tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Associated with Blood-Product Transfusions
Authors: JAMES R. JETT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

A 53-year-old white man had fever, malaise, and dyspnea on exertion. His chest roentgenogram was normal, but pulmonary function tests showed impaired diffusion capacity and a gallium scan showed marked uptake in the lungs. Results of an open-lung biopsy documented Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Immunologic test results were consistent with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The patient denied having homosexual contact or using intravenous drugs. Twenty-nine months before the diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia was made, the patient had had 16 transfusions of whole blood, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma during coronary artery bypass surgery at another medical center. This patient is not a member of any currently recognized high-risk group and is believed to have contracted the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome from blood and blood-product transfusions.
Continuous human cell lines inducibly expressing hepatitis C virus structural and nonstructural proteins
Authors: Darius Moradpour, Petra Kary, Charles M. Rice, Hubert E. Blum
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Investigation of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle and the evaluation of novel antiviral strategies are limited by the lack of an efficient cell culture system. Therefore, continuous human cell lines inducibly expressing the entire HCV open reading frame were generated with use of a tetracycline-regulated gene expression system. HCV transgenes were found to be chromosomally integrated in a head-to-tail configuration. Northern blot analyses revealed a tightly regulated unspliced transcript of approximately 9 kilobases (kb). HCV structural and nonstructural proteins were faithfully processed, indicating that the cellular and viral proteolytic machineries and posttranslational modification pathways are fully functional in these cell lines. Steady state expression levels could be regulated over a broad range by the concentration of tetracycline present in the culture medium. Kinetic analyses revealed a half-life of less than 1 hour for the HCV RNA whereas a half-life of approximately 9.5, 12, 11, and 10 hours was found for core, NS3, NS4A, and NS5A proteins, respectively. Viral proteins were found to colocalize in the cytoplasm in a pattern characteristic of the endoplasmic reticulum. High-level expression of HCV proteins in the fully induced state was toxic to the cells. These cell lines provide a unique in vitro system to analyze structural and functional properties of HCV proteins, their interactions with cellular proteins and pathways, and the requirements for HCV morphogenesis. In addition, they should prove useful for the evaluation of novel antiviral strategies against hepatitis C in a well-defined and reproducible cellular context.
Impact of allogeneic stem cell transplantation on survival of patients less than 65 years of age with primary myelofibrosis
Authors: Nicolaus Kröger, Toni Giorgino, Bart L. Scott, Markus Ditschkowski, Haefaa Alchalby, Francisco Cervantes, Alessandro Vannucchi, Mario Cazzola, Enrica Morra, Tatjana Zabelina, Margherita Maffioli, Arturo Pereira, Dietrich Beelen, H. Joachim Deeg, Francesco Passamonti
Journal: Blood (2015)
Pertussis Vaccine: Reasonable Doubt?
Authors: George F. Grady, Leslie H. Wetterlow
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Although the massively publicized swine-influenza experience has given Americans a lesson on the fallibility of immunization policy decisions, we have been spared much of another disturbing debate now raging in Europe. Pertussis vaccine, which must be given early in the first year of life if it is to protect during the period when inflammatory airway obstruction would be most threatening, has for some time been under a cloud of suspicion in Britain and on the Continent.1 2 3 4 By contrast, there have been almost no reports of excessive untoward reactions in the United States. Why has the benefit/risk ratio been perceived differently . . .
PTU-239 EUS assessment of lesions of the ampulla of Vater: of particular value in low grade dysplasia
Authors: K Roberts, N McCulloch, D Mayer, J Isaac, P Muiesan, S Bramhall, D Mirza, R Sutcliffe, C Forde, R Marudanayagam, B Mahon
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Lesions of the ampulla of Vater are difficult to stage using conventional cross sectional imaging and endoscopy. An accurate diagnosis is essential as this permits endoscopic resection in dysplastic lesions preserving pancreatoduodenectomy for malignant cases. Endoscopic ultrasound has greater sensitivity and specificity than conventional imaging in staging lesions. To date its role in staging dysplastic lesions is unclear. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients with adenomas or adenocarcinomas of the ampulla were identified from departmental databases over a 5-year period. Methods of presentation, investigation, treatment and outcome were recorded. Patients with no EUS were compared to those with EUS. <h3>Results</h3> Of 58 patients, 27 were investigated with an EUS. There was no difference in age, sex or method of presentation between groups. The preoperative diagnosis was correct in 94% of cases in the EUS group vs 61% in the no EUS group (p=0.006). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values in the EUS group to correctly identify malignant lesions was 93, 100, 100 and 93% respectively. For the non-EUS group these values were 77, 91, 93 and 72%. Every diagnosis of low grade dysplasia (LGD) was correct in the EUS group while these accounted for the majority of errors in the no EUS group. High grade dysplasia (HGD) was frequently understated. <h3>Conclusion</h3> When added to existing investigations, EUS increases the accuracy of preoperative staging of ampullary lesions being particularly useful in cases of LGD. This permits safe endoscopic management of these cases. Cases of HGD must be reviewed carefully and considered for pancreatoduodenectomy. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
First antiretroviral patent in global drug pool puts pressure on companies to follow suit
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has become the first holder of a patent on an HIV drug to grant a royalty free licence to a new patent pool, which has been set up to boost access to affordable HIV treatments. The move is expected to increase pressure on major drug companies to follow suit, experts have said.

