tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Risk of endometrial cancer after treatment with oestrogens alone or in conjunction with progestogens: results of a prospective study.
Authors: I. Persson, H. O. Adami, L. Bergkvist, A. Lindgren, B. Pettersson, R. Hoover, C. Schairer
Journal: BMJ (1989)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative risk of developing endometrial neoplasia after treatment with oestrogens alone or in conjunction with progestogens. DESIGN: Prospective cohort follow up study, average observation period 5.7 years for each patient. To have a 90% chance of detecting a relative risk of 2.0 with 95% significance the study required 78,000 person years of observation. SETTING: Community based cohort. PATIENTS: Women aged over 35 who were prescribed non-contraceptive oestrogens in the Uppsala health care region during April 1977 to March 1980 were identified from pharmacy records. Of all prescriptions issued, 95% were identified. Patients from the cohort who developed endometrial neoplasia were identified from the cancer registry of the Uppsala health care region. Compliance, sociodemographic data, and lifetime exposures to oestrogen and cyclically added progestogen were assessed by questionnaire in a sample of the cohort. The final cohort consisted of 23,244 patients (133,373 person years). The prevalence of university education, oophorectomy, and hysterectomy was higher in the cohort than the general population; no other confounding factors were identified. MEASUREMENTS: The total number of person years was divided into exposure groups by inference from the data from the questionnaire. Compensation was made for the excess of hysterectomies. Specimens from all cases of endometrial neoplasia in the cohort and 90% of cases in the general population were studied blind histopathologically. Characteristics of treatment of all women who had endometrial neoplasia were assessed by questionnaire. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Seventy four cases of carcinoma and 33 cases of premalignant lesions occurred in the cohort. The relative risk of endometrial carcinoma was 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.2) after exposure to any oestrogen compound without progestogen for more than six years; 2.2 (1.2 to 4.4) after more than three years9 exposure to conjugated oestrogens without progestogen; and 2.7 (1.4 to 5.1) after more than three years9 exposure to oestradiol compounds without progestogen. When carcinoma and premalignant lesions were considered together the results were similar but the relative risk was higher. Risk of carcinoma did not increase when progestogens were cyclically added to oestrogens for the entire treatment period (relative risk 0.9 (0.4 to 2.0]. CONCLUSIONS: Use of oestrogens without progestogens is associated with a twofold to threefold increase in risk of endometrial neoplasia. Use of progestogens either removes this increased risk or delays its onset. A further follow up of the cohort is essential to analyse the risks with greater statistical power.
Commission criticises trust that makes its patients eat supper at 4 30 pm
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2002)

An NHS trust that serves evening meals to some of its patients at 4 30 in the afternoon to fit in with staff shifts has been told to listen more to its users and respond better to their needs.

As part of its routine round of inspections the Commission for Health Improvement found what it called “an institutional culture” in some parts of the Berkshire Healthcare NHS …
Antibiotic treatment in pneumonia due to Q fever.
Authors: V Sobradillo, R Zalacain, A Capelastegui, F Uresandi, J Corral
Journal: Thorax (1992)

BACKGROUND: Whether Q fever responds better to doxycycline or erythromycin is unknown. METHODS: The efficacy of doxycycline and erythromycin in the treatment of pneumonia due to Q fever was assessed in a prospective, randomised, double blind study of 82 patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia and features suggestive of Q fever infection; 48 proved to have Q fever. Of the 48, 23 received doxycycline 100 mg twice a day and 25 patients received erythromycin 500 mg six hourly, both for 10 days. RESULTS: Both treatment groups had similar demographic characteristics. Fever showed a more rapid reduction in the doxycycline group (3(1.6) days versus 4.3(2) days). Side effects were observed in two patients receiving doxycycline compared with 11 patients receiving erythromycin (p less than 0.01). No differences were observed in other clinical or radiological measures. By day 40 the chest radiograph was normal in 47 of 48 patients. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the self limiting and benign nature of most cases of pneumonia due to Q fever. Doxycycline was more effective than erythromycin.
THE EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND THE BACTERICIDAL POWER OF THE BLOOD
Authors: M. Fishman, I. L. Shechmeister
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

