tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Remarks on Vertigo, and the Group of Symptoms Sometimes Called Meniere's Disease
Authors: E. Woakes
Journal: BMJ (1883)

THn point of view which I propose to submit for consideration in this paper is, that all vertigo is essentially auditory in its seat; that is to say, whenever the symptom of giddiness, disturbance of the equilibrium, defective gait, falling, or whatever modification of these may characterise the symptom of vertigo, its immediate occurrence is due to a modification of tension of that part of the labyrinthine fluid contained in the semicircular canals, and the appreciation by the ampullar nerve-apparatus of this change of tension.It cannot even be admitted that vertigo,associated with lesion of the ampullar nerve in its course through the brain to its root or hypothetical centre, constitutes any exception to this generalisation.If, as will be shown, the semicircular canals are the organs of equilibration, and vertigo the consequence of its disturbance, the organ must be implicated for such disturbance to become manifest.This statement may be predicated of every form of vertigo, however originating.Just as we could not get defect of vision consequent upon disease of the optic centres in a subject who bad already lost his eyes, so vertigo, which is defective equilibration, cannot occur if the semicircular canals be absent, however much the central distribution of its nerve may be involved in disease.The converse of this proposition must be true also.The more clearly this idea is grasped, the more successfully shall we discuss the differentiation of auditory vertigo, because we shall discern what there is to distinguish, viz., the causes which disturb the functions of the organs of equilibration.These may be classed under two heads.The first includes alterations of tension, either plus or minu, of its contained fluid.There will be found three kinds of change of tension: a.That produced by direct, pressure due to local ear-disease; b.That induced by reflex vaso-motor influences; c.That in which a combination of both these exists, which comprises the great bulk of cases.The second class embraces such intracranial diseases as irritate or disturb the nerve of the organ, and are central in their origin.To substantiate this position, it is necessary that certain points be understood.These are (1) the anatomical construction of the nervesupply of the semicircular canals, henceforth called the organs of equilibration; (2) the functions of these organs as indicated byexperiment; (3) the anatomical relations of these organs to contiguous and distant regions.
Complex formation with nucleic acids and aptamers alters the antigenic properties of platelet factor 4
Authors: Miriam E. Jaax, Krystin Krauel, Thomas Marschall, Sven Brandt, Julia Gansler, Birgitt Fürll, Bettina Appel, Silvia Fischer, Stephan Block, Christiane A. Helm, Sabine Müller, Klaus T. Preissner, Andreas Greinacher
Journal: Blood (2013)
The Prolonged Treatment of Hypertension with Guanethidine
Authors: Irvine H. Page
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Eighteen months' experience with guanethidine in the treatment of severely hypertensive patients showed it to be effective in reducing the supine blood pressure of 22 of 38 patients to less than 105 mm. Hg. Twelve patients required other antihypertensive agents than guanethidine alone. To achieve almost normal levels some orthostatic hypotension was usually produced during the first weeks of treatment. The only major side effect was diarrhea, which was easily controlled by atropine.
S100A4 promotes liver fibrosis via activation of hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Lin Chen, Jie Li, Jinhua Zhang, Chengliang Dai, Xiaoman Liu, Jun Wang, Zhitao Gao, Hongyan Guo, Rui Wang, Shichun Lu, Fusheng Wang, Henghui Zhang, Hongsong Chen, Xiaolong Fan, Shengdian Wang, Zhihai Qin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Mechanisms of Glove Tears and Sharp Injuries Among Surgical Personnel
Authors: James G. Wright
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —The development of strategies to prevent exposure to blood for operating room personnel has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about the specific mechanisms of exposure. The purpose of this study was to classify the mechanisms of glove tears and sharp injuries in the operating room. <h3>Design.</h3> —During a 3-month period, a nurse interviewed operating room personnel immediately after a glove tear or sharp injury had occurred. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Yale-New Haven (Conn) Hospital is a tertiary care teaching hospital. <h3>Results.</h3> —There were 249 glove tears and 70 sharp injuries. Visible skin contact with the patient's blood occurred in 156 glove tears (63%). The mechanism causing the tear could be identified in only 81 (33%). For 230 glove tears (92%), personnel were wearing single gloves. Of 70 sharp injuries, 47 (67%) were caused by needles and usually occurred during suturing. The following three mechanisms accounted for 40 sharp injuries (57%): (1) hands injured while stationary and holding an instrument, 11 (16%)—a position of risk not previously identified; (2) hands injured while retracting tissue, 12 (17%); and (3) injuries caused by sharp instruments not being used, 17 (24%). Instrument passage caused only four sharp injuries (6%). <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —The majority of glove tears have an unknown mechanism, and alteration in the manufacture or number of gloves worn may be helpful in reducing cutaneous blood exposures. The identification of specific mechanisms of sharp injuries should lead to effective strategies to prevent exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus and other blood-borne pathogens in the operating room. (JAMA. 1991;266:1668-1671)
Rheumatoid Arthritis Terminating in Heavy-Chain Disease
Authors: ZBIGNIEW A. ZAWADZKI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

