tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Emerging science of the human microbiome
Authors: Mitchell L Jones, Jorge G Ganopolsky, Christopher J Martoni, Alain Labbé, Satya Prakash
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

The human gastrointestinal tract hosts a large number of microbial cells which exceed their mammalian counterparts by approximately 3-fold. The genes expressed by these microorganisms constitute the gut microbiome and may participate in diverse functions that are essential to the host, including digestion, regulation of energy metabolism, and modulation of inflammation and immunity. The gut microbiome can be modulated by dietary changes, antibiotic use, or disease. Different ailments have distinct associated microbiomes in which certain species or genes are present in different relative quantities. Thus, identifying specific disease-associated signatures in the microbiome as well as the factors that alter microbial populations and gene expression will lead to the development of new products such as prebiotics, probiotics, antimicrobials, live biotherapeutic products, or more traditional drugs to treat these disorders. Gained knowledge on the microbiome may result in molecular lab tests that may serve as personalized tools to guide the use of the aforementioned products and monitor interventional progress.
Regulation of the T-cell response to ectromelia virus infection. I. Feedback suppression by effector T cells.
Authors: T Pang, R V Blanden
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

Spleen cells and serum from mice immunized with ectromelia virus suppressed the immune response to infectious virus when transferred intravenously into recipient mice given an immunizing virus dose. The suppression was reflected in decreased cytotoxic T-cell activity directed against H-2 compatible virus-infected target cells in the spleens of recipients. Suppression was observed when immune cells or serum were transferred 1-2 h or 1 day after immunization of recipients, but not 2 days after, and was maximal when 6-day immune spleen cells were used as suppressor cells. H-2 compatibility between donor and recipient mice was necessary for suppression to be expressed. Use of recombinant mice showed that I-region compatibility was neither sufficient nor necessary, and that D-region compatibility was sufficient. Specificity of suppression was suggested by the finding that cells and serum from mice immunized with Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium, had no suppressive activity on the antiviral response. Anti-theta treatment eliminated the ability of immune cells to suppress, and the suppressive effect was not markedly dose-dependent with respect to both cell dose and virus dose under the conditions employed. Virus levels in the spleens of recipients were significantly reduced after injection of immune cells. Adult thymectomy had no effect on the primary immune response to ectromelia virus infection, thus indicating no role for T1 cells in the suppressive mechanism. The results obtained therefore suggested that suppression in this system was due to effector T cells which triggered clearance of virus (and thus, of virus-induced antigens) necessary for the induction of precursors of effector T cells, and that this simple feed-back mechanism normally plays an important role in the regulation of the primary immune response to ectromelia infection at the level of precursor induction. The existence of other postinduction regulatory mechanisms, however, is unknown and under investigation.
Abstract P3-14-13: Necessity of Confirming the Biological Marker of Distant Metastatic Lesion for Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: R Nakamura, N Yamamoto, K Fushimi, T Iwase, M Itami, M. Miyazaki
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background The systemic management of metastatic breast cancer patients is usually based on biological marker of the primary tumor. However, characteristics of hormone status or HER2 over expression may change with metastatic site due to long term treatment for metastatic cancer with endocrine therapy, chemotherapy or biologic agents. The first purpose of this study was to investigate the concordance in HER2 over expression between primary tumor and distant metastases. The second purpose was to evaluate the efficacy of biologic agents for the patients with positive changes in HER2 status. Material and methods One hundred forty-one patients had biopsy or operation of their metastatic site from 2000 to December 2009 at the Chiba Cancer Center Hospital. Specimen of operation or biopsies of suspected metastatic site were obtained