tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A GENETIC STUDY OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS IN MICE INFECTED WITH MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Clara J. Lynch, Cynthia H. Pierce-Chase, Rene Dubos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

A study has been made of the genetic aspects of the difference between two inbred strains of mice (C57B1/6 and Swiss) in response to experimental infection with mammalian tubercle bacilli. Males and females, 4 to 6 weeks of age were inoculated intravenously with 0.2 ml of a 1/50 culture dilution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (Vallée strain) grown in tween albumin medium. Mean survival time for C57B1 animals was 28.1 ± 0.6 days and for Swiss, 55.3 ± 0.6 days postinfection. The characteristic survival time of the two strains was reversed in mice receiving a smaller infective dose. The age of mice at the time of inoculation also affected the results of infection: both C57B1 and Swiss, inoculated at 12 months of age, died at the same rate, but when inoculated at older ages, C57B1 survived slightly longer. Bacteriologic studies demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the two mouse strains with regard to the numbers of viable units of tubercle bacilli recovered from various organs during the 2 week period following infection with a 10–3 culture dilution of Vallée. Moreover, the standard infective inoculum (1/50 culture dilution) did not activate corynebacterial pseudotuberculosis in C57B1 mice, a strain known to be latently infected with Corynebacterium kutscheri, rapid multiplication of tubercle bacilli occurred, but no corynebacteria were recovered. When C57B1 and Swiss strains were crossed, survival tests after infection with the standard inoculum demonstrated that mice of the F1 generation were more resistant than either parent. Whether the overdominance was due to a new combination of parental genes for resistance or to heterosis was not determined. The increased litter size of the F1 mice, an evidence of increased vigor, supports the view that heterosis was involved. In backcrosses to the resistant strain (Swiss), survival time gradually became stabilized at approximately the parental level. In the 1st backcross to the susceptible strain (C57B1), survival times fell into two classes indicating segregation of genes, with perhaps dominance of genes from the Swiss. After repeated backcrosses to C57B1, mice of the 4th backcross generation had a survival time essentially the same as that of the original parental strain. On the basis of having obtained progeny characterized by the original parental susceptibilities after genetic tendencies had been intermingled by crossbreeding, it was concluded that hereditary factors influenced the response of mice to experimental infection with M. tuberculosis. The number of genes was not determined.
Colorectal Cancer Detection-Reply
Authors: John E. Kurnick
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I appreciate Dr Kristein's interest in our article. He is correct that the specificity of Hemoccult slide testing for colorectal cancer in our experience was 98%. This of course does not mean that 98% of those with positive results from the Hemoccult slides had cancer; only 7.5% did. It does mean that among patients without cancer, the test yielded a truenegative rate of 98%. The question of sensitivity depends on the denominator. Although four stool specimens were requested of all participants, only nine of the 16 cancer patients submitted four and one submitted none. We reported a 40% failure rate, ie, a 60% sensitivity, in that only nine of the 15 cancer patients submitting one or more stool specimens had at least one positive test result. If one excludes as improperly tested all who submitted fewer than four stool specimens, the sensitivity would have been six positive results
Bones, Stones and Hormones: The Contributions of Fuller Albright
Authors: Lloyd Axelrod
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

THE student speaker at the meeting of the Boylston Society of Harvard Medical School on October 19, 1923, was Fuller Albright, a fourth-year student. His discusser was Dr. Joseph C. Aub, of the Massachusetts General Hospital. The minutes of the meeting tell us this:Paper read by Mr. Albright on "The Physiology and Physiological Pathology of Calcium." Discussion opened by Dr. Aub. Dr. Aub explained some of the difficulty in study of calcium. Little known of Ca metabolism. Most advance in study of metabolism in next 20 years probably will be in relation to calcium.1 Dr. Aub almost certainly did . . .
Gallstone Pancreatitis
Authors: David J. Worhunsky, Brendan C. Visser
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

