tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the effector function of human macrophages for Histoplasma capsulatum by HIV-1. Role of the envelope glycoprotein gp120.
Authors: S Chaturvedi, S L Newman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

We have demonstrated that monocyte-derived macrophages (Mphi) from HIV+ individuals are deficient in their capacity to phagocytose Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) yeasts, and are more permissive for the intracellular growth of Hc. To determine whether these defects in Mphi function were caused by HIV infection of the Mphi and/or by pathological events associated with HIV infection, cultured normal human Mphi were infected with the HIV-1BaL strain. Virus production, quantified by reverse transcriptase activity and p24 antigen, was evident on day 8 after infection and peaked on day 16. On days 12, 16, and 20 after infection, HIV-1-infected Mphi were deficient in their capacity to recognize and bind Hc yeasts compared with control Mphi, and also were more permissive for the intracellular growth of Hc. Culture of normal Mphi with the envelope glycoprotein gp120 inhibited phagocytosis of Hc yeasts by Mphi in a concentration-dependent manner, but did not cause more rapid intracellular growth of Hc. Normal Mphi cultured in the serum of HIV+ individuals with impaired Mphi function subsequently were deficient in their capacity to phagocytose Hc yeasts, and were more permissive for the intracellular growth of yeasts compared with Mphi cultured in normal serum. Conversely, culture of normal Mphi in the serum of HIV+ patients with normal Mphi function did not affect the interaction of Hc yeasts with Mphi. Moreover, when Mphi from HIV+ individuals that were initially defective in host defense against Hc were cultured in normal HIV- serum, normal Mphi function was demonstrated. Adsorption of gp120 from the serum of two HIV+ patients removed the capacity of the serum to cause a Mphi defect in phagocytosis of Hc, but had no effect on the capacity of the serum to cause accelerated intracellular growth. These data demonstrate that observed defects in Mphi interaction with Hc yeasts may be caused by gp120 and other, as yet unknown serum component(s) probably released into serum by HIV-infected cells.
Adipocyte cell size, free fatty acids and apolipoproteins are associated with non-alcoholic liver injury progression in severely obese patients
Authors: Alexander Wree, Martin Schlattjan, Lars P. Bechmann, Thierry Claudel, Jan-Peter Sowa, Tatjana Stojakovic, Hubert Scharnagl, Harald Köfeler, Hideo A. Baba, Guido Gerken, Ariel E. Feldstein, Michael Trauner, Ali Canbay
Journal: Metabolism (2014)
Smith's The Critically III Child: Diagnosis and Medical Management
Authors: Alan I. Fields
Journal: JAMA (1985)

In this edition of<i>Smith's The Critically Ill Child</i>, the editors sought to discuss "only medical conditions that occur in critically ill children." Specifically, they exclude the psychiatric, surgical, and neonatal problems found in earlier editions and concentrate on the "most common pediatric emergencies," which are "exhaustively discussed and referenced." Most chapters are written by recognized authorities on the subject, including international experts. The 16 chapters of the book seem to be arranged in an arbitrary pattern. They deal with both specific topics (eg, Reye's syndrome and diabetic ketoacidosis), and general ones (eg, coma and acute renal failure). Most chapters have flow diagrams or algorithms, which vary in length from half a page (in the chapter "Acute Renal Failure") to four pages (in smaller type in "Acute Bacterial Meningitis"). All chapters discuss pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. The editors have succeeded in changing the book's format from the preceding editions. As
Long-term Outcomes After Nonlesional Extratemporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery
Authors: Katherine Noe, Vlastimil Sulc, Lily Wong-Kisiel, Elaine Wirrell, Jamie J. Van Gompel, Nicholas Wetjen, Jeffrey Britton, Elson So, Gregory D. Cascino, W. Richard Marsh, Fredric Meyer, Daniel Horinek, Caterina Giannini, Robert Watson, Benjamin H. Brinkmann, Matt Stead, Gregory A. Worrell
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

