tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Mixed Agglutination Test in Studies on Human Transplantation
Authors: Felix Milgrom
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Mixed agglutination with cell cultures was originally described by Högman<sup>1</sup>and by Fagraeus and Espmark.<sup>2</sup>In this laboratory, application of this procedure for various research purposes<sup>3-10</sup>was explored. One promising line seemed to be the detection of humoral antibodies accompanying homograft rejection in mice, rats, and rabbits.<sup>7-10</sup> In the present paper, preliminary studies on the demonstration of antibodies appearing as a result of homograft rejection in humans, as well as studies on human tissue typing will be reported. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3><h3>Human Cell Lines.—</h3> HeLa,<sup>11</sup>AV-3,<sup>12</sup>WI-38,<sup>13</sup>HEp-2,<sup>14</sup>D-6,<sup>15</sup>and KB<sup>16</sup>cells were cultured as described previously<sup>3,4</sup>and studied when a whole monolayer was developed, usually after seven days of incubation. <i>Primary cell cultures</i>were set up from human tonsils. The tissues were obtained from Children's Hospital, Buffalo, immediately after tonsillectomy. In preparing cell cultures, previously described methods<sup>3,4</sup>
Gallaudet Encyclopedia of Deaf People and Deafness
Authors: Donald G. Sims
Journal: JAMA (1987)

This encyclopedia is the first of its kind and marks an important milestone for deaf people and the professionals who work with them. More than 8000 entries with subdivisions, sections, subsections, and topics were handled by ten associate editors and more than 400 contributors, who were chosen because of prominence in their discipline or research area. The preface states: ... This encyclopedia combines two different categories of analysis and information. These volumes pertain both to an identifiable group of people, those with hearing impairments, and to a physical attribute, deafness. The information herein has been selected from studies in the sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities. Fields as methodologically disparate as otolaryngology and art have contributed, thus creating a comprehensive work useful to generalists and to specialists in many endeavors. I found this review difficult to write because every time I sat down to write it, I started paging through
Diagnosing Insulin Resistance by Simple Quantitative Methods in Subjects With Normal Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Juan F. Ascaso, Susana Pardo, José T. Real, Rosario I. Lorente, Antonia Priego, Rafael Carmena
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

We thank Karne et al. for their comments (1) on our article (2). The ideal method to evaluate insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity, outside of the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, has not yet been fully established. However, the minimal model, extensively used during the past decades, is considered a valuable surrogate of the clamp (3–5). The genetic factors involved in insulin sensitivity are better determined with the minimal model approach than with indirect methods based …
Comparison of medical abortion with surgical vacuum aspiration: women's preferences and acceptability of treatment.
Authors: R C Henshaw, S A Naji, I T Russell, A A Templeton
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVES--To assess women9s preferences for, and the acceptability of, medical abortion and vacuum aspiration in the early first trimester. DESIGN--Patient centred, partially randomised trial. Medical abortion was performed with mifepristone 600 mg followed 48 hours later by gemeprost 1 mg vaginal pessary. Vacuum aspiration was performed under general anaesthesia. SETTING--Teaching hospital in Scotland. PATIENTS--363 women undergoing legal induced abortion at less than nine weeks9 gestation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Women9s preferences for method of abortion before abortion; acceptability judged two weeks after abortion by recording the method women would opt to undergo in future and by semantic differential rating technique. RESULTS--73 (20%) women preferred to undergo medical abortion, and 95 (26%) vacuum aspiration; 195 (54%) were willing to undergo either method, and were allocated at random. Both procedures were highly acceptable to women with preferences. Gestation had a definite effect on acceptability in randomised women; at less than 50 days there were no differences, but between 50 and 63 days vacuum aspiration was significantly more acceptable. CONCLUSIONS--Women who wish to use a particular method should be allowed their choice, regardless of gestation. Women of 50-63 days9 gestation without preferences for a particular method are likely to find vacuum aspiration more acceptable. A patient centred, partially randomised trial design may be a useful tool in pragmatic research.
Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management
Authors: N. Maffulli, P. Sharma, K. L Luscombe
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

