tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Haves and Have-Nots in the World of Disease
Authors: F. J. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Just as there are haves and have-nots among people, universities and nations, so are there among diseases. Prominent haves, for obvious reasons, are cancer and cardiovascular disease, and their "conquest" is one of those unassailable goals profitable for the politician seeking votes or the specialty organization collecting money. As a result, not only are cancer and cardiovascular disease between them responsible for the deaths of 70 per cent of us, but, in addition, we are never allowed to forget it.Lately there are some new haves – sickle-cell disease, multiple sclerosis, Cooley's anemia, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and sudden-infant-death syndrome, for . . .
Folate Forms, Functions and Fate
Authors: Victor Herbert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Folate is a general term for a group of molecules whose structure is based on the parent pteroic acid skeleton, conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid molecules. Folates act as coenzymes to promote one-carbon transfers in man.1 , 2 When we speak of the vitamin "folic acid" or "folacin" we mean folate. Folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid; pteroylmonoglutamic acid, PteGlu, PGA) is the partly oxidized, stable, parent pharmaceutical form of folate. It is reduced by the intracellular enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) to the coenzyme known as dihydrofolate (FH2, H2PteGlu), which is further reduced by DHFR to the coenzyme . . .
BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE TROPICS
Authors: Louis H. Roddis
Journal: JAMA (1927)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, February 5, p. 424, Dr. Edward J. Stieglitz inquired whether the lowered blood pressure found by Cooper and myself in the tropics might not be due to the subjects examined having had a more than normal amount of rest. This factor could scarcely have accounted for the hypotension, as the officers examined led active lives, and, being only transients in the tropics, did not vary their mode of living from that followed in the temperate zone.
P50 Difficult Asthma Clinics: Are They Effective?
Authors: I. Macpherson, S. Fielding, J. Douglas
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> "Difficult asthma" is defined as persistent symptoms and/or frequent exacerbations in patients with a diagnosis of asthma, despite treatment at step 4 or 5 of the BTS/SIGN guidelines<sup>1</sup>. "Difficult asthma" clinics have been set up in many UK hospitals, but there is no published evidence to suggest their effectiveness at reducing exacerbations or hospital admissions. <h3>Aims</h3> To determine whether a regional difficult asthma clinic led to a reduction in prescription of oral steroid for exacerbations and a reduction in hospital admissions for asthma. <h3>Methods</h3> A retrospective analysis of patients who attended this regional difficult asthma clinic between August 2009 and May 2013 was performed. Medical notes and GP letters were scrutinised to ascertain the number of hospital admissions two years before and two years after the first clinic appointment. For oral steroids, one year before and after was used. To compare these data Wilcoxon tests were used due to the skewed data. <h3>Results</h3> For hospital admissions, data was available for 44 patients, mean (SD) age 44.2 (14.1) and 66% female. The median (inter-quartile range (IQR)) number of hospital admissions in the two years prior to clinic was 2 (0,3) compared to 0 (0,1) in the two years following clinic visit (p = 0.014). Oral steroid prescription data was available for 54 patients, mean (SD) age 43.5 (14.4), 70% female. The median (IQR) number of oral steroid courses required in the year prior to first clinic appointment was 6 (3.75,10), which reduced to 2 (0,4) in the year after first appointment (p &lt; 0.001). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our regional difficult asthma clinic significantly reduced both hospital admissions for asthma two years after first clinic appointment and number of oral steroid prescriptions one year after first clinic appointment. This study, although small, highlights the benefit of such clinics to patients and the potential for the reduction in use of NHS resources. They should be encouraged in all major centres. <h3>Reference</h3> Prys-Picard CO, Campbell SM, Ayres JG, Miles JF, Niven RM. Consensus Difficult Asthma Consortium UK. Defining and investigating difficult asthma: developing quality indicators. <i>Respiratory Medicine</i> 2006;100(7):1254–61
Heterogeneity in fluid cognition and some neural underpinnings
Authors: Oana Benga
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

