tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PET Positive Generalized Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly Following Interferon-alfa-2b Adjuvant Therapy for Melanoma
Authors: Lawrence A. Cone, Adam Brochert, Karl Schulz, Richard A. Stone, Asma Kazi, David Greene
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

Interferon-alfa (IFN-α) is used in patients with various inflammatory and neoplastic disorders. We recently encountered fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and the marrow in a patient receiving high dose interferon-α-2b (IFN-α) as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of malignant melanoma. Biopsy of an enlarged hypermetabolic axillary lymph node revealed only a reactive node. Discontinuation of IFN-α caused regression of splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy within 3 months. A marrow “hyperstimulation” pattern that can include the spleen is a well-recognized phenomenon on (fluorodeoxyglucose) FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans in patients receiving chemotherapeutic agents like interferon, though classically due to colony stimulating factors, but does not generally include lymphadenopathy. This case, which likely reflects an interferon-induced pseudolymphoma, highlights the importance of a drug history and clinical correlation for the proper interpretation of FDG PET/CT scans.
Long term lamivudine (LAM) therapy in CHB-E-antigen-negative (CHB-e-Ag-neg): efficacy and breakthroughs
Authors: Simona Paganin, Marco Lagget, Valeria Barbon, Silvia Gaia, Antonina Smedile, Maria Lorena Abate, Antonella Olivero, Alfredo Marzano, Mario Rizzetto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Assessment and referral after emergency treatment of a suspected anaphylactic episode: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: M. Dzingina, H. Stegenga, M. Heath, D. Jones, G. Rogers, J. Kleijnen, R. Wolff, N. Armstrong, P. D. Howdle
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life threatening, generalised or systemic hypersensitivity reaction. It is characterised by rapidly developing, life threatening problems involving the airway (pharyngeal or laryngeal oedema) and/or breathing (bronchospasm with tachypnoea) and/or circulation (hypotension and/or tachycardia). In most cases, there are associated skin and mucosal changes.1 UK estimates suggest that about 1 in 1333 of the population in England has experienced anaphylaxis.2 A common trigger of anaphylaxis in children is food and in older people is medication.3 About 20 deaths from anaphylaxis are reported each year in the United Kingdom, of which about half are known to be iatrogenic,4 although this may be a substantial underestimate. This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on assessment to confirm an anaphylactic reaction and on the decision to refer a patient after emergency treatment for a suspected anaphylactic reaction.5 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of the best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group’s experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### Duration of observation after suspected anaphylactic reaction
CHRONIC IRRITATION AS A CAUSE OF CANCER
Authors: Frederick G. Dyas
Journal: JAMA (1928)

A woman, aged 36, who presented herself for examination in 1926, had had a metal pessary introduced into the uterus seven years previously. This had been allowed to remain constantly for seven years. She sought medical advice because of a profuse, purulent, foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Nothing could be seen or felt on examination, but the roentgen ray revealed a shadow corresponding in size and shape to the patient's description of the pessary. Under gas anesthesia the anterior lip of the cervix was split and with considerable difficulty the metal pessary, which was deeply embedded in the wall of the uterus, was removed. The patient was instructed to come back for observation but failed to do so for a period of a year. During this time there had been a slight diminution of the vaginal discharge. On examination at the end of the year a typical carcinoma of the cervix was
Abstract 433: Altered expression of lumican in prostate cancer is identified by microarray analysis
Authors: Yi Wang, Marco A. De Velasco, Erina Okazaki, Ayaka Izumi, Motoyoshi Tanka, Yutaka Yamamoto, Yuji Hatanaka, Kazuhiro Yoshimura, Masahiro Nozawa, Charles Rosser, Steve Goodison, Kazuhiro Yoshikawa, Kazuto Nishio, Hirotugu Uemura
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Prostate cancer is one of the principal medical problems facing men worldwide; fortunately mortality rates from prostate cancer have been decreasing in many developed countries, as a result of improved treatments and early detection. Developing biomarkers that correlate to prostate cancer will facilitate the delivery and development of treatment therapies for patients. To accomplish this we performed a comprehensive genome-wide microarray analysis of genes differentially up- or down-regulated in PSACre;PtenloxP/loxP mutant mice and examined novel differentially expressed genes in to identify novel genes that could potentially serve as biomarkers for disease tumor characterization. Total RNAs were collected form the prostate glands of tumor bearing PSACre;PtenloxP/loxP mutant and wild type mice. cDNAs were generated and were then hybridized onto Affymetrix microarray chips and analyzed with Agilent's Gene Spring software. Microarray analysis revealed that lumican was significantly upregulated in Pten mutant mice compared to wildtype controls. qRT-PCR validation was performed and correlated to the microarray data. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on mouse prostates at various stages of the disease process. Two staining patterns were observed and tabulated, 1) prostate epithelium and 2) stroma. Mouse epithelial cell tended to stain negative in normal glands. Expression increased in moderate and poorly differentiated tumor. The highest expression patterns were observed in the prostates from castrate resistant tumors. More notable was the increased an intense staining seen in the stromal component, especially in the thickened basement membranes cancerous glands. We also examined the expression patterns of lumican in 10 cases of human prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Epithelial expression in human was moderate to high in benign prostatic hyperplasia, Gleason score 6, 9 and metastatic tumors and moderate in Gleason score 7 tumors. Stromal staining was low in BPH and gradually increased to moderate as the Gleason score increased and high in metastatic lesions. The staining pattern of lumican was very similar to that of vimentin in both human and mouse tissues. Our data has shown that lumican may be differentially expressed in various stages of prostate cancer, however, larger number of clinical need to be evaluated to establish a clear correlation to clinicopathological features. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 433. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-433
Gastrointestinal Bleeding And Aspirin
Authors: Armand J. Quick
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. E. D. Palmer's recent paper on "The Vigorous Diagnostic Approach to Upper-Gastrointestinal Tract Hemorrhage" (<b>207</b>:1477, 1969) omits any reference to aspirin as a possible cause of gastrointestinal track bleeding. Yet, this drug is probably the most common cause of such bleeding. In several extensive independent studies,<sup>1-4</sup>it was demonstrated that aspirin caused the presence of occult blood in the stool in about 60% to 70% of normal subjects. In view of this, it seems imperative to ascertain in any case of gastrointestinal tract bleeding whether the patient took aspirin shortly before the onset of the hemorrhagic episode. In lieu of this information, testing the urine qualitatively for salicylate may be quite helpful. Two of the common diseases in which mucous membrane bleeding occurs frequently are the Minot-von Willebrand syndrome and telangiectasia (the Rendu-Osler disease), and, in both, the bleeding can be drastically accentuated by
Cellular inflammatory responses during immediate, developing, and established late-phase allergic cutaneous reactions: Effects of cetirizine
Authors: Burton Zweiman, Paul C. Atkins, Anne Moskovitz, Carolyn von Allmen, Michael Ciliberti, Scott Grossman
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1997)

In some previous studies, the antihistamine cetirizine has inhibited both developing (at 6 hours) and established (at 24 hours) gross late-phase skin reactions (LPR) to pollen antigens, possibly relevant to clinical drug effects. However, the effects of cetirizine at the histologic level require further definition.To characterize cetirizine effects on gross and histologic inflammatory events from 20 minutes to 24 hours after intradermal antigen challenge in sensitive patients.Gross and histologic responses to intradermal pollen antigen, codeine, histamine, and buffer diluent were assessed during randomized 7-day treatments with cetirizine and placebo. Accumulated neutrophils, eosinophils, activated (EG2+) eosinophils, and T lymphocytes were quantitated. The degrees of extracellular deposition of lactoferrin from neutrophils and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) from eosinophils were also assessed.During placebo treatment, wheal-and-flare responses were significantly greater to antigen at 20 minutes (p < 0.01) and induration at 6 hours (p < 0.01) at antigen challenge sites than at buffer diluent sites. During cetirizine treatment, these wheal-and-flare responses to antigen were inhibited significantly (p < 0.01) but gross LPRs were not affected. During placebo treatment, significantly more cells per high-power field were found in antigen sites than in buffer sites of neutrophils at 20 minutes (p < 0.01) and 24 hours; than in eosinophils at 20 minutes, 6 hours, and 24 hours (p < 0.01 for each); than in EG2+ cells at 20 minutes (p = 0.004), 6 hours (p = 0.001), and 24 hours (p = 0.02); and at T lymphocyte sites at 24 hours (p = 0.001). Extracellular deposition of lactoferrin and ECP was significantly greater at antigen sites than at buffer sites at 6 and 24 hours. Cetirizine treatment had no significant effect on these responses.Neutrophils, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes were persistently more common at antigen sites than at buffer sites through 24 hours. Many of these neutrophils and eosinophils were activated, releasing more lactoferrin and ECP into the extracellular dermis for at least 24 hours after antigen challenge. Cetirizine inhibited gross immediate responses to antigen, but not the gross LPR nor the cellular inflammatory responses seen in such LPR sites.
