tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
In permeabilised endothelial cells IP3-induced Ca2+ release is dependent on the cytoplasmic concentration of monovalent cations
Authors: P Wood
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Objective: IP3-induced Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores plays a role in the production of vasoactive substances in the endothelium. In many cells, Ca2+ release is accompanied by an inward movement of K+ whose function may be to dissipate the potential difference created by the loss of positive charge from the internal stores. The existence of such a mechanism in endothelial cells was investigated. Methods: Using saponin-permeabilised bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells, the effects of K+ on the IP3-induced 45Ca2+ release were investigated. Results: Replacement of K+ with NMG inhibited IP3 (3 μM)-induced 45Ca2+ release by 55%. The ability of other ions to allow IP3-induced 45Ca2+ release was found to be K+=Na+>Cs+>Rb+≫Co2+. The K+ channel blockers TEA, 4AP and 3,4-DAP were found to significantly inhibit IP3-induced 45Ca2+ release by 16%, 36% and 27%, respectively. Conclusions: The data suggest that Ca2+ release from intracellular stores is partly dependent on a movement of K+ through K+ channels in the store membranes. In contrast, 9AA (400 μM) and substitution with Co2+ abolished the response. Therefore, K+ is important for IP3-induced 45Ca2+ release, but other ions are also likely to act as counter-ions. 9AA and Co2+ probably act on sites other than those involving ER monovalent cation channels. The possibility that a counter-ion system plays a role in the activation of endothelial cells is discussed.
Airway eosinophil (EOS) expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) following segmental allergen challenge correlates with airway reactivity of patients with asthma
Authors: A.M. Brooks, M. Bates, R.F. Vrtis, W.W. Busse, J.B. Sedgwick
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)
Maintain normoxaemia until more evidence is available
Authors: B. R. O'Driscoll, L. S. Howard, A. G. Davison
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Atar’s advice to give oxygen to non-hypoxaemic patients with myocardial infarction is worrying.1 There is no evidence that normobaric hyperoxaemia is beneficial in myocardial infarction, but a non-significant increase in death and a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase has been reported.2 Oxygen was given routinely to normoxaemic patients with strokes until it was shown to increase mortality significantly in patients with mild and …
TUBERCULOSIS OF FASCIA.
Authors: J. CLARK STEWART
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Under this heading I include all cases of primary tubercular infection of the fascia and those cases of fascial tuberculosis secondary to adjacent tuberculosis, in which the fascial involvement is of such an extent as to overshadow the original trouble. There is little to be found on this subject in the surgical text-books, the article in Senn's "Principles of Surgery" having the most extensive consideration. Current medical literature is equally silent, the only noteworthy article which I have seen being that by Dr. J. E. Moore,<sup>1</sup>which treats the subject most satisfactorily from a clinical standpoint. <h3>CLASSES OF LESIONS.</h3> In general there are two typical classes of lesions resulting from tubercular infections; these differ widely, and between these extremes there are various gradations. The cold-abscess type resulting from a rather acute infection by the tubercle bacillus, followed by cheesy degeneration, liquefaction, and the formation of an abscess cavity filled
D8/17 Expression on B Lymphocytes in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Mae S. Sokol, Pamela E. Ward, Hiroko Tamiya, Douglas G. Kondo, Douglas Houston, John B. Zabriskie
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: The authors' goal was to determine whether D8/17, a rheumatic fever susceptibility trait marker, identifies a possible type of anorexia nervosa: pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus (PANDAS) anorexia nervosa. METHOD: Using immunofluorescence, the authors measured the percentage of D8/17-positive B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 16 subjects 7–21 years old who had not had rheumatic fever but who had possible PANDAS anorexia nervosa. The comparison subjects were 17 psychiatric patients with no eating disorder and no PANDAS characteristics. Subjects were considered D8/17 positive if they had 12% or more D8/17+ cells. RESULTS: There were more D8/17-positive individuals among those with PANDAS anorexia nervosa (81%) than among the comparison subjects (12%). The subjects with PANDAS anorexia nervosa had a higher percentage of D8/17+ cells (mean=27.1%, SD=17%) than the comparison subjects (mean=5.3%, SD=7.4%). CONCLUSIONS: A larger study is needed to determine whether D8/17 serves as a marker for susceptibility to a type of anorexia nervosa.