The Medicines Patent Pool was established in July with support from UNITAID, a global health financing facility cofounded by Brazil, Chile, France, Norway, and the United Kingdom in 2006 and funded by a levy on airline tickets.

The patent licensed by NIH …
CORONARY THROMBOSIS SIMULATING PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER
Authors: LEO L. HARDT
Journal: JAMA (1924)

In presenting this case it is not my aim merely to add one more description of coronary thrombosis to medical literature, but to emphasize further the fact that coronary thrombosis may closely simulate peptic ulcer. Many authors have stated that, not infrequently, coronary thrombosis may be diagnosed as perforated peptic ulcer, gallstones or pancreatitis. There are relatively few instances on record in which these observations have been borne out by case records. I have been unable to find a single case report in which the necropsy revealed coronary pathologic changes when the description given seemed to be clinically typical of perforated peptic ulcer.  One of the first and most complete descriptions of coronary thrombosis is that presented by Herrick. 1 He states that the pain occurring during the anginal attacks was usually substernal and radiating to the neck and down the arms, but that it was frequently located in the
Critical role of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in the development of high fat-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Mohamed A. Abdelmegeed, Atrayee Banerjee, Seong-Ho Yoo, Sehwan Jang, Frank J. Gonzalez, Byoung-Joon Song
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Gestational trophoblastic disease: current management of hydatidiform mole
Authors: N J Sebire, M J Seckl
Journal: BMJ (2008)

#### Summary points

Gestational trophoblastic disease consists of a pregnancy related group of disorders that were often fatal in the past. Much has been learnt in the past 50 years, however, and most women can now be cured. The United Kingdom has a highly centralised system for registering, monitoring, and treating women with this disease that requires close collaboration with non-specialist units and general practitioners. We review the important features for detection and successful management of the most common form of this disease, hydatidiform mole. The evidence is based on published studies—mostly retrospective case series—and expert opinion.

Hydatidiform mole affects 1-3 in every 1000 pregnancies. About 10% of hydatidiform moles transform into one of the malignant forms of gestational trophoblastic disease, known as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (box 1).

#### Box 1 Classification of gestational trophoblastic disease

##### Benign forms

##### Malignant forms

Hydatidiform moles are abnormal conceptions with excessive placental, and little or no fetal, development. The two major types—complete and partial—have distinctive histological and genetic features (boxes 2 and 3).1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hydatidiform moles affect women throughout the reproductive age range but are more common at the extremes of the range.8 Women under 16 have a six times higher risk of developing the disease than those aged 16-40, and women who conceive aged 50 or more have a one in …
Child abuse presenting as apparent "near-miss" sudden infant death syndrome.
Authors: A M Minford
Journal: BMJ (1981)

epilepticus.Curarisation of the patient, although it stops the con- vulsions, does not arrest seizure activity in the brain, and so oedema and hypoxia develop further, producing possibly permanent brain damage.The long-term use of an anaesthetic gas, such as halothane, is unsuitable because of its general toxicity.Besides their anticonvulsive properties the barbiturates have been shown to protect the brain against anoxia and ischaemia and to lower the increased intracranial pressure.-)Barbiturate coma has recently been successfully used to trcat both severe traumatic brain damage and Reye's syndrome.5The treatment of intractable status epilepticus by general anaesthesia requires an intensive care unit with equipment for controlled ventilation and continuous monitoring of arterial pressure and cerebral function.Although the cerebral function monitor only partially reflects the pattern of electrical activity of the brain seen on an electroencephalogram, it provides an adequate record of the epileptic discharges, a particularly useful feature being its ability to show the events of several days on a short strip of paper.Follow-up of the neurological status of the patient by mere physical examination is not possible during general anaesthesia.This underlines the importance of adcquate diagnostic examinations, including computed tomography.
Factor VIII Activity and Thyroid Function
Authors: JOHN S. ROGERS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Plasma factor VIII coagulant activity is decreased in hypothyroid patients and increased in hyperthyroid patients. We studied 21 untreated hypothyroid patients. Factor VIII coagulant activity was mildly decreased in association with significant depression of factor-VIII-related antigen and ristocetin cofactor activity in five patients. Factor-VIII-related properties significantly increased with oral thyroid replacement therapy in seven of 10 patients. Twenty-two untreated hyperthyroid patients were similarly evaluated. In 21 of these patients significant increases were noted in factor VIII coagulant activity, factor-VIII-related antigen, and ristocetin cofactor activity. Elevated factor-VIII-related properties returned to normal in all of 10 patients treated with radioactive iodine or propylthiouracil. We discuss the relation between thyroid function and factor-VIII-related properties in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients.
Evaluation of Anticoagulant Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: DAVID C. LEVINSON, GEORGE C. GRIFFITH, Mary F. Troutman
Journal: Circulation (1951)

