tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency in man is related to apoprotein E phenotype.
Authors: Y A Kesäniemi, C Ehnholm, T A Miettinen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Relationship between the efficiency of cholesterol absorption and apolipoprotein E (apoE) phenotype was studied in a random sample of middle-aged Finnish men. Subjects that were either heterozygous or homozygous for the allele epsilon 2 absorbed less and synthesized more cholesterol than those with the phenotype E4/3 and E4/4, the values for the individuals with the most frequent phenotype E3/3 (56% of the population sample) falling in between. Among the whole study group, the sum of the subscripts of apoE phenotype (e.g., E2/3 = 5) was correlated positively with the fractional absorption of cholesterol (r = 0.40; P less than 0.05) and negatively with the serum level of lathosterol, a cholesterol precursor sterol reflecting the activity of cholesterol synthesis (r = -0.48; P less than 0.01). Thus, apoE polymorphism appears to affect the efficiency of cholesterol absorption and may by this mechanism contribute to the variation in plasma total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration.
STRICTURE OF THE MALE URETHRA.Read in the Section on Surgery and Anatomy, at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: MILLARD H. CRAWFORD
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Stricture is that condition where there is an abnormal diminution of the caliber of the canal, induced by pathologic changes in the mucous or submucous muscular walls of the urethra. Strictures may be divided into inflammatory, true or organic stricture and false or spasmodic stricture, and divided according to their form into linear, annular, indurated, irregular or tortuous strictures. Some surgical authorities make another division according to the condition that exists; for instance when the stricture bleeds easily by use of instruments or becomes inflamed it is called an irritable stricture. Then again they may be divided into small caliber, which will admit only of the smallest size sounds, less in circumference than fifteen millimeters, and of a large caliber, or strictures that will take instruments from that size upward. A spasmodic stricture is that condition where there is muscular spasm and the normal caliber of the urethra is diminished.
Drug-Associated Cardiotoxicity-Reply
Authors: Robert H. Israel
Journal: JAMA (1979)

We appreciate the comments of Dr Buzdar and his colleagues, and we have reviewed our patient's therapy. Between March 1976 and May 1977 the patient received a total of 720 mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride in combination with cyclophosphamide. Between June 1977 and Nov 14, 1977, she received a total of 100 mg of mitomycin administered in 10- to 15-mg doses every two to three weeks. This drug was administered in combination with 1 to 2 mg of vincristine sulfate on several occasions. The mitomycin therapy was discontinued in mid-November because of recurrent nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. An 8-mg dose of vinblastine sulfate was administered intravenously on Dec 8 and Dec 30. After the second injection, acute pulmonary edema developed. The article by Dr Buzdar and his associates, "Adriamycin and Mitomycin: Possible Synergistic Cardiotoxicity" (<i>Cancer Treat Rep</i>62:1005-1008, 1978), does provide evidence that mitomycin should be added to
Currículum Europeo de Entrenamiento en Sedación para Endoscopia Gastrointestinal: Declaración de Postura Oficial de la Sociedad Europea de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal (ESGE) y la Sociedad Europea de Enfermeras en Gastroenterología y Endoscopia y Asociados (ESGENA)
Authors: J.-M. Dumonceau, A. Riphaus, U. Beilenhoff, P. Vilmann, P. Hornslet, J. Aparicio, M. Dinis-Ribeiro, E. Giostra, M. Ortmann, J. Knape, S. Ladas, G. Paspatis, C. Ponsioen, I. Racz, T. Wehrmann, B. Walder, L. Sabbagh
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

