tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION ON EXOGENOUS STAPHYLOCOCCAL AND ENDOGENOUS MURINE BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE BRONCHOPULMONARY TISSUES OF MICE
Authors: Thomas F. Sellers, Jerome Schulman, Claude Bouvier, Robert McCune, Edwin D. Kilbourne
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

Mice infected with a non-mouse-adapted Asian strain of influenza A virus suffered an impaired capacity to destroy or remove staphylococci introduced by the respiratory route. This temporary inhibition of local defense mechanisms was of 7 to 10 days' duration. The persistence of staphylococci in the lung following influenza did not appear to alter the nature of the pathologic reaction to influenza virus. The presence of influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract of the mouse did not alter the fate of intravenous staphylococci in the lung or other organs. In 40 to 50 per cent of mice with influenza, purulent bronchopneumonia and infection with Pasteurella and Hemophilus of murine origin were noted. A minority of control animals evidenced such infection. The administration of antimicrobials to which the murine bacteria were susceptible prevented both the appearance of the endogenous infection with Pasteurella or Hemophilus and the purulent sequelae to influenza virus infection. The true picture of uncomplicated bronchopulmonary influenza virus infection was thus separated from the combined virus-bacteria effect otherwise encountered.
Role of NADPH Oxidase in Endothelial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Humans
Authors: Stavros P. Loukogeorgakis, Merlijn J. van den Berg, Reecha Sofat, Dorothea Nitsch, Marietta Charakida, Bu’Hussein Haiyee, Eric de Groot, Raymond J. MacAllister, Taco W. Kuijpers, John E. Deanfield
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. Recent studies suggest that NADPH oxidase may be a source of ROS during IR. Using an in vivo model of endothelial IR injury in the arm, we compared the response to IR in healthy volunteers with that in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. These patients have a molecular lesion in a subunit of NADPH oxidase that renders the enzyme inactive.Flow-mediated dilatation was used to assess endothelial function in patients with X-linked (NOX2) or autosomal (p47) chronic granulomatous disease. IR injury was induced by 20 minutes of upper limb ischemia followed by reperfusion. Flow-mediated dilatation was determined before IR and after 20 minutes of reperfusion. The response to IR in chronic granulomatous disease patients was compared with that in age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Flow-mediated dilatation was expressed as mean and compared statistically with mixed linear models. IR caused a significant reduction in flow-mediated dilatation in control subjects (-5.1%; 95% confidence interval, 6.3 to 3.%; P<0.001; n=11). IR had no effect on endothelial function in NOX2-chronic granulomatous disease patients (-0.9; 95% confidence interval, -2.1 to 0.3; P=0.12; n=11). Similarly, IR-induced reduction in flow-mediated dilatation was not observed in p47-chronic granulomatous disease patients (-1.5%; 95% confidence interval, -3.1 to 0.2; P=0.08; n=6) in contrast to healthy control subjects (-6.5%; 95% confidence interval, -8.2 to -4.9%; P<0.001; n=6).These data indicate, for the first time in humans in vivo, that reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase are determinants of endothelial function after IR injury in humans. These findings have implications for the design of strategies to limit clinical IR injury.
A Simple Procedure for General Screening for Functional Disability in Elderly Patients
Authors: Mark S. Lachs
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

We propose a short, simple approach that can be used by general internists to routinely screen the functional status of elderly patients in office practice. The approach relies on checking a limited number of targets that are commonly dysfunctional but often unappreciated when conventional histories and physical examinations are done for elderly patients. The new focus is on carefully selected tests of vision, hearing, arm and leg function, urinary incontinence, mental status, instrumental and basic activities of daily living, environmental hazards, and social support systems. Brief questions and easily observed tasks are used to obtain the information needed for a suitable, effective screening while minimizing the time for administration. The approach can be incorporated into routine practice if certain relatively unproductive procedures are eliminated from the routine clinical examination, and particularly if internists are suitably compensated for the additional time.
Volvulus of the Gall Bladder Associated with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Richard M. Marks, Charles G. Shedd, Allen W. Locke
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

VOLVULUS of the gall bladder is rare enough to be noteworthy. Owing to the diagnostic difficulties presented when it was associated with acute myocardial infarction, we consider the following case of general interest.Case ReportMrs. M. M. (N.-W.H. 53–8390), a 79-year-old widow, was admitted to the hospital with the chief complaints of vomiting, pain in the anterior aspect of the chest and right-upper-quadrant pain of about 6 hours' duration.The history of the present illness dated back many years. She had placed herself on severe dietary restrictions because most foods caused eructation and severe indigestion, for which she obtained . . .
How to STATE suitability and START transarterial chemoembolization in patients with intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Florian Hucke, Matthias Pinter, Ivo Graziadei, Simona Bota, Wolfgang Vogel, Christian Müller, Harald Heinzl, Fredrik Waneck, Michael Trauner, Markus Peck-Radosavljevic, Wolfgang Sieghart
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISMS OF HYPERSENSITIVITY PHENOMENA
Authors: Lawrence M. Lichtenstein, Abraham G. Osler
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1964)

