tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Drug company is targeted for refusing to adopt ban on distribution of execution drug
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A US drug company has been targeted by investors after declining to participate fully in the embargo against providing lethal injection drugs to states with the death penalty.

The company, Mylan, of Pennsylvania, makes rocuronium bromide, which Alabama has just adopted in its new execution drug protocol. Although the company does not sell directly to corrections departments in death penalty states, it has not extracted commitments from resellers to refrain from such sales.

Since 2011 the European Union has banned the export of sodium thiopental, a key anesthetic in lethal injections, and some small drug manufacturers outside the EU have also refused to sell sodium thiopental and …
Effect of castration and testosterone propionate on mouse vibrissae
Authors: L. IBRAHIM, E.A. WRIGHT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

Vibrissae of normal mice were measured for six cycles starting at birth. Groups of immature male albino mice were castrated at 21 days of age when E, F, G and H (Danforth nomenclature, 1925) vibrissae were in their first cycle of growth. Levels of testosterone in their peripheral plasma were reduced to about one tenth of the normal. The final length achieved by their vibrissae in all subsequent cycles was shorter than that of normal mice. Another group of immature male mice were treated with implants of testosterone propionate to give plasma levels of approximately five to ten times normal. Their vibrissae showed a significant increase in final length in all growth cycles before and after sexual maturation. Vibrissae of adult male mice treated with excess testosterone showed a significant increase in final length at the end of the growth cycle immediately after commencement of treatment. On the other hand, vibrissae of castrated adult mice showed a significant decrease in final length in the second successive cycle after castration. The rate of growth of all vibrissae remained unchanged. Changes in their final length were brought about by changes in the period of growth. Castrated mice had a slightly longer resting period.
1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol Effects in Chronic Dialysis
Authors: TOMAS BERL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] was studied in a double-blind controlled fashion in patients on chronic dialysis. Serum calcium was unchanged in 16 patients on vitamin D3(D3) (400 to 1200 IU/day). In 15 patients on 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.5 to 1.5 µg/day), serum calcium increased from 9.05 ± .15 to 10.25 ± .20 mg/dl (p < 0.001), returning to 9.37 ± .16 mg/dl (p < 0.001) in the post control period. Patients on D3 showed no reversible decrease in immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels, but patients on 1,25(OH)2D3 did, from a control of 1077 ± 258 to 595 ± 213 µl equivalents/ml (p < 0.01), and returned to 1165 ± 271 µl equivalents/ml (p < 0.005). Nine of 12 patients on D3 who underwent serial iliac-crest biopsies showed histologic deterioration, and six of seven who received 1,25(OH)2D3 were improved or unchanged (p < 0.025). Bone mineral and calcium decreased in patients on D3 (p < 0.05) but not in those on 1,25(OH)2D3. Hypercalcemia occurred in five of 15 patients. We conclude that 1,25(OH)2D3 has a calcemic effect in chronic dialysis patients, decreases levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, and is associated with histologic improvement in bone disease. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 is a valuable adjunct to the management of renal osteodystrophy but requires monitoring of serum calcium to avoid hypercalcemia.
Behcet's syndrome: a family study and the elucidation of a genetic role.
Authors: L Berman, B Trappler, T Jenkins
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

A family with features of the mucocutaneous ocular syndrome is described. A 4-generation study reveals that the condition has been inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expressivity. Psychiatric symptoms and myalgia have been prominent features peculiar to our patients.
Multifunctional polymer scaffolds with adjustable pore size and chemoattractant gradients for studying cell matrix invasion
Authors: Alexandra M. Greiner, Maria Jäckel, Andrea C. Scheiwe, Dimitar R. Stamow, Tatjana J. Autenrieth, Joerg Lahann, Clemens M. Franz, Martin Bastmeyer
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Dangers of Oxytocin-induced Labour to Fetuses
Authors: J. Studd, D. R. Clegg, R. R. Saunders
Journal: BMJ (1974)

