tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Biochemical and molecular epidemiology of human cancer: indicators of carcinogen exposure, DNA damage, and genetic predisposition.
Authors: C C Harris, A Weston, J C Willey, G E Trivers, D L Mann
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

The primary goal of biochemical and molecular epidemiology is to identify individuals at high cancer risk by obtaining evidence of high exposure to carcinogens, leading to pathobiological lesions in target cells, and/or increased oncogenic susceptibility due to either inherited or acquired host factors. This emerging and multidisciplinary area of cancer research combines epidemiological and laboratory approaches. Because DNA is considered to be an important target for modification by mutagens and carcinogens, damage to DNA can be used as an internal, molecular dosimeter of carcinogen exposure. The reactive species of these carcinogens may directly bind to DNA to form adducts and may indirectly cause secondary DNA lesions, e.g., via induction of free radicals and aldehydes. Highly sensitive and specific methods have been developed to measure the minute amounts of DNA lesions and DNA repair products found in biological specimens from humans exposed to carcinogens. For example, DNA adducts have been measured in cells and tissues from people occupationally exposed to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Antibodies recognizing carcinogen-DNA adducts have also been detected in human sera. Inherited predisposition to cancer has been revealed by recent advances in molecular genetics, including restriction-fragment-length polymorphism. For example, the hypothesis that rare alleles of the Ha-ras proto-oncogene are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer is currently being tested. These approaches afford the potential of biochemical and molecular epidemiology to predict disease risk for individual persons, instead of for populations, and before the onset of clinically evident disease.
Neither serum ferritin nor the number of red blood cell transfusions affect overall survival in refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts
Authors: Cheng E. Chee, David P. Steensma, Wenting Wu, Curtis A. Hanson, Ayalew Tefferi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2008)

In a retrospective study of 126 adult patients with French-American-British-defined refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS), staging by the International Prognostic Scoring System was highly predictive of survival outcome (P < 0.0001). In addition, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion requirement at diagnosis (P = 0.001), but not the number of RBC units transfused during the disease course (P = 0.17), was independently associated with inferior survival. There were no correlations between survival and serum ferritin level, measured either at diagnosis (median 567 ng/mL, range 16-3,475; P = 0.24) or during follow-up (median 1,108 ng/mL; range 238-43,500; P = 0.72). Similarly, there was no difference in survival when patients were stratified by serum ferritin levels of < or > or =1,000 ng/mL at diagnosis or peak serum ferritin levels of <1,000, 1,000-5,000, or >5,000 ng/mL during follow-up. The current study does not support the contention that transfusional hemosiderosis is an adverse prognostic factor in "good risk" myelodysplastic syndrome.
Influence of Tumor Stenosis on the Accuracy of Endosonography in Preoperative T Staging of Esophageal Cancer
Authors: M. L. Hordijk, H. Zander, M. van Blankenstein, H. W. Tilanus
Journal: Endoscopy (1993)

The T stage is an important criterion for determining prognosis in esophageal carcinoma. Endosonography, although established as a highly accurate method in preoperative determination of the T stage, may be less reliable in non-traversable tumor stenoses. In a comparative prospective study, 41 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus were investigated to determine the role of tumor stenosis on the accuracy of endosonography in preoperative T staging. The results were correlated with the histology of the resected specimen. The overall accuracy in T staging with endosonography was 76%, compared with 49% in computed tomography. T staging results of endosonography were good in easily and non-traversable stenoses (92%, 87% respectively), but lower accuracy was obtained in stenoses which could be traversed only with difficulty (46%). Computed tomography was inferior to endosonography in all three groups of patients. The high accuracy of endosonography in non-traversable stenoses might be due to the fact that all tumors were in an advanced stage (T3 or T4). When passage of the echoendoscope proves difficult, the low focal distance between the ultrasonic transducer and tumor may hamper clear visualisation of the wall layers and tumor penetration depth. These limitations of endosonography should stimulate further efforts in improving ultrasonic resolution in these cases.
Computational Analysis of RNA Editing Sites in Plant Mitochondrial Genomes Reveals Similar Information Content and a Sporadic Distribution of Editing Sites
Authors: R. Michael Mulligan, Kenneth L. C. Chang, Chia Ching Chou
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