A focal lesion detected by use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a favorable prognostic finding for epilepsy surgery. Patients with normal MRI findings and extratemporal lobe epilepsy have less favorable outcomes. Most studies investigating the outcomes of patients with normal MRI findings who underwent (nonlesional) extratemporal epilepsy surgery are confined to a highly select group of patients with limited follow-up.To evaluate noninvasive diagnostic test results and their association with excellent surgical outcomes (defined using Engel classes I-IIA of surgical outcomes) in a group of patients with medically resistant nonlesional extratemporal epilepsy.A retrospective study.Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.From 1997 through 2002, we identified 85 patients with medically resistant extratemporal lobe epilepsy who had normal MRI findings. Based on a standardized presurgical evaluation and review at a multidisciplinary epilepsy surgery conference, some of these patients were selected for intracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring and epilepsy surgery.Nonlesional extratemporal lobe epilepsy surgery.The results of noninvasive diagnostic tests and the clinical variables potentially associated with excellent surgical outcome were examined in patients with a minimum follow-up of 1 year (mean follow-up, 9 years).Based on the noninvasive diagnostic test results, a clear hypothesis for seizure origin was possible for 47 of the 85 patients (55%), and 31 of these 47 patients (66%) proceeded to intracranial EEG monitoring. For 24 of these 31 patients undergoing long-term intracranial EEG (77%), a seizure focus was identified and surgically resected. Of these 24 patients, 9 (38%) had an excellent outcome after resective epilepsy surgery. All patients with an excellent surgical outcome had at least 10 years of follow-up. Univariate analysis showed that localized interictal epileptiform discharges on scalp EEGs were associated with an excellent surgical outcome.Scalp EEG was the most useful test for identifying patients with normal MRI findings and extratemporal lobe epilepsy who were likely to have excellent outcomes after epilepsy surgery. Extending outcome analysis beyond the resective surgery group to the entire group of patients who were evaluated further highlights the challenge that these patients pose. Although 9 of 24 patients undergoing resective surgery (38%) had excellent outcomes, only 9 of 31 patients undergoing intracranial EEG (29%) and only 9 of 85 patient with nonlesional extratemporal lobe epilepsy (11%) had long-term excellent outcomes.
Protection against peroxynitrite dependent tyrosine nitration and alpha 1-antiproteinase inactivation by some anti-inflammatory drugs and by the antibiotic tetracycline.
Authors: M Whiteman, H Kaur, B Halliwell
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1996)

To examine in vitro the ability of several drugs to protect against deleterious effects of peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic agent formed by reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide radical, that may be generated in the rheumatoid joint and could cause joint damage.The ability of several drugs to protect against such possible toxic actions of peroxynitrite as inactivation of alpha 1-antiproteinase and nitration of tyrosine was evaluated.Most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were moderately (indomethacin, diclofenac, naproxen, tolmetin) or only weakly (sulindac, ibuprofen, aurothioglucose, flurbiprofen, sulphasalazine, salicylate, penicillamine disulphide) effective in preventing tyrosine nitration and alpha 1-antiproteinase inactivation by peroxynitrite, but 5-aminosalicylate and penicillamine were much more effective, as was the antibiotic tetracycline (but not ampicillin). Phenylbutazone and flufenamic acid protected effectively against tyrosine nitration, but could not be tested in the alpha 1-antiproteinase system. The analgesic paracetamol was highly protective in both assay systems.Many drugs used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are unlikely to act by scavenging peroxynitrite. The feasibility of peroxynitrite scavenging as a mechanism of penicillamine, 5-aminosalicylate, and paracetamol action in vivo is discussed.
