tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
US groups set out strategy to reduce hospital acquired infections
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Five leading US healthcare organisations have united to reduce the rate of hospital acquired infections. The evidence based strategies aim to harmonise guidance and create practical tools for better implementation of infection control ( Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2008;29:S12-S21, doi:10.1086/591060). They focus on two specific organisms—meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile —and four vectors of infection—central line associated bloodstream infection, ventilator associated pneumonia, catheter associated urinary tract infection, and surgical site infection.

The problem has been not a lack but a profusion of guidelines for infection control. They have been generated by multiple agencies in …
The Electrocardiographic Effects of Hypocalcemia Induced in Normal Subjects with Edathamil Disodium
Authors: JACK T. BECHTEL, JEFFERSON E. WHITE, E. HARVEY ESTES
Journal: Circulation (1956)

In the past, it has not been possible to study the electrocardiographic effects of hypocalcemia in normal subjects. Edathamil disodium is a powerful chelating agent with a strong affinity for ionic calcium when given intravenously. This agent was used to produce hypocalcemia in normal subjects so that electrocardiographic effects could be studied. The major changes produced in the electrocardiogram with the induction of hypocalcemia were shortening of the R-R interval, prolongation of the RS-T and Q-T intervals, all of which were proportional to the degree of hypocalcemia. No change in the spatial P, QRS and T vectors, no T wave flattening or inversion and no elevation or depression of the RS-T segment appeared with hypocalcemia.
Psychiatry and the Human Condition
Authors: John C. Burnham
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Iago Galdston stands for the tradition of the physician who relates his profession and his practice to the humanistic tradition of the West. In these 33 papers, all but one previously published and dating from 1944 to 1972, Galdston demonstrates the many ways in which civilization in general and the history and philosophy of medicine in particular pertain to our times and to his specialty, psychiatry. "The historical perspective," he writes (pp 123-124), "induces humility, inspires hope, broadens one's vision, and teaches one to be earnest in enterprise but not humorless in the face of reality." Galdston's approach is Dionysian rather than Apollonian. Most of the papers are about general topics like the psychiatry of Paracelsus and "Our One-Generation Culture." The occasional case histories exemplify not clinical practice but such subjects as deprivation, existentialism, and the irrational in psychodynamics. A substantial portion of the book is devoted to explorations of
Treating cancer in older people
Authors: A. Ring
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Assessing biological age could help to avoid undertreatment

In March 2012 Macmillan Cancer Support, one of the United Kingdom’s biggest cancer charities, launched their Age Old Excuse campaign. This campaign called for older people with cancer to be offered treatment on the basis of their physical fitness rather than their age.1 Survival rates for older patients with cancer in the UK lag behind those in other comparable countries.2

In the UK, 155 000 people aged 70 years or more are diagnosed with cancer every year. This number represents 50% of all cancer diagnoses,3 and it is likely to rise as the population ages. The challenge of treating older adults diagnosed with cancer is not unique to the UK, and the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer has convened an “elderly task force” to look at key questions.4

Poor cancer survival rates in older adults may be partly explained by undertreatment.1 5 Some older patients may decline or choose to receive less aggressive …
Autochthonous dengue virus infection in Japan imported into Germany, September 2013
Authors: J Schmidt-Chanasit, P Emmerich, D Tappe, S Günther, S Schmidt, D Wolff, K Hentschel, D Sagebiel, I Schöneberg, K Stark, C Frank
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2014)

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
Intrathecal Immune Response in Patients with the Post-Polio Syndrome
Authors: Mohammad K. Sharief, Romain Hentges, Maria Ciardi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

