tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hand Sanitiser Provision for Reducing Illness Absences in Primary School Children: A Cluster Randomised Trial
Authors: Patricia Priest, Joanne E. McKenzie, Rick Audas, Marion Poore, Cheryl Brunton, Lesley Reeves
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2014)

In a cluster randomized trial, Patricia Priest and colleagues find that providing hand sanitizer along with hand hygiene education in primary school classrooms, compared with hand hygiene alone, does not reduce school absences. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Anticytolytic Screen Identifies Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Virulence Protein Secretion
Authors: Jan Rybniker, Jeffrey M Chen, Claudia Sala, Ruben C Hartkoorn, Anthony Vocat, Andrej Benjak, Stefanie Boy-Röttger, Ming Zhang, Rita Székely, Zoltán Greff, László Orfi, István Szabadkai, János Pató, György Kéri, Stewart T Cole
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2014)
Prevention of Chronic Deterioration of Heart Allograft by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene Transfer
Authors: Tung-Yu Tsui, Xiaobing Wu, Chi-Keung Lau, David W.Y. Ho, Tao Xu, Yeung-Tung Siu, Sheung-Tat Fan
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Allograft deterioration is the major obstacle to organ transplantation as a long-term treatment of end-stage heart failure. In this study, we transduced the antioxidant gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), to heart grafts using a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) in a rat heart transplantation model and investigated its potentiality in prevention of chronic graft deterioration. Methods and Results— rAAV/HO-1 was administered to heart grafts through the coronary arteries during cold preservation. We investigated the expression patterns and activities of transgene, graft survival, graft histomorphology, and relevance of HO-1 expression on graft survival and chronic graft deterioration by itself. Long-term allograft survival can be achieved by rAAV/HO-1-mediated stable transgene expression. The development of graft arteriosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis was prevented in rAAV/HO-1–transduced allografts on day 100. rAAV/HO-1–mediated long-term graft protection was accompanied by remarkable downregulation of the intragraft mRNA level of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β 1 . Blockage of HO activities by zinc protoporphyrin IX at different posttransplant phases showed that the stable expression of HO-1 is a prerequisite for both survival of grafts and prevention of graft arteriosclerosis. Conclusions— rAAV/HO-1 gene transfer represents a novel therapeutic approach to prevent chronic allograft deterioration in clinical heart transplantation.
Pancreatic Cancer Pathogenesis Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: J SLAVIN
Journal: Gut (1999)

Pancreatic Cancer Pathogenesis Diagnosis and Treatment . Edited by Reber HA. (Pp 352; illustrated; £125.00.) Human Press, 1998. ISBN 0-89603-466-6.

It seems a week does not go by without another book about the pancreas. This is not to suggest that there is no room for this particular publication, rather it reflects the rapidly changing nature of current knowledge, both clinical and non-clinical, as it relates to pancreatic disease. The editor is Howard A Reber from the UCLA School of Medicine. He has culled chapters from a number of acknowledged …
Sphere-forming-like cells (squamospheres) with cancer stem-like cell traits from VX2 rabbit buccal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yuk-Kwan Chen, Anderson Hsien-Cheng Huang, Li-Min Lin
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2014)