See also: European Curriculum for Sedation Training in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Position Statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA)Endoscopy 2013; 45(06): 496-504DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1344142
New endoscopic over-the-scope clip system for closure of a chronic tracheoesophageal fistula
Authors: M. Traina, G. Curcio, I. Tarantino, S. Soresi, L. Barresi, P. Vitulo, B. Gridelli
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Acquired tracheoesophageal fistula is a rare complication caused by a variety of conditions. Along with trauma and malignancy, cuff-related tracheal injury has become the most common etiology. As few cases have been reported, with different clinical presentations and solutions for treatment, the results and conclusions are difficult to interpret [1] [2] [3]. This report describes a new, practical approach to the treatment of large tracheoesophageal fistulas.
Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Part II
Authors: Samuel Z. Goldhaber, C. Gregory Elliott
Journal: Circulation (2003)

ulmonary embolism (PE) presents with a wide clinical spectrum, from asymptomatic small PE to lifethreatening major PE that causes hypotension and cardiogenic shock (Table).Traditionally, our risk assessment is done by gestalt.However, a more precise risk assessment can be obtained by using a formal clinical scoring system, such as the Geneva Prognostic Index. 1 The Geneva Prognostic Index uses an 8-point scoring system and identifies 6 predictors of adverse outcome: 2 points each for cancer and hypotension and 1 point each for heart failure, prior deep vein thrombosis (DVT), arterial hypoxemia, and ultrasound-proven DVT.As points accumulate, prognosis worsens.Remarkably, hypoxemia accounts for only 1 of 8 points.Physical examination, ECG, chest radiograph, CT scan, and echocardiogram 2 can provide evidence of right ventricular dysfunction, a key prognostic marker of high risk and increased major adverse clinical events.The most recent development in prognostication is the use of biomarkers 2a such as troponin elevation, 3 which indicates right ventricular microinfarction, and elevations of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide 4 and B-type natriuretic peptide, which indicate right ventricular overload. 5,6n physical examination, general clinical appearance is useful, but young patients may appear deceptively well despite massive PE.Clues to right heart failure include distended jugular veins, an accentuated pulmonic heart sound, and a tricuspid regurgitation murmur.The ECG may show a classic S1Q3T3 pattern but more often will demonstrate a less commonly recognized sign of right ventricular strain, T wave inversion in leads V 1 through V 4 .New incomplete or complete right bundle-branch block is a very useful sign of right ventricular dysfunction.The chest radiograph may show enlarged pulmonary arteries, especially an enlarged right descending pulmonary artery, indicating pulmonary hypertension.Although the chest CT scan is performed primarily to detect or exclude PE, information about right ventricular dilatation can also be gleaned in the phase of the scan in which the right and left ventricles are imaged.If the right ventricle is as large as the left ventricle, then right ventricular dilatation attributable to right ventricular dysfunction can be confidently diagnosed.The echocardiogram is a low-yield diagnostic tool in patients with PE, because it will usually be normal.However, in acutely ill patients, the echocardiogram is quite useful because it can often help differentiate right ventricular dysfunction typical for PE from other catastrophic illnesses, such as pericardial tamponade, dissection of the aorta, and acute myocardial infarction.Among patients in whom the diagnosis of PE is established, the echocardiogram provides rapid and accurate risk stratification.Moderate or severe right ventricular hypokinesis, pulmonary hypertension, a patent foramen ovale, and free-floating right-heart thrombus are markers for a high risk of death or recurrent PE.
Abstract 5283: Autophagy regulation of angiogenesis in human neuroblastoma
Authors: Kwang Woon Kim, Dai. H Chung
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Neuroblastoma is a progressive solid tumor in infants and children that originates from neural crest and it remains a clinical challenge to treat. It is a highly malignant tumor, in part, because angiogenesis is a key factor in tumor progression of neuroblastoma. We have previously identified that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-receptor-mediated cell signaling is critical to its tumorigenicity. In this study, we hypothesized that increased autophagy via blockage of GRP receptor could potentially inhibit angiogenesis in human neuroblastomas. METHODS. Autophagic key molecular markers were detected with ATG5, Beclin-1 and LC3 antibodies. Phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and S6R were detected by Western blotting. Angiogenesis were measured using tubule formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) grown on top of Matrigel Matrix Basement Membrane in vitro. They were also determined using a mouse model of the cornea pocket assay in vivo. Autophagy was determined by punctuate localization of GFP-LC3 fusion protein, and observed under a confocal fluorescence microscope in vitro. RESULTS. Levels of phospho-Akt, -mTOR and -S6R were increased in BE(2)-C cells treated with GRP in both time- as well as dose-dependent manner. However, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was inactivated in short-hairpin (sh) silenced targeted at GRP receptor in BE(2)-C cells when compared to control shLac cells, indicating that angiogenesis may be reduced. We also observed increased levels of ATG5, Beclin-1 and LC3 proteins, key autophagic mediators, in shGRP receptor-BE(2)-C cells when compared to controls (shLac cells). In particular, overexpression of ATG5 and Beclin-1 also significantly decreased tube formation on HUVECs when treated with exogenous GRP (100 nM). Consistent with the in vitro findings, treatment with GRP receptor antagonist (RC3095) showed a dramatically decrease in angiogenesis in a mouse model of the cornea pocket assay in vivo. CONCLUSIONS. Our results show that enhanced autophagy was associated with a downregulation of angiogenesis signaling pathways, and an increase in characteristic punctuate localization of GFP-LC3 as a marker for autophagy. A better understanding of how autophagic proteins can regulate the angiogenic process may lead to novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of neuroblastomas or its vascular disorders. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5283. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5283
CNS gene therapy applications of the semliki forest virus 1 vector are limited by neurotoxicity
Authors: Audrey Graham, Robert Walker, Pauline Baird, Caroline N. Hahn, John K. Fazakerley
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

