tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Studies That Aim to Determine Which Outcomes to Measure in Clinical Trials in Children
Authors: Ian Sinha, Leanne Jones, Rosalind L Smyth, Paula R Williamson
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Background In clinical trials the selection of appropriate outcomes is crucial to the assessment of whether one intervention is better than another. Selection of inappropriate outcomes can compromise the utility of a trial. However, the process of selecting the most suitable outcomes to include can be complex. Our aim was to systematically review studies that address the process of selecting outcomes or outcome domains to measure in clinical trials in children. Methods and Findings We searched Cochrane databases (no date restrictions) in December 2006; and MEDLINE (1950 to 2006), CINAHL (1982 to 2006), and SCOPUS (1966 to 2006) in January 2007 for studies of the selection of outcomes for use in clinical trials in children. We also asked a group of experts in paediatric clinical research to refer us to any other relevant studies. From these articles we extracted data on the clinical condition of interest, description of the method used to select outcomes, the people involved in the selection process, the outcomes selected, and limitations of the method as defined by the authors. The literature search identified 8,889 potentially relevant abstracts. Of these, 70 were retrieved, and 25 were included in the review. These studies described the work of 13 collaborations representing various paediatric specialties including critical care, gastroenterology, haematology, psychiatry, neurology, respiratory paediatrics, rheumatology, neonatal medicine, and dentistry. Two groups utilised the Delphi technique, one used the nominal group technique, and one used both methods to reach a consensus about which outcomes should be measured in clinical trials. Other groups used semistructured discussion, and one group used a questionnaire-based survey. The collaborations involved clinical experts, research experts, and industry representatives. Three groups involved parents of children affected by the particular condition. Conclusions Very few studies address the appropriate choice of outcomes for clinical research with children, and in most paediatric specialties no research has been undertaken. Among the studies we did assess, very few involved parents or children in selecting outcomes that should be measured, and none directly involved children. Research should be undertaken to identify the best way to involve parents and children in assessing which outcomes should be measured in clinical trials.
The Impact of Additional Prognostic Factors on Survival and their Relationship with the Anatomical Extent of Disease Expressed by the 6th Edition of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors and the Proposals for the 7th Edition
Authors: Jean-Paul Sculier, Kari Chansky, John J. Crowley, Jan Van Meerbeeck, Peter Goldstraw
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2008)
Benzene exposure, assessed by urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, in urban children with elevated blood lead levels.
Authors: V M Weaver, C T Davoli, P J Heller, A Fitzwilliam, H L Peters, J Sunyer, S E Murphy, G W Goldstein, J D Groopman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

A pilot study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using trans,trans-muconic acid (MA) as a biomarker of environmental benzene exposure. A secondary aim was to provide data on the extent of exposure to selected toxicants in a unique population consisting of inner-city children who were already overexposed to one urban hazard, lead. Potential sources of benzene were assessed by a questionnaire. Exposure biomarkers included urinary MA and cotinine and blood lead. Mean MA was 176.6 +/- 341.7 ng/mg creatinine in the 79 children who participated. A wide range of values was found with as many as 10.1%, depending on the comparison study, above the highest levels reported in adults not exposed by occupation. Mean MA was increased in children evaluated in the afternoon compared to morning, those at or above the median for time spent playing near the street, and those studied in the first half of the investigation. MA levels were not associated with blood lead or, consistently, with either questionnaire environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) data or cotinine. As expected, the mean blood lead level was elevated (23.6 micrograms/dl). Mean cotinine was also increased at 79.2 ng/mg creatinine. We conclude that the use of MA as a biomarker for environmental benzene exposure is feasible since it was detectable in 72% of subjects with a wide range of values present. In future studies, correlation of MA with personal air sampling in environmental exposure will be essential to fully interpret the significance of these findings. In addition, these inner-city children comprise a high risk group for exposure to environmental toxicants including ETS, lead, and probably benzene, based on questionnaire sources and its presence in ETS.
Bee moth (<i>Galleria mellonella</i>) allergic reactions are caused by several thermolabile antigens
Authors: D. Villalta, P. Martelli, G. Mistrello, D. Roncarolo, D. Zanoni
Journal: Allergy (2004)

