tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gene transfer is a major factor in bacterial evolution
Authors: R. Lan, P. R. Reeves
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

Lateral gene transfer in four strains of Salmonella enterica has been assessed using genomic subtraction. Strain LT2 (subspecies I serovar Typhimurium) chromosomal DNA was used as target and subtracted by three subspecies I strains of serovars Typhimurium (S21), Muenchen (S71), Typhi (M229), and a subspecies V strain (M321). Data from probing random cosmids of LT2 DNA with preparations of the residual LT2 DNA after subtraction were used to estimate the amounts of LT2 DNA not able to hybridize to strains S21, S71, M229, and M321 to be in the range of 84-106, 191-355, 305-629, and 778-1,286 kb, respectively. Several lines of evidence indicate that most of this DNA is from genes not present in strain M321 and not from genes that have diverged in sequence. The amounts correlate with the divergence of the four strains as revealed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and sequence variation of housekeeping genes. Sequence of 39 of the fragments from the M321 subtracted residual LT2 DNA revealed only six inserts of known gene function with evidence of both gain and loss of genes during the development of S. enterica clones. Sixteen of the 39 segments have 45% or lower G+C content, below the species average, but over half are within the normal range for the species. We conclude that even within a species, clones may differ by up to 20% of chromosomal DNA, indicating a major role for lateral transfer, and that on the basis of G+C content, a significant proportion of the DNA is from distantly related species.
Survey of general practitioners' attitudes to management of patients with heart attacks.
Authors: J R Hampton, G K Morris, C Mason
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Out of 305 general practitioners sent a questionnaire asking how they would treat three hypothetical patients with heart attacks 231 (76%) replied. Of these, only 179 were prepared to make an unqualified choice of home or hospital treatment for a middle-aged man with an uncomplicated attack, 70 (39%) saying that they would keep the patient at home. Practitioners qualifying before 1960 were more likely to do this than those qualifying in 1960 or later. If a patient declined hospital treatment 161 (70%) of the practitioners would keep him in bed for a week or less, but the date of the practitioners9 qualification significantly affected the time they would advise him to remain off work. Faced with a patient acutely ill after a heart attack, 162 (70%) of the practitioners would arrange his immediate admission to hospital and 51 (22%) would send him to hospital after initial treatment at home. The numbers of partners in the practice, the nature of the premises, and the location of the practice in urban or rural areas affected the practitioners9 attitude to the management of severely ill patients but not to the management of patients with uncomplicated attacks.
A dermatosis specifically associated with a tumour of pancreatic alpha cells
Authors: R. D. SWEET
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1974)

