tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Antigen-independent expansion of T cells from psoriatic skin lesions: phenotypic characterization and antigen reactivity
Authors: C. HORROCKS, J.E. HOLDER, J. BERTH-JONES, R.D.R. CAMP
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

The pathogenesis of psoriasis appears to depend on T cells, which have been proposed to mediate the disease through an autoimmune process. To test this hypothesis we have propagated four T-cell lines from biopsies of psoriatic skin lesions by antigen-independent methods. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping showed the lines to be composed mainly of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell receptor (TCR)-positive cells, which secreted a cytokine profile suggestive of predominant T-helper type 1 (Th1) status. Analysis of TCR variable region (V beta) usage revealed two- to eight-fold increases in the expression of certain V beta species in lesional lines as compared with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), with the increased V beta species being expressed on more than 5% of cells in two of the lines. Lines were also used to test for responses to a range of epidermal antigen preparations in the presence of irradiated autologous PBMC as antigen-presenting cells. The lines failed--to proliferate in response to psoriatic lesional stratum corneum extracts, dispase-separated normal human epidermal extracts, and an epidermal keratin preparation before and after trypsinization, in spite of good proliferative responses to anti-CD3 which indicated that the lines were not anergic. In addition, the lines and PBMC from normal volunteers and the patients with psoriasis gave little or no response to recombinant streptococcal M protein. Thus, in spite of accumulating evidence for selective expansion of certain V beta-expressing T cells in psoriatic lesions, epidermal autoantigens have not been identified by using a bioassay which depended largely on the proliferation of lesional CD4-positive cells. The role of streptococcal M protein, which bears some homology with epidermal keratin is also open to question, at least in chronic plaque psoriasis. Further work is therefore required to obtain direct evidence that autoimmune processes are important in the pathogenesis of chronic plaque psoriasis.
Drug points: Acute renal failure induced by topical ketoprofen
Authors: T Krummel
Journal: BMJ (2000)

The prevalence of HTLV antibody was similar to that reported for HIV in the same population at the same time. 4With appropriate counselling, screening for HTLV should be accepted in the same light as testing for HIV, which has recently been recommended as part of the routine antenatal screening programme. 5However, unlike HIV infection, infection with HTLV is less likely to become clinically apparent, and the factors conferring a high risk of developing associated disease have not been defined.In the meantime, antenatal screening could help limit vertical transmission.We thank Dr Jennifer Tosswill, Virus Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, for further analysis of three samples sent for confirmation of antibody status; Natalie Ives for the statistical analysis of the data; and the staff in the department of virology at Dulwich Public Health Laboratory for their help with this study.Contributors: MD helped with writing the paper, preparing samples for testing, and analysing the results.HS performed much of the sample testing and helped with analysing the results.TL helped with constructing the database of partici-pants' details and analysing the results.MB helped with designing the study and drafting the article.MZ designed the study, helped with analysing data and revising the article, and is the guarantor for the study.Pam Dobson, computer liaison midwife at King's Healthcare Trust, provided the demographic data for the antenatal clinic attendees.
Jeryl Lynn Strain Live Mumps Virus Vaccine
Authors: Robert E. Weibel
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Neutralizing antibody following Jeryl Lynn strain live mumps virus vaccine persisted for at least three years following vaccination without substantial decline in titer. The pattern for mumps antibody persistence after vaccine paralleled that following natural mumps infection. No cases of mumps occurred among 18 vaccinated children in families who were exposed to infection by contact with natural mumps cases which occurred in siblings 19 to 32 months after the vaccine had been given. Similarly, no cases of mumps occurred among 32 children in classrooms who were exposed to natural mumps during the third year following vaccination. Children who received the mumps virus vaccine developed antibodies against soluble (S) antigen as well as viral (V) antigen indicating that infection-type immunity had been established. The available data indicate that the protection afforded by the mumps virus vaccine will be lasting.
