tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chymopapain: tropical tree to surgical suite
Authors: P. Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1983)

A bit of medical history is being made in connection with the Food and Drug Administration's recent approval of chymopapain to treat so-called slipped disks. First, take the Nov 10, 1982, decision itself— considered historic because it marks the successful conclusion of a long and sometimes highly controversial struggle to gain official approval for chymopapain. It's been more than 40 years since the papain enzyme was first isolated (1941). In 1956, author and medical commentator Lewis Thomas, MD, then a pathologist at New York University-Bellevue Medical Center, showed it could break down cartilaginous protein polysaccharide when injected into the tall, rigid ears of rabbits, causing the ears to collapse. About seven years later, Illinois orthopedic surgeon Lyman Smith, MD, developed chemonucleolysis, a technique in which chymopapain is injected into herniated lumbar intervertebral disks that have not responded to conservative therapy to hasten chondromucoprotein degradation (<i>JAMA</i>1964;187:137-140). Clinical trials began soon
Gravitational Stress in Aerospace Medicine
Authors: Johnson F. Hammond
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Heretofore, information on the physiological effects of gravitational stress has been difficult to embrace because it has been scattered among government technical reports and in a wide variety of journals. With the advent of rocketpropelled vehicles of unlimited speed and the recent entrance of man into space, there came an urgent need to compile and review the literature. This task was given to 2 members of Wright Field Aero Medical Laboratory, which organization sponsored this volume, one of a series on aviation medicine and space biology from the Guggenheim Center for Aviation, Health, and Safety at the Harvard School of Public Health. The editors, Drs. Otto H. Gauer and George D. Zuidema, enlisted some 12 other enthusiastic contributors from the same and several other laboratories. In the foreword, Col. John Paul Stapp, a pioneer in this field of research, considers it most appropriate for this monograph to come from 2
β-Blockers may have role in preeclampsia
Authors: Mark Fuerst
Journal: JAMA (1982)

American physicians have been reluctant to treat hypertension during pregnancy with β-blockers because of isolated case reports of growth retardation and respiratory distress in the newborns. However, the first placebo-controlled investigation of the use of a β-blocker in pregnancy-associated hypertension shows no adverse effects on fetal growth or neonatal well being Traditionally, obstetrician-gynecologists prescribe bedrest and sedatives when a pregnant woman's diastolic pressure exceeds 90 mm Hg. If hypertension persists, methyldopa is the most popular and thoroughly studied therapy. The use of β-blockers, which has been effective in other countries, is still controversial in the United States, where there are no controlled studies of the drugs' use in this condition and no large series of patients so treated. Peter C. Rubin, MD, of Stobhill General Hospital in Glasgow, conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial involving 120 pregnant women in whom hypertension developed in the last trimester. When systolic pressure reached
442. Evaluation of siRNA for Induction of In Vitro Resistance in HIV-1
Authors: Priscilla Yam, Jerry Wu, Ying Yu, John A. Zaia, Jiing-Kuan Yee
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Recent work has shown that small interfering RNA (siRNA) effectively inhibits HIV-1 replication. In this study, we tested the efficacy of three siRNAs, specifically targeted to the p24, vif and a shared common exon between the tat and rev genes, for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 replication. Each siRNA gene was placed under the control of the H1 promoter and co-transfected with an HIV-1 expression plasmid into 293T cells. All three siRNAs inhibited p24 production from the transfected cells although the p24 and the tat/rev siRNAs were at least 4-5 fold more efficient than the vif siRNA. Similar results were observed when the titer of the infectious HIV-1 was determined by infecting HeLa-CD4-LTR-|[beta]|-gal cells followed by |[beta]|-gal staining. Based on these results, we asked whether there was a relative difference in HIV resistance induction. We first inserted the hairpin p24 siRNA gene into a GFP-containing HIV vector, transduced H9 cells, and challenged with HIV-1NL4|[ndash]|3. At low challenge doses, the result showed a 2 to 6 log reduction in HIV-1 replication for up to 60 days after challenge when compared with control H9 cells. However, at higher challenge doses, |[ldquo]|outbreak|[rdquo]| virus emerged after 17 days. Sequence analysis of these outbreaks confirmed the presence of mutations in the siRNA target site. Thus, like HIV-1 drug therapy, the antiviral effect of siRNA permits the selection of mutant strains that can no longer be recognized by the siRNA. Using a similar approach to study the efficacy of the tat/rev siRNA, we showed that under similar HIV-1 challenge conditions, the tat/rev siRNA was more effective than other siRNAs in preventing the emergence of these HIV-1 outbreaks. Our study thus suggests that the single-targeted siRNAp approach is not sufficient to inhibit HIV-1 replication. If siRNA is to be used to constitute an effective gene therapy approach to treat HIV infection, multi-targeted siRNA designs need to be implemented.