Cefoxitin Falsely Elevates Creatinine Levels
Authors: Alfred J. Saah
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Cefoxitin sodium has been found to act like creatinine in assays for creatinine used by many hospitals. Our in vitro results show that cefoxitin causes an apparent rise in the serum creatinine level; the magnitude of the increase depends on the assay method and the concentration of cefoxitin. Results varied from 1.5 to more than 8.5 times the normal serum creatinine level. Published data from studies of human volunteers show the same effect. In patients with normal renal function, the serum creatinine test is reliable two to four hours following cefoxitin infusion and in mild to moderate renal failure (glomerular filtration rate greater than 30 mL/min), six to eight hours. In severe renal failure, the serum creatinine determination is unreliable. Measurement of urinary creatinine employs similar assays, thus making estimation of creatinine clearance unreliable when the patient is receiving cefoxitin.
Glaucoma Diagnostic Accuracy of Ganglion Cell–Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness: Comparison with Nerve Fiber Layer and Optic Nerve Head
Authors: Jean-Claude Mwanza, Mary K. Durbin, Donald L. Budenz, Fouad E. Sayyad, Robert T. Chang, Arvind Neelakantan, David G. Godfrey, Randy Carter, Alan S. Crandall
Journal: Ophthalmology (2012)
Genetic variants in TPMT and COMT are associated with hearing loss in children receiving cisplatin chemotherapy
Authors: Colin J D Ross, Hagit Katzov-Eckert, Marie-Pierre Dubé, Beth Brooks, S Rod Rassekh, Amina Barhdadi, Yassamin Feroz-Zada, Henk Visscher, Andrew M K Brown, Michael J Rieder, Paul C Rogers, Michael S Phillips, Bruce C Carleton, Michael R Hayden
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Use of Synchrotron Radiation Microangiography to Assess Development of Small Collateral Arteries in a Rat Model of Hindlimb Ischemia
Authors: Satoshi Takeshita, Takaaki Isshiki, Hidezo Mori, Etsuro Tanaka, Koji Eto, Yoshimichi Miyazawa, Akira Tanaka, Yoshiro Shinozaki, Kazuyuki Hyodo, Masami Ando, Misao Kubota, Kenkichi Tanioka, Keiji Umetani, Masahiko Ochiai, Tomohide Sato, Hideo Miyashita
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Current methods of angiography cannot provide images of arteries measuring < 200 microns in diameter. We have recently developed a new angiography system that uses monochromatic synchrotron radiation and a high-definition video system with a spatial resolution of 30 microns. In the present study, we applied this microangiography system to visualize small arteries in normal and ischemic rat limbs and investigated the development of collateral arteries.Microangiography was performed in the normal and the ischemic limb 4 weeks after the excision of the femoral artery. In the normal limb, up to the fourth branches of the iliac and/or femoral arteries (diameter < 100 microns) were readily identified. Some of these branches were found to perfuse the distal thigh area. In the ischemic limb, an extensive structural remodeling of the vascular network was observed. Numerous small arteries had developed from the branches of the iliac artery to constitute a fine arterial network, the so-called "midzone," which was composed of linear, normal appearing arteries and those with an undulating, unbranched appearance.The small collateral artery network was angiographically visualized with a resolution limit < 100 microns. The linear collaterals appeared to result from an opening of preexisting vessels. The undulating, unbranched vessels were not observed in the normal limbs and seemed to be vessels that were newly formed after limb ischemia. Synchrotron radiation microangiography appears to be a powerful means of assessing the development of small collateral arteries, which may help to provide a basis for understanding of the collateral circulation.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE INFLUENZA BACILLUS
Authors: GLADYS HENRY DICK