Journal Article A dermatosis specifically associated with a tumour of pancreatic alpha cells Get access R. D. SWEET R. D. SWEET Plymouth General Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 90, Issue 3, 1 March 1974, Pages 301–308, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06406.x Published: 01 March 1974
The value of lymphocytopenia as a marker of systemic involvement in cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: J. Wenzel, R. Bauer, M. Uerlich, T. Bieber, I. Boehm
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Some patients suffering from cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) develop extracutaneous manifestations during the course of the disease: up to 5% of patients with discoid LE (DLE) and up to 30% of subacute cutaneous LE (SCLE) patients show systemic involvement. Recent studies revealed some markers indicating systemic manifestations of CLE patients. However, the significance of diminished peripheral lymphocyte numbers as a marker of systemic involvement in CLE has not been investigated before.To determine the value of lymphocytopenia (< 1500 cells microL(-1)) as a marker of extracutaneous manifestations in CLE patients. : Methods The records of 72 CLE patients (44 DLE; 28 SCLE) were investigated. Systemic involvement was defined in accordance with the criteria of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Analyses of peripheral lymphocyte numbers were done by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis.Five CLE patients developed extracutaneous manifestations during the course of disease. All these patients were lymphocytopenic. Differences between peripheral lymphocyte numbers of CLE patients with and without additional systemic involvement were highly significant (P < 0.01).Our results suggest that lymphocytopenia in patients with CLE is a high sensitive but low specific marker of systemic involvement.
Putting Prevention into Practice: The Community's Role
Authors: Tom Reynolds
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Currents16 February 1999Putting Prevention into Practice: The Community's RoleTom ReynoldsTom ReynoldsSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-4-199902160-00011 SectionsAboutFull Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Despite abundant evidence for both the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of clinical preventive services, most remain grossly underused and represent a missed opportunity to reduce morbidity and mortality from preventable diseases. Effective delivery of preventive care relies heavily on a team effort, with health care providers and the delivery system, the community, and the patient all playing crucial roles. There are many reasons preventive services are underused. For one, physician practices are so busy treating illness that prevention frequently takes a back seat unless systems are in place to call attention to patient needs (see the 15 October 1998 Currents section).... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Corresponding Author: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByPrevention Research StrategiesCancer of the oesophagus in Africans in sub-Saharan Africa: any hopes for its control?With recent changes in environmental factors among Africans in South Africa, how have cancer occurrences been affected?The assessment and remedying of inadequate diets in India, as appreciated by Sir Robert McCarrisonIn the rationing of healthcare in indigent African populations, which services should come first?Transitional changes in health-disease: why so many puzzling epidemiological situations?Gastric cancer 16 February 1999Volume 130, Issue 4_Part_1Page: 336KeywordsFallsFearHealth care providersHematologic testsMammographyMorbidityMortalityPneumoniaPrevention, policy, and public healthPreventive medicine Issue Published: 16 February 1999 CopyrightCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.Loading ...
Cryptogenic Stroke and Underlying Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Tommaso Sanna, Hans-Christoph Diener, Rod S. Passman, Vincenzo Di Lazzaro, Richard A. Bernstein, Carlos A. Morillo, Marilyn Mollman Rymer, Vincent Thijs, Tyson Rogers, Frank Beckers, Kate Lindborg, Johannes Brachmann
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Current guidelines recommend at least 24 hours of electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring after an ischemic stroke to rule out atrial fibrillation. However, the most effective duration and type of monitoring have not been established, and the cause of ischemic stroke remains uncertain despite a complete diagnostic evaluation in 20 to 40% of cases (cryptogenic stroke). Detection of atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke has therapeutic implications.We conducted a randomized, controlled study of 441 patients to assess whether long-term monitoring with an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM) is more effective than conventional follow-up (control) for detecting atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Patients 40 years of age or older with no evidence of atrial fibrillation during at least 24 hours of ECG monitoring underwent randomization within 90 days after the index event. The primary end point was the time to first detection of atrial fibrillation (lasting >30 seconds) within 6 months. Among the secondary end points was the time to first detection of atrial fibrillation within 12 months. Data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle.By 6 months, atrial fibrillation had been detected in 8.9% of patients in the ICM group (19 patients) versus 1.4% of patients in the control group (3 patients) (hazard ratio, 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 21.7; P<0.001). By 12 months, atrial fibrillation had been detected in 12.4% of patients in the ICM group (29 patients) versus 2.0% of patients in the control group (4 patients) (hazard ratio, 7.3; 95% CI, 2.6 to 20.8; P<0.001).ECG monitoring with an ICM was superior to conventional follow-up for detecting atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke. (Funded by Medtronic; CRYSTAL AF ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00924638.).
Prognostic and Predictive Value of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Domain Mutation Status and Gene Copy Number for Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ming-Sound Tsao, Akira Sakurada, Keyue Ding, Sarit Aviel-Ronen, Olga Ludkovski, Ni Liu, Aurélie Le Maître, David Gandara, David H. Johnson, James R. Rigas, Lesley Seymour, Frances A. Shepherd
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
Regulation of proteolytic enzymes and inhibitors in two smooth muscle cell phenotypes
Authors: H Lau
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Objective: Rat arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) are diverse in nature. In addition to SMC cultures which grow to the typical ‘hill and valley’ morphology at confluence, there are other SMC which show spindle shape, or thin and long fusiform swirling pattern, or which have a cobblestone appearance at confluence. The growth of these cell types is variably dependent on serum growth factors, and they display different cytoskeletal proteins. We wish to study the secretion of proteolytic enzymes and enzyme inhibitors from these SMC which may be important for their biological activities. Methods: Two phenotypes, an ‘epithelioid-like’ SMC and a ‘swirling’ SMC, were isolated and cloned from rat carotid arteries. The proteolytic enzymes and inhibitors produced after stimulation with exogenous mediators were investigated with enzyme assays, zymography and immunoblotting. Results: Epithelioid SMC, but not swirling SMC, secreted MMP-2 in response to uPA and tPA. Epithelioid SMC produced small amounts of uPA and tPA in control cultures, but these proteinase secretions were enhanced by bFGF and PDGF. On the other hand, control swirling SMC secreted large amounts of uPA and tPA, which were reduced by the growth factors. In both cell types, the secretion of PAI-1 was stimulated by bFGF and PDGF, as well as by uPA and tPA. Furthermore, in both cell types, the secretion of TIMP-2 was enhanced by tPA and PDGF, but not by uPA or bFGF. Conclusions: When challenged with mediators, two rat SMC phenotypes behaved differently in terms of proteinase secretions, but they were similar in terms of proteinase inhibitor secretions.
PTH-156 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 10 Year Review of the Cost and Demand of this Condition, on a District General Endoscopy Unit
Authors: M W Johnson, K Lithgo, T Prouse, T Price
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Like many hospitals through out the UK, the National IBD Standards (endorsed by the British Society of Gastroenterology) and the IBD (Global Rating Score) Quality Improvement Programme (endorsed by The Royal College of Physicians) have help highlighted areas of our inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) service that needed improving. In order to attract funding from our local primary care trust (PCT) to support the necessary service improvements, we set about establishing the total cost and demand made by this cohort of patients on 4 key services offered by our local hospital; the endoscopy, radiology, hospital admissions and outpatient services. <h3>Objectives</h3> of this study: To assess the cost and demand for endoscopy originating from the management of IBD patients, over a 10 year period. <h3>Methods</h3> The Luton &amp; Dunstable University Hospital has a database of 2680 local IBD patients. This is made up of 1425 patients with UC, 941 with Crohn’s, 118 with proctitis, 113 with IBD unspecified, 53 with radiation proctitis, 13 with diversion colitis, 10 with ileo-anal pouchitis and 7 with microscopic colitis. Using the database for reference, the hospital coding system was used to analyse the total number of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures performed between 2001 and 2011 on IBD patients. The total cost for the primary care trust (PCT) was then calculated based on the Department of Health National Tariff System, awarding £561 for a diagnostic colonoscopy and £482 for a flexible sigmoidoscopy. <h3>Results</h3> Over the 10 year period, the 2680 patients underwent 1835 flexible sigmoidoscopies (1405 in UC patients, 134 in Crohn’s patients and in 296 patients with IBD unspecified) and 1475 colonoscopies (780 in UC patients, 436 in Crohn’s patients and in 259 patients with IBD unspecified). In total this cost the PCT £884,470 for flexible sigmoidoscopy and £827,475 for colonoscopy. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Over the course of 10 years the 2680 IBD patients had a total of 3328 lower GI endoscopies (or 332 per year). This cost the local PCT a total of £1,711,945 (or £171,194 per year). A greater utilisation of faecal calprotectin for the assessment of disease activity and treatment monitoring in IBD may help reduce the total number and cost of lower GI endoscopy in this cohort of patients. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Physics Applied to Anaesthesia
Authors: Lawrence J. Saidman
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Anesthesiology as much as any specialty has developed hand in hand with advances in technology related to vital-sign monitors, respirators, and many other types of electromechanical equipment. All or most of these devices are based on some physical principle initially studied in premedical courses and usually quickly forgotten. Thus, there is a need for a textbook that resurrects the relearned principles and applies them to the multiple devices used daily in the practice of anesthesia. Such practical applications of basic principles would not only enhance understanding of the equipment, but would in all likelihood give the user a degree of flexibility by making possible modifications, repairs, or alternative uses. Unfortunately, Physics Applied to Anaesthesia does not answer this need.  The fourth edition largely repeats the defects of the third edition—in fact, except for a new discussion on pressure transducers and a slightly revised discussion on ventilators, there is little change.
Malignancies in the setting of primary immunodeficiency: Implications for hematologists/oncologists
Authors: Ralph S. Shapiro
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