"Vascular Raspberry" Formations of the Stomach and Peptic Ulcer
Authors: John A. Gins
Journal: JAMA (1965)

In the course of studies on the vascular diathesis of peptic ulcer, an unusual blood-vessel formation designated as "vascular raspberry" has been found. This is a tiny, multiloculated, thin-walled appendage located chiefly upon bifurcations of the subserosal veins in the gastric lesser curvature. The structure appears to be the site of arteriovenous connections which participate in the regulation of blood flow to the gastroduodenal wall where ulceration commonly develops. Vascular raspberries of the lesser curvature were found to be about six times more numerous in gastric specimens resected for ulcer than in specimens obtained from postmortem examination on patients without ulcer. The highest number of raspberries was found in specimens from males operated upon for duodenal ulcer.
Rapid Myocardial Calcification After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: George Hermann
Journal: JAMA (1963)

SINCE the advent of cardiac surgery, considerable work has appeared on acid-base and electrolyte balance in the postoperative period, but relatively little of it has concerned calcium. We recently observed a case of rapid myocardial calcification after cardiac surgery and present it as an unusual addition to the existing literature on abnormal myocardial calcification.  Report of a Case  An eight-year-old boy entered the hospital in June, 1962, for investigation of a cardiac murmur. Two years previously cardiac surgeons at another institution had repaired uneventfully a coarctation of the aorta and a patent ductus arteriosus. The boy's physician, however, discovered a new murmur shortly before the current admission. Past medical history, family history, and review of systems were not contributory. Physical examination showed a well-developed but slender, 50 lb (22.8 kg), child in no distress. The blood pressure was 85/58 mm Hg in the right arm and 98/60 mm Hg in
Cutaneous Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases.
Authors: A. N BAER
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1997)

European Rheumatologists in Training (EULAR Standing Committee for Education and Training)EURORITS Travel Bursary Scheme was established to improve the interaction between junior rheumatologists in diVerent European countries and increase their awareness, knowledge, and experience of rheumatology as practised throughout Europe.
STUDIES ON YELLOW FEVER IN SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Nelson C. Davis, Raymond C. Shannon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

1. Yellow fever virus has been transmitted from monkey to monkey both by the bites of Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis which had fed upon monkeys infected with yellow fever and by the injection of the ground up bodies of such mosquitoes. 2. A fatal infection has been obtained by the injection of the ground up bodies of Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) serratus, which had previously fed on an infected monkey, and a mild infection has been secured by the similar injection of Aëdes (Taeniorhynchus) taeniorhynchus. 3. No definite infection has been secured either by the bites or by the injection of Culex quinquefasciatus (C. fatigans). However, some of the experimental animals bitten by this species have been relatively immune following inoculations of blood or tissues containing virus.
Clinical Application of Spontaneous Red Blood Cell Labeling With Tc-99m Sodium Pertechnetate
Authors: TATSUROU KAMINAGA, TSUNEHIKO NISHIMURA, KOUHEI HAYASHIDA, YOSHIO ISHIDA, MASAHIKO HIROKI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Red blood cells (RBC) may be labeled with Tc-99m after Tc-99m sodium pertechnetate is injected in the presence of a reducing agent, such as stannous chloride. Thus, spontaneous RBC labeling with Tc-99m is expected to be seen in patients with a high plasma concentration of tin. Spontaneous RBC labeling with Tc-99m was obtained in a 73-year-old woman who was clinically diagnosed with tin intoxication and proved to have a high concentration of plasma tin. The RBC labeling rate was calculated as 96% with blood sampling. Spontaneous RBC labeling with Tc-99m is a very simple method for proving a high plasma tin concentration and is adaptable to clinical diagnosis.
