tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Appearance of Abnormal Plasma Hemin Pigment to Development of Irreversible Hemorrhagic Shock in Dogs
Authors: RICHARD C. LILLEHEI
Journal: Circulation Research (1958)

Irreversible hemorrhagic shock in dogs was associated with a progressive rise in plasma hemoglobin levels and the appearance of an abnormal hemin pigment in the plasma. Both findings were related to mucosal necrosis of the bowel occurring as a result of prolonged hemorrhagic shock. In dogs perfused through the superior mesenteric artery during hemorrhagic shock, the bowel remained normal, irreversibility was prevented and the abnormal plasma findings did not occur.
A prophet to modern medicine: Ernest Amory Codman
Authors: C. W. Hicks, M. A. Makary
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Caitlin Hicks and Martin Makary describe the life of the pioneer of healthcare registries 

Remarkably, the outcomes of medical procedures are rarely tracked today. As a result, establishing the best medical treatment can be difficult. Trials to establish best practices are often isolated, underpowered, and lag behind widespread adoption. Moreover, standardized methods to capture complications are lacking for most interventions.

This problem is as old as medicine itself. But one man boldly sought to challenge the status quo and tackle the problem—Ernest Amory Codman (fig 1⇓). Codman was a surgeon who believed that by prospectively tracking outcomes we can learn from our patients and advance the field of medicine quickly. Codman was a scientist of quality. He helped usher in the concept of the regular morbidity and mortality conference and started the first national registry in American healthcare. Given the challenges of medicine today—endemic rates of medical errors, wide variations in quality, and an expanding cost crisis—many physicians are calling for Codman’s basic tenants to be re-visited and applied.



Fig 1 Ernest Amory Codman, reproduced with permission from Boston Medical Library in the Francis A Countway Library of Medicine



Born in 1869, Ernest Amory Codman was a natural academic. He won the prestigious founder’s medal at St Mark’s School as a high school senior and graduated with honors from Harvard College in 1891.1 He undertook his medical education at Harvard Medical School, where he met Harvey Cushing. In 1895, Codman graduated from medical school and joined the staff at Massachusetts General Hospital as an assistant in anatomy, where he became the apprentice of the chief of surgical services, Dr Francis Harrington. In 1900, he was appointed assistant in clinical operative surgery. Through his work with Dr Walter Bradford Cannon, among others, Codman developed strong x ray imaging skills, …
Points: A mild traumatic lesion
Authors: D. A Varvel
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The number of AMPA receptors at synapses depends on receptor cycling. Because receptors diffuse rapidly in plasma membranes, their exocytosis and endocytosis need not occur near synapses. Here, pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy is applied to dissociated rat hippocampal cultures to provide sensitive, high-resolution snapshots of the distribution of surface AMPA receptors in spines, dendrites, and cell bodies that will be informative about trafficking of AMPA receptors. The density of the label for GluR2 varies, but is consistent throughout cell body and dendrites in each individual neuron, except at postsynaptic densities (PSDs), where it is typically higher. Glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) labels at PSDs significantly increase after synaptic activation by glycine treatment and increase further upon depolarization by high K<sup>+</sup>. Islands of densely packed labels have consistent size and density but vary in frequency under different experimental conditions. These patches of label, which occur on plasma membranes of cell bodies and dendrites but not near PSDs, are taken to be the aftermath of exocytosis of AMPA receptors. A subpopulation of clathrin-coated pits in cell bodies and dendrites label for GluR2, and the number and amount of label in individual pits increase after NMDA treatment. Coated pits near synapses typically lack GluR2 label under basal conditions, but ∼40% of peri-PSD pits label for GluR2 after NMDA treatment. Thus, exocytosis and endocytosis of AMPA receptors occur mainly at extrasynaptic locations on cell bodies and dendrites. Receptors are not preferentially exocytosed near PSDs, but may be removed via endocytosis at peri-PSD locations after activation of NMDA receptors.
Aspirin in the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: D. J. McCarty, M.-E. Csuka
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Pharmaceutical firms have expended enormous resources to develop and promote the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), chiefly for treatment of various rheumatic diseases. Some of these agents have become widely used as substitutes for aspirin. Controlled clinical trials of these agents, almost always against fixed daily doses of plain aspirin, have usually shown "equivalent" anti-inflammatory effects with less toxicity. Unfortunately, these fixed daily doses almost certainly produced serum salicylate levels that were subtherapeutic, ie, less than 20 mg/dL(1.45 mmol/L). This is especially true in trials involving patients with serious chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. In our experience, none of the NSAIDs have been as reliable as the use of aspirin in doses individually prescribed to produce stable serum salicylate levels of 20 to 30 mg/dL (1.45 to 2.15 mmol/L). Aspirin remains our first choice in the treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis,
Distribution of carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations in smokers and non-smokers.
Authors: J A Turner, M W McNicol, R W Sillett
Journal: Thorax (1986)

Carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations were measured in 3487 subjects comprising 1255 non-smokers, 1933 cigarette smokers, 193 cigar smokers (39 primary, 154 secondary), and 106 pipe smokers (30 primary, 76 secondary). In cigarette smokers the mean carboxyhaemoglobin concentration was 4.78% of the total haemoglobin and 94.7% of smokers had a concentration greater than 1.7%. Primary cigar smokers had a much lower mean carboxyhaemoglobin concentration (0.93%), and only 10.3% had concentrations greater than 1.7%. Primary pipe smokers also had a low mean carboxyhaemoglobin concentration (1.36%) and none had a concentration above 1.7%. Secondary cigar smokers had a high mean concentration (6.80%) and 97.4% had values above 1.7%; the findings in secondary pipe smokers were similar--the mean concentration was 3.39%, 94.7% having values greater than 1.7%. The lower carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations in primary pipe and cigar smokers suggest that in general they do not inhale, and the raised concentrations in cigarette smokers who change to pipes or cigars suggest that they usually continue to inhale and to absorb large amounts of carbon monoxide and other constituents of tobacco smoke.
P187 Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in sputum of asthmatics: Abstract P187 Table 1.
Authors: P Sankaran, O Jupp, M Jefferson, D Sexton, C Brockwell, I Clark, AM Wilson
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction and Objectives</h3> Metalloproteinases are implicated in the development of airway remodelling in asthma due to their ability to cleave collagen and elastin with extracellular matrix. We optimised a method to purify messenger Ribonucleic acid (mRNA) sputum samples. <h3>Methods</h3> The mRNA expression of a wide range of pertinent Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases (ADAM), A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTS) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMP) was measured from induced sputum with hypertonic saline using Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) in 17 (11 male) non-smoking adults with steroid naive asthma and 12 (6 male) healthy controls. Ten patients with asthma completed open labelled montelukast therapy 10mg per day for 8 weeks. Total mRNA was extracted from the cellular content of the induced sputum plug using a combination of Trizol extraction and Qiagen RNeasy spin columns. To each 0.5ml Trizol extract, 300µl of chloroform was added. The aqueous layer was recovered into a fresh tube and mixed with a half volume of 100% ethanol. Samples were applied to RNeasy Mini spin columns. RT-PCR, using Taqman low-density arrays, was used to determine gene expression. <h3>Results</h3> The mean (SD) age and forced expiratory volume in 1 second of asthmatics was 36 (13.4) years and 101.16 (15.47)% predicted respectively and for healthy volunteers was 36 (7.2) years and 92.16 (17.43)% predicted. <i>MMP25</i> expression was significantly (p = 0.04) higher and <i>MMP15</i> expression was significantly (p = 0.04) lower is asthmatics compared to healthy volunteers. <i>ADAM28</i> was significantly (p = 0.03) higher and <i>ADAM17</i> and <i>ADAMTS15</i> expression were significantly lower in asthma (p = 0.007 &amp; 0.008 respectively). <i>TIMP2</i> expression was significantly (p = 0.007) lower in the asthma. There were no significant changes in expression of any of the metalloproteinases or their inhibitors after montelukast therapy. <h3>Conclusion</h3> We have studied a wide range of known MMPs, ADAMs, ADAMTSs and inhibitors with a refined technique and successfully increased the yield from induced sputum samples. Significant differences were found between healthy volunteers and asthmatic patients for gene expression of some metalloproteinases/TIMPs. This technique could be used in the future when evaluating gene expression in asthma.
Identification of TRIB1 R107L gain-of-function mutation in human acute megakaryocytic leukemia
Authors: Takashi Yokoyama, Tsutomu Toki, Yoshihiro Aoki, Rika Kanezaki, Myoung-ja Park, Yohei Kanno, Tomoko Takahara, Yukari Yamazaki, Etsuro Ito, Yasuhide Hayashi, Takuro Nakamura
Journal: Blood (2012)
Change in Salt Intake Affects Blood Pressure of Chimpanzees
Authors: Paul Elliott, Lesley L. Walker, Mark P. Little, John R. Blair-West, Robert E. Shade, D. Rick Lee, Pierre Rouquet, Eric Leroy, Xavier Jeunemaitre, Raymond Ardaillou, Francoise Paillard, Pierre Meneton, Derek A. Denton
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background— Addition of up to 15.0 g/d salt to the diet of chimpanzees caused large rises in blood pressure, which reversed when the added salt was removed. Effects of more modest alterations to sodium intakes in chimpanzees, akin to current efforts to lower sodium intakes in the human population, are unknown. Methods and Results— Sodium intakes were altered among 17 chimpanzees in Franceville, Gabon, and 110 chimpanzees in Bastrop, Tex. In Gabon, chimpanzees had a biscuit diet of constant nutrient composition except that the sodium content was changed episodically over 3 years from 75 to 35 to 120 mmol/d. In Bastrop, animals were divided into 2 groups; 1 group continued on the standard diet of 250 mmol/d sodium for 2 years, and sodium intake was halved for the other group. Lower sodium intake was associated with lower systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures in Gabon (2-tailed P &lt;0.001, unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, and baseline weight) and Bastrop ( P &lt;0.01, unadjusted; P =0.08 to 0.10, adjusted), with no threshold down to 35 mmol/d sodium. For systolic pressure, estimates were −12.7 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −16.9 to −8.5, adjusted) per 100 mmol/d lower sodium in Gabon and −10.9 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −18.9 to −2.9, unadjusted) and −5.7 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −12.2 to 0.7, adjusted) for sodium intake lower by 122 mmol/d in Bastrop. Baseline systolic pressures higher by 10 mm Hg were associated with larger falls in systolic pressure by 4.3/2.9 mm Hg in Gabon/Bastrop per 100 mmol/d lower sodium. Conclusions— These findings from an essentially single-variable experiment in the species closest to Homo sapiens with high intakes of calcium and potassium support intensified public health efforts to lower sodium intake in the human population.
NICE says drug for metastatic breast cancer is unaffordable for NHS
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A drug for metastatic breast cancer should not be used in the NHS in England because it is not effective enough to justify its £90 000 (€110 000; $150 000) cost, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has said.

