tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis among Health-Care Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rajnish Joshi, Arthur L Reingold, Dick Menzies, Madhukar Pai
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Background The risk of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients to health-care workers (HCWs) is a neglected problem in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Most health-care facilities in these countries lack resources to prevent nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis (TB). Methods and Findings We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on the incidence and prevalence of latent TB infection (LTBI) and disease among HCWs in LMICs, and to evaluate the impact of various preventive strategies that have been attempted. To identify relevant studies, we searched electronic databases and journals, and contacted experts in the field. We identified 42 articles, consisting of 51 studies, and extracted data on incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for LTBI and disease among HCWs. The prevalence of LTBI among HCWs was, on average, 54% (range 33% to 79%). Estimates of the annual risk of LTBI ranged from 0.5% to 14.3%, and the annual incidence of TB disease in HCWs ranged from 69 to 5,780 per 100,000. The attributable risk for TB disease in HCWs, compared to the risk in the general population, ranged from 25 to 5,361 per 100,000 per year. A higher risk of acquiring TB disease was associated with certain work locations (inpatient TB facility, laboratory, internal medicine, and emergency facilities) and occupational categories (radiology technicians, patient attendants, nurses, ward attendants, paramedics, and clinical officers). Conclusions In summary, our review demonstrates that TB is a significant occupational problem among HCWs in LMICs. Available evidence reinforces the need to design and implement simple, effective, and affordable TB infection-control programs in health-care facilities in these countries.
A New Endoscopic Simulator
Authors: S. Bar-Meir
Journal: Endoscopy (2000)

Trainees need to perform a certain number of endoscopic procedures to achieve competence. Training on simulators is advantageous because it reduces the number of potentially life-threatening critical mistakes. The change in medical practice that limits education time and patient availability, and the increase in medical legal awareness, have contributed to the greater use of simulators in medical training and education. Simulators are of three types: mechanical, animal, and computer based. Progress in computer technology is expected to promote computer-based simulators. At present, the computer-based simulator is helpful in teaching upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, for diagnostic and some therapeutic procedures. It has been used at workshops and live demonstrations performed during endoscopic meetings. It is predicted that with further technological improvement, training on simulators will become obligatory before performing on humans.
Blunt Aortic Injury
Authors: David G. Neschis, Thomas M. Scalea, William R. Flinn, Bartley P. Griffith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Blunt aortic injury occurs after sudden deceleration, and it is second only to head injury as the leading cause of death after automobile crashes. Helical computed tomography of the thorax is more sensitive than angiography for detection. Although immediate operative repair was once the rule, endovascular repair is now an alternative for many patients, including those with multiple major injuries. The endovascular approach can improve survival as well as reduce the risk of paraplegia.
Two sides of a coin
Authors: Arun S Nanivadekar
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2012)

The essay by Sharma and Minhas1 reminded me of another essay by Michael Baum2 in which he emphasized the mutual dependence of empiricizm and rationalizm, and their reinforcing effect on each other, in the progress of medicine through research. Some thirty years later, the need for a synergy between explanatory models (rationalizm) and RCT (empiricizm) is felt equally strongly.
Urological Retroperitoneoscopic Surgery for Patients with Prior Intra-Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Koji Mita, Masanobu Shigeta, Kazuaki Mutaguchi, Akio Matsubara, Tateki Yoshino, Mitsuhiro Seki, Hideki Mochizuki, Masao Kato, Jun Teishima, Yuichi Kadonishi, Hiroaki Yasumoto, Tsuguru Usui
Journal: European Urology (2005)
Points from letters: Nicotinic acid in acne
Authors: N. Islam
Journal: BMJ (1967)