Background: Exposure and contact with bee moth ( Galleria mellonella ) larvae (Gm) can cause an allergic reaction both in anglers and breeders. We described the case of an amateur fisherman who experienced an allergic reaction using Gm but not using heat‐treated Gm (h‐Gm) (mummies). The aim of this study was to demonstrate by immunoblotting and radioallergosorbent test (RAST)‐inhibition experiments the loss of allergenic epitopes in h‐Gm extracts. Methods: Galleria mellonella larvae and h‐Gm were homogenized and extracted at 10% (w/v) in 0.5 M phosphate‐buffered saline, pH 7.4 containing 0.5% NaN 3 for 16 h at 4°C. Gm and h‐Gm extracts were electrophoresed in a 10% polyacrylamide precast Nupage Bis–Tris gel at 180 mA for 1 h and the resolved proteins stained with 0.1% Coomassie brilliant blue and the molecular weight calculated. For the immunoblotting detection of allergenic components the resolved extracts were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane and incubated with the patient's serum. Bound specific‐IgE was detected by peroxidase‐conjugated anti‐human IgE. RAST inhibition experiments were performed according to the Ceska method. Results: The protein profile of Gm and h‐Gm extracts resulted markedly different in number, intensity and the position of bands, indicating that heat‐treatment modifies the chemical–physical characteristics of the protein contents. The Gm extract showed a strong‐coloured band at 73 kDa and more than 20 components ranging from 12 to 133 kDa; h‐Gm showed two main band at 77 and 38 kDa and about 15 faint bands between 20 and 133 kDa apparently without any correspondence to the bands present in the Gm extract. Immunoblotting with the patient's serum demonstrated several bands of reactivity with the Gm extract ranging from 20 to 100 kDa and no recognizable bands, but only a diffuse smear with h‐Gm. When used in a RAST inhibition experiment the h‐Gm extract demonstrated an inability to compete with the Gm one for the binding to patient's IgE serum. Conclusions: The h‐Gm seems to lose the allergenic epitopes and has two advantages for anglers: to avoid new possible sensitizations as well as allergic symptoms in sensitized people, without interfering with their skills and satisfaction in their fishing performance.
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Arising in Mural Thrombi Following a Myocardial Infarction: A Case Report
Authors: SEYMOUR JOFFE, HAROLD FEIL
Journal: Circulation (1955)