uterine activi-ty were significantly greater in the oxytocin group than in the PGE2 group.In the augmentation series2 the difference between the two drugs was even nore apparent.The augmentation-to-delivery interval, the mean basal uterine tone, the mean frequency of contractions, nausea, vomiting, ketosis, pyrexia, and late fetal heart decelerations were all significantly higher in the oxytocin group than in the PGE2 group.Returning to Mr. Charnberlain's observa- tion that preselection of high-risk infants may explain the findings of Mr. Liston and Mr. CaQbell, our data demonstrate that the oxytocic used is undoubtedly a contributory factor.They also show that this is less sig- nificant with PGE2 than with oxy,tocin.We therefore support Mr. Liston and Mr.Campbell's sugestion that the use of oxytocin can be hazardous and, while PGE2 appears to be kinder to the uterus and fetus, the possible dangers of all oxytocics should never be forgotten.-Weare, etc.,
412 EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM ORAL BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS ENRICHED SNACK IN THE PATIENTS COMPLICATED WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS UNDERGOING TRANS-ARTERIAL CHEMOEMBOLIZATION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Authors: S. Takeshita, T. Ichikawa, H. Shibata, M. Akiyama, E. Ozawa, S. Miuma, M. Fujimoto, H. Miyaaki, K. Nakao, K. Eguchi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Notch2-dependent classical dendritic cells orchestrate intestinal immunity to attaching-and-effacing bacterial pathogens
Authors: Ansuman T Satpathy, Carlos G Briseño, Jacob S Lee, Dennis Ng, Nicholas A Manieri, Wumesh KC, Xiaodi Wu, Stephanie R Thomas, Wan-Ling Lee, Mustafa Turkoz, Keely G McDonald, Matthew M Meredith, Christina Song, Cynthia J Guidos, Rodney D Newberry, Wenjun Ouyang, Theresa L Murphy, Thaddeus S Stappenbeck, Jennifer L Gommerman, Michel C Nussenzweig, Marco Colonna, Raphael Kopan, Kenneth M Murphy
Journal: Nature Immunology (2013)
The Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Syndrome: Genetics and Clinical Implications
Authors: Daniel C. Chung, Anil K. Rustgi
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Basic studies of DNA replication and repair have provided surprising and pivotal insights into a novel pathway of tumorigenesis. Defects in the DNA mismatch repair process dramatically increase the risk for specific types of cancer because of instability in microsatellite DNA sequences. A germline mutation in either the hMSH2 or hMLH1 mismatch repair gene results in the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), or Lynch, syndrome. The lifetime risk for colon cancer is 80% in affected persons, and an aggressive cancer surveillance program is essential not only for these individuals but also for at-risk family members. The diagnosis of HNPCC can be made by fulfillment of the Amsterdam clinical criteria or through genetic testing for germline mutations in hMSH2 or hMLH1. Genetic testing is particularly useful in families with atypical clinical features and also for cancer risk assessment within an established HNPCC kindred. Microsatellite instability (MSI) of DNA is a hallmark feature of HNPCC-associated tumors, and as many as 15% of cases of sporadic colorectal cancer also display MSI. The biological behavior of colorectal tumors with MSI is distinctive; the most intriguing feature is their favorable natural history. The study of HNPCC has provided an example of the powerful interplay between molecular genetics and clinical care.
Clinical judgment in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Rheumatologists' opinions and the development of 'paper patients'.
Authors: J R Kirwan, D M Chaput de Saintonge, C R Joyce, H L Currey
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1983)

Opinions about the importance of various measures of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis gathered from a survey of 20% of British rheumatologists showed a wide diversity for all clinical variables. 9Paper patients9 have been developed as a method of investigating actual clinical decisions rather than expressed opinions. Assessments based on 9paper patients9 correlate highly (r = +0.901) with those made on the equivalent real patients when seen in person.
Asthma Improved by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Authors: DANIEL KORDANSKY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

A patient who claimed benefit from aspirin for her reversible bronchospasm was challenged orally in a placebo-controlled study with aspirin and other aspirin-like drugs. Specific airways conductance and spirometry were monitored for up to 150 minutes after oral challenge. Aspirin, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen administration resulted in marked (45% to 80%) improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) compared to lactose placebo. Indomethacin, sodium salicylate, and tartrazine resulted in modest (15% to 25%) FEV1 improvement, while phenylbutazone produced a 25% decrease. These results are discussed here in terms of the ability of these drugs to inhibit the prostaglandin synthetase enzyme system. This case suggests that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be beneficial rather than harmful in some asthmatic patients.
Osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured on silica gel and sol–gel-derived titania
Authors: S.C Dieudonné, J van den Dolder, J.E de Ruijter, H Paldan, T Peltola, M.A van ’t Hof, R.P Happonen, J.A Jansen
Journal: Biomaterials (2002)
Antioxidant action of antimalarials.
Authors: Y Miyachi, A Yoshioka, S Imamura, Y Niwa
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1986)