Super Size Me
Authors: Chloe Veltman
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Directed by Morgan Spurlock On general release in the United States UK release date yet to be confirmed Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> When Morgan Spurlock decided to find out what would happen to him if he ate nothing but McDonald's fast food for a month, doctors didn't think the experiment would cause their patient too much harm. At most, they reckoned, the 33 year old New York based filmmaker would gain a few pounds and get bored with the diet. Little did Spurlock's medical advisers—a nutritionist, general physician, gastroenterologist, and cardiologist—imagine that a mere month on Big Macs, French fries, and bucket-sized … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
JAUNDICE IN MYOCARDIAL INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: ARTHUR M. FISHBERG
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The occurrence of outspoken jaundice with yellow sclerae and bile pigments in the urine as an incident in myocardial insufficiency was long ago observed, but is not common. Very frequent, on the contrary, is the development of a faint yellow or brownish-yellow pigmentation of the skin without the presence of bile pigments in the sclerae or urine. Determination of the exact shade of the coloration is made more difficult by the usual accompaniment of cyanosis, a condition that makes the jaundice more readily perceptible on the skin of the abdomen than on that of the extremities or face. This frequent combination of slight ochrodermia with the dusky tinge of cyanosis has resulted in the application of the term cyanotic icterus to the condition. Recent investigations have shown, in fact, that many patients with myocardial insufficiency have an increased amount of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin in the urine is rare,
Spurious Hyperchloremia and Decreased Anion Gap in Hyperlipidemia
Authors: MARK L. GRABER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

A patient with overt lipemia presented with hyponatremia, hyperchloremia, and a negative anion gap. The hyperchloremia and negative gap resulted from overestimation of chloride levels due to a light-scattering effect in the colorimetric assay, an effect that was reproducible in vitro. In a prospective study, this effect produced substantial overestimations at even modest degrees of hyperlipemia. This effect expands the differential diagnosis of a decreased gap, adds to the list of technique-dependent artifacts in lipemia, and, if present, must be recognized for a patient's fluid and electrolyte status to be accurately defined.
Keeping in Trim: Nailed Doc Docks Nails-Reply
Authors: Christer Hogstedt
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Divine and Mr Amanollahi, representing the Texaco Company, have objections to our conclusions on ethylene oxide and very definite opinions on alternative conclusions. They say that we "overlooked the lack of leukemia cases and overall mortality for workers in groups A and B at plant 3." The results from groups A and B are available in our original report to the Swedish Work Environment Fund,<sup>1</sup>and the expected number for leukemia (<i>International Classification of Diseases</i>, codes 204 through 207) in group A was 0.04 and in group B, 0.02; ie, cases could only have been expected if ethylene oxide had outstanding carcinogen properties at very low levels. The statistical power of the study by Morgan et al<sup>2</sup>to detect an increased risk of leukemia was not strong, according to the authors themselves. We think there were strong reasons for aggregating the three different Swedish plants
Myocardial Kinetics of a Putative Hypoxic Tissue Marker, <sup>99m</sup> Tc-Labeled Nitroimidazole (BMS-181321), After Regional Ischemia and Reperfusion
Authors: Charles K. Stone, Timothy Mulnix, Robert J. Nickles, Britta Renstrom, Stephen H. Nellis, A. James Liedtke, Adrian D. Nunn, Bruce L. Kuczynski, William L. Rumsey
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background A new nitroimidazole complex, 99m Tc-propylene amine oxime-1,2-nitroimidazole (BMS-181321), has been developed to allow the positive imaging of hypoxic myocardium by standard gamma camera techniques. Methods and Results To determine the myocardial kinetics of BMS-181321 during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, seven open-chest swine were prepared according to a model of extracorporeal coronary perfusion in which left ventricular wall thickening (percent end-diastolic thickness) and substrate use in the left anterior descending (LAD) region ([ 14 C]palmitate and [ 3 H]glucose infusions) were determined. Measurements were obtained at baseline, during 40 minutes of ischemia produced by reducing flow in the LAD distribution by 60%, and during 70 minutes of reperfusion. Three aerobic control hearts were also studied in which LAD blood flow was not reduced. Regional coronary circulation was further assessed in all hearts by use of radiolabeled microspheres injected during ischemia. BMS-181321 (20 to 30 mCi) was injected after 30 minutes of ischemia, and its myocardial uptake was assessed by dynamic planar gamma imaging. Ischemia was associated with declines in fatty acid metabolism (15±11 μmol · h −1 · g dry wt −1 , mean±SEM), systolic wall thickening (20±6%), and myocardial oxygen consumption (3±1 mL · min −1 · 100 g −1 ) and an increase in exogenous glucose utilization (75±13 μmol · h −1 · g dry wt −1 ). Systolic wall thickening recovered by only 8±3% with reperfusion. Initial distribution of BMS-181321 in the aerobic hearts appeared homogeneous. Washout from the ischemic and reperfused LAD bed was slower than the aerobically perfused LAD bed in the control group (t 1/2 =136±1 versus 80±1 minutes, P &lt;.05), allowing visualization of the LAD region during reperfusion. Tissue activity of BMS-181321 was inversely related to LAD blood flow during ischemia ( r =−.68±.05), and the ratio of BMS-181321 in the LAD region versus normal myocardium was 1.7±0.2. Control swine lacked regional deposition of the tracer in the normally perfused LAD distribution. Conclusions Thus, acute regional ischemia in these studies was visualized as an increase in retention of BMS-181321, suggesting its applicability in the imaging of clinical conditions of myocardial hypoperfusion.
Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in skin.