A computational analysis of RNA editing sites was performed on protein-coding sequences of plant mitochondrial genomes from Arabidopsis thaliana, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, and Oryza sativa. The distribution of nucleotides around edited and unedited cytidines was compared in 41 nucleotide segments and included 1481 edited cytidines and 21,390 unedited cytidines in the 4 genomes. The distribution of nucleotides was examined in 1, 2, and 3 nucleotide windows by comparison of nucleotide frequency ratios and relative entropy. The relative entropy analyses indicate that information is encoded in the nucleotide sequences in the 5 prime flank (-18 to -14, -13 to -10, -6 to -4, -2/-1) and the immediate 3 prime flanking nucleotide (+1), and these regions may be important in editing site recognition. The relative entropy was large when 2 or 3 nucleotide windows were analyzed, suggesting that several contiguous nucleotides may be involved in editing site recognition. RNA editing sites were frequently preceded by 2 pyrimidines or AU and followed by a guanidine (HYCG) in the monocot and dicot mitochondrial genomes, and rarely preceded by 2 purines. Analysis of chloroplast editing sites from a dicot, Nicotiana tabacum, and a monocot, Zea mays, revealed a similar distribution of nucleotides around editing sites (HYCA). The similarity of this motif around editing sites in monocots and dicots in both mitochondria and chloroplasts suggests that a mechanistic basis for this motif exists that is common in these different organelle and phylogenetic systems. The preferred sequence distribution around RNA editing sites may have an important impact on the acquisition of editing sites in evolution because the immediate sequence context of a cytidine residue may render a cytidine editable or uneditable, and consequently determine whether a T to C mutation at a specific position may be corrected by RNA editing. The distribution of editing sites in many protein-coding sequences is shown to be non-random with editing sites clustered in groups separated by regions with no editing sites. The sporadic distribution of editing sites could result from a mechanism of editing site loss by gene conversion utilizing edited sequence information, possibly through an edited cDNA intermediate.
Miscellany: Heroic medicine in the Iron Age
Authors: M. Petticrew
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The Tain Bo Cuilaigne (the Cattle Raid of Cooley) is an Iron Age epic of valour, bravery, and bloodshed which has been compared with the Iliad. It features a range of violent heroes engaged in bloody and improbable deeds, which are supposed to have taken place in Ireland around the first century BC or before.

One medical episode tells of the warrior Ceithern being so badly wounded in battle that his entrails were falling from his body.1 He called for a doctor, only to be told that nothing could be done for him. Clearly dissatisfied with …
"Pseudoclaudication" Syndrome Produced by Compression of the Cauda Equina
Authors: Gerald J. Kavanaugh
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Pain in the lower extremities associated with occlusive arterial disease is a common occurrence. On relatively rare occasions, pain in the legs, precipitated by walking, is caused by compression of the cauda equina by hypertrophic ridging or by a herniated lumbar disk. The symptoms of six patients resulted from such compression of the cauda equina. There are clinical characteristics which may help in distinguishing the symptoms of occlusive arterial disease from those of degenerative disease of the lumbar part of the spinal column. The pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the production of symptoms in the syndrome of pseudoclaudication remain obscure.
Ruptured spleen after electric convulsion therapy.
Authors: D Ernst
Journal: BMJ (1980)

fistula without induration.His complaints had disappeared.Three months after operation he had an elective proctocolectomy.At laparotomy not only a gastrocolic but also an ileosigmoid fistula was found.Both fistulas and the entire colon and rectum were removed via the intersphincteric approach for removal of the rectum, though severe rectal inflammation made the procedure difficult.The gastrocolic fistula was also resected, and the patient made an uncomplicated recovery, gaining 30 kg; the perineal wound has healed completely.
MYOSITIS FIBROSA PROGRESSIVA
Authors: I. I. Price
Journal: BMJ (1930)

