tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The parvocellular vasotocin system of Japanese quail: a developmental and adult model for the study of influences of gonadal hormones on sexually differentiated and behaviorally relevant neural circuits.
Authors: Gian Carlo Panzica, Jacques Bakthazart, Marzia Pessatti, Carla Viglietti-Panzica
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Vasotocin (VT; the antidiuretic hormone of birds) is synthesized by diencephalic magnocellular neurons projecting to the neurohypophysis. A sexually dimorphic system of VT-immunoreactive (ir) parvocellular elements has been described within the male medial preoptic nucleus (POM) and the nucleus of the stria terminalis, pars medialis (BSTm). VT-ir fibers are present in many diencephalic and extradiencephalic locations, and quantitative morphometric analyses demonstrated their sexually dimorphic distribution in regions involved in the control of different aspects of reproduction. Moreover, systemic or intracerebroventricular injections of VT markedly inhibit the expression of some aspects of male sexual behavior. In adult animals, circulating levels of testosterone (T) have a profound influence on the VT immunoreactivity within BSTm, POM, and lateral septum. Castration markedly decreases the immunoreaction, whereas T-replacement therapy restores a situation similar to the intact birds. We observed no changes in gonadectomized females treated with T. These changes parallel similar changes in male copulatory behavior (not present in castrated male quail, fully expressed in castrated, T-treated males). The restoration by T of the VT immunoreactivity in castrated male quail could be fully mimicked by a treatment with estradiol (E(2)), suggesting that the aromatization of T into E(2) may play a key limiting role in both the activation of male sexual behavior and the induction of VT synthesis. This dimorphism has an organizational nature: administration of E(2) to quail embryos (a treatment that abolishes male sexual behavior) results in a dramatic decrease of the VT immunoreactivity in sexually dimorphic regions. Conversely, the inhibition of E(2) synthesis during embryonic life (a treatment that stimulates the expression of male copulatory behavior in treated females exposed in adulthood to T) results in a malelike distribution of VT immunoreactivity. The VT parvocellular system of the Japanese quail can therefore be considered an accurate marker of the sexual differentiation of brain circuits mediating copulatory behavior and could be a very sensitive indicator of the activity of estrogenlike substances on neural circuits.
PWE-084 Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 4 (SFRP4) as an epigenetic biomarker of colorectal cancer risk
Authors: H Staley, D M Bradburn, J C Mathers
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3<sup>rd</sup> most common cancer in the UK. There is a lack of robust biomarkers of CRC risk which could act as surrogate endpoints for studies investigating modifiers of CRC risk. Epigenetic changes (aberrant DNA methylation marks) in the WNT-related Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 4 (<i>SFRP4</i>), a gene whose expression is down-regulated early in CRC development, may be a potential biomarker of CRC risk. Such epigenetic changes occur early in tumorigenesis and may contribute causally to CRC progression. In addition, they may respond to diet and other lifestyle determinants of CRC risk. <h3>Methods</h3> DNA was extracted from macroscopically normal mucosal biopsies from the rectum of volunteers at a relatively lower (healthy volunteers) and higher (patients with adenomatous polyps) CRC risk in the BORICC Study. Methylation of <i>SFRP4</i> was quantified by Pyrosequencing and data were analysed by analysis of variance. <h3>Results</h3> <i>SFRP4</i> promoter methylation was quantified in 253 biopsies from lower and 96 biopsies from higher CRC risk participants. Methylation of the <i>SFRP4</i> promoter was significantly (p=0.001) greater in biopsies from those at higher CRC risk. In addition, increasing age (a strong modulator of CRC risk) was significantly (p&lt;0.001) associated with increased <i>SFRP4</i> methylation. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This study showed that <i>SFRP4</i> methylation is significantly greater in macroscopically normal rectal biopsies from those at higher CRC risk. This aberrant epigenetic mark may be causal for CRC risk and further studies are needed to investigate whether methylation of <i>SFRP4</i> is reversible by dietary and other interventions. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Sarcoidosis presenting as upper extremity venous thrombosis
Authors: A M McLaughlin
Journal: Thorax (2003)