A. M. Poornan (19 August, p. 500) and G. Murtaza (28 October, p. 239) about the rejection of their claims for seniority allow- ance by the Ministry of Health.The ruling of the Ministry is incompatible with the spirit and principle with which the Review Body introduced this payment.In para.159 of the Report' it states that this payment " will recognize the development of experience in the general practitioner, and will provide him with the prospect of maintaining the level of his remuneration at a time when he may wish with advancing age . . .
Carbon Monoxide Protects against Ventilator-induced Lung Injury via PPAR-γ and Inhibition of Egr-1
Authors: Alexander Hoetzel, Tamas Dolinay, Simone Vallbracht, Yingze Zhang, Hong Pyo Kim, Emeka Ifedigbo, Sean Alber, A. Murat Kaynar, Rene Schmidt, Stefan W. Ryter, Augustine M. K. Choi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) leads to an unacceptably high mortality. In this regard, the antiinflammatory properties of inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) may provide a therapeutic option.
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by parathyroid hormone and cyclic AMP in rat renal cortex in vitro.
Authors: N Beck, K S Kim, M Wolak, B B Davis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

It has been demonstrated that parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibits the proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, and increases the urinary excretion of that ion. There is also a qualitative similarity between the alterations of the proximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, sodium, and water after PTH administration and after acetazolamide administration. These findings suggest that the renal effect of PTH is possibly mediated through the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in proximal tubules. Therefore, a possible inhibitory effect of PTH on carbonic anhydrase was evaluated in the homogenate of rat renal cortex by an indicator titration method. Incubation of cortical homogenates with PTH for 10 min at 37degreesC inhibited carbonic anhydrase activity. The inhibitory effect of PTH was ATP-, Mg++-, and K+-dependent and temperature-dependent; inactivation of PTH by heating at 100degreesC abolished the effect of PTH both to activate adenylate cyclase and to inhibit carbonic anhydrase. Calcium 5 mM also partially abolished effects of PTH to activate adenylate cyclase and to inhibit carbonic anhydrase. The inhibitory effect of PTH on carbonic anhydrase was specific to renal cortex. Cyclic AMP, the intracellular messenger substance for PTH, also inhibited carbonic anhydrase in renal cortex. The cyclic AMP-induced inhibition was also Mg++ dependent and temperature dependent, and required preincubation at 37degreesC. But 5'-AMP, a metabolic derivative of cyclic AMP without its biological effect, had no inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase. All the above results are consistent with the hypothesis that PTH inhibits proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate and phosphate through the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, and that inhibitory effect is mediated through the cyclic AMP system.
DISEASES PRODUCED AND PREVENTED BY CERTAIN FOOD CONSTITUENTS
Authors: EDWARD MELLANBY
Journal: JAMA (1931)

I feel it is a very great privilege to be honored with the invitation to address you today. The study of nutritional problems, like that of most other scientific problems, is of great international interest; moreover, its present important position is the result of international effort so that perhaps for this reason alone there is some justification for my presence.  I am especially interested in the fact that the Section on Diseases of Children of the American Medical Association has chosen the subject of nutrition for consideration because it is becoming more and more clear with advancing knowledge that it is in the early months and years of animal and human life that this question of feeding is of most importance.  It is my good fortune to have had the opportunity during the past ten years not only of carrying out experimental work on animal nutrition but also, as a
Psychosomatic Medicine and the Contemporary Social Scene
Authors: JOHN J. SCHWAB, NANCY H. McGINNIS, LINDA B. NORRIS, RUBY B. SCHWAB
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

