tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Science, medicine, and the future: Onchocerciasis
Authors: A. Hoerauf
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the worms are targets for a new therapeutic approach Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, caused by the filaria Onchocerca volvulus, affects more than 17 million people in Africa, Latin America, and Yemen.The microfilaricidal agent ivermectin is the principal means of controlling the disease, through mass treatment.Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria in filarias have emerged as a new target for treatment with drugs that lead to long term sterilisation of adult female filarias.Participants at recent international meetings have agreed that anti-Wolbachia chemotherapy with doxycycline (currently for six weeks) could be used to treat infected individuals.This approach holds promise for new developments based on registered antibiotics that are affordable in resource poor settings, as extensive registration processes are not needed.Recent experimental findings also indicate that endotoxin-like molecules from Wolbachia have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease and in adverse reactions after treatment.
Leukopenia After Postmastectomy Irradiation
Authors: D. L. Wishart
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It occurs to me it would have been instructive to match the patients in Drs Lewis and Paterson's study with a similar population not receiving postmastectomy radiotherapy. Are we certain that the surgical procedures and whatever other attendant routines are carried out at Rochester General Hospital do not produce a leukopenia? Drs Paterson and Lewis indicate that they plan to continue this study; it seems reasonable that a matched control population should be included.
Peripheral expansion of pre-existing mature T cells is an important means of CD4+ T-cell regeneration HIV-infected adults
Authors: Robert E. Walker, Charles S. Carter, Linda Muul, Ven Natarajan, Betsey R. Herpin, Susan F. Leitman, Harvey G. Klein, Craig A. Mullen, Julia A. Metcalf, Michael Baseler, Judith Falloon, Richard T. Davey, Joseph A. Kovacs, Michael A. Polis, Henry Masur, R. Michael Blaese, H. Clifford Lane
Journal: Nature Medicine (1998)
THE NEW MENTAL HEALTH ACT IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: W. S. MACLAY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

The new Act has received a warm welcome throughout the country. One reason for this is the change in public attitude. Mental disorder is much more reasonably tolerated than was the case 50 years ago and this has made many old restrictions unnecessary and undesirable. The new Act makes it possible to stop enforcing them and makes legal procedure less complex and cumbersome. It shows a hopeful confidence in doctors, administrators and in an enlightened public. In this article an attempt has been made to describe some of the Act's more important features and the discussion which they have raised.
The cost of atopic dermatitis in the Netherlands: an international comparison
Authors: P. Verboom, L. Hakkaart-Van Roijen, M. Sturkenboom, R. De Zeeuw, H. Menke, F. Rutten
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Summary Background Only a few international studies have assessed the economic burden of atopic dermatitis (AD), and no costs-of-illness study for AD has been done for the Netherlands. Objectives To estimate the incidence, prevalence and health-care costs of AD in the Netherlands and to put these in an international perspective. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study by using the data of an information system of general practitioners (GPs). To calculate the health-care costs at the primary care level we assessed medical resources utilization. We assessed the costs of patients with more severe AD from a retrospective study of patient files at the department of dermatology of a general hospital. We compared our results with costs-of-illness studies for other countries. Results The overall general population incidence and prevalence of AD were 0·8% and 2·3%, respectively. The incidence and prevalence were high among children until the age of 6 years, respectively, 3·1% and 11·3%, but decreased rapidly thereafter. The total mean health-care costs per patient were US$71. The most significant costs were due to visits to the GP (US$32) and medication, mostly corticosteroids (US$21). Young children were treated more often with emollients alone. Only 7·8% of patients were referred to a specialist. The mean costs for these patients were US$186. Costs-of-illness studies for Australia, Germany, the U.K., the U.S.A. and the Netherlands suggested that the costs associated with AD vary considerably across countries. Estimates of the costs-of-illness for AD ranged from US$71 in the Netherlands to US$2559 in Germany per patient due to variation in the study population (GP vs. hospital) and the number of cost components included. Studies that included costs due to the time spent on treatment had relatively high estimates. Conclusions The prevalence and incidence of AD are high among young children. In general, the health-care costs for AD were low. Patients' out-of-pocket costs were relatively high.
MANAGEMENT OF INTRACTABLE PAIN WITH ANALGESIC BLOCKS
Authors: John J. Bonica
Journal: JAMA (1952)