Sleep disordered breathing in an adult with cherubismCherubism is a rare disorder with bilateral enlargement of the mandible that regresses with time.Bone degrading osteoclasts and bone building osteoblasts function abnormally causing the changes.It is an autosomal dominant condition which manifests in early childhood by the age of 2-5 years, but later regresses with time.Airway obstruction occurs due to backward displacement of the tongue affecting respiration.An 18 year old male was referred to us for snoring.On inquiry the mother reported swelling of the lower face since childhood, which had progressed to its present size.The patient had difficulty in speech, mastication, and swallowing with mental retardation.There was a history of excessive daytime somnolence, nocturia, and increased irritability during the previous few years.On examination he had characteristic features of cherubism.The lower eyelids were retracted and his oral examination revealed gingival hypertrophy with most of the upper and lower teeth embedded in the gums.The tongue was enlarged and the posterior pharyngeal wall could not be visualised.Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the mandible revealed the presence of giant cells with fibrous tissue.A diagnostic record of night time recording of respiratory variables was performed which showed the presence of snoring and an apnoea/ hypopnoea index (AHI) of 12/hour associated with oxygen desaturation.A second study was performed with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 7 cm H 2 O, following which AHI reduced to 3/hour with no oxygen desaturation or snoring.Obstructive sleep apnoea has been reported only once earlier in a 5 year old boy who was treated with tracheostomy. 1 This is the second report associating cherubism with obstructive sleep apnoea and mental retardation, and the first report of an adult who responded to CPAP therapy.
Predictive value of QT dispersion for acute heart failure after autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hirohisa Nakamae, Masayuki Hino, Mika Akahori, Yoshiki Terada, Takahisa Yamane, Kensuke Ohta, Tomoshige Hayashi, Kei Tsumura
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

The aim of our study was to evaluate whether corrected QT dispersion (QTc dispersion), an electrocardiographic marker, is a good predictor of the development of acute heart failure after high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We enrolled 50 consecutive patients, from age 15 to 63 years, with hematopoietic diseases scheduled to undergo autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and compared QTc dispersion with other markers before transplantation conditioning. In univariate logistic analysis, QTc dispersion was a significant factor for acute heart failure after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (odds ratio, 3.7 per 10 msec; confidence interval, 1.6-8.5; P = 0.002). There were no significant differences as age, sex, systolic or diastolic echocardiographic function markers, cumulative anthracycline dose, or QTc before transplantation between patients with and without acute heart failure. After multiple adjustments for left ventricular ejection fraction, cumulative anthracycline dose, cyclophosphamide conditioning dose, QTc dispersion was a significant and independent factor for acute heart failure after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (odds ratio, 48.0 per 10 msec; confidence interval, 1.4-1666.3; P = 0.03). This study demonstrated that QTc dispersion could be used as a powerful noninvasive predictor of the development of acute heart failure after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Biomonitoring of 1,3-butadiene and related compounds.
Authors: S Osterman-Golkar, J A Bond
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments list several volatile organic chemicals as hazardous air pollutants, including ethylene oxide, butadiene, styrene, and acrylonitrile. The toxicology of many of these compounds shares several common elements such as carcinogenicity in laboratory animals, genotoxicity of the epoxide intermediates, involvement of cytochrome P450 for metabolic activation (except ethylene oxide), and involvement of at least two enzymes for detoxication of the epoxides (e.g., hydrolysis or conjugation with glutathione). These similarities facilitate research strategies for identifying and developing biomarkers of exposure. This article reviews the current knowledge about biomarkers of butadiene. Butadiene is carcinogenic in mice and rats, which raises concern for potential carcinogenicity in humans. Butadiene is metabolized to DNA-reactive metabolites, including 1,2-epoxy-3-butene and diepoxybutane. These epoxides are thought to play a critical role in butadiene carcinogenicity. Butadiene and some of its metabolites (e.g., epoxybutene) are volatile. Exhalation of unchanged butadiene and excretion of butadiene metabolites in urine represent major routes of elimination. Therefore, biomonitoring of butadiene exposure could be based on chemical analysis of butadiene in exhaled breath, blood levels of butadiene epoxides, excretion of butadiene metabolites in urine, or adducts of butadiene epoxides with DNA or blood proteins. Mutation induction in specific genes (e.g., HPRT) following butadiene exposure can be potentially used as a biomarker. Excretion of 1,2-dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl-S)butane or the product of epoxybutene with N-7 in guanine in urine, epoxybutene-hemoglobin adducts, and HPRT mutation have been used as biomarkers in recent studies of occupational exposure to butadiene. Data in laboratory animals suggest that diepoxybutane may be a more important genotoxic metabolite than epoxybutene. Biomonitoring methods need to be developed for diepoxybutane and other putative reactive butadiene metabolites. With butadiene and related compounds, the ultimate challenge is to identify useful biomarkers of exposure in which quantitative linkages between exposure and internal dose of the important DNA-reactive metabolites are established.