MXOSITIW 'Irntto PtORESSA.'-Mzia LJorA& 1131 the muscle by a paroxysm of coughiing.Palpation of tlhe lowl-er ab(domieni (dlring such *a pa Wxysm will demonns;trate a S11prisillgly sulstainiedl anid continiious contraction of tlhe rectlus imuscle, p)articuilarlv in its lower balf.The actual strain of thie muiscle is ntot itself productive of tlle haemo rrhag;e.Withl regard to the diatgosis of s11(11 cases, stress muLst be laid oni the symptomis of peritoneal irrlitationi that occur.-Stuch symptoms lave been nioted in imiost of tlhe recoirded cases, and were present in NMot of the cases just described, leadinig to the initial (li.agnsis for each of an acute iiitraalbloniiial lesion.The ecelhymnosis of the externlal genitals in eithier ease pjroved a valuable indication of the niaturle of the swelling within the rectus sheathi, forminig as it did quite s0011 after the fir.st alI)ealance of the liacemiatoma.'lfie cliief -aldtie of exploration of tihe swelling wouild seei to be the establishment of t4ie diagnosis, which inust inI malny Cases be douibtfiul withiout it.Unless the swellinig is ve 1ry lirgC<eor some coniplications arise, tlwere is little to be done It Operation.Two fiurtlher cases of sl)onmtaieomls luaemiiatoma of the rectus ab(lomuin is umuscle aie( describe(l, anid tlhe etiology ad(l diagniosis of such haemuatomas are (discussed.Their relatioishill) to systemic monditions, ani(l in' particular to tIme liaemiiorrhagi-,rict (ditlhesis, is emphasized.
Paradoxical Clinical Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Katsuyuki Hotta, Katsuyuki Kiura, Nagio Takigawa, Keitaro Matsuo, Masahiro Tabata, Yoshiro Fujiwara, Mitsune Tanimoto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)
Venous Obstruction of the Thigh
Authors: Alberto Caggiati, Carlo Catalano
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A 56-year-old man presented with a post-thrombotic syndrome of the left leg (involving edema, varicose veins, trophic skin changes, and an ulcer, 5 cm in diameter, of the distal medial leg), resulting from deep-vein thrombosis 2 years earlier.He had been found to have the factor V Leiden mutation and began receiving maintenance therapy with anticoagulants.Preoperative computed tomography of the leg was used to examine the superficial and deep venous systems, after the images were reformatted to eliminate the subcutaneous fat (Panel A) and muscles (Panels B and C, and see the video).The upper portion of the femoral vein was found to be occluded (Panel B, arrow).Distally, the femoral vein appeared to be duplicated, with the two branches forming an irregular plexus around the femoral artery (Panel C, arrowheads).Because of the persistence of the occlusion, no valvular reconstruction could be performed in the deep veins, and the main varicose trunks could not be surgically repaired.To improve healing and drainage from the ulcerated, dystrophic area of the skin, the distal varicosities were resected, and medicated compressive bandages were applied.The ulcer healed after 4 weeks, and the symptoms improved considerably.The patient has done well subsequently, receiving maintenance anticoagulant therapy and wearing compression stockings.
1025 QUANTITATIVE HBV-DNA AND AST ARE STRONG PREDICTORS FOR SURVIVAL AFTER DETECTION OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Authors: C.D.M. Witjes, J.N.M. Ijzermans, A.A. van der Eijk, B.E. Hansen, C. Verhoef, R.A. de Man
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Mechanisms of gallstone formation in women. Effects of exogenous estrogen (Premarin) and dietary cholesterol on hepatic lipid metabolism.
Authors: G T Everson, C McKinley, F Kern
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Our aim was to define mechanisms whereby conjugated estrogens (Premarin, exogenous estrogen; Ayerst Laboratories, New York) increase the risk of developing cholesterol gallstones and to determine the role, if any, of dietary cholesterol. We studied gallbladder motor function, biliary lipid composition and secretion, cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis and esterification by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the clearance of chylomicron remnants, and bile acid kinetics in 29 anovulatory women. 13 were studied on both a low (443 +/- 119 mumol/d) and high (2,021 +/- 262 mumol/d) cholesterol diet. Premarin increased the lithogenic index of bile (P less than 0.05), increased biliary cholesterol secretion (P less than 0.005), lowered chenodeoxycholate (CDCA) pool (P less than 0.001) and synthesis (P less than 0.05), altered biliary bile acid composition [( CA + DCA]/CDCA increases, P less than 0.005), stimulated cholesterol esterification (P less than 0.03), and enhanced the clearance of chylomicron remnants (P = 0.07). Increases in dietary cholesterol stimulated the biliary secretion of cholesterol (P = 0.07), bile acid (P less than 0.05), phospholipid (P = 0.07), and as a result, did not alter lithogenic index. The reduction in CDCA pool and synthesis by Premarin was reversed by increasing dietary cholesterol. Off Premarin, only 24% of the increase in cholesterol entering the body in the diet was recovered as biliary cholesterol or newly synthesized bile acid. On Premarin, 68% of this increase in cholesterol was recovered as these biliary lipids. We conclude that Premarin increases biliary cholesterol by enhancing hepatic lipoprotein uptake and inhibiting bile acid synthesis. These actions of Premarin divert dietary cholesterol into bile.
General Practice Revisited
Authors: M. Jefferys
Journal: BMJ (1981)