In the past three decades, the incidence of Achilles tendinopathy has risen as a result of greater participation in recreational and competitive sporting activities.1,2 The rate of Achilles tendon injuries in runners is about ten times that in age-matched controls. Achilles tendinopathy is also common among athletes participating in racquet sports, track and field, volleyball and soccer. However, the condition is by no means confined to athletes: in one series of 58 patients, nearly one-third did not participate in vigorous physical activity.3
Evaluating new treatments
Authors: L. Cranberg
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Fifty years ago medicine entered a new phase in evaluating new medical treatments in the form of randomised clinical trials, with control patients often given placebos. At the same time there was a widely accepted view that retrospective controls were “inherently fallacious.” But 20 years ago, this argument was challenged in the BMJ , and retrospective controls were advanced as an alternative to randomisation.

It was recognised that the advent of modern computer technology made more practical the use of retrospective controls by facilitating the storage and retrieval of detailed medical data on past cases, and in comparing past with current medical experience. The BMJ endorsed this view. But the intervening 20 years have seen little change in practice. Today, randomised clinical trials with placebos are, with few exceptions, the prevailing method of evaluating new treatments. Yet alternatives surely warrant more attention than they have received— in particular, what is now usefully called a “computrial.”

A computrial is one which …
Use of Chlorpromazine in Radiation Sickness and Nausea from Other Causes
Authors: Joseph H. Marks
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

RADIATION sickness has been one of the problems of the radiologist since the advent of x-ray and radium therapy more than fifty years ago. This effect is common, and occasionally is so distressing that it prohibits further treatment in spite of a desirable therapeutic response. Reducing the daily dose of radiation does not solve the problem, for, although nausea is less likely to occur with small doses, the series of treatments is thereby prolonged unduly, and may thus be of little or no benefit. Consequently, many preparations of widely varying character have been employed over the years in an attempt . . .
Crohn's disease: the genetic contribution.
Authors: J Sofaer
Journal: Gut (1993)