A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis arising in a thrombus covering myocardial infarction, with a necropsy, is reported. The patient died after an illness of four months duration. The clinical course was characterized by a low fever, congestive failure, petechiae, purpura, and ulceration of the skin. The rarity of this clinical picture is emphasized.
Maternal and neonatal individual risks and benefits associated with caesarean delivery: multicentre prospective study
Authors: José Villar, Guillermo Carroli, Nelly Zavaleta, Allan Donner, Daniel Wojdyla, Anibal Faundes, Alejandro Velazco, Vicente Bataglia, Ana Langer, Alberto Narváez, Eliette Valladares, Archana Shah, Liana Campodónico, Mariana Romero, Sofia Reynoso, Karla Simônia de Pádua, Daniel Giordano, Marius Kublickas, Arnaldo Acosta
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<b>Objective</b> To assess the risks and benefits associated with caesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery. <b>Design</b> Prospective cohort study within the 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health. <b>Setting</b> 410 health facilities in 24 areas in eight randomly selected Latin American countries; 123 were randomly selected and 120 participated and provided data <b>Participants</b> 106 546 deliveries reported during the three month study period, with data available for 97 095 (91% coverage). <b>Main outcome measures</b> Maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with intrapartum or elective caesarean delivery, adjusted for clinical, demographic, pregnancy, and institutional characteristics. <b>Results</b> Women undergoing caesarean delivery had an increased risk of severe maternal morbidity compared with women undergoing vaginal delivery (odds ratio 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 2.5) for intrapartum caesarean and 2.3 (1.7 to 3.1) for elective caesarean). The risk of antibiotic treatment after delivery for women having either type of caesarean was five times that of women having vaginal deliveries. With cephalic presentation, there was a trend towards a reduced odds ratio for fetal death with elective caesarean, after adjustment for possible confounding variables and gestational age (0.7, 0.4 to 1.0). With breech presentation, caesarean delivery had a large protective effect for fetal death. With cephalic presentation, however, independent of possible confounding variables and gestational age, intrapartum and elective caesarean increased the risk for a stay of seven or more days in neonatal intensive care (2.1 (1.8 to 2.6) and 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3), respectively) and the risk of neonatal mortality up to hospital discharge (1.7 (1.3 to 2.2) and 1.9 (1.5 to 2.6), respectively), which remained higher even after exclusion of all caesarean deliveries for fetal distress. Such increased risk was not seen for breech presentation. Lack of labour was a risk factor for a stay of seven or more days in neonatal intensive care and neonatal mortality up to hospital discharge for babies delivered by elective caesarean delivery, but rupturing of membranes may be protective. <b>Conclusions</b> Caesarean delivery independently reduces overall risk in breech presentations and risk of intrapartum fetal death in cephalic presentations but increases the risk of severe maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in cephalic presentations.
Pulmonary Function in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Referral for Lung Transplantation
Authors: NESRIN MOGULKOC, MARTIN H. BRUTSCHE, PAUL W. BISHOP, S. MELANIE GREAVES, ANDREW W. HORROCKS, JIM J. EGAN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

Of patients awaiting lung transplantation, the death rates are highest in those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), suggesting that many IPF patients are referred late for transplantation. Therefore this study was undertaken to evaluate baseline pulmonary function test (PFT) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) fibrosis scores, and the relationship to survival in IPF patients younger than 65 yr of age. A total of 115 patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) were studied. At presentation to a tertiary referral center, PFT and HRCT data were collected and analyzed for prognostic significance: the primary outcome measure was patient death. Based on the length of the waiting list for transplantation, prediction of 2-yr survival was examined. DL(CO) percent predicted and HRCT-fibrosis score were found to be independent predictors of survival and in combination gave the best prognostic prediction. The optimal points on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for discriminating between survivors and nonsurvivors corresponded to 39% DL(CO) percent predicted, and to a HRCT-fibrosis score of 2.25. The combination of these parameters yielded an optimal point with a specificity and a sensitivity of 84% and 82%, respectively. A model based on a combination of DL(CO) percent predicted and HRCT-fibrosis score may optimize the timing of referral for transplantation.
BRITISH CORDIALITY TOWARD M. R. C. OFFICER
Authors: George S. Silliman
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I came over here, sailing about the 20th of July and reaching "Old Blighty" on the —. We had a foretaste of what was coming in the following incidents. We suddenly awoke one Sunday morning to the thunder of gunfire. About 600 miles off the — a submarine came up about — behind us and commenced to shell us. Soon we were replying and putting on full steam. Ultimate score was one run for us with no hits on either side. Next day a deckhand reproved the chief gunner for his inaccuracy. He replied somewhat as follows: "You do not understand the science of gunnery, fellow. If our 6-inch shell had hit them square it would have simply put two clean holes in her sides like a punch and they could stuff them up with their coats and go on about their business. We were trying to
Factors Associated With the Career Choices of Hematology and Medical Oncology Fellows Trained at Academic Institutions in the United States
Authors: Leora Horn, Elizabeth Koehler, Jill Gilbert, David H. Johnson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Factors that influence hematology-oncology fellows' choice of academic medicine as a career are not well defined. We undertook a survey of hematology-oncology fellows training at cancer centers designated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) to understand the factors fellows consider when making career decisions.Program directors at all NCI and NCCN cancer centers were invited to participate in the study. For the purpose of analysis, fellows were grouped into three groups on the basis of interest in an academic career. Demographic data were tested with the Kruskal-Wallis test and χ² test, and nondemographic data were tested by using the multiscale bootstrap method.Twenty-eight of 56 eligible fellowship programs participated, and 236 fellows at participating institutions responded (62% response rate). Approximately 60% of fellows graduating from academic programs in the last 5 years chose academic career paths. Forty-nine percent of current fellows ranked an academic career as extremely important. Fellows choosing an academic career were more likely to have presented and published their research. Additional factors associated with choosing an academic career included factors related to mentorship, intellect, and practice type. Fellows selecting nonacademic careers prioritized lifestyle in their career decision.Recruitment into academic medicine is essential for continued progress in the field. Our data suggest that fewer than half the current fellows training at academic centers believe a career in academic medicine is important. Efforts to improve retention in academics should include focusing on mentorship, research, and career development during fellowship training and improving the image of academic physicians.
Angiographic Assessment of Collateral Connections in Comparison With Invasively Determined Collateral Function in Chronic Coronary Occlusions
Authors: Gerald S. Werner, Markus Ferrari, Stephan Heinke, Friedhelm Kuethe, Ralf Surber, Barbara M. Richartz, Hans R. Figulla
Journal: Circulation (2003)