Rats irradiated with 600 r (total body) showed increased indices of both opsonophagic and surface phagocytosis 2, 12, and 24 hours after irradiation. The indices decreased 72 hours after exposure and returned to normal by the 4th to 5th postirradiation day. Bactericidal power of the blood of irradiated animals was depressed when measured 3 and 6 days after exposure to x-rays. Decomplemented serum from irradiated animals was more bactericidal against M. aureus than decomplemented serum from the control rats. This bactericidal substance was destroyed at 78 degrees C. and was found not to require any complement or specific antibodies for action. Extracts of leucocytes from animals 3 days after irradiation demonstrated no bactericidal activity against M. aureus, while extracts from the control animals or rats 1 day after irradiation were actively bactericidal. The extracts from leucocytes of non-irradiated animals were thermolabile, non-dialyzable, had a pH optimum of 7.5, and were capable of being precipitated by NH(4)SO(4) and of calcium phosphate fractionation. The observed increase in susceptibility of irradiated rats to infection with M. aureus was correlated not only with granulopenia but also with the alteration of the above indicated functions of the granulocytes of the irradiated animals.
ON THE RELATION OF BACTERIA TO SO-CALLED "CHEMICAL PNEUMONIA"
Authors: A. R. Koontz, M. S. Allen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

The question of a causal relation of the bacteria in gassed lungs to the pneumonia present cannot be regarded as decided. It may be said that: 1. The appearance of gassed lungs with pneumonia is very similar to the pneumonia of known bacterial origin. 2. In a few cases the type of pneumonia found coincides with the reported cases of so-called "chemical pneumonia," which is characterized by a preponderance of epithelial cells in the exudate. 3. Gassed lungs are not sterile but show highly varying numbers of bacteria. 4. The bacteria are not intracellular and are not present in large numbers in the majority of cases. The arguments for and against a causal relationship between the bacteria and the pneumonia may be summed up as follows: 1. Against a Causal Relationshipa. The early appearance of pneumonia after gassing. b. The occurrence of pneumonia with very small numbers of bacteria present. c. The fact that very few bacteria are engulfed by leucocytes in gassed lungs, whereas large numbers are present in the non-gassed pneumonias and are conspicuously intracellular. 2. In Favor of a Causal Relationshipa. The presence of bacteria in any numbers. b. The picture of broncho-pneumonia presented is similar to broncho-pneumonia of known bacterial origin. c. Pneumonias characterized by large numbers of epithelial cells in the exudate (so-called "chemical pneumonia") occur in animals that were never gassed or subjected to other irritating substances in any way.
Experts pool ideas on how to cut maternal mortality
Authors: K. McColl
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> Quantifying the distribution of cells in every brain region is fundamental to attaining a comprehensive census of distinct neuronal and glial types. Until recently, estimating neuron numbers involved time-consuming procedures that were practically limited to stereological sampling. Progress in open-source image recognition software, growth in computing power, and unprecedented neuroinformatics developments now offer the potentially paradigm-shifting alternative of comprehensive cell-by-cell analysis in an entire brain region. The Allen Brain Atlas provides free digital access to complete series of raw Nissl-stained histological section images along with regional delineations. Automated cell segmentation of these data enables reliable and reproducible high-throughput quantification of regional variations in cell count, density, size, and shape at whole-system scale. While this strategy is directly applicable to any regions of the mouse brain, we first deploy it here on the closed-loop circuit of the hippocampal formation: the medial and lateral entorhinal cortices; dentate gyrus (DG); areas Cornu Ammonis 3 (CA3), CA2, and CA1; and dorsal and ventral subiculum. Using two independent image processing pipelines and the adult mouse reference atlas, we report the first cellular-level soma segmentation in every sub-region and layer of the left hippocampal formation through the full rostral-caudal extent, except for the (already well characterized) principal layers of CA and DG. The overall numbers (∼600k cells in entorhinal cortex, ∼200k in DG, ∼430k in CA1-3, and ∼290k in subiculum) are corroborated by traditional stereological sampling on a data subset and well match sparse published reports.
Histamine H2 antagonists and cluster headache.
Authors: T Veger, D Russell, O Sjaastad
Journal: BMJ (1976)