Crohn's disease: the genetic contributionIt is clear that the liability to develop Crohn's disease is influenced by a wide range of genetic and environmental factors.Few ofthese have been specifically identified and it is not known whether any single factor is essential for the development of Crohn's disease. Role of autoimmunityCrohn's disease patients and their relatives are more likely to suffer from disorders with a known or suspected auto- immune origin than members of the general population.These disorders include, ankylosing spondylitis,' 2 Behcet's disease,3 psoriasis,4 iritis, thrombocytopenic purpura and systemic lupus erythematosus,' and multiple sclerosis.6Aberrant HLA-DR expression in the intestinal mucosa of Crohn's disease patients7 is consistent with an autoimmune aetiology.Serum from Crohn's disease probands and their healthy first degree relatives may contain antibodies to gut epithelial cells,8 and peripheral blood lymphocytes from Crohn's disease patients may be cytotoxic to these cells.9The sharing of antigenic determinants by germ free rat colon and a lipopolysaccharide extract ofEscherichia coli suggests that the anticolon antibodies and associated cell mediated cyto- toxicity may result from stimulation of the gut associated lymphoid tissue by cross reacting enterobacterial antigens.5This hypothesis is unlikely to provide a mechanism for substantial inherited variation in liability, however, since, unlike ankylosing spondylitis alone where HLA-B27 positive subjects run a risk of disease approaching 100 times that of HLA-B27 negative subjects and where cross reaction and amino acid sequence homology between the host antigen and Klebsiella pneumoniae have been shown,'0 the anticolon antibodies of Crohn's disease are effective against allogeneic colonic epithelial cells.8Lymphocytotoxic antibodies have also been shown in Crohn's disease probands and their healthy relatives but, as these antibodies react with lymphocytes from normal sub- jects with a wide range of HLA specificities," they are similarly unlikely to account for inherited differences of liability.
Adiponectin in a Native Canadian Population Experiencing Rapid Epidemiological Transition
Authors: Anthony J.G. Hanley, Philip W. Connelly, Stewart B. Harris, Bernard Zinman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Adiponectin is emerging as an important protein in the etiology of obesity and related metabolic disorders. The objectives of this study were to determine cross-sectional and prospective associations of adiponectin concentration with adiposity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a population-based study of Native Canadians, a group experiencing dramatic increases in diabetes and CVD.During the 1993-1995 baseline survey, samples for glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and lipids were collected after an overnight fast. Waist circumference and percent body fat were measured, and a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was administered: n = 505 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 74 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 149 with diabetes. In 1998, 95 high-risk subjects, defined as those who, at baseline, had either IGT or NGT with an elevated 2-h glucose concentration (>/==" BORDER="0">7.0 mmol/l), participated in a follow-up examination using the protocol used at baseline.After adjustment for covariates including percent body fat and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower among men versus women (10.8 vs. 15.0 micro g/ml, P < 0.0001) and among diabetic versus NGT subjects (11.1 vs. 13.1 micro g/ml, P < 0.05). Adiponectin was inversely correlated with percent body fat, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, and triglyceride and positively correlated with HDL (r = |0.30|-|0.44|, all P < 0.0001). In multivariate linear regression analysis in nondiabetic subjects, HDL and percent body fat were significantly related to adiponectin variation among both men and women (R(2) = 28-29%). Factor analysis returned three underlying factors among these variables, with adiponectin loading on the second factor along with insulin, waist circumference, triglyceride, and HDL. In the follow-up study, higher adiponectin at baseline was significantly associated with increases in HDL (r = 0.24, P = 0.03) and decreases in HOMA-IR (r = -0.29, P = 0.009) after adjustment for covariates, including age, adiposity, and diabetes status at baseline and follow-up.These population-based findings support the hypothesis that low circulating levels of adiponectin are an important determinant of risk of CVD.
Oesophagoscopy, biopsy, and acid perfusion test in diagnosis of "reflux oesophagitis".
Authors: G E Sladen, R H Riddell, J M Willoughby
Journal: BMJ (1975)

The results of fibreoptic endoscopy have been assessed retrospectively in 71 patients referred for consideration of the oesophagus as the possible or probable cause of their symptoms. Gross endoscopic abnormality was uncommon but friability of the mucosa was seen in about half of the patients with typical symptoms of "reflux-pain" and a quarter of those without. The combination of radiological reflux and endoscopic abnormality--that is, true reflux oesophagitis--was seen in only a third of the patients with typical symptoms though much less commonly in those with atypical symptoms. Histological abnormality was common but did not relate well to symptom pattern. The results of the acid perfusion test were significantly related to symptom pattern though overlap was observed between the two symptomatic groups. Six of these patients had had or were awaiting surgery to correct reflux and they all had uniformly positive findings. This study confirms the value of the acid perfusion test in clarifying the diagnosis of reflux pain, espcially if the symptoms are difficult to assess. Endoscopy and biopsy added little further information of diagnostic value and could probably be reserved for the small minority of patients who have special problems such as blood loss or dysphagia or where clarification of a radiological lesion is required.
James Gordon Latimer
Authors: Celia Mather
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Born on the 19 September 1922 in Edinburgh, James Gordon Latimer was educated at Malvern College and Queens’ College, Cambridge, were he enjoyed all sports, especially tennis and cricket. He qualified in medicine from The London Hospital, where he met Daphne, his wife of 62 years. He served in the Royal Air Force in …
Renin activity in acute renal failure.
Authors: F. Del Greco, F. Krumlovsky
Journal: BMJ (1970)

