tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Renal ultrastructural and biochemical injuries induced by aminoglycosides.
Authors: C Cojocel, N Docius, K Maita, J H Smith, J B Hook
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

Aminoglycoside-induced proteinuria may result from general renal damage or may reflect alterations in specific steps in the renal handling of proteins. To differentiate between the two possibilities, experiments were designed to quantify the effects of nephrotoxic doses of gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin in the intact rat, isolated perfused rat kidney (IPK) and kidney slices using the cationic low molecular weight protein lysozyme as a model protein. Each aminoglycoside was administered IP to male Wistar rats (15 or 30 mg/kg/day) for 5 or 7 days. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy indicated that gentamicin and tobramycin induced a decrease in the number and diameter of endothelial fenestrae and degranulation of the myoepithelioid cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Concurrently, gentamicin and tobramycin decrease the glomerular sieving coefficient of lysozyme from 0.8 to 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. Netilmicin did not affect the percentage reabsorption of lysozyme whereas gentamicin and tobramycin induced a 50% decrease in lysozyme reabsorption by the IPK. Gentamicin and tobramycin decreased equally lysozyme degradation by the IPK; this decrease was time- and dose-dependent when evaluated in slices from renal cortex. Perfusion of rat kidneys with gentamicin induced a dose-dependent decrease in reabsorption and catabolism of lysozyme. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that polycationic aminoglycosides alter ultrastructure and glomerular permeability, tubular reabsorption and intracellular digestion of proteins.
Aspirin and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Thomas F Imperiale
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Awareness of the substantial morbidity and mortality attributable to colorectal cancer has focused attention on early detection and prevention through screening and on other strategies such as chemoprevention. Among several agents under evaluation, aspirin appears to have the inside track. Could aspirin reduce the burden of disease associated with the second-leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States?A protective effect of aspirin is biologically plausible. Aspirin works in part through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, an enzyme that is found in colorectal cancer tissue. Epidemiologic studies have shown a consistent 40 to 50 percent reduction in the risk of . . .
Abnormalities of Serum Cholecystokinin and Gallbladder Emptying in Celiac Disease
Authors: Thomas S. Low-Beer, Richard F. Harvey, E. Rhys Davies, Alan E. Read
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

THE alimentary tract is known to release a variety of polypeptide hormones that co-ordinate its digestive and absorptive functions. Among them is cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, which constitutes the principal stimulus to gallbladder emptying and pancreatic enzyme secretion in addition to influencing intestinal motility.1 In a previous paper we demonstrated an impaired gallbladder contraction in response to fat and also a sluggish enterohepatic circulation of bile salts in patients with celiac disease.2 A delay in pancreatic and biliary secretion in patients with celiac disease in response to a duodenal infusion of amino acids has also been demonstrated.3 These abnormalities seemed most likely to . . .
Major accident procedure
Authors: C. Bolt
Journal: BMJ (1967)