The evaluation of new therapeutic modalities to induce collateral growth in coronary artery disease require improved methods of angiographic characterization of collaterals, which should be validated by quantitative assessment of collateral function.In 100 patients with total chronic occlusion of a major coronary artery (duration >2 weeks) collaterals were assessed angiographically by the Rentrop grading, by their anatomic location, and by a new grading of collateral connections (CC grade 0: no continuous connection, CC1: threadlike continuous connection, CC2: side branch-like connection). The interobserver variability was 10%. Collateral function was assessed by Doppler flow (average peak velocity) and pressure recordings distal to the occlusion before recanalization. A collateral resistance index (RColl) was calculated. Recruitable collateral flow was measured during a final balloon inflation >30 minutes after the baseline measurement. The comparison of the anatomic location, the Rentrop, and the collateral connection grade showed only for the latter an independent and significant relation with RColl. CC2 collaterals preserved regional left ventricular function better than did CC1 collaterals and provided a higher collateral flow reserve during adenosine infusion. CC0 collaterals were predominantly observed in recent occlusions of 2 to 4 weeks' duration, with the highest RColl. During balloon reocclusion, recruitable collateral function was best preserved with CC2 and least with CC0.The angiographic grading of collateral connections in total chronic occlusions could differentiate collaterals according to their functional capacity to preserve regional left ventricular function and was closely associated with invasively determined parameters of collateral hemodynamics.
Role of L3T4 in antigen-driven activation of a class I-specific T cell hybridoma.
Authors: J L Greenstein, B Malissen, S J Burakoff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1985)

The expression of L3T4/Lyt-2 on murine T cells has led to the association of these surface markers with recognition of either class II or class I major histo-compatibility complex (MHC) antigens. It has been suggested that these T cell surface antigens interact with nonpolymorphic determinants on MHC antigens. We have examined the role of L3T4 in the recognition of H-2Dd by the T cell hybridoma, 3DT52.5. Mouse L cells transfected with either the H-2Dd gene, or with both the alpha and beta genes of I-Ak and the H-2Dd gene have been used to assess the role of an L3T4/la interaction at varying doses of H-2Dd. A role of L3T4 in activation of 3DT52.5 becomes evident only at limiting doses of antigen. It appears that an L3T4/la interaction can influence T cell function during suboptimal stimulation, implying that the L3T4/la interaction serves to raise the functional affinity of interaction between the T cell and the antigen-bearing cell.
Firearms and the Killing Threshold
Authors: Jerome P. Kassirer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

