tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Olsalazine versus placebo in the treatment of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: a randomised double blind trial.
Authors: G E Feurle, D Theuer, S Velasco, B A Barry, D Wordehoff, A Sommer, G Jantschek, W Kruis
Journal: Gut (1989)

The effect of olsalazine, an analogue of sulphasalazine, consisting of two molecules 5-aminosalicylic acid linked by an azobond has been investigated for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. In a randomised double blind trial we compared 2 g olsalazine with placebo for four weeks. Of the 105 patients, with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, entered in the trial 52 received olsalazine, and 53 placebo. Treatment had to be terminated prematurely because of untoward effects of olsalazine (mainly diarrhoea) in three patients and treatment failure--that is, increased rectal bleeding in four patients (olsalazine group: one placebo group: three). After four weeks9 treatment, a statistically significant improvement in the endoscopic findings in rectum and a positive trend in the reduction of rectal mucus and blood discharge was observed in the patients treated with olsalazine. No statistically significant difference was found for other factors, including stool frequency, consistency, urge to defecate, abdominal pain, and biopsy findings. A comparison between these clinical and endoscopic parameters at study entry and those at study completion (within drug evaluation) showed significant improvement in six of 10 parameters during treatment with olsalazine and in two of 10 during placebo treatment. This difference suggests the significant effect of olsalazine. We conclude that 2 g olsalazine was tolerated as well as placebo, apart from causing diarrhoea in some patients and was slightly superior to placebo during four weeks9 treatment of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. A study with 3 or 4 g olsalazine per day may show a more definite effect.
Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts farnesoid X receptor-antagonistic effects on bile acid and lipid metabolism in morbid obesity
Authors: Michaela Mueller, Anders Thorell, Thierry Claudel, Pooja Jha, Harald Koefeler, Carolin Lackner, Bastian Hoesel, Guenter Fauler, Tatjana Stojakovic, Curt Einarsson, Hanns-Ulrich Marschall, Michael Trauner
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2015)

Bile acids (BAs) are major regulators of hepatic BA and lipid metabolism but their mechanisms of action in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are still poorly understood. Here we aimed to explore the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in modulating the cross-talk between liver and visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) regarding BA and cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid/lipid partitioning in morbidly obese NAFLD patients.In this randomized controlled pharmacodynamic study, we analyzed serum, liver and vWAT samples from 40 well-matched morbidly obese patients receiving UDCA (20 mg/kg/day) or no treatment three weeks prior to bariatric surgery.Short term UDCA administration stimulated BA synthesis by reducing circulating fibroblast growth factor 19 and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation, resulting in cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase induction mirrored by elevated C4 and 7α-hydroxycholesterol. Enhanced BA formation depleted hepatic and LDL-cholesterol with subsequent activation of the key enzyme of cholesterol synthesis 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Blunted FXR anti-lipogenic effects induced lipogenic stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in the liver, thereby increasing hepatic triglyceride content. In addition, induced SCD activity in vWAT shifted vWAT lipid metabolism towards generation of less toxic and more lipogenic monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid.These data demonstrate that by exerting FXR-antagonistic effects, UDCA treatment in NAFLD patients strongly impacts on cholesterol and BA synthesis and induces neutral lipid accumulation in both liver and vWAT.
Reactions to Tetanus Toxoid-Reply
Authors: Robert L. Jacobs
Journal: JAMA (1983)