The Semliki Forest virus (SFV) 1 vector system is highly efficient at gene transduction in a broad range of host cells, including neurons. To determine the potential of SFV1-based vectors to mediate gene expression in substantia nigra neurons, we inoculated d1EGFP-expressing SFV virus-like particles stereotaxically into the mouse brain. This system selectively and extensively mediated gene expression in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Continual reporter gene expression was evident in neuronal cell bodies for up to 3 weeks postinoculation and d1EGFP-positive neuronal processes were apparent for 12 weeks. There was no evidence of an apoptotic response to infection, but with time cell degeneration and an axonopathy, indicative of neuronal loss, were increasingly apparent. This system has potential for experimental studies requiring efficient transient gene transduction of mouse CNS neurons. The current SFV1 vector system is, however, limited in its potential for CNS gene therapy by neurotoxicity.
A memorable patient: Addressing men's health issues
Authors: A. Williams
Journal: BMJ (2000)

internet as an online health library.But as they spend more time on the internet, gain access to different sites, and notice consistencies and contradictions, they will search for opportunities to pose their own questions and apply their own knowledge.Such opportunities for interaction with users should be exploited by health policymakers and researchers.Information generation and policymaking need not be one way processes but can, on the internet, be interactive, and policies and research may benefit from early feedback from users.Subsequent revisions can then be tailored to users' needs.In this way, the internet can provide a mechanism for users to become active partners in the dissemination of information and in policymaking.As one futurist said, "Above all else in bringing about the information society is the necessity of partnership between the builders of the information infrastructure and the representatives of society." 27 This article reflects the author's personal views and not those of the organisation for which she works.
Selection of Donors for Frozen Blood Based on Specific Blood Group Combinations
Authors: Morten Grove-Rasmussen
Journal: JAMA (1965)

The basic ABO blood group system discovered by Landsteiner in 1900 is still the most important blood group system in transfusion therapy. The presence of anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinins in blood which does not contain the corresponding antigen in the red cells represents one of the major hazards in blood transfusion therapy. While the majority of the so-called irregular blood group antibodies usually are not present in blood unless a stimulation has taken place either by pregnancy or transfusion, the anti-A and anti-B antibodies are present without this stimulation and will always remain a latent danger in blood transfusion therapy. For this reason the use of group O blood as so-called universal donor blood has always intrigued workers in the field of blood transfusion. When Witebsky and co-workers in 1941 published their paper on the "Preparation and Transfusion of Safe Universal Blood" it was hoped that the solution to the
Intersubject Variability of Risk from Perchlorate in Community Water Supplies
Authors: Doug Crawford-Brown, Bob Raucher, Megan Harrod
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

