tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Climate Drives the Meningitis Epidemics Onset in West Africa
Authors: Benjamin Sultan, Karima Labadi, Jean-François Guégan, Serge Janicot
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

Background Every year West African countries within the Sahelo-Sudanian band are afflicted with major meningococcal meningitis (MCM) disease outbreaks, which affect up to 200,000 people, mainly young children, in one of the world's poorest regions. The timing of the epidemic year, which starts in February and ends in late May, and the spatial distribution of disease cases throughout the “Meningitis Belt” strongly indicate a close linkage between the life cycle of the causative agent of MCM and climate variability. However, mechanisms responsible for the observed patterns are still not clearly identified. Methods and Findings By comparing the information on cases and deaths of MCM from World Health Organization weekly reports with atmospheric datasets, we quantified the relationship between the seasonal occurrence of MCM in Mali, a West African country, and large-scale atmospheric circulation. Regional atmospheric indexes based on surface wind speed show a clear link between population dynamics of the disease and climate: the onset of epidemics and the winter maximum defined by the atmospheric index share the same mean week (sixth week of the year; standard deviation, 2 wk) and are highly correlated. Conclusions This study is the first that provides a clear, quantitative demonstration of the connections that exist between MCM epidemics and regional climate variability in Africa. Moreover, this statistically robust explanation of the MCM dynamics enables the development of an Early Warning Index for meningitis epidemic onset in West Africa. The development of such an index will undoubtedly help nationwide and international public health institutions and policy makers to better control MCM disease within the so-called westward–eastward pan-African Meningitis Belt.
ACE Inhibitor as One of Several Possible First-Line Agents Is Reasonable for Diabetic Patients With Hypertension
Authors: Leo Niskanen, Thomas Hedner, Lennart Hansson, Jan Lanke, Anders Niklason
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

We appreciate the overall constructive criticisms given by Dr. Egger (1) and we respond as follows: The Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) Study was the first intervention trial in hypertensive patients to compare an ACE inhibitor–based therapy with conventional antihypertensive therapy, based on diuretics and/or β-blockers, regarding the effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (2). As correctly pointed out by Dr. Egger, in the whole CAPPP study population, both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects combined, no difference was found between regimens in preventing the primary end point (i.e., the combination of fatal as well as nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke and other cardiovascular deaths). In the whole CAPPP population, the risk of stroke was lower with conventional therapy than with captopril therapy, but this was not the case in the diabetic patients. We are just as puzzled by the result in the full cohort as are others, since this result is not supported by other studies. The contributory factors may have been a higher frequency of history of strokes and transient ischemic attacks at baseline in the captopril …
Unbalanced deoxyribonucleotide synthesis caused by methotrexate.
Authors: M H Tattersall
Journal: BMJ (1972)

MAY 1972 then be easily passed through after lifting the staples in one corner.The observation room is completely blacked out and the room under observation brightly illuminated.The observers should preferably wear dark clothes or a dark smock as white or pale colours will reflect the light coming through from the interview room.The screen is not, of course, sound-proof; while this means the observers must keep still, it obviates the need for microphones, amplifiers, etc.
Coordinate Control of Proliferation and Migration by the p27 <sup>Kip1</sup> /Cyclin-Dependent Kinase/Retinoblastoma Pathway in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Fibroblasts
Authors: Antonio Díez-Juan, Vicente Andrés
Journal: Circulation Research (2003)

Previous studies have demonstrated a protective effect of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27Kip1 against atherosclerosis and restenosis, two disorders characterized by abundant proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts. These therapeutic effects might result from p27Kip1-dependent suppression of both cell proliferation and migration. However, the interplay between cell growth and locomotion remains obscure. We show here that p27Kip1 inhibits cellular changes that normally occur during cell locomotion (eg, lamellipodia formation and reorganization of actin filaments and focal adhesions). Importantly, a p27Kip1 mutant lacking CDK inhibitory activity failed to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell and fibroblast proliferation and migration. Moreover, a constitutively active mutant of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) insensitive to CDK-dependent hyperphosphorylation inhibited both cell proliferation and migration. In contrast, inactivation of pRb by forced expression of the adenoviral oncogene E1A correlated with high proliferative and migratory activity. Collectively, these results suggest that cellular proliferation and migration are regulated in a coordinated manner by the p27Kip1/CDK/pRb pathway. These findings might have important implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting the fibroproliferative/migratory component of vascular occlusive disorders.
POPULAR PROGRESS IN STATE MEDICINE.
Authors: J. BERRIEN LINDSLEY
Journal: JAMA (1889)