Human leukocytes, isolated from the blood of ragweed-sensitive donors, release histamine upon reaction with a purified protein antigen derived from this pollen. The release process has been studied with washed cells suspended in a defined, serum-free medium. Physiologic levels of pH, ionic strength, and temperature, as well as both calcium and magnesium, are required for optimal cellular reactivity. The level of cellular sensitivity of approximately 200 ragweed-sensitive donors has been ascertained, and the kinetics of the release process studied. The rate of histamine release is a function of antigen concentration, but even with a large excess of this reagent it is impossible to abolish a lag phase. Chelation of the divalent cations or a decrease in the reaction temperature may be utilized to stop the reaction. These measures are effective both before and after the initiation of histamine release. Diminished cellular reactivity (desensitization) has been achieved by several procedures. These have in common the addition of antigen to cells in an environment deficient in but a single respect, followed by a restoration of optimal conditions. The significance of these data has been discussed and it has been proposed that immunologically induced histamine release is an active, enzymatically mediated process which occurs as a multistep response of viable cells to a specific antigenic stimulus.
Routine Induction of Labour by Amniotomy and Simultaneous Syntocinon (Synthetic Oxytocin) Infusion
Authors: M. E. Pawson, S. C. Simmons
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Of 2,272 deliveries between 1 October, 1967 and 31 December, 1968 290 were induced by simultaneous intravenous Syntocinon (synthetic oxytocin) at amniotomy. The hazards of induction of labour are greatly reduced when this method is used routinely. Only 4 of the 13 caesarean sections were thought to be due to failure of method. Within 12 hours 221 patients were delivered, and this short induction-delivery interval resulted in an extremely low maternal and fetal morbidity. It is believed that with proper safeguards and in the light of present knowledge this is the method of choice.
Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush.
Authors: E Monsó, J Ruiz, A Rosell, J Manterola, J Fiz, J Morera, V Ausina
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The lower airways of asymptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients can be colonized by bacteria, mainly Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. However, the role of lower airway bacteria in stable and exacerbated COPD has not been well defined. To determine the importance of lower airway bacterial infection in COPD we studied 40 outpatients with stable COPD (Group A: age 61.1 +/- 9.9 yr; [mean +/- SD]; FEV1/FVC 51.7 +/- 12.5) and 29 outpatients with exacerbated COPD (Group B: age 63.4, SD 9.0 yr; FEV1/FVC 52.0, SD 9.6), using the protected specimen brush (PSB) for microbiology sampling. Group A consisted of outpatients with stable COPD having normal or near-normal chest X-rays, with clinical indications for performing fiber-bronchoscopy (pulmonary nodule, remote hemoptysis); Group B consisted of patients with exacerbated COPD who voluntarily accepted lower airway microbiology sampling. To avoid contamination by upper airway flora the PSB was used for bacterial sampling in all the cases and concentrations > or = 1,000 colony-forming units/milliliter (CFU/ml) were considered positive. Results were as follows: Group A: Lung function data in outpatients with stable COPD were lower than the reference values for this population (FVC 2.97 +/- 1.02 L, FVC% 71.4 +/- 22.4, FEV1 1.59 +/- 0.79 L, FEV1% 51.2 +/- 23.0). Positive PSB cultures were obtained in 10 of 40 cases (25%), mainly of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. Two of 40 cases had positive cultures at concentrations > or = 10,000 CFU/ml (5.0%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Letter: High-dose frusemide in renal failure.
Authors: D Ganeval, D Kleinknecht, L A Gonzales-Duque
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Lastly, we must point out that when hyperthermia is given together with cytotoxic drugs, as is current practice in Edinburgh, the combined treatment is associated with a definite mortality.It therefore appears to us that further controlled studies and consid_rably more data are required before hyperthermia can be accepted as having a significant role to play in cancer management.-We are, etc.,
Abstract 2517: Pharmacodynamic biomarkers for ARQ 736, a small molecule BRAF inhibitor
Authors: Yi Yu, Xiaolan Zhao, Xiubin Gu, Edward Chang, Laura Cousens, Erin Chiesa, Deirdre Lowe, Yanbin Liu, Cathy O. Bull, Carol G. Waghorne, Thomas C.K. Chan
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The MAPK/ERK pathway is a cascade of serine/threonine protein kinases activated by various extracellular factors to control cell growth, differentiation, migration and death. A number of somatic mutations occur that lead to constitutive activation of this pathway in multiple human cancers. BRAF mutations were detected in over 60% of melanomas and may account for a significant proportion of colon cancer patients whose tumors are resistant to anti-EGFR therapy. ARQ 736 is a novel inhibitor of BRAF and is selectively potent in killing cancer cell lines harboring at least one mutated BRAF allele. The objective of this study is to identify potential protein biomarkers for use in connection with ARQ 736 treatment. A number of proteins released by BRAF (V600E) mutant A375 human melanoma cells into conditioned media detected by antibody arrays (R&amp;D human angiogenesis array ARY007 and human cytokine array ARY005) are reduced following exposure to ARQ 736. These effects were not seen in the ARQ 736-resistant cell line DLD1, a k-ras mutant colon carcinoma line. Potential protein biomarkers identified include GM-CSF, Serpin E1, VEGF, amphiregulin, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, pentraxin-3 and IL-8. To investigate whether changes in secreted proteins observed in vitro in response to ARQ 736 treatment could be recapitulated in vivo, a similar analysis of plasma was performed at the termination of an A375 human tumor xenograft study. In this study, ARQ 736 administered intraperitoneally at 300 mg/kg on a Q1Dx13 schedule resulted in a 54% inhibition of growth of A375 human melanoma tumor xenografts. Constant administration of ARQ 736 by Alzet osmotic mini-pumps resulted in a 77% inhibition of tumor growth. Pharmacodynamic evidence of BRAF inhibition by ARQ 736 was demonstrated by a reduction in p-ERK staining of tumors via immunohistochemistry. Plasma from the ARQ 736 treated mice showed a reduction in human angiogenesis and cytokine related proteins relative to the control group. These include GM-SCF, Serpin E1, sICAM, and IL-8. The markedly reduced plasma IL-8 levels in response to ARQ 736 treatment detected by the antibody array were subsequently confirmed with a quantitative ELISA for human IL-8 (6-8 fold reduction). These results provide a basis for future clinical biomarker studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2517.
Dual atrioventricular nodal pathways: a common electrophysiologic response in children.
Authors: M K Thapar, P C Gillette
Journal: Circulation (1979)