In its draft guidance1 NICE said that trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, manufactured by Roche) would most likely be given as second line treatment for people with HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer who were not suitable for surgery and who had stopped responding to initial treatment with trastuzumab and a taxane.

Trastuzumab emtansine is a combination of trastuzumab, which targets HER2 cells, and the chemotherapy agent DM1. …
A conserved acidic patch in the Myb domain is required for activation of an endogenous target gene and for chromatin binding
Authors: Emily Ray Ko, Dennis Ko, Carolyn Chen, Joseph S Lipsick
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2008)

Abstract The c-Myb protein is a transcriptional regulator initially identified by homology to the v-Myb oncoprotein, and has since been implicated in human cancer. The most highly conserved portion of the c-Myb protein is the DNA-binding domain which consists of three imperfect repeats. Many other proteins contain one or more Myb-related domains, including a number of proteins that do not bind directly to DNA. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of diverse classes of Myb-related domains and discovered a highly conserved patch of acidic residues common to all Myb-related domains. These acidic residues are positioned in the first of three alpha-helices within each of the three repeats that comprise the c-Myb DNA-binding domain. Interestingly, these conserved acidic residues are present on a surface of the protein which is distinct from that which binds to DNA. Alanine mutagenesis revealed that the acidic patch of the third c-Myb repeat is essential for transcriptional activity, but neither for nuclear localization nor DNA-binding. Instead, these acidic residues are required for efficient chromatin binding and interaction with the histone H4 N-terminal tail.
Fecundability and parental exposure to ambient sulfur dioxide.
Authors: J Dejmek, R Jelínek, I Solansky', I Benes, R J Srám
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Recently it has been observed that birth rates in Teplice, a highly polluted district in Northern Bohemia, have been reduced during periods when sulfur dioxide levels were high. This study, which is based on data from 2,585 parental pairs in the same region, describes an analysis of the impact of SO(2) on fecundability in the first unprotected menstrual cycle (FUMC). We obtained detailed personal data, including time-to-pregnancy information, via maternal questionnaires at delivery. We estimated individual exposures to SO(2) in each of the 4 months before conception on the basis of continual central monitoring. Three concentration intervals were introduced: < 40 microg/m(3 )(reference level); 40-80 microg/m(3); and [greater than or equal to] 80 microg/m(3). We estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of conception in the FUMC using logistic regression models. Many variables were screened for confounding. AORs for conception in the FUMC were consistently reduced only for couples exposed in the second month before conception to SO(2) levels as follows: 40-80 microg/m(3), AOR 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-0.88; p < 0.011]; [greater than or equal to] 80 microg/m(3), AOR 0.49 (CI, 0.29-0.81; p < 0.006). The association was weaker in the second 2 years of the study, probably due to the gradual decrease of SO(2) levels in the region. The relationship between SO(2) and fecundability was greater in couples living close to the central monitoring station (within 3.5 km). The timing of these effects is consistent with the period of sperm maturation. This is in agreement with recent findings; sperm abnormalities originating during spermatid maturation were found in young men from Teplice region who were exposed to the increased levels of ambient SO(2). Alternative explanations of our results are also possible.
Evolution of Natural Resistance to the Newer Penicillins
Authors: G. T. Stewart, R. J. Holt
Journal: BMJ (1963)