In agreement with Blair, I favor the idea of dissociative patterns in cognitive performance, even more when it comes to development. However, such dissociations are present not only between fluid cognition and general intelligence, but also within fluid cognition itself. Heterogeneity of executive attention, even when indexed with a single paradigm, is further discussed in relation to anterior cingulate cortex.
Pirh2 Promotes Ubiquitin-Dependent Degradation of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27<i>Kip1</i>
Authors: Takayuki Hattori, Tomoyasu Isobe, Kenji Abe, Hirotoshi Kikuchi, Kyoko Kitagawa, Toshiaki Oda, Chiharu Uchida, Masatoshi Kitagawa
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is degraded in late G1 phase by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, allowing cells to enter S phase. Due to accelerated degradation of p27Kip1, various human cancers express low levels of p27Kip1 associated with poor prognosis. S-phase kinase–associated protein 2, the F-box protein component of an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, is implicated in degradation of p27Kip1 during S-G2 phases. Recently, Kip1 ubiquitination–promoting complex has been reported as another ubiquitin ligase that targets cytoplasmic p27Kip1 exported from the nucleus in G0-G1 phases. Here, we identified a RING-H2–type ubiquitin ligase, Pirh2, as a p27Kip1-interacting protein. Endogenous Pirh2 physically interacted with endogenous p27Kip1 in mammalian cells. Pirh2 directly ubiquitinated p27Kip1 in an intact RING finger domain-dependent manner in vivo, as well as in vitro. Ablation of endogenous Pirh2 by small interfering RNA increased the steady-state level of p27Kip1 and decelerated p27Kip1 turnover. Depletion of Pirh2 induced accumulation of p27Kip1 in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Pirh2 expression was induced from late G1-S phase, whereas p27Kip1 was decreased in synchronization with accumulation of Pirh2. Furthermore, reduction of Pirh2 resulted in an impairment of p27Kip1 degradation and an inhibition of cell cycle progression at G1-S transition in a p53-independent manner. Overall, the results indicate that Pirh2 acts as a negative regulator of p27Kip1 function by promoting ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. [Cancer Res 2007;67(22):10789–95]
The β<sup>0</sup>‐thalassemia in an American black family is due to a single nucleotide substitution in the acceptor splice junction of the second intervening sequence
Authors: B. J. Padanilam, T. H. J. Huisman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract An AG dinucleotide is an invariant feature of all acceptor splice sites, and deletion or substitution of (one of) these nucleotides will result in abnormal processing of the β‐globin mRNA. Restriction endonuclease mapping of DNA from an American black patient with Hb S‐β 0 ‐thalassemia failed to detect any deletion in the β 0 ‐globin gene region, but cloning and sequencing of the β 0 ‐globin gene showed a point mutation (A → C) in the highly conserved dinucleotide AG of the acceptor splice junction of the IVS‐2. Blot hybridization analysis of RNA prepared from the erythroid cells of the patient showed only RNA of normal size. The patient and her daughter, who has the same condition, have high levels of Hb F (27%–35%); the mechanism responsible for the greatly increased γ chain production remains unclear.
Physical Activity, Relative Body Weight, and Risk of Death among Women
Authors: David R. Jacobs, Mark A. Pereira
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

In 1949, the late Ancel Keys warned of a possible epidemic of obesity.1 Keys wrote that under the right economic and social circumstances, obesity from overeating would be a dominant nutritional problem. He further recognized the role of energy expenditure in weight control: “While our calorie intake goes up our output goes down. The wonderful advances of technology not merely free us from back-breaking toil; they make it almost impossible to get a decent amount of calorie-using exercise.”2 Long before the observation by Lee et al.3 that fit men with a high body-mass index could be healthy, Keys focused clearly . . .
The Electrocardiogram in Muscular Subaortic Stenosis
Authors: E. DOUGLAS WIGLE, ROBERT H. BARON
Journal: Circulation (1966)

