tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ERRORS OF VISION AS A FACTOR IN MOTOR CAR ACCIDENTS
Authors: C. Clements
Journal: BMJ (1906)

AN ideal driver of motor cars must be an excellent judge of; pace and distance, keenly on the alert to seize every opportunity, and ready to act quickly on any emergency.All these qualities call for perfect and binocular vision, and must of necessity cause considerable eye and nerve strain even by day.How much more so, then, when day- light becomes uncertain, or fails altogether.In looking back through accounts of motor accidents, one cannot fail to be struck by the Dumber in which no explanation can be given of the initial cause except that "somebody blundered."We have a right to know "the reason why," so that in the future precautions can be taken to prevent their occurrence.My attention was first seriously called to this subject by thefollowing cases, which, to me, appear to point out a very simple and easily rectified cause-namely, errors of vision; and I certainlly think that all would-be motor drivers ought to produce satisfactory evidence of good vision before being granted licences.CASE I.A. healthy-looking man, 39 years old, came to consult me about, his 'eyesight.He gave the following history:,Atfortnight previously he had competed in a long-distance, non-stop race.As dusk was coming on he suddenly misjudged ,his distance from a turn in the road, whilst travelling at a moderately high speed, overshot his mark' and 'would have
Reduction of 0.1 Hz microcirculatory fluctuations as evidence of sympathetic dysfunction in insulin-dependent diabetes
Authors: L Bernardi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Loss of spontaneous fluctuations in resting microcirculatory flow has been described in diabetes mellitus, but its mechanism remains unexplained.The autonomic control of forearm skin microcirculation was investigated in 23 insulin-dependent diabetic human subjects (median age 39 years, range 27-50) and in 23 age-matched controls (median age 38 years, range 20-57), by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Using spectral analysis of spontaneous microvascular fluctuations, we measured the power of 0.1 Hz ('10-second rhythm') fluctuations, dependent on sympathetic control, and of respiration-related, high-frequency fluctuations, due to the transmission of mechanical chest activity. Autonomic function abnormalities were assessed by 5 tests of cardiovascular reflexes.Abnormalities in cardiovascular autonomic tests were present in 7/23 patients: deep breathing was abnormal 4 in patients, standing in 2, handgrip in 3, cross-correlation in 4, and Valsalva ratio in 0. The power of 0.1 Hz microcirculatory fluctuations was significantly lower in diabetic than in control subjects (2.57 +/- 0.16 vs 3.48 +/- 0.09 In-mV2, mean +/- s.e.m., P < 0.001), whereas that of respiratory fluctuations was similar (2.60 +/- 0.24 vs 2.56 +/- 0.19 In-mV2, P = n.s.). The 0.1 Hz power was 2 standard deviations below the mean of controls (P < 0.05) in 13/23 diabetic patients; this abnormality was significantly more frequent than abnormalities in any other autonomic test (P < 0.001).Since the observed reduction was confined to those microvascular fluctuations under autonomic control, but not to those dependent on passive mechanical transmission, the reduction in spontaneous microcirculatory vasomotion appears to be determined mainly by sympathetic dysfunction. Sympathetic impairment of skin microvascular control seems to be a common finding, and is probably an early index of autonomic dysfunction in insulin-dependent diabetes.
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Richard J. Johnson, David R. Gretch, Hideaki Yamabe, Jaime Hart, Carlos E. Bacchi, Peter Hartwell, William G. Couser, Lawrence Corey, Mark H. Wener, Charles E. Alpers, Richard Willson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes both acute and chronic liver disease and is also associated with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Whether HCV is also associated with renal disease, as is the hepatitis B virus, is not known. We describe the clinical, pathologic, virologic, and immunologic features of eight patients with HCV infection who were referred to nephrologists for glomerulonephritis. Four patients were treated with interferon alfa.
The effect of pericardium on the end-systolic pressure-segment length relationship in canine left ventricle in acute volume overload.
Authors: M Kanazawa, K Shirato, K Ishikawa, T Nakajima, T Haneda, T Takishima
Journal: Circulation (1983)

