tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
DO OUR MEDICAL COLLEAGUES KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT FROM PSYCHOTHERAPY?
Authors: KARL M. BOWMAN, MILTON ROSE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1954)

1. That many nonpsychiatric physicians are confused about the methods, goals, and effectiveness of psychotherapy is in large part a reflection of the muddled state of psychiatrists themselves about the nature and status of their specialty. 2. The most important sources of misunderstanding about what psychotherapy is and is not are those problems bearing on the scientific nature of psychotherapy: psychodynamics, techniques of psychotherapy and their effectiveness, and goals of psychotherapy. 3. The training of the modern physician leads him to believe that a "science of mind" exists which in practice can be understood and judged in the same way as can the other branches of medicine. 4. This situation—the scientific beliefs and expectations of the physician plus the difficulty of establishing psychotherapy on traditional scientific grounds—results in confusion among our medical colleagues and even among ourselves. 5. A step in the right direction toward eliminating this condition will be for us as psychiatrists to be as rigorous as possible in making scientific judgments about the methods and goals of our specialty.
Development of Trustworthy Practice Guidelines—Reply
Authors: David F. Ransohoff, Michael Pignone, Harold C. Sox
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Integrin-dependent induction of functional urokinase receptors in primary T lymphocytes.
Authors: E Bianchi, E Ferrero, F Fazioli, F Mangili, J Wang, J R Bender, F Blasi, R Pardi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

In order to reach the sites of inflammation, lymphocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into peripheral tissues, in a process involving integrin-mediated adhesion to the vascular endothelium, followed by transmigration across the endothelial barrier and through the underlying interstitial matrix. We have investigated the role of the plasminogen activator/plasmin system in normal T cell migration. Receptors for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) were not expressed in resting T lymphocytes, but could be efficiently induced at the mRNA and protein level by coclustering of the antigen receptor complex and beta1 or beta2 integrins, through a signalling pathway involving both protein kinase C activation and an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP. Catalytic activation of plasminogen by uPAR-expressing T cells promoted their migration through an extracellular matrix in vitro. Plasmin-induced invasion was inhibited by plasmin-and urokinase inhibitors and by anti-uPAR antibodies. Finally, cytofluorimetric and immunohistochemical analysis of primary human tumor specimens showed the presence of uPAR positive infiltrating T cells in vivo. Collectively, these findings suggest that plasminogen activation may play a role in lymphocyte migration in vivo, and that integrin-dependent expression of membrane-associated endopeptidases could represent an additional step in the regulated process of leukocyte transmigration.
Freedom from information
Authors: Theodore Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The unexamined life, or so we are told on the reliable evidence of Socrates, is not worth living. The question then becomes whether the examined life is worth living either.

Hypochondriasis is one way of leading the examined life. It is often claimed that many medical students, on first opening clinical textbooks, fall prey in their imaginations to the maladies that they read about, though I must admit that I have not noticed any excessive nervousness about health among such students.

Jerome K Jerome famously describes the effect of reading textbooks of diseases on the minds of the susceptible in the opening of Three Men in a Boat :

> I remember going to the British Museum one …
Acute laryngeal stridor with respiratory arrest in drug induced systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: W. K. Chong, A. G. Dewhurst, J. R. Dathan
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Exercise:A 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Time (min) one subject, who subsequently gave a history of mild asthma in childhood, decreased his peak flow rate by 15%.
Food Allergy in Pediatrics Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Ratchaneewan Sinitkul, Suporn Treepongkaruna, Sumate Teeraratkul, Wasu Kamchaisatian, Wiparat Manuyakorn, Soamarat Vilaiyuk, Cherapat Sasisakulporn, Wanlapa Teawsomboonkit, Suwat Benjaponpitak
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Zinc and manganese levels in serum and liver after alcohol feeding and development of fatty cirrhosis in rats.
Authors: A J Barak, H C Beckenhauer, F J Kerrigan
Journal: Gut (1967)