months three patients with severe hyperthyroidism accompanied by hypercalcaemia.In two of these anorexia and vomiting were conspicuous symptoms.This caused some puzzlement and was responsible for con- siderable delay in diagnosis.Thus in the only two cases I have seen of vomiting with hyperthyroidism hypercalcaemia was present, and I have always assumed since then that this combination should prompt a request for a serum calcium determination.It would be interesting to know if any such determinations were made in the case of the patients described.
Functional genomics of cardiac ion channel genes
Authors: S DEMOLOMBE, C MARIONNEAU, S LEBOUTER, F CHARPENTIER, D ESCANDE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2005)

Ion channels are an ensemble of specialized membrane proteins that act in concert to create and modulate the electrical activity of many excitable cells, including cardiac myocytes. Following completion of the sequencing of various genomes, including that of the human, the complete repertoire of ion channel genes has been elucidated for different species. How transcripts issued from this gene collection are expressed and modulated in relation to variable physiological and pathological situations is the subject of functional or physiological genomics. Specialized microarrays (IonChips) comprising probes for the ensemble of ion channel and regulatory genes were developed as an alternative to whole-genome DNA chips. Physiological genomics of cardiac ion channel genes is a growing field that, in combination with genetics, should markedly increase our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms leading to arrhythmias.
Neuropsychological and Renal Effects of Dental Amalgam in Children
Authors: David C. Bellinger, Felicia Trachtenberg, Lars Barregard, Mary Tavares, Elsa Cernichiari, David Daniel, Sonja McKinlay
Journal: JAMA (2006)

No randomized trials have been published that address the concern that inhalation of mercury vapor released by amalgam dental restorations causes adverse health effects.To compare the neuropsychological and renal function of children whose dental caries were restored using amalgam or mercury-free materials.The New England Children's Amalgam Trial was a 2-group randomized safety trial involving 5 community health dental clinics in Boston, Mass, and 1 in Farmington, Me, between September 1997 and March 2005.A total of 534 children aged 6 to 10 years at baseline with no prior amalgam restorations and 2 or more posterior teeth with caries were randomly assigned to receive dental restoration of baseline and incident caries during a 5-year follow-up period using either amalgam (n=267) or resin composite (n =267) materials.The primary neuropsychological outcome was 5-year change in full-scale IQ scores. Secondary outcomes included tests of memory and visuomotor ability. Renal glomerular function was measured by creatinine-adjusted albumin in urine.Children had a mean of 15 tooth surfaces (median, 14) restored during the 5-year period (range, 0-55). Assignment to the amalgam group was associated with a significantly higher mean urinary mercury level (0.9 vs 0.6 microg/g of creatinine at year 5, P<.001). After adjusting for randomization stratum and other covariates, no statistically significant differences were found between children in the amalgam and composite groups in 5-year change in full-scale IQ score (3.1 vs 2.1, P = .21). The difference in treatment group change scores was 1.0 (95% confidence interval, -0.6 to 2.5) full-scale IQ score point. No statistically significant differences were found for 4-year change in the general memory index (8.1 vs 7.2, P = .34), 4-year change in visuomotor composite (3.8 vs 3.7, P = .93), or year 5 urinary albumin (median, 7.5 vs 7.4 mg/g of creatinine, P = .61).In this study, there were no statistically significant differences in adverse neuropsychological or renal effects observed over the 5-year period in children whose caries were restored using dental amalgam or composite materials. Although it is possible that very small IQ effects cannot be ruled out, these findings suggest that the health effects of amalgam restorations in children need not be the basis of treatment decisions when choosing restorative dental materials.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00065988.
Dynamic changes in epidermal Ia-positive cells in allergic contact sensitivity reactions in mice
Authors: S. AIBA, H. AIZAWA, M. OBATA, H. TAGAMI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

