tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Failure to thrive: Define it carefully
Authors: M Donaldson, J Alexander, C Fisher, S Inch
Journal: BMJ (1994)

We wrote to the cookery editor of each publication asking whether it had a policy on publishing recipes that required raw or lightly cooked eggs; three responded.One admitted that the publication did not publish warnings but intended to introduce them in future for high risk groups.The second claimed that a caption was printed next to high risk recipes.The third said that the publica- tion printed a warning to vulnerable groups alongside recipes containing raw egg; we could find no such warning.Clearly, many editors still do not appreciate the risk of salmonella infection from eating raw eggs.There seems to be some misapprehension that only high risk groups such as very young or elderly people may be at risk.Many of the people affected in outbreaks in which raw egg has been implicated have been young, previously fit adults.Cookery writers are well placed to educate the public and to develop alternatives for recipes that require inadequately cooked eggs.Some alternatives, such as dried or pasteurised eggs, are not always easily available in retail outlets.If these products were widely promoted in recipes the increased demand would widen their availability and encourage safe cooking practices.
Response of urinary albumin to submaximal exercise in newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Authors: A Mohamed, T Wilkin, B A Leatherdale, D Rowe
Journal: BMJ (1984)

This patient's illness was typical of schistosomiasis affecting the spinal cord, with pains in the legs and lower back, accompanied by sphincter disturbance.The diagnosis was suspected on the basis of on 20 August
Book: The Circumpolar Inuit: Health of A Population in Transition
Authors: D. Syme
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Munksgaard, £40.50, pp 288 ISBN 8716 119 053 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> The Inuit (“Eskimo” is seen as derogatory) are a group of races of common ancestry who inhabit an area encompassing Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and Chukotka (at the northeastern tip of Asia). Over 5000years they have evolved a culture determined by the extreme environment of the Arctic and available food sources, mostly large sea mammals, game, and fish. Contact by Europeans was made around AD 1000 but had little impact on the traditional way of life until the 20th century. About 128000 Inuit live in the circumpolar area, and this book describes their health problems. The data are largely based on the 1993-4Greenland health interview study. Data from Canada and … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Cancer statistics by race and ethnicity
Authors: S. L. Parker, K. J. Davis, P. A. Wingo, L. A. Ries, C. W. Heath
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1998)

Key findings on cancer incidence and mortality are presented for five racial and ethnic groups in the United States--African Americans, American Indians, Asians and Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, and whites. Information on the prevalence of cancer risk factors and screening examinations among these racial and ethnic groups is also included.
CD203c expression–based basophil activation test for diagnosis of wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis
Authors: Yuko Chinuki, Sakae Kaneko, Itaru Dekio, Hitoshi Takahashi, Reiko Tokuda, Mizuho Nagao, Takao Fujisawa, Eishin Morita
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
654. Targeting Adenoviral Vectors for Use in Breast Cancer Gene Therapy
Authors: AlanD. DeSilva, LeonardI. Wiebe, Chang-Xin Shi, MabroukM. Elgadi, Gianluca Bossi, MaryM. Hitt
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