Blockade by verapamil of cholinergic effects on atrial specialised tissue in the anaesthetised dog
Authors: Q. TIMOUR-CHAH, J. LANG, M. LAKHAL, K. BOUZOUITA, L. BERTRIX, G. FAUCON
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1983)

The effects of verapamil were studied in anaesthetised dogs administered dextromor-amide intrathecally to provide background vagal tone. Measurements were made of spontaneous heart rate, and, in paced hearts, of conduction times in atrial muscle, the atrioventricular node (A-V node) and His-Purkinje system by means of His bundle potential recording. The effective refractory period (ERP) of A-V node was measured by the extrastimulus method. In atropinised and vagotomised animals, verapamil reduced sinus rate and increased A-V nodal conduction time. In dogs with high vagal tone after dextromoramide, however, verapamil increased sinus rate and reduced A-V nodal ERP. After dextromoramide alone, A-V block was observed at an atrial pacing rate of 150 beats·min−1, but after verapamil 1:1 A-V conduction was restored. The decrease in conduction velocity in the A-V node due to ACh was neither attenuated nor enhanced by verapamil.
Efficacy of Low-Frequency Positive-Pressure Ventilation-Extracorporeal CO<sub>2</sub> Removal: To the Editor
Authors: Fabrice Brunet, Jean-Paul Mira, J. F. Dhainaut, Josette Dall'ava-Santucci
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

"Efficacy of Low-Frequency Positive-Pressure Ventilation-Extracorporeal CO2 Removal: To the Editor." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 151(4), p. 1269
Abstract LB-297: Mortality trends from lung and bronchus cancer in Boone County, W.V., USA before and after mountaintop removal mining practices
Authors: Lynn M. Crosby, Christina DeVera, Kaylene Charles, William Orem
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Publically-available databases (CDC/NCI) report causes of mortality at the national, state and recently, county level. However, county or sub-county-wide health in West Virginia is difficult to assess due to the rural, sparse and isolated nature of many counties. In Boone County, WV, villages are arranged in a narrow, winding valley or ‘hollow’ lying between mountain peaks and situated along a creek or river. This region, rich with subterranean coal seams, has been mined for over 100 years; however, mountaintop removal mining (MTR), which began in the 1980s, now allows for the removal of previously-inaccessible seams by surface mining techniques in the top third of a mountain. Mountaintop removal mining has increased dramatically and current estimates suggest greater than 30 percent of West Virginia’s coal is produced using this technique. For people residing near MTR sites, dust particulates or other mobilized constituents (minerals, metals, coal, or excipients) may present a health hazard by entering the food chain via vegetables or fruit grown in a home garden, through drinking water, or by breathing or ingestion. To evaluate whether the rate of lung and bronchus cancer deaths have changed over the past fifty years, mortality records were examined from 1962 and 1972-3 (before mountaintop mining removal was widely used) and compared with those from 2006-12. The Chi-squared statistic was used to compare the frequency distributions for the rate of lung and bronchus cancer deaths in eight age categories between 1962, 1972-3, and 2006-12. We found the three time periods were significantly different from one another (α=0.005), and that the number of lung and bronchus cancer deaths had increased in those aged 45 years or older. Smoking rates and socioeconomic status within the county have remained relatively constant during the past decade. Taken together societal and environmental changes and medical advances have influenced causes of mortality in this coal-rich Appalachian county. Citation Format: Lynn M. Crosby, Christina DeVera, Kaylene Charles, William Orem. Mortality trends from lung and bronchus cancer in Boone County, W.V., USA before and after mountaintop removal mining practices. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-297. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-297
CELL-FREE TRANSMISSION IN ADULT SWISS MICE OF A DISEASE HAVING THE CHARACTER OF A LEUKEMIA
Authors: Charlotte Friend
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1957)

