tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hindu mythology and medicine
Authors: R Raveendra Varma
Journal: BMJ (2004)

mortality among women and children.It is also important that these strategies be firmly based on the best available evidence about what is both cost effective and practical in the existing health systems.The table on bmj.com gives some examples of simple strategies that can help achieve the millennium development goals for South Asia.The issues of access to services by poor women and children, and the equitable distribution of resources between urban and rural populations are fundamental to the success of such ventures.As India's second national family health survey suggests, w12 providing contraception, improving the status and decision making power of women, counselling by peers, and improving quality of services are critical.Concerted implementation of cost effective interventions in a sustained manner may allow most countries of South Asia to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity to those observed in Sri Lanka and other parts of Southeast Asia.
TCT-186 Comparison of 5-year outcomes between drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in patients after acute myocardial infarction with or without diabetes
Authors: Wei-Chun Huang, Kuan-Rau Chiou, Feng-Yu Kuo, Chin-Chang Cheng, Cheng-Chung Hung, Shin-Hung Hsiao, Jin-Shiou Yang, Shao-Lin Lin, Guang-Yuan Mar, Chuen-Wang Chiou, Chun-Peng Liu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Role of oxygen derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in mice
Authors: Y. Hiraoka, C. Kishimoto, H. Takada, M. Kurokawa, H. Ochiai, K. Shiraki, S. Sasayama
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Objective: The aim was to test the role of oxygen derived free radicals in the development of myocarditis. This involved investigating the effects of polyethylene glycol conjugated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD, an enzyme catalysing the conversion of O2· − to H2O2) and polyethylene glycol conjugated catalase (PEG-catalase, accelerating the reaction of H2O2 to H2O and O2 upon coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) myocarditis. Methods: Two week old male C3H/He mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 103 plaque forming units of CB3. PEG-SOD, 1×103 U·kg−1·d−1, and PEG-SOD, 1×103 U·kg−1·d−1, plus PEG-catalase, 1×103 U·kg−1·d−1, were injected subcutaneously daily on days 0 to 14. Treated groups were compared to the infected control. Results: On day 7, there were no significant differences in pathological scores among the three groups. On day 14, the cellular infiltration, myocardial necrosis, and calcification scores were significantly lower in the PEG-SOD group and the PEG-SOD plus PEG-catalase group than in the control. There were no significant differences in pathological scores between the PEG-SOD group and the PEG-SOD plus PEG-catalase group. There were no differences in the myocardial virus titres on day 7 among the three groups. On day 14, virus was not detected from the myocardium in any of the three groups. Conclusions: The results suggest that superoxide anion is mostly responsible for myocyte injury in CB3 myocarditis in mice, and that hydrogen peroxide formed as a result of dismutation of superoxide anion may not play a significant role in the development of myocarditis. Superoxide anion is one of the most important factors in free radical mediated injury in CB3 myocarditis in mice and the administration of PEG-SOD alone has therapeutic potential in clinical CB3 myocarditis. Cardiovascular Research 1993;27:957-961
Cholestatic Hepatitis After Sodium Oxacillin
Authors: Charles H. McGowen
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The Feb 22 issue ofThe Journal(<b>191</b>:674-675) carried an article entitled "Cholestatic Hepatitis Following the Administration of Sodium Oxacillin." I should like to suggest that the cholestatic jaundice therein described was not due to the antibiotic but rather secondary to the phenothiazine derivative used in the management of the patient's pruritus. Antibiotics and sulfonamides have been previously implicated in a number of instances, but the phenothiazines are much more notorious for their hepatotoxic properties. The patient had received an enormous amount of sodium oxacillin. In spite of this fact her liver function tests were normal. Only after the administration of trimeprazine tartrate did the patient begin to manifest both clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatitis. The first evidence of jaundice came 11 days after the institution of trimeprazine, which is certainly ample time for the cholestatis to develop. On this basis then, it is my
Determining true glomerular filtration status in newly presenting type 2 diabetic subjects using age and sex adjustment.
Authors: R Playle, R L Ollerton, F D Dunstan, W D Evans, A Burch, S D Luzio, D R Owens
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

To determine age- and sex-adjusted reference ranges (ASARRs) for glomerular filtration status using data from nondiabetic subjects and to apply these to newly presenting type 2 diabetic subjects.Glomerular filtration rate corrected for body surface area (cGFR) was determined using a radionuclide (51Cr-EDTA) method in 75 non-diabetic subjects (37 men, 38 women) and 219 type 2 diabetic subjects (157 men, 62 women). The 95% constant reference ranges (CRRs) were calculated as mean nondiabetic cGFR+/-1.96 SD. The 95% ASARRs were calculated by Altman's method from the nondiabetic cGFR versus age regression residuals for both male and female subjects.Using Altman's method, the intercepts, but not the gradients, of the cGFR versus age regressions were significantly different between male and female subjects (intercept difference [95% CI] 8.2 [1.3-15.1], gradient difference -0.4 [-1.1 to 0.3]). Fitting a common gradient, 95% ASARRs for normofiltration were found to be from 123.9 - (0.89 X age) to 181.7 - (0.89 x age) for male subjects, and from 116.0 - (0.89 X age) to 173.2 - (0.89 X age) for female subjects. The 95% CRR for normofiltration was 70.2-138.1 ml x min(-1) x (1.73 m)(-2). When applied to the diabetic cGFRs, the CRRs and ASARRs gave, respectively, 17% (37/219) versus 21% (46/219) hyperfiltrators and 83% (181/219) versus 79% (172/219) normofiltrators. Using the ASARRs, 14 normofiltrators (6 men, 8 women) were reclassified as hyperfiltrators (change [n/total n] [95% CI] 8% [14/181] [4-12]), and 5 hyperfiltrators (5 men, 0 women) were reclassified as normofiltrators (change 14% [5/37] [5-30]).We conclude that age and sex adjustment are essential to assess glomerular filtration status.
Authors' reply to de Oliveira
Authors: D. T. Eurich
Journal: BMJ (2013)

In response to de Oliveira’s first point,1 2 we agree that the long term safety of the drug has not been established. However, sitagliptin has been on the market for only about five years, and our study adds to its safety profile because no short term adverse events were noted. Currently, no study can answer the longer term safety of these drugs, but we found no signals to suggest that it was harmful …
Low Spinal Analgesia in Operative Obstetrics
Authors: E. E. Rawlings
Journal: BMJ (1950)

Effects of Menstruation and PregnancyThe effect of menstruation upon asthma in 30 female patients was: no effect in 20 cases (66.6%) and worse in 10 cases (33.3%).The effect of pregnancy in 9 patients was: better in 5 (56%), no effect in 2 (22%), and worse in 2 (22%).Of the five who were better during pregnancy, three were among those whose asthma was not affected by menstruation and two among those whose asthma was worse during their periods.The results in the 10 cases that were worse during menstruation are exceedingly poor compared with the series as a whole.They were: cured, 10% ; improved, 40% ; and unimproved, 50%. Operations upon the Upper Respiratory TractTwenty-two patients underwent operations upon polypi, sinuses, tonsils, adenoids, and /or nasal septa subsequent to the development of asthma, and remembered the results of such operations upon their asthma.There was no effect in 16, one case experienced temporary improvement, and five cases were permanently improved.All the six patients who improved had had operations upon polypi, sinuses, and/or septa, and none upon tonsils and adenoids.It also seems worthy of comment that in most of the relieved cases the relief was permanent. Death in Bronchial AsthmaIn the series of 80 cases there were eight deaths-in four asthma was the main or sole cause of death, but in four it bore no relation to death.The data concerning the four cases whose death was directly due to asthma are given in Table XIII.TABLE XIII.-DataConcerning Cases in which Death was Directly and Solely Due to Asthma Case I Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Sex ..!Male
Fractional flow reserve–guided PCI reduced urgent revascularization at 7 months in coronary artery disease
Authors: Jay N. Cohn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Source Citation De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Kalesan B, et al; FAME 2 Trial Investigators. Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:991-1001. 22924638
Effects of a Traditional Lifestyle on Obesity in Pima Indians
Authors: Eric Ravussin, Mauro E Valencia, Julian Esparza, Peter H Bennett, Leslie O Schulz
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE The Pima Indians of Arizona have the highest reported prevalences of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). In parallel with abrupt changes in lifestyle, these prevalences in Arizona Pimas have increased to epidemic proportions during the past decades. To assess the possible impact of the environment on the prevalences of obesity and NIDDM, data were collected on members of a population of Pima ancestry (separation 700–1,000 years ago) living in a remote mountainous location in northwestern Mexico, with a lifestyle contrasting markedly with that in Arizona. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Pima heritage was established by history and by use of Pima language. Measurements of weight, height, body fat (bio-impedance), blood pressure, plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, and HbA1c were obtained in 19 women (36 ±13 years of age) and 16 men (48 ±14 years of age) and compared with sex-, age- and diabetes status-matched Pimas living in Arizona (10 Arizona Pimas for each Mexican Pima). RESULTS Mexican Pimas were lighter (64.2 ± 13.9 vs. 90.2 ± 21.1 kg, P &amp;lt; 0.0001; means ± SD) and shorter (160 ± 8 vs. 164 ± 8 cm, P &amp;lt; 0.01) with lower body mass indexes (24.9 ± 4.0 vs. 33.4 ± 7.5 kg/m2, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and lower plasma total cholesterol levels (146 ± 30 vs. 174 ± 31 mg/dl, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) than Arizona Pimas. Only two women (11%) and one man (6%) had NIDDM, contrasting with the expected prevalences of 37 and 54% in female and male Arizona Pimas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary investigation shows that obesity, and perhaps NIDDM, is less prevalent among people of Pima heritage living a “traditional” lifestyle than among Pimas living in an “affluent” environment. These findings suggest that, despite a similar potential genetic predisposition to these conditions, a traditional lifestyle, characterized by a diet including less animal fat and more complex carbohydrates and by greater energy expenditure in physical labor, may protect against the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors, obesity, and NIDDM.
The prevalence of onychomycosis in Finland
Authors: H. HEIKKILÅ, S. STUBB
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Summary Few studies have been made of the prevalence of onychomycosis among ordinary people. We therefore investigated 800 people aged between 6 and 80 years, in different age groups. We found 162 persons in whom onychomycosis was clinically suspected. However, only the 91, in whom the fungal culture was positive for dermatophytic fungi, were included in the final prevalence numbers. We found a prevalence of 13-0% in men, 4-3% in women, and 8–4% in the entire population including children. Onychomycosis was not found in any of the 200 people aged less than 20 years. The prevalences found in this study are much higher than those reported in the earlier studies made elsewhere in Europe.
A CASE OF INDURATING EDEMA OF THE PENIS.
Authors: O. L. SUGGETT
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Attracted by the paper of Dr. Taylor on indurating edema inThe Journal, July 13, I am led to report the following case. I agree with him as to the extreme rarity of this condition, having encountered but this single case in seven years of private and dispensary practice, the latter comprising a clinic of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred cases of syphilis monthly. In my available text-books I find indurating edema mentioned specifically in but two, Mracek and Gottheil, the latter classifying it as a variety of the initial lesion, the former supplementing a short description of the condition with an excellent water color reproduction depicting the condition in a labium majus. In the light of my present information I believe I have observed a few such cases in the secondary period in women, but I was unable at the time to place them in their
Response to Comment on "The Origins of Sexually Transmitted HIV Among Men Who Have Sex with Men"
Authors: Davey Smith, Wayne Delport, David Butler, Susan Little, Douglas Richman, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2010)

The excessive viral diversity noted by Heath et al . in our sample of infected HIV patients prompted us to reexamine our data. Doing so uncovered several mislabeled samples, but no sources of contamination were identified. Investigations into additional transmission pairs will be needed to further investigate these issues.
Movement of the Esophagus During Left Atrial Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Eric Good, Hakan Oral, Kristina Lemola, Jihn Han, Kamala Tamirisa, Petar Igic, Darryl Elmouchi, David Tschopp, Scott Reich, Aman Chugh, Frank Bogun, Frank Pelosi, Fred Morady
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Mannan antigenemia in the diagnosis of invasive Candida infections.
Authors: M H Weiner, W J Yount
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Because it is often difficult to diagnose invasive Candida infections, a sensitive hemagglutination inhibition assay to detect the surface antigen, mannan, was developed. Mannan antigenemia was detected early in the course of infection in 4 of 14 patients with systemic candidiasis and 2 of 5 patients with invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis. Mannan was not detected in 48 patients with noninvasive Candida or other systemic mycotic infections or in 99% of 234 patients in other control groups. Mannan antibodies were almost universally present in both candidiasis and control groups. In four patients with systemic candidiasis, an early period of mannan antigenemia was followed by a rapid rise in mannan antibody titer. These findings suggest that antemortem diagnosis would be improved in one-third of cases of invasive Candida infection detected by the hemagglutination inhibition assay. A positive test for serum mannan would be an early and specific signal of invasive disease.
The Cost of Being a Woman
Authors: Jennifer Haas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Although sex differences in health care expenditures have been observed,1 it is unclear whether they are related to differences in patterns of illness or preferences for care or to sex bias among health care providers. As health care resources become more constrained, it is important to examine whether women and men receive equitable care. In this issue of the Journal, Mustard et al.2 report an elegant study of sex differences in expenditures for physicians' services and acute hospital care among all citizens of the province of Manitoba, Canada, during 1994–1995. Expenditures were divided into three categories: those related to conditions . . .
Vascular Effects of Estrogen and Cholesterol-Lowering Therapies in Hypercholesterolemic Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Kwang Kon Koh, Carmine Cardillo, Minh N. Bui, Londa Hathaway, Gyorgy Csako, Myron A. Waclawiw, Julio A. Panza, Richard O. Cannon
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Lipoproteins affect endothelium-dependent vasomotor responsiveness. Because lipoprotein effects of estrogen and cholesterol-lowering therapies differ, we studied the vascular responses to these therapies in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Methods and Results —We randomly assigned 28 women to conjugated equine estrogen (CE) 0.625 mg, simvastatin 10 mg, and their combination daily for 6 weeks. Compared with respective baseline values, simvastatin alone and combined with CE reduced LDL cholesterol to a greater extent than CE alone (both P &lt;0.05). CE alone and combined with simvastatin raised HDL cholesterol and lowered lipoprotein(a) to a greater extent than simvastatin alone (all P &lt;0.05). Flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (by ultrasonography) improved (all P &lt;0.001 versus baseline values) on CE (4.0±2.6% to 10.2±3.9%), simvastatin (4.3±2.4% to 10.0±3.9%), and CE combined with simvastatin (4.6±2.0% to 9.8±2.6%), but similarly among therapies ( P =0.507 by ANOVA). None of the therapies improved the dilator response to nitroglycerin (all P ≥0.184). Only therapies including CE lowered levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and the cell adhesion molecule E-selectin (all P &lt;0.05 versus simvastatin). Conclusions —Although estrogen and statin therapies have differing effects on lipoprotein levels, specific improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilator responsiveness is similar. However, only therapies including estrogen improved markers of fibrinolysis and vascular inflammation. Thus, estrogen therapy appears to have unique properties that may benefit the vasculature of hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, even if they are already on cholesterol-lowering therapy.
Enhanced autoreactivity of T-lymphocytes in primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Keith D. Lindor, Russell H. Wiesner, Nicholas F. Larusso, Henry A. Homburger
Journal: Hepatology (1987)

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic, cholestatic liver disease in which immune mechanisms are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis. We have determined the frequencies and functional phenotypes of autoreactive T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood specimens from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and healthy adults as an indicator of autoreactivity in primary sclerosing cholangitis. We found a significant increase in the percentage of autoreactive suppressor/cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that become activated in the T-, non-T-autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in primary sclerosing cholangitis patients (p &lt; 0.002). Blastogenesis in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures from primary sclerosing cholangitis patients was significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.02), and the magnitude of the decrease correlated directly with the percentage of activated suppressor/cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (r = 0.56, p &lt; 0.01). The percentage of autoreactive, suppressor T-lymphocytes was increased in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures from primary sclerosing cholangitis patients (p &lt; 0.0001); and suppression of mitogen-induced blastogenesis by autologous concanavalin A-treated mononuclear cells was significantly enhanced. These results, which were unrelated to the histologic stage of liver disease and the presence or absence of active colitis, document the presence of an expanded population of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis that became activated on exposure to autologous major histo-compatibility antigens in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. We hypothesize that these autoreactive cells may be a marker or may participate as effector cells in cell-mediated autoimmunity in primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Fracture of the Clavicle
Authors: T. P. McMurray
Journal: BMJ (1949)

Fractures of the clavicle occur more frequently than any other bony injury, and they are almost invariably the result of transmitted or indirect violence applied to the clavicle through a fall on the outstretched hand or on the elbow, or through contact with the tip of the shoulder.Although compound fractures of the clavicle are not unknown, especially in war injuries, yet this fracture is usually simple, even when resulting from a direct blow on the anterior surface of the bone.Age Incidence The fracture is one of the more active period of life, occurring mostly in youths and young adults.As it is commonly caused by a fall, it is usually seen in children or in those taking part in sport.In the elderly, fracture Examining the clavicle for an ununited, or obscure recent, fracture.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Overexpression Enhances Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Alters Remodeling in the Injured Rat Carotid Artery
Authors: David P. Mason, Richard D. Kenagy, David Hasenstab, Daniel F. Bowen-Pope, Ronald A. Seifert, Scott Coats, Suzanne M. Hawkins, Alexander W. Clowes
Journal: Circulation Research (1999)

Abstract —Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis as well as intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. We used Fischer rat smooth muscle cells (SMCs) overexpressing MMP-9 to determine the role of MMP-9 in migration and proliferation as well as in vessel remodeling after balloon denudation. Fischer rat SMCs were stably transfected with a cDNA for rat MMP-9 under the control of a tetracycline-regulatable promoter. In this system, MMP-9 was overexpressed in the absence, but not in the presence, of tetracycline. In vitro SMC migration was determined using a collagen invasion assay as well as a Boyden chamber assay. In vivo migration was determined by measuring the invasion into the medial and intimal layers of transduced SMCs seeded on the outside of the artery. Transduced SMCs were also seeded on the luminal surface, and the effect of local MMP-9 overexpression on vascular structure was measured morphometrically at intervals up to 28 days. MMP-9 overexpression enhanced SMC migration in both the collagen invasion assay and Boyden chamber in vitro, increased SMC migration into an arterial matrix in vivo, and altered vessel remodeling by increasing the vessel circumference, thinning the vessel wall and decreasing intimal matrix content. These results demonstrate that MMP-9 enhances vascular SMC migration in vitro and in vivo and alters postinjury vascular remodeling.