A one year study evaluating anticoagulant drugs as an adjunct in the management of congestive heart failure has been carried out on 300 patients. Depo-Heparin and dicumarol were the drugs employed. The effect of anticoagulant therapy upon the incidence of thromboembolic complications and mortality has been studied.
Hyperexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase in human breast cancer.
Authors: V S Sivaraman, H Wang, G J Nuovo, C C Malbon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases act as transducers of extracellular signaling via tyrosine kinase-growth factor receptors and G-protein-linked receptors to elements regulating transcription. The activity, abundance, and localization of MAP kinase was investigated in normal and malignant neoplasia of the breast. In carcinoma of the breast, MAP kinase was heavily phosphorylated on tyrosyl residues and its activity elevated 5-10-fold over benign conditions, such as fibroadenoma and fibrocystic disease. By in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, hyperexpression of MAP kinase mRNA can be localized to malignant, epithelial cells. Metastatic cells within involved lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer also display hyperexpression of MAP kinase. In spite of persistent activation via phosphorylation, MAP kinase expression is upregulated 5-20-fold and this hyperexpression may be a critical element to initiation as well as the metastatic potential of various forms of human breast cancer.
Letter: Co-trimoxazole and cephalexin in urinary tract infection.
Authors: D Greenwood, F O'Grady
Journal: BMJ (1976)

antigens, as with sarcomas and melanomas,' acute leukaemias,5 and Burkitt's lymphoma (Drs Magrath and Ziegler), often retain good immune reactivity to common antigens; thus the general immune status often fails to correlate with the host-tumour relationship.We assume that in these cases suppressor cells specifically inhibit tumour rejection mechan- isms.For the demonstration of this activity suppression of lymphocyte blastogenesis to autologous tumour cells by a clone of lymphoid cells added to the mixture of reactor and tumour cells would be necessary.This oversimplified view is in need of experimental support, but the basic techniques for the detection of human suppressor cells are already available.' 2 Means of deactivating suppressor cells could develop into an innova- tive modality of tumour immunotherapy, whereas activation of suppressor cells (by administration of fetal antigens?)may be useful for organ transplant acceptance.The hormonal milieu of the immediate post-partum period, selective immunosuppression during tumour chemotherapy,6 and ablative procedures (splenectomy, lymphadenectomy, adult thymectomy) come to mind as possible procedures of deactivation and elimination of suppressor cells.
Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest
Authors: Frederick L. Glauser
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<i>Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest</i>, volume 3, third edition, is destined to be the 1990's quintessential reference textbook of pulmonary diseases. It is more comprehensive and up-to-date than Fishman's<i>Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders</i>, which is arguably the best reference textbook of the 1980s. The original authors of<i>Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest</i>, Fraser and Paré (the elders), are joined by their sons in the third edition, who help improve and update the pathophysiological sections of each chapter. Volume 3 consists of 715 text pages divided among five chapters (9 through 13): Embolic and Thrombotic Diseases, Pulmonary Hypertension and Edema, Diseases of the Airways, Pneumoconiosis, and Foreign Body Aspiration. We extensively reviewed the sections on asthma, reexpansion and post-upper airway obstruction pulmonary edema, aspiration, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and air and fat embolism since we are familiar with the current literature in these areas. These sections are up-to-date, comprehensive,
In vivo response of acute Q fever to erythromycin.
Authors: M E Ellis, E M Dunbar
Journal: Thorax (1982)

Erythromycin has an established role in the treatment of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila.Its use in acute Q fever pneumonia is not established; indeed, erythromycin has been recorded as having no therapeutic effect on the organism.'We report three patients, all acutely ill with subsequently proved Q fever pneumonia, in whom the use of erythromycin was associated with rapid defervescence and relief of symptoms.The fear that erythromycin, used in non-specific atypical pneumonias, will not be effective against Q fever appears to be less tenable. Case reportsCase I-A man aged 44 years.who worked at an abattoir carrying fresh beef carcasses.gave a six-day history of diarrhoea and vomiting, accompanied by myalgic pain, sweats, and rigors.Latterly he had experienced pleuritic chest pain associated with a non-productive cough.On arrival at hospital he was ill and
A STUDY OF RABBIT γ-GLOBULIN ALLOTYPY BY MEANS OF HETEROIMMUNIZATIONS
Authors: Paul Bornstein, Jacques Oudin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1964)