15q13.3 microdeletions increase risk of idiopathic generalized epilepsy
Authors: Ingo Helbig, Heather C Mefford, Andrew J Sharp, Michel Guipponi, Marco Fichera, Andre Franke, Hiltrud Muhle, Carolien de Kovel, Carl Baker, Sarah von Spiczak, Katherine L Kron, Ines Steinich, Ailing A Kleefuß-Lie, Costin Leu, Verena Gaus, Bettina Schmitz, Karl M Klein, Philipp S Reif, Felix Rosenow, Yvonne Weber, Holger Lerche, Fritz Zimprich, Lydia Urak, Karoline Fuchs, Martha Feucht, Pierre Genton, Pierre Thomas, Frank Visscher, Gerrit-Jan de Haan, Rikke S Møller, Helle Hjalgrim, Daniela Luciano, Michael Wittig, Michael Nothnagel, Christian E Elger, Peter Nürnberg, Corrado Romano, Alain Malafosse, Bobby P C Koeleman, Dick Lindhout, Ulrich Stephani, Stefan Schreiber, Evan E Eichler, Thomas Sander
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Genomic analyses identify distinct patterns of selection in domesticated pigs and Tibetan wild boars
Authors: Mingzhou Li, Shilin Tian, Long Jin, Guangyu Zhou, Ying Li, Yuan Zhang, Tao Wang, Carol K L Yeung, Lei Chen, Jideng Ma, Jinbo Zhang, Anan Jiang, Ji Li, Chaowei Zhou, Jie Zhang, Yingkai Liu, Xiaoqing Sun, Hongwei Zhao, Zexiong Niu, Pinger Lou, Lingjin Xian, Xiaoyong Shen, Shaoqing Liu, Shunhua Zhang, Mingwang Zhang, Li Zhu, Surong Shuai, Lin Bai, Guoqing Tang, Haifeng Liu, Yanzhi Jiang, Miaomiao Mai, Jian Xiao, Xun Wang, Qi Zhou, Zhiquan Wang, Paul Stothard, Ming Xue, Xiaolian Gao, Zonggang Luo, Yiren Gu, Hongmei Zhu, Xiaoxiang Hu, Yaofeng Zhao, Graham S Plastow, Jinyong Wang, Zhi Jiang, Kui Li, Ning Li, Xuewei Li, Ruiqiang Li
Journal: Nature Genetics (2013)
Targeting Prostaglandin E EP Receptors to Inhibit Metastasis
Authors: Amy M. Fulton, Xinrong Ma, Namita Kundu
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract It is well established that high cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression contributes to the aggressive behavior of breast and other malignancies. Due to concerns regarding the safety of long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors as well as a desire to seek more effective alternatives to prevent and treat metastatic disease, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of downstream signaling by the COX-2 product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) would be as effective as inhibiting global prostaglandin synthesis. PGE2 acts through four G-protein–coupled receptors designated EP1-4. Here, we summarize data from many laboratories regarding the role of individual E-series of prostaglandin (EP) receptors on cancer behavior and we discuss our own recent findings that antagonists of the PGE receptor subtype 4, EP4, inhibit experimental metastasis in a murine model of hormone-resistant, metastatic breast cancer. These initial results indicate that selective targeting of individual EP receptors should be investigated as an approach to exploit the high COX-2 activity in many epithelial malignancies. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(20): 9794-7)
Sex and the Singles' Whirl: The Quantum Dynamics of Hepatitis B
Authors: Bruce B. Dan
Journal: JAMA (1986)

While there are more than two dozen bacterial, viral, chlamydial, mycoplasmal, parasitic, and protozoan diseases spread by sexual contact, it was only 15 years ago that hepatitis B was first suggested as a sexually transmitted disease.<sup>1</sup> Soon thereafter, the argument for its venereal mode of transmission was strengthened by the finding that hepatitis B antigen was present in the semen of men with clinical hepatitis (and men who were asymptomatic carriers) and by the ability to transmit the disease in animals by the intravaginal instillation of infected semen.<sup>2,3</sup> Early epidemiologic investigations showed that the number of sexual partners a person had was important in determining the risk of developing hepatitis B. In fact, it was demonstrated that single individuals were more at risk than married persons and that<i>promiscuity</i>was responsible in large part for the clinically apparent and inapparent infections.<sup>4</sup> The word "promiscuity" is of more
Note on the Summer Temperature of Some Baths
Authors: J. Macpherson