Plasmid-encoded trimethoprim resistance in multiresistant epidemic Salmonella typhimurium phage types 204 and 193 in Britain.
Authors: E J Threlfall, L R Ward, A S Ashley, B Rowe
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Multiresistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium phage types 204 and 193 appeared in calves in 1977 and then spread epidemically in cattle. Food poisoning is the main route by which drug-resistant strains from cattle are spread to man, and by the end of 1979 these two multiresistant strains had been identified in 290 cases of human salmonellosis in Britain. Trimethoprim-resistant S typhimurium were rare until a strain of a new phage type, designated type 204c, spread in cattle in 1979. All isolations of type 204c were trimethoprim resistant. Trimethoprim had been used to treat cattle and this usage has probably contributed to the establishment of type 204c and the increased incidence of trimethoprim-resistant strains. The responsibility to prevent or control drug resistance in bovine S typhimurium lies with the veterinary profession, and more stringent regulatiions governing the use of antibiotics in animals bred for food may be necessary.
Defective Apoptotic Cell Phagocytosis Attenuates Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub>and 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid in Severe Asthma Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Mai-Lan N. Huynh, Kenneth C. Malcolm, Chakradhar Kotaru, John A. Tilstra, Jay Y. Westcott, Valerie A. Fadok, Sally E. Wenzel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Clearance of apoptotic cells is crucial to the resolution of inflammation and development of fibrosis, but the process is not well understood in normal or diseased human lungs.To determine phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by primary human alveolar macrophages and whether defects in uptake of apoptotic cells are associated with decreases in antiinflammatory/antifibrotic mediators.Human bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages (AMphis) from normal control subjects and subjects with mild-moderate or severe asthma were examined in vitro for phagocytosis of apoptotic human T-cell line Jurkats and secretion of inflammatory mediators.AMphis from normal subjects and patients with mild-moderate asthma were able to phagocytose apoptotic cells in response to LPS, resulting in an induction of the antifibrotic and/or antiinflammatory eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE). In contrast, AMphis from patients with severe asthma had defective LPS-stimulated uptake of apoptotic cells, with associated failure to induce PGE2 and 15-HETE. In addition, LPS-stimulated basal levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were reduced in all patients with asthma, whereas PGE2 and 15-HETE were reduced only in patients with severe asthma. Dexamethasone enhanced specific uptake of apoptotic cells in all subjects, while suppressing inflammatory mediator secretion.A decrease in AMphis LPS-responsiveness in severe asthma is manifested by defective apoptotic cell uptake and reduces secretion of inflammatory mediators. This may contribute to the chronicity of inflammation and remodeling in lungs of patients with asthma.