Previous studies have demonstrated that spheroid type cells grown under suspension culture conditions have cancer stem cell (CSC) traits in a number of cancers, but this phenomenon has not yet been reported in the VX2 rabbit oral cancer model. Hence, this study aimed to study the spheroid cells from VX2 rabbit buccal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and assess their CSC characteristics. Five adult male New Zealand white outbred rabbits were used to generate VX2 rabbit buccal SCC. Sphere-forming cell culture was performed for the VX2 rabbit buccal SCC specimens. The self-renewal capability; cluster of designation (CD) 44, CD133, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1), Nestin, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) and reduced expression protein-1 (Rex-1) expression with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); chemoresistance to cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil; and in vivo tumorigenicity of spheroid cell transplantation in nude mice were evaluated to determine the CSC characteristics of the resulting spheroid cells. We successfully obtained spheroid cells from the VX2 rabbit OSCC tissues. The spheroid cells exhibited CSC traits, including the expression of CSC and stem cell markers (CD44, Bmi-1, Nestin, Oct4 and Rex-1), capacity to generate new spheroid colonies within 1 week of reseeding from single-dissociated spheroid cells, chemoresistance capacity and generation of tumour xenografts (with histological features resembling those of the original VX2 rabbit buccal SCC) from the transplantation of 10(3) undifferentiated spheroid cells into nude mice. In summary, we demonstrated that spheroid cells with CSC cell traits can be derived from VX2 rabbit buccal SCCs, indicating that this animal cancer model is applicable for studying CSCs in human oral cancers.
402 INCIDENCE OF LATE (&lt;2 YEARS) HCC RECURRENCE AFTER SURGICAL RESECTION REMAINS HIGHER THAN OF FIRST HCC IN CIRRHOSIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENTS MANAGEMENT
Authors: F. Piscaglia, A. Cucchetti, L. Benvegnu, E. Caturelli, A. Gianstefani, G. Ercolani, M. Vivarelli, G.L. Grazi, L. Bolondi, A.D. Pinna
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
"A Prevalent Error in Refraction Work."
Authors: F. C. Hotz
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Chicago, Nov. 29, 1896. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dr. Ed. J. Brown's letter on "a prevalent error in refraction work," published in theJournalof November 21, was to me full of surprises. "That most oculists have been giving low plus cylinders where minus lenses were indicated," was startling news to me, for I had never suspected this, though through private conversation and public discussions in ophthalmologic societies I am well acquainted with the views of a great many oculists on the question of correcting refractive errors. But I got a second and stronger dose of surprise when I found I, too, was counted among the guilty ones because I was supposed to have given a clergyman a + 50 cyl. axis 90 instead of a — 50 cyl. axis 180. The oculists among your readers, of course, clearly understand from Dr. Brown's own report of the case, that in this instance
The Biology of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Lung Cancer
Authors: Giorgio V. Scagliotti, Giovanni Selvaggi, Silvia Novello, Fred R. Hirsch
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in lung cancer and, more importantly, its ability to predict response to anti-EGFR therapies, are currently subjects of active research. In a meta-analysis, EGFR overexpression confirmed a worse prognosis (HR 1.13) in eight studies using immunohistochemistry, although cutoff values were generally selected arbitrarily by investigators. Most applied clinical research on the EGFR has been focused on the overexpression of the receptor, whereas less research has addressed the potential role of other mechanisms of increased signaling or of nonmembrane-bound events. The emerging concept of EGFR signaling reveals a multilayered network that allows for horizontal interactions and permits multiple combinatorial responses that may explain the specificity of cellular outcomes to receptor activation. New technologies such as nucleotide arrays and proteomics will help to elucidate the issue by providing information on how EGFR signaling may affect the expression of genes and proteins in cancer cells.
Imbalanced intrahepatic expression of interleukin 12, interferon gamma, and interleukin 10 in fulminant hepatitis B
Authors: Ludger Leifeld, Silvia Cheng, Jan Ramakers, Franz-Ludwig Dumoulin, Christian Trautwein, Tilman Sauerbruch, Ulrich Spengler
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

In murine models, overexpression of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma can induce severe liver damage, whereas IL-10 has anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. To analyze the potential role of these cytokines in human fulminant hepatitis B, we used immunohistochemistry to study expression of IL-12, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 in explant livers of 11 patients with fulminant hepatitis B, 5 patients with fulminant hepatitis due to other etiologies, 37 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD; hepatitis B virus, n = 15; hepatitis C virus, n = 10; primary biliary cirrhosis, n = 12), and 10 normal controls (NCs). Furthermore, cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were determined in the liver specimens by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In NCs, faint IL-12 expression was detected in only a few Kupffer cells, whereas sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, bile ducts, and lymphocytes expressed IL-12 in CLD and, more conspicuously, in fulminant hepatitis B. In contrast, expression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 was restricted to lymphocytes and Kupffer cells, respectively. In fulminant hepatitis B, numbers of IL-12- and IFN-gamma-positive cells markedly exceeded those found in CLD and NCs. A close correlation existed between IL-12 and IFN-gamma expression (r = 0.68; P <.001). In contrast, IL-10 expression was not significantly different in CLD and fulminant hepatitis. The quantitative differences in immunohistologic cytokine expression closely corresponded to the mRNA levels. In conclusion, our data indicate massive induction of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IFN-gamma in fulminant hepatitis B, which is apparently not counterbalanced by the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This cytokine imbalance may play an important role in promoting inflammatory reactions leading to massive liver damage in fulminant hepatitis B.
Boyd's Introduction to the Study of Disease
Authors: Nancy E. Warner
Journal: JAMA (1989)