from breast cancer patients. Specimen were analyzed pathologically to confirm metastatic disease and secondly to evaluate HER2 by immunohistochemistry or FISH. Results Specimen of metastatic site were 67 local lesion (breast or lymph node), 27 brain, 16 liver, 12 bone and 5 others organs (stomach, intestine, ovary or uterus. Negative, positive or no change in HER2 status was observed in 4%, 6%, and 90% respectively. Positive changes of HER2 in metastatic site were 3(4%) local lesion, 3(11%) brain, 1 (7%) lung, 0(0%) liver, 2(17%) bone, and 0(0%) others, respectively. Three patients with positive change in HER2 status of metastatic site were treated to trastuzumab. Two of 3 patients with HER2 positive change were assessed to responded to trastuzumab-based treatment schedules. Conclusions This study demonstrates the presence of substantial discordance in HER2 overexpression between primary tumor and metastases site.Metastatic tissue confirmation might be considered in patients with suspicious metastatic recurrence or resistance trastuzumab treatment. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-14-13.
Bumetanide for the treatment of seizures in newborn babies with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (NEMO): an open-label, dose finding, and feasibility phase 1/2 trial
Authors: Ronit M Pressler, Geraldine B Boylan, Neil Marlow, Mats Blennow, Catherine Chiron, J Helen Cross, Linda S de Vries, Boubou Hallberg, Lena Hellström-Westas, Vincent Jullien, Vicki Livingstone, Barry Mangum, Brendan Murphy, Deirdre Murray, Gerard Pons, Janet Rennie, Renate Swarte, Mona C Toet, Sampsa Vanhatalo, Sarah Zohar
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2015)
Access to Quality and Affordable Health Care for Every American
Authors: John McCain
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Health Care Reform and the Presidential CandidatesThe editors asked Senator John McCain, the Republican presidential nominee, and Senator Barack Obama, the Democratic presidential nominee, to describe their plans for reforming the U.S. health care system. Their statements follow. In order to explore their positions in greater depth, the Journal and the Harvard School of Public Health cosponsored a Perspective Roundtable on September 12, 2008, entitled “Health Care in the Next Administration” and featuring senior health policy advisors David Cutler for Senator Obama and Gail Wilensky for Senator McCain. A video of the symposium can be seen at www.nejm.org.Americans . . .
The Occlusion of Arteries
Authors: H. Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1892)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are unique with respect to their capacity to produce unsurpassed amounts of IFN-α and coexpress TLR7 and TLR9, mediating IFN-α production. Although TLRs are critical receptors of innate immunity, little is known about the immunological effects of TLR7/TLR9 costimulation. We have analyzed the effects of TLR7/TLR9 costimulation on IFN-α production by leukocytes and pDCs. Our experiments revealed that both synthetic (resiquimod and loxoribine) and natural (ssRNA40) TLR7 ligands abrogate CpG-A- and CpG-C-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)-induced IFN-α production by human leukocytes. Because TLR7 ligands themselves represent important IFN-α inducers, we demonstrated that substimulatory TLR7 ligand concentrations significantly inhibited CpG-A-induced IFN-α. Delayed addition of TLR7 ligands still resulted in complete suppression of CpG-A-ODN-induced IFN-α production, suggesting that the inhibition is unlikely to be caused by a kinetic uptake advantage. Unlike for CpG-A and CpG-C, TLR7 ligands did not inhibit CpG-B-ODN-induced IFN-α production. Experiments with purified human pDCs demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of TLR7/TLR9 costimulation were mediated directly by pDCs. Suppression of IFN-α production was not related to increased cell death and was also detectable in enriched mouse pDCs. Analyses of pDCs suggested that the TLR7 signal regulates the outcome of TLR7 ligand/CpG-A-ODN costimulation and can either inhibit (IFN-α) or promote (IL-8/CD40) cytokine and surface marker expression. Our data reveal for the first time a strong inhibitory effect of TLR7 stimulation on IFN-α production induced by CpG-A- and CpG-C-ODNs. These findings provide novel insight into the effects of TLR7/TLR9 costimulation and may support the development of novel TLR9 inhibitors.
Effect of Nutrient Supplementation on Atopic Dermatitis in Children
Authors: Negar Foolad, Elizabeth A. Brezinski, Elizabeth P. Chase, April W. Armstrong
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2012)