Following a scrutiny of the relationships between sociocultural processes and psychosomatic illness, the authors question the relevance of current concepts of psychosomatic medicine to the contemporary social scene. In order to elaborate new concepts it must draw upon the social sciences because our environment is increasingly man-made. To be relevant, the authors conclude, psychosomatic medicine should integrate ecologic principles with its knowledge of psychic and physical processes.
Association of Workload of On-Call Medical Interns With On-Call Sleep Duration, Shift Duration, and Participation in Educational Activities
Authors: Vineet M. Arora
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Further restrictions in resident duty hours are being considered, and it is important to understand the association between workload, sleep loss, shift duration, and the educational time of on-call medical interns.To assess whether increased on-call intern workload, as measured by the number of new admissions on-call and the number of previously admitted patients remaining on the service, was associated with reductions in on-call sleep, increased total shift duration, and lower likelihood of participation in educational activities.Prospective cohort study of medical interns at a single US academic medical center from July 1, 2003, through June 24, 2005. Of the 81 interns, 56 participated (69%), for a total of 165 general medicine inpatient months resulting in 1100 call nights.On-call sleep duration, estimated by wrist watch actigraphy; total shift duration, measured from paging logs; and participation in educational activities (didactic lectures or bedside teaching), measured by experience sampling method via a personal digital assistant.Mean (SD) sleep duration on-call was 2.8 (1.5) hours and mean (SD) shift duration was 29.9 (1.7) hours. Interns reported spending 11% of their time in educational activities. Early in the academic year (July to October), each new on-call admission was associated with less sleep (-10.5 minutes [95% confidence interval {CI}, -16.8 to -4.2 minutes]; P < .001) and a longer shift duration (13.2 minutes [95% CI, 3.2-23.3 minutes]; P = .01). A higher number of previously admitted patients remaining on the service was associated with a lower odds of participation in educational activities (odds ratio, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.70-0.96]; P = .01]. Call nights during the week and early in the academic year were associated with the most sleep loss and longest shift durations.In this study population, increased on-call workload was associated with more sleep loss, longer shift duration, and a lower likelihood of participation in educational activities.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUS-TRANSFORMED CELLS
Authors: H. Eagle, G. E. Foley, H. Koprowski, H. Lazarus, E. M. Levine, R. A. Adams
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1970)