Journal: BMJ (1871)

inflamed, and that the vaccination did not seem to take the usual effect.Muchinflammation, swelling, and irritation, occurred, anda rashappeared around and upon the part, which festered and became sore and scabby.The pityriasis was mixed up with the herpes, and soon extended to the neck and chest, and thence to the abdomen and thighs, and even to the
Patient Autonomy Writ Large
Authors: Barbara Russell
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. In some areas, the term dual diagnosis is used to describe a person living with a mental illness and an addiction problem. 2. According to the recovery model, the individual is the central agent for changing his life, setting goals, and determining what is meaningful in ways that he chooses, can sustain himself in concert with others, and that he can “own.” This model differs greatly from the custodial model of hospitalizing the patients and other people determining what is in their best interests and the deinstitutionalization model of patients residing in the community and receiving health services from designated local clinicians and services. 3. Another approach is abstinence wherein not using the substance of abuse or engaging in the harmful behaviour at all qualifies as success. Because harm reduction strategies are new, empirical evidence is still lacking as to their efficacy for all types of addictions. Therefore the addictions community is divided currently regarding the strengths of a harm reduction approach compared to an abstinence approach.
Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infections in Men With HIV Infection
Authors: Rachel Steinhart
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To determine the incidence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the proportion of disease due to serotype b.Population-based, active surveillance.San Francisco (Calif) Department of Health.All men 20 to 49 years of age with invasive H influenzae disease.The cumulative incidences of invasive H influenzae disease in men 20 to 49 years of age with AIDS and in HIV-infected men 20 to 49 years of age without AIDS were 79.2 and 14.6 per 100,000, respectively, but only 33% of cases were due to serotype b. The corresponding rates for invasive H influenzae b disease were 11.3 and 7.6 per 100,000.Men with AIDS or HIV infection are at increased risk of invasive H influenzae infections, including H influenzae b, but such infections are still infrequent in this population.
A p47-phox pseudogene carries the most common mutation causing p47-phox- deficient chronic granulomatous disease.
Authors: A Görlach, P L Lee, J Roesler, P J Hopkins, B Christensen, E D Green, S J Chanock, J T Curnutte
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

The predominant genetic defect causing p47-phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease (A47 degrees CGD) is a GT deletion (DeltaGT) at the beginning of exon 2. No explanation exists to account for the high incidence of this single mutation causing a rare disease in an unrelated, racially diverse population. In each of 34 consecutive unrelated normal individuals, both the normal and mutant DeltaGT sequences were present in genomic DNA, suggesting that a p47-phox related sequence carrying DeltaGT exists in the normal population. Screening of genomic bacteriophage and YAC libraries identified 13 p47-phox bacteriophage and 19 YAC clones. The GT deletion was found in 11 bacteriophage and 15 YAC clones. Only 5 exonic and 33 intronic differences distinguished all DeltaGT clones from all wild-type clones. The most striking differences were a 30-bp deletion in intron 1 and a 20-bp duplication in intron 2. These results provide good evidence for the existence of at least one highly homologous p47-phox pseudogene containing the DeltaGT mutation. The p47-phox gene and pseudogene(s) colocalize to chromosome 7q11.23. This close linkage, together with the presence within each gene of multiple recombination hot spots, suggests that the predominance of the DeltaGT mutation in A47 degrees CGD is caused by recombination events between the wild-type gene and the pseudogene(s).