The results of many cancer gene therapy clinical trials to date suggest that improvements must be made to increase gene delivery, expression levels, and/or potency of the genes in order to induce tumour regression. However, increasing any of these parameters will require additional safeguards to protect surrounding normal cells. Our goal is to develop adenoviral vector systems that target tumour cells transcriptionally (using various tumour- and tissue- specific promoters) as well as transductionally (by modifying the viral fiber protein to enhance binding to receptors on the tumour cell surface). We have isolated a novel promoter from the mammaglobin (MGB) gene that displays over ten-fold increase in expression levels in breast cancer cells relative to normal non-tumour cells (Shi, et al., 2004, Mol. Ther., 10:758–767; Shi, et al., 2006, J. Gene Med, in press). We have since developed a breast cancer targeted adenoviral (Ad) vector encoding the "suicide gene" herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 thymidine kinase (TK) under the control of the MGB promoter (AdMGBTK). HSV-TK was chosen for this study because, in combination with nucleoside analogs, it has potential not only as a therapeutic, but also as an agent for non-invasive imaging of gene transfer in vivo. AdMGBTK, in combination with the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV), induces breast cancer-specific killing at levels comparable to a universal cytomegalovirus (CMV) TK vector. Combination with a radiolabeled TK substrate allows Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in vivo, which has never been performed on breast cancer targeted vectors. In addition, we have engineered a modified-fiber virus to contain the ligand-binding domain of heregulin-α (HRG-α) within the fiber protein of Ad. HRG-α is a ligand for ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors, both of which are over-expressed in many cancer types, including breast cancer. This modified-fiber virus demonstrated enhanced infection of tumour cells bearing ErbB3 and ErbB4. Generation of a vector expressing TK under the control of the MGB promoter and encapsidated within an HRG-modified fiber virus is in progress. This combination of transcriptional and translational targeting is expected to produce a highly specific breast cancer-targeted adenoviral vector which has potential as a clinical therapeutic.
The antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene prevents early cholesterol-induced microcirculatory changes in rabbits.
Authors: R J Xiu, A Freyschuss, X Ying, L Berglund, P Henriksson, I Björkhem
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Microcirculation was studied during 10 wk in untreated rabbits (n = 13) and in rabbits treated with dietary addition of 1% cholesterol (n = 13), 1% cholesterol + 1% of the antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) (n = 11), or 1% BHT (n = 5). The studies were performed by direct intravital microscopic imaging of the left and right conjunctivae with the use of a stereo microscope and a high resolution television camera. Microvessel diameter, erythrocyte flow velocity, and microhemorheologic conditions were evaluated quantitatively via a computer-assisted digital image processing system. Significant and marked changes occurred in all the above variables as a consequence of cholesterol feeding. After 3 wk of feeding there was a dramatic decrease (approximately 30%) in blood flow velocity in arterioli of the third order (P < 0.0001), accompanied by aggregation of cells in 40-50% of the smaller conjunctival vessels (P < 0.0001). These changes were enhanced further during the following 7 wk of treatment. All the above changes in the microcirculation were markedly reduced by the addition of BHT treatment. The diameter of the above arterioli decreased in the purely cholesterol-fed group (P < 0.005), whereas this did not occur in the group fed both cholesterol and BHT. In rabbits fed BHT in the absence of cholesterol, there was no significant effect on any assessed microcirculatory variable. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the antioxidant BHT prevented early cholesterol-induced microcirculatory changes. This prevention occurred in the absence of a reduction of blood lipid levels. The results provide strong support for the hypothesis that a considerable part of the effects on microcirculation in hypercholesterolemia may be due to cholesterol-induced oxidations and not to cholesterol itself. The results are discussed in relation to the previously demonstrated antiatherogenic effect of BHT and the possible use of antioxidants in the therapy and prophylaxis of atherosclerosis.
Dutch doctors are given guidance on sedation
Authors: Tony Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The Dutch Medical Association has laid down guidance on doctors' use of sedation to induce a coma in dying patients and relieve their pain and suffering.

It tries to make clear the difference between such sedation, which is produced with sedatives such as midazolam and which the guidance calls palliative sedation, and euthanasia. It says palliative sedation is “normal medical treatment” that does not “accelerate death” and that it has been incorrectly associated with “life ending treatment.”

Explicitly excluded from palliative sedation is the …
THE RELATION OF ADENOID VEGETATIONS TO IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH AND ASSOCIATE PARTS.
Authors: GEO. F. EAMES
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Your attention is invited to a few preliminary statements as indicating my position in relation to the subject of which I am to speak. While mouth-breathing is usually attendant upon adenoid growths, this is not always the case, while, on the other hand, mouth-breathing may exist without the presence of adenoids, or it may be due to to a chronic hypertrophy of the turbinated bodies, or some septal deformity. The adenoid growth rarely fills the pharyngeal space so as to obstruct breathing, but mouth-breathing results from irritation which it produces. Mouth-breathing does not produce adenoid vegetations. Mouth-breathing does not cause irregularities of the teeth. I have examined many cases presenting deformed arches and irregular teeth, in which no adenoids existed. It is argued by G. MacDonald, that nasal stenosis is a constant factor in post-nasal growths, and that this being the case, "as long as respiration is conducted through the
The UGDP Scandal and Cover-up
Authors: Alexander Marble
Journal: JAMA (1975)