The management of intractable pain has been a difficult clinical problem that for centuries has taxed the diagnostic acumen and therapeutic skill of physicians. This has been due, in large measure, to the fact that until recently the fundamental nature of pain and pain mechanisms has not been well understood, and consequently the methods of diagnosis and therapy have in most instances been crude and empirical. During the past several decades the problem has captured the imagination of many brilliant laboratory and clinical investigators who have spent a great deal of effort and energy in unraveling the mysteries of pain. As a result of this coordinated scientific study, there is today a better understanding of the mechanisms of pain and consequently a more scientific approach to its management.  METHODS OF PAIN MANAGEMENT  The most rational therapy for pain should involve the interruption of the mechanism producing it. The first and
Liver cirrhosis is the major predictive factor of mortality on icteric flare-up of chronic hepatitis B irrespective of the use lamivudine treatment
Authors: H.L.Y. Chan, S.W.C. Tsang, Y. Hui, A.M.Y. Yu, N.W.Y. Leung, F.K.L. Chan, J.J.Y. Sung
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Development of new IgE specificities to allergenic components in birch pollen extract during specific immunotherapy studied with immunoblotting and Pharmacia CAP System<sup>™</sup>
Authors: R. Movérare, L. Elfman, E. Vesterinen, T. Metso, T. Haahtela
Journal: Allergy (2002)

Background: New IgE sensitizations to proteins in allergen extracts have been shown to occur during allergen‐specific immunotherapy (IT). However little is known about the kinetics of the changes in antibody reactivities. Methods: Twenty‐four allergic children and adults were treated with birch pollen rush IT (RIT). Fifteen matched patients served as allergic controls. Sera were obtained at regular intervals for up to three years and analyzed with immunoblotting and Pharmacia CAP System ™ with recombinant (r) birch pollen allergens (rBet v 1, rBet v 2, and rBet v 4). Results: All birch‐allergic patients had specific IgE to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, but only three had IgE to rBet v 2 and/or rBet v 4 at the beginning of the study. New IgE sensitizations developed in 65% of the birch RIT‐treated patients when studied by immunoblotting. Twenty‐nine percent of the patients developed new sensitizations to rBet v 2 and/or rBet v 4 during RIT as measured by Pharmacia CAP System. Generally, new specific IgE reactivities occurred after at least one year of RIT, and only at low levels (&lt; 1 kU A /l). Conclusions: Sensitization to additional allergenic pollen components frequently occurs during prolonged birch RIT. However, the IgE levels are low and the clinical relevance is not known.
Adhesive protein expression on endothelial cells after contact in vitro with polyethylene terephthalate coated with pyrolytic carbon
Authors: E. Cenni, D. Granchi, C.R. Arciola, G. Ciapetti, L. Savarino, S. Stea, D. Cavedagna, A. Di Leo, A. Pizzoferrato
Journal: Biomaterials (1995)
THE REPORT OF A CASE OF FATTY URINE ACCOMPANYING AN ABSCESS IN THE RIGHT ILIAC FOSSA—RECOVERY.Read in the Section of Practice of Medicine and Physiology, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D. C. May, 1891.
Authors: J. P. CONNELLY
Journal: JAMA (1891)

Mrs. W., colored, aged 27, born in Pennsylvania, and never resided outside the borders of the State. Gave birth to a living child at 16; has never been pregnant since. Had good health for the first five years following the birth of her child. During the last six years, has had irregular chills followed by fever lasting from two to five days. No disturbance of the menstrual functions. Bowels have always been regular, and she never had pain in the region of the cæcum. On Thursday, January 9, 1890, she was taken with headache and backache, and then a severe rigor followed by high fever. I saw her on Saturday, January 11. She had then temperature 104, pulse 120, a heavy white coat on tongue, and in addition to the general symptoms accompanying fever, complained of a pain in the right iliac region, where a deeply seated tumor, giving an
Nephrotoxic Effects of Penicillamine in Cystinuria
Authors: Leon E. Rosenberg
Journal: JAMA (1967)