MEIRNALof chemical carcinogens below which there will be no response in man,' the absence of papilloma and carcinoma in the stained fingers of man to date is surely significant.The naive histological demonstration of Dr. F. J. C. Roe and Mr. A. L. Levene (2 September, p. 615) does not have adequate relevance either.Had they demonstrated unchanged epidermal thickness in the stained fingers of heavy cigarette smokers (20 and more per day for 20 years and more) and non-smokers of comparable age, sex, and occupation in addition, they would have a leg to stand on.Nor did I ask if tobacco smoke is a carcinogen for man either.What I asked was (5 August, p. 373) whether the absence of "cigarette-smoker's finger," and the fact that not all heavy cigarette smokers develop lung cancer, did not argue for some other essential factor, in addition to cigarette smoke, for the evolution of malignant disease in any particular heavy cigarette smoker.To date I have had no answer.-Iam, etc.,
Detection of tumor stem cells among circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETC) and relationship to therapy response.
Authors: K Hekimian, EL Stein, U Pachmann, K Pachmann
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #5053 Background: It has been shown that the metastatic process is highly inefficient. Thus in the experimental setting, using breast cancer cell lines, only 0,1 to 0.01% of the injected cells are capable of forming metastases. With respect to cells released form primary tumors it is neither known, how many cells survive in the circulation nor what proportion is capable of forming metastases. Therefore we have attempted to determine the fraction of stem cells among the CETC and to correlate their frequency to relapse.&amp;#x2028; Material and Methods: Tumor cells were quantified with an automated microscope (Laser Scanning Cytometer®, Icis or ScanR) from anticoagulated blood drawn before each new therapy cycle from patients treated with systemic chemotherapy after surgery and subsequent maintenance therapy. After red blood cell lysis leucocytes were stained with PE-anti-CD45 and tumor cells with FITC-anti-EpCAM. Tumor stem cells were tried to define in 2 ways: 1. Using PE-conjugated anti-CD24 Epithelial antigen positive cells were counterstained and the CD24 negative cells determined. 2. Using the Aldefluor method epithelial cells staining intracellularly positive were determined and changes registered as % increase or decrease. The response to therapy was correlated to outcome.&amp;#x2028; Results: Both methods were well applicable. With the anti-CD24 counter stain, most CETC stained positively. A minor fraction of less than 1% of CETC was lacking CD24 staining and was regarded as the CD24 negative stem cell population. With regard to the Aldefluor method, both green fluorescing FITC anti-CD326 and red fluorescing Dye-anti-CD326 were used for screening of CETC and subsequently green intracellular fluorescence was determined inside the CETC. Aldefluor positive CETC also were in the range of 1%. Patients with CETC increasing during systemic chemotherapy which are defined as poor prognosis patients are now investigated for their proportion of stem cells during CETC increase.&amp;#x2028; Discussion: These analyses will help to clarify whether an increase in CETC during systemic chemotherapy is due to tumor stem cells, surviving conventional chemotherapeutic agents and whether they might be susceptible to new agents. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5053.
Electronic patient records are revitalised with new opt-out letter
Authors: M. Cross
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The BMA has cautiously welcomed a new opt-out procedure introduced under a new drive to create electronic summary health records for NHS patients in England. The new letter, to be mailed out by primary care trusts, attempts to defuse a long running row over consent by including a postage paid, opt-out form for patients who object to having their details loaded onto the national summary care record.

The summary care record, created as part of the NHS’s £13bn (€15bn, $21bn) national programme for IT in England, makes patients’ demographic data, together with details of allergies, adverse reactions, and current prescriptions, available to clinicians …
Two levels of resting potential in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to sodium-free solutions.
Authors: J R Wiggins, P F Cranefield
Journal: Circulation Research (1976)

Canine cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to sodium-free solutions containing 16 mM CaCl2, 20 mM tetraethylammonium chloride, 108 mM tetramethylammonium chloride, and 2.7 mM KCl may be quiescent at a resting potential of either -50 mV or -90 mV. The membrane potential of these fibers can be switched from -50 mV to -90 mV by a hyperpolarizing current pulse and from -90 mV to -50 mV by a depolarizing current pulse. The transition from -50 mV to -90 mV depends on a voltage-dependent increase in potassium conductance, that conductance being low at -50 mV and high at -90 mV. A reduction in potassium conductance causes the fiber to depolarize from -90 mV to -50 mV because of the presence of an inward current which apparently is carried mainly by Ca. Fibers that show a high resting potential cannot be excited except by depolarizing stimuli strong enough to move the membrane from -90 mV to a threshold potential of about -40 mV. Fibers that show a low resting potential are more easily excited and may show rhythmic activity sustained by afterpotentials that appear only if the low membrane potential is accompanied by a low potassium conductance. Slow changes in membrane potential also are seen; these changes may result from movements of chloride.
Post-partum Blood Picture in Singapore
Authors: J. A. Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1957)