Virus transformants (like cancer cells, cells transformed by X-ray or carcinogens, or those which have transformed spontaneously) exhibit a number of phenotypic changes which are usually associated, and which may be lost concurrently. That association is, however, not invariable. More particularly, the altered characteristics here studied (escape from contact inhibition of growth and susceptibility to inhibition by other cells, decreased serum requirement, and ability to grow in soft agar) do not, in and of themselves, endow the cell with the capacity to produce a tumor, at least as judged by the methods of assay here used. Although the question as to whether the tumorigenicity of virus transformants is causally linked to any of these associated changes cannot be answered definitively, the evidence suggests a close linkage, rather than identity, between the determinants of oncogenicity and the other properties here studied.
Political Interference With Research?
Authors: Robert L. Livingston
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> — Regarding<i>JAMA's</i>recent story on Dr Carey's work in shooting cats to analyze brain injuries,<sup>1</sup>allow me to make a few comments: In 1988, I requested a General Accounting Office (GAO) investigation because there were serious questions about the validity of Dr Carey's research. I had already been in extended conversations with Louisiana State University (LSU) Medical Center representatives, the army, and local residents (not national animal rights groups). Since I had received a great deal of incomplete information from all sides and since Dr Carey had not published a single article on his work, which the taxpayers had been funding since 1983, some answers clearly were in order. Contrary to Dr Carey's belief, it is entirely appropriate and customary for members of Congress to turn to the GAO for specialized investigations. While other agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the
Fibrinolysis Inhibits Shear Stress–Induced Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Suraj G. Kamat, Alan D. Michelson, Stephen E. Benoit, Joel L. Moake, Damodara Rajasekhar, J. David Hellums, Michael H. Kroll, Andrew I. Schafer
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Shear stress–induced platelet aggregation may initiate arterial thrombosis at sites of pathological blood flow. Shear stress–induced platelet aggregation is mediated by von Willebrand factor (vWf) binding to platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib and GP IIb/IIIa. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) induces thrombolysis in coronary arteries through the local generation of plasmin. Plasmin also proteolyses GP Ib and plasma vWf. Methods and Results Because these effects could mitigate shear stress–induced platelet aggregation, we investigated the effect of fibrinolytic agents on platelet aggregation in response to a pathological shear stress of 120 dynes/cm 2 generated by a cone-and-platen rotational viscometer. Plasmin inhibited shear stress–induced aggregation of washed platelets, and this was associated with a decrease in GP Ib. TPA, at concentrations ≥2000 IU/mL, significantly inhibited shear stress–induced platelet aggregation of platelet-rich plasma without a decrease in platelet GP Ib. In plasma-platelet mixing experiments, we determined that the TPA effect was localized to plasma. Purified vWf multimer degradation by TPA (in the presence of exogenous plasminogen) was associated with the loss of the capacity of vWf to support shear stress–induced platelet aggregation. Conclusions These results demonstrate that TPA inhibits platelet aggregation in response to pathological shear stress by altering the multimeric composition of vWf. This effect of TPA on shear stress–induced platelet aggregation may contribute, along with fibrinolysis, to the therapeutic effect of TPA in restoring blood flow during acute coronary artery thrombosis.
Decreases in Activation Energy and Substrate Affinity in Cold-Adapted A4-Lactate Dehydrogenase: Evidence from the Antarctic Notothenioid Fish Chaenocephalus aceratus
Authors: P. A. Fields
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Enzyme function is strongly affected by temperature, and orthologs from species adapted to different thermal environments often show temperature compensation in kinetic properties. Antarctic notothenioid fishes live in a habitat of constant, extreme cold (−1.86 ± 2°C), and orthologs of the enzyme A4-lactate dehydrogenase (A4-LDH) in these species have adapted to this environment through higher catalytic rates, lower Arrhenius activation energies (Ea), and increases in the apparent Michaelis constant for the substrate pyruvate \((K_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{PYR}}).\) Here, site-directed mutagenesis was used to determine which amino acid substitutions found in A4-LDH of the notothenioid Chaenocephalus aceratus, with respect to orthologs from warm-adapted teleosts, are responsible for these adaptive changes in enzyme function. \(K_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{PYR}}\) was measured in eight single and two double mutants, and Ea was tested in five single and two double mutants in the temperature range 0°C–20°C. Of the four mutants that had an effect on these parameters, two increased Ea but did not affect \(K_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{PYR}}\) (Gly224Ser, Ala310Pro), and two increased both Ea and \(K_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{PYR}}\) (Glu233Met, Gln317Val). The double mutants Glu233Met/Ala310Pro and Glu233Met/Gln317Val increased \(K_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{PYR}}\) and Ea to levels not significantly different from the A4-LDH of a warm temperate fish (Gillichthys mirabilis, habitat temperature 10°C–35°C). The four single mutants are associated with two α-helices that move during the catalytic cycle; those that affect Ea but not \(K_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{PYR}}\) are further from the active site than those that affect both parameters. These results provide evidence that (1) cold adaptation in A4-LDH involves changes in mobility of catalytically important molecular structures; (2) these changes may alter activation energy alone or activation energy and substrate affinity together; and (3) the extent to which these parameters are affected may depend on the location of the substitutions within the mobile α-helices, perhaps due to differences in proximity to the active site.
Tolerability and Efficacy of Facilitated-Subcutaneous Infusion of Immune Globulin (Human), 10% and Recombinant Human Hyaluronidase (IGHy) in a Subset of Study Patients With Primary Immunodeficiency Disease (PIDD)
Authors: R.L. Wasserman, I. Melamed, M. Stein, J. Puck, S. Gupta, W. Engl, H. Leibl, D. Gelmont, R.I. Schiff
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Increases Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sanjay Patel, Brian G. Drew, Shirley Nakhla, Stephen J. Duffy, Andrew J. Murphy, Phillip J. Barter, Kerry-Anne Rye, Jaye- Chin-Dusting, Anh Hoang, Dmitri Sviridov, David S. Celermajer, Bronwyn A. Kingwell
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
Late effects of air pollution with special reference to lung cancer.
Authors: L Friberg, R Cederlöf
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