In three female patients with cystinuria, marked proteinuria developed after two to 36 months of therapy with penicillamine (D-penicillamine). The proteinuria disappeared after cessation of treatment. We conclude that penicillamine as well as DL-penicillamine can cause serious nephrotoxicity and that all patients treated with this drug must be followed up indefinitely for evidence of this complication. The mechanism of the observed nephrotoxicity is under current investigation.
Human pancreatitis and the role of cathepsin B
Authors: M M Lerch
Journal: Gut (2006)

Reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been reported in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lungs of severe emphysema patients. Airway epithelial cells (AEC) are exposed to various environmental insults like cigarette smoke and bacterial infections, but their direct effect on VEGF production in well-differentiated primary human AEC remains unclear. The current authors determined the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) alone and in combination with <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> (<i>Mp</i>) on VEGF production in well-differentiated primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) and small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) in air–liquid interface cultures. Secretion and expression of VEGF were determined by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Cell growth, apoptosis, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and protein kinase (PK)C signalling pathways were evaluated to further dissect VEGF regulation under CSE treatment. CSE significantly reduced VEGF secretion in NHBE and SAEC. In SAEC, <i>Mp</i> alone significantly increased the VEGF, while the presence of CSE attenuated <i>Mp</i>-induced VEGF production. While ERK inhibitor reduced VEGF secretion only in NHBE, a PKC inhibitor significantly decreased VEGF secretion in both NHBE and SAEC. In conclusion, direct cigarette smoke extract exposure significantly reduced vascular endothelial growth factor production in well-differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells, in part through modifying extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and protein kinase C signalling pathways.
Meta-analysis: Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Cui-Lian Weng
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

This article has been corrected. The original version (PDF) is appended to this article as a supplement. Background: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is commonly used to treat patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE), but the findings of a recent large clinical trial suggest that NIV may be less effective for ACPE than previously thought. Purpose: To provide an estimate of the effect of NIV on clinical outcomes in patients with ACPE that incorporates recent trial evidence and explore ways to interpret that evidence in the context of preceding evidence that favors NIV. Data Sources: PubMed and EMBASE from 1966 to December 2009, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and conference proceedings through December 2009, and reference lists, without language restriction. Study Selection: Randomized trials that compared continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel ventilation with standard therapy or each other. Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers extracted data. Outcomes examined were mortality, intubation rate, and incidence of new myocardial infarction (MI). Data Synthesis: Compared with standard therapy, continuous positive airway pressure reduced mortality (relative risk [RR], 0.64 [95% CI, 0.44 to 0.92]) and need for intubation (RR, 0.44 [CI, 0.32 to 0.60]) but not incidence of new MI (RR, 1.07 [CI, 0.84 to 1.37]). The effect was more prominent in trials in which myocardial ischemia or infarction caused ACPE in higher proportions of patients (RR, 0.92 [CI, 0.76 to 1.10] when 10% of patients had ischemia or MI vs. 0.43 [CI, 0.17 to 1.07] when 50% had ischemia or MI). Bilevel ventilation reduced the need for intubation (RR, 0.54 [CI, 0.33 to 0.86]) but did not reduce mortality or new MI. No differences were detected between continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel ventilation on any clinical outcomes for which they were directly compared. Limitations: The quality of the evidence base was limited. Definitions, cause, and severity of ACPE differed among the trials, as did patient characteristics and clinical settings. Conclusion: Although a recent large trial contradicts results from previous studies, the evidence in aggregate still supports the use of NIV for patients with ACPE. Continuous positive airway pressure reduces mortality more in patients with ACPE secondary to acute myocardial ischemia or infarction. Primary Funding Source: None.
The Weak Child — A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Herbert H. Schaumburg, Steven Herskovitz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