FIREARMS and their grisly consequences are so pervasive in our society that they seem to be standard fare. Each day newspapers in major cities report injuries and deaths from guns, frequently among teenagers, and show photographs of their bereaved families. Movie advertisements scream titles that promise plenty of bloodshed, illustrated by guns and the tough characters who flaunt them. And the newest movie innovation: women who sport handguns or automatic rifles and who look as scary as their male counterparts, with new slogans, such as "Killer eyes. Killer legs. Killer instincts." A casual flip through several television channels often reveals . . .
Protein Synthetic Activity of Heart Microsomes and Ribosomes during Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Rabbits
Authors: LEONARD A. MOROZ
Journal: Circulation Research (1967)

Certain aspects of cytoplasmic protein synthesis have been studied during the early stages (0 to 5 days) of left ventricular hypertrophy produced by supravalvular constriction of the ascending aorta in adult rabbits. At 5 days after constriction, cell-free protein synthesis by microsomal preparations from hypertrophied heart muscle was increased, both from free phenylalanine or leucine (50 to 130%), and from phenylalanyl-soluble RNA, both with (70 to 250%) or without (70 to 150%) polyuridylic acid as artificial messenger. Such increased activity was observed as early as 24 hr, and persisted to 5 days (the limit of the study). Sham preparations also displayed increased activity at 24 hr, which subsided by 5 days. The increased activity could be localized to the microsomal fraction: no differences were found when soluble fractions from normal, sham, and hypertrophied hearts, or from liver, were interchanged. Ribosomes from hypertrophied hearts were no more active than normal ribosomes. Increased yields of microsomal, ribosomal, and soluble RNA were found. It is suggested that the increased protein synthesis occurring in hypertrophy is localized in the microsomes, that soluble factors are not of major significance, and that an increased number of ribosomes (and microsomes) play a major role.
Pathogenesis of Familial Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets
Authors: T. FRANKLIN WILLIAMS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

Editorial Notes1 March 1968Pathogenesis of Familial Vitamin D-Resistant RicketsT. FRANKLIN WILLIAMS, M.D.T. FRANKLIN WILLIAMS, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-68-3-706 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptFamilial Vitamin D-resistant rickets with hypophosphatemia presents the challenge of apparently simple genetics but multi-organ sites of expression of the disorder. With very rare exceptions its inheritance is consistent with a single-dose effect in the X-linked gene ("sex-linked dominance"), and, when hypophosphatemia is used as the indicator of its presence, the degree of expressivity or penetrance is virtually complete. How, then, does one account in a unifying way for the findings of [1] decreased net renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (which presumably is the explanation for the hypophosphatemia), [2] decreased intestinal reabsorption of calcium, [3] the bony abnormalities consisting not...References1. FALLSCARTERRECTORSELDIN WFNWRCDW: Familial vitamin D-resistant rickets: study of six cases with evaluation of the pathogenetic role of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ann. Intern. Med. 68: 553, 1968. LinkGoogle Scholar2. ARNSTEINFRAMEFROST ARBHM: Recent progress in osteomalacia and rickets. Ann. Intern. Med. 67: 1296, 1967. LinkGoogle Scholar3. WILLIAMSWINTERSBURNETT TFRWCH: Familial (hereditary) vitamin D-resistant rickets with hypophosphatemia, in The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 2nd ed., edited by STANBURY, J. B., WYNGAARDEN, J. B., FREDRICKSON, D. S. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1966, pp. 1179-1204. Google Scholar4. AVIOLIWILLIAMSLUNDDELUCA LVTFJHF: Metabolism of vitamin D3-3H in vitamin D-resistant rickets and familial hypophosphatemia. J. Clin. Invest. 46: 1907, 1967. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Department of Medicine University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, N. C. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByKidney stones and congenital diseases of the kidneyUse of Phosphate and Vitamin D to Prevent Dwarfism and Rickets in X-Linked Hypophosphatemia 1 March 1968Volume 68, Issue 3Page: 706-707KeywordsCalciumGenetic diseasesPathogenesisPhosphates Issue Published: 1 March 1968 PDF DownloadLoading ...