The Department of Environmental Hygiene of the National Swedish Environment Protection Board and of the Karolinska Institute have prepared an extensive review on health effects of air pollution, to be used by the Swedish Parliamentary Committee on Energy and the Environment. This report forms the basis for one part of the review, that on late effects. Much of the work on the review, is the result of a team effort involving researchers from numerous organizations.
PREDICTORS OF MORTALITY AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF OCTOGENARIANS UNDERGOING TRANSRADIAL PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
Authors: Jean-Pierre Dery, Helena Tizon, Cindy Boulanger-Gobeil, Julie Plaisance, Gerald Barbeau, Josep Rodés-Cabau, Stephane Rinfret, Eric Larose, Bernard Noël, Can M. Nguyen, Onil Gleeton, Guy Proulx, Louis Roy, Robert Delarochellière, Olivier F. Bertrand
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Testing of Newborn Siblings in Phenylketonuric Families
Authors: Helen K. Berry, Barbara Umbarger, Betty Sutherland
Journal: JAMA (1964)

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES for testing newborn siblings in families known to have phenylketonuria were outlined, following recommendations of a number of physicians experienced in management of this disease.<sup>1,2</sup>Subsequent siblings carry a 25% risk of also having phenylketonuria. Testing of infants born into affected families offers the opportunity not only of detecting the disorder very early in life for the purpose of treatment, but also of determining the reliability at a given age of tests which have been proposed for this purpose.<sup>3</sup> We have had the opportunity during the past year to test blood and urine specimens from a number of infants born into families with phenylketonuria. Arrangements were made with the attending physician prior to delivery, and materials for collection of blood and urine specimens were supplied. The usual routine of the obstetrical unit and hospital nursery was observed with regard to standard fluids, breast, or bottle feeding.
Stramonium Poisoning in "Teeny-Boppers"
Authors: DANIEL THAU TEITELBAUM
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

More than 20 cases of stramonium intoxication caused by drinking a tea prepared from Asthmador®, an over-the-counter remedy for asthma, were seen during the summer of 1967 by the Physician's Poison Consultation Service of the University of Colorado Medical Center. These patients were between the ages of 13 and 18. Physicians who treat teen-agers should be aware of this curious new practice and should recognize the syndrome of agitation, hallucination, mydriasis, and urinary retention that this inexpensive "psychedelic" preparation may cause. No specific treatment for stramonium poisoning has been required, and all of the patients have recovered with supportive and custodial care.
Biologic Activities of Biosynthetic Human Insulin in Healthy Volunteers and Insulin-dependent Diabetic Patients Monitored by the Artificial Endocrine Pancreas
Authors: Sotos Raptis, Constantine Karaiskos, Franz Enzmann, Dimitrios Hatzidakis, Christos Zoupas, Athanasios Souvatzoglou, E Diamantopoulos, Spyridon Moulopoulos
Journal: Diabetes Care (1981)

This study investigates and compares biosynthetic human insulin (BHI) and purified pork insulin, in healthy volunteers and in insulin-dependent diabetic patients, in terms of biologic action, capacity for controlling diabetic patients, and the requirements of the patients on each insulin. The possible importance of this new insulin in the improved long-term control of diabetic patients led to the experimental design of this protocol.
A step towards effective self regulation
Authors: S. A Smith
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Ihave no doubt that there are wide variations in the quality of service delivered by specialist departments in different hospitals throughout the United Kingdom. Although this may partly be due to the skills of the clinical staff, much of the variation is determined by local factors, such as the availability of resources and organisational considerations.

At present there is minimal exchange of information about clinical practice and outcomes between departments, which are isolated by distance, limited movement of staff, and, sadly, competition between rival trusts. The government and the media have focused on these differences, and it seems inevitable that external mechanisms will be devised to identify and eliminate unacceptably poor practice. As a profession we should try to do better than this.



The committee on renal diseases of the Royal College of Physicians of London has risen to this challenge by developing a protocol for …