tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Righteous Among the Nations: doctors and medical students
Authors: B. Halioua, A. Ichou, B. Halioua, R. Haiat, R. Prasquier
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Halioua and colleagues hold up the actions of a group they believe show medicine at its best

The Yad Vashem memorial in Jerusalem defines someone who is a “righteous among the nations” as any gentile who saved the life of a Jew during the Holocaust or aided a Jew who was helpless and facing death or deportation without exacting monetary compensation or other rewards. Such people are honoured with a medal bearing the inscription: “Whoever saves a life, it is considered as if he saved an entire world” (Jerusalem Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin).1

Studies of medicine from the Holocaust era have mostly focused on Nazi experiments in concentration camps and processes for exterminating Jews. None have been carried out on those doctors and medical students who risked their lives to aid and assist Jews during the second world war and were granted the status of righteous among the nations.

From the Encyclopaedia of the Righteous Among the Nations 2 and the Yad Vashem website (http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/search.html?language=en), we identified doctors and medical students who had been granted the status of righteous among the nations. We evaluated their files to determine the circumstances of the rescue; the place, date, names, and numbers of Jews rescued; and the fate of the medic by the end of the second world war.

As of 1 January 2013, 24 811 people from 44 countries have been granted the title of righteous among the nations (table⇓). Among these were 245 doctors and 31 medical students, representing 1% …
Bonganga: Experiences of a Missionary Doctor
Authors: W. G. Brandstadt
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This is the story of a British physician, Dr. Stanley G. Browne, who went to the Belgian Congo as a medical missionary under the auspices of the Baptist Church. The natives called him "Bonganga" or White Doctor. His approach to the witch doctors was similar to that described by Thomas Dooley in "The Night They Burned the Mountain." By offering to exchange ideas as a fellow professional man interested in healing the patient, he was able to gain their confidence and curb their antagonism. Many of the incidents described are passed over so briefly that one wonders whether a first-person account would not have been more satisfying. The book leaves no doubt, however, about the sacrifice of personal health and family life of the dedicated souls who undertook to bring Christianity and modern medicine to a primitive people. The book ends with clear implications that civilization has not been an
THE IRONY OF ANAEMIA IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: COMMON BUT UNDERDIAGNOSED AND UNDERTREATED
Authors: W J Tee, G Chan, Z Ahmed, O Jagun, S Brady, M Buckley, S Sarwar, C Smyth, R Farrell
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Anaemia is a common systemic complication in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in IBD is often underdiagnosed and undertreated despite its impact on quality of life. There is poor awareness among physicians on the role of oral and intravenous iron replacement in anaemic IBD patients. Oral iron is a low cost treatment but has limited bioavailability and low tolerability. In contrast, intravenous iron appears to be well tolerated and is effective in the treatment of active IBD. Nevertheless, it does incur a strain on healthcare cost, human resources and infrastructure. <h3>Aims/Background</h3> To identify the prevalence of IDA in our cohort of IBD patients and to evaluate the adequacy of the treatment of their anaemia. <h3>Method</h3> This was a single-centre, retrospective, cross sectional study. All IBD patients in the hospital were recruited. Data was collected by reviewing the IBD database, patient chart and contacting patients directly. IDA patients were identified and their treatment evaluated based on their last hospital admission or outpatient review. IDA was defined as haemoglobin (Hb) &lt;13 g/dL in males or Hb &lt;12 g/dL in females in combination with either microcytosis (MCV&lt;78fl) or transferrin saturation&lt;20%. Active disease was defined as patients with symptomatic disease requiring steroids. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 606 IBD patients, only 510 (84.2%) were eventually recruited due to incomplete dataset. There were 273 (53.5%) males and 237 (46.5%) females, median age 43.0±15.6 years. 263 (51.6%) patients had Crohn9s disease (CD), 235 (46.1%) had ulcerative colitis(UC) and 11 (2.2%)had indeterminate colitis (IC). Of these, 98/510 (19.2%) had anaemia of which 56/510 (11.0%) were classified as IDA. Of those with IDA, 33 (58.9%) had CD, 21 (37.5%) had UC and 2 (3.6%) had IC, p=0.325. 31 (56.4%) received no oral replacement, 19 (34.5%) received oral iron replacement and 5 (9.1%) received intravenous iron replacement. Those who did not receive any iron replacement had a mean Hb of 11.3 g/dL compared to 10.9 g/dL in those who received iron replacement, p=0.209. In patients with active disease, only 4/18 (22.2%) received intravenous iron replacement. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Less than half of our IBD patients with IDA are treated with iron supplementation. Also, only a fifth of those with active disease received intravenous replacement. This is unsatisfactory as oral supplementation in active disease is poorly absorbed. There needs to be more awareness among physicians for the role and route of iron replacement in IBD.
Upper-Airway Resistance Syndrome
Authors: M S Badr, B R Zahn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