parenteral fluids include septicaemia, hepatocellular damage, renal impairment, and any degree ofacidosis.Patients requiring parenteral nutrition commonly fulfil such criteria.Secondly, all preparations mentioned in the British National Formulary 1981 as containing ethanol also contain either sorbitol or laevulose, the metabolism of which produces glyceralde- hyde 3-phosphate.If gluconeogenesis is reduced by simultaneous metabolism of ethanol then the only pathway available is conversion of glyceraldehyde to lactate.:'The use of such preparations will result in both overproduction and underutilisation of lactate and therefore increased risk of lactic acidosis.The use of glucose as a source of calories in parenteral feeding is easier to monitor since blood glucose measurements with Dextrostix and a suitable meter are more readily available than measurements of blood lactate.
Screening Sigmoidoscopy and Colorectal Cancer Mortality
Authors: P. A. Newcomb, R. G. Norfleet, B. E. Storer, T. S. Surawicz, P. M. Marcus
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1992)

Journal Article Screening Sigmoidoscopy and Colorectal Cancer Mortality Get access Polly A. Newcomb, Polly A. Newcomb * University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer CenterMadison *Correspondence to : Polly A. Newcomb, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1300 University Ave#6795, Madison, WI 53706. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert G. Norfleet, Robert G. Norfleet Divisonn of Gastroenterology, Marshfield ClinicMarshfield, Wis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Barry E. Storer, Barry E. Storer University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer CenterMadison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Tanya S. Surawicz, Tanya S. Surawicz University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer CenterMadison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Pam M. Marcus Pam M. Marcus University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer CenterMadison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 84, Issue 20, 21 October 1992, Pages 1572–1575, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/84.20.1572 Published: 21 October 1992 Article history Received: 09 March 1992 Revision received: 13 July 1992 Accepted: 21 July 1992 Published: 21 October 1992
Please mind the brain, and brain the mind!
Authors: Friedemann Pulverm&uuml;ller
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