The effect of the pericardium on the end-systolic pressure-segment length relationship in the left ventricle was examined with an ultrasonic miniature gauge in open-chest dogs. In 12 dogs, blood was infused until left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure reached about 20 mm Hg, and then the pericardium was opened widely. In the other 12 dogs a pericardiectomy was performed without blood infusion. Stroke volume was measured in six dogs in the former group and in seven dogs in the latter group. After blood infusion, LV systolic, end-systolic, and end-diastolic pressures increased from 120 +/- 14 to 162 +/- 16 mm Hg (mean +/- SD), from 106 +/- 13 to 146 +/- 17 mm Hg, and from 8 +/- 2 to 19 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively (all p less than .01). End-systolic and end-diastolic segment lengths increased from 8.9 +/- 2.1 to 10.6 +/- 2.2 mm and from 11.6 +/- 2.5 to 14.9 +/- 2.7 mm, respectively (both p less than .01). After pericardiectomy, the segments were further lengthened by 8.9 +/- 4.4% and by 10.0 +/- 6.2%, respectively (both p less than .01). Heart rate, LV systolic and end-systolic pressures, and peak positive dp/dt did not change, although end-diastolic pressure fell from 19 +/- 2 to 18 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than .01). Stroke volume rose from 13.1 +/- 3.7 to 23.9 +/- 5.0 ml due to volume loading and further increased by 26.7 +/- 9.0% after pericardiectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cuffed and Exposed — Perp-Walking Bradyrhizobium
Authors: Eric G. Pamer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

Diarrhea and intestinal inflammation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation can be caused by pathogenic bacteria and viruses or by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Bacterial cultures, viral polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assays, and histologic analyses of intestinal biopsy specimens are imperfect at distinguishing infection from GVHD, in part because the list of potential gut pathogens after transplantation is incomplete. Thus, the cause of transplantation-associated diarrhea and enterocolitis can remain unclear, and decisions to increase immunosuppression to ameliorate GVHD must be balanced against the potential risks of exacerbating an undiagnosed infection.Recently, a specific diarrheal syndrome called cord colitis was described in patients after umbilical-cord-blood . . .
Pathophysiology of Upper Airway Closures During Sleep
Authors: Orin M. Goldblum
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Drs Kuna and Sant'Ambrogio<sup>1</sup>have presented an excellent review of the pathophysiology of OSA but failed to include a discussion of the use of dental appliances in the treatment of OSA. Although nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice for OSA, it is cumbersome, expensive, and socially unacceptable to some patients. Long-term compliance with nasal CPAP has been estimated to be as low as 50%.<sup>2</sup>The following case report (I describe myself) is an example of moderate to severe OSA successfully treated with a dental appliance. <h3>Report of a Case.</h3> —I am a 36-year-old physician who, for many years, had experienced excessive daytime sleepiness and had snored loudly. These symptoms had worsened in 1985 after I had stopped smoking and had gained 65 pounds. In 1987, a psychiatrist gave me an antidepressant for depression. I presented to a sleep evaluation
382 In vitro characterization and molecular modeling analysis of a novel adefovir resistance mutation RTN236T in the HBV polymerase