Figure 1. A 42-year-old woman was evaluated because of excessive daytime sleepiness and habitual heavy snoring. A nocturnal polysomnogram revealed no evidence of obstructive or central sleep apnea, but it did show frequent periods of snoring and augmented negative esophageal pressure that was indicative of a high level of upper-airway resistance. Typically, these periods were terminated by transient arousal from sleep. The repeated arousals caused sleep fragmentation and, hence, daytime sleepiness. The combination of habitual heavy snoring, increased upper-airway resistance, sleep fragmentation, and daytime sleepiness is referred to as the upper-airway resistance syndrome, which is considered part of the continuum . . .
146 CHRONIC HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATY (HE) IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE LIVER CIRRHOSIS: EFFICACY OF THE WHEAT AND MILK PROTEIN FREE DIET IN THE REDUCTION OF CLINICAL EPISODES
Authors: F. Balzola, C. Sanna, A. Ottobrelli, M. Torrani, S. Martini, D. Leotta, A. Marchet, A. Veneziani, B. Capellero, D. Boggio, R. Galletti, A. Mollo, B. Bianco, M. Rizzetto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Expenditures for the Treatment of Major Depression
Authors: Kathryn Rost, Mingliang Zhang, John Fortney, Jeffrey Smith, G. Richard Smith
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

Health policy makers lack accurate information about per capita spending for the treatment of major depression, the distribution of those expenditures, and the proportion of the health care dollar consumed by depression treatment.The authors recruited and followed a community cohort of individuals with major depression; the 298 subjects were either enrolled in fee-for-service insurance plans or self-insured. Charges for all health care services received during the year following baseline were abstracted from medical and insurance records.Over the course of 1 year, 48.1% of the subjects received depression treatment. The per capita total expenditure for inpatient and outpatient depression treatment averaged $631, with a median of $152, for the treated subjects. Just 4.9% of the treated subjects consumed 45.0% of the outpatient expenditures. Depression treatment consumed only 8 cents of every health care dollar spent on the patients treated for depression.Studies are needed to examine how the level and distribution of expenditures for depression treatment change under managed care and to determine whether and how any differences affect outcomes in the afflicted population. Managed care attempts to contain costs by limiting outpatient care may not affect total health care expenditures dramatically, since depression treatment consumes such a minuscule portion of the health care dollar spent on this population.
New Application of 18F-Fluoride PET for the Detection of Bone Remodeling in Early-Stage Osteoarthritis of the Hip
Authors: Naomi Kobayashi, Yutaka Inaba, Ukihide Tateishi, Yohei Yukizawa, Hiroyuki Ike, Tomio Inoue, Tomoyuki Saito
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Recent studies have reported the acceleration of subchondral bone remodeling during the development of osteoarthritis (OA). However, it is not possible to evaluate such molecular abnormalities using conventional radiographic techniques. We have applied 18F-fluoride PET to the analysis of painful or dysplastic hips at various stages of OA and then compared this with radiographic findings and clinical findings.A consecutive series of 65 joints from 48 patients (average age, 40 years; range, 19-72 years) with a hip joint complaint or radiographic dysplastic hip were enrolled in this study. Twenty-five contralateral joints without any evidence of OA or clinical symptoms were assigned as a normal control group. Radiographic evaluations were performed on the basis of Kellgren and Lawrence grade and the minimum joint space. Clinical evaluations were performed using the grading scale for pain severity and the SUVmax was measured for each joint. The association between SUVmax and the radiographic or clinical findings was evaluated.18F-fluoride PET shows a significantly higher uptake value for progressive-stage OA cases than for early-stage cases and also shows a significantly higher uptake value in cases with severe pain. Even in early-OA-stage patients who do not show joint space narrowing on a plain x-ray, cases with severe pain show a significantly higher uptake value.18F-fluoride PET has great potential as an imaging method for diagnosing early-stage OA without any marked radiographic changes.
Thrush Vaginitis in Pregnancy
Authors: L. Watt
Journal: BMJ (1947)