Representatives of two species, the chicken and the goat, were immunized by injection with Freund's adjuvant, of specific precipitates prepared from the antisera of rabbits with various allotypic specificities. The precipitation reactions of the resulting antisera with normal rabbit sera were studied in liquid and in gellified media. In these reactions the isotypic specificity and often one or the other of the allotypic specificities of rabbit gamma-globulin were involved. It was always easier to obtain antibodies against the specificities controlled by the alleles of locus b (Ab4, Ab5, Ab6) than of locus a (Aa1, Aa2, Aa3). The precipitation reaction of antibodies against a specificity of the a series could always be inhibited by an excess (nearly always moderate) of a serum lacking this specificity. A similar inhibition of the antibodies against the specificities of the b series was often impossible, especially if the antiserum had been collected after a second injection of immunizing material. The reactions of 58 Ab4(+) sera with a goat anti-Ab4 serum and of 28 Ab5(+) sera with a chicken anti-AbS serum were studied in gel tubes (simple diffusion). The constant observation of two precipitation zones due respectively to two types of molecules, Ab4(+) and Ab4(-) (or Ab5(+) and Ab5(-)), indicated the existence of an appreciable number of Ab4(-) or Ab5(-) molecules, even in supposed homozygotes. In the latter rabbits Ab4(-) or Ab5(-) molecules are b(-) molecules; i.e., molecules lacking the specificities of the b series. Measurements of the distances between the two zones in the reaction of 72 sera revealed significant differences between sera of individuals of the same phenotype, as well as systematic differences not only between sera of homozygotes and of heterozygotes, but also between heterozygotes of different genotypes. These measurements were used to evaluate the ratio of concentrations of the two types of molecules detected by each of the two antisera. The occurrence of b(-) molecules in every one of the fairly large number of sera studied indicates a new aspect of the heterogeneity of gamma-globulin. Although detected by means of allotypy, this heterogeneity is not dependent upon factors which vary with individuals. These results are discussed in connection with what is known of the structure of gamma-globulin.
Exploring the Relationship between Sequence Similarity and Accurate Phylogenetic Trees
Authors: B. L. Cantarel
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

We have characterized the relationship between accurate phylogenetic reconstruction and sequence similarity, testing whether high levels of sequence similarity can consistently produce accurate evolutionary trees. We generated protein families with known phylogenies using a modified version of the PAML/EVOLVER program that produces insertions and deletions as well as substitutions. Protein families were evolved over a range of 100–400 point accepted mutations; at these distances 63% of the families shared significant sequence similarity. Protein families were evolved using balanced and unbalanced trees, with ancient or recent radiations. In families sharing statistically significant similarity, about 60% of multiple sequence alignments were 95% identical to true alignments. To compare recovered topologies with true topologies, we used a score that reflects the fraction of clades that were correctly clustered. As expected, the accuracy of the phylogenies was greatest in the least divergent families. About 88% of phylogenies clustered over 80% of clades in families that shared significant sequence similarity, using Bayesian, parsimony, distance, and maximum likelihood methods. However, for protein families with short ancient branches (ancient radiation), only 30% of the most divergent (but statistically significant) families produced accurate phylogenies, and only about 70% of the second most highly conserved families, with median expectation values better than 10−60, produced accurate trees. These values represent upper bounds on expected tree accuracy for sequences with a simple divergence history; proteins from 700 Giardia families, with a similar range of sequence similarities but considerably more gaps, produced much less accurate trees. For our simulated insertions and deletions, correct multiple sequence alignments did not perform much better than those produced by T-COFFEE, and including sequences with expressed sequence tag–like sequencing errors did not significantly decrease phylogenetic accuracy. In general, although less-divergent sequence families produce more accurate trees, the likelihood of estimating an accurate tree is most dependent on whether radiation in the family was ancient or recent. Accuracy can be improved by combining genes from the same organism when creating species trees or by selecting protein families with the best bootstrap values in comprehensive studies.
Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Authors: Errikos Constant
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We are in agreement with the recommendation of Shaughnessy et al (222:320, 1972) that the proper treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, in its chronic stage, is the total excision of the apocrine-glandbearing tissue. In our experience, however, their method of reconstructing the axillary or groin defect by means of a partial thickness skin graft is one that we believe should be avoided. As indicated by the authors, partial thickness skin grafts contract, and in many instances this results in significant restriction of joint movement. To overcome this shortcoming, "airplane" splints to hold the patient's arm in abduction while the graft matures over several months have been advocated. In addition to the discomfort and inconvenience to the patient, we have seen a transient brachial plexus palsy result from the use of these splints. Moreover, in the clinical setting of a chronic infection, as seen in hidradenitis suppurativa, a portion