Raloxifene Acutely Relaxes Rabbit Coronary Arteries In Vitro by an Estrogen Receptor–Dependent and Nitric Oxide–Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Gemma A. Figtree, Ying-qing Lu, Carolyn M. Webb, Peter Collins
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been defined as compounds that display tissue specificity with regard to estrogenic effects. They appear to share the beneficial effects of estrogen on bone and lipids but are not associated with an increased risk of breast or uterine carcinoma. Estrogen relaxes coronary arteries and has long-term protective effects on the vascular system. The effect of SERMs on the coronary vasculature is unknown. We therefore investigated the effects of the SERM raloxifene on isolated rabbit coronary arteries.Rings of coronary artery from adult male and nonpregnant female New Zealand White rabbits were suspended in organ baths containing Krebs solution; isometric tension was then measured. Raloxifene induced coronary arterial relaxation in male and female coronary arteries by an endothelium-dependent and estrogen receptor-dependent mechanism involving nitric oxide. Raloxifene also had a direct calcium antagonistic effect on the coronary myocyte. Estrogen, however, induced only endothelium-independent coronary arterial relaxation. The endothelium-dependent component of relaxation induced by raloxifene 10(-6) mol/L resulted in almost 100% (79+/-7% versus 43+/-3%, P<0.001) more relaxation than that induced by estrogen 10(-6) mol/L.These data demonstrate that raloxifene has vascular relaxing properties. The surprising finding is that the receptor-dependent effects via the endothelium are observed in coronary arteries from both male and female animals.
Community care in London: the prospects.
Authors: T. Jowell
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Elderly and disabled people have been led to expect great improvements in the quality of community care after April 1993. The choice to live safely at home is to be offered as an alternative to residential care. The financial and organisational relationships are all intended to support this in practice. The Tomlinson recommendations will create instability for providers, and much new and overdue investment in primary and community services is needed if the community care reforms are to work. There are, however, other obstacles looming which pose an even greater threat to the smooth transition after April 1993. The formula by which government money for implementation will be distributed discriminates against London. The sheer complexity of the organisational transformation has also been underestimated; the machinery of government both locally and centrally is ill equipped to maintain the precedence of the consumer. There are examples of good practice in London boroughs, but the dangers of Londoners ending up with the worst of all worlds are great.
ON HYPERTROPHY AND REGENERATION OF THE ISLANDS OF LANGERHANS
Authors: Russell L. Cecil
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1911)

1. Hypertrophy of the islands of Langerhans occurs in two forms: (1) the simple type which is nothing more than an increase in size of preexisting islands; and (2) the columnar type, in which the islands are composed of anastomosing columns of cylindrical cells. 2. Regeneration of the islands of Langerhans takes place by means of a budding off of columnar cells from the ducts. The process is analogous to the development of the islands in the fetal pancreas. 3. Newly formed islands of Langerhans are composed of cylindrical cells similar in all respects to those constituting hypertrophied islands of the columnar type. The two structures are identical, the latter being a later phase of the former. 4. Newly formed islands of Langerhans are capable of a greater hypertrophy than preëxisting islands. Both types of insular hypertrophy are usually of a compensatory character, the columnar, or regenerative type, being the more important. 5. Hypertrophy and regeneration of the islands of Langerhans occur most frequently in diabetes mellitus (34 per cent. of 100 cases studied). These changes are usually associated with sclerosis or hyaline degeneration of other islands. 6. Hypertrophy and regeneration of the islands of Langerhans are occasionally observed in cirrhosis and carcinoma of the pancreas. In some of the most advanced cases, however, the islands have been spared and neither hypertrophy nor regeneration are present. 7. Regeneration of the islands of Langerhans has been noted in five cases in which there was no evidence of diabetes and where the pancreas was for the most part normal. In four of these cases, columnar hypertrophy of the islands was also observed. All five cases were associated with abnormalities of the larger ducts-obstruction, chronic inflammation, and adenomatous proliferation of the lining epithelium. 8. The occurrence of hypertrophy and regeneration of the islands of Langerhans affords considerable evidence in favor of their anatomic and functional independence.
Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: outcomes of preoperative endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration, and recurrence during long-term follow-up
Authors: Wiriyaporn Ridtitid, Houssam Halawi, John DeWitt, Stuart Sherman, Julia LeBlanc, Lee McHenry, Gregory Coté, Mohammad Al-Haddad
Journal: Endoscopy (2015)

<b>Background and study aims: </b>The role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in the diagnosis and management of cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) is unclear. We aimed to compare clinical/endosonographic characteristics of cystic with solid PNETs, determine diagnostic accuracy of preoperative EUS-FNA, and evaluate recurrence rates after resection. <b>Patients and methods:</b> All patients with cystic or solid PNET confirmed by EUS-FNA between 2000 and 2014 were identified. A matched case-control study compared 50 consecutive patients with cystic PNETs with 50 consecutive patients with solid PNETs, matched by gender and age at diagnosis of index cystic PNET. We compared clinical/endosonographic characteristics, assessed diagnostic accuracy of preoperative EUS-FNA for identifying malignancy, and analyzed tumor-free survival of patients with cystic and solid PNETs. <b>Results: </b>Cystic PNETs tended to be larger than solid PNETs (mean 26.8 vs. 20.1 mm, <i>P</i> = 0.05), more frequently nonfunctional (96 % vs. 80 %, <i>P</i> = 0.03), and less frequently associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (10 % vs. 28 %, <i>P</i> = 0.04). With surgical pathology as reference standard, EUS-FNA accuracies for malignancy of cystic and solid PNETs were 89.3 % and 90 %, respectively; cystic PNETs were less associated with metastatic adenopathy (22 % vs. 42 %, <i>P</i> = 0.03) and liver metastasis (0 % vs. 26 %, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Cystic fluid analysis (n = 13), showed benign cystic PNETs had low carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Ki-67 ≤ 2 %, and no loss of heterozygosity. Patients with cystic and solid PNETs had similar recurrence risk up to 5 years after complete resection. <b>Conclusions:</b> Cystic PNETs have distinct clinical and EUS characteristics, but were associated with less aggressive biological behavior compared with solid PNETs. EUS-FNA is accurate for determining malignant potential on preoperative evaluation. Despite complete resection, recurrence is observed up to 5 years following surgery.
Expression of aquaporin-4 in fast-twitch fibers of mammalian skeletal muscle.
Authors: A Frigeri, G P Nicchia, J M Verbavatz, G Valenti, M Svelto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

In this study we analyzed the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in mammalian skeletal muscle. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed that affinity-purified AQP4 antibodies stained selectively the sarcolemma of fast-twitch fibers. By immunogold electron microscopy, little or no intracellular labeling was detected. Western blot analysis showed the presence of two immunopositive bands with apparent molecular masses of 30 and 32 kD specifically present in membrane fraction of a fast-twitch rat skeletal muscle (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) and not revealed in a slow-twitch muscle (soleus). PCR Southern blot experiments resulted in a selective amplification in EDL of a 960-bp cDNA fragment encoding for the full-length rat form of AQP4. Functional experiments carried out on isolated skeletal muscle bundle fibers demonstrated that the osmotic response is faster in EDL than in soleus fibers isolated from the same rat. These results provide for the first time evidence for the expression of an aquaporin in skeletal muscle correlated to a specific fiber-type metabolism. Furthermore, we have analyzed AQP4 expression in skeletal muscle of mdx mice in which a decreased density of orthogonal arrays of particles, a typical morphological feature of AQP4, has been reported. Immunofluorescence experiments showed a marked reduction of AQP4 expression suggesting a critical role in the membrane alteration of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Screening must remain a free choice
Authors: Margaret McCartney
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Charity letters asking for donations are a fact of life. This morning, however, there was a charity letter asking not for my money, but merely my support. The “Ignorance Isn't Bliss” campaign—launched this week and run by the Prostate Research Campaign UK with support from AstraZeneca—wants me, as a general practitioner, to display posters, and disperse leaflets encouraging women to use the “carrot and stick” approach to “persuade your man to talk to his doctor about his prostate health.” This campaign is different: it is for prostates, but for women. Sisters, we are being encouraged to “leave medical information leaflets lying around where he is likely to find them—ie, the bathroom, near the remote control or the car seat.” Women are wanted for our nagging abilities—and if you can't do it face to face (by “tugging at his heart-strings—do it for me/us/the family, as it means such a lot”), we are to do it by stealth. We are encouraged to lie, deceive, pressurise, and whine till we get our own way …
Serological Findings in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: John S. Lawrence
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —It is entirely possible that lower titers than indicated in my answer may be found in infectious mononucleosis. However, there is room for a difference of opinion if one makes the assumption that the positive diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis could and should be made on the basis of serologic reactions in the range given in the above communication. The question which I had attempted to answer was as follows: "The definitive diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis rests upon what serological and clinical evidence?" In my opinion, the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis should not be made on the basis of merely the serological findings, most particularly when these serological findings are associated with titers in the very low range. Illustrative of the confusion that may arise if complete reliance is placed on the serological findings is Case 12 in the article entitled "Ox Cell Hemolysin in Infectious Mononucleosis and