A disease with the characteristics of a leukemia has been found to be serially transmissible in adult Swiss mice by means of cell-free filtrates. Thus far, the disease has been transmitted through twenty-six serial passages with filtrates as well as cell suspensions. The agent readily passes through Selas 03, Berkefeld N, and gradocol membrane filters-these last having an average pore size of 220 mmicro. Filtrates remain stable when stored for long periods at -70 degrees C. or when lyophilized. Splenic tissue containing the agent, which was subjected to massive doses of x-ray (50,000 r),-far more than sufficient to kill the cells,-show undiminished infectivity. The agent is inactivated by heating to 56 degrees C. for 30 minutes and by exposure to ether or formalin. The disease can be transmitted to adult Swiss mice or DBA/2 mice, but not to adult PRI, C(3)H, A, C(57)B1/6, or F(1)(C(58) x BALB) mice. Intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intracerebral, and intramuscular injections are all effective.
The Science of Infant Nutrition and the Art of Infant Feeding
Authors: Calvin W. Woodruff
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Using the recommendations of the Committe on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics for infant formulas as a scientific base, practical guidelines for feeding infants are given. Breast feeding or the use of a prepared formula meets these recommendations while evaporated milk, fresh cow's milk, and skimmed milk, despite widespread use for many years, do not. The feeding of strained foods and infants cereals should be begun when the infant has reached the stage of development appropriate for feeding from a spoon and swallowing nonliquid foods, usually between 3 and 6 months of age. Lifelong eating patterns begin during this period. Adjusting caloric intake to needs and learning to enjoy a variety of foods are major objectives of feeding practices.
Pesticides and inner-city children: exposures, risks, and prevention.
Authors: P J Landrigan, L Claudio, S B Markowitz, G S Berkowitz, B L Brenner, H Romero, J G Wetmur, T D Matte, A C Gore, J H Godbold, M S Wolff
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

Six million children live in poverty in America's inner cities. These children are at high risk of exposure to pesticides that are used extensively in urban schools, homes, and day-care centers for control of roaches, rats, and other vermin. The organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos and certain pyrethroids are the registered pesticides most heavily applied in cities. Illegal street pesticides are also in use, including tres pasitos (a carbamate), tiza china, and methyl parathion. In New York State in 1997, the heaviest use of pesticides in all counties statewide was in the urban boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Children are highly vulnerable to pesticides. Because of their play close to the ground, their hand-to-mouth behavior, and their unique dietary patterns, children absorb more pesticides from their environment than adults. The long persistence of semivolatile pesticides such as chlorpyrifos on rugs, furniture, stuffed toys, and other absorbent surfaces within closed apartments further enhances urban children's exposures. Compounding these risks of heavy exposures are children's decreased ability to detoxify and excrete pesticides and the rapid growth, development, and differentiation of their vital organ systems. These developmental immaturities create early windows of great vulnerability. Recent experimental data suggest, for example, that chlorpyrifos may be a developmental neurotoxicant and that exposure in utero may cause biochemical and functional aberrations in fetal neurons as well as deficits in the number of neurons. Certain pyrethroids exert hormonal activity that may alter early neurologic and reproductive development. Assays currently used for assessment of the toxicity of pesticides are insensitive and cannot accurately predict effects to children exposed in utero or in early postnatal life. Protection of American children, and particularly of inner-city children, against the developmental hazards of pesticides requires a comprehensive strategy that monitors patterns of pesticide use on a continuing basis, assesses children's actual exposures to pesticides, uses state-of-the-art developmental toxicity testing, and establishes societal targets for reduction of pesticide use.