The eighth known case of heavy-chain disease is reported. Immunochemical studies of abnormal Fc fragment gamma-G3 protein and detailed morphologic, chromosomal, and electron microscopic observations are included. This patient, a 51-year-old negro man, is unique in that symptoms of heavy-chain disease began 9 years after the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Pathologic studies failed to demonstrate malignant lymphoma. Possible pathogenetic relationships between monoclonal paraproteinemias and rheumatoid arthritis are discussed.
Nasal Cancers
Authors: John Marquis Converse
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Fear of disfigurement has been a principal cause of recurrence in the treatment of cancer of the nose. Fear of the resulting nasal defect has often resulted in undertreatment of the lesion. Thus it is obvious that reconstruction of the defect, restoring acceptable contour, is an integral part of treatment for the patient. In ancient times, amputation of the nose was considered as a form of punishment. The opprobrium of the loss of the nose caused victims to seek reconstruction in ancient India and again later during the Renaissance. An element of ridicule has also been associated with the deformity and, until relatively recent times, with the attempts at reconstruction. Fortunately, today, with the modern methods of reconstruction, the patient can be assured in most cases that a satisfactory reconstruction can be achieved (Fig 12). A generally satisfactory prosthetic nose can be worn by a patient in whom reconstruction may
VOLUNTEER MEDICAL SERVICE CORPS
Authors: George H. Coombs
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>FROM WALDOBORO, MAINE</h3><h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In July, immediately after the request from the President of the American Medical Association to do so. the writer undertook through the presidents and secretaries of the county medical societies of this state a survey of the medical situation. This has been done so far as appears possible up to the present, but final results cannot yet be made. This canvass met a whole-hearted response from many of those requested to aid and an equally wholehearted criticism from many more. My personal view was that it was not, in this state, necessary, and that inasmuch as it carried no authority from the War Department it was more likely to do harm than good. However, this and my visits to ten county societies have resulted in a very definite opinion being formed so far as the volunteer system of securing physicians for the Army is
Complement-Fixing Antibodies to Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Tissuesin IDDM: Autonomic Brake Index and Heart-Rate Variation
Authors: Steven L Rabinowe, Florence M Brown, Michael Watts, Ana Maria Smith
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