Electrophysiologic investigation was performed on 61 children and young adults during evaluation of either cardiac dysrhythmia or pre- or postoperative congenital heart disease. The results of these studies were reviewed retrospectively to determine if longitudinal dissociation of the atrioventricular node (AVN) was present. Dual AVN pathways were detected by the atrial extrastimulus technique, using His bundle electrograms. A discontinuous H1H2 response curve indicated the presence of dual AVN pathways. There was a higher incidence of dual AVN pathways in patients with clinically evident paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) than in those without PSVT. Dual AVN pathways were equally prevalent in children with corrected and uncorrected congenital cardiac defects.
Meralgia Paresthetica and Tight Trousers
Authors: J. R. Boyce
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Pressure on any sensory nerve can cause pain and paresthesia in its area of distribution. The carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common, but nerves other than the median can be involved. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve can be compressed particularly as it passes under Poupart's ligament, leading to pain and paresthesia in the lateral aspect of the thigh.<sup>1</sup>I have seen this problem in a number of truck drivers, most of whom were obese and wore tight-fitting denim jeans. It was apparent during consultations that the tight inguinal crease of their jeans was exerting considerable pressure, possibly aggravating a compressed lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. A number of truck drivers who consented to wearing loose-fitting trousers, albeit less fashionable, had notable improvement of their symptoms. The long hours behind the wheel, with the hips flexed (particularly the right as it controls the accelerator pedal) in conjunction
Empirical Evaluation of Very Large Treatment Effects of Medical Interventions
Authors: Tiago V. Pereira, Ralph I. Horwitz, John P. A. Ioannidis
Journal: JAMA (2012)