Authors: MOHAMED M. MOLOKHIA, BENJAMIN PORTNOY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1973)

Journal Article Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in skin: VI. MANGANESE IN PSORIASIS, VITILIGO AND OTHER DERMATOSES Get access MOHAMED M. MOLOKHIA, MOHAMED M. MOLOKHIA Manchester and Salford Hospital for Skin Diseases, Quay Street, Manchester M3 3HL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BENJAMIN PORTNOY BENJAMIN PORTNOY Manchester and Salford Hospital for Skin Diseases, Quay Street, Manchester M3 3HL Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 88, Issue 3, 1 March 1973, Pages 273–278, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb07547.x Published: 01 March 1973 Article history Accepted: 25 April 1972 Published: 01 March 1973
Alcohol and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Daniel Steinberg, Thomas A. Pearson, Lewis H. Kuller
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Considerable progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of atherogenesis and, in particular, of how it relates to lipoprotein metabolism. In this conference, we attempt to re-evaluate the data on the relation between alcohol intake and coronary heart disease, emphasizing the effects of alcohol on lipoprotein metabolism. Epidemiologic data generally show an inverse correlation between coronary heart disease risk and moderate alcohol intake (variously defined but generally corresponding to 2 to 4 drinks per day). The potentially drastic effects of excessive alcohol intake on health, however, preclude any recommendation that patients increase their alcohol consumption. Equally, there may be no basis for proscribing moderate alcohol intake but, even here, the data are far from complete. The mechanism by which moderate alcohol intake "protects" remains unclear. Perhaps the best available hypothesis relates to the increased concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol associated with moderate alcohol intake. However, it should be stressed that we are still uncertain about the mechanisms linking a high HDL level to protection against coronary heart disease. If a high HDL level is only a marker (and not directly protective), raising HDL levels need not confer protection. Alcoholism, on the other hand, is associated with marked elevation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and is among the most common causes of hypertriglyceridemia. Moreover, once hepatic damage occurs, plasma HDL levels may actually be lower than normal. The determining point is that high alcohol intakes are associated with increased overall mortality. Until we know more about the metabolic and behavioral effects of alcohol and about its linkage to atherosclerosis, we have no basis for recommending either that patients increase their alcohol intake or that they start to drink if they do not already.
Abstract 3959: MMP13 contributes to metastatic tumor growth in the steatotic liver microenvironment.
Authors: Alisha M. Mendonsa, Michael VanSaun, David L. Gorden
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The expanding obesity epidemic has led to an escalation in the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis, which are associated with an increase in incidence of primary and metastatic liver cancer. As NAFLD progresses, it is characterized by marked inflammation in the liver described as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanisms by which NASH increases risk of liver cancer are not fully known but complete understanding of these mediators is necessary for effective therapeutic and preventive strategies. Importantly, metastasis represents the final stage in cancer progression and is the most significant cause of cancer related mortality. Using our mouse model of diet induced steatosis, coupled with a model of experimental liver metastasis, we have previously shown a significant increase in the number of metastatic foci in the steatotic liver compared to the normal livers. Microarray analysis revealed that MMP13, a member of the Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) family recognized to be involved in liver disease and cancer progression, is significantly upregulated in the steatotic liver compared to normal livers. Additionally, MMP13 is expressed in several cancer cell types. Emerging data suggests that MMP13 may play a key role in priming the microenvironment for the establishment of liver metastases, by modulation of cytokine profiles and recruitment of inflammatory cells. . We hypothesize that MMP13 is a key modulator of the steatotic microenvironment, and that increased MMP13 levels favor primary tumor growth as well as the establishment of metastases. To determine the role of stromal MMP13 on metastasis to the liver, we are using the experimental splenic injection model of liver metastasis with syngeneic MC38 colon cancer cells in mice genetically deficient in MMP13. Additionally, since the tumor cells themselves express MMP13, wildtype mice are injected with either shRNA control or MMP13 knockdown MC38 colon cancer cells to determine the role of tumor cell derived MMP13. Preliminary data shows localization of MMP13 expression to the hepatic stellate cells as well as CD11b positive myeloid cells from livers with NASH. Further, invitro analysis of migration and invasion ability of parental and MMP13 shRNA knockdown MC38 cells show that MMP13 promotes the invasive and migratory properties of the metastatic cancer cells themselves. MMP13 may thus be a potential mediator of inflammation in the tumor microenvironment as well as of the metastatic capacity of cancer cells to the liver. Citation Format: Alisha M. Mendonsa, Michael VanSaun, David L. Gorden. MMP13 contributes to metastatic tumor growth in the steatotic liver microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3959. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3959
Death in Potassium Deficiency
Authors: JOHN D. KEYE
Journal: Circulation (1952)

Autopsy of a patient with the sprue syndrome dying in hypokalemia revealed the myocardial and renal lesions of potassium deficiency. Similar renal changes are described under various names in the recent literature. It is suggested that they result from potassium deficiency since they occurred in patients who died with disorders commonly associated with electrolyte imbalance.