The syndrome of progressive muscular atrophy decades after acute paralytic poliomyelitis (post-polio syndrome) is not well understood. The theory that physiologic changes and aging cause the new weakness does not explain the immunologic abnormalities reported in some patients. An alternative explanation is persistent or recurrent poliovirus infection.
Abstract P2-10-03: Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 predicts poor outcomes in patients with breast cancer
Authors: JS Lee, JS Cho, MH Park, JH Yoon
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) plays a role in cancer invasion and metastasis through the upregulation of hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal epithelial transition-pathway, which is a known critical regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, the potential involvement of MACC1 in breast cancer has not been assessed. Materials and Methods: To investigate whether MACC1 expression is a prognostic marker in breast cancer, we performed immunohistochemical staining for MACC1 expression in tissue microarrays consisting of 198 invasive breast carcinomas. To demonstrate the potential correlation between MACC1 and MAPK cascades, phospho-p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) expression was also analyzed. Results: Expression of MACC1 was detected in 109 (55.1%) of 198 invasive breast carcinomas. MACC1 expression was significantly associated with several clinicopathologic parameters, including ER negativity (P &amp;lt; 0.01), PR negativity (p &amp;lt; 0.01), and HER-2 positivity (p &amp;lt; 0.01). The rate of metastatic relapse was significantly higher in the MACC1-positive group (87.8%, 36/41) than in the MACC1-negative group (46.5%, 73/157) (p &amp;lt; 0.001). MACC1 expression was significantly correlated with phospho-p44/42 MAPK expression (p &amp;lt; 0.05). On univariate survival analysis, a significant association was observed between MACC1 expression and decreased disease-free survival (p &amp;lt; 0.001) and overall survival (p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, MACC1 expression was one of the statistically significant independent risk factors for disease-free survival (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that MACC1 may serve as a new parameter for the prognostic prediction in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. MACC1 is likely to be involved in the regulation of MAPK cascades in invasive breast carcinoma. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-10-03.
Disease‐stabilizing treatment with all‐trans retinoic acid and valproic acid in acute myeloid leukemia: Serum hsp70 and hsp90 levels and serum cytokine profiles are determined by the disease, patient age, and anti‐leukemic treatment
Authors: Hanne Fredly, Håkon Reikvam, Bjørn Tore Gjertsen, Øystein Bruserud
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2012)

Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP90 are released by primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells during stress-induced spontaneous in vitro apoptosis. The AML cells also show constitutive release of several cytokines and the systemic serum levels of several soluble mediators are altered in patients with untreated AML. In the present study, we have investigated serum levels of HSP70/HSP90 and the serum cytokine profiles of patients with untreated AML and patients receiving AML-stabilizing palliative treatment based on all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus valproic acid. Patients with untreated AML showed increased HSP90 levels and a distinct serum cytokine profile when compared with healthy controls, and low pre-therapy HSP90 levels were associated with a prolonged survival during treatment with ATRA + valproic acid + theophyllin. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed a close association between HSP70, HSP90, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels. Furthermore, disease-stabilizing therapy altered the serum-cytokine profile, but the correlations between HSP70/HSP90/IL-1ra/HGF were maintained only when ATRA + valproic acid were combined with theophyllin but not when combined with cytarabine. We conclude that both HSP levels and serum cytokine profiles are altered and may represent possible therapeutic targets or prognostic markers in human AML.
Ebola, Twitter, and misinformation: a dangerous combination?
Authors: S. O. Oyeyemi, E. Gabarron, R. Wynn
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The recent Ebola outbreak in west Africa has affected countries deeply in need of foreign aid.1 People desperately need correct information on how to prevent and treat Ebola. Despite the poverty, the increasing spread of computers, tablets, and smartphones in the region creates an opportunity for the rapid dissemination of information through the internet and social media, but there is no guarantee that …
Effects of nisoldipine and lisinopril on left ventricular mass and function in diabetic nephropathy.
Authors: L Tarnow, A Sato, S Ali, P Rossing, F S Nielsen, H H Parving
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of the calcium channel blocker, nisoldipine, and the ACE inhibitor, lisinopril, on left ventricular mass (LVM) and systolic function in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: M-mode echocardiography was performed in 50 hypertensive type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy enrolled in a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, parallel study of antihypertensive treatment with nisoldipine CC (20-40 mg/day) or lisinopril (10-20 mg/day). Ambulatory 24-h blood pressure was measured with the Takeda TM 2420 device (A &amp; D, Tokyo, Japan) every 3 months. Three patients dropped out and seven patients were excluded due to technical difficulties. RESULTS: The 24-h diastolic blood pressure was reduced from 83 to 80 mmHg in the nisoldipine group (P = 0.06) and from 85 to 80 mmHg in the lisinopril group (P = 0.02). The decline in systolic blood pressure was not significant with any of the two treatments, and no difference in reduction of blood pressure was seen between groups. LVM corrected for body surface area (LVMI) was comparable between groups at baseline and increased from 96 +/- 5 to 107 +/- 6 g/m2 (mean +/- SEM; P = 0.007) in the nisoldipine group and from 95 +/- 4 to 103 +/- 5 g/m2 (P = 0.03) in the lisinopril group. The mean difference between the change in LVMI in the two groups was 2.9 (95% CI 6.8 to 12.7) g/m2. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy rose from 18 (95% CI 6-30) to 30% (16-44) during the study period. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that after 1 year of treatment, LVMI increased with higher systolic blood pressure level and declining glomerular filtration rate (R2 = 0.25). Fractional shortening was within normal range at baseline, 42 +/- 1 vs. 41 +/- 1% with nisoldipine and lisinopril, respectively, and did not change during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Antihypertensive treatment with nisoldipine or lisinopril to bring diastolic blood pressure level within the normal target range does not hinder a rise in LVMI in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy.
The Benefits of Amateur Boxing
Authors: J. L. Blonstein
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1974)