our respondents.Secondly, we based our 50-item questionnaire on verbatim attitude and opinion statements derived from inter- views with members of the various hospital staff groups under study.While we would agree that it is important to stress the positiveness of attitudes to psychiatry, we consider it equally if not more important to define the areas of prejudice that still exist and which at least up to date defy change.For such prejudice might seriously hamper the further integration of psychiatry in the general hospital and yet go undetected.The fuller analysis of our findings should help to clarify what atti- tudes still require change and hence lead to a more rational teaching programme for all general hospital staff.Finally, we would hope our results will encourage research into methods of teaching by which such prejudices can be overcome.-Weare, etc.,
Failure to record variables of growth and development in children with inflammatory bowel disease.
Authors: J. R. Barton, A. Ferguson
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Important consequences ofinflammatory bowel disease in children include failure of growth and retarded sexual development.Failure of growth has been recorded in around 30% of children with Crohn's disease,' and some reports suggest figures as high as 51% for retarded height (below the third centile) and 47% for retarded weight.2Delayed puberty may occur in up to 20% of children with ulcerative colitis and 39% with Crohn's disease.3Unfortunately, most reports have been based on highly selected patients and must be interpreted with caution.We studied records of young patients with inflammatory bowel disease identified through the Scottish hospitals' inpatient statistics,4 which records and links data on all patients admitted to NHS hospitals, to define the prevalence and severity of growth failure.This, however, proved impossible because of underrecording of the relevant simple clinical data.We thank the many clinicians who allowed us to examine case notes of their patients; Dr J Webb and her staff at the Common Services Agency, who provided the data from the Scottish hospitals' inpatient statistics; and Mrs Sandria Gillon, who helped to collate the data.
Synergism of spironolactone and lithium in mania.
Authors: M A Gillman, F J Lichtigfeld
Journal: BMJ (1986)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The aim of this protocol is to provide the methods used to assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer9s disease. <h3>Methods and analysis</h3> We will search the following electronic databases: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese Medical Current Contents and China National Knowledge Infrastructure without restriction of language and publication status. Other sources such as Chinese acupuncture journals and the reference list of selected studies will also be searched. After screening the studies, a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials will be conducted, if possible. Results expressed as risk ratios for dichotomous data and standardised or weighted mean differences for continuous data, will be used for data synthesis. <h3>Dissemination</h3> The protocol of this systematic review will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at a relevant conference. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> PROSPERO CRD42014009619
Phase II Trial of Gefitinib and Everolimus in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Katharine A. Price, Christopher G. Azzoli, Lee M. Krug, Maria C. Pietanza, Naiyer A. Rizvi, William Pao, Mark G. Kris, Gregory J. Riely, Robert T. Heelan, Maria E. Arcila, Vincent A. Miller
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
Domestic Violence Begets Other Problems of Which Physicians Must Be Aware to Be Effective
Authors: Teri Randall
Journal: JAMA (1990)

WOMEN LIVING in violent relationships pay a heavy price with their physical and mental health, and sometimes even their lives. Thirty-four percent of all female homicide victims older than 15 years are killed by their husbands or intimate partners, according to Federal Bureau of Investigation homicide data from 1976 to 1987. Besides the acute injuries incurred from their battering relationships, these women also develop a broad range of physical illnesses and psychological problems. Typically, as the battering escalates, so do their feelings of profound isolation from the institutions and resources—including medicine—that presumably could help them. Historically, most physicians treated the physical injuries that are a result of domestic violence and did not address their cause, that is, the patient's abusive relationship (<i>Gender and Society</i>. 1989;3:506-517;<i>Int J Health Serv.</i>1979;9:461-492 [see p 939]). "Physicians will often say, 'I'm not a law enforcement officer, and I'm not a social worker. I'm
Case of Strychnine Poisoning
Authors: C. Statham
Journal: BMJ (1956)

TREATMENT OF BARBITURATE POISONING BDJTjLJOURNAI 1101 majority well within this period.No deaths occurred, and there was no incidence of chest infection in any of these cases.The stay of the patients in hospital was cut down dramatically compared with former methods of treatment.Although the number of cases treated is small, I feel that it is worth while reporting them, in view of the results obtained, which, in my opinion, are a vast improvement on the previous methods at our disposal.I am indebted to Drs.W. A. Jaques, G. D.
Community Care for Alcoholics and Their Families
Authors: M. Evans, E. W. Fine, W. P. Phillips
Journal: BMJ (1966)