The Section on State Medicine has two feet upon which it securely stands—law and science. My immediate predecessors as Chairman of the Section have noted the recent progress in science as connected with its practical work. On this occasion I shall, with great brevity, note progress in the other direction. As in America all law depends upon the sovereign will of the people, who are at once governors and governed, my topic is substantially "Popular Progress in State Medicine." This progress is one of the great features of the present century, which is as signally characterized by the application of the physical forces to the daily uses of man as was the fifteenth by the unfolding of the globe's map. Thirty years ago sanitary ideas, problems, reforms and work were unknown, or at all events unmentioned, To-day, outside of partisan politics with its perquisites, no topics engross so large a
Germline and somatic SMARCA4 mutations characterize small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type
Authors: Leora Witkowski, Jian Carrot-Zhang, Steffen Albrecht, Somayyeh Fahiminiya, Nancy Hamel, Eva Tomiak, David Grynspan, Emmanouil Saloustros, Javad Nadaf, Barbara Rivera, Catherine Gilpin, Ester Castellsagué, Rachel Silva-Smith, François Plourde, Mona Wu, Avi Saskin, Madeleine Arseneault, Rouzan G Karabakhtsian, Elizabeth A Reilly, Frederick R Ueland, Anna Margiolaki, Kitty Pavlakis, Sharon M Castellino, Janez Lamovec, Helen J Mackay, Lawrence M Roth, Thomas M Ulbright, Tracey A Bender, Vassilis Georgoulias, Michel Longy, Andrew Berchuck, Marc Tischkowitz, Inga Nagel, Reiner Siebert, Colin J R Stewart, Jocelyne Arseneau, W Glenn McCluggage, Blaise A Clarke, Yasser Riazalhosseini, Martin Hasselblatt, Jacek Majewski, William D Foulkes
Journal: Nature Genetics (2014)
The biocompatibility and biofilm resistance of implant coatings based on hydrophilic polymer brushes conjugated with antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Guangzheng Gao, Dirk Lange, Kai Hilpert, Jason Kindrachuk, Yuquan Zou, John T.J. Cheng, Mehdi Kazemzadeh-Narbat, Kai Yu, Rizhi Wang, Suzana K. Straus, Donald E. Brooks, Ben H. Chew, Robert E.W. Hancock, Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Splenic Aneurysm and Splenic Enlargement in Pregnancy
Authors: H. L. Sheehan, N. M. Falkiner
Journal: BMJ (1948)

MEBIMCALSJOHRL 1105 with the reabsorption of the water of intestinal secretions.Peritoneal dialysis is often complicated by overhydration, which is one of its many disadvantages.This first experience with hypertonic sulphate dialysis suggests that dehydration and salt loss may be a more likely complica- tion.Since, however, the duodenum is intubated, it is possible, by means of saline or other solution during the night, to make good the losses produced by dialysis during the day.SummaryAnuria may be caused by a failure either of the glomeruli to form filtrate or of the tubules to transmit the filtrate in the usual way.Although a circulatory upset would primarily affect the glomerujli the morphological changes in anuria are predominantly tubular, and it is still an open question whether glomerular or tubular functional impairment is the more im- portant.This uncertainty is reflected in the confused opinion about the treatment of anuria.Some methods of treatment (paravertebral block, spinal analgesia) assume a circulatory disturbance to be the cause of anuria; other methods (low- protein diet, the artificial kidney, peritoneal and intestinal lavage) are designed to prolong life until reparative processes can take place in the tubules.At present it seems justifiable to employ suitable methods of the first type as soon as possible, and, if need be, to resort to the second type of method as well.A patient is described whose treatment illustrates some of the points discussed, in particular the use of intestinal lavage with hypertonic sodium sulphate solution.We are grateful to Mr. H.Varley for the estimations on the dialysate and for the clearance results.
National Use of Asbestos in Relation to Economic Development
Authors: Giang Vinh Le, Ken Takahashi, Antti Karjalainen, Vanya Delgermaa, Tsutomu Hoshuyama, Yoshitaka Miyamura, Sugio Furuya, Toshiaki Higashi, Guowei Pan, Gregory Wagner
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