Hwang and colleagues1 offer an interesting look into the management of gallstone pancreatitis through the lens of an integrated health care system, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. The Kaiser system (compared with other insurance plans or hospitals) offers a unique opportunity to study this issue. They have a largely closed system offering synchronized care among various health care providers, and fewer patients move in and out of their umbrella of care. Thus, the article by Hwang et al is an important addition to the current literature suggesting that the recurrence of gallstone pancreatitis is all too common.2 Their data also suggest that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) during the index admission in patients who do not undergo cholecystectomy may be beneficial in preventing recurrent disease. In their cohort of 1119 patients who did not undergo cholecystectomy, 14.6% developed recurrent gallstone pancreatitis and 11.0% developed other issues related to gallstone disease. In patients who underwent ERCP, there was a 50% reduction in recurrent gallstone pancreatitis. Nonetheless, the risk of recurrence after ERCP remains elevated when compared with patients who underwent cholecystectomy (8.2% vs 5.4%, respectively). Accordingly, we agree with the authors that ERCP for the “definitive” management of gallstone pancreatitis3 should still be reserved for patients with a strong contraindication to surgery. This article also highlightswhatwe view as an even bigger problem: the significant proportion of patients (nearly 40% in thisstudy)whostilldonotundergocholecystectomyduringthe index hospitalization, including 20%who never go on to cholecystectomy. This problem is surely not unique to the Kaiser Permanente system,but rather ispervasive (andmaybeworse) throughout most hospitals. We fear that although some patientsdonotproceed to cholecystectomyowing to clinical factorsorpersonalpreference, in toomanycases theobstaclemay simply be convenience or the packed operating room schedule.Evenintervalcholecystectomyfollowingmildgallstonepancreatitis is associatedwith higher rates of recurrence and thus readmission.4 Inan increasinglycost-consciousandoutcomesdrivenhealth care environment, the importanceof thesemanagement decisions cannot be overlooked. Moreover, recent literature5has suggested thateven the inhospital “cooling-off”period isunnecessary.Patientswithmild gallstone pancreatitis can, in fact, safely undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomywithin24 to48hours regardlessof the resolution of abdominal pain or abnormal laboratory findings.Endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreatographyshould infrequently enter the algorithm for the management of mild gallstone pancreatitis: in patientswith concomitant cholangitis, theuncommon retained stone, or extensive comorbidities precluding surgery. Evidence-based practice for the managementofmildgallstonepancreatitismust includeearly involvement of the surgeon leading to timely cholecystectomy.
Neonatal lupus erythematosus in four successive siblings born to a mother with discoid lupus erythematosus
Authors: D.J. GAWKRODGER, G.W. BEVERIDGE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Journal Article Neonatal lupus erythematosus in four successive siblings born to a mother with discoid lupus erythematosus Get access D.J. GAWKRODGER, D.J. GAWKRODGER Department of Dermatology, University of Edinburgh, The Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, U.K. D.J.Gawkrodger. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G.W. BEVERIDGE G.W. BEVERIDGE Department of Dermatology, University of Edinburgh, The Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 111, Issue 6, 1 December 1984, Pages 683–687, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb14151.x Published: 01 December 1984 Article history Accepted: 01 May 1984 Published: 01 December 1984
The portocardiorenal axis and refractory ascites: The underfilled cup runneth over
Authors: Charles L. Witte, Marlys H. Witte
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Plasma immunoreactive alpha-human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was measured in six cirrhotic patients with massive refractory ascites, under strict metabolic conditions, while they were receiving a 20-meq sodium diet, both before and at two-hour intervals for eight hours following peritoneovenous shunting (PVS). The mean preoperative level of ANP was 75±18pg/ml, which was found to be significantly higher than the normal range for this laboratory *8 to 24pg/ml) (p&lt;0.05). This value was also significantly higher than the value of 21±5pg/ml (p&lt;0.05) obtained in six patients with cirrhosis but without ascites. Following shunt insertion, an immediate natriuresis and diuresis were observed in five of the six cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. In these five, right atrial pressure and ANP rose immediately, followed by a rise in the level of urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate. The sixth subject had a delayed rise in right atrial pressure, and correspondingly the rise in ANP, the diuresis, and natriuresis were with changes in right atrial pressure (p&lt;0.05), urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate (p&lt;0.05), urinary sodium excretion (p&lt;0.05), and urine volume (p&lt;0.05). These results suggest that ANP may be important in mediating the acute response to PVS. Human atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) levels were measured before and after peritoneovenous shunt implantation in 10 cirrhotic patients with ascites in whom sodium retention is a major clinical problem. The mean preoperative plasma level of ANF was 82ng/L (normal range, 5-80ng/L). Peritoneovenous shunting resulted in a significant rise in plasma ANF to 308ng/L (&lt;0.0025) immediately after operation. This was followed by a constant fall until the seventh postoperative day, when mean plasma ANF was still significantly elevated (149ng/L) compared with the preoperative value (p&lt;0.01). Three months after shunt implantation mean plasma ANF had returned to the preoperative level (75ng/L). Mean sodium excretion increased from 2.6mEq/h peoperatively to 10.2mEq/h at the second postoperative day (p&lt;0.025). No direct relationship was noted between changes in plasma ANF level and changes in urinary sodium excretion after shunt implantation. These data demonstrate that intact ANF release response to intravascular volume expansion in cirrhotic patients with ascites, but exclude ANF as the diminished natriuretic factor as proposed by the overflow theory of ascites formation. Sodium excretion and fluid retention seem to be the result of vascular underfill and fluid maldistribution, and hormonal changes are likely to be secondary to them.
A NOTE ON PALMAR ERYTHEMA (SO-CALLED LIVER PALMS)
Authors: George A. Perera
Journal: JAMA (1942)