Treatment of Pemphigus with ACTH, Cortisone and Prednisone
Authors: Leon Reznick, Walter F. Lever, Chester N. Frazier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

BETWEEN 1950 and 1954, 25 patients with pemphigus were treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital with either ACTH, cortisone or prednisone. All have been followed to the time of this report, October 1, 1955, or to the time of death. The results obtained and experiences gained are presented.Review of the LiteratureAlthough the beneficial effects of ACTH and the corticosteroids on pemphigus are now generally known, only a few follow-up studies of patients with pemphigus thus treated have been published.1 2 3 4 Reymann and Søbye,1 in 1954, reported on 12 patients followed for three years. Eight of the patients had pemphigus . . .
T cell lessons from the RA synovium SCID mouse model: synovial tissue rich in CD3 T cells lacks response to CTLA4-Ig, but is successfully treated with anti-IL-17 antibodies
Authors: M. I. Koenders, R. J. Marijnissen, S. Abdollahi-Roodsaz, F. E. D. Padova, A. H. Boots, W. B. van den Berg
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Target discovery and drug development is a very time consuming and expensive process, which is partly due to the fact that preclinical findings from animal models cannot always be translated to the clinical situation. To provide an intermediate step between classical arthritis models and clinical trials, the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model is a valuable tool during preclinical research. <h3>Objective</h3> First, the validity of this humanised mouse model was studied using anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and anti-interleukin 1 (anti-IL-1) treatment. In addition, the direct effect of T and B cell-related therapies on the transplanted RA synovial tissue was investigated. <h3>Methods</h3> SCID-CB17 mice were engrafted with two standardised pieces of human RA synovial tissue subcutaneously on the back. After an engraftment period of 7 days, mice were systemically treated with anti-TNF, anti-IL-1, anti-IL-17, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4)-Ig, anti-CD20 or isotype controls. As readout, serum levels of human cytokines and chemokines were analysed, and synovial grafts were isolated for histological analysis. <h3>Results</h3> Validation of the model with anti-TNF treatment significantly reduced serum levels of hIL-6 and hIL-8, and histological analysis demonstrated a clear reduction in inflammation and suppressed local expression of TNF and IL-1 in the synovium. As could be expected from the outcome of clinical trials, anti-IL-1 therapy did not show any effect on the RA synovial grafts. The potential of this RA SCID model for B and T cell-related therapies was investigated using anti-CD20, anti-IL-17 and CTLA4-Ig. In mice engrafted with B cell-rich synovial tissue, anti-CD20 treatment significantly reduced serum cytokine levels and histological scores. Also for anti-IL-17 treatment great therapeutic potential was observed, but only when CD3 T cells were abundantly present in the RA synovial tissue. Surprisingly, CTLA4-Ig treatment did not show any effects in this transplantation model, even despite prescreening of the synovial tissue for the presence of CD3 T cells and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86. This finding suggests that to reach clinical effects CTLA4-Ig predominantly acts systemically on the immune system, and not directly on the local T cell activation in the arthritic joint. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This human RA synovium SCID mouse model enabled them to show that CTLA4-Ig lacks direct effects on T cell activation processes in the synovial tissue. Further evidence was obtained that IL-17 might indeed be an interesting therapeutic target in RA patients with CD3-rich synovial tissue. Further characterisation of the RA patients9 individual synovial profile is of great importance to achieve tailor-made therapy.
Statistics in Medicine: Calculating confidence intervals for relative risks (odds ratios) and standardised ratios and rates
Authors: J. A Morris, M. J Gardner
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Gardner and Alunan explained the rationale for using estimation and confidence intervals in making inferences from analytical studies and described their calculation for means or proportions and their differences.1 In this paper we present methods for calculating confidence intervals for other common statistics obtained from medical investigations. The techniques for obtaining confidence intervals for estimates of relative risk are described. These can come either from an incidence study, where, for example, the frequency of a congenital malformation at birth is compared in two defined groups of mothers, or from a case-control study, where a group of patients with the disease of interest (the cases) is compared with another group of people without the disease (the controls). The methods of obtaining confidence intervals for standardised disease ratios and rates in studies of incidence, prevalence, and mortality are described. Such rates and ratios are commonly calculated to enable appropriate comparisons to be made between study groups after adjustment for confounding factors like age and sex. The most frequently used standardised indices are the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) and the standardised mortality ratio (SMR). A worked example is included for each method. The calculations have been carried out to full arithmetical precision, as is recom? mended practice,2 although intermediate steps are shown as rounded results. Some of the methods given in this paper are large sample approximations and are not reliable for studies with fewer than about 20 cases. Appropriate design principles for these types of study have to be adhered to since confidence intervals convey only the effects of sampling variation on the precision of the estimated statistics and cannot control for other errors such as biases due to the selection of inappropriate controls or in the methods of collecting the data.