The influence on gastric activity of adding 20 mEq HClflitre of test meal containing 100 g. of glucose per litre has been investigated in 27 normal subjects and 16 patients with duodenal ulcer.The test meal contained a marker which allowed the volume-of meal remaining and amounts of acid, chloride, and pepsin secreted to be calculated.These experiments have not revealed any convincing evidence of abnormally rapid gastric emptying in patients with duodenal ulcers.In normal subjects the less the secretion of acid in response to the control meal the more effective was the added acid in slowing emptying.The mean slowing of emptying by added acid in patients with duodenal ulcer was equal to that in the normal subjects.When the increased secretory response of the patients with duodenal ulcer is borne in mind this finding indicates that the mechanism which slows emptying in response to acid in patients with duodenal ulcer is more reactive than it is in normal subjects.In response to the control meal the group of patients with duodenal ulcer had about twice the mean normal outputs of acid, chloride, and pepsin.The added acid caused a mean fall in the output of acid in the normal subjects.In the patients with duodenal ulcer there were 10 out of 16 in whom the addition of acid reduced the output of acid.In the six others there was some augmentation of the output of acid.The significance of these findings in the genesis of gastric hyperfunction in patients with duodenal ulcer is discussed.It is a pleasure to thank many clinical colleagues for permission to investigate their patients with peptic ulcers, the patients them- selves, and the students who have co-operated in these studies.I am also indebted to the Society of Apothecaries for the award of the Gilson Scholarship, out of which part of the expenses of this research was defrayed.
Effect of Chronic Ethanol Feeding on Hepatic Collagen in the Monkey
Authors: Esteban Mezey, James J. Potter, Samuel W. French, Tsunenobu Tamura, Charles H. Halsted
Journal: Hepatology (1983)

The effect of chronic ethanol feeding was determined on parameters of hepatic collagen metabolism in the monkey. Four monkeys of the species Macaca radiata received a nutritionally adequate diet containing 50% of the calories as ethanol, while four others were pair–fed a diet in which ethanol was isocalorically substituted by carbohydrate. Liver biopsies were obtained at 3, 12, and 24 months, and the animals were killed between 40 and 48 months after initiation of the diets. The ethanol–fed animals developed various degrees of fatty infiltration, but no necrosis, inflammation, or fibrosis. The amount and distribution of collagen Types I, III, and IV demonstrated by immuno–histochemical techniques was not altered after ethanol feeding. No changes were found in hepatic protein–bound hydroxyproline or in collagen prolyl hydroxylase activity at the various time intervals. Liver free proline and the incorporation of labeled proline into protein–bound hydroxyproline by liver slices were not altered after 40 to 48 months of ethanol feeding. This study shows that prolonged feeding of ethanol together with an adequate diet results in fatty infiltration but not deposition or alteration of hepatic collagen metabolism.
Obesity is less common in richer countries
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Almost one in five people in Hungary are obese, three times the proportion in Norway, Italy, and France, says a new report.

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The study, which was based on data from 24 countries in Europe and published online before print publication on 14 June in the European Journal …

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Cytotoxicity of mercury compounds in LLC-PK1, MDCK and human proximal tubular cells
Authors: Hilde H. Bohets, Martine N. Van Thielen, Inge Van Der Biest, Inge Van Der Biest, Glen F. Van Landeghem, Patrick C. D'Haese, Etienne J. Nouwen, Marc E. De Broe, Paul J. Dierickx
Journal: Kidney International (1995)
EMIC: A centralized source of chemical mutagenesis information
Authors: Michael D. Shelby
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