To the Editor.—  In the editorial Settling the UGDP Controversy (231: 624, 1975), reference is made to the Joslin Clinic. This has prompted me to review our experience with oral hypoglycemic agents.  These compounds have been used with selected patients at the Joslin Clinic since 1955. From time to time, members of our group have published articles regarding our findings. In certain of these papers, data have been presented regarding possible toxicity. In 1966, Balodimos et al 1 reported the results of a study of 125 living patients who had received sulfonylurea compounds for eight to ten years. The frequency of vascular complications in 101 of these patients treated with tolbutamide was compared with that in 87 matched control patients, who had been treated either with diet alone or with insulin in daily doses of 30 units or less. In this series, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents, and peripheral vascular disease
Idiotype profile of an immune response. I. Contrasts in idiotypic dominance between primary and secondary responses and between IgM and IgG plaque- forming cells
Authors: JD Conger, GK Lewis, JW Goodman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

The primary response of A/J mice to p-azobenzenearsonate-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (ABA-KLH) was investigated. A day-by-day analysis at the plaque- forming cell (PFC) level was performed, with inhibition by anti-cross- reactive idiotype (CRI) serum to determine percentage of CRI(+) PFC. A regular pattern in the dynamics of Id (idiotype) dominance was observed. Just as in the NP-b and NP-a systems (9, 12), the major Id (CRI) is more dominant in primary than in secondary or hyperimmune responses. This trend is more apparent in IgG PFC which are generally 80-95 percent CRI(+) at day 10 in the primary response but only 30-40 percent CRI(+) at day 10 in secondary or hyperimmune responses. A somewhat different pattern is seen with IgM PFC. These may reach a peak of 85 percent CRI(+) in the primary response, but secondary or hyperimmune IgM PFC, which are lower in numbers than IgG PFC, remain high in CRI content at approximately 70 percent. The PFC data on extent of id dominance in secondary or hyperimmune responses is fully compatible with previously reported serological data by others. Analysis of IgG PFC by hapten inhibition indicated that heterogeneity was in the order secondary PFC {greater than} primary PFC {greater than} hybridoma AK-2.2 PFC with H(75)/H(25) values of 22.9, 6.2, and 2.7, respectively; where H(75) and H(25) are the hapten concentrations required to give 75 percent and 25 percent of inhibition of PFC, respectively. Hapten inhibition data also suggested that secondary IgG PFC were 10 times higher in median binding avidity for ABA-L-tyrosine than primary IgG PFC. The kinetic analysis strongly indicated that CRI(+) IgM PFC were preferentially switched to IgG PFC in the primary response. In both studies, the CRI content of the earliest-appearing IgG PFC was significantly higher than that of IgM PFC on that day. For example, in one case IgM PFC were 60 percent CRI + on day 6 whereas IgG PFC were 100 percent CRI(+). The high Id dominance and selective isotype switching may have either a B or a T cell basis.
Induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and fluorouracil alone or in combination with docetaxel in locally advanced squamous-cell cancer of the head and neck: long-term results of the TAX 324 randomised phase 3 trial
Authors: Jochen H Lorch, Olga Goloubeva, Robert I Haddad, Kevin Cullen, Nicholas Sarlis, Roy Tishler, Ming Tan, John Fasciano, Daniel E Sammartino, Marshall R Posner
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2011)
Bailey's Textbook of Histology
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie des Menschen.</h3> By W. Bargmann. 5th ed. 856 pp, 671 illus. 72 marks. Georg Thieme Verlag, Postfach 732, Herdweg 63, 7000 Stuttgart 1, West Germany, 1964 Present-day morphologic research depends largely on electron microscopy and other new techniques, but the light microscope still remains the basis for histological study. To understand the structure of the body the student must have a thorough grounding in what the light microscope discloses. But he must also have a significant knowledge of the finer structure if he wants to keep up with current developments. <i>Bailey's Textbook of Histology</i>, now in its 15th edition, has earned a permanent place in the medical scene as a standard and widelyused text. At present, when research and teaching exhibit such flux, the editors of an old established text face the problem, how much of the new should be incorporated? And, lest the book become
Bone Scan Findings in Kienböck's Disease
Authors: STEPHEN L. STUCKEY, VICTOR KALFF, GREG HOY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1997)