In mice sensitized with trinitrochlorobenzene, serial changes in epidermal Ia-positive cells were studied at various times after challenge. Until 3 days post-challenge, the Ia-positive cells consisted only of dendritic Langerhans cells; their number was decreased but they were significantly enlarged, with extending dendrites. Some Langerhans cells were also found surrounding a hair follicle, extending their dendrites toward the follicle like the spokes of a wheel. From 3 to 9 days after challenge, keratinocytes also began to express Ia antigens in the epidermis in addition to Langerhans cells, whose size diminished. This suggests that there are two phases in the response of the epidermal Ia antigens in contact sensitivity reactions, i.e. an early phase in which enlarged Langerhans cells are the only Ia-positive cells in the epidermis, and a late phase in which keratinocytes take over as the major Ia-positive cells, while Langerhans cells resume their original size. Ia antigen expression on keratinocytes in this late phase probably plays a crucial role in completely eliminating allergens deposited on the keratinocytes.
Obstructive Jaundice due to an Intraductal Melanoma Metastasis
Authors: B. Kohler, J.F. Riemann
Journal: Endoscopy (1987)

In a 63-year-old patient with known malignant melanoma, newly developed jaundice was shown, endoscopically and histologically, to be due to an isolated metastasis in the distal common bile duct. The condition was eliminated by implanting, endoscopically, a bilio-duodenal endoprosthesis. This cause of jaundice is unusual, since this condition is generally a consequence of diffuse liver metastasis.
Modification in the xylose absorption test as an index of intestinal function.
Authors: H G Sammons, D B Morgan, A C Frazer, R D Montgomery, W M Philip, M J Phillips
Journal: Gut (1967)

COMMENT This paper confirms the fact that a small oral dose of d xylose (5 g.) gives good evi- dence of small bowel malabsorption when its excretion is followed in the urine.Much better localization of the intestinal defect can be gained by measuring the two-hourly and five-hourly urinary excretion after this dose.A normal five-hour excretion may be accompanied by a lowered two-hourly excretion, thus still indicating the presence of upper small bowel disease.
987 Peginterferon alfa-2A (40KD) (PEGASYS®) and ribavirin (COPEGUS®) in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection: interim results of a randomized, multicenter study from spain
Authors: J HERNANDEZQUERO, E PEREZGUZMAN, F LOZANO, J PARRA, M DELMARALONSO
Journal: Hepatology (2003)
Abstract 326: Aneuploidy-driven clonal diversification underlies tumor phenotype switching
Authors: Chong-Feng Gao, Yanli Su, George Vande Woude
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The acquisition of an invasive phenotype and its reversion to a proliferative phenotype are crucial steps in tumor metastases. We have been able to reproduce these steps through a combination of in vitro and in vivo methods. We show that proliferative subclones isolated from human carcinoma cells can generate invasive subclones in vitro, which is associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, the invasive mesenchymal clones can reverse their phenotype (MET) through tumorigenesis in vivo. Phenotypic switching occurs with changes in karyotypes, which dictate changes in the chromosome transcriptome and in the expression of genes that account for the phenotypic switching. We conclude that chromosome instability generates the transcriptome diversity, which in the appropriate environment leads to the expansion of clonal variants responsible for malignant progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 326. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-326
Therapeutic Efficacy of Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization as Compared With Hepatic Resection in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients With Compensated Liver Function in a Hepatitis B Virus–Endemic Area: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hyo-Suk Lee, Kang Mo Kim, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Tae-Rim Lee, Kyung Suk Suh, Kuhn Uk Lee, Jin Wook Chung, Jae Hyung Park, Chung Yong Kim
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