In 1969, a group of scientists concerned with the health hazards posed by environmental mutagens formed the Environmental Mutagen Society to encourage interest in and the study of mutagens in the human environment. In order to deal effectively with this potential health problem, these scientists saw the need for a centralized source of published information on chemicals tested for mutagenicity and, therefore, set down as one of the immediate functions of the Society, the formation of a registry of chemicals tested for mutagenicity. The Environmental Mutagen Information Center (EMIC) was established at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to fill this information need by collecting, organizing, and making available the international literature on chemical mutagenesis. EMIC is now sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Cancer Institute. From a simple registry of chemicals tested for mutagenicity, the scope and activities of EMIC have increased greatly. EMIC now processes all publications from the open literature dealing with the genetic effects of any environmental agent except those publications dealing exclusively with ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation. Growing concern for the long-term effects of chemical exposure on human health and interest in the relation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are placing ever-increasing demands on this Center. As a result of the early realization of the need for literature control, a modern, specialized information center now serves the information needs of mutagenesis workers and other interested persons around the world.
693 DYS-REGULATED EXPRESSION OF THE SLAM FAMILY RECEPTOR CRACC AND CD48 ON NK CELLS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
Authors: B. Kraemer, C. Körner, D. Schulte, C. Zwank, M. Eisenhardt, A. Glässner, T. Sauerbruch, U. Spengler, J. Nattermann
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Abstract 3625: Exogenous short-term activation of c-Met and EGFR sensitizes them to kinase inhibitors
Authors: Ying Zhang, Kaitlyn Farenholtz, Yanzhi Yang, Fadila Guessous, Alexander V. Kofman, James Christensen, Roger Abounader
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Activation of the c-Met and EGFR receptor tyrosine kinases induces brain tumor malignancy and is associated with poor clinical outcome of brain tumor patients. Consequently, c-Met and EGFR are promising targets for the therapy of brain tumors and clinically applicable inhibitors of these receptors have been developed by biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. We tested the effects of a specific and potent c-Met kinase inhibitor (PF-2341066) on glioma cells and glioma stem cells. Surprisingly, we found that the inhibitor induced significantly greater cell death when c-Met was shortly pre-activated with its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Glioblastoma cells (U87, U373), primary glioblastoma cells (GBM10) and glioblastoma stem cells (1228, 0308) were pre-treated with 20 ng/ml HGF for 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 16h or 24h prior to treatment with PF-2341066 (100 nM for established and primary cells and 300 nM for cancer stem cells) for 24 hr. The cells were subsequently assessed for apoptosis using annexin-V flow cytometry. The results showed that the inhibitor induced significantly greater (34-79%) absolute cell death in pre-activated cells than in non-activated cells. The optimal time of pre-activation that achieved greatest sensitization of the receptor to kinase inhibitor-induced cell death was 2-4 hours. Using a similar experimental approach, we also tested the effects of EGFR pre-activation on EGFR inhibitor erlotinib-induced cell death in glioma cells. Glioma cells were pre-treated with EGF (100ng/ml) for 3h, 6h, 16h or 24h prior to treatment with erlotinib (2.5 µM) for 24 hrs and assessment of cell death by annexin V flow cytometry. EGFR pre-activation led to significantly greater (138 %) erlotinib-induced cell death than without pre-activation. Based on the above findings, we hypothesize that short-term exogenous activation of c-Met, EGFR and possibly also other receptor tyrosine kinases can trigger fast oncogene addiction that sensitizes tumor cells to death induced by receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We are currently testing this hypothesis using in vivo glioblastoma animal models. Verification of this new hypothesis would imply that quick short-term activation of tyrosine kinase receptors by bolus delivery of receptor tyrosine kinase ligands would sensitize tumors to kinase inhibitors and therefore improve the efficacy of these inhibitors in cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3625.
A Case of Recovery from Tetanus in which Antitoxin was Injected
Authors: H. P. Dean
Journal: BMJ (1894)