We describe herein complement-fixing anti-adrenal medullary (CF-ADM) andanti-sympathetic ganglia (CFSG) antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). This study describes complement-fixing antivagus (CF-V) nerve antibodies and their relationship to the cardiovascular autonomic brake index (a measure of transient decrease in heart rate during the 1st min after a tilt), and R-R interval variation with deep breathing. CF-V was detectable in 7 of 83 (8.4%) subjects with IDDM aged 1.5–65.5 yr (mean ± SE 28.7± 1.8 yr) and duration of diabetes 0–47 yr (11.8 ± 1.4 yr). Seventy-six nondiabetic subjects (aged 10–65 yr) all had negative CF-V scores. CF-V scores correlated with CF-ADM (0–16 yr of IDDM, r = 0.61, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and CF-SG (r = 0.39, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Seventy IDDM subjects (aged 28 ± 5 yr, duration of diabetes 17 ± 3 yr) without proteinuria or proliferative retinopathy were screened for CF-ADM, CF-SG, and CF-V antibodies. Five of 70 (7.1%) had CF-SG only (negative for CF-ADM and CF-V). Brake indices ranged from 14.7 to 51.3 (37.3 ± 6.9). Three of 70 (4.2%) had CF-ADM only, with brake indices from 26.9 to 45.1 (32.9 ± 6.1). Four of 70 (5.7%) had CF-V antibodies only, with brake indices of 12.7–17.3 (15.1 ± 1.1). Subjects with CF-SG or CF-ADM (antisympathetic) had higher brake indices than subjects with CF-V (anti-parasympathetic) antibodies (P &amp;lt; 0.03). Subjects with CF-SG had higher brake indices than those with CF-V (P &amp;lt; 0.04). The heart-rate variation with deep breathing was 23.3 ± 10.0 in subjects with CF-V and 45.66 ± 5.1 in the CF-SG+ and/or CF-ADM+ group (P &amp;lt; 0.03). This study demonstrates CF-V antibodies in IDDM and their association with a lower brake index and R-R interval variation compared with patients with sympathetic nervous system autoimmunity.
Cancer Stem Cells: Targeting the Roots of Cancer, Seeds of Metastasis, and Sources of Therapy Resistance
Authors: Valery Adorno-Cruz, Golam Kibria, Xia Liu, Mary Doherty, Damian J. Junk, Dongyin Guan, Chris Hubert, Monica Venere, Erin Mulkearns-Hubert, Maksim Sinyuk, Alvaro Alvarado, Arnold I. Caplan, Jeremy Rich, Stanton L. Gerson, Justin Lathia, Huiping Liu
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract With the goal to remove the roots of cancer, eliminate metastatic seeds, and overcome therapy resistance, the 2014 inaugural International Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) Conference at Cleveland, OH, convened together over 320 investigators, including 55 invited world-class speakers, 25 short oral presenters, and 100 poster presenters, to gain an in-depth understanding of CSCs and explore therapeutic opportunities targeting CSCs. The meeting enabled intriguing discussions on several topics including: genetics and epigenetics; cancer origin and evolution; microenvironment and exosomes; metabolism and inflammation; metastasis and therapy resistance; single cell and heterogeneity; plasticity and reprogramming; as well as other new concepts. Reports of clinical trials targeting CSCs emphasized the urgent need for strategically designing combinational CSC-targeting therapies against cancer. Cancer Res; 75(6); 924–9. ©2015 AACR.
Outcome After Surgical Resections of Recurrent Chest Wall Sarcomas
Authors: Michael W. Wouters, Albert N. van Geel, Lotte Nieuwenhuis, Harm van Tinteren, Cees Verhoef, Frits van Coevorden, Houke M. Klomp
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Purpose Sarcomas of the chest wall are rare, and wide surgical resection is generally the cornerstone of treatment. The objective of our study was to evaluate outcome of full-thickness resections of recurrent and primary chest wall sarcomas. Patients and Methods To evaluate morbidity, mortality, and overall and disease-free survival after surgical resection of primary and recurrent chest wall sarcomas, we performed a retrospective review of all patients with sarcomas of the chest wall surgically treated at two tertiary oncologic referral centers between January 1980 and December 2006. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics, as well as the follow-up of these patients, were retrieved from the patients’ original records. Results One hundred twenty-seven patients were included in this study, 83 patients with a primary sarcoma and 44 patients with a recurrence. Age, sex, tumor size, histologic type, grade and localization on the chest wall were similar for both groups. Fewer neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies were used in the treatment of recurrences. Chest wall resection was more extensive in the recurrent group, which did not result in more complications (23%) or more reinterventions (5%). Microscopically radical resection was achieved in 80% of the primary sarcomas and 64% of the recurrences. With a median follow-up of 73 months, disease-free survival after surgery for recurrences was 18 months versus 36 months for primary sarcomas, with 5-year survival rates of 50% and 63%, respectively. Conclusion Although chances for local control are lower after surgical treatment of recurrent chest wall sarcoma, chest wall resection is a safe and effective procedure, with an acceptable survival.
An Exception to the Rule
Authors: Peter H. Byers
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