This article is a brief review and summary of the estimated incremental risks (increases in hazard quotient or decreases in thyroid uptake of iodine) to pregnant women (and hence their fetuses) associated with perchlorate exposure in community water supplies (CWSs) . The analysis draws on the recent health effects review published in 2005 by the National Research Council (NRC) . We focus on the potential level of risk borne by the NRC-identified most sensitive subpopulation (pregnant women and hence their fetuses) . Other members of the population should be at a level of risk below that calculated here, and so protection of the sensitive subpopulation would protect the general public health. The analysis examines the intersubject distribution of risks to this sensitive subpopulation at various potential drinking water concentrations of perchlorate and also draws on estimates of the national occurrence of perchlorate in U.S. CWSs to estimate the variability of risks under defined regulatory scenarios. Results suggest that maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) of up to 24.5 microg/L should pose little or no incremental risk to the large majority of individuals in the most sensitive subpopulations exposed in the United States at current levels of perchlorate in water. The protectiveness of an MCL of 24.5 microg/L depends, however, on whether the study subjects in the health effects data used here may be assumed to have been exposed to background (non-drinking water) contributions of perchlorate.
Bcl-2 expression in sputum eosinophils in patients with acute asthma
Authors: A.-S. Jang
Journal: Thorax (2000)

Eosinophils play a pivotal role in asthmatic airway inflammation. Apoptosis is thought to be critically relevant in promoting the clearance of inflammatory cells and the resolution of inflammation. Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis in cellular systems. A study was undertaken to determine whether bcl-2 expression in sputum reflects the clinical severity of patients with asthma. The relationship between bcl-2 expression in sputum eosinophils and eosinophil activation markers such as interleukin (IL)-5 and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels in sputum supernatant was evaluated.Sputum was obtained from 18 patients with asthma. Fresh expectorated sputum separated from saliva was treated with an equal volume of dithiothreitol 0.1%, cytospun for cell differentials and bcl-2 stain, and the supernatant was collected for biochemical assay. Bcl-2+ eosinophils were stained using immunocytochemistry, ECP was measured by fluoroimmunoassay, and IL-5 was detected by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbant assay.Twelve patients with severe or life threatening asthma had more bcl-2+ eosinophils (mean difference 46.8% (95% CI 27.0 to 66.6), p<0.01) and a higher ECP level (p<0.01) in the sputum than those with mild to moderate asthma (n = 6). IL-5 was frequently detected in patients with severe or life threatening asthma (11/12 versus 1/6, p<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between bcl-2+ eosinophils and ECP levels (r = 0.61, p<0.01) and between bcl-2+ eosinophils and IL-5 levels (r = 0.83, p<0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between bcl-2+ eosinophils and FEV(1)/FVC (r = -0.54, p<0.05).The increased expression of bcl-2 in eosinophils from sputum of subjects with severe asthma suggests that bcl-2 may prolong survival and decrease apoptosis of airway eosinophils in asthma.
Contempo '81. Surgery
Authors: A. E. Baue
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Few advances in surgery are introduced without attendant problems. Each step forward produces new complications, often unrecognized initially. These new problems and complications then become the focus for research and problem solving. This makes us realize there are no absolutes in human biology. We cannot say "always" or "never," but rather "sometimes" or "usually," or even "practically never." In this sense we review recent progress, recognizing that such progress may become the problems of the future. New techniques, new operations, new measurements, new scientific thinking all may take their toll as they contribute, but, on balance, movement is forward. There is progression, not regression. The surgeon as a "doer" is critical in such developments, trying the difficult operation for the seemingly impossible problem, applying a different monitoring or diagnostic technique to identify the unknown, and to support better the injured, postsurgical, or otherwise jeopardized patient. The past year has seen
Clinical evidence: Glycaemic control in diabetes
Authors: W. H Herman
Journal: BMJ (1999)

This review is one of over 60 chapters included in the first issue of Clinical Evidence , a new information resource for clinicians available from 28 June 1999. The compendium will be updated and expanded every six months. Future issues of Clinical Evidence will summarise the relevant results of the UK prospective diabetes study.