Authors: H. Yang, X. Qi, K. Das, E. Arnold, C.E. Westland, W.E. Delaney, C.L. Brosgart, C.S. Gibbs, M.D. Miller, S. Xiong
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Combined Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion and Regional Left Ventricular Function by Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Power Modulation Images
Authors: Victor Mor-Avi, Enrico G. Caiani, Keith A. Collins, Claudia E. Korcarz, James E. Bednarz, Roberto M. Lang
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background Echocardiographic contrast media have been used to assess myocardial perfusion and to enhance endocardial definition for improved assessment of left ventricular (LV) function. These methodologies, however, have been qualitative or have required extensive offline image analysis. Power modulation is a recently developed imaging technique that provides selective enhancement of microbubble-generated reflections. Our goal was to test the feasibility of using power modulation for combined quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion and regional LV function in an animal model of acute ischemia. Methods and Results Coronary balloon occlusions were performed in 18 anesthetized pigs. Transthoracic power modulation images (Agilent 5500) were obtained during continuous intravenous infusion of the contrast agent Definity (DuPont) at baseline and during brief coronary occlusion and reperfusion and were analyzed with custom software. At each phase, myocardial perfusion was assessed by calculation, in 6 myocardial regions of interest, of mean pixel intensity and the rate of contrast replenishment after high-power ultrasound impulses. LV function was assessed by calculation of regional fractional area change from semiautomatically detected endocardial borders. All ischemic episodes caused detectable and reversible changes in perfusion and function. Perfusion defects, validated with fluorescent microspheres, were visualized in real time and confirmed by a significant decrease in pixel intensity in the left anterior descending coronary artery territory after balloon inflation and reduced rate of contrast replenishment. Fractional area change decreased significantly in ischemic segments and was restored with reperfusion. Conclusions Power modulation allows simultaneous online assessment of myocardial perfusion and regional LV wall motion, which may improve the echocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial ischemia.
Division of Fees.
Authors: Lewis S. Eastlake
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Chicago, April 29, 1900. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —For some time the surgeon and specialist have been giving their opinions as to the demands for fees and their division between the general practitioner and the operator. The view taken by the majority of specialists, that division of fees is dishonest and does the patient an injustice looks well in print and reads as though it were necessary for the specialist to guide the physician and correct his dishonest, grasping hand. This controversy has been one-sided. And to show where the corruption is to be found I will state my own personal experience with the specialist. Within the last three years I have been approached by no less than three of the prominent and leading surgeons of Chicago who, openly and of their own free will, made these propositions to me: One said he would be pleased to do all my surgical
Drug treatment for adults with HIV infection
Authors: M. Samuel, A. Winston, B. Peters
Journal: BMJ (2015)