The 10th edition of<i>Boyd's Introduction to the Study of Disease</i>marks the 50th year that this excellent book has been in print. According to the preface of the 9th edition, the book was designed for "students who wish an understanding of disease, who want to know something of the anatomy, pathophysiology, and mechanisms of disease without being drowned in a torrent of detail...", ie, allied health personnel. These aims are exactly met in 702 pages containing 26 chapters, 12 dealing with general principles of disease and 14 describing organs and their diseases. The chapters on general pathology include a historical outline; fundamentals of microanatomy and cell biology; cell injury; causes of disease; disturbances of blood flow and derangements of body fluids; inflammation and repair; the immune system and its disorders; bacterial, fungal, and viral infections; parasitic infestations; neoplasms; and inherited diseases. The second half of the book deals with
A 47-Year-Old Woman With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, 1 Year Later
Authors: Jennifer Daley
Journal: JAMA (1996)

At the Surgery Grand Rounds held approximately 1 year ago, Dr Monica Morrow discussed the evaluation and management of a 47-year-old woman with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who decided, after considerable discussion, to undergo bilateral mastectomy.1 Dr Morrow discussed the incidence, prevalence, and natural history of DCIS and current diagnostic and therapeutic options in the management of women with DCIS. We asked the patient and her doctor to comment on the year that has passed. <h3>Mrs Y, the patient:</h3> Sometimes I resent that I have had to face the decisions I've had to make in the last year; it's been a life-changing experience. I'm comfortable with all the decisions I made and wouldn't change any of them. I feel vulnerable a lot and am still scared about having a recurrence. I attend a support group for women who are being treated for breast cancer and feel that I am
Myocyte injury and contraction abnormalities produced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Authors: S L Woodley, M McMillan, J Shelby, D H Lynch, L K Roberts, R D Ensley, W H Barry
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which ventricular function is altered during cardiac transplant rejection are not well understood. Therefore, an in vitro model system has been developed to facilitate investigation of lymphocyte-mediated myocyte injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Splenic lymphoid cells were obtained from mice 8-10 days after placement of a vascularized abdominal cardiac allograft and were restimulated in vitro with irradiated donor-type splenocytes for 5 days. Cytotoxic effects of these allogenically stimulated lymphocytes on syngeneic and donor strain fetal cultured myocytes were determined by a 51Cr release assay at different lymphocyte to myocyte ratios. 51Cr release from donor strain myocytes was detectable within 1 hour of exposure, was maximal by 3-5 hours of coincubation with sensitized lymphocytes, and was allospecific. Cell injury manifest by 51Cr release was calcium dependent and was inhibited by pretreatment of lymphocytes with phorbol ester to deplete protein kinase C. Myocyte injury was also prevented by pretreatment of sensitized lymphocytes with anti-Thy 1.2 or anti-CD8 antibody plus complement but not by treatment with anti-CD4 antibody, indicating that CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are involved. Altered myocyte contractile motion preceded myocyte lysis (51Cr release), was characterized by an initial reversible decrease in amplitude of contraction, and was followed by rapid and irregular beating with eventual complete cessation of contraction. Contractile alterations induced by sensitized lymphocytes were inhibited by elimination of CD8+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Myocyte injury can be produced by sensitized cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro and is calcium and protein kinase C dependent. The contractile abnormalities produced appear to be similar to those observed in cardiac transplant patients undergoing rejection, and thus this model system promises to allow investigation of the mechanisms involved.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: a new complication of chronic venous ulceration.
Authors: J. Berth-Jones, R. A. Graham-Brown, A. Fletcher, H. P. Henderson, W. W. Barrie
Journal: BMJ (1989)