1MEDICAL JOURNAL infection, but only in situations of special risk, such as the thoracic unit described and where a sufficiently high cross-infection rate has been reported.We wish to thank Dr. E. T. Knudsen, of Beecham Research Laboratories, for the generous supply of methicillin.Our
Factors That Shape Alternative Medicine
Authors: Daniel P. Eskinazi
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Complex Factors in the Etiology of Gulf War Illness: Wartime Exposures and Risk Factors in Veteran Subgroups
Authors: Lea Steele, Antonio Sastre, Mary M. Gerkovich, Mary R. Cook
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

At least one-fourth of U.S. veterans who served in the 1990-1991 Gulf War are affected by the chronic symptomatic illness known as Gulf War illness (GWI). Clear determination of the causes of GWI has been hindered by many factors, including limitations in how epidemiologic studies have assessed the impact of the complex deployment environment on veterans' health.We sought to address GWI etiologic questions by evaluating the association of symptomatic illness with characteristics of veterans' deployment.We compared veteran-reported wartime experiences in a population-based sample of 304 Gulf War veterans: 144 cases who met preestablished criteria for GWI and 160 controls. Veteran subgroups and confounding among deployment variables were considered in the analyses.Deployment experiences and the prevalence of GWI differed significantly by veterans' location in theater. Among personnel who were in Iraq or Kuwait, where all battles took place, GWI was most strongly associated with using pyridostigmine bromide pills [odds ratio (OR) = 3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7, 7.4] and being within 1 mile of an exploding SCUD missile (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.5, 6.1). For veterans who remained in support areas, GWI was significantly associated only with personal pesticide use, with increased prevalence (OR = 12.7; 95% CI: 2.6, 61.5) in the relatively small subgroup that wore pesticide-treated uniforms, nearly all of whom also used skin pesticides. Combat service was not significantly associated with GWI.Findings support a role for a limited number of wartime exposures in the etiology of GWI, which differed in importance with the deployment milieu in which veterans served.
When the Attack Comes Before the Asthma: Violence Increases Risk from Pollution
Authors: Tina Adler
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Chronic physical or emotional stress is known to impair the immune system, a link that may explain some of the health disparities found among different socioeconomic groups.Researchers have also found that living in poor, urban communities or near highways is linked to a greater risk of developing childhood asthma and other breathing problems.A new study now reveals that psychosocial stressors may increase children's vulnerability to the effects of traffic-related air pollution [EHP 115:1140-1146; Clougherty et al.].The researchers examined data from the Maternal-Infant Smoking Study of East Boston, which began in 1987 to establish a cohort of pregnant women.In 1997, parents or guardians of 417 children of the cohort, then aged 4 to 11.5, answered questions about the children's exposure to violence.Respondents were asked about the frequency with which the children had ever seen hitting, a shooting, or a stabbing, or heard domestic verbal abuse or gunshots.Other studies have suggested that residual trauma from witnessing episodic violence is a source of chronic stress for urban residents.About 45% of the children had witnessed at least one violent act, and almost 20% had witnessed at least two.Responses were generalized to account for variables that can affect the severity of such acts, including whether the child knew the victim or perpetrator.The researchers then acquired data collected between 1987 and 2004 on Boston levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), a constituent of vehicular exhaust with a known link to asthma.They used computerized mapping tools to estimate NO 2 exposure at the children's residences in East Boston, a working-class urban neighborhood with highways running through it.About 25% of the children in the study had asthma.However, residential exposure to NO 2 was linked to asthma only among children who were above the median for exposure to violence.The association between asthma and NO 2 exposure disappeared when the researchers looked at the group as a whole.The authors conclude that their findings "indicate ancillary effects of violence on children in addition to direct injury and post-traumatic stress."Larger studies are needed to investigate other possible interactions among risk factors for asthma.It is also important to study the effects of other pollutants, including indoor air pollution.The authors observe that accurate reports about violence are difficult to obtain, and that violence exposures may be a sign of other problems with family stability that affect stress levels and health.-Tina Adler Added burden.Stress can compound the physiological effects of environmental pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide.