tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Differences between Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic patients with primary biliary cirrhosis in the United States
Authors: Marion G. Peters, Adrian M. Di Bisceglie, Kris V. Kowdley, Nancy L. Flye, Velimir A. Luketic, Santiago J. Munoz, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, Thomas D. Boyer, John R. Lake, Maurizio Bonacini, Burton Combes
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an uncommon chronic cholestatic liver disease that primarily afflicts young and middle-aged Caucasian women; there are limited data on the clinical presentation and disease severity among non-Caucasian patients with this disease. The goal of this study was to examine differences in the severity of liver disease between Caucasian and non-Caucasian patients with PBC screened for enrollment in a large national multicenter clinical trial. Demographic features, symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory tests obtained during screening were examined in 535 patients with PBC with respect to ethnicity, gender, and antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) status; 73 of 535 (13.6%) were non-Caucasian (21 were African American, and 42 were Hispanic). Non-Caucasians were more likely than Caucasians to be ineligible for participation in the clinical trial (46.5% versus 25.1%, P = 0.0001), primarily because of greater disease severity. African Americans and Hispanics were also more likely to have a lower activity level, more severe pruritus, and more advanced disease. However, the mean age, male-to-female ratio, and seroprevalence of AMA positivity were similar between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Liver disease severity at clinical presentation is higher among non-Caucasians than Caucasians with PBC, and this cannot be explained by demographic or serologic features alone. Possible mechanisms underlying this health discrepancy are not clear, but increased awareness of PBC as a cause of chronic cholestatic liver disease is critical in evaluating non-Caucasian patients in the United States. (Hepatology 2007.)
The Legacy of Domestication: Accumulation of Deleterious Mutations in the Dog Genome
Authors: F. Cruz, C. Vila, M. T. Webster
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

Dogs exhibit more phenotypic variation than any other mammal and are affected by a wide variety of genetic diseases. However, the origin and genetic basis of this variation is still poorly understood. We examined the effect of domestication on the dog genome by comparison with its wild ancestor, the gray wolf. We compared variation in dog and wolf genes using whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. The d(N)/d(S) ratio (omega) was around 50% greater for SNPs found in dogs than in wolves, indicating that a higher proportion of nonsynonymous alleles segregate in dogs compared with nonfunctional genetic variation. We suggest that the majority of these alleles are slightly deleterious and that two main factors may have contributed to their increase. The first is a relaxation of selective constraint due to a population bottleneck and altered breeding patterns accompanying domestication. The second is a reduction of effective population size at loci linked to those under positive selection due to Hill-Robertson interference. An increase in slightly deleterious genetic variation could contribute to the prevalence of disease in modern dog breeds.
TYPHOID EPIDEMIC IN CHICAGO APPARENTLY DUE TO OYSTERS
Authors: HERMAN N. BUNDESEN
Journal: JAMA (1925)

From Nov. 30, 1924, to Jan. 21, 1925, there were reported to the department of health of Chicago 129 verified cases of typhoid fever. The normal expectancy for this period, based on a previous seven-year nonepidemic average number of cases reported weekly, is thirty-three cases. A special effort was made to get all cases reported. December 9, when an excess of twenty typhoid fever cases had been reported, a postal card was sent to all physicians in the city, calling attention to the outbreak. A similar notice was printed in the<i>Bulletin of the Chicago Medical Society</i>, December 11. All hospitals in the city were telephoned to regarding the prompt reporting of cases. The date of onset of the epidemic is given as Nov. 30, 1924, because on that date four cases were reported. During the previous week only four cases were reported. During the preceding twenty-nine days of November,
A cross-sectional study of genetic diversity of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 in Baja California, Mexico
Authors: N C Martínez-Cisneros, D S Salas-Vargas, R Luna-Vazquez, B Ruiz-Ruiz, P Radilla-Chavez, R Muñiz-Salazar, I Giffard-Mena
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
P4-08-01: Predictive Value of HER2 Serum Levels in Patients Treated with Lapatinib or Trastuzumab – A Translational Project in the Neoadjuvant “Geparquinto” Trial.
Authors: ID Witzel, S Loibl, Minckwitz G von, A Abdallah, T Kühn, F Overkamp, T Fehm, I Schrader, C Uleer, A Kohls, S Stirnberg, Eulenburg C zu, M Untch, V Müller
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NT) has become an important approach to assess therapeutic efficacy of new treatment strategies. We observed a predictive role of of serum HER2 (sHER2) with neoadjuvant trastuzumab treatment in the previous trial “Geparquattro”. Predictive markers for response to new HER2−targeted therapies are still lacking. Therefore, we investigated the role of sHER2 in the context of trastuzumab and lapatinib treatment. Methods: The clinical trial Geparquinto incorporated either trastuzumab or lapatinib treatment combined with chemotherapy for HER2−positive breast cancer patients. Serum samples were taken at three different time points: before initiation of NT, after 4 cycles of chemotherapy with epirubicin and cyclophophamide and after finalization of NT with 4 cycles of docetaxel (pre-surgery). Only those patients were included in the analysis with serum available at all three time points. sHER2 levels were measured by a commercially available ELISA in 159 patients with a HER2−positive primary tumor, 77 (48%) patients were treated with trastuzumab, 82 (52%) with lapatinib. Pathological complete remission (pCR) was defined as no microscopic evidence of invasive residual tumor cells in the breast and lymph nodes. Results: Overall pCR rate in this cohort was 28%. sHER2 levels were higher in patients with larger tumors (&amp;gt; 5cm, p=0.012) and positive nodal status (p=0.001). Higher pre-chemotherapy sHER2 levels were associated with higher pCR rates in the entire study cohort (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3−6.7, p=0.012). Additionally, in the lapatinib treated patient group, a decrease of serum levels of more than 20% after 4 cycles of chemotherapy showed a tendency to be associated with higher pCR rates (OR 7.7, 95% CI 0.8- 70, p=0.071). In contrast to the finding of the previous trial Geparquattro, this was not the case in the trastuzumab-treated patient group (p=n.s.). Conclusion: Results of this study demonstrate pre-chemotherapy sHER2 levels to be an independent predictor of response to NT with both trastuzumab and lapatinib treatment. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-01.
Bortezomib for Patients with Advanced-Stage Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma: A California Cancer Consortium Phase II Study (NCI 7003)
Authors: Suresh S. Ramalingam, Angela M. Davies, Jeffrey Longmate, Martin J. Edelman, Primo N. Lara, Everett E. Vokes, Miguel Villalona-Calero, Barbara Gitlitz, Karen Reckamp, Ravi Salgia, John J. Wright, Chandra P. Belani, David R. Gandara
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
THE SUBMUCOUS RESECTION OF THE NASAL SEPTUM
Authors: CLYDE E. PURCELL
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The increased interest in the pathology and treatment, including operative procedures, of the nasal septum since 1902 seems to justify a review of the subject in order that erroneous conceptions then held can be righted, that the best advice for the patient's welfare can be given, and that the best operative procedures with fewest postoperative drawbacks, dangers and discomforts, can be promulgated. It is time, too, that absolutely impartial judgment be passed as to what is best and what is not best for the future of nasal surgery. Every operator, in the light of extended experience, has corrected faulty impressions and certain operative steps that have not stood the test of time.  EVOLUTION OF THE RESECTION METHOD  It was formerly the custom to place a saw either above or below a spur or acute bend in the cartilaginous
Monoclonal and polyclonal serum free light chains and clinical outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Matthew J. Maurer, James R. Cerhan, Jerry A. Katzmann, Brian K. Link, Cristine Allmer, Clive S. Zent, Timothy G. Call, Kari G. Rabe, Curtis A. Hanson, Neil E. Kay, Susan L. Slager, Thomas E. Witzig, Tait D. Shanafelt
Journal: Blood (2011)
Ndfip1-deficient mice have impaired DMT1 regulation and iron homeostasis
Authors: Natalie J. Foot, Yew Ann Leong, Loretta E. Dorstyn, Hazel E. Dalton, Kristen Ho, Lin Zhao, Michael D. Garrick, Baoli Yang, Devendra Hiwase, Sharad Kumar
Journal: Blood (2010)
NICE is told to break its close links with drug industry
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) has been advised by an independent review to break its close links with the drug industry and to make its processes more transparent.

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Kees de Joncheere, WHO's regional adviser for health technology and pharmaceuticals (left) and Professor Michael Rawlins, NICE chairman

Credit: WHO

Experts from the World Health Organization who carried out the review have advised NICE that, to avoid any possible bias, pharmaceutical physicians should not be members of committees that make judgments on particular drugs …

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The Role of Temperature in Tropical Immersion Foot Syndrome
Authors: David Taplin
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Eleven volunteers wore a noninsulated boot on one foot and an insulated rubber boot filled with water on the other foot during 72 hours of immersion in swamps. Both feet were continuously wet, but the temperature of one foot of each man was approximately 20 F (11.2 C) higher than the other throughout the study. Results indicated that symptomatic tropical immersion foot can be produced without any element due to cold injury or heat loss, and that symptoms occurred more rapidly at the higher temperature.
Abstract 1079: COX-2 blockade immunologically suppresses brain metastasis of lung cancer
Authors: Mitsugu Fujita, Susumu Nakata, Takeshi Okuda, Amami Kato, Osamu Yoshie
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Epidemiological studies have highlighted associations between the regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and reduced cancer risks in human. In addition, NSAIDs reduce VEGF-D production levels, which in turn inhibit lymphatic vessel dilation and eventually cancer metastasis. Most NSAIDs function as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors that prevent the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The PGE2 induces myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the bone marrow of cancer-bearing hosts, which is known to be responsible for T-cell suppression in chronic inflammation. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that COX-2 blockade would suppress brain metastasis of cancers by inhibiting MDSC development and their chemokine-mediated accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In both mouse and human brain metastasis cases, the expression levels of COX-2 and CCL2, a chemokine primarily attracting MDSCs, were increased in the brain tumor tissues compared with normal brain or peripheral bloods. Concomitantly, the infiltration of MDSCs (CD11+Gr-1+ for mice and CD14-CD15+HLA-DRlow for human, respectively) was observed at high levels in the tumor tissues. In the mouse brain tumor models using LL/2 murine lung cancer cell line, treatment with NSAIDs inhibited the PGE2 production levels and the formation of brain metastases. Furthermore, the NSAID treatment reduced the CCL2 in the TME, which was associated with a reduction in Ly6ChighLy6Glow monocytic and Ly6ClowLy6Ghigh granulocytic MDSCs in both the bone marrow and the TME. Mice genetically deficient for CCR2, a receptor for CCL2, exhibited low penetration of brain metastases along with reduced infiltration of MDSCs. Collectively, our findings show that the COX-2 pathway promotes brain metastases of lung cancers by supporting systemic development of MDSC and their accumulation in the TME mediated by the CCL2-CCR2 chemokine axis. Citation Format: Mitsugu Fujita, Susumu Nakata, Takeshi Okuda, Amami Kato, Osamu Yoshie. COX-2 blockade immunologically suppresses brain metastasis of lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1079. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1079
In suspected PE with Wells score &gt;4 or positive<scp>d</scp>-dimer, multiorgan ultrasonography had 90% sensitivity for PE
Authors: Andrew Dunn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

ACP Journal Club21 October 2014In suspected PE with Wells score > 4 or positive D-dimer, multiorgan ultrasonography had 90% sensitivity for PEAndrew Dunn, FACP, SFHMAndrew Dunn, FACP, SFHMMount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA (A.D.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-161-8-201410210-02012 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationNazerian P, Vanni S, Volpicelli G, et al. Accuracy of point-of-care multiorgan ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2014;145:950-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24092475Clinical Impact RatingsEmergency Med: Cardiology: Hematology: Pulmonology: References1 van Belle A, Büller HR, Huisman MV, et al; Christopher Study Investigators. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA. 2006;295:172-9. [PMID: 16403929] Google Scholar2 Chan CM, Woods C, Shorr AF. The validation and reproducibility of the pulmonary embolism severity index. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:1509-14. [PMID: 20403093] Google Scholar3 Aujesky D, Roy PM, Verschuren F, et al. Outpatient versus inpatient treatment for patients with acute pulmonary embolism: an international, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2011;378:41-8. [PMID: 21703676] Google Scholar4 eStiMaTe calculator. www.peprognosis.org/ (accessed 22 Jul 14). Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Andrew Dunn, FACP, SFHMAffiliations: Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA (A.D.)This article was published at Annals.org on 7 October 2014. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoA 4-marker model predicted a complicated course in normotensive patients with acute symptomatic PE Andrew Dunn Metrics Cited byLung Imaging 21 October 2014Volume 161, Issue 8Page: JC12KeywordsD-dimerForecastingHeartLungsPulmonary embolismRisk assessmentsSpecificityThoraxUltrasound imagingVeins ePublished: 21 October 2014 Issue Published: 21 October 2014 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Paper prescriptions will soon be distinctly “last season”
Authors: Geoff Watts
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Paper prescriptions will soon be history as a system of electronic transmission of prescriptions is to be phased in from early in 2005 in England.

Currently the doctor writes or prints a prescription for the patient to take to the pharmacist, who reads and dispenses it before adding it to the pile destined for the Prescription Pricing Authority. Here it's read again to determine who should be paid, how much, …
A novel mouse model that develops spontaneous arthritis and is predisposed towards atherosclerosis
Authors: Shawn Rose, Mesut Eren, Sheila Murphy, Heng Zhang, Colby Shad Thaxton, Jaime Chowaniec, Emily A Waters, Thomas J Meade, Douglas E Vaughan, Harris Perlman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a reduced life expectancy due to increased cardiovascular disease. The lack of a suitable animal model resembling both RA and atherosclerosis has hindered studies demonstrating a direct link between systemic inflammation in RA and the development of atherosclerosis. Our objective was to overcome this barrier by generating an animal model (K/BxA<sup>g7</sup>) that spontaneously develops both RA-like disease and atherosclerosis. <h3>Methods</h3> Arthritis severity was evaluated using clinical indices and immunohistochemical staining of ankle joint specimens. Aortic atherosclerosis was delineated via Sudan IV staining and immunohistochemical analysis. Serum cholesterol and lipoprotein levels were measured using enzymatic assays. Serum levels of cytokines, chemokines and adipokines were determined by Luminex assays. <h3>Results</h3> K/BxA<sup>g7</sup> mice developed a destructive arthropathy followed by prominent aortic atherosclerosis. These animals also displayed dyslipidaemia, characterised by reduced serum levels of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein, and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/vLDL compared with control mice. Further, there were higher levels of circulating inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-6, sRANKL and CCL5 in atherosclerotic K/BxA<sup>g7</sup> mice compared with controls. Treatment with etanercept reduced arthritis and atherosclerosis development in K/BxA<sup>g7</sup> mice. <h3>Conclusions</h3> K/BxA<sup>g7</sup> mice recapitulate the same sequence of events occurring in patients with RA, namely an erosive, inflammatory arthritis followed by atherosclerosis. These data suggest that the K/BxA<sup>g7</sup> mouse is a novel system for investigating the interplay between systemic inflammation occurring in RA and the development of atherosclerosis.
When More Is Not Better
Authors: Michele Heisler, Mary M. Hogan, Timothy P. Hofer, Julie A. Schmittdiel, Manel Pladevall, Eve A. Kerr
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Hypertension may be poorly controlled because patients do not take their medications (poor adherence) or because providers do not increase medication when appropriate (lack of medication intensification, or "clinical inertia"). We examined the prevalence of and relationship between patient adherence and provider treatment intensification.We used a retrospective cohort study of hypertensive patients who had filled prescriptions for 1 or more blood pressure (BP) medications at Veterans' Affairs (VA) healthcare facilities in a Midwestern VA administrative region. Our sample included all patients who received at least 2 outpatient BP medication refills during 2004 and had 1 or more outpatient primary care visits with an elevated systolic BP >140 but <200 mm Hg or diastolic BP >90 mm Hg during 2005 (n=38,327). For each episode of elevated BP during 2005 (68,610 events), we used electronic pharmacy refill data to examine patients' BP medication adherence over the prior 12 months and whether providers increased doses or added BP medications ("intensification"). Multivariate analyses accounted for the clustering of elevated BP events within patients and adjusted for patient age, comorbidities, number of BP medications, encounter systolic BP, and average systolic BP over the prior year. Providers intensified medications in 30% of the 68,610 elevated BP events, with almost no variation in intensification regardless of whether patients had good or poor BP medication adherence. After adjustment, intensification rates were 31% among patients who had "gaps" of <20% (days on which patients should have had medication but no medication was available because medications had not been refilled), 34% among patients with refill gaps of 20% to 59%, and 32% among patients with gaps of 60% or more.Intensification of medications occurred in fewer than one third of visits in which patients had an elevated BP. Patients' prior medication adherence had little impact on providers' decisions about intensifying medications, even at very high levels of poor adherence. Addressing both patient adherence and provider intensification simultaneously would most likely result in better BP control.
Single-car road deaths--disguised suicides?
Authors: J Jenkins, P Sainsbury
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The authors examine the possibility of single-car, single-occupant road deaths, of being actually suicides as is often claimed. If this should be the case the epidemiological implications would be serious as these deaths are recorded as accidents and are therefore excluded from the suicide rate. If a substantial number of these deaths are deliberate then (1) their seasonal variation would be similar to those of suicides, and (2) they would occur independently of road conditions. From TRRL data on single-car accidents it was found that such road deaths differed from suicide deaths on three characteristics examined. It was found that the psychological state of driver involved in road accidents was close to normal. Only 20% were similar to suicidal subjects in the characteristic of increased alcohol intake. (TRRL)
Advantage of excess
Authors: Dean Wingerchuk
Journal: BMJ (2005)

among vulnerable patients as a result of reclassifying the freedom to die to the right to be killed.Naturally, once promoted to a medical good, therapeutic killing becomes a legitimate consideration in resource management.In the first Dutch report in 1990, only one case was cited of a dying patient who was killed to free the bed, 21 whereas in the latest survey, 15% of doctors were concerned about economic pressures. 16The nursing literature records similar experience. 22