The electrocardiograms of four patients with muscular subaortic stenosis, in whom there was angiographic evidence of ventricular septal hypertrophy (confirmed at surgery in three), revealed pathological Q waves in the limb leads (except aV R ) and the left precordial leads, as well as tall R waves in the right precordial leads. Three patients underwent surgical correction of the stenosis. The left anterior septal ventriculomyotomy abolished the Q waves and diminished the right precordial R waves while at the same time producing left axis deviation believed to be due to severing of the anterior division(s) of the left bundle branch. In the fourth patient the left precordial and limb lead Q waves and right precordial R waves increased following spontaneous development of complete right bundle-branch block. These observations support the belief that the Q-wave and R-wave abnormalities in the electrocardiogram in patients with muscular subaortic stenosis are the result of septal depolarization commencing at the left septal surface and may be related to the overall hypertrophy of the septum, the bizarre myocardial fiber hypertrophy or premature activation of the base of the septum, or all three.
Preoperative β-Blockade in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery
Authors: David M. Shahian
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

In the current issue, Brinkman and colleagues1 use the Society of Thoracic SurgeonsNationalDatabase (STS-ND) to study the effect of preoperative β-blockade on postoperative coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) outcomes. Their results show no mortality advantage and a paradoxically increased incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients receiving preoperative β-blockers, findings that challenge the continuation of this practice and its use as a quality metric. I will examine the rationale for preoperative β-blockade, controversies regarding its use innoncardiac surgery, the valueof β-blockade in CABG, and reasonable clinical recommendations based on the preponderance of current evidence.
Nitric Oxide and Motor Neuron Disease
Authors: Greenfield Lj, Albers Jw
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

To the Editor: The study by Perriëns et al. (March 23 issue) 1 demonstrates that extending antituberculous treatment from 6 to 12 months reduces the rate of relapse in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have pulmonary tuberculosis.In spite of this, the authors considered the six-month program to be an acceptable alternative because the longer-term therapy did not prolong survival.We question the validity of their survival analysis and therefore their recommendations for treatment.The short follow-up after treatment (1 year for patients in the 12-month treatment group) along with the unacceptable percentage of patients lost to follow-up (34 percent) lessens the statistical power of the study to reach that conclusion.The authors argue that most relapses could be successfully retreated.As shown in Table 2 of the article, only 20 of 335 patients (6 percent) died of tuberculosis in the first episode, as compared with 3 of 9 patients (33 percent) who relapsed (P ϭ 0.01 by Fisher's exact test).We also doubt that the patients who were lost to follow-up and those who are not enrolled in carefully controlled studies have the same opportunities for diagnosis and treatment as the patients who completed follow-up in the study by Perriëns et al.This point is even more important if patients are treated for only six months, because such patients have a greater risk of relapse.The theoretical savings afforded by a shorter course of thera-py may be counteracted by the need for closer follow-up.Furthermore, close follow-up is not an easy matter in HIV-infected patients, as reflected by the 34 percent rate of loss to follow-up.We believe that treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients must be continued for at least 9 months 2 as long as subsequent studies confirm that regimens lasting 6 months or 9 to 12 months are associated with the same rates of survival.
Clinical and Immunological Effects of Oral Immunotherapy with a Standardized Birch Pollen Extract
Authors: B. Björkstén, G. Möller, U. Broberger, S. Ahlstedt, S. Dreborg, S. G. O. Johansson, P. Juto, Å. Lanner
Journal: Allergy (1986)

Oral immunotherapy (IT) was evaluated in a pilot study in two centres in children aged 8–15 years with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. High doses (up to 20 × 10 6 BU monthly) of a defined freeze‐dried birch pollen extract administered in enteric‐coated gelatine capsules were given either daily for seven consecutive days every month or once weekly. Symptom scores, as assessed by sneezing, dripping and blockage of the nose, and redness, itching and swelling of the eyes, were significantly lower in treated patients compared to untreated, or placebo treated controls after 3 to 5 months of therapy. In all the 16 treated, but only in three of eight untreated patients, the scores were lower during the pollen season 1982 than during the pollen season preceding the treatment period, despite comparable pollen counts during the two seasons. One year after beginning treatment the reactivity in conjunctival provocation tests was decreased about 10‐fold ( P &lt; 0.001) in the patients receiving more than 2 × 10 5 BU monthly compared to about two‐fold in patients receiving lower doses, or placebo. Increased levels of IgE antibodies directed against birch pollen were recorded in the serum and saliva of most patients after 3–4 months of active IT. In contrast, IgG antibody responses were poor in most of the patients. Side effects, particularly from the gastrointestinal tract, appeared in all treated children. In one of t hem a systemic reaction occurred during IT. The study indicates that properly performed oral IT with a potent birch allergen extract in enteric‐coated capsules may be effective.
Tracking the editor's carbon footprint
Authors: Balaji Ravichandran
Journal: BMJ (2007)

