung dysfunction. Unexpectedly, active NF- κ B complexes found in BCs of heaves-affected horses were mainly p65 homodimers, rather than classic p65–p50 heterodimers. At last, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression paralleled p65 homodimers activity in these cells. These results demonstrate that the kinetics of NF- κ B activity is strongly related to the course of the disease and confirm the relevance of NF- κ B as a putative target in asthma therapy. Moreover, uncommon p65 homodimers could transactivate, in BCs, a subset of genes, such as ICAM-1, characteristic of chronic airway inflammation.
AN EVALUATION OF THERAPY IN INFANTILE ECZEMA
Authors: LEWIS WEBB HILL
Journal: JAMA (1949)

In 1922 I wrote that with painstaking and intelligent care most cases of infantile eczema can be cured entirely. In 1934 I said that the treatment of eczema may be summarized in six words: "Find the cause and remove it." These statements were due to the optimism of youth. The condition in many cases cannot be cured entirely, and finding the cause does not happen as often as the books tell us. In 1948 I say, "Infantile eczema is a perplexing and exasperating disease to treat, and I wish I understood it better." When one is treating an infant with eczema one is dealing with a patient who is diligently and ingeniously working against him twenty-four hours a day; no skin can heal when it is continually rubbed and scratched. Another difficulty is that atopic dermatitis, which comprises about 75 per cent of "eczema" in the young, has as its
Medicine in the USA: historical vignettes. VIII. Germ theory and its influence
Authors: L. S. King
Journal: JAMA (1983)

In the latter 19th century, the explosive growth of bacteriology transformed both the theory and the practice of medicine. This success, of course, depended on the advances made in other disciplines, yet in the popular mind the "germ theory of disease" became the symbol of progress in medical science. Today the word "germ" has no scientific standing. If used at all in lay speech, it refers to bacteria or other infectious agents that "cause" disease. This usage, however, has only a slender connection with the original meaning, namely, something primordial or rudimentary, out of which something mature will develop. We see this sense in the metaphorical phrase, "the germ of an idea." In the earlier 19th century, the meaning of "germ" was explicitly that of a seed out of which something will grow, and the connection of seeds and disease expanded gradually over a tortuous route. At that time, three
Phosphorylation of FOXP3 controls regulatory T cell function and is inhibited by TNF-α in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Hong Nie, Yingxia Zheng, Runsheng Li, Taylor B Guo, Dongyi He, Lei Fang, Xuebin Liu, Lianbo Xiao, Xi Chen, Bing Wan, Y Eugene Chin, Jingwu Z Zhang
Journal: Nature Medicine (2013)
Intensive care of the patient with cirrhosis
Authors: Jody C. Olson, Julia A. Wendon, David J. Kramer, Vicente Arroyo, Rajiv Jalan, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, Patrick S. Kamath
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Acute deterioration of patients with cirrhosis manifests as multiple organ failure requiring admission to an intensive care unit. Precipitating events may be viral hepatitis, typically in Asia, and drug or alcoholic hepatitis and variceal hemorrhage in the West. Patients with cirrhosis in the intensive care unit have a high mortality, and each admission is associated with a mean charge of US $116,200. Prognosis is determined by the number of organs failing (sequential organ failure assessment [SOFA] score), the presence of infection, and the degree of liver dysfunction (Child-Turcotte-Pugh or Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores). The most common organ failing is the kidney; sepsis is associated with further deterioration in liver function by compromise of the microcirculation. Care of these critically ill patients with impending multiple organ failure requires a team approach with expertise in both hepatology and critical care. Treatment is aimed at preventing further deterioration in liver function, reversing precipitating factors, and supporting failing organs. Liver transplantation is required in selected patients to improve survival and quality of life. Treatment is futile in some patients, but it is difficult to identify these patients a priori . Artificial and bioartificial liver support systems have thus far not demonstrated significant survival benefit in these patients. (Hepatology 2011)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Bradley T. Thach
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most common diagnosis in infants who die at one month to one year of age. After two decades of increased public awareness and intensified research into the causes and prevention of SIDS, its cause or causes are unknown and its prevalence is unchanged. In this issue of the Journal, Bass and associates report on 26 consecutive cases of sudden unexpected death in young infants, in 23 of whom the medical examiner subsequently diagnosed SIDS.1 Bass et al. conducted an independent detailed investigation of the scene of death. On the basis of this . . .
Clonal analysis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with "cytogenetically independent" cell populations.
Authors: C H Pui, W H Raskind, G R Kitchingman, S C Raimondi, F G Behm, S B Murphy, W M Crist, P J Fialkow, D L Williams
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is generally regarded as a clonal disease in which a single abnormal progenitor cell gives rise to neoplastic progeny. Five of 463 cases of childhood ALL with adequately banded leukemic cells were found to have two cytogenetically independent cell populations. In addition, two of the four cases tested had more than two rearranged immunoglobulin genes and (or) T cell receptor genes. To investigate the clonality of these unusual leukemias, we examined the neoplastic cells for X-linked markers extrinsic to the disease. Leukemic cells from each of the three patients heterozygous for an X-linked, restriction fragment length polymorphism showed a single active parental allele, suggesting that both apparently independent cell populations developed from a common progenitor. These cases provide evidence that leukemogenesis involves a multistep process of mutation and suggest that karyotypic abnormalities may be a late event of malignant transformation.