To identify whether nutrient supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, formula, or fatty acids prevents the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) or reduces the severity of AD in newborns to children younger than 3 years.We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature) from January 1, 1946, to August 27, 2012, and performed an additional manual search.Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies examining nutritional supplementation in prevention and amelioration of AD among children younger than 3 years.Of 92 articles, 21 met inclusion criteria.In the 21 studies, a total of 6859 participants received supplements, which included infants or mothers who were either pregnant or breastfeeding;4134 infants or mothers served as controls. Nutritional supplementation was shown to be an effective method in preventing AD (11 of 17 studies) or decreasing its severity(5 of 6 studies). The best evidence lies with probiotics supplementation in mothers and infants in preventing development and reducing severity of AD. Specifically, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was effective in long-term prevention of AD development. γ-Linolenic acid reduced severity of AD. Supplementation with prebiotics and black currant seed oil (γ-linolenic acid and ω-3 combination) was effective in reducing the development of AD. Conflicting findings were reported from different research groups that performed supplementation with an amino acid–based formula.Certain types of nutrient supplementation are beneficial in preventing AD development and reducing its severity. Future research elucidating the mechanisms underlying the actions of nutritional supplementation on AD is necessary.
The developmental changes in plasma adrenal androgens during infancy and adrenarche are associated with changing activities of adrenal microsomal 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-desmolase.
Authors: R J Schiebinger, B D Albertson, F G Cassorla, D W Bowyer, G W Geelhoed, G B Cutler, D L Loriaux
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

The plasma concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate decrease during the first year of life, remain low during childhood, and then increase during adrenarche. To determine whether alterations in adrenal enzyme activity might explain the changing secretory pattern of the adrenal androgens, we measured human adrenal microsomal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase, 17,20-desmolase, 17-hydroxylase, and 21-hydroxylase activities. 12 adrenals from individuals aged 3 mo to 60 yr were studied. The patients were divided into three groups based upon the age of the patient when the adrenal glands were obtained: group 1, infants aged 3--8 mo (n = 3); group 2, preadrenarchal or early adrenarchal children aged 2--9 yr (n = 4); and group 3, adults aged 20--60 yr (n = 5). The mean activity of the 17,20-desmolase, 17-hydroxylase, and 21-hydroxylase fell by 50% and that of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity rose 80% from group 1 to 2. A fourfold increase in 17,20-desmolase (P less than 0.002) and 17-hydroxylase (P less than 0.001) activity and a doubling in 21-hydroxylase activity (P less than 0.005) occurred between groups 2 and 3. We conclude that the decline in plasma adrenal androgens after birth appears to be associated with a rise in 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase and a fall in 17,20-desmolase and 17-hydroxylase activity. The subsequent increase in plasma adrenal androgen concentration during adrenarche is coincident with a rise in 17,20-desmolase and 17-hydroxylase activity.
Recurrent Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Eugene Lin, Nicholas Agoff
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

A 38-year-old man underwent a resection of the left lobe of the liver resection for a solitary hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) was performed for surveillance. This demonstrated 2 foci of FDG uptake in the liver. These were resected and found to represent recurrent epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Because of the high FDG uptake in this tumor, FDG PET/CT should be evaluated for its utility in recurrence detection.
Transplantation of Abdominal Viscera-Reply
Authors: Thomas E. Starzl
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply. —  We concur with Dr Davison that patient 1 in our report was too ill to have survived, even with a perfect operation. This was evident in retrospect, since the autopsy findings reported in our article included diagnoses not established prospectively. No one who saw this beautiful child could resist the instinct to save her.  Concerning the comments by Drs Lantos and Kohrman, the procedures were done with the approval of the institutional review board of the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. The protocols were exhaustively reviewed, along with the informed consent.  The use of related transplant procedures to treat extensive upper abdominal tumors described by Goldsmith 1 was reported before the American Surgical Association in April 1989 and discussed by Moore, 2 whose advice and comments throughout the years have been unfailingly wise and supportive. Eight of the latter 10 adult recipients are alive after 3 to 9 months,
Consent Policies and Rates of HIV Testing—Reply
Authors: Jeffrey D. Klausner, Nicola Zetola, Mitchell H. Katz
Journal: JAMA (2007)