National disparities in asbestos use will likely lead to an unequal burden of asbestos diseases.As economic status may be linked to asbestos use, we assessed, globally, the relationship between indicators of national economic development and asbestos use.For the 135 countries that have ever used asbestos, per capita asbestos use (kilograms per capita per year) was compared with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in 1990 Geary-Khamis dollars (GKD) for the period 1920-2003. Countries were grouped into three income levels (high, middle, and low) that were adapted from the 2003 World Bank categories.The historical pattern of asbestos use followed the environmental Kuznets curve in which use by high-income countries peaked when incomes attained 10,000-15,000 GKD and essentially ceased at income levels over 20,000 GKD. Currently, middle- and low-income countries are increasing their use of asbestos, closely following the paths once traced by higher income countries.Developing countries have the opportunity to eliminate asbestos use sooner than high-income countries and thus reduce the future burden of asbestos diseases.
Doctors in Wales should speak Welsh
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (1997)

More Welsh language training courses for doctors and other professionals are urged in a report from the Welsh Language Board.

The report says that patients who are unwell or under pressure are more comfortable talking about their problems in their first language but are sometimes unable to do so. The report's author, Professor Colin Williams from the University of Wales, Cardiff, said: “Many people we …
Regulation of electrogenic anion secretion in normal and cystic fibrosis gallbladder mucosa
Authors: Thierry Chinet, Laura Fouassier, Nathalie Dray-Charier, Mama Imam-Ghali, Hugues Morel, Martine Mergey, Bertrand Dousset, Rolland Parc, Annick Paul, Chantal Housset
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Fluid and ion transport across biliary epithelium contributes to bile flow. Alterations of this function may explain hepatobiliary complications in cystic fibrosis (CF). We investigated electrogenic anion transport across intact non–CF and CF human gallbladder mucosa in Ussing–type chambers. In non–CF tissues, baseline transmural potential difference (PD), short–circuit current (Isc), and resistance (R) were -2.2 ± 0.3 mV (lumen negative), 40.7 ± 7.8 μA/cm 2 , and 66.5 ± 9.6 Ω · cm 2 , respectively (n = 14). The addition of forskolin (10 -5 mol/L) to the apical and basolateral baths and that of adenosine 5′–triphosphate (ATP) (10 -4 mol/L) to the apical bath induced significant increases in Isc by 8.0 ± 1.4 and 10.3 ± 1.8 μA/cm 2 , respectively. Depletion of bathing solutions in Cl - and HCO 3 - significantly reduced baseline Isc and the forskolin– and ATP–induced increases in Isc. Anion secretion was stimulated by extracellular ATP via P2Y 2 purinoceptors, as indicated by the effects of different nucleotides on Isc and on 36 Cl efflux in cultured gallbladder epithelial cells. This effect was mediated by cytosolic calcium increase and Ca 2+ /calmodulin–dependent protein kinase II, as ascertained by using inhibitors. In CF preparations, basal PD and Isc were lower than in non–CF, and the response to forskolin was abolished, whereas the response to ATP was enhanced ( P &lt; .05 for all). We conclude that electrogenic anion secretion occurs in human gallbladder mucosa under basal state and is stimulated by an adenosine 3′,5′–cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)–dependent pathway mediated by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and by exogenous ATP via a CFTR–independent pathway that is up–regulated in CF and involves P2Y 2 purinoceptors and a calcium–dependent pathway.
Clinical Management of Atherosclerosis
Authors: E. SILBER, R. PICK, L. N. KATZ
Journal: Circulation (1960)