EDITORIAL COMMENT In this experiment, alcohol feeding and choline deficiency produced different effects on zinc and manganese levels in the liver, though these changes could not be correlated with the ability of the liver to detoxicate ammonia.It is suggested that this different effect on trace metals may explain some of the differences between the two types of cirrhosis produced experimentally by alcohol and by choline deficiency.on August 19,
Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolites with Gestational Age and Birth Weight
Authors: Stephen A. Rauch, Joe M. Braun, Dana Boyd Barr, Antonia M. Calafat, Jane Khoury, M. Angela Montesano, Kimberly Yolton, Bruce P. Lanphear
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Background: Prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) insecticides, a widely used class of pesticides, may be associated with decreased gestational age and lower birth weight. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in paroxanase (PON1) enzyme genotypes may modify the relationships between OP exposure and perinatal outcomes.Objective: We examined the relationship of prenatal OP insecticide exposure, measured using urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolite concentrations, with gestational age and birth weight.Methods: We measured the concentrations of six nonspecific DAP metabolites of OP insecticides in two maternal spot urine samples collected in a prospective birth cohort. We performed multivariable regression to examine associations between the sum of six DAP concentrations (ΣDAP) with gestational age and birth weight. We also examined whether these associations differed according to infant PON1192 and PON1–108 genotypes.Results: Among 306 mother–infant dyads, a 10-fold increase in ΣDAP concentrations was associated with a decrease in covariate-adjusted gestational age [–0.5 weeks; 95% confidence interval (CI): –0.8, –0.1] and birth weight (–151 g; CI: –287, –16); the decrements in birth weight were attenuated after adjusting for gestational age. The relationship between ΣDAP concentrations and gestational age was stronger for white (–0.7 weeks; CI: –1.1, –0.3) than for black (–0.1 weeks; 95% CI: –0.9, 0.6) newborns. In contrast, there was a greater decrease in birth weight with increasing urinary ΣDAP concentrations for black (–188 g; CI: –395, 19) than for white (–118 g; CI: –296, 60) newborns. Decrements in birth weight and gestational age associated with ΣDAP concentrations were greatest among infants with PON1192QR and PON–108CT genotypes.Conclusions: Prenatal urinary ΣDAP concentrations were associated with shortened gestation and reduced birth weight in this cohort, but the effects differed by race/ethnicity and PON1192/108 genotypes.
The Living Will
Authors: Fred Rosner
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The excellent article by Eisendrath and Jonsen (1983; 249:2054) and the accompanying editorial (1983;249:2073) point out only some of the ethical issues involved in the living will. There are many others. Since it is extremely difficult to prognosticate accurately for critically ill patients and to determine whether the patient is irreversibly ill and whether death is imminent, the provisions of the living will may be activated prematurely. Alternatively, the existence of a living will may deprive the patient of the full efforts of the medical team who might not use the usual vigor and aggressive approach dictated by the patient's condition. If the patient changes his mind during the period when the living will is in effect yet fails to rescind the declaration formally, it may be activated without proper "informed consent." Heroic measures or "extraordinary treatment" is difficult to define precisely. What was heroic a few
Massive upregulation of the Fas ligand in lpr and gld mice: implications for Fas regulation and the graft-versus-host disease-like wasting syndrome.
Authors: J L Chu, P Ramos, A Rosendorff, J Nikolić-Zugić, E Lacy, A Matsuzawa, K B Elkon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

Fas-deficient lpr and gld mice develop lymphadenopathy due to the accumulation of T cells with an unusual double negative (DN) (CD4-CD8-) phenotype. Previous studies have shown that these abnormal cells are capable of inducing redirected lysis of certain Fc receptor-positive target cells. Since the Fas ligand (FasL) has recently been shown to be partly responsible for T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, lymph node cells from lpr and gld mice were examined for the expression of FasL mRNA. Northern blot analysis revealed that lymph node cells obtained from lpr and gld mice had a striking increase in the level of expression of FasL mRNA predominantly due to expression in the DN T cells. Furthermore, lpr, but not gld lymph node cells killed the B cell line, A20, in a Fas-dependent manner. These findings indicate that Fas mutations result in a massive up-regulation of FasL which, most likely, results from repetitive exposure to (self) antigen. This phenomenon could explain the lpr-induced wasting syndrome observed when lpr bone marrow-derived cells are adoptively transferred to wild-type recipients.
Men and Women Are Different
Authors: Janet M. Torpy, Cassio Lynm, Richard M. Glass
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Men and Women Are Different Because women and men have different bodies, their health care needs are not the same.Not only are some body parts specific to men and women (like the prostate or the uterus), but diseases and medical problems may show up in different ways in women than they do in men.In order to understand these differences, doctors and scientists study female and male medical problems as well as diseases that affect both men and women.Physiology, or how the body works, is different between the sexes.Sex, the biological makeup of each person (based on his or her genes and chromosomes), is different from gender, which is how society and each particular culture see the roles of men and women.In addition to male and female bodies working differently, women and men deal with their health care needs in different ways.The January 22/29, 2003, issue of JAMA includes an article about the roles of sex and gender and how they influence health care and medical research.
Obstructive Lung Disease in Heterozygotes for Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Authors: FRIEDRICH KUEPPERS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1974)