The effects of antimalarials, chloroquine and quinacrine, on the generation of reactive oxygen species were examined both in polymorphonuclear leucocytes and in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Antimalarials showed inhibitory effects on the production of reactive oxygen species probably by affecting cell functions, such as membrane phospholipid methylation. It is suggested that antimalarial agents can work as antioxidants at the site of inflammation protecting against auto-oxidative tissue damage with resultant anti-inflammatory effects.
Primate cognitive neuroscience: What are the useful questions?
Authors: A. Parker
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Study of “theory of mind” in nonhuman primates is hampered both by the lack of rigorous methodology that Heyes stresses and by our lack of knowledge of the cognitive neuroscience of nonhuman primate conceptual structure. Recent advances in this field indicate that progress can be made by first asking simpler research questions.
Distinguishing between the computational and dynamical hypotheses: What difference makes the difference?
Authors: Steven R. Quartz
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Van Gelder seeks to distinguish between the computational and the dynamical hypotheses primarily on the basis of ontic criteria – the kind of systems cognitive agents really are. I suggest that this meets with mixed success. By shifting to epistemic criteria – what kind of explanations we require to understand cognitive agents – I suggest there is an easier and more intuitive way to distinguish between these two competing views of cognitive agents.
Chlorinated Pool Attendance, Atopy, and the Risk of Asthma during Childhood
Authors: Alfred Bernard, Sylviane Carbonnelle, Claire de Burbure, Olivier Michel, Marc Nickmilder
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

The pool chlorine hypothesis postulates that the rise in childhood asthma in the developed world could result at least partly from the increasing exposure of children to toxic gases and aerosols contaminating the air of indoor chlorinated pools. To further assess this hypothesis, we explored the relationships between childhood asthma, atopy, and cumulated pool attendance (CPA). We studied 341 schoolchildren 10-13 years of age who attended at a variable rate the same public pool in Brussels (trichloramine in air, 0.3-0.5 mg/m3). Examination of the children included a questionnaire, an exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) test, and the measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and total and aeroallergen-specific serum IgE. CPA by children (range, 0-1,818 hr) emerged among the most consistent predictors of asthma (doctor diagnosed or screened with the EIB test) and of elevated eNO, ranking immediately after atopy and family history of asthma or hay fever. Although the risk of elevated eNO increased with CPA [odds ratio (OR) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-1.43] independently of total or specific serum IgE, the probability of developing asthma increased with CPA only in children with serum IgE > 100 kIU/L (OR for each 100-hr increase in CPA = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.07-2.72). All these effects were dose related and most strongly linked to pool attendance before 6-7 years of age. Use of indoor chlorinated pools especially by young children interacts with atopic status to promote the development of childhood asthma. These findings further support the hypothesis implicating pool chlorine in the rise of childhood asthma in industrialized countries.
Sites of action of sodium depletion on aldosterone biosynthesis in the dog
Authors: Warren W. Davis, Lawrence R. Burwell, Alfred G. T. Casper, Frederic C. Bartter
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