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) enhances clonal proliferation of acute myelogenous leukemia cells with strong expression of the IL-11 receptor α chain and signal transducing gp130
Authors: T Kimura, H Sakabe, H Minamiguchi, H Fujiki, T Abe, H Kaneko, S Yokota, H Nakagawa, H Fujii, H Tamaki, H Ogawa, H Sugiyama, Y Sonoda
Journal: Leukemia (1999)
Abstract 1334: Benzo(a)pyrene concentration-dependent biotransformation and cytotoxicity in HT-29 colon cells
Authors: Jeremy Myers, Aramandla Ramesh
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The majority of sporadic cancer deaths are attributed to environmental factors of which exposure to environmental toxicants is one. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a member of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) family of compounds is one such ubiquitous environmental toxicant; found in charcoal broiled/smoked meats, cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and industrial emissions. High levels of BaP have been detected in fat-rich foods such as dairy products, barbecued pork sausage, and beef meat. Since diet makes up a substantial amount of BaP intake (∼ 3 – 17 mg/person/day); ingested BaP contributing to gastrointestinal (GI) carcinogenesis deserves attention. Studies conducted using a mouse model in our laboratory has already shown that BaP contributes to colon cancer development. Through metabolic activation, BaP is biotransformed into an array of metabolites. Biotransformation of BaP proceeds through specific biochemical pathways (epoxide and quinone) each one producing specific reactive metabolites that bind with DNA, cause DNA damage and associated changes in cell cycle. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of BaP that are most toxic to HT-29 human colon cells and examine if any relationship exist between cellular toxicity and BaP biotransformation. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics (penicillin/streptomycin). After revival of cells and growing them to confluence, cells were synchronized overnight by serum starvation method. The HT-29 cells were exposed to 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100μM BaP over the course of 10 days and then counted using a Coulter Counter. Based on a concentration – response study 5, 10, and 25 μM BaP in DMSO (vehicle for BaP; 0.01%) were selected as optimal concentrations to analyze the effect of BaP on cell growth, viability, biochemical, and molecular endpoints 4 days after BaP exposure. The expression of both Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes were analyzed by western blot and RT-PCR. Analysis of cell cycle via FACS showed inhibition of the S and G2-phase in cells treated with increasing concentrations of BaP. An increase in CYP 1A1 and 1B1 expression also occurred in a BaP concentration-dependent manner. However, not much difference was seen in Phase II metabolizing enzyme expression levels regardless of the BaP concentrations tested. Our results suggest that BaP cytotoxicity is mediated by metabolic activation (funded by the NIH grants 5T32HL007735-12, 1RO1CA142845-01A1, 1S11ES014156-01A1 and Southern Regional Education Board). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1334. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1334
Early antibiotic treatment (prophylaxis) of septic complications in severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study comparing two regimens with imipenem-cilastatin
Authors: Enrique Maraví-Poma, Joan Gener, Francisco Alvarez-Lerma, Pedro Olaechea, Armando Blanco, J. Enrique Domínguez-Muñoz
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2003)
Tedisamil increases coherence during ventricular fibrillation and decreases defibrillation energy requirements
Authors: Paul Dorian, David Newman
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Introduction: Drugs which primarily prolong cardiac refractoriness decrease defibrillation voltage and energy requirements in animals and man. The effect of such drugs on ventricular fibrillation itself is not well understood. We hypothesized that tedisamil, an investigational antiarrhythmic drug which blocks Ito and IK repolarizing potassium channels, would increase organization of epicardial electrograms during ventricular fibrillation while it lowered defibrillation energy requirements. Methods: We measured magnitude-squared coherence, a measure of spatial organization, and ventricular fibrillation (VF) cycle length, ventricular effective refractory period (VERP), and monophasic action potential duration (APD90) as well as defibrillation energy threshold (E50) at baseline and after 150 μg/kg of tedisamil (n=13) or saline control (n=6) in an open chest dog model. Results: After tedisamil, mean magnitude-squared coherence increased by 132±133%, from 0.15±0.08 to 0.31±0.16 (P<0.001); VF cycle length increased from 121±24 to 190±63 ms (P<0.001) and became more regular, with the coefficient of variation between adjacent VF intervals decreasing from 14.1±6.9 to 3.9±2.2% (P<0.001). Mean E50 decreased from 8.9±3.8 to 6.1±2.7 joules (P<0.001); VERP increased from 158±30 to 201±31 ms (P<0.001), and APD90 increased from 177±25 to 244±45 ms (P<0.001) after tedisamil. No electrophysiologic parameter was changed after saline infusion. Conclusions: Tedisamil increases both spatial coherence and temporal regularity of ventricular fibrillation. These effects on 'order' during VF may be in part responsible for the observed reduction in defibrillation energy requirements.