A palmar erythema has been occasionally noted by clinicians or mentioned because of its association with Laennec's cirrhosis 1 but has never been adequately described. This not uncommon lesion consists of a symmetrical, erythematous, capillary and arteriolar dilatation involving the eminences of the palms and the digits of the hands, rarely the soles, at times extending over the fingertips to the nailbeds and lateral distal phalanges. It may exist in all gradations from a diffuse or blotchy redness to multiple small telangiectatic areas but is characteristically well demarcated and limited to the sites mentioned. In its milder stages the palmar eminences may be involved without digital erythema.  A review of 30 patients who presented this disorder revealed that it was encountered most frequently in cirrhosis (5 of 20 consecutive patients admitted with this diagnosis had palmar erythema) but also in chronic diseases of the alimentary tract such as ulcer, colitis
USE OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN ANESTHESIA
Authors: Ralph M. Waters
Journal: JAMA (1933)

ABSTRACT To the Editor: —I am wondering whether your reply to a question as to the toxicity of carbon dioxide in Queries and Minor Notes (The Journal, February 18, p. 519) is entirely safe. In 1829, Hickman reported experiments in which he had put animals into a state of unconsciousness during which they were insensitive to surgical trauma, by exposure to the gas evolved when sulphuric acid was added to carbonate of lime. Paul Bert (La pression barometrique, Paris, 1878) wrote: Small animals exposed to varying percentages of carbon dioxide in the presence of 'ample oxygen' do not die until concentrations of 30 per cent are reached. Haldane and Smith (The Physiological Effects of Air Vitiated by Respiration, J. Path. & Bact.1: 168, 1892) reported that human subjects exposed to 10 per cent carbon dioxide in the presence of ample oxygen became stupefied. In his book on Respiration (1921), Haldane
Limitations of Metachromasia as a Diagnostic Aid in Pediatrics
Authors: Kutay Taysi, Mildred L. Kistenmacher, Hope H. Punnett, William J. Mellman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

ETACHROMATIC staining of cultured skin fibroblasts has been suggested as a means of identifying both heterozygous carriers and affected persons with various genetically determined diseases. Metachromasia was first described as a specific expression of the gene for various mucopolysaccharidoses,1 , 2 later for cystic fibrosis of the pancreas,3 and subsequently for several other rare, inherited disorders.4 5 6 7 8 Becently, Danes and Bearn7 have emphasized their opinion that "cellular metachromasia is primarily a screening procedure which should be followed by additional morphological and chemical studies."7 We have studied the technic of staining skin fibroblast cells for metachromasia in the cytogenetic laboratories of two children's hospitals . . .
Expression of the CXCR3 ligand I-TAC by hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis C and its correlation with hepatic inflammation
Authors: Karla J. Helbig, Andrew Ruszkiewicz, Ljiljana Semendric, Hugh A.J. Harley, Shaun R. McColl, Michael R. Beard
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

The factors that regulate lymphocyte traffic in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) are not completely defined. Interferon (IFN)-inducible T cell α chemoattractant (I-TAC) is a relatively new member of the CXCR3 chemokine ligand family that selectively recruits activated T cells to sites of inflammation. To determine if I-TAC plays a role in CHC, we investigated I-TAC expression in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected liver biopsy material. I-TAC messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were significantly increased in HCV-infected liver compared with normal liver, which correlated with both portal and lobular inflammation. I-TAC expression was localized to hepatocytes throughout the liver lobule, with those in close proximity to active areas of inflammation expressing the highest concentration of I-TAC. In vitro , I-TAC mRNA and protein expression was inducible in Huh-7 cells following either IFN-α or -γ stimulation and synergistically with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Furthermore, transfection of Huh-7 cells with either poly(I:C) or HCV RNA representing the HCV subgenomic replicon induced I-TAC mRNA expression. HCV replication was also found to modulate I-TAC expression, with stimulation of Huh-7 cells harboring either the HCV subgenomic or genomic replicon showing significantly increased synergistic effects compared with those previously seen in Huh-7 cells alone with IFN-γ and TNF-α. In conclusion, these results suggest I-TAC, one of the most potent chemoattractants for activated T cells, is produced by hepatocytes in the HCV-infected liver and plays an important role in T cell recruitment and ultimately the pathogenesis of CHC. (Hepatology 2004;39:1220-1229.)
Work in Hot Weather
Authors: Harwood S. Belding
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