Secretion of cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone was measured in vivo in normal and sodium-depleted hypophysectomized dogs. Biogenesis of steroids was then measured in vitro with outer slices of the adrenals of the same dogs. In some studies, metyrapone or puromycin was added. In vivo, sodium depletion stimulated the production of cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone. In vitro, tissues from sodium-depleted animals released more aldosterone, but less corticosterone than those from sodium-replete controls. The results are interpreted to indicate that (a) biosynthesis of aldosterone is regulated at at least two sites in the biosynthetic pathway. The final conversion, that of corticosterone to aldosterone, is stimulated by sodium depletion. This effect persists for at least 3 hr while slices from sodium-depleted dogs are incubated in vitro. Stimulation at this site is thus relatively stable in vitro; its activation by sodium depletion is not inhibited by puromycin in the dog. Stimulation at this site can explain, at least in part, the increased effectiveness of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on aldosterone biogenesis during sodium depletion.(b) the earlier site at which sodium depletion stimulates the secretion of aldosterone is "above" the position of desoxycorticosterone in the pathway; it is probably at the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. Stimulation at this site is quickly lost during incubation of adrenal slices. It is thus relatively unstable in vitro; its activation by sodium depletion is inhibited by puromycin in the dog.
Adrenocortical steroidogenesis: studies on the mechanism of action of angiotensin and electrolytes
Authors: Takao Saruta, Robert Cook, Norman M. Kaplan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), angiotensins I and II, increased potassium, and decreased sodium concentrations upon steroid synthesis were examined by incubation of beef adrenal tissue slices. Angiotensin II shared with ACTH the need for calcium and an inhibition of its effect in the presence of puromycin but differed in not stimulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Angiotensin I was effective in steroidogenesis. The stimulation of aldosterone synthesis by increased potassium concentration was accompanied by an increased level of cyclic AMP and was inhibited in the presence of puromycin. Decreased sodium concentration stimulated aldosterone synthesis but, alone of these stimuli, simultaneously decreased corticosterone levels. It therefore appears that ACTH and potassium stimulate steroidogenesis at an early step in the biosynthetic pathway through the activation of cyclic AMP, whereas the effect of angiotensins I and II involve another mechanism and decreased sodium concentration affects a later step in steroidogenesis.
Landmark perspective: The legacy of well-water methemoglobinemia
Authors: J. N. Lukens
Journal: JAMA (1987)

THE LANDMARK ARTICLE<sup>1</sup>reprinted in this issue ofThe Journalwas written by a pediatric resident, Hunter Comly, MD, who was encouraged by Robert Jackson, MD, to seek out the cause of cyanosis in two infants referred to Iowa City from the surrounding countryside. Central to the mystery's solution was a theory advanced by the father of the first patient that implicated well water in his daughter's recurrent episodes of cyanosis. Respecting Dr Jackson's "open minded attitude" toward the "cock and bull theory," the young Comly had water from the suspect well analyzed and in so doing demonstrated that well-water nitrates were a cause of methemoglobinemia in infants. A survey of the nitrate content of water from Iowa wells clearly demonstrated the public health dimension of the problem. Neither Comly nor Jackson pursued their interest in methemoglobinemia: Comly became a child psychiatrist, while Jackson distinguished himself as a pediatric
The Impact of Morbid Obesity on Oxygen Cost of Breathing (V˙<scp>o</scp> <sub>2RESP</sub>) at Rest
Authors: JOHN P. KRESS, ANNE S. POHLMAN, JOHN ALVERDY, JESSE B. HALL
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Oxygen consumption dedicated to respiratory work (V O(2RESP)) during quiet breathing is small in normal patients. In the morbidly obese, at high minute ventilations, VO(2RESP) is greater than in normal patients, but VO(2RESP) during quiet breathing in these patients is not known. We postulated that such patients have increased VO(2RESP) at rest which may predispose them to respiratory failure when additional respiratory workloads are imposed. We measured baseline VO(2) in morbidly obese patients immediately prior to gastric bypass surgery and again after intubation, mechanical ventilation, and paralysis, and compared their change in VO(2) to nonobese patients scheduled for elective abdominal surgery. Baseline VO(2) was higher in the obese patients compared with control patients (354.6 versus 221.4 ml/min; p = 0.0001) and the change in VO(2) from spontaneous breathing to mechanical ventilation was significant in the obese patients (354.6 versus 297.2 ml/min; p = 0.0002) but not the control patients (221.4 versus 219.8 ml/min; p = 0.86). We conclude that morbidly obese patients dedicate a disproportionately high percentage of total VO(2) to conduct respiratory work, even during quiet breathing. This relative inefficiency suggests a decreased ventilatory reserve and a predisposition to respiratory failure in the setting of even mild pulmonary or systemic insults.
The Injuries to JFK-Reply
Authors: Dennis L. Breo
Journal: JAMA (1992)