In 1972, the first biochemical abnormality to be identified in a form of the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, a deficiency of lysyl hydroxylase, a collagen-modifying enzyme, was described in the Journal.1 Many other forms of the syndrome have since been identified.2 Because affected patients frequently had disorganization of collagen fibrils, it was expected that mutations in collagen genes or the genes that encode collagen-modifying enzymes would account for most of these phenotypes. Thirty years ago, it was not too much to expect that the search for these mutations would be simple, since only a small number of collagen genes were recognized . . .
The Treatment of Gram-Negative Bacteremia and Shock
Authors: Sheldon M. Wolff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Bacteremia due to gram-negative rods is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. In 1974 a special study group on gram-negative bacteremia of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare estimated that the annual incidence in the United States was 71,000 cases, with approximately 18,000 deaths per year.1 It should be emphasized that the cost of caring for such patients is enormous. Thus, bacteremia from gram-negative rods can be considered a major public-health problem.During the past two decades, several types of treatment have been used in attempts to lower the mortality from gram-negative rod bacteremia, . . .
Medicine: A Career Conflict for Women
Authors: MALKAH T. NOTMAN, CAROL C. NADELSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

The authors consider some of the issues involved in women's choice of a medical career. The woman medical student has few acceptable role models available to illustrate the variety of possible life and family patterns. In addition, she must cope with the anxiety of medical school and also define her identity as a woman in a "man's world." Women respond to these challenges in a variety of ways related to individual characterological and defensive styles. The authors recommend several approaches to facilitating the participation of more women in medicine.
"Longlisting" from application forms
Authors: L. Wood
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Shortlisting candidates for a vacancy has traditionally been seen as a tedious but necessary duty. Firstly, it is not a timetabled duty. Many a good candidate must have been passed over by a tired consultant burning the midnight oil, whisky in one hand and red pen in the other.

Secondly, the number of applicants for vacancies in some specialties has increased greatly in recent years. In obstetrics and gynaecology most specialist registrar posts would expect to attract at least 300 applicants, often many more.

Finally, pressure about equal opportunities has become considerably more acute for those doing the shortlisting. Appeals against alleged discrimination are extremely time consuming, and postgraduate deans are demanding ever more scrupulous selection processes.

Postgraduate deans are legally obliged to ensure equal opportunities in specialist registrar appointments. Surprisingly, this does not mean that they have to ensure that the best candidate is picked. To do so would be very costly, as it would require highly trained recruitment teams and lengthy screening and appointment procedures.

What they do have to ensure, however, is that the processes used in selection could not have created bias against a candidate or group of candidates.(1) The procedure has to be fair to all. Of course, you could ensure no sexual or racial prejudice by picking candidates at random. However, that would not be fair to those who could demonstrate better suitability for the post. Trying to select …
Treatment of Physalia Stings
Authors: I. G. Frohman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> On the afternoon of August 15, 1965, shortly after high tide, the ocean off the shores of the Rockaway Peninsula sustained a massive influx of Portugese men-of-war,<i>Physalia physalis</i>. As disaster chairman of Peninsula General Hospital, Edgemere, NY, it was my responsibility to supervise the simultaneous care of mass casualties. Manifestations included shock, respiratory paralysis, extremity paresis, contact dermatitis, skin irritation, giant urticaria. Difficulty in comprehension of the mysterious malady complicated the picture in many cases. Because of the need for attention to the most serious cases, I directed that compresses of aromatic spirits of ammonia be applied to exposed areas. The results were phenomenal and rapid. Discomfort, irritation, paresis, etc, were immediately relieved. Except for two patients admitted, it was possible to quickly clear the emergency area. A 19-year-old youth had sustained respiratory arrest and an 8-year-old suffered shock, apparently aggravated by a splenectomy the year
An alternative interpretation of the results of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study.
Authors: R M Gunnar, H S Loeb
Journal: Circulation (1985)