patients produces a clinically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure.Simple dietary advice on salt intake, similar to that currently recommended for diabetic patients, therefore appears to be appropriate for type II diabetic hypertensives.We are grateful to Ciba (Horsham) for supplies of Slow Sodium and placebo.APPENDIX Summary ofdietary advice given to patients to achieve sodium restriction Patients were instructed to avoid:(a) Adding table salt (b) Adding salt in cooking (c) Salted meats and smoked fish (d) Tinned foods-in particular tinned meats, vegetables, fish, and tinned and packeted soups (e) Salted cheeses (f) Oxo, Bovril, Marmite, and Bisto (g) Bottled sauces and savoury snacks, including crisps and peanuts Controls were instructed to continue with usual eating habits, and no advice was given to either group with regard to carbohydrate, fat, or protein intake.I Christlieb AR, Warran JH, Krolewski AS, et al.Hypertension: the major risk factor in juvenile onset insulin dependent diabetics.
Fate of patients with acute myocardial infarction with patency of the infarct-related vessel achieved with successful thrombolysis versus rescue angioplasty
Authors: Charles W. Abbottsmith, Eric J. Topol, Barry S. George, Richard S. Stack, Dean J. Kereiakes, Richard J. Candela, Linda C. Anderson, S. Lynn Harrelson-Woodlief, Robert M. Califf
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
Alkyl Phenols and Diethylhexyl Phthalate in Tissues of Sheep Grazing Pastures Fertilized with Sewage Sludge or Inorganic Fertilizer
Authors: Stewart M. Rhind, Carol E. Kyle, Gillian Telfer, Elizabeth I. Duff, Alistair Smith
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

We studied selected tissues from ewes and their lambs that were grazing pastures fertilized with either sewage sludge (treated) or inorganic fertilizer (control) and determined concentrations of alkylphenols and phthalates in these tissues. Mean tissue concentrations of alkylphenols were relatively low (< 10-400 microg/kg) in all animals and tissues. Phthalates were detected in tissues of both control and treated animals at relatively high concentrations (> 20,000 microg/kg in many tissue samples). The use of sludge as a fertilizer was not associated with consistently increased concentrations of either alkylphenols or phthalates in the tissues of animals grazing treated pastures relative to levels in control animal tissues. Concentrations of the two classes of chemicals differed but were of a similar order of magnitude in liver and muscle as well as in fat. Concentrations of each class of compound were broadly similar in tissues derived from ewes and lambs. Although there were significant differences (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) between years (cohorts) in mean tissue concentrations of both nonylphenol (NP) and phthalate in each of the tissues from both ewes and lambs, the differences were not attributable to either the age (6 months or 5 years) of the animal or the duration of exposure to treatments. Octylphenol concentrations were generally undetectable. There was no consistent cumulative outcome of prolonged exposure on the tissue concentrations of either class of pollutant in any ewe tissue. Mean tissue concentrations of phthalate were higher (p < 0.001) in the liver and kidney fat of male compared with female lambs. We suggest that the addition of sewage sludge to pasture is unlikely to cause large increases in tissue concentrations of NP and phthalates in sheep and other animals with broadly similar diets and digestive systems (i.e., domestic ruminants) grazing such pasture.
Pertussis — A Disease and Vaccine for All Ages
Authors: Scott A. Halperin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

There is increasing evidence and awareness that pertussis is not just a disease of children. Although most severe disease and almost all mortality occur in young infants, the overall disease burden is increasingly shifting to adolescents and adults.1 There have been large outbreaks of pertussis among adolescents who had both classic pertussis symptoms and prolonged illness with cough.2 Pertussis is less well characterized in adults than in adolescents but has been associated with up to 20 percent of prolonged illness with cough. Studies have suggested that the clinical severity of pertussis in adults increases with age.3 This change in epidemiologic . . .
Counting Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells: A Reevaluation of Bystander Activation during Viral Infection
Authors: Kaja Murali-Krishna, John D Altman, M Suresh, David J.D Sourdive, Allan J Zajac, Joseph D Miller, Jill Slansky, Rafi Ahmed
Journal: Immunity (1998)