“Do you, Dr Godlee, consider yourself a climate criminal? If yes, what punishment would you consider for yourself?” The question comes from MedGadget (www.medgadget.com), a web only publication, in response to an editorial co-written by the BMJ 's editor, Fiona Godlee, which called for doctors “to lead by example on climate change by reducing the carbon footprint of medical conferences” ( BMJ 2007;334:324-5 doi: 10.1136/bmj.39125.468171.80). Tracking Dr Godlee's carbon footprint from her flights, the editors of the website wrote: “What we can say is that Dr Godlee is a ‘has been there, done that' kind of person. And we mean around the world, most likely in business class”—and accused her of hypocrisy.

In response, Hugh Montgomery of University College London, a member of the BMJ 's Carbon Council (http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/about-bmj/carbon-council-1), drew attention to the fact that …
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Level is Associated with Aortic Distensibility and Left Ventricle Hypertrophy in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Osman Kuloğlu, Mustafa Gür, Taner Şeker, Gülhan Yüksel Kalkan, Sinan Kırım, Durmuş Yıldıray Şahin, Hazar Harbalıoğlu, Caner Türkoğlu, Armağan Acele, Zafer Elbasan, Betül Özaltun, Murat Çaylı
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Transmission of Serum Hepatitis
Authors: Lewellys F. Barker
Journal: JAMA (1970)

There is evidence that transmission of serum hepatitis is associated with transmission of virus-like particles, approximately 20 mμ in diameter, containing the Australia or serum hepatitis (SH) antigen, which is currently referred to as the hepatitis associated antigen (HAA). Virus-like particles containing HAA were in the following materials, inoculation of which produced serum hepatitis: (1) a pool of human plasma, (2) serum obtained during the acute phase of hepatitis from a recipient of the plasma pool, (3) a preparation of human thrombin, and (4) serum from a proved hepatitis carrier. The HAA appeared in the serum samples of 61 individuals inoculated with these materials; serum hepatitis developed in 38 of them. Inoculation of dilutions of the plasma pool showed that serum hepatitis can be transmitted by materials containing HAA in amounts too low to be detected by current techniques.
Contact urticaria to locusts
Authors: B.E. MONK
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

Journal Article Contact urticaria to locusts Get access B.E. MONK B.E. MONK Department of Dermatology, Bedford General Hospital, Kempston Road, Bedford MK.42 gDJ, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 118, Issue 5, 1 May 1988, Pages 707–708, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb02575.x Published: 01 May 1988
HEMOPTYSIS DUE TO TUBERCULOSIS.A PRELIMINARY STUDY.
Authors: J. M. ANDERS
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The pathologic etiology should naturally engage our attention first and foremost in a discussion of the subject of hemoptysis dependent on tuberculosis. Broadly speaking, we may subdivide the cases in (a) those occasioned by congestion of the bronchial mucosa and lung texture and (b) those due to ulceration or erosion of vessels, or rupture of miliary aneurisms. <h3>BLEEDING DUE TO PULMONARY CONGESTION.</h3> When hemorrhage takes place before gross lesions are detectable by means of the physical signs or the x-ray in tuberculosis, we ascribe them offhand to congestion of the bronchial mucous membrane and of the lung texture. The earliest pathologic changes in this disease are not directly connected with blood vessels, although the adjacent tissues are the seat of inflammatory processes which may manifest a hemorrhagic tendency. The query is pertinent: Can we ascribe the principal hemorrhages of the earlier stages to congestion? It may be reasonably questioned, as
Rabbit Intraocular Reactivity to Endotoxin Measured by Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy and Laser Flare Photometry
Authors: Robert B. Nussenblatt, Don Calogero, Shelley Y. Buchen, Henry A. Leder, Margot Goodkin, Malvina B. Eydelman
Journal: Ophthalmology (2012)
Electrophysiology of the normal-to-hypoxic transition zone.
Authors: F Bukauskas
Journal: Circulation Research (1982)