Many primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD) are associated with elevated risks for different types of cancer. Defective immunosurveillance mechanisms in PIDD and infection with oncogenic viruses (eg, Epstein Barr, herpesvirus 8) seem to have significant contributory roles in many cases. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin disease are two of the most common PIDD-associated malignancies. The impact of PIDD-associated malignancy has increased in recent years in parallel with improved patient with PIDD survival and longevity, due largely to effective immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Epidemiologic data, clinical patterns, and management considerations of the common PIDD-associated cancers are reviewed.
Authors' reply to Ninan
Authors: E. I. O. Vidal, F. B. Fukushima, A. P. Valle, A. T. A. R. Cerqueira, P. J. F. Villas Boas
Journal: BMJ (2013)

We agree with Ninan that urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often overdiagnosed in older people and that too often asymptomatic bacteriuria is treated with antibiotics.1 However, correctly …
Euro MPs vote on research fund for neglected diseases
Authors: J. Clark
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Tackling HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis in developing countries needs coordinated research funding from the European Union's member states and the private sector, suggests a proposal that was due before the European parliament on Thursday.

If the proposal is ratified by MEPs, the parliament will support calls from the European Commission for an EU “neglected diseases” research fund, seen as a companion to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. The new fund would establish clinical trials partnerships to produce drugs appropriate to …
GW25-e1692 Endovascular Repair versus Open Repair of aortic pseudoaneurysm: A single centre experience
Authors: Huang Yingxiong, Ye Zi, Zheng Zi-Yu, Zhan Hong, Chang Guang-Qi, Cai Rui-Bing, Liu Jiang-Hui, Wang Ke-Ke, Huang Yong
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
A FOREIGN BODY IN THE VAGINA OF A FOUR YEAR OLD CHILD, WITH RESULTANT MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE
Authors: Sater Nixon
Journal: JAMA (1933)