ANT[TOThz BREITIsE r79For the census year ending May 31st, 1880, the total num- ber of deaths reported as due to diphtheria was 38,143, or 52.32 per 1,000 of all deaths from known causes.For the census year ending May 31st, 1890, the total number of deaths reported as due to diphtheria was 27,815, or 33.06 per 1,000 of all deaths from known causes.Ratio of deaths from diphtheria and croup together per 1,000 of all deaths from known causes:In 1880 (Total, 56,109), namely, 77.96 per 1,000, In 1890 (Totai, 41,677), namely, 49.54 per 1,000, showing a decided decrease in the latter year.Table showing proportion of deaths from diphtheria and croup per 1,000 total deaths in cities of 35,000 population and upwards, and in rural districts:Area.
Richard Lower: Anatomist and Physiologist
Authors: Shakaib U. Rehman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Letters19 September 2000Richard Lower: Anatomist and PhysiologistShakaib U. Rehman, MD, Ambreen Shakaib, MB, and Shaukat Rashid, MDShakaib U. Rehman, MDMedical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC 29414 (Rehman)Charleston, SC 29414 (Shakaib)Wayne State Medical University; Detroit, MI 48201 (Rashid)Search for more papers by this author, Ambreen Shakaib, MBMedical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC 29414 (Rehman)Charleston, SC 29414 (Shakaib)Wayne State Medical University; Detroit, MI 48201 (Rashid)Search for more papers by this author, and Shaukat Rashid, MDMedical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC 29414 (Rehman)Charleston, SC 29414 (Shakaib)Wayne State Medical University; Detroit, MI 48201 (Rashid)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-6-200009190-00027 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Dr. Felts (1) attributed the discovery of circulation to William Harvey. William Harvey was credited for describing the circulation in 1628, but he did not discover it (2). Ibn al-Nefis (Ala ad din ibn Nafis al Qurashi al Dimashqui, 1210–1288 A.D.) was the great Arab scientist who for the first time accurately described the circulation of the blood through the lungs (in the 16th century, the credit went to Michel Servet) (2) and the body (3-5). The work of Ibn al-Nefis was published 400 years before Dr. Harvey published his findings (2). We believe that al-Nefis's work ...References1. Felts JH. Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:420-3. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Masic I. Ibn al-Nefis—discoverer of pulmonary blood circulation. Med Arh. 1993;47:101-5. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. Eknoyan G. Arabic medicine and nephrology. Am J Nephrol. 1994;14:270-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Khairallah AA, Haddad SI. A forgotten chapter in the history of circulation of the blood. Ann Surg. 1936;104:1-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Meyerhof M. Ibn al-Nefis (XII century) and his theory of the lesser circulation. Isis. 1935;23:100-20. CrossrefGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Shakaib U. Rehman, MD; Ambreen Shakaib, MB; Shaukat Rashid, MDAffiliations: Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC 29414 (Rehman)Charleston, SC 29414 (Shakaib)Wayne State Medical University; Detroit, MI 48201 (Rashid) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoRichard Lower: Anatomist and Physiologist John H. Felts Richard Lower: Anatomist and Physiologist John H. Felts Who Discovered Circulation of Blood? Tsung O. Cheng Metrics Cited byWho Discovered Circulation of Blood?Tsung O. Cheng, MD 19 September 2000Volume 133, Issue 6Page: 484-485KeywordsArabic peopleBloodLungsScientists ePublished: 19 September 2000 Issue Published: 19 September 2000 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Urinary Tract Infections in Children
Authors: Susan J. Reitz
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<i>Urinary Tract Infections in Children</i>offers excellent, compact coverage of this subject for the practicing general pediatrician and family practitioner. Characteristically, I thumb through a reference book reading parts of chapters that catch my eye, then examine it more thoroughly. This time, I found a book so enjoyable that it was a pleasure to read, cover to cover. Information offered is practical and well organized. Topics include diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs), classification of UTIs, management of symptomatic UTIs, investigation and treatment of urinary tract disorders, management of asymptomatic bacteriuria, and discussion of the frequency-dysuria syndrome. The appendices offer fingertip information about specimen collection and examination and tests for renal concentrating capacity. Photographs, diagrams, and flow charts do not repeat but add to the text. These 139 pages, inclusive of index and chapter-by-chapter references, are enclosed in a convenient, inexpensive booklet.
A NEW METHOD OF TREATING ASIATIC CHOLERA PROPOSED.
Authors: S. S. TODD
Journal: JAMA (1884)

I do not wish in this brief paper to go into the subject of natural history of this disease. Thanks to modern investigation we seem to stand on pretty solid ground now with respect to its cause and mode of propagation, and the best means of warding off the disease, lessening the ratio of its mortality, and possibly its fatality—or the ratio of deaths to the number attacked.  More light is needed on the subject of the pathology of the disease, however, and especially is it needed that the experience gained in former visitations and the present advanced views concerning the nature of the disease shall give better results in treatment than have been had hitherto.  The plan of treatment here proposed, it may be said, has the perilous disadvantage of being a proposition —something untried. It is this fact probably that will most commend it.  The hypodermic syringe of half-drachm