In Reply.—  Dr Graham and associates report a predictable response to an immunizing agent when administered in significant volume and high concentration into the intradermal space. The reactivity may result from release of mediators of inflammation through any or all of a variety of mechanisms, including direct toxicity to local tissue cells, specific humoral (antibody) recognition of antigenic material, and specific cellular (type IV) recognition and response.  As Dr Graham correctly points out, one cannot determine with certainty which immunizing agent, when given in combined form, is responsible for the reactivity that may occur. Clearly in the older child and adult, pertussis immunizations are likely to cause large local reactions as well as constitutional symptoms of fever and malaise. 1 DT (10 LF units of diphtheria), when administered to the adult, is often associated with similar reactions. Td (2 LF units of diphtheria toxoid) is substantially less reactive, and reactions
Myocardial infarction and coronary artery occlusion: a prospective 5-year angiographic study
Authors: W.I. Mark Webster, James H Chesebro, Hugh C Smith, Robert L Frye, David R Holmes, Guy S Reeder, Dennis R Bresnahan, Rick A Nishimura, Ian P Clements, William T Bardsley, Diane E Grill, Kent R Bailey, Valentin Fuster
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
Impotence after sclerotherapy of haemorrhoids: case reports
Authors: N. Bullock
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Objective: To assess decleration and acceleration in the disease process in the initial phase of epsilepsy in children with new onset tonic-clonic seizures.Study design: Hospital based follow up study.Setting: Two university hospitals, a general hospital, and a children's hospital in the Netherlands.Patients: 204 children aged 1 month to 16 years with idiopathic or remote symptomatic, newly diagnosed, tonic-clonic seizures, of whom 123 were enrolled at time of their first ever seizure; all children were followed until the start of drug treatment (78 children), the occurrence of the fourth untreated seizure (41 children), or the end of the follow up period of two years (85 untreated children).Main outcome measures: Analyis of disease pattern from first ever seizure.The pattern was categorised as decelerating if the child became free of seizures despite treatment being withheld.In cases with four seizures, the pattern was categorised as decelerating if successive intervals increased or as accelerating if intervals decreased.Patterns in the remaining children were classified as uncertain.Results: A decelerating pattern was found in 83 of 85 children who became free of seizures without treatment.Three of the 41 children with four or more untreated seizures showed a decelerating pattern and eight an accelerating pattern.In 110 children the disease process could not be classified, mostly because drug treatment was started after the first, second, or third seizure.The proportion of children with a decelerating pattern (42%, 95% confidence interval 35% to 49%) may be a minimum estimate because of the large number of patients with an uncertain disease pattern.Conclusions: Though untreated epilepsy is commonly considered to be a progressive disorder with decreasing intervals between seizures, a large proportion of children with newly diagnosed, unprovoked tonic-clonic seizures have a decelerating disease process.The fear that tonic-clonic seizures commonly evolve into a progressive disease should not be used as an argument in favour of early drug treatment in children with epilepsy.
Effects of Changing Amount of Carbohydrate in Diet on Plasma Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins in Type II Diabetic Patients
Authors: Angela A Rivellese, Rosalba Ciacco, Salvatore Cenovese, Lidia Patti, Gennaro Marotta, Delia Pacioni, Giovanni Annuzzi, Gabriele Riccardi
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

Eight type II (non-insulin-dependent) normolipidemic diabetic patients (aged 45 ± 15 yr, body mass index 22 ± 2 kg/m2, means ± SD) treated with diet alone or diet plus oral hypoglycemic agents were given, in random order for periods of 15 days, two diets with different carbohydrate (CHO) (40 vs. 60% of total calories) and fat (20 vs. 40%) levels. Simple CHO, fiber, saturated fat, cholesterol, and polyunsaturated-saturated fat ratio were similar in the two diets. Total plasma cholesterol was not significantly affected by dietary changes; conversely, plasma triglyceride (1.38 ± 0.59 vs. 1.11 ± 0.39 mM, P &amp;lt; 0.05) and apolipoprotein Cll (3.8 ± 1 · 4 vs, 3.3 ± 0.8 mg/dl) increased significantly after the high-CHO low-fat diet. Among the various lipoproteins, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was the most affected by diet: VLDL cholesterol concentrations increased from 0.30 ± 0.19 to 0.43 ± 0.28 mM (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and triglyceride concentrations increased from 0.62 ± 0.33 to 0.88± 0.53 mM (P &amp;lt;0.05). In conclusion, increasing the amount of complex CHO in the diet induces an elevation of VLDL in normolipidemic, nonobese, mildly type II diabetic patients.
Long-term biostability of self-assembling protein polymers in the absence of covalent crosslinking
Authors: Rory E. Sallach, Wanxing Cui, Fanor Balderrama, Adam W. Martinez, Jing Wen, Carolyn A. Haller, Jeannette V. Taylor, Elizabeth R. Wright, Robert C. Long, Elliot L. Chaikof
Journal: Biomaterials (2009)
Lesson of the week: Contrast enhanced computed tomography in the early diagnosis of cerebral abscess
Authors: M. O. Fitzpatrick, P. Gan
Journal: BMJ (1999)