#### The bottom line

#### How patients were involved in the creation of this article

A 65 year old man who had been living with HIV for the past 20 years visited his general practitioner for continued management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His HIV was well controlled on an antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen comprising tenofovir, emtricitabine, darunavir, and ritonavir. His GP thought that he would benefit from a combination inhaler (long acting β2 agonist and inhaled corticosteroid) but decided first to ask the HIV clinic about potential drug-drug interactions with ART.

By suppressing HIV replication, ART limits further HIV associated pathology and enables immune recovery. The primary goal of ART is to reduce HIV morbidity and mortality in people with HIV. Guidelines also recommend its use to reduce the risks of onward transmission to sexual partners1 and of mother to …
Spontaneous recovery from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus induced by neonatal streptozotocin treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Masanori Iwase, Kiyohide Nunoi, Masanori Wakisaka, Masanori Kikuchi, Yukihiro Maki, Seizo Sadoshima, Masatoshi Fujishima
Journal: Metabolism (1991)
Preliminary result of a mono-institutional, prospective study of skin and cardiac toxicities in breast cancer patients treated by concurrent adjuvant trastuzumab and radiotherapy involving in most cases the internal mammary chain.
Authors: MA Bollet, YM Kirova, B Granger, L Caussa, A Savignoni, J Pierga, F Campana, R Dendale, A Fourquet
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #5132 Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the skin and heart toxicities of a concurrent adjuvant trastuzumab (T) and radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer (BC), especially in the case of IMC irradiation.&amp;#x2028; Patients and methods: Prospective study of 57 pts treated at the Institut Curie between 02/2004 and 01/2007 by concurrent T-RT for non-metastatic BC. The perfusion of trastuzumab started either with or after chemotherapy (CT). RT, started at least 4 weeks after the completion of anthracycline-based chemotherapy, consisted of either whole breast (+/- boost) or chest wall normo-fractionated irradiation. When indicated the internal mammary chain (IMC) and supra/infra-clavicular lymph nodes were also irradiated. Left ventricular ejection fractions (LEVF), assessed at baseline, before start of RT (pre-RT), after completion of RT and then every 4-6 months with either echocardiography or multiple gated acquisition scanning, were considered normal if ≥50% or stated so by the cardiologist. A normal LVEF at baseline was one of the inclusion criteria. Skin toxicity was evaluated using CTCAEV3.&amp;#x2028; Results: Median age was 49 years (25-80). CT with anthracycline was administered in 84% (48 pts) with either doxorubicine for 6 pts (median total dose 300 mg/m²) or epirubicine for 42 pts (median total dose 300mg/m²). All but one patient (treated weekly) received T every three weeks (8mg/kg followed by 6mg/kg) for a median duration of 12 months (6-33). The treated breast was the left one in 46% (26 pts). The IMC was irradiated in 88% (50 pts). Median follow-up for LVEF assessment was 13 months (2-33). LVEF at pre-RT were normal in 55 pts (100%, 2 Missing Data), at post-RT in 56 pts (98%, no MD) and at last follow-up in 54 pts (95%, no MD).&amp;#x2028; Overall, there were 2 grade 0, 44 grade I, 11 grade II skin reactions. For the 27 patients with a skin toxicity assessment after 6months, late skin toxicity was grade 0 in 22 pts, grade 1 in 4, grade 2 in 1. There was no skin toxicity graded higher than 2.&amp;#x2028; Conclusion: In this preliminary study of BC patients treated with T-RT with, in most cases, anthracycline-based CT and IMC irradiation, there was no significant increase in the rate of abnormal LVEF after concurrent T-RT and the skin toxicity was acceptable in routine. More patients and a longer follow-up are needed to ascertain that this regimen remains safe. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5132.
Cognitively Impaired Older Drivers, Risk Assessment, and Physician Responsibility
Authors: Thomas E. Finucane
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Financial Disclosures: Dr Hernandez reported receiving research support from Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, and Merck & Co; serving on the speakers’ bureau for Novartis; and receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca and Medtronic. Dr Fonarow reported receiving research grants or other research support from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and the National Institutes of Health; receiving honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific/Guidant, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Schering Plough, and St Jude Medical; serving as a consultant for Boston Scientific/Guidant, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Scios, and St Jude Medical; and serving on the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines Steering Committee. He holds the Eliot Corday Chair of Cardiovascular Medicine and is also supported by the Ahmanson Foundation (Los Angeles, California). Dr Curtis reported receiving research support from Johnson & Johnson and Medtronic. Drs Hernandez and Curtis have made available online detailed listings of financial disclosures (https://www.dcri.org/about-us /conflict-of-interest/).