Continued care for alcoholics and their families in the com- munity is complementary to in-patient, day-hospital, out- patient, and domiciliary services.'Members of the staff of the special unit and the public health department must work as a team in close liaison with the disablement resettlement officer, officers of the National Assistance Board, and other full-time or part-time social workers.It seems timely2 and useful to describe our experience of an experiment in inter- professional cooperation which aims to provide community care for alcoholics and their families.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF SPIROCHAETA PALLIDA IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: UDO J. WILE
Journal: JAMA (1942)

The demonstration of Spirochaeta pallida in the electron microscope can be accomplished only after the organisms have been completely immobilized, centrifugated and subjected to repeated washing. Centrifugation and washing are necessary to free the organisms as far as possible from organic material, crystals and other foreign minutiae which interfere with the clear observation of the organism. The extreme fragility of Spirochaeta pallida, and its rapid immobilization and disintegration under conditions of desiccation, would therefore seem to make its demonstration in the electron microscope a procedure of great technical difficulty. We have, however, succeeded in demonstrating these organisms in every case examined even under the adverse conditions mentioned. The cases from which specimens have been secured have all been fresh untreated cases of syphilis. Material has been examined from both chancres and secondary lesions. In each case the syphilitic lesion has been repeatedly washed with isotonic solution of sodium chloride. The
Downregulation of miR‐15a due to LMP1 promotes cell proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in nasal NK/T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Yuki Komabayashi, Kan Kishibe, Toshihiro Nagato, Seigo Ueda, Miki Takahara, Yasuaki Harabuchi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2013)

Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma (NNKTL) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancy and has distinct clinical and histological features. However, its genetic features are hitherto unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several malignancies via regulating gene expression. In this study, we investigated whether the specific microRNAs were related to the tumor behaviors in NNKTL. MiRNA array and Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that miR-15a was expressed at a much lower level in NNKTL cells (SNK-1, SNK-6, and SNT-8) than in normal peripheral NK cells and EBV-negative NK cell line KHYG-1. Quantitative PCR and western blot analyses showed that the expression of MYB and cyclin D1, which are validated targets of miR-15a, was higher in NNKTL cells. Transfection of NNKTL cells (SNK-6 and SNT-8) with a miR-15a precursor decreased MYB and cyclin D1 levels, thereby blocking G1/S transition and cell proliferation. Knockdown of EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) significantly increased miR-15a expression in SNK-6 cells. In NNKTL tissues, we found that reduced miR-15a expression, which correlated with MYB and cyclin D1 expression, was associated with poor prognosis of NNKTL patients. These data suggest that downregulation of miR-15a, possibly due to LMP1, implicates in the pathogenesis of NNKTL by inducing cell proliferation via MYB and cyclin D1. Thus, miR-15a could be a potential target for antitumor therapy and a prognostic predictor for NNKTL.
Raymond Victor Honywood Goulder
Authors: T J Goulder
Journal: BMJ (2006)

​FormerFormer general practitioner Hitchin, Hertfordshire, and Diss, Norfolk (b 1922; q London 1946), died from a heart attack after gastrointestinal haemorrhage on 26 February 2006.



Figure 1



Raymond Victor Honywood Goulder (“Victor”) entered general practice in Hitchin in 1951. He had wanted to join the new specialty of paediatric medicine, but five children born within less than five years precluded the low pay and long hospital hours that was the lot of junior doctors in the 1950s. In 1967 he moved to rural general practice in Diss. He developed interests in bird watching, walking, and Byzantine art, and used his strong organisational skills as secretary to the local medical committee and BMA Norwich and North East Division. Predeceased by his first wife, Margaret, in 1986, he leaves a second wife, Ruth, five children from his first marriage, and 14 grandchildren.