The presence of a foreign body in the vagina of a child, aged 4 years, with a practically imperforate hymen, is in itself a rare occurrence, and the resulting massive hemorrhage creates additional interest. A search of indexed literature, terminating with the third quarter of the<i>Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus</i>for 1932, revealed that only a few cases, occurring from infancy to the age of 11 years, have been reported in this and foreign countries. Seven of these were cited by Offergold in his report in 1930. Of the twenty-two reports published, only eight cases occurred in children of 5 years or younger, and in one case the age was not mentioned. R. R., a girl, aged 4 years and 9 months, was referred for surgical attention, July 8, 1932, because of a recent massive vaginal hemorrhage, preceded by vaginal discharge and slight hemorrhages; nervousness, manifested by irritability and restlessness,
GASTRO-INTESTINAL STUDIES. VII. THE EXCRETION OF XYLOSE IN PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
Authors: O. M. Helmer, Paul J. Fouts
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1937)

Since the advent of liver therapy in the treatment of pernicious anemia it has been known that some patients require greater amounts of potent material than others. Beebe and Lewis (1), and Fouts and Zerfas (2) have shown that patients with a higher incidence of complications, arteriosclerosis, and moderate to advanced involvement of the central nervous system, require on the average a greater daily amount of the active principle in the liver to keep the blood and color index near normal than do those not having these complications. The demonstration by Gansslen (3) and by Castle and Taylor (4), and the subsequent universal verification of their findings, that liver extract administered parenterally was many times more potent than liver extract given by mouth, led to the general acceptance of the theory that failure in absorption of the active principle from the gastro-intestinal tract accounts in the main for increases in the requirement of liver extract. Heath and Fullerton (5) have studied the rate of absorption of iodine and glycine in an attempt to develop a test for absorption. They concluded that the delay in appearance of iodine in saliva after the ingestion of 0.25 gram of potassium iodide is probably a rough measure of the absorptive ability of the upper small intestine.
Factors Associated With Pulseless Electric Activity Versus Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: Carmen Teodorescu, Kyndaron Reinier, Celia Dervan, Audrey Uy-Evanado, Mershed Samara, Ronald Mariani, Karen Gunson, Jonathan Jui, Sumeet S. Chugh
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Corresponding with a continuing decline in the prevalence of sudden cardiac arrest cases presenting with ventricular fibrillation (VF), there has been a significant rise in the prevalence of pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Given significantly lower survival from PEA versus VF, we comprehensively investigated PEA correlates by incorporating first-responder data with lifetime clinical history information.In the Portland, Ore, metropolitan area (population ≈1 million), cases of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest who underwent attempted resuscitation were identified prospectively (2002-2007). Those presenting with PEA versus VF and asystole were compared with χ² tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression. A total of 1277 cases aged ≥18 years underwent resuscitation by first responders (mean age, 65±16 years; 67% male). Presenting arrhythmia was VF in 48%, PEA in 25%, and asystole/other in the remainder. Compared with VF cases, PEA cases were older (mean age, 68 versus 63 years; P=0.0002), more likely to be female (37% versus 26%; P=0.0008), and less likely to survive to hospital discharge (6% versus 25%; P<0.0001). A history of syncope was strongly associated with PEA (odds ratio, 2.6; confidence interval, 1.3 to 5.3) after adjustment for age, gender, response time, and arrest circumstances. Black race was also independently associated with PEA (odds ratio, 2.6; confidence interval, 1.3 to 5.4). Pulmonary disease and female gender were significant factors associated with PEA (P for interaction=0.04). In a subgroup analysis of resting ECGs (n=391), there were no differences in cardiac clinical history or prevalence of cardiac conduction system disease (PEA, 31.6% versus VF, 32.2%; P=0.48).PEA cases had a significantly higher prevalence of syncope in their lifetime, with other correlates, including black race, that were distinct from VF cases. Potential mechanistic links between syncope and future manifestation with PEA warrant further exploration.
Effect of Heart Rate on Electrically Induced Repetitive Ventricular Responses in the Digitalized Dog
Authors: FRANS HAGEMEIJER, BERNARD LOWN
Journal: Circulation Research (1970)

After recovery from acetylstrophanthidin-induced ventricular tachycardia, a repetitive ventricular response (RVR) following a single diastolic stimulus could be elicited for 22 minutes. With atrial pacing at the maximum ventricular follow rate, RVR was obtainable for 70 minutes. A pause in pacing also evoked a ventricular ectopic beat; however, this persisted for only 27 minutes. The minimum heart rate required for RVR was always less than the minimum rate required for pause-induced ectopic beats. Extrasystoles following a pause during pacing, RVR in sinus rhythm, and RVR during rapid heart rates represent decreasing levels of ventricular automaticity corresponding to progressive dissipation of digitalis intoxication. The underlying mechanism for RVR probably is due to net loss of intracellular potassium, which can be induced both by digitalization and by rate acceleration.