In Reply.  —On May 19, 1992, the American Medical Association held a press conference in New York, NY, to announce the publication in JAMA of two articles on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. 1,2 As I stated at the news conference, their value is this:  For years the American public has been hearing from people who were not in Trauma Room 1 in Dallas and were not in the autopsy room at Bethesda [Md], and, yet, who have claimed to know what must have happened during the medical care of President Kennedy. What we now have are the reports of the physicians who were on the scene, the physicians who carried the primary hands-on responsibility to, first, try to save the President's life, and, then, only hours later to determine the cause of death. We now have the facts about these critical events in the words of the
Demonstration of Scrotal Disease on Bone Scintigraphy
Authors: LAURIE A. MARTIN, MARY ELLEN AMATO, JAMES FLETCHER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2000)

The identification of scrotal disease on a bone scan is reportedly rare. Most previous reports involve abnormally increased accumulation of radioisotope in the scrotal region. This article includes a compilation of three cases of incidental scrotal photopenic defects on bone scintigraphy and a brief review of the literature.
Biliary tract disease in rats with experimental small bowel bacterial overgrowth
Authors: Steven N. Lichtman, John Keku, Richard L. Clark, John H. Schwab, Ryan B. Sartor
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

Small bowel bacterial overgrowth, which develops in surgically created jejunal self-filling blind loops, is associated with hepatic injury in susceptible rat strains. The histological findings are portal tract inflammation and bile duct proliferation and destruction. In this study, evidence of injury to the extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts in susceptible and resistant inbred rats with self-filling blind loops was determined by bile flow rates, histological appearance of cross-sections of bile ducts and cholangiography. Lewis and Wistar rats with self-filling blind loops had thickening of the cross-sectional area of the extrahepatic bile ducts compared with controls and nonsusceptible Buffalo rats (p &lt; 0.001). Daily metronidazole therapy significantly reduced thickening of bile ducts in Lewis and Wistar rats with self-filling blind loops. Bile flow was increased in Lewis and Wistar rats with blind loops compared with controls (p &lt; 0.05). Cholangiograms of Lewis and Wistar rats with self-filling blind loops demonstrated extrahepatic ductal dilatation and ectasia with irregular, beaded, rapidly tapering and tortuous intrahepatic ducts. Blinded cholangiographical scores of susceptible rat strains with self-filling blind loops were higher (score = 5.9 ± 2.3) than those of controls (1.2 ± 0.4), rats with blind loops treated with metronidazole (0.8 ± 1.3) and nonsusceptible Buffalo rats with blind loops (0.6 ± 0.9) (p &lt; 0.01). Biliary histological and cholangiographical abnormalities found in this rat model resemble features of primary sclerosing cholangitis. This animal model will be useful in exploring mechanisms of the association of hepatobiliary inflammation with intestinal injury and investigating potential therapeutic agents. (Hepatology 1990;13:766-772.)
Induction of CD4+ T cell–dependent antitumor immunity by TAT-mediated tumor antigen delivery into dendritic cells
Authors: Helen Y. Wang, Tihui Fu, Gang Wang, Gang Zeng, Donna M. Perry-Lalley, James C. Yang, Nicholas P. Restifo, Patrick Hwu, Rong-Fu Wang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Dendritic cell–based (DC-based) immunotherapy represents a promising approach to the prevention and treatment of many diseases, including cancer, but current strategies have met with only limited success in clinical and preclinical studies. Previous studies have demonstrated that a TAT peptide derived from the HIV TAT protein has the ability to transduce peptides or proteins into various cells. Here, we describe the use of TAT-mediated delivery of T cell peptides into DCs to prolong antigen presentation and enhance T cell responses. While immunization of mice with DCs pulsed with an antigenic peptide derived from the human TRP2 protein generated partial protective immunity against B16 tumor, immunization with DCs loaded with a TAT-TRP2 peptide resulted in complete protective immunity, as well as significant inhibition of lung metastases in a 3-day tumor model. Although both DC/TRP2 and DC/TAT-TRP2 immunization increased the number of TRP2-specific CD8+ T cells detected by Kb/TRP2 tetramers, T cell activity elicited by DC/TAT-TRP2 was three- to tenfold higher than that induced by DC/TRP2. Furthermore, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were required for antitumor immunity demonstrated by experiments with antibody depletion of subsets of T cells, as well as with various knockout mice. These results suggest that a TAT-mediated antigen delivery system may have important clinical applications for cancer therapy.