Viral infections induce extensive T cell proliferation in vivo, but the specificity of the majority of the responding T cells has not been defined. To address this issue we used tetramers of MHC class I molecules containing viral peptides to directly visualize antigen-specific CD8 T cells during acute LCMV infection of mice. Based on tetramer binding and two sensitive assays measuring interferon-γ production at the single-cell level, we found that 50%–70% of the activated CD8 T cells were LCMV specific (2 × 107 virus-specific cells/spleen). Following viral clearance, antigen-specific CD8 T cell numbers dropped to 106 per spleen and were maintained at this level for the life of the mouse. Upon rechallenge with LCMV, there was rapid expansion of memory T cells, but after infection with the heterologous vaccinia virus there was no detectable change in the numbers of LCMV-specific memory CTL. Therefore, much of the CD8 T cell expansion seen during viral infection represents antigen-specific cells and warrants a revision of our current thinking on the size of the antiviral response.
A Genetic Variant of the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Gene Is Associated With Cardiometabolic Protection in the General Community
Authors: Valentina Cannone, Guido Boerrigter, Alessandro Cataliotti, Lisa C. Costello-Boerrigter, Timothy M. Olson, Paul M. McKie, Denise M. Heublein, Brian D. Lahr, Kent R. Bailey, Maurizio Averna, Margaret M. Redfield, Richard J. Rodeheffer, John C. Burnett
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Cot mattresses and the sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: B A Richardson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,—P J Fleming and colleagues' editorial on the possibility of a relation between the fire retardants, biocides, and plasticisers in cot mattresses and sudden infant death should help medical professionals understand how the sudden infant death syndrome may be caused by gases generated from mattresses by micro-organisms1; arsine from wallpaper similarly caused deaths of infants a century ago.2

Scopulariopsis brevicaulis develops through warmth and perspiration …
Cardiovascular Mortality in Women With Obstructive Sleep Apnea With or Without Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment
Authors: Francisco Campos-Rodriguez, Miguel A. Martinez-Garcia, Ines de la Cruz-Moron, Carmen Almeida-Gonzalez, Pablo Catalan-Serra, Josep M. Montserrat
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a risk factor for cardiovascular death in men, but whether it is also a risk factor in women is unknown. Objective: To investigate whether OSA is a risk factor for cardiovascular death in women and assess whether continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment is associated with a change in risk. Design: Prospective, observational cohort study. Setting: 2 sleep clinics in Spain. Patients: All women consecutively referred for suspected OSA between 1998 and 2007. Intervention: Every woman had a diagnostic sleep study. Women with an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) less than 10 were the control group. Obstructive sleep apnea was diagnosed when the AHI was 10 or higher (classified as mild to moderate [AHI of 10 to 29] or severe [AHI ≥30]). Patients with OSA were classified as CPAP-treated (adherence ≥4 hours per day) or untreated (adherence <4 hours per day or not prescribed). Participants were followed until December 2009. Measurements: The end point was cardiovascular death. Results: 1116 women were studied (median follow-up, 72 months [interquartile range, 52 to 88 months]). The control group had a lower cardiovascular mortality rate (0.28 per 100 person-years [95% CI, 0.10 to 0.91]) than the untreated groups with mild to moderate OSA (0.94 per 100 person-years [CI, 0.10 to 2.40]; P = 0.034) or severe OSA (3.71 per 100 person-years [CI, 0.09 to 7.50]; P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, the fully adjusted hazard ratios for cardiovascular mortality were 3.50 (CI, 1.23 to 9.98) for the untreated, severe OSA group; 0.55 (CI, 0.17 to 1.74) for the CPAP-treated, severe OSA group; 1.60 (CI, 0.52 to 4.90) for the untreated, mild to moderate OSA group; and 0.19 (CI, 0.02 to 1.67) for the CPAP-treated, mild to moderate OSA group. Limitation: The study was observational and not randomized, and OSA was diagnosed by 2 different methods. Conclusion: Severe OSA is associated with cardiovascular death in women, and adequate CPAP treatment may reduce this risk. Primary Funding Source: None.