Neutrophil dysplasia demonstrated on Sudan black B staining
Authors: Barbara J. Bain
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

Since the advent of immunophenotyping, cytochemical stains are much less used in the investigation of acute leukemia and the myelodysplastic syndromes. However, they remain of value for the identification of Auer rods, the recognition of myeloid differentiation in mixed phenotype acute leukemia, and the demonstration of dysplastic features in maturing cells. This blood film, stained with Sudan black B (SBB), is from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia that was preceded by chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. A proportion of the blast cells were strongly SBB-positive but many of the neutrophils and neutrophil band forms had only scanty SBB-positive granules or were completely agranular (three shown), thus providing evidence of dysplastic granulopoiesis. A myeloperoxidase (MPO) stain would show a similar staining pattern since MPO activity and SBB give parallel results. Dysplastic neutrophils may lack MPO protein and therefore MPO activity or may have a defective protein that lacks enzymatic activity. A lack of enzymatic activity can be detected not only by cytochemical stains for MPO or SBB but also by the use of automated blood counters that incorporate an MPO reaction. Sometimes, such automated instruments show two clusters of neutrophils, with normal and abnormal activity, respectively, while in other patients, the cluster is much more dispersed than normal.
Systematic Review: Antihypertensive Drug Therapy in Black Patients
Authors: Lizzy M. Brewster, Gert A. van Montfrans, Jos Kleijnen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Background: Hypertension occurs more frequently and is generally more severe in black persons than in white persons, leading to excess morbidity and mortality. Purpose: To systematically review the efficacy of different antihypertensive drugs in reducing blood pressure, morbidity, and mortality in hypertensive black adults. Data Sources: The following databases were searched from their inception through November 2003: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud), African Index Medicus, and the Cochrane Library. PubMed was also searched from September 2003 through March 2004. Searches were conducted without language restriction. Study Selection: Randomized, controlled trials of drugs versus placebo (blood pressure outcomes) or drugs versus placebo or other drugs (morbidity and mortality outcomes). Data Extraction: 2 reviewers independently extracted data. Data Synthesis: The efficacy of β-blockers in reducing systolic blood pressure and the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in achieving diastolic blood pressure goals did not significantly differ from that of placebo (weighted mean difference for β-blockers, −3.53 mm Hg [95% CI, −7.51 to 0.45 mm Hg]; relative risk for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, 1.35 [CI, 0.81 to 2.26]). In the pooled analyses, other reviewed drugs (calcium-channel blockers, diuretics, central sympatholytics, α-blockers, and angiotensin II receptor blockers) were more effective than placebo in reducing blood pressure, but only calcium-channel blockers remained effective in all prespecified subgroups, including patients with a baseline diastolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg or greater. Main morbidity and mortality outcomes did not differ significantly between treatment groups when drugs were combined to reach blood pressure goals. However, trial results indicated a greater occurrence of diabetes with diuretics and a higher risk for cardiovascular events with drug regimens that included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Limitations: This meta-analysis evaluated the blood pressure lowering–efficacy of monotherapy only. Conclusions: Drugs differ in their efficacy for reducing blood pressure in black patients, but there is no solid evidence that efficacy for reducing morbidity and mortality outcomes differs once patients achieve the blood pressure goal.