Asymptomatic bacteriuria may be considered a complication in women with diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus Women Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Utrecht Study Group.
Authors: S E Geerlings, R P Stolk, M J Camps, P M Netten, J B Hoekstra, K P Bouter, B Bravenboer, J T Collet, A R Jansz, A I Hoepelman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of and risk factors for asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in women with and without diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 636 nonpregnant women with diabetes (type 1 and type 2) who were 18-75 years of age and had no abnormalities of the urinary tract, and 153 women without diabetes who were visiting the eye and trauma outpatient clinic (control subjects) were included. We defined ASB as the presence of at least 10(5) colony-forming units/ml of 1 or 2 bacterial species in a culture of clean-voided midstream urine from an individual without symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI). RESULTS: The prevalence of ASB was 26% in the diabetic women and 6% in the control subjects (P &amp;lt; 0.001). The prevalence of ASB in women with type 1 diabetes was 21%. Risk factors for ASB in type 1 diabetic women included a longer duration of diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, and macroalbuminuria. The prevalence of ASB was 29% in women with type 2 diabetes. Risk factors for ASB in type 2 diabetic women included age, macroalbuminuria, a lower BMI, and a UTI during the previous year. No association was evident between current HbA1c level and the presence of ASB. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ASB is increased in women with diabetes and might be added to the list of diabetic complications in these women.
Use of 111-Indium–labeled autologous eosinophils to establish the in vivo kinetics of human eosinophils in healthy subjects
Authors: Neda Farahi, Nanak R. Singh, Sarah Heard, Chrystalla Loutsios, Charlotte Summers, Chandra K. Solanki, Kishor Solanki, Kottekkattu K. Balan, Prina Ruparelia, A. Michael Peters, Alison M. Condliffe, Edwin R. Chilvers
Journal: Blood (2012)
Resection of hepatocellular cancer ≤2 cm: Results from two Western centers
Authors: Sasan Roayaie, Khaled Obeidat, Carlo Sposito, Luigi Mariani, Sherrie Bhoori, Alessandro Pellegrinelli, Daniel Labow, Josep M. Llovet, Myron Schwartz, Vincenzo Mazzaferro
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Abstract Asian series have shown a 5-year survival rate of ≈70% after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ≤2 cm. Western outcomes with resection have not been as good. In addition, ablation of HCC ≤2 cm has been shown to achieve competitive results, leaving the role of resection in these patients unclear. Records of patients undergoing resection at two Western centers between January 1990 and December 2009 were reviewed. Patients with a single HCC ≤2 cm on pathologic analysis were included. Thirty clinical variables including demographics, liver function, tumor characteristics, nature of the surgery, and the surrounding liver were examined. An exploratory statistical analysis was conducted to determine variables associated with recurrence and survival. The study included 132 patients with a median follow-up of 37.5 months. There was one (&lt;1%) 90-day mortality. There were 32 deaths with a median survival of 74.5 months and a 5-year survival rate of 70% (63% in patients with cirrhosis). The median time to recurrence was 31.6 months and the 5-year recurrence rate was 68%. Presence of satellites (hazard ratio [HR], 2.46; P = 0.031) and platelet count &lt;150,000/μL (HR, 2.37; P = 0.026) were independently associated with survival. Presence of satellites (HR, 2.79; P = 0.003), cirrhosis (HR, 2.3; P = 0.010), and nonanatomic resection (HR, 1.79; P = 0.031) were independently associated with recurrence. Patients with a single HCC ≤2 cm and platelet count ≥150,000/μL achieved a median survival of 138 months and a 5-year survival rate of 81%, respectively. Conclusion: Resection of HCC ≤2 cm is safe and achieves excellent results in Western centers. Recurrence continues to be a significant problem. Presence of satellites, platelet count, anatomic resection, and cirrhosis are associated with outcomes after resection, even among such early tumors. Resection should continue to be considered a primary treatment modality in patients with small HCC and well-preserved liver function.
Paul Thornton Calvert
Authors: R H Vickers
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Consultant orthopaedic surgeon London (b 1949; q Cambridge/Guy's Hospital, London, 1973; FRCS), died from secondary melanoma on 7 May 2004.​2004.




Figure 1




Paul became interested in the shoulder when shoulder surgery was still in its infancy. In 1985 he became consultant orthopaedic surgeon at Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, but he missed the excitement of a teaching department. It was almost unheard of then for a consultant to move posts, but Paul defied convention and was appointed consultant at St George's Hospital, London. In 1993 he took on sessions at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital to work on the shoulder unit. Paul negotiated with the Department of Health for an increase in the number of orthopaedic surgeons in training, and published several important papers, notably on shoulder topics and on the consequences of the 1988 Clapham rail crash, for which he had been the lead on-call surgeon at the track and also later at the hospital. He leaves a wife, Deborah, and two children.