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Early Identification of Patients at Risk of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Ognjen Gajic, Ousama Dabbagh, Pauline K. Park, Adebola Adesanya, Steven Y. Chang, Peter Hou, Harry Anderson, J. Jason Hoth, Mark E. Mikkelsen, Nina T. Gentile, Michelle N. Gong, Daniel Talmor, Ednan Bajwa, Timothy R. Watkins, Emir Festic, Murat Yilmaz, Remzi Iscimen, David A. Kaufman, Annette M. Esper, Ruxana Sadikot, Ivor Douglas, Jonathan Sevransky
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Accurate, early identification of patients at risk for developing acute lung injury (ALI) provides the opportunity to test and implement secondary prevention strategies.To determine the frequency and outcome of ALI development in patients at risk and validate a lung injury prediction score (LIPS).In this prospective multicenter observational cohort study, predisposing conditions and risk modifiers predictive of ALI development were identified from routine clinical data available during initial evaluation. The discrimination of the model was assessed with area under receiver operating curve (AUC). The risk of death from ALI was determined after adjustment for severity of illness and predisposing conditions.Twenty-two hospitals enrolled 5,584 patients at risk. ALI developed a median of 2 (interquartile range 1-4) days after initial evaluation in 377 (6.8%; 148 ALI-only, 229 adult respiratory distress syndrome) patients. The frequency of ALI varied according to predisposing conditions (from 3% in pancreatitis to 26% after smoke inhalation). LIPS discriminated patients who developed ALI from those who did not with an AUC of 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.82). When adjusted for severity of illness and predisposing conditions, development of ALI increased the risk of in-hospital death (odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-5.7).ALI occurrence varies according to predisposing conditions and carries an independently poor prognosis. Using routinely available clinical data, LIPS identifies patients at high risk for ALI early in the course of their illness. This model will alert clinicians about the risk of ALI and facilitate testing and implementation of ALI prevention strategies. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00889772).
Splenic rupture as the presenting symptom of blastic crisis in a patient with Philadelphia-negative, bcr-abl-positive ET
Authors: C.S. Chim, Y.L. Kwong, T.W. Shek, S.K. Ma, G.C. Ooi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2000)

To the Editor: Mutations in the factor XI gene are responsible for a variable bleeding phenotype which correlates poorly with levels of circulating FXI product.We read with interest and concern an article published recently describing a novel nonsense mutation [1].The authors state in their discussion that "eighteen causative mutations of the congenital FXI deficiency have been reported: three nonsense mutations, ten missense mutations, and five splicing site abnormalities.Three nonsense mutations are located in exons 5 and 7, which truncate the proteins in the middle of the second and third apple domains, respectively".To our knowledge, prior to the publication of their paper, only two nonsense mutations had been described for the FXI gene, both in exon 5 [2,3].No nonsense mutation has been described in exon 7. Also, only three splicing site abnormalities have been described, not five [2,4] (Table I).Additionally, an important omission was the 14-bp type IV deletion described in Askenazi Jews [5].
Epidemiological surveillance of rubella must continue
Authors: J. Rahi, G. Adams, I. Russell-Eggitt, P. Tookey
Journal: BMJ (2001)