In this issue of the Journal, Felz and colleagues describe a six-year-old child with reversible, but potentially fatal, tick paralysis that was initially thought to be the Guillain–Barré syndrome.1 A suspicious house officer correctly diagnosed the tick paralysis. Since the virtual elimination of poliomyelitis in North America, acute flaccid paralysis in children has become uncommon. Accurate and prompt diagnosis is still a formidable problem, but effective and specific remedies are now available for most causative conditions, if they are identified promptly. In the United States, acute flaccid paralysis in children 3 to 12 years old is often presumed, even by . . .
Cystatin C and the Risk of Death and Cardiovascular Events among Elderly Persons
Authors: Michael G. Shlipak, Mark J. Sarnak, Ronit Katz, Linda F. Fried, Stephen L. Seliger, Anne B. Newman, David S. Siscovick, Catherine Stehman-Breen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Cystatin C is a serum measure of renal function that appears to be independent of age, sex, and lean muscle mass. We compared creatinine and cystatin C levels as predictors of mortality from cardiovascular causes and from all causes in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a cohort study of elderly persons living in the community.
Isoniazid in Treatment of Bone and Joint Tuberculosis
Authors: D. Li. Griffiths, A. G. Quinlan, H. J. Richards
Journal: BMJ (1954)

Abarbanel (1945) has pointed out, the process of ageing can become manifest in various organs at varying times, and just because the testis may be one of the last to succumb does not mean that it has now become the site of a pathological process while a similar state in the ovary is merely physiological. SummaryIt is considered that the male climacteric is a definite clinical entity, for the following reasons: (1) Similar symptoms occasionally occur in post-pubertal castrates and eunuchoids and are improved by androgen therapy.(2) The 17-ketosteroid secretion, while by no means diagnostic of testicular insufficiency, tends to be low.(3) Some of the symptoms can be explained by lack of the anabolic action of testosterone.(4) The urinary excretion of gonadotrophin is raised-indicative of testicular, but not necessarily of androgen, insufficiency.(5) The testicular histology may show structural changes.(6) The symptoms are improved with androgen therapy, but relapse when an inert substance is substituted.(7) Arguments similar to those advanced against the concept of a male climacteric could be raised against the existence of a female climacteric, which, however, has never been questioned.
Cluster randomised trial of a targeted multifactorial intervention to prevent falls among older people in hospital
Authors: Robert G Cumming, Catherine Sherrington, Stephen R Lord, Judy M Simpson, Constance Vogler, Ian D Cameron, Vasi Naganathan
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Objective</b> To determine the efficacy of a targeted multifactorial falls prevention programme in elderly care wards with relatively short lengths of stay. <b>Design</b> Cluster randomised trial. <b>Setting</b> 24 elderly care wards in 12 hospitals in Sydney, Australia. <b>Participants</b> 3999 patients, mean age 79 years, with a median hospital stay of seven days. <b>Interventions</b> A nurse and physiotherapist each worked for 25 hours a week for three months in all intervention wards. They provided a targeted multifactorial intervention that included a risk assessment of falls, staff and patient education, drug review, modification of bedside and ward environments, an exercise programme, and alarms for selected patients. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Falls during hospital stay. <b>Results</b> Intervention and control wards were similar at baseline for previous rates of falls and individual patient characteristics. Overall, 381 falls occurred during the study. No difference was found in fall rates during follow-up between intervention and control wards: respectively, 9.26 falls per 1000 bed days and 9.20 falls per 1000 bed days (P=0.96). The incidence rate ratio adjusted for individual lengths of stay and previous fall rates in the ward was 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.72 to 1.28). <b>Conclusion</b> A targeted multifactorial falls prevention programme was not effective among older people in hospital wards with relatively short lengths of stay. <b>Trial registration</b> Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRNO 12605000467639.
Membership in the Approaching International Medical Congress.
Authors: Miguel Bombarda
Journal: JAMA (1904)