The authors present an 18-year-old man who had a 5-month history of a painful left wrist. Despite the prolonged history, discrete photopenia on the blood-pool phase and photopenia relative to the remainder of the ipsilateral carpus on the delayed phase of a bone scan in the region of the lunate was shown. When Kienböck's disease is seen in its late phase, the bone scan findings may be atypical in that they may not show the usual three-phase bone scintigraphic evidence of bone remodeling expected in delayed diagnosis avascular necrosis. A review of the previous literature is presented.
BLOOD AND PROTEIN LOSS VIA SMALL-INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
Authors: Ingvar Bjarnason, Peter Prouse, Terry Smith, MichaelJ Gumpel, Guiseppe Zanelli, Paul Smethurst, Sassoon Levi, A.Jonathan Levi
Journal: The Lancet (1987)
Albumin-bound fatty acids induce mitochondrial oxidant stress and impair antioxidant responses in proximal tubular cells
Authors: D.A. Ishola, J.A. Post, M.M. van Timmeren, S.J.L. Bakker, R. Goldschmeding, H.A. Koomans, B. Braam, J.A. Joles
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
Identification of cardiac myosin peptides capable of inducing autoimmune myocarditis in BALB/c mice.
Authors: C L Pummerer, K Luze, G Grässl, K Bachmaier, F Offner, S K Burrell, D M Lenz, T J Zamborelli, J M Penninger, N Neu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Immunization with cardiac myosin induces T cell-mediated myocarditis in genetically predisposed mice and serves as a model for autoimmune heart disease. This study was undertaken to identify pathogenic epitopes on the myosin molecule. Our approach was based on the comparison of the pathogenicity between cardiac (alpha-)myosin and soleus muscle (beta-)myosin. We show that alpha-myosin is the immunodominant isoform and induces myocarditis at high severity and prevalence whereas beta-myosin induces little disease. Therefore the immunodominant epitopes of alpha-myosin must reside in regions of different amino acid sequence between alpha- and beta-myosin isoforms. Cardiac myosin peptides corresponding to these regions of difference were synthesized and tested for their ability to induce inflammatory heart disease. Three pathogenic peptides were identified. One peptide that is located in the head portion of the molecule induced severe myocarditis, whereas two others that reside in the rod portion possessed only minor pathogenicity. The identification of pathogenic epitopes on the cardiac myosin molecule will allow detailed studies on the recognition of this antigen by the immune system and might be used to downmodulate ongoing heart disease.
Electrocardiographic Sequelae of Right Ventriculotomy in Patients with Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: JUNE M. FISHER, ERNEST O. THEILEN, LEWIS E. JANUARY, JOHANN L. EHRENHAFT
Journal: Circulation (1960)

Right bundle-branch block appeared frequently after closure of ventricular septal defects, particularly in those patients who also had infundibular stenosis and in whom some of the infundibular muscle was resected. The magnitude of the postoperative changes of right bundle-branch block indicates that a conduction disturbance was produced, probably as a result of interruption of pathways in the septum. These alterations are in contrast to the postoperative disappearance or regression of secondary R waves in rSR' complexes in other patients whose preoperative interpretation included incomplete right bundle-branch block. Regression of these abnormalities supports the view that right ventricular hypertrophy rather than delayed conduction through the septum was at fault in the beginning. Extensive T-wave changes in precordial [see figure in the PDF file] leads after right ventriculotomy and closure of ventricular septal defects indicate a significant alteration ventricular repolarization. The extent and duration of these abnormalities cannot be explained by pericarditis, myocardial infarction, or the occasional development of left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to aortic insufficiency from an unsupported aortic cusp. T-wave abnormalities were more common than in a smaller group of patients in whom bubble oxygenators were used for other operations, which did not include right ventriculotomy. Possible mechanisms for the production of the T-wave changes include injury to septal muscle from sutures, coronary air embolism, and muscle damage from the ventriculotomy itself. 5 Induced cardiac arrest, whether anoxic or drug-induced, does not have a direct relationship to these changes. The clinical course of these patients thus far indicates that these electrocardiographic changes have no prognostic significance.
Re: Börje Ljungberg, Damian C. Hanbury, Marcus A. Kuczyk, Axel S. Merseburger, Peter F.A. Mulders, Jean-Jaques Patard and Ioanel C. Sinescu. Renal Cell Cacinoma Guideline. Eur Urol 2007;51:1502–10
Authors: Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Reducing door-to-antibiotic time in community-acquired pneumonia: controlled before-and-after evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: G. Barlow, D. Nathwani, F. Williams, S. Ogston, J. Winter, M. Jones, P. Slane, E. Myers, F. Sullivan, N. Stevens, R. Duffey, K. Lowden, P. Davey
Journal: Thorax (2006)