BKIlOStL too all the signs of meningism, including nuchal rigidity and Kernig's sign.Blood films on admission were negative for malarial parasites, but despite this and during preparations for withdrawal of C.S.F. it was suggested that he be given intravenous quinine, 10 gr. (0.65 g.).Half an hour after administration delirium had ceased, and lying comfortably in bed he spoke quietly and coherently and was curious to know what had happened to him.Examination of the C.S.F. was then carried out and meningitis excluded as a concomitant condition.Malaria is a great simulator, and while not having had the opportunity of reading Dr. Walter Broadbent's letter (Jan. 4,p. 32) I conclude this fact was uppermost in his mind when approaching his case.-Iam, etc.,
Imaging Primary Lung Cancers, Pleural Cancers, And Metastatic Disease
Authors: M. H. Chasen
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1987)

Evaluation of primary lung cancers, pleural cancers, and metastases should be based on the TNM system. The optimal selection of imaging modalities can be difficult, and there is no universal agreement on the approach to the workup. Diagnostic pathways can provide guidelines for radiologic imaging sequencing based on the TNM system (Figs. 21-23). No algorithm, however, can fit all situations, and each cancer may require a distinct approach.
Feasibility and Potential Utility of Multicomponent Exhaled Breath Analysis for Predicting Development of Radiation Pneumonitis After Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy
Authors: Jayaji M. Moré, Neville C.W. Eclov, Melody P. Chung, Jacob F. Wynne, Joanne H. Shorter, David D. Nelson, Alexandra L. Hanlon, Robert Burmeister, Peter Banos, Peter G. Maxim, Billy W. Loo, Maximilian Diehn
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Phase II Study of Belinostat (PXD101), a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, for Second Line Therapy of Advanced Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Suresh S. Ramalingam, Chandra P. Belani, Christopher Ruel, Paul Frankel, Barbara Gitlitz, Marianna Koczywas, Igor Espinoza-Delgado, David Gandara
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
Raynaud Phenomenon in Pregnancy
Authors: William A. Cook
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  In his article (233: 283, 1975), Edmund Dubois, MD, cited, appropriately, the 1962 article by De Takats and Fowler (179:1, 1962) which showed that scleroderma eventually develops in about half of patients with Raynaud phenomenon. Then, addressing the association of scleroderma and pregnancy, Dr Dubois referred to Winkelmann's 1 reassuring report of 36 pregnancies with concomitant scleroderma and stated that there was no evidence of ill effects on the course of scleroderma or on   What Dr Dubois neglected to mention is renal scleroderma and its lethal effect on both mother and fetus. To indicate that pregnancy represents no serious threat to a woman with scleroderma is to perpetuate a dangerous illustion—Winkelmann's 1965 article notwithstanding.  In 1974, we reviewed the reported cases of renal scleroderma in pregnancy. 2 All of the mothers died. Furthermore, all of the patients were known to have had scleroderma prior to pregnancy, but none
Scientists try new strategy to eradicate dengue fever
Authors: G. Kenyon
Journal: BMJ (1999)