MAN'S physiologic capacities for dealing with heat stress are so much better developed than those for cold that he must be classed as a tropical animal. Nevertheless, hot weather imposes extra strains on the cardiovascular system and on the water and salt economies of the body, in addition to those ordinarily accompanying the same activity under temperate conditions.The title is not intended to imply that work in the heat is more harmful than inactivity. Indeed, a spurious case might be made that inactivity is more dangerous. A report from Kansas after the Midwestern heat wave of 1934 placed 249 . . .
Effect of timolol versus propranolol on hypertension and hemodynamics.
Authors: W S Aronow, J Ferlinz, M Del Vicario, K Moorthy, J King, J Cassidy
Journal: Circulation (1976)

The effect of timolol versus propranolol on hypertension, hemodynamics, and plasms renin activity was evaluated in 20 men. After two weeks of placebo, 11 men received timolol 30 to 60 mg daily, and nine men received propranolol, 240 to 480 mg daily, for five weeks in a double-blind randomized study. The 20 men then received placebo again for two weeks. Right heart catheterization was performed in all 20 patients after two weeks of the first placebo and after five weeks of timolol or propranolol. Equipotent doses of timolol and propranolol were equally effective in significantly lowering supine and upright systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate recorded on an outpatient basis. Equipotent doses of timolol and propranolol caused similar hemodynamic effects including similar significant depression of cardiac index. Equipotent doses of timolol and propranolol caused similar marked depression of plasma renin activity. The hypotensive action of timolol and of propranolol was unrelated to their effect on plasma renin activity.
Aspirin and Secondary Prevention in Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Mary McGrae McDermott, Michael H. Criqui
Journal: JAMA (2009)

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More experienced doctors incur lower treatment costs, finds study
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Doctors in Massachusetts with the least experience incurred 13.2% greater costs for treating patients than their most senior counterparts, shows an analysis by the RAND Corporation that appeared in Health Affairs .1 The findings applied across diseases and medical specialties.

The study looked at anonymised insurance claims records for 1.13 million patients aged 18-65 years who were enrolled in one of four commercial health plans in Massachusetts in 2004-5, before the implementation of major healthcare changes in the state. It matched the records with 12 116 doctors, who were stratified into five groups according to …
Health effects of organophosphate sheep dips.
Authors: J. N. Forbat, J. D. Skehan
Journal: BMJ (1992)

tection should be available in time for the dipping season next year.General practitioners in rural areas can help by impressing on patients the importance of following the safety advice on the labels of all farm chemicals, including sheep dips, whether they contain organophosphates or not.Occasional reports are received of patients sus- pected to be suffering long term, recurrent effects from use of organophosphate sheep dips.Such effects do not equate with the known symptoms due to organophosphates used in sheep dips in Britain.The vague, flu-like symptoms of organophosphate poisoning resemble those of several zoonotic diseases (leptospirosis, brucellosis) en- countered in farm livestock.Awareness of the possibility of zoonotic disease is essential for a doctor faced with such symptoms in a patient who is associated with a farm.
A new era has begun, but the continuity remains
Authors: J. Bousquet
Journal: Allergy (2003)

I am both happy and yet sad. Firstly, I am happy to extend a warm welcome to three new section associate editors of great scientific renown. In July of this year, Prof. Marc Humbert was appointed the new Asthma Section Associate Editor. Prof. Wytske Fokkens (Amsterdam) and Hans-Uwe Simon (Bern) will join Marc as section editors for ENT and Clinical Immunology. They all three have carried out studies which have changed the face of allergic diseases. Among many other studies, Marc has carried out critical experiments to understand non-allergic asthma. Wytske has demonstrated the links between rhinitis and asthma and Hans-Uwe showed the importance of apoptosis regulation in allergic and other immunologic diseases. Prof. Marek Kowalski, who was already Associate Editor for Clinical Immunology, will have the new task of co-ordinating innovative papers and very important studies. I am very happy that Jean Pierre Daurés from the Nimes hospital agreed to give his comments on some papers which pose statistical or methodological difficulties. Finally, Allergy should focus its interest towards young scientists and physicians and I would like to highlight the importance of Junior Members in our Journal. Secondly, I am saddened as Prof. Johansson is going to retire as Editor of Allergy. Everyone is aware that without Gunnar the field of Allergy will not be the same. He made the critical discovery that IgE is the isotype of Allergy. Few may realize that without Gunnar the Journal of EAACI, Allergy, would not be what it is today. When in 1992 Gunnar was nominated as editor, the impact factor of Allergy was 0.8. Today, it is more than three times higher. Gunnar spent hours, days, weeks and months to improve the quality and understanding of Allergy. So I would like to say to you Gunnar, thank you for your very committed time and effort concerning Allergies. I have been working closely with you during the autumn and I hope to continue to work with you in the future to address some further difficult matters. I hope that we shall continue the very effective work of Prof. Johansson and even if when I retire from this job the impact factor has not doubled, I would hope very much that the factor would continue to rise. Jean Bousquet Editor-in-Chief