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Pfeiffer<sup>1</sup>described a "true influenza" bacillus and a "pseudo-influenza bacillus." He was unable to distinguish these organisms in direct smears of exudates, where they both appeared as small bacilli with rounded ends. Culturally they were identical. He based his distinction on the fact that smears from cultures of the true influenza bacillus showed small bacilli with few longer forms, while smears made from cultures of the pseudo-influenza bacillus showed long, threadlike organisms. The pseudo-influenza bacillus was isolated by Pfeiffer from three cases of bronchopneumonia. In bacteriologic examinations of the sputum, blood and lungs during the present epidemic of influenza, both forms of the influenza bacillus have been encountered. In some cases aerobic plates of the sputum have yielded practically pure cultures of the small gramnegative bacillus contaminated only by rare colonies of staphylococcus. Sputum from other cases has yielded equally pure cultures of the long, threadlike organism designated by
Essential vs Discretionary Health Care in System Reform-Reply
Authors: John Glasson
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —Dr Ashley makes several important points. In particular, he rightly draws attention to the distinction between essential and discretionary care. However, in arguing for a greater role for professional judgment in resource allocation decisions, Ashley both mischaracterizes the Council's report and misjudges the role that professional judgment can play.  First, the Council does not simply advocate either a democratic process or an equal consideration mechanism to identify the package of basic health services for all citizens. The Council enunciated several ethical criteria that can be used to identify certain medical services as clearly essential, and that therefore should be included in a basic benefits package, and other medical services as clearly discretionary, and that therefore should not be included in a basic benefits package. The ethical criteria include degree of benefit, likelihood of benefit, duration of benefit, number of people benefiting, and cost. For example, an appendectomy is
Renal Failure in Hypercalcaemic Sarcoidosis
Authors: D. J. Deller, I. A. Brodziak, A. D. Phillips
Journal: BMJ (1959)

In a statistically controlled double-blind trial of beclamide in 13 patients suffering from uncontrolled major or temporal lobe epilepsy it was shown that that drug, in a dosage of 3 g.daily, was significantly more efficient than an inert tablet, reducing the number of seizures to 75% of their previous frequency without any noteworthy side-effects.Control (inert) tablets were shown not to have any psychological placebo effect.Little improvement occurred on increasing the dosage of beclamide from 3 g. to 4 g. a day, but this increased dosage was given for a relatively short period and the evidence on this point is inconclusive.It is concluded that beclamide has a significant anti- convulsant effect, but in view of the high cost of this remedy it should be used only in epileptic patients who have failed to respond to other remedies.It appears that the drug may safely be given in combination with other anticonvulsants.We thank Dr. H. G. Miller for allowing us to include in the trial patients who were under his care; Miss Garnett, chief pharmacist, Royal Victorial Infirmary, for her co-operation in arranging the double-blind controlled trial; and Dr.
Chronic leg ulcers treated by the pinch graft method
Authors: L.G. MILLARD, M.M. ROBERTS, M. GATECLIFFE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1977)

Forty‐nine patients with chronic leg ulcers were treated by pinch grafting. The initial success of this procedure was high for both gravitational and arterio‐sclerotic ulcers. Over half the grafted gravitational ulcers and 70% of grafted arteriosclerotic ulcers were intact after 2 years. Some grafts remained stable for 6 years. Arteritic ulcers did not respond as well; none of the grafted ulcers survived more than 6 months. Pinch grafting is still a simple, cheap and effective therapy offering prolonged graft stability as well as quicker healing to those patients who are not fit for more extensive surgery.
Esophageal ulceration mimicking malignancy in a patient with severe kyphoscoliosis
Authors: P. Rainer, A. Eherer, C. Langner, W. Graninger, C. Spreizer, K. Weber
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Untreated severe kyphoscoliosis is rarely observed nowadays. In affected patients dislocation of inner organs with functional impairment may occur [1] [2]. We present the unusual case of a patient with severe kyphoscoliosis who developed extensive esophageal ulceration.
Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care
Authors: Christopher L. Knight
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Letters20 December 2011Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious CareChristopher L. Knight, MDChristopher L. Knight, MDFrom University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-00017 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I deeply appreciate Weinberger's point of view (1) on teaching a cost-conscious approach to care. As a generalist, I frequently struggle with uncertainty, balancing my desire for an answer that leaves no doubt with the costs and consequences of excessive diagnostic testing. As an educator, I watch students and residents face the same decisions, and I realize that there are countless opportunities to help them reflect on the costs of their choices. This is a real area of opportunity for medical education that also raises needed questions about professionalism and just allocation of scarce resources.I'm concerned, ...References1. Weinberger SE. Providing high-value, cost-conscious care: a critical seventh general competency for physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:386-8. [PMID: 21930856] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Powerful Efficacy Profile: Chronic Pain. Accessed at www.nucynta.com/nucynta-er/powerful-efficacy-profile on 2 October 2011. Google Scholar3. Nucynta. Accessed at www.drugstore.com/nucynta/50mg-tablets/qxn50458082004 on 2 October 2011. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoProviding High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care: A Critical Seventh General Competency for Physicians Steven E. Weinberger Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care Erik A. Wallace Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care Steven E. Weinberger Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care Brian Pollak Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care Jeremy D. Graham , Darryl K. Potyk , and Elise D. Raimi Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care Christine K. Cassel Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care Carlos O. Weiss , Maia Holden , and Matthew McNabney Providing High-Value, Cost-Conscious Care Ira S. Nash Metrics 20 December 2011Volume 155, Issue 12Page: 859KeywordsChartsConflicts of interestDrugsMedical educationOpiatesOxycodone ePublished: 20 December 2011 Issue Published: 20 December 2011 CopyrightCopyright © 2011 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Effects of Constitutive Overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 on the Mechanical Characteristics and Molecular Properties of Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: Giorgio Redaelli, Ashwani Malhotra, Baosheng Li, Peng Li, Edmund H. Sonnenblick, Polly A. Hofmann, Piero Anversa
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —Recently, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been claimed to positively influence the cardiac performance of the decompensated heart. On this basis, the effects of constitutive overexpression of IGF-1 on the mechanical behavior of myocytes were examined in transgenic mice in which the cDNA for the human IGF-1B was placed under the control of a rat α-myosin heavy chain promoter. In mice heterozygous for the transgene and in nontransgenic littermates at 2.5 months of age, the alterations in Ca 2+ sensitivity of tension development, unloaded shortening velocity, and sarcomere compliance were measured in skinned myocytes. The quantities and state of phosphorylation of myofilament proteins in these enzymatically dissociated ventricular myocytes were also examined. The overexpression of IGF-1 was characterized by a nearly 15% reduction in myofilament isometric tension at submaximum Ca 2+ levels in the physiological range, whereas developed tension at maximum activation was unchanged. In contrast, unloaded velocity of shortening was increased 39% in myocytes from transgenic mice. Moreover, resting tension in these cells was reduced by 24% to 33%. Myocytes from nontransgenic mice pretreated with IGF-1 failed to reveal changes in myofilament Ca 2+ sensitivity and unloaded velocity of shortening. The quantities of C protein, troponin I, and myosin light chain-2 were comparable in transgenic and nontransgenic mice, but their endogenous state of phosphorylation increased 117%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Troponin T content was not altered, and myosin isozymes were essentially 100% V 1 in both groups of mice. In conclusion, constitutive overexpression of IGF-1 may influence positively the performance of myocytes by enhancing shortening velocity and cellular compliance.
The Code of Ethics.
Authors: A. N. Talley
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<h3>To the Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association</h3> For more than forty years the writer, from frequent perusal and constant familiarity with the "Code of Ethics" as originated by Percival and amended by the American Medical Association, has been led to regard it as the embodiment of the wisdom of the profession touching their relations to themselves and to their fellowmen; and he cannot but feel profound misgivings at the proposition now under discussion to abolish that time-honored instrument and to substitute therefore a so-called modernized code, adapted. it is alleged, to the assured needs of the profession, and conformed to the requirements of precision and brevity. Conciseness in a rule of action for the guidance and government of the busy multitude is a desideratum to be had at any cost short of obscurity,and this is especially true when the law is upheld by the authority of