The "normal-to-hypoxic" transition zone was modeled after the chamber technique for perpendicular and parallel orientation with respect to the direction of fiber axis. The evidence obtained from the recording of the transmembrane action potentials suggests the presence of a preservation phenomenon in the hypoxic area, based on the utilization of energy stores of the normoxic area. Better intercellular coupling in longitudinal than in transverse fiber direction results in the anisotropic properties of the preservation phenomenon. The preservation phenomenon provides a basis for the existence of critical size of the viable hypoxic area compared to the size of the transitional zone. The crucial role of electrotonic coupling was demonstrated, as well as the possible contribution to the preservation phenomenon mechanism of the cell-to-cell diffusion of metabolites.
Postmarketing surveillance of adverse drug reactions in general practice. II: Prescription-event monitoring at the University of Southampton.
Authors: W H Inman
Journal: BMJ (1981)

An independent, non-regulatory drug surveillance research unit has been established at the University of Southampton. Its first task will be to set up a prescription-event monitoring scheme in general practice to enable the pattern of adverse events, as distinct from suspected adverse reactions associated with new drugs to be compared with that of older medicines. Prescriptions for selected drugs will identify patients and a simple questionnaire, designed to be completed in under five minutes, will be used to obtain the required information. Medical opinions about causation need not be given, and the scheme will not interfere with normal prescribing practice.
More trusts should commission schemes to keep mentally ill offenders out of prison
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Healthcare provision for people in prison varies considerably from place to place and does not meet the needs of many prisoners, says a report from two influential inspection bodies. The report calls for better commissioning of services by primary care trusts.

The Healthcare Commission and Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons want primary care trusts to improve the services available for adults in prison.

The commission interviewed trust commissioners in 18 primary care trusts responsible for commissioning healthcare services for prisons in their area. The interviews showed that only four of the trusts had conducted recent assessments of the need for health care in prison. Six said they had assessments under way.

Few trusts had commissioned court diversion schemes, which would help to divert offenders with mental health problems into more appropriate health services …
Communicating with non-English-speaking patients.
Authors: P Bal
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Dealing with the DisadavantagedCommunicating with non-English-speaking patients PASH BAL One of the main problems facing health workers is that of patient compliance.An important factor in compliance is patient education, and there is no doubt this can be improved by better communication.Since language is the most important method of communication, the three million immigrants living in Britain pose special problems for health workers, since many
Recovery of rat alveolar macrophages by bronchoalveolar lavage under normal and activated conditions.
Authors: B Rehn, J Bruch, T Zou, G Hobusch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

When rat (female Wistar) lungs were lavaged (bronchoalveolar lavage, BAL) six times with physiological saline, approximately the same number of alveolar macrophages (AM) were found in the first and second BAL, whereas in the third fourth, fifth, and sixth BAL, the number of AM decreased exponentially. Morphometric counting of the number of AM in histological sections of lung tissue showed that only 14% of the AM population had been recovered by BAL. Although additives to the BAL fluid such as lidocaine and/or fetal calf serum increased the AM count in the first washing considerably, the total number of AM washed out remained unaltered. Addition of the phagocytosis stimulant zymosan increased the AM count in BAL by a factor of more than 2. On stimulation of the lungs with an inert dust (silicon carbide), the AM count in the BAL and the lung was only slightly increased 8 weeks after intratracheal instillation. In contrast, after exposure to fibrogenic and cytotoxic quartz, the AM count in BAL and lung was significantly increased, and the recovery of AM had also increased by a factor of approximately 2. The experiments show that it is the micromilieu of the alveoli and the condition of the AM (certain physiological activation states, such as phagocytic activity) that essentially determine the degree of recovery.