<b>Background:</b> Practice guidelines suggest that all patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) should receive antibiotics within 4 h of admission. An audit at our hospital during 1999–2000 showed that this target was achieved in less than two thirds of patients with severe CAP. <b>Methods:</b> An experienced multidisciplinary steering group designed a management pathway to improve the early delivery of appropriate antibiotics to patients with CAP. This was implemented using a multifaceted strategy. The effect of implementation was evaluated using a controlled before-and-after study design over two winter seasons (November–April 2001–2 and 2002–3). Cost-effectiveness analyses were performed from the hospital's perspective. <b>Results:</b> The proportion of patients receiving appropriate antibiotics within 4 h of admission to hospital increased from 33% to 56% at the intervention site, and from 32% to 36% at the control site (absolute change adjusted for differences in severity of illness 17%, p = 0.035). The cost per additional patient receiving appropriate antibiotics within 4 h was £132 with no post-implementation evaluation, and £456 for a limited post-implementation evaluation. Simple modelling from the results of a large observational study suggests that the cost per death prevented could be £3003 with no post-implementation evaluation, or £16 632 with a limited post-implementation evaluation. <b>Conclusions:</b> The intervention markedly improved door-to-antibiotic time, albeit at considerable cost. It might still be a cost-effective strategy, however, to reduce mortality in CAP. Uncertainty about the cost effectiveness of such interventions is likely to be resolved only by a well-designed, cluster randomised trial.
Nonclassical connectionism should enter the decathlon
Authors: Francisco Calvo Garzón
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

In this commentary I explore nonclassical connectionism (NCC) as a coherent framework for evaluation in the spirit of the Newell Test. Focusing on knowledge integration, development, real-time performance, and flexible behavior, I argue that NCC's “within-theory rank ordering” would place subsymbolic modeling in a better position. Failure to adopt a symbolic level of thought cannot be interpreted as a weakness.
EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA; COMMONLY CALLED "THE GRIP."
Authors: EDWARD ANDERSON
Journal: JAMA (1894)

This disease has been commented upon by some of our ablest men, but it has not received the consideration it deserves, for it extends throughout the habitable world and has destroyed more lives than the cholera and yellow fever put together, attacking alike the centenarian and the child within its mother's womb. Statistics show that railroad employes on freight trains are in more danger than men engaged in battle, yet there is much less dread of enlisting in the railroad service than the military. So also is there less dread of the grip than of cholera or yellow fever, for there are not so many lives lost at one time and in one place. When the Colorado beetle, (the potato bug) first made its appearance among us it was thought that one year would end its ravages, but twenty years have now passed and still it is as great a
Monitor investigates reasons behind closure of "popular" Darzi walk-in centres
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is very rare in children and has been reported very infrequently in the literature. We present an unusual case of CTS in a 14-year-old girl who developed this following an accidental electrical shock. As far as we are aware, this is the first case report of CTS in a child following electrical injury. This rare complication of electrical injury can easily be disregarded or misdiagnosed as neuropraxia, and this can delay appropriate treatment, as evidenced by this case. We propose that CTS should be considered when instigating initial medical care after an electrical injury, and that a referral to a hand surgeon should not be delayed, as these children need urgent surgical intervention to preserve hand function.