This meeting is not intended as a conference on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.Those of us engaged full time in such research have ample opportunity for the exchange of ideas and the airing of opinions at numerous meetings where the results of investigation are presented.More important at the moment, I think, is the need for a conference the purpose of which is to extricate the clinician from the avalanche of conflicting, heterogeneous, new information relating to atherosclerosis.The busy physician in practice is bombarded, on the one hand, by the medical and drug literature relating to fats and cholesterol; on the other hand, he is confronted by his patients who have picked up uncritical reports of new discoveries in diagnosis and treatment through the press, radio, television, and the lay magazines and expect the doctor to apply this so-called knowl- edge immediately to themselves.Are we sur- prised, then, that the physician is struggling to maintain his equanimity, and to differen- tiate that which is established and clinically useful from that which is speculative or clini- cally inapplicable.I cannot resist the tempta- tion, as an irrelevant aside, to point out that it is just for such reasons that I have always insisted that the "pure clinician " should have training in, or at least exposure to, the discipline of research methodology.From this preamble it is obvious that the purpose of this conference is 3-fold: (1) to impart to the clinician those facts regarding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis which are
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
Authors: David Power
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

I write in reference to the recently updated and circulated “Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes,” in particular part II, “Screening for Diabetes,” which were recently updated and published in the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2006 Clinical Practice Recommendations (1). I would like to take issue with the use of the phrase “standards of medical care in diabetes,” which is used to …
Compound Comminuted Fracture of the Tibia Cured without Suppuration, without Regular Antiseptic Treatment
Authors: J. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (1877)

a third confinement), the delay in the labour did not arise from a rigid os, but from a disproportion between the head and the pelvis, causing the head to be nrrested at the pelvic brim.The diameter of the os uteri did not exceed three inches, simply because the head did not press down sufficiently upon it after the waters had escaped.This in- complete dilatationi of the os uteri in cases of contracted pelvic brim lhas long been familiar to accoucheurs, and has not been considered to Ve ani obstacle to the performance-of craniotomy, or even to the careful employmnent of the long forceps.It is far different, however, in the other three cases, which were primipare, and in whicti the insufficient dilatation was the result of rigidity.In these, the forceps would have been formerly considered to be quite inadmissible, mainly, no doubt, for two reasons: first, because the dangers and difficulties attending its use are much greater in the first than in the seconid stage of labour; and, secondly, because, as Dr. Churchill's statistics show, a protracted first stage is not per sc dang-erous either to the mother or the child.Ile admnits, however, that a protracted first stage may, by inducing
Surgery in Centenarians
Authors: Mark R. Katlic
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Surgical problems do not end on a person's centennial, and as our overall population ages, physicians will see increasing numbers of these most senior citizens requiring surgery. Accordingly, the records of all century-old patients who have undergone surgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the years 1979 to 1983 were reviewed. Three men and three women ranged in age from 100 to 104 years at the time of surgery. One patient experienced complications, but all survived their operation and lived one to two years afterward. The centenarian has already been tested by life and found exceptionally fit. Selectivity and meticulous attention to detail remain paramount in treating these patients, but elective surgery should not be deferred, nor emergency surgery denied the centenarian on the basis of chronologic age. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;253:3139-3141)
Thrombocytopenia and the Neglected Megakaryocyte
Authors: H. Karel Nieuwenhuis, Jan J. Sixma
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Thrombocytopenia is a common complication of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but it is not related to the presence or absence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and patients with HIV-related thrombocytopenia do not get AIDS sooner than others. HIV-related thrombocytopenia resembles idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, with normal or increased numbers of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, the absence of splenomegaly, and increased platelet-associated IgG. In general, it responds to therapeutic approaches, such as corticosteroids and splenectomy, in a fashion similar to that of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. These similarities have led to the general tendency to equate the two . . .
Coronary response to diadenosine pentaphosphate after ischaemia-reperfusion in the isolated rat heart
Authors: A. L. Garcia-Villalon, L. Monge, N. Fernandez, A. Salcedo, R. Narvaez-Sanchez, G. Dieguez
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