Alpha-1 antitrypsin phenotypes were determined in two groups of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and in a control group. The patients in the first group had retired from work because of this disease. The second group of patients were hospitalized with the same disease; they were, generally, more seriously ill than the patients in group 1. There was an excess of heterozygotes for one of the genes determining a deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin (MZ) in both groups of patients. The excess was greater in the group of hospitalized patients. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that MZ heterozygosity is a predisposing factor to chronic obstructive lung disease.
Genome-Wide Association Study of Spontaneous Resolution of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Data From Multiple Cohorts
Authors: Priya Duggal, Chloe L. Thio, Genevieve L. Wojcik, James J. Goedert, Alessandra Mangia, Rachel Latanich, Arthur Y. Kim, Georg M. Lauer, Raymond T. Chung, Marion G. Peters, Gregory D. Kirk, Shruti H. Mehta, Andrea L. Cox, Salim I. Khakoo, Laurent Alric, Matthew E. Cramp, Sharyne M. Donfield, Brian R. Edlin, Leslie H. Tobler, Michael P. Busch, Graeme Alexander, Hugo R. Rosen, Xiaojiang Gao, Mohamed Abdel-Hamid, Richard Apps, Mary Carrington, David L. Thomas
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Chinese translation Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections occur worldwide and either spontaneously resolve or persist and markedly increase the person's lifetime risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although HCV persistence occurs more often in persons of African ancestry and persons with genetic variants near interleukin-28B (IL-28B), the genetic basis is not well-understood. Objective: To evaluate the host genetic basis for spontaneous resolution of HCV infection. Design: 2-stage, genome-wide association study. Setting: 13 international multicenter study sites. Patients: 919 persons with serum HCV antibodies but no HCV RNA (spontaneous resolution) and 1482 persons with serum HCV antibodies and HCV RNA (persistence). Measurements: Frequencies of 792 721 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results: Differences in allele frequencies between persons with spontaneous resolution and persistence were identified on chromosomes 19q13.13 and 6p21.32. On chromosome 19, allele frequency differences localized near IL-28B and included rs12979860 (overall per-allele OR, 0.45; P = 2.17 × 10−30) and 10 additional SNPs spanning 55 000 base pairs. On chromosome 6, allele frequency differences localized near genes for HLA class II and included rs4273729 (overall per-allele OR, 0.59; P = 1.71 × 10−16) near DQB1*03:01 and an additional 116 SNPs spanning 1 090 000 base pairs. The associations in chromosomes 19 and 6 were independent and additive and explain an estimated 14.9% (95% CI, 8.5% to 22.6%) and 15.8% (CI, 4.4% to 31.0%) of the variation in HCV resolution in persons of European and African ancestry, respectively. Replication of the chromosome 6 SNP, rs4272729, in an additional 745 persons confirmed the findings (P = 0.015). Limitation: Epigenetic effects were not studied. Conclusion: IL-28B and HLA class II are independently associated with spontaneous resolution of HCV infection, and SNPs marking IL-28B and DQB1*03:01 may explain approximately 15% of spontaneous resolution of HCV infection. Primary Funding Source: Office of AIDS Research, National Institutes of Health, and Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research.
Effects of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) on immune response in rodents.
Authors: M I Luster, R E Faith, J A Moore
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

Studies were performed to investigate the effects of FireMaster FF-1, a chemical fire retardant consisting of a mixture of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), on immune functions in mice and rats. Animals received 22 daily treatments of 0.03, 0.3, 3.0, or 30 mg PBB/kg body weight in a period covering 30 days. PBB exposure severely depressed cell mediated immunity in both mice and rats at the higher dosage levels as indicated by depressed responsiveness of splenic lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation by polyclonal T-cell activators. Additionally, humoral immunity was depressed in mice at the 30.0 ppm dosage level. Assays for humoral immune functions included antibody production, serum immunoglobulin levels, and mitogenic stimulation of splenic lymphocytes to a polyclonal B-cell activator. These studies indicate that PBB exposure can lead to suppression of both humoral and particularly cell-mediated immune responses.
We Must Use the Knowledge That We Have to Treat Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Harvey D. White, James T. Willerson
Journal: Circulation (2004)