EDITOR—The description in 1941 by an Australian ophthalmologist of congenital cataract occurring after rubella in pregnancy was one of the first clearly demonstrated risk factors for congenital anomalies in humans.1 Several of the major ophthalmic long term effects of prenatal rubella infection, such as cataract, microphthalmos, and retinopathy, are recognisable at birth or in early infancy.2 Their diagnosis in children is recognised to be important in identifying the population at …
A large and complex structural polymorphism at 16p12.1 underlies microdeletion disease risk
Authors: Francesca Antonacci, Jeffrey M Kidd, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Brian Teague, Mario Ventura, Santhosh Girirajan, Can Alkan, Catarina D Campbell, Laura Vives, Maika Malig, Jill A Rosenfeld, Blake C Ballif, Lisa G Shaffer, Tina A Graves, Richard K Wilson, David C Schwartz, Evan E Eichler
Journal: Nature Genetics (2010)
Effect of psychological intervention strategies on performance of choking-susceptible university athletes
Authors: P O Omoregie, O A Adegbesan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Sport competitions evoke experience of anxiety among athletes. The competitive situation demands place on athletes to perform their very best often under intense pressure and specific conditions create performance deterioration, causing choking under pressure. The study investigated effect of psychological intervention strategies on choking-susceptible university elite and non-elite athletes. The experimental research design of pretest–post-test of triangulating method was used in the study that tested on automatic execution, explicit monitoring and distraction model in a sport context during execution of the skill-dominant (basketball lay-up shooting). A total of 60 participants were used for the study. An 18 items Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was completed by the participants before the performance of a lay-up shooting in a low pressure condition and high pressure condition. Pressure conditions were manipulated by using an audience, video-recorder during performance and performance contingent (monetary incentive and physical gifts). Test on performance scores under pressure was not significant (p &gt; 0.05). Results of the correlation analysis revealed that there was no significant between the experimental 1 and control (p&gt;0.05) on the CSAI-2 and performance scores, while on experimental 2 a positive relationship exit (p &lt;0.05). There was no significant (p &gt;0.05) on the variation in training for both experimental groups. This shows that choking in sports are relatively complex and differ based on personality characteristics, understanding individual zone of optimum functioning and administration of intervention strategies (such as group activation, skill techniques) alongside with sufficient training before competitions in different situations may assists university athletes control and cope with choking in their various sports.
HAPTEN-SPECIFIC TOLERANCE
Authors: Joseph M. Davie, William E. Paul, David H. Katz, Baruj Benacerraf
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

The induction of tolerance in guinea pigs with a 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivative of a copolymer of copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (D-GL) leads to a preferential depression of the capacity to produce high affinity anti-DNP antibody in response to immunization with DNP-guinea pig albumin. Thus, immunization 2 wk after tolerance induction with 3 mg of DNP-D-GL results in an immune response in which individual plaque-forming cells (PFC) secreting high affinity anti-DNP antibody are absent and in which the affinity of circulating anti-DNP antibody is reduced. A similar, but less marked, suppression is seen when 0.3 mg of DNP-D-GL is used for tolerance induction. If immunization is delayed until 2 months after tolerance induction, then suppression is restricted to the highest avidity PFC group. Our data is consistent with a state of tolerance in the pool of precursors of anti-DNP antibody-secreting cells induced as a result of their interaction with DNP-D-GL in the absence of specific "helper" cells, which appear to be lacking for DNP-D-GL. In such a situation, the affinity of receptors on precursor cells for tolerogen and the concentration of tolerogen appear to be crucial determinants of whether an individual cell will become tolerant.
Breastfeeding for Mothers With Ongoing Illnesses
Authors: Megan Moreno
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

Kimford J. Meador, MD; Gus A. Baker, PhD; Nancy Browning, PhD; Morris J. Cohen, EdD; Rebecca L. Bromley, PhD; Jill Clayton-Smith, MD; Laura A. Kalayjian, MD; Andres Kanner, MD; Joyce D. Liporace, MD; Page B. Pennell, MD; Michael Privitera, MD; David W. Loring, PhD; for the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (NEAD) Study Group