Thirty one patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) receiving standardised prednisolone treatment were followed up for one year with analyses of plasma viscosity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen concentration. On the day of diagnosis all patients had an increased plasma viscosity and ESR, whereas the concentration of CRP was normal in three patients and fibrinogen concentration and haptoglobin values were normal in one patient. IgG levels were increased in two patients. Plasma viscosity correlated significantly with the ESR, IgG level, and fibrinogen concentration. Laboratory variables in subgroups of patients with GCA proved by biopsy were not different from the whole group of patients with GCA. The follow up showed that CRP normalised faster than the ESR, plasma viscosity, and fibrinogen concentration. Plasma viscosity and the ESR paralleled clinical findings more closely and predicted flare ups better than the other variables. Plasma viscosity had advantages over the ESR for predicting flare ups and in the clinical monitoring of treatment with glucocorticoids.
Raised blood pressure, not renin–angiotensin systems, causes cardiac fibrosis in TGR m(Ren2)27 rats
Authors: J Bishop
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Objectives: Elevated systemic arterial blood pressure is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. It has been suggested that both circulating and local myocardial renin–angiotensin systems play a role in mediating these responses. Here we describe the natural history of ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in the transgenic (mRen2)27 rat — a monogenetic model — which has a high tissue expression of the murine renin transgene, and suffers severe hypertension. We further explored the relative contribution of both hypertensive burden and circulating and tissue renin–angiotensin systems to the fibrotic process. Methods: The transgenic rats were treated from 28 days old with (1) a hypotensive dose of the ACE inhibitor ramipril which inhibited both tissue and circulating ACE activity, (2) the calcium antagonist amlodipine, or (3) a non-hypotensive dose of ramipril which inhibited about 60% of tissue ACE activity with little effect on circulating ACE. Normotensive Sprague–Dawley rats were used as controls. Results: The transgenics developed left ventricular hypertrophy along with perivascular and interstitial fibrosis which became progressively worse up to 24 weeks of age. Both the high dose of ramipril and amlodipine prevented the hypertrophy and fibrosis, whereas tissue ACE inhibition without lowering blood pressure had no effect, and actually led to a worsening of the fibrosis by 24 weeks. Conclusions: These results suggest that the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in the transgenic (mRen2)27 rat are regulated by blood pressure and not activity of the renin–angiotensin systems and that progression of fibrosis at 24 weeks involves a mechanism unrelated to local renin–angiotensin activity.
Long-term results of the Israeli National Studies in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: INS 84, 89 and 98
Authors: B Stark, R Nirel, G Avrahami, A Abramov, D Attias, A Ballin, B Bielorai, Y Burstein, H Gavriel, R Elhasid, J Kapelushnik, D Sthoeger, A Toren, M Wientraub, I Yaniv, S Izraeli
Journal: Leukemia (2009)
Family and Community Medicine in a General Hospital
Authors: Nikitas J. Zervanos
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Family and community medicine is viewed as the effective concept and organizational vehicle through which comprehensive health care can be realized. The application of several principles of comprehensive health care is illustrated by the Family and Community Medicine Program at the Lancaster General Hospital in Lancaster, Pa. This program has successfully marshalled the support and cooperation of individuals and groups from both public and private sectors. Our hospital offers a three-year Residency Program in Family and Community Medicine.
Results of <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies for assessing prenatal toxicity
Authors: Diether Neubert, Gudrun Blankenburg, Ibrahim Chahoud, Gabriele Franz, Rainer Herken, Michael Kastner, Stephan Klug, Joachim Kröger, Ralf Krowke, Constanze Lewandowski, Hans-Joachim Merker, Thomas Schulz, Ralf Stahlmann
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