IT IS PERPLEXING that the CASS investigators have found that patients who are considered for coronary artery bypass grafting have such a benign course with medical treatment that it would be almost impossible for surgical intervention to improve upon it.1This is not consistent with the results of the European trial2 nor with the Veterans Administration experience at Palo Alto and Hines Hospitals.3 4 It is also not consistent with the survival curves for medically treated patients in the CASS registry as reported in 1982.5The results of these studies are consistent with historical reports of medical mortality in patients with angina pectoris.6In making this comparison, one must consider that the more recent series permitted significant numbers of patients in the medical treatment groups to have coro- nary bypass surgery and that these crossover patients were considered alive but lost to follow-up at the time of surgery.Therefore, in more recent studies there has been some apparent improvement in survival of medi- cally treated patients because of surgical interventions.What, then, is the explanation for the difference between the CASS results and those of previous ran- domized studies?We think the answer can be found in reviewing the data recently reported on the randomiza- ble but nonrandomized patients in CASS.7There were 2099 patients who met study criteria for randomiza- tion; 780 entered the randomized trial and 1319 were considered "randomizable" but did not participate in the randomized study.Four patients in the latter group were dropped from analysis because they died before the average time to surgery at the relevant CASS site.For analysis the remaining 2095 patients were divided into the following four groups according to initial treat- ment category: randomized to medical treatment (n = 390); randomized to surgical treatment (n = 390); nonrandomized, receiving medical treatment (n =
Patient-Centered Discussions About Prostate Cancer Screening: A Real-World Approach
Authors: Barak Gaster, Kelly Edwards, Susan Brown Trinidad, Thomas H. Gallagher, Clarence H. Braddock
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

National guidelines recommend that primary care providers discuss the risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening with their patients but give little guidance on how to fit such a complex discussion into a busy clinic encounter. The authors propose a process-oriented approach (Ask-Tell-Ask) that promotes tailored conversations and value-based recommendations. The Ask-Tell-Ask approach includes diagnosing a patient's informational needs, providing targeted education based on those needs, and making a shared decision about testing. This time-efficient model emphasizes the provider's role as an interactive guide rather than a one-way supplier of information. Although there is no way to make these discussions simple, this streamlined strategy can help patients and providers efficiently negotiate the complex and important decision of screening for prostate cancer.
Dose-response Relationship in Angiotensin Bioassay
Authors: T. S. Ing, R. N. Anderson, M. Passovoy, O. J. Lucis
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1968)

In the albino rat, pressor response to 1–6 ng valine-5-angiotensin II, aspartic β-amide is a function of the logarithmic transformation of the dose of the drug. The latter transformation should be used to delineate dose-response relationship during angiotensin bioassay.
Rapid Divergence of the Ecdysone Receptor in Diptera and Lepidoptera Suggests Coevolution Between ECR and USP-RXR
Authors: François Bonneton, D. Zelus, T. Iwema, M. Robinson-Rechavi, V. Laudet
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

Ecdysteroid hormones are major regulators in reproduction and development of insects, including larval molts and metamorphosis. The functional ecdysone receptor is a heterodimer of ECR (NR1H1) and USP-RXR (NR2B4), which is the orthologue of vertebrate retinoid X receptors (RXR alpha, beta, gamma). Both proteins belong to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, ligand-dependent transcription factors that share two conserved domains: the DNA-binding domain (DBD) and the ligand-binding domain (LBD). In order to gain further insight into the evolution of metamorphosis and gene regulation by ecdysone in arthropods, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of both partners of the heterodimer ECR/USP-RXR. Overall, 38 USP-RXR and 19 ECR protein sequences, from 33 species, have been used for this analysis. Interestingly, sequence alignments and structural comparisons reveal high divergence rates, for both ECR and USP-RXR, specifically among Diptera and Lepidoptera. The most impressive differences affect the ligand-binding domain of USP-RXR. In addition, ECR sequences show variability in other domains, namely the DNA-binding and the carboxy-terminal F domains. Our data provide the first evidence that ECR and USP-RXR may have coevolved during holometabolous insect diversification, leading to a functional divergence of the ecdysone receptor. These results have general implications on fundamental aspects of insect development, evolution of nuclear receptors, and the design of specific insecticides.