[Translation.] Lisbon, Feb. 24, 1904. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In No. 5 ofThe Journal(Jan. 30, 1904), I read under the heading "Admission to International Congresses" a notice to the effect that the national committee for Great Britain had adopted a resolution that the membership of international medical congresses shall in future be limited to physicians, and that this resolution was forwarded to the executive committee of the approaching International Medical Congress at Lisbon. Allow me to inform you that no resolution of this kind has been received by the executive committee of the congress, and that the Article 2 of the Regulations, which restricts to physicians alone admittance as members to the congress, was drawn up by the executive committee last June, and was unanimously adopted by the committee of organization and publicity at its meeting in October, 1903. It is, therefore, exclusively to these committees that the honor
Detection of Rearrangements and Transcriptional Up-Regulation of ALK in FFPE Lung Cancer Specimens Using a Novel, Sensitive, Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay
Authors: Kim Gruber, Heike Horn, Jörg Kalla, Peter Fritz, Andreas Rosenwald, Martin Kohlhäufl, Godehard Friedel, Matthias Schwab, German Ott, Claudia Kalla
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Stimulation of DNA synthesis in rat A10 vascular smooth muscle cells by threonine-59 insulin-like growth factor I.
Authors: M A Cascieri, G G Chicchi, N S Hayes, E E Slater
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

The clonal smooth muscle cell line A10, derived from fetal rat aorta, binds 125I-insulin-like growth factor I at a Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. Threonine-59 insulin-like growth factor I, multiplication stimulating activity, and insulin inhibit the binding with IC50 = 10 nM, 84 nM, and 500 nM, respectively. Insulin in high concentrations (greater than 5 microM) completely inhibits 125I-insulin-like growth factor I binding to A10 cells. Threonine-59 insulin-like growth factor I and insulin stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in A10 cells that had been growth arrested by incubation in serum-free media (DMEM/0.1% BSA) for 24-36 hours. The stimulation produced by the peptides is 50-60% of the stimulation produced by 10% fetal calf serum. Low levels of serum (0.1 and 0.5%) also stimulate DNA synthesis, and the effects of Threonine-59 insulin-like growth factor I and low serum are additive. The ED50 for the effects of Threonine-59 insulin-like growth factor I, multiplication stimulating activity, and insulin are 6.8 +/- 0.3 nM, 36 +/- 2.5 nM, and 360 +/- 242 nM, respectively. Incubation of A10 cells for 24 hours with Threonine-59 insulin-like growth factor I or serum increases the protein content per culture dish by 85 +/- 21 and 183 +/- 26%, respectively (mean +/- SEM). Thus, both protein levels and DNA synthesis are increased by incubation with peptides. However, Threonine-59 insulin-like growth factor I does not increase the number of cells in serum starved cultures, although 10% fetal calf serum does.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Isolation Procedures for the Community Hospital
Authors: Calvin M. Kunin
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The importance of hospitals as a reservoir of infection was established more than 100 years ago. Hospital contagion remains a difficult problem despite major advances in aseptic technic, disinfection, and antimicrobial therapy. Physicians, nurses, and hospital administrators are well aware of these problems and are familiar with the need for rational procedures to reduce the hazard of nosocomial infection.<sup>1-5</sup>The problem remains because of the insidious nature of staphylococcal and enterobacterial infection, the perpetuation of the reservoir of infection by hospital personnel and practices, and the inconsistencies of procedures designed to deal with the problem. This report deals with hospital isolation practices in 17 community hospitals in Virginia and describes the methods now in use at the University of Virginia Hospital. These provide a uniformity in isolation care which allows physicians and nurses to work under minimal restriction, yet at the same time satisfy requirements of orderly procedure. The
Hospital response to a chemical incident: report on casualties of an ethyldichlorosilane spill.
Authors: T. Thanabalasingham, M. W. Beckett, V. Murray
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Even though large chemical spills and the release of toxic chemicals are rarely reported,' their management requires the preparation of a coordinated response rather than the regrets ofhindsight.We report a spill of ethyldichlorosilane for two reasons: firstly, ethyldichlorosilane is highly corrosive and a spill of it has not to our knowledge been reported previously, and secondly, the incident illustrates the need for close coordination of all those participating in its manage- ment.
843 NATURAL PREVALENCE OF HCV VARIANTS WITH DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO NS3-4A PROTEASE INHIBITORS IN TREATMENT-NAIVE SUBJECTS
Authors: D.J. Bartels, Y. Zhou, E. Zhang, M. Marcial, R.A. Byrn, B. Adiwijaya, C. Lin, A.D. Kwong, T.L. Kieffer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)