If a stroke is not straightforward, ask for a contrast enhanced computed tomogram

Despite advances in the management of cerebral abscess, this condition is still associated with appreciable morbidity and mortality. The key to successful treatment is early diagnosis, but this requires a high index of clinical suspicion and the correct choice of investigations Contrast enhanced computed tomography is the best investigation since non-contrast computed tomography does not identify all cerebral abscesses. To highlight this, we report two patients in whom the diagnosis was delayed because of failure to perform a contrast enhanced computed tomogram of the brain, and in whom delay may have resulted in a less favourable neurological outcome.

### Case 1

A 54 year old man presented to a district general hospital after a single grand mal seizure. Clinical examination showed a right hemiparesis and non-contrast computed tomography showed an area of low attenuation in the left temporal lobe which was reported as a temporal lobe infarct (figure, A). The patient had no further seizures, made a good recovery, and was discharged home 4 days after admission. Two weeks later he was readmitted because he had become confused. Repeat computed tomography of the brain showed that the area of low …
669 OCCULT HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AS A RISK FACTOR FOR HEPPATOCELLULARR CARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C IN WHOM VIRAL ERADICATION FAILS
Authors: Y. Miura, A. Shibuya, S. Adachi, A. Takeuchi, T. Nakazawa, K. Saigenji
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
A Quantifiable Bleeding Gastric Ulcer in Dogs for Assessing the Neodymium Yag Laser
Authors: I.A. MacLeod, C.R. Bow, S.N. Joffe
Journal: Endoscopy (1982)

A quantifiable arterial bleeding gastric “ulcer” was produced in 6 dogs using the splenic artery with a mean flow rate varying from 50-120 ml/min-1.
Propionibacterium acnes and inflammation in acne; P. acnes has T-cell mitogenic activity
Authors: U. Jappe, E. Ingham, J. Henwood, K.T. Holland
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Background Circumstantial evidence suggests that Propionibacterium acnes has a role in the inflammation of acne. This could be effected by antigenic or superantigenic or mitogenic reactions. Objectives The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether P. acnes had only antigenic activity or additional superantigenic and mitogenic activity. Methods A lymphocyte transformation assay was used to detect responses to a mixture of eight P. acnes whole cell isolates, and their supernatant culture fluids. In order to determine the nature of T-cell reactions to P. acnes cells a mouse–antihuman major histocompatibility complex class II monoclonal antibody was used in the lymphocyte transformation assay to inhibit the antigenic stimulation of lymphocytes. An analysis of the T-cell receptor (TCR) variable region β (BV) repertoire was undertaken using flow cytometry of the unstimulated and stimulated cells. Results Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from adults with no history of acne responded strongly to stationary growth phase cells of P. acnes, less strongly to cells in the exponential growth phase. No response was detected to supernatant culture fluids. PBMNC from five cord blood samples (CBMNC) responded maximally after 3 and 7 days of incubation with stationary growth phase cells of P. acnes. The reaction of CBMNC to P. acnes cells was not suppressed completely by the blocking antibody. The analysis of the TCRBV repertoire indicated that P. acnes induced no deletion or over-representation of certain BV element-bearing T cells. The TCRBV analysis was repeated after preincubation with the blocking antibody. Deletion of T cells bearing certain BV components occurred and there was no over-representation of T cells carrying certain BV components. Conclusions Two mechanisms of lymphocyte activation by P. acnes cells are proposed, antigen and mitogen driven. These results are consistent with the histological evidence of inflammation in acne lesions.
Irregular vaginal bleeding.
Authors: G Chamberlain
Journal: BMJ (1987)