Examples of a combined approach using in vivo as well as in vitro methods for the assessment of prenatal toxicity are presented. The topics discussed include the analysis of the possible embryotoxic potential of valproic acid (VPA), female sex hormones, bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO), and acyclovir and the problem of supplementing in vitro systems with drug-metabolizing activity.
Assisted Conception Not Associated With Higher Cancer Risk
Authors: Anita Slomski
Journal: JAMA (2013)

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Myocardial Infarction and Risk of Suicide
Authors: Karen Kjær Larsen, Esben Agerbo, Bo Christensen, Jens Søndergaard, Mogens Vestergaard
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with an increased risk of anxiety, depression, low quality of life, and all-cause mortality. Whether MI is associated with an increased risk of suicide is unknown. We examined the association between MI and suicide.We conducted a population-based case-control study by retrieving data from 5 nationwide longitudinal registers in Denmark. As cases, we selected all persons aged 40 to 89 years who died by suicide from 1981 to 2006. As controls, we randomly selected up to 10 persons per case matched by sex, day of birth, and calendar time. We identified 19,857 persons who committed suicide and 190,058 controls. MI was associated with a marked increased risk of suicide. The risk of suicide was highest during the first month after discharge for MI for patients with no history of psychiatric illness (adjusted rate ratio, 3.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.61 to 6.56) and for patients with a history of psychiatric illness (adjusted rate ratio, 64.05; 95% confidence interval, 13.36 to 307.06) compared with those with no history of MI or psychiatric illness. However, the risk remained high for at least 5 years after MI.MI is followed by an increased risk of suicide for persons with and without psychiatric illness. Our results suggest the importance of screening patients with MI for depression and suicidal ideation.
MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE IN AVIAN MALARIA (PLASMODIUM LOPHURAE)
Authors: Irwin W. Sherman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

Lactic dehydrogenase activity increased in direct proportion to the degree of parasitization in synchronous infections of duck erythrocytes. Deviations from this linearity could be accounted for on the basis of the developmental stage of the parasite. Erythrocyte-free P. lophurae showed activities which averaged 3 times that of uninfected erythrocytes, whereas infected erythrocytes had intermediate values. In addition, a patent infection was generally reflected by an increase in the lactic dehydrogenase activity in the plasma, but no direct correlation with parasitemia was established. Molecular heterogeneity of the enzyme was determined on the basis of kinetic data and electrophoretic isolation on a starch block. The uninfected red blood cell showed a major anodal and a minor cathodal peak of lactic dehydrogenase activity, and was further characterized by a kinetic constant representing a high pH optimum with low concentrations of substrate. Isolated P. lophurae had a single, cathodal peak of activity dissimilar from that of the uninfected erythrocyte, and a kinetic constant describing a low pH optimum with a high concentration of substrate. Infected erythrocytes showed a combination of these electrophoretic entities and an intermediate range of kinetic constants. The data indicate that the avian malaria parasite P. lophurae contains a lactic dehydrogenase qualitatively dissimilar from that of its host cell, and the increased enzymatic activity of infected erythrocytes is a result of the enzyme content of the growing parasite added to that of the red blood cell. It is suggested that the LDH of the parasite has a physiological advantage under those conditions which prevail inside the red blood cell.
ON THE USES OF COCAINE IN GYNECOLOGICAL SURGERY.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D.C., May, 1891.
Authors: WM. H. HUMISTON
Journal: JAMA (1891)

I have had an experience in the use of cocaine in gynecological operations during the past three years that has been eminently satisfactory, and I purpose in as few words as possible to lay the method and my experience before you. I will first describe the manner of its use in dilating and curetting. Ten minutes before using the cocaine I give a tablespoonful of whisky or brandy. Place patient in the left lateral position, and with Sim's speculum expose the cervix—steady the uterus with a tenaculum inserted in anterior lip. Then take a hypodermic syringe with a fine needle, filled with a 4 per cent. solution of cocaine, which has two minims of pure phenol in each half-ounce of solution, and inject five minims into the posterior lip—wait two minutes, then secure a firm hold with bullet forceps, which will be painless. Proceed and inject in several portions of