In a bid to reduce the risk of dengue fever in parts of Vietnam, the Australian Foundation for the Peoples of Asia and the Pacific, an aid organization, recently completed a 3-year program using the mesocyclops crustacean, an organism about 1 mm long which eats the larvae of mosquitos which transmit dengue fever. The program appears to eradicated the larvae from the northern Vietnamese province of Phan Boi, and there was a 75% success rate in other provinces. The Queensland Institute of Medical Research and the Vietnam National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology were the organizations involved in coordinating drops of the organism into mosquito breeding areas such as wells, water tanks, and household water containers. A community education and clean-up program was also implemented to teach residents about the importance of throwing away unused buckets and other containers which could hold stagnant water and become potential breeding grounds for disease. It is important to prevent dengue because existing treatments are inadequate.
MicroRNAs involved in tumor suppressor and oncogene pathways
Authors: Justin L. Mott
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

MicroRNAs are a class of small regulatory RNAs that function to modulate protein expression. This control allows for fine-tuning of the cellular phenotype, including regulation of proliferation, cell signaling, and apoptosis; not surprisingly, microRNAs contribute to liver cancer biology. Recent investigations in human liver cancers and tumor-derived cell lines have demonstrated decreased or increased expression of particular microRNAs in hepatobiliary cancer cells. Based on predicted and validated protein targets as well as functional consequences of altered expression, microRNAs with decreased expression in liver tumor cells may normally aid in limiting neoplastic transformation. Conversely, selected microRNAs that are up-regulated in liver tumor cells can promote malignant features, contributing to carcinogenesis. In addition, microRNAs themselves are subject to regulated expression, including regulation by tumor suppressor and oncogene pathways. This review will focus on the expression and function of cancer-related microRNAs, including their intimate involvement in tumor suppressor and oncogene signaling networks relevant to hepatobiliary neoplasia. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Gonococcal Infection: A Model of Molecular Pathogenesis
Authors: Bradley E. Britigan, Myron S. Cohen, P. Frederick Sparling
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

Human beings are the only reservoir for the gonococcus. In spite of public health efforts to control this pathogen, and the availability of adequate antibiotic therapy for 40 years, close to a million cases of gonococcal infection are reported in the United States annually.1 The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains has complicated treatment regimens.2 3 4 5 Sequelae of gonococcal infection, including sterility and ectopic pregnancy, are serious health problems,6 particularly in less developed areas of the world.The gonococcus infects a diverse array of mucosal surfaces, including the urethra, endocervix, pharynx, conjunctiva, and rectum. In a minority of patients these infections progress . . .
Side effects of the pill.
Authors: K M Huntington
Journal: BMJ (1973)

long stay wards and hospitals.We fail to use the most effective therapeutic weapons we have-civilized and interesting conditions in which to live and meaningful things to do.We cannot plead a poverty-stricken society but like to think in terms of irresponsible families.There is no evidence ot irresponsible families.3 4We cannot really face the issue of deterrence.The workhouse setup appeared to work in the past only be- cause of the compulsion of the Poor Law, and to expect it to work on a voluntary basis in an affluent society at the end of the 20th century is ludicrous.What Drs.Hodkinson and Jefferys do not appear to recognize is that the "social dehiscence" which they try so hard to avoid, but are not very clear about, has nearly always occurred already.It is the commonest single reason that brings people to hospital.It is a gaping, a bursting open, and not a withering.The metaphor is crucial because on it hangs the validity of their paper.We have two geriatric units side by side in very similar areas but using very differ- ent methods.There is no way of finding out from present statistics what happens to people who pass through hospital except in a very general way.
Fasciitis in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: A Clinicopathologic Study of 14 Cases
Authors: Anne Janin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