umerous registries have shown that evidence-based therapies are often not prescribed despite strong evidence that they reduce mortality and morbidity. 1n this edition of the journal, Mukherjee et al 2 describe the use of a composite appropriateness score to assess the potential effect of evidence-based therapies on 6-month mortality in 1358 consecutive patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Fifteen percent of these patients had ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI), 55% had non-STelevation MI, and 30% had unstable angina.Most were in Killip class I or II, and 48% underwent either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting while in the hospital.The study found that the use of antiplatelet therapy, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and ␤-blockers had apparently additive effects in reducing 6-month mortality.There was also a strong trend (Pϭ0.08)toward increased survival in patients who underwent revascularization procedures-a finding consistent with the results of the Fragmin and Fast Revascularization During Instability in Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC-II) study in patients with non-ST-elevation ACS treated for 5 to 7 days with the low molecular weight heparin, dalteparin.
Adenosine modulates vasomotor tone in outer medullary descending vasa recta of the rat.
Authors: E P Silldorff, M S Kreisberg, T L Pallone
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Adenosine is generated within the renal medulla under hypoxic conditions and is known to induce net vasoconstriction within the renal cortex while increasing medullary blood flow and oxygenation. To test the hypothesis that vasoconstriction of outer medullary descending vasa recta (OMDVR) is modulated by adenosine, we examined the effects of adenosine and adenosine Al and A2 receptor subtype agonists on in vitro perfused control and preconstricted rat OMDVR. Constriction with angiotensin II (ANG II, 10(-9) M) was attenuated by adenosine in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 2.0 x 10(-7)M, P < 0.05). Similarly, an adenosine A2 agonist (CGS-21680, 10(-7) M), but not an adenosine Al agonist (cyclohexyladenosine, 10(-6) M), attenuated ANG II-induced vasoconstriction. Under control conditions, ablumenal application of adenosine (10(-12) to 10(-5) M) elicited a biphasic response. Additionally, cyclohexyladenosine (10(-6) M) caused vasoconstriction and CGS-21680 (10(-6) M) had no effect on untreated vessels. Finally, an influence of ANG II receptor stimulation on adenosine Al receptor-mediated vasoconstriction could not be shown. These data suggest that OMDVR possess both Al and A2 adenosine receptors and that they mediate constriction and dilatation, respectively. We conclude that adenosine is a potent modulator of OMDVR vasomotor tone and that its net effect is dependent upon local concentrations.
SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AVERTIN
Authors: F. B. Parsons
Journal: BMJ (1929)

TICL BiJtU 709 disease, stages which can extend over very many years, a diagnosis was often difficult or impossible.At such a timne I should have been compelled to talk at length about ssymptoms and signs, and at the end have left matters as thiev were-uncertain.We might hazard a shrewd guess, but it would have been ani opiniion, Inot an estab- Jishe(d fact.Now, owing to the initroduetion of iodized oil bv Sicard and Forestier, wve can claim to prove or exclude broiichiectasis and to localize it.The symptoms at first may be identical with those of tuberculosis-cough, sputum, liaemorrhage; the physical signs do niot really help, for tulberculosis may be basal, and bron-chiectasis apical.The x-ray picture of both diseases may be similar, or in both cases may show niothing distinctive.If, therefore, w-ith suceh symptoms there is an absence of tubercle bacilli in the sputum and faeces, a inon-tuberculous con- dition should be tliought of, iodized oil should be given, and the diagniosis established.I must confess, however, that in one or two cases I have been a little puzzled to deteimiine whether the cavities revealed were tuberculous or bronichiectatic.In the example shown, however, I think it will be agreed that the appearaance is that of lung cavitation rather than dilatationi of bronclhi.Ii chlroniic luny abscess there are no tubercle bacilli.The x-ray appearance is suggestive.Lipiodol, as a rule, dloes not enter the affected area, thuls differenitiating it from bronichiectasis.Mcaligntant growth has already been disculssed.Innocent timiaours, as a rule, have a distinctive appearance on the skiagram.One great pitfall is to mistake lymphadenoma for an innocent tumour, but to discuss this would be to digress too far bey-ond the limiiits of my suibject.heating above 50°C.iitO6 hydrobromic acid and dibrom- acetaldehyde:CBr3CH,.OH .-HBr= CBr2 : CHOH = CHBr2.CHO.Many of the earlier difficulties in the use of avertin by rectal administration were due to the -presence of these decomposition prodlucts.It has been found that they are
New approach to treatment of recent stroke?
Authors: G D Perkin
Journal: BMJ (1979)

results in vasodilatation and relaxation of the mammalian penis leading to erection.'-3However, there is no evidence to suggest that the transmitter responsible for this inhibitory effect is cholinergic in nature.Indeed the identity of the transmitter has so far not been established.We have previously suggested the possibility that the inhibitory transmitter leading to erection may be histamine.4The smooth muscle of the erectile corpus cavernosa of the human penis in vitro is either contracted or relaxed by histamine.The former effect is abolished by mepyramine (a histamine H,receptor antagonist), which also potentiates the relaxant effect of histamine on this tissue.The relaxant effect of histamine on the human penis is abolished by burimamide,4 which is chemically related to cimetidine and is known to antagonise actions of histamine mediated through H2 receptors.Thus cimetidine, by blocking H, receptors on the body of the penis, may prevent erection.However, definite proof that histamine is the neurotransmitter at the sacral parasympathetic nerve is lacking.