EPIDEMIC OF DERMATITIS VENENATA DUE TO A HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED CAUSE
Authors: Frederick R. Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Early in the rabbit hunting season, Dr. W. L. Jackson of High Point asked me to look at the hands of a man who had just consulted him. They showed what appeared to be a typical violent dermatitis venenata—a hyperacute vesicular eruption completely involving the hands and wrists, but limited to those areas. There was marked swelling of the hands. The patient remarked that the eruption had appeared the day following a successful rabbit hunt, and after skinning and cleaning the game. He added that a friend who was hunting with him had had a similar eruption on his hands after dressing his rabbits. No isolated papules, ulcers, conjunctivitis, enlarged glands, fever or other constitutional symptoms were present— in short, there was nothing whatever suggestive of tularemia. The condition seemed to me to be an ordinary dermatitis venenata, and while its occurrence in association with the dressing of rabbits was
Lymphomatoid Papulosis: A T-Cell Dyscrasia with a Propensity To Transform into Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: Fernando Cabanillas
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Objective: To describe the diagnostic difficulties, response to therapy, and clinical features of lymphomatoid papulosis and the cumulative frequency of transformation to lymphoma. Design: Case series. Setting: University hospitals. Methods: The records of 21 patients with lymphomatoid papulosis who were seen from 1986 to 1993 were retrieved from the archives of two institutions. The entry criteria for the study were lymphomatoid papulosis misdiagnosed at the time of original presentation or lymphomatoid papulosis that later developed into lymphoma. Results: When lymphomatoid papulosis tissues are pathologically examined, they are frequently confused with lymphoma, melanoma, or carcinoma. Eight of the 19 patients whose condition was misdiagnosed as malignant received either chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Although lymphomatoid papulosis responded to cytotoxic chemotherapy, the remissions were transient and promptly recurred after or during treatment. However, all five cases that became malignant responded to chemotherapy and have not recurred. Five of 21 patients (24%) developed lymphoma, but the cumulative risk for transformation after 15 years was 80%. Conclusions: Lymphomatoid papulosis can only be diagnosed accurately through a careful history in which the characteristic waxing and waning of the skin lesions is identified and through proper communication between clinicians and pathologists. Patients with lymphomatoid papulosis have an increased risk for developing lymphoma that is much higher than the 15% to 20% quoted in the literature. Patients who develop lymphoma respond well to cytotoxic chemotherapy and can be cured with appropriate therapy. Internists and oncologists need to be aware of lymphomatoid papulosis and its characteristic clinical features so that this disorder is accurately diagnosed and so that unnecessary and potentially hazardous treatment is avoided.
IUCDs--a contraindication to removal.
Authors: D F Thallon
Journal: BMJ (1978)

In this letter attention is focused on a case which demonstrates that if an IUD is to be removed for reasons other than cessation of contraceptive measures, it should not be removed at the time of expected ovulation. A 32-year old woman presented recently with 6 weeks amenorrhoea and was found to be pregnant. In the past she had used a vaginal diaphragm. Following the birth of her last child in November 1975 she again used a diaphragm, but she requested a change and was fitted with a Gravigard Copper-7 IUD after she finished breast-feeding and on resumption of menstruation. Her normal menstrual cycle came every 25-28 days, each period lasting 6 days with a moderate loss. Her periods lengthened to 10 days over the next few months and by September 1977 this had extended to 2 weeks. The decision was made to remove her IUD, and this was done on September 30. She resumed use of her diaphragm. Despite the fact that she is a responsible person and has used the diaphragm successfully in the past, she was found to be pregnant 5 weeks later. On close questioning, she revealed that, although she had been scrupulous in observing contraceptive measures since the IUD had been removed, she had had intercourse 48-72 hours before this was done. Removal was effected 13 days after the 1st day of her last menstrual period, and it therefore seemed likely that the IUD had been removed just in time to allow implantation of a fertilized ovum. A consulting gynecologist performed an abortion for this woman. It is important to note that with those women with regular menstrual cycles such an unwanted pregnancy can be avoided simply by ensuring that IUDs are not removed 7 days each side of midcycle.