9 Royal College of Radiologists. Patient selection for skull radiography in uncomplicated head injury. Lancet 1983;i: 115-8. 10 Royal College of Radiologists. Radiography of injured arms and legs in eight accident and emergency units in England and Wales. BrMedJ 1985^91:1325-8. 11 Dunlop MG, Beattie TF, White GK, Raab GM, Doull RI. Guidelines for selective radiological assessment of inversion ankle injuries. BrMedJ 1986;293:603-5. 12 Anonymous. Must radiologists do all the reporting [Editorial]?BrJRadiol 1975;48:517. 13 de Lacey GJ, Barker A, Harper J, Wignall BK. An assessment of the clinical effects of reporting accident and emergency radiographs. BrJ Radiol 1980;53:304-9. 14 Mucci B. The selective reporting of x-ray films from the accident and emergency department. Injury 1983;14:343-4. 15 Guly HR. Missed diagnosis in an accident and emergency department. Injury 1984;15:403-6. 16 Wardrope J, Chennells PM. Should all casualty radiographs be reviewed? Br Med J 1985;290:1638-40. 17 Swain AH. Radiological audit?changes in casualty officer performance during tenure of post. British Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine 1986;1 (2):5-9. 18 Raison JCA. Medical and legal aspects of the increasing demand for diagnostic radiology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1976;69:755-6. 19 Evans KT. The radiologist's dilemma. BrJ Radiol 1977;50:299-301. 20 Golberg B. Department of inappropriate investigations. BrMedJ 1977;ii: 1274-5. 21 de Lacey GJ, Wignall BK, Hussain S, Reidy JR. The radiology of nasal injuries: problems of interpretation and clinical relevance. BrJ Radiol 1977;50:412-4. 22 Royal College of Radiologists. A study of the utilisation of skull radiography in nine accident and emergency units in the UK. Lancet 1980;ii: 1234-6. 23 Royal College of Radiologists. Costs and benefits of skull radiography for head injury. Lancet 1981;ii:791-5. 24 Royal College of Radiologists. Patient selection for skull radiography in uncomplicated head injury. A national study. Lancet 1983*i;115-8. 25 Hayward MWJ, Hayward C, Ennis WP, Roberts CJ. A pilot evaluation of radiography of the acute abdomen. Clin Radiol 1984;35:289-91. 26 Danher J, Eyes BE, Kumar K. Oblique rib views after blunt chest trauma: an unnecessary routine? Br MedJ 1984:289:1271. 27 Roberts CJ. Medical care as a risk avoidance procedure: underwriting the cost of care in the UK. BrMedJ 1982;285:751-5.
A middle way for rationing healthcare resources
Authors: Rudolf Klein
Journal: BMJ (2005)

are small: 90% of obesity in the United States could be abolished by walking an extra 2000 steps a day (equivalent to using up 0.418MJ) and reducing intake by 0.418MJ per day.These changes are well within the range of day to day variability in activity and diet and are potentially achievable and sustainable by large numbers.w6 People will need better education about activity and diet, but a sustainable reduction in obesity will also require the food and exercise industries to work with consumers towards small changes in the environment.
Abstract 5522: Analysis of recruitment of non small cell lung cancer patients into clinical trials
Authors: Richard Joubert, Stefanella Bortini, Ulrich Raeth, Thomas Moehler
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Clinical trials are a major step for the assessment of new molecules or novel treatments that may change the medical practice. Accurate estimation of patient recruitment plays a major role when planning clinical trials with new treatment modalities for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Method: We performed a systematical review of all published results from NSCLC clinical studies in Journal of Clinical Oncology and Journal of Thoracic Oncology between January 2009 and December 2010 by focusing on the parameters considered to be relevant for patient recruitment: number of patients, sites and enrollment period, indication, Phase of trial, type of study sponsor, geographic region, type of drug and line of treatment. Results: Of 104 studies identified within PubMed, data from 51 studies could be integrated into the final analysis. Fifty-three studies were omitted from this analysis as recruitment data were missing. Most of trials were performed in the metastatic or advanced setting. Overall, a mean enrollment of 0.64 Patient/Month/Site (range, 0.02 to 7.14) was estimated and the highest mean recruitment rate estimated was 1.81 Patients/Month/Site corresponding to 9 single-center studies. The mean enrollment rates in Patient/Month/Site were 0.57 for Phase I trials, 0.78 for Phase II trials and 0.33 for Phase III trials. University-sponsored trials were able to enroll patients with the highest mean rate of 1.48 Patient/Month/Site. Trials conducted in only European sites recruited patients with the highest mean rate of 1.40 Patient/Month/Site (8 studies). The majority of the studies evaluated treatments based on targeted therapy alone or combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Thirty-five (69%) studies assessed first-line treatment but the highest recruitment rate of 1.02 Patient/Month/Site was estimated for second- and subsequent lines of treatment. The statistically significant differences were mainly found when comparing the mean recruitment rates for (i) the different types of sponsor and (ii) the number of sites involved in the study. These best recruitment rates were found for University driven studies and in single-center trials. Conclusions: Study design aspects as phase I dose escalation and randomization are systematic burden to patient recruitment. Thorough planning of the study to optimize and adapt the treatment concept used in the study and attract the interest of the investigators and patients are key to recruitment. In that respect, phase II trials on targeted agents as single agents or in combination with high potential to impact the standard treatment showed 2-fold higher than mean enrollment rate for multi-center trials. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5522. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5522
Recent Studies of Embryonic Induction
Authors: Elizabeth D. Hay
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