System of Ophthalmology, vol 12: Neuro-ophthalmology
Authors: Joel G. Sacks
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Neuro-ophthalmology is the study of the eye manifestations of neurologic disease. Even though in teaching programs it is often the stepchild of its two parent disciplines, neuroophthalmology has been one of the most exciting areas of research in the neurosciences. Therefore, the appearance of a volume on neuro-ophthalmology, edited by the world's foremost chronicler of ophthalmologic discovery and thought, is a momentous occasion. This book is the 12th volume to appear in the proposed 15 volume<i>System of Ophthalmology</i>, under the editorship of Sir Stewart Duke-Elder. As we have come to expect from previous volumes, the current one is a masterpiece of liberal scholarship: eg, charming biographical vignettes of most of the important workers in the field have been included; the section on the lacrimal gland is most appropriately introduced with a fascinating recounting of the legend of the crying Niobe; the chronology of studies of localization of cerebral function
NIH Shifts Focus From Sequencing Genes to Fostering Clinical Applications
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2012)

AS THE COST OF SEQUENCING AN INdividual’s whole genome quickly closes in on a value that could make it feasible to use such tests in a clinical setting, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is shifting funds from large-scale sequencing projects to studies of potential clinical applications of sequencing. In December, leaders from the NHGRI announced a plan to invest more than $400 million in such projects over the next 4 years, which will come from funds previously dedicated to large-scale sequencing efforts and redirected to translational projects, said NHGRI Director Eric D. Green, MD, PhD, during a press briefing. Such projects will include ongoing basic research at large-scale sequencing centers, an effort to use genomics to identify the genetic basis of Mendelian disorders, projects probing how clinicians might use sequencing technology in practice, and the creation of software to allow more scientists to analyze genomic data. Theprojectsare intendedtocapitalize on thegrowingefficiencyof sequencing. Greensaidthattechnologicaladvancesare rapidly shrinking the per-genome costs of sequencing. In fact, estimates fromthe NHGRI suggest that sequencing costs have declined from about $100 000 per genome in 2001 to $10 000 in 2011 and are expected to continue to decrease. The NHGRI’s 3 large sequencing centers—at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Mass; the Genome Institute at Washington University in St Louis; andtheHumanGenomeSequencingCenter at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston—will continue to churn out sequencingdata,with$86millionayear in funding over 4 years. But now, those data will be channeled to more clinically focusedprojects.Onesuchproject is the CancerGenomeAtlas,aneffort tounderstand the molecular basis of cancer. Another important focus will be efforts to identify the genetic factors that contribute to common and complex illnesses, suchascardiovasculardisease.Studiesof the genomic basis of common diseases
RELATION BETWEEN PLAQUE COMPONENTS AND PLAQUE PROLAPSE AFTER DRUG-ELUTING STENT IMPLANTATION: VIRTUAL HISTOLOGY-INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND ANALYSIS
Authors: Young Joon Hong, Myung Ho Jeong, Sang Wook Kim, Yun Ha Choi, Jum Suk Ko, Min Goo Lee, Keun Ho Park, Doo Sun Sim, Ju Han Kim, Youngkeun Ahn, Jeong Gwan Cho, Jong Chun Park, Jung Chaee Kang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Endoscopic retrieval of a metal stent embedded in the colon wall
Authors: E. Kim, H. Chun, B. Keum, Y. Seo, Y. Kim, Y. Jeen, H. Lee, S. Um, C. Kim, H. Ryu
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

Migration is one of the major complications after inserting a self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) into the colon [1] [2] [3]. We report a case of a migrated SEMS from the ascending colon that had been impacted into the wall of the transverse colon.