A Comparative Study of Five Proprietary Analgesic Compounds
Authors: Thomas J. DeKornfeld, Louis Lasagna, Todd M. Frazier
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Five popular aspirin-containing analgesic preparations were compared with one another and with a placebo. In a group of 198 postpartum patients, all 5 preparations gave better relief from pain than did the placebo, and there were no significant differences among them during the first 3 hours of observation. In a second group of 60 patients, the 5 preparations were compared as to incidence of gastrointestinal disturbances. Two of the preparations which contained acetophenetidin were associated with an incidence of upset stomach significantly higher than were the remaining 3 preparations or the placebo, and the last 4 did not differ significantly from one another in this respect. With negative results, a third group of 9 patients was studied systematically for subjective or objective differences as to pain relief or other effects caused by the 5 preparations.
Learning from Aprotinin — Mandatory Trials of Comparative Efficacy and Safety Needed
Authors: Wayne A. Ray
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Aprotinin, a hemostatic agent that inhibits the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin,1 was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 for reducing blood loss during coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG). By 2006, aprotinin was prescribed for approximately 200,000 patients undergoing cardiac surgery worldwide.2 Aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid are lysine analogues that inhibit the binding of fibrin to plasminogen and also reduce blood loss, but a specific indication for bypass grafting is not included on their labels.1 The safety of aprotinin was called into question in 2006 and 2007, when the results of an international cohort study by Mangano et . . .
Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Man
Authors: I. C. Monro
Journal: BMJ (1943)

<h3>Background:</h3> The ratio of female to male (F:M) multiple sclerosis (MS) cases varies geographically, generally being greater in areas of high prevalence. In many regions, including Canada, rising MS incidence in women has been implied by the marked increase in F:M ratio. <h3>Methods:</h3> We examined the F:M ratio over time in MS patients in the Canadian Collaborative Study born outside Canada, with onset postmigration (n = 2531). We compared the trends to native-born Canadians, by region of origin and age at migration. <h3>Results:</h3> Regression analysis showed that year of birth (YOB) was a significant predictor of sex ratio in immigrants (χ<sup>2</sup> = 21.4, p&lt;0.001 correlation r = 0.61). The rate of change in sex ratio was increasing in all migrant subgroups (by a factor of 1.16 per 10-year period, p&lt;0.001), with the steepest increase observed in those from Southern Europe (1.27/10 years, p&lt;0.001). The overall immigrant F:M ratio was 2.17, but varied by country of origin. It was significantly lower in migrants from Southern Europe compared with Northern Europe or USA (1.89 vs 2.14 and 2.86, p = 0.023 and p = 0.0003, respectively). Increasing age at immigration was associated with decreasing sex ratio (p = 0.041). The sex ratio of individuals migrating &lt;21 was significantly higher than those migrating ⩾21 (2.79 vs 1.96, p = 0.004). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> MS sex ratio in immigrants to Canada is increasing but variable by region of origin and influenced by age at migration. The findings highlight the importance of environmental effect(s) in MS risk, which are likely gender-specific.