Identifying a special subgroup of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who may benefit from transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) when compared with the standard treatment of hepatic resection (HR) warrants research in Asian countries.From January 1993 to December 1994, 182 patients with operable HCC (Child-Pugh class A and International Union Against Cancer [UICC] stage T1-3N0M0) were enrolled. After initial TACE and lipiodol computed tomography, 91 received HR and 91, who refused the operation, received repeated sessions of TACE. After stratification according to the tumor stage (UICC and Cancer of the Liver Italian Program [CLIP]) and lipiodol retention pattern, the survival rates of the two treatment groups were compared. The median follow-up period was 83 months.As of December 31, 2000, 48 patients who underwent HR and 68 patients who underwent TACE had died. In a subgroup analysis according to tumor stage, the HR group survival rate was significantly higher than the TACE group in both UICC T1-2N0M0 (P =.0058) and CLIP 0 (P =.0027) subgroups. However, there was no significant difference in either UICC T3N0M0 (P =.7512) or CLIP 1-2 (P =.5366) subgroups. Even in patients with UICC T1-2N0M0 HCC, when lipiodol was compactly retained, the survival rate of the HR group was comparable to that of the TACE group (P =.0596).TACE proved to be as effective as HR in the subpopulations with UICC T3N0M0 or CLIP 1-2 HCC and adequate liver function, and even with UICC T1-2N0M0 HCC when lipiodol was compactly retained in the tumor. In such cases, the choice of treatment modality between TACE and HR may be left to the patient's preference.
The Expanding Medical and Behavioral Resources with Access to Care for Everyone Health Plan
Authors: Gilead I Lancaster
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Healthcare Professionals for Healthcare Reform is a group of physicians and others interested in health care reform who, recognizing the urgent need for change, convened to propose a universal health care plan that builds on the strengths of the U.S. health care system and improves on its coverage, efficiency, and capacity for patient choice. The group proposes a tiered plan, the core of which (Tier 1) would be lifetime, basic, publicly funded coverage for the entire population on the basis of the best evidence about which therapies are considered life saving, life-sustaining, or preventive. Optional coverage (Tier 2) would be funded by private insurance and cover all therapies considered to help with quality of life and functional impairment. Items considered to be luxury or cosmetic (Tier 3) would generally not be covered, as is the case under the current system. The entire system would be overseen by a quasi-governmental, largely independent organization known as “The Board,” which would resemble the Federal Reserve and interact with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services agencies to oversee implementation and coverage. By building on the current health care system while introducing other features and efficiencies, the Expanding Medical and Behavioral Resources with Access to Care for Everyone (EMBRACE) plan for universal health insurance coverage offers several advantages over alternative plans that have been proposed.
Modified plasma clearance technique using nonradioactive iothalamate for measuring GFR
Authors: Yoshitaka Isaka, Yoshihiro Fujiwara, Shigeo Yamamoto, Satoshi Ochi, SungHyo Shin, Toru Inoue, Kunio Tagawa, Takenobu Kamada, Naohiko Ueda
Journal: Kidney International (1992)
Towards an Optimal Interval for Prostate Cancer Screening
Authors: Pim J. van Leeuwen, Monique J. Roobol, Ries Kranse, Marco Zappa, Sigrid Carlsson, Meelan Bul, Xiaoye Zhu, Chris H. Bangma, Fritz H. Schröder, Jonas Hugosson
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Effect of protein on sympathetic nervous system activity in the rat. Evidence for nutrient-specific responses.
Authors: L N Kaufman, J B Young, L Landsberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Increased energy intake activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in animals and man. While dietary carbohydrate and fat stimulate, the impact of dietary protein on the SNS is not well defined. The present studies examine the effect of protein ingestion on sympathetic function based upon the measurement of [3H]norepinephrine (NE) turnover in heart and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) as the index of SNS activity. In these experiments, animals were pair-fed mixtures of laboratory chow and refined preparations of casein, sucrose, and lard to permit comparisons among nutrients with total energy intake held constant or with additional energy provided in the form of a single nutrient. After 5 d of eating a 2:1 mixture of chow and either casein or sucrose cardiac, [3H]NE turnover was less (P less than 0.005) in casein-fed rats (6.4%/h and 28.9 ng NE/h) than in animals given sucrose (11.2%/h and 46.5 ng NE/h). Similar results were obtained in IBAT and in experiments using 1:1 mixtures of chow and casein/sucrose. Casein-fed animals also displayed slower rates of NE turnover than lard-fed rats in both heart (7.8%/h vs. 13.2, P less than 0.001) and IBAT (7.0%/h vs. 12.8, P less than 0.01). Addition of casein (50% increase in energy intake) to a fixed chow ration raised NE turnover slightly, but not significantly, in heart (an average increase of 15% in six experiments). Thus, in distinction to SNS activation seen with dietary carbohydrate or fat, the SNS response to dietary protein is minimal in both heart and IBAT, indicating that the effect of increased energy intake on the SNS is dependent upon diet composition.