To describe the clinicopathologic features of fasciitis in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical donors.A retrospective cohort study.Tertiary care center.Patients who had allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and developed chronic GVHD with clinical and pathologic signs of fasciitis.Analysis of clinical presentations and of deep cutaneo-muscular biopsy specimens.Between January 1974 and January 1991, 14 of 475 patients who had allogeneic bone marrow transplantation developed chronic GVHD that began with the sicca syndrome and liver or digestive tract involvement, or both, 60 to 170 days after the graft was received. Sudden and painful skin swelling was reported 350 to 3745 days after the graft was received. Follow-up over 2 to 7 years showed failure of the fasciitis to respond to steroid therapy or to any conventional treatment of chronic GVHD. Although 7 patients showed moderate improvement, the others remained functionally disabled because of skin tightness, joint stiffness, contractures, and sores. Patients with fasciitis in chronic GVHD had no specific immunogenetic profile and no history of L-tryptophan intake or phytonadione injections.Among alloimmune syndromes, fasciitis is a distinct entity that leads to functional disability. This rare form of chronic GVHD may provide clues to understanding the mechanisms involved in fasciitis from other causes.
Suppurative flexor tenosynovitis after accidental self-inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae type I
Authors: J. S. Little
Journal: JAMA (1984)

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Treatment of hyperlipemia
Authors: S. Margolis
Journal: JAMA (1978)

PREVENTION of premature vascular disease is the major goal in the treatment of hyperlipemia. Epidemiologic studies provide convincing evidence that hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD).<sup>1</sup>In fact, clinical manifestations of CHD parallel the serum cholesterol levels even within the "normal range" of serum cholesterol. Although no studies have proved that reduction of serum cholesterol levels decreases CHD or increases longevity, the overwhelming evidence linking hypercholesterolemia with premature CHD suggests that we should initiate efforts to lower serum cholesterol levels while we await final proof of beneficial effects. Investigations have not yet shown that hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor of CHD. However, these studies did not fully address the potential risk of hypertriglyceridemia because triglyceride levels ranged from 200 to 300 mg/dl in most subjects. Therefore, it is prudent to initiate treatment when serum triglyceride levels exceed 300 mg/dl. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) protects
Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects. Experimental studies.
Authors: J E Lock, J J Rome, R Davis, S Van Praagh, S B Perry, R Van Praagh, J F Keane
Journal: Circulation (1989)

Recent experience with the spring-loaded patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occluder has demonstrated several advantages of this device in the closure of intracardiac defects compared with previously described techniques. Pathologic and animal model studies were performed to identify which atrial septal defects (ASDs) might be suitable for device closure and to test a new septal closure double umbrella. Fifty specimens from the Cardiac Registry with unrepaired ASD secunda (2 degrees) were analyzed. Mean ASD size was 8 x 10 mm (range, 3 x 4 to 30 x 30 mm); 80% (n = 40) of ASDs were judged closable with the new device. ASD closure was attempted in four lambs with the Rashkind (hooked single umbrella) ASD occluder. One of four umbrellas was correctly positioned; no ASDs were closed. A new double-hinged ("clamshell") umbrella device was designed: eight ASD closures were attempted with this device (defects ranged from 8 to 20 mm in diameter). Six of eight umbrellas were correctly positioned; four of four animals observed more than 1 day appeared to have complete closure on postmortem examination with endothelialization of the device. We conclude that 1) most ASD 2 degrees are far enough from vital structures to permit closure, 2) initial placement of hooked umbrellas is often incorrect and cannot be altered, 3) clamshell double umbrellas were successfully placed in six of eight attempts, and 4) endothelialization of closed ASDs appears complete within weeks of implantation. These preliminary studies appear promising and support testing the clamshell ASD device in clinical trials.