True, there may be two language-processing systems, lexicon and syntax. However, could we not say more than that they are computationally and linguistically distinct? Where are they in the brain, why are they where they are, and how can their distinctness and functional properties be explained by biological principles? A brain model of language is necessary to answer these questions. One view is that two different types of corticocortical connections are most important for storing rules and their exceptions: short-range connections within the perisylvian language cortex and long-range connections between this region and other areas. Probabilities of neuroanatomical connections plus associative learning principles explain why different connection bundles specialize in rule storage versus exception learning. Linguistic issues related to language change and plural formation in German are addressed in closing.
Angiopoietin-2 predicts disease-free survival after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk myeloid malignancies
Authors: Philipp Kümpers, Christian Koenecke, Hartmut Hecker, Julian Hellpap, Rüdiger Horn, Willem Verhagen, Stefanie Buchholz, Bernd Hertenstein, Jürgen Krauter, Matthias Eder, Sascha David, Gudrun Göhring, Hermann Haller, Arnold Ganser
Journal: Blood (2008)
Abstract 1041: TGF-β1-induced EMT is suppressed by berberine in triple negative breast cancers
Authors: Jeongmin Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Elevated TGF-β secretion plays an important role in the development of cancer such as tumor metastasis, invasion, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, TGF-β-responsive gene signature is highly activated in chemotherapy-treated triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, we investigated the effect of berberine (BBR) on TGF-β1-induced EMT in TNBC cells. Our results showed that TGF-β1 significantly increased the level of mesenchymal markers such as fibronectin, vimentin, and MMP-2 in Hs578T and BT549. To verify the effect of BBR on these phenomenons, we treated with BBR and then BBR decreased TGF-β1-induced mesenchymal markers in Hs578T and BT549 cells. Furthermore, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of TGF-β1-induced mesenchymal markers. TGF-β1-induced mesenchymal markers were prevented by a MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126 or a Smad3 inhibitor, SIS3, respectively. Interestingly, BBR significantly decreased TGF-β1-induced the phosphorylation of ERK and Smad3 in Hs578T and BT549. Taken together, we demonstrated that BBR may act as a blocker in TGF-β1-induced EMT in TNBC. Citation Format: Jeongmin Lee. TGF-β1-induced EMT is suppressed by berberine in triple negative breast cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1041. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1041
1000 Genomes Project Promises Closer Look at Variation in Human Genome
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2008)

took issue with the use of boarding and crowding as part of a management strategy. “The financial incentives are out of sync for a variety of services hospitals offer for patients,” Steinberg said. “Hospitals are trying a variety of ideas to address overcrowding, but there is no one-size-fits-all solution.” But some potential solutions are being considered. For example, hospitals could try to reduce the traditional use of the early days of the week for elective surgeries, which limits the number of inpatient beds available at that time. “I see 180 patients a day, and I can’t get them an inpatient bed on a Monday, but I see the same volume on a Friday and have no problems,” said Judd E. Hollander, MD, professor and clinical research director in the Department of Emergency Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Using the inpatient services of hospitals on weekends and the evening hours during the week could also ease boarding, Hollander added. Another possible solution to ease crowding is to move patients boarding in the emergency department to hallways of inpatient areas of the hospital. “Instead of having 20 emergency department beds being used, you have 2 patients in hallways on each floor of a 10-story hospital,” said Kellermann, who noted such a scheme is viewed cautiously by inpatient nurses who worry of being overburdened. “What one often finds is the ‘miracle of the elevator’—by the time a patient gets to the floor, there’s a clean bed waiting,” Kellerman said. However, an impediment to trying such solutions is a fear of hospital administrators that being the first and perhaps only institution to do so in a community could lead to that hospital being flooded with uninsured patients, which might overburden the institution financially. Still, said Pines, while one can appreciate a hospital’s desire to be financially stable, the institution must remember why it exists in the first place. “Usually a hospital’s mission statement calls for it to provide the best care to any patient regardless of status,” he said.