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Definition: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by hyperglycaemia (fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l, or two hour post 75g oral glucose load plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l, on two or more occasions). Intensive treatment is designed to achieve blood glucose values as close to the non-diabetic range as possible. The essential components of such treatment are education, counselling, monitoring, self management, and pharmacological treatment with insulin or oral antidiabetic agents, to achieve specific glycaemic goals.

Incidence/prevalence: Diabetes is diagnosed in around 5% of adults aged 20 years or over in the United States.1 A further 2.7% have undiagnosed diabetes on the basis of fasting glucose. The prevalence is similar in men and women, but diabetes is more common in many ethnic groups. The prevalence in people aged 40-74 has increased over the past decade.

Aetiology: Diabetes results from deficient insulin secretion, decreased insulin action, or both. Many processes can be involved, ranging from autoimmune destruction of the β cells of the …
The Prevalence and Natural History of Dominant Optic Atrophy Due to OPA1 Mutations
Authors: Patrick Yu-Wai-Man, Philip G. Griffiths, Ailbhe Burke, Peter W. Sellar, Michael P. Clarke, Lawrence Gnanaraj, Desiree Ah-Kine, Gavin Hudson, Birgit Czermin, Robert W. Taylor, Rita Horvath, Patrick F. Chinnery
Journal: Ophthalmology (2010)
Erratum: Corrigendum: Asfotase-α improves bone growth, mineralization and strength in mouse models of neurofibromatosis type-1
Authors: Jean de la Croix Ndong, Alexander J Makowski, Sasidhar Uppuganti, Guillaume Vignaux, Koichiro Ono, Daniel S Perrien, Simon Joubert, Serena R Baglio, Donatella Granchi, David A Stevenson, Jonathan J Rios, Jeffry S Nyman, Florent Elefteriou
Journal: Nature Medicine (2015)
Prolactin concentrations in ovulatory but infertile women: treatment with bromocriptine.
Authors: E A Lenton, O S Sobowale, I D Cooke
Journal: BMJ (1977)

We measured basal plasma prolactin concentrations (in samples obtained during the early follicular phase) in 25 normal (control) women and in a similar group of 40 patients with a long-standing history of infertility. The infertile patients were all ovulating regularly, and had been unsuccessfully treated with clomiphene and in some cases dydrogesterone and human menopausal gonadotrophin. Although none of the patients had plasma prolactin concentrations greater than 1000 muU/ml, 47.5% of the estimations were greater than 1 standard deviation (SD) above the mean established for our control group. This difference was highly significant (P less than 0.001). Treatment with various bromocriptine regimens effectively reduced prolactin concentrations to below normal in all cases, and 16 pregnancies followed-13 during bromocriptine treatment and three in the first post-treatment cycle. The cumulative conception rate was 63.4% after 10 months9 treatment.
Consent to the publication of patient information: Incompetent patients may pose a problem
Authors: Ainsley J Newson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—The BMJ ethics committee's revised policy on consent to the publication of patient information is laudable,1 but an important matter remains overlooked: publishing cases involving incompetent patients. Much can be learnt from these cases; be it highlighting clinical difficulties or drawing attention to neglected moral issues. But the guidelines as written may make …
Investigations of Urothelial Cells Seeded on Commercially Available Small Intestine Submucosa
Authors: Gerhard Feil, Margot Christ-Adler, Sabine Maurer, Stefan Corvin, Hans-Oliver Rennekampff, Jutta Krug, Jörg Hennenlotter, Ursula Kuehs, Arnulf Stenzl, Karl-Dietrich Sievert
Journal: European Urology (2006)
Competency requirements. A new approach to medical school admissions
Authors: F. D. Burg
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The faculty of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, have substituted definitions of knowledge and skills for course requirements as requirements for admission. The school expects that this action will allow students more flexibility in the development of their undergraduate academic programs, while guiding them specifically to the necessary preparation in the sciences. It is further hoped that this action will encourage the faculties of undergraduate schools to examine the way in which they prepare students for careers in medicine. This article describes the approach used for bringing about this change in policy and presents the new admissions requirements. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;259:389-391)