Diadenosine polyphosphates are vasoactive mediators that may be released from platelet granules and which may be present at higher concentrations during coronary ischaemia–reperfusion. The objective of this study was to analyse their effects in such conditions. Rat hearts were perfused in a Langendorff preparation and the response to diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A, 10−7–10−5 M) was recorded. In control hearts, Ap5A produced a small, transient coronary vasoconstriction followed by marked vasodilatation, as well as a reduction in the left ventricular developed pressure dP/dt and heart rate, both at the basal coronary resting tone or after pre-contracting coronary arteries with 9,11-dideoxy-11α, 9α-epoxymethanoprostaglandin F2α (U46619). After ischaemia–reperfusion, the vasoconstriction in response to Ap5A was augmented and vasodilatation diminished, both in hearts with basal or increased vascular tone. The pyridoxal derivative P2 purinoceptor antagonist, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS, 3 × 10−6 M), inhibited this vasoconstriction, while the antagonist of purinergic P2Y receptors, Reactive Blue 2 (2 × 10−6 M), inhibited the vasodilatation, both before and after ischaemia–reperfusion. The antagonist of nitric oxide synthesis N-ω-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10−4 M) did not modify the response to Ap5A, whereas the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meclofenamate (2 × 10−6 M), reduced contraction and increased the relaxation in response to Ap5A after ischaemia–reperfusion but not under control conditions. Ischaemia–reperfusion reduces the vasodilatory response to Ap5A and increases the vasoconstriction provoked due to a reduced influence of purinergic P2Y receptors and/or to the production of vasoconstrictor prostanoids.
EMPTYING OF THE GALLBLADDER
Authors: Victor E. Emmel
Journal: JAMA (1926)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I was greatly interested in reading your recent editorial on this subject inThe Journal, September 18. In view of the importance of the subject I am induced to bring to your attention the recent work of Dr. Boyden at the Harvard Medical School, which is at variance with Kodama's results. Dr. Boyden was the first to show in 1923 (<i>Anat. Record</i><b>24</b>:388, 1923) that the vertebrate gallbladder (that of the cat) could be regularly and consistently emptied by an appropriate fat-containing material—egg yolk and cream—the "sogenannter Boyden meal der Amerikaner" (Herman). In 1925 (<i>Anat. Record</i><b>30</b>:333), following the introduction of the Graham method and following Sosman, Whitaker and Edson's independent discovery of the remarkable effect on the human gallbladder of eating butter, Boyden was able to demonstrate the emptying of his own gallbladder in less than three hours after a meal of egg yolk
Which is the Best Approach to Prevent Relapses after Drainage of Neoplastic Pericardial Effusion? A Multi Center Observational Study
Authors: Chiara Lestuzzi, Sezai Çelik, Eugenio Cervesato, Marzia De Biasio, Christos Lafaras, Antonella Moreo, Witold Tomkowski, Patrizia Piotti, Rita Piazza, Didier Dequanter, Laura Massa, Massimo Imazio
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Persistent infection of a lymphoma cell line by herpes simplex virus
Authors: Yuan S. Kao, Daniel R. Sundin, Bryan M. Gebhardt
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1999)

The peripheral blood cells from a patient with a B-cell lymphoma were established in long-term tissue culture. Two years after establishment of the cells in culture they were infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 and the productivity and duration of viral persistence investigated. One week after infection the lymphoblastoid cells were productively infected and have remained so for a period of over 3 years. Expression of a viral glycoprotein antigen was evaluated by using a fluorescein-labeled monoclonal anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody and revealed a spectrum of staining reactions grading from a lightly stippled to very intense pattern. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the infected cells revealed the presence of the herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA polymerase gene in the infected cells that was absent from the uninfected lymphoblastoid cells. These results taken together with the long-term growth characteristics of both the infected and uninfected lymphoblastoid cells suggest that this cell line may be a good model system for studying viral infection, viral replication, viral latency, and clinical application for the isolation of human herpes virus. Am. J. Hematol. 62:93–98, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Visualization of lymphatic vessels by Prox1-promoter directed GFP reporter in a bacterial artificial chromosome-based transgenic mouse
Authors: Inho Choi, Hee Kyoung Chung, Swapnika Ramu, Ha Neul Lee, Kyu Eui Kim, Sunju Lee, Jaehyuk Yoo, Dongwon Choi, Yong Suk Lee, Berenice Aguilar, Young-Kwon Hong
Journal: Blood (2010)