SINCE the beginning of experimental embryology the student interested in the developing organism has puzzled over the complex cellular movements and interactions by which a single ovum organizes itself into a multicellular animal. Indeed, the first experiments that were done on embryos were concerned with this problem. Wilhelm Roux, in 1888, killed one of the cells or "blastomeres" of the developing frog egg at the two-cell stage and found that the remaining blastomere developed into only half an embryo. These results were soon contested, and the arguments that followed set the stage for the controversial atmosphere that still characterizes the . . .
Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infectionsof the skin: Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis
Authors: Lynn A. Drake, Scott M. Dinehart, Evan R. Farmer, Robert W. Goltz, Gloria F. Graham, Maria K. Hordinsky, Charles W. Lewis, David M. Pariser, John W. Skouge, Stephen B. Webster, Duane C. Whitaker, Barbara Butler, Barbara J. Lower, Boni E. Elewski, Mervyn L. Elgart, Paul H. Jacobs, Jack L. Lesher, Richard K. Scher
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1996)
THE THEORY OF DISTURBED REFLEXES IN THE PRODUCTION OF SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE
Authors: J. Mackenzie
Journal: BMJ (1921)

Wt HEN we started the Institute for Clinical Researclh in St.Andrews we recognized that if success were to attend our efforts we must have a clear comprehension of our object, and a definite idea how that object should be attained.We define our object as the Prevention of the Diseases that are Comnznon, amiongst the People.To understand how disease should be prevented it was necessary to know what are the diseases which are common among the people.On inquiry it was found that, except in a small percentage of cases, this knowledge was nowhere to be obtained.HIere, then, the first step to be taken was to know what the diseases are which we wished to prevent.The next question was how to proceed to get this knowledge.The great majority of the sick suffered from comn plaints, and showed signs of ill lhealtb, but the disease was
THE IN VIVO STABILITY OF ANTIBODY
Authors: Justine S. Garvey, Dan H. Campbell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1959)

When rabbits were fed S35-labelled amino acids and simultaneously injected with antigen at the peak of antibody production, the circulating antibody became rapidly labelled within a few hours with the isotope. The specific radioactivity of antibody was measured as antibody was allowed to decline in the absence of antigenic stimulation. At various times, in different animals, antigen was reinjected and circulating antibody was measured for specific radioactivity. The initial antibody which appeared after the antigenic stimulus always had a higher specific activity than antibody circulating just prior to the reinjection. The appearance of antibody of higher specific activity was demonstrated to be a specific response to the antigen which was reinjected. It was concluded that there is a reservoir of antibody which is stabilized in tissue and which is not in equilibrium with that in circulation. A mechanism for this stabilization is suggested and discussed from previous investigations demonstrating the long retention of antigen in liver tissue.
[654] PREDICTION OF VIROLOGIC RESPONSE IN HCV GENOTYPE 1A-INFECTED PATIENTS ACCORDING TO AMINO ACID PATTERN IN NS5A USING STATISTICAL LEARNING ALGORITHMS FOR CLASSIFICATION
Authors: M. von Wagner, C. Welsch, E. Herrmann, C. Sarrazin, A. Kau, M. Welker, B. Fernandez, C. Merkwirth, T.M. Pawlotsky, A. Neumann, C. Ferrari, S. Schalm, S. Zeuzem
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)