<h3>Context</h3>Most medical interventions have modest effects, but occasionally some clinical trials may find very large effects for benefits or harms.<h3>Objective</h3>To evaluate the frequency and features of very large effects in medicine.<h3>Data Sources</h3>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR, 2010, issue 7).<h3>Study Selection</h3>We separated all binary-outcome CDSR forest plots with comparisons of interventions according to whether the first published trial, a subsequent trial (not the first), or no trial had a nominally statistically significant (P &lt; .05) very large effect (odds ratio [OR], ≥5). We also sampled randomly 250 topics from each group for further in-depth evaluation.<h3>Data Extraction</h3>We assessed the types of treatments and outcomes in trials with very large effects, examined how often large-effect trials were followed up by other trials on the same topic, and how these effects compared against the effects of the respective meta-analyses.<h3>Results</h3>Among 85 002 forest plots (from 3082 reviews), 8239 (9.7%) had a significant very large effect in the first published trial, 5158 (6.1%) only after the first published trial, and 71 605 (84.2%) had no trials with significant very large effects. Nominally significant very large effects typically appeared in small trials with median number of events: 18 in first trials and 15 in subsequent trials. Topics with very large effects were less likely than other topics to address mortality (3.6% in first trials, 3.2% in subsequent trials, and 11.6% in no trials with significant very large effects) and were more likely to address laboratory-defined efficacy (10% in first trials,10.8% in subsequent, and 3.2% in no trials with significant very large effects). First trials with very large effects were as likely as trials with no very large effects to have subsequent published trials. Ninety percent and 98% of the very large effects observed in first and subsequently published trials, respectively, became smaller in meta-analyses that included other trials; the median odds ratio decreased from 11.88 to 4.20 for first trials, and from 10.02 to 2.60 for subsequent trials. For 46 of the 500 selected topics (9.2%; first and subsequent trials) with a very large-effect trial, the meta-analysis maintained very large effects with P &lt; .001 when additional trials were included, but none pertained to mortality-related outcomes. Across the whole CDSR, there was only 1 intervention with large beneficial effects on mortality, P &lt; .001, and no major concerns about the quality of the evidence (for a trial on extracorporeal oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in newborns).<h3>Conclusions</h3>Most large treatment effects emerge from small studies, and when additional trials are performed, the effect sizes become typically much smaller. Well-validated large effects are uncommon and pertain to nonfatal outcomes.
Bed blocking in Bromley.
Authors: J Coid, P Crome
Journal: BMJ (1986)

A point prevalence survey of all acute beds in the Bromley district found that more than one in 10 patients were classified by their doctors as bed blockers (one in five in the medical wards). There were appreciable clinical and demographic differences distinguishing bed blockers from patients whose stay had been prolonged and who were judged as still requiring acute beds. Social and administrative problems also contributed to bed blocking so that further action by geriatricians, psychogeriatricians, and social workers was required to reduce the numbers. A substantial proportion of bed blockers, however, were highly dependent and could be transferred only to long stay wards or nursing homes. Bed blocking seems inevitable in wards that are attempting to cope with the steadily increasing proportion of elderly patients according to traditional models of acute care.
Fat Chance
Authors: Roger Sherwin
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The findings of Gillman et al<sup>1</sup>reported in this issue of<i>THE JOURNAL</i>that lower levels of dietary fat are associated with a higher risk of ischemci stroke among men in the Framingham Heart Study are certainly intriguing and probably important. Although the same association has been observed in Asian<sup>2</sup>and Asian American populations,<sup>3</sup>this is the first such demonstration among Caucasians in a cohort study. Because lower levels of dietary fat lead to lower levels of blood cholesterol, the first instinct is to think of blood cholesterol as the mediating factor. It is true that very low levels of blood cholesterol have been consistently associated with hemorrhagic stroke.<sup>4</sup>However, the findings of Gillman et al<sup>1</sup>relate to ischemic stroke and persist after adjustment for blood cholesterol; this suggests that blood cholesterol is not part ofthe causal chain, if indeed there is a causal chain.
Illinois governor finally signs bill outlawing death penalty
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Although the brain functions of specific acetyltransferases such as the CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 have been well documented using mutant transgenic mice models, studies based on their direct pharmacological activation are still missing due to the lack of cell-permeable activators. Here we present a small-molecule (TTK21) activator of the histone acetyltransferases CBP/p300, which, when conjugated to glucose-based carbon nanosphere (CSP), passed the blood–brain barrier, induced no toxicity, and reached different parts of the brain. After intraperitoneal administration in mice, CSP-TTK21 significantly acetylated histones in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Remarkably, CSP-TTK21 treatment promoted the formation of long and highly branched doublecortin-positive neurons in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and reduced BrdU incorporation, suggesting that CBP/p300 activation favors maturation and differentiation of adult neuronal progenitors. In addition, mRNA levels of the neuroD1 differentiation marker and BDNF, a neurotrophin required for the terminal differentiation of newly generated neurons, were both increased in the hippocampus concomitantly with an enrichment of acetylated-histone on their proximal promoter. Finally, we found that CBP/p300 activation during a spatial training, while not improving retention of a recent memory, resulted in a significant extension of memory duration. This report is the first evidence for CBP/p300-mediated histone acetylation in the brain by an activator molecule, which has beneficial implications for the brain functions of adult neurogenesis and long-term memory. We propose that direct stimulation of acetyltransferase function could be useful in terms of therapeutic options for brain diseases.
The Caloric Cost of Running
Authors: Bruce S. Harger
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The purpose of this article is to present a table of caloric expenditure values for running that can be used to augment diet control plans. These values allow the individual to include both energy input and output in his reduction program, thereby increasing the accuracy of obtaining a negative caloric balance. The values were obtained from a formula based on the linear relationship of running speed and energy cost. The data highlight the relatively small caloric expenditure experienced in short bouts of exercise, but it is important to include this contribution in most weight reduction programs. (<i>JAMA</i>228:482-483, 1974)