Abstract 3155: High-throughput profiling of miRNA expression in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid using OpenArray® platform for biomarker discovery
Authors: Yu Liang, Mokang Mouanoutoua, Jianhe Shen, Keita Terashima, Ching Lau
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract OpenArray® platform can be used for expression profiling using TaqMan® assays that enables higher throughput, less assay consumption, and lower sample input than other low-density assay platforms. One OpenArray® plate has 3,072 through-holes, each of which requires only 33nl of reaction volume. We combined the workflow of Megaplex™ RT primer pools and pre-amplification with TaqMan® MicroRNA assays on OpenArray® plates. Each OpenArray® plate provides the capacity of 3 samples, and each run can take up to 3 plates with a run time about 2.5 hours. Therefore, each typical work day can have 4 instrument runs generating expression data of 754 miRNAs from 36 samples. This platform is ideal to identify potential miRNA biomarkers within a short period of time by screening a large cohort of clinical specimens that might have limitations in sample size, contamination of PCR inhibitors, or low abundance of target miRNAs. We optimized the original workflow of Megaplex™ RT primer pools and pre-amplification before applying to the OpenArray® plates to ensure increasing detection sensitivity while maintaining the linearity in plasma samples. In a proof-of-principle investigation, we applied the new protocol to a small panel of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens derived from pediatric patients diagnosed with either germinoma or non-germinoma germ cell tumors of the brain, and benchmarked with another miRNA expression profiling platform, TaqMan® Array Card (TAC), and OpenArray® plates demonstrated good concordance with the TAC. Expression patterns of miRNAs detected in our CSF samples are largely consistent with previously published miRNAs differentially expressed in primary cancerous tissues between these two types of intracranial germ cell tumors. (For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3155. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3155
The Effects of Ursodeoxycholic Acid on Serum and Biliary Noncholesterol Sterols in Patients With Gallstones
Authors: T E Miettinen, S Tarpila, H Gylling
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Litholytic bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) reduces biliary cholesterol secretion and alters cholesterol metabolism by mechanisms that are not fully understood. To evaluate cholesterol metabolism during UDCA treatment, we studied serum and biliary lipids and cholesterol precursor sterols (lanosterol and other dimethyl and monomethyl sterols, lathosterols, and desmosterol), indicators of cholesterol synthesis, and plant sterols campesterol and sitosterol, indicators of cholesterol absorption, before and during administration of UDCA, 9 mg/kg/d, for 26 weeks in eight patients with radiolucent gallstones. During UDCA administration, serum lipid concentrations were unchanged, but the biliary concentration and molar percentage of cholesterol were markedly decreased. The proportions of the cholesterol precursor sterols to cholesterol were significantly interrelated between serum and bile before and especially during UDCA administration. Lanosterol and lathosterol levels, especially in bile, were significantly decreased by 43% and 34%, suggesting that UDCA may inhibit cholesterol synthesis. Levels of the other methylated precursor sterols were increased in serum and bile. The esterification percentages of all sterols were unchanged. The plant sterol-to-cholesterol ratios increased significantly in serum and bile, and there was an inverse correlation between the increment of serum plant sterols and decreased biliary molar percentage of cholesterol. In conclusion, UDCA may inhibit cholesterol synthesis possibly at the squalene synthase or 4alpha-demethylase steps, resulting in decreased biliary secretion of cholesterol. Reduced biliary sterol secretion probably increased serum plant sterol levels, indicating that under these conditions they no longer reflect the intestinal efficiency of cholesterol absorption.
Interaction of cultured human keratinocytes with liposomes encapsulating silver sulphadiazine: proof of the uptake of intact vesicles
Authors: M. SCHALLER, H. C. KORTING, M. H. SCHMID
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

There is evidence to suggest that human keratinocytes grown in vitro are capable of engulfing and subsequently disintegrating intact liposomes. However, as the liposomes used in this context did not carry an electron‐dense marker, the possibility that the lamellar structures seen within the keratinocytes were composed of material produced within the cell could not be excluded. We therefore decided to investigate liposome‐keratinocyte interaction using an electron‐dense marker Human keratinocytes obtained from juvenile foreskins were cultured in a serum‐free medium, and subconfluent cultures were exposed to liposomally encapsulated and free silver sulphadiazine 1% (SSD). and a corresponding vehicle, for 5 min to 24 h. After fixation ultra‐thin sections were analysed electron microscopically at magnifications of up to × 85.000 Many keratinocytes treated with liposomal and free SSD showed marked damage to the plasma membranes and the cell organelles. The phagocytosis of intact liposomes was demonstrated by the appearance of silver‐labelled unilamellar vesicles within the cytoplasm of undamaged keratinocytes. The labelled liposomes were found enclosed in cellular unit membranes. i. e. in Iysosomes. In addition, perinuclear disintegration and release of the entrapped marker were observed. Silver particles, as present in liposomally encapsulated SSD, were found to be adequate markers for electron microscopy Our results confirm the phagocytosis of intact liposomes by keratinocytes in vitro In addition, the cytotoxic effects of liposomal (intended for the treatment of burns) and free SSD on human keratinocytes were studied in detail. Many keratinocytes treated for 10 min or more were severely affected.