tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The importance of comparative and phylogenetic analyses in the study of adaptation
Authors: James R. Roney, Dario Maestripieri
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Homology can provide strong evidence against exapted learning mechanism (ELM) explanations for psychological and behavioral traits. Homologous traits are constructed by commonly inherited developmental mechanisms. As such, demonstration of homology for a trait argues for its construction by an inherited rather than an exapted developmental process. We conclude that comparative evidence can play an important evidentiary role within evolutionary psychology.
Role of the Ileum in the Absorption of Vitamin B12 and Intrinsic Factor (NF)
Authors: Theodore Drapanas
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE in man and in several species of animals, including the dog, indicates that the major portion of orally administered vitamin B<sub>12</sub>is absorbed from the distal ileum.<sup>1-4</sup>Other investigators, however, have variously indicated that the maximal absorption of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>takes place in the duodenum,<sup>5</sup>in the jejunum,<sup>6</sup>or throughout the entire small intestine.<sup>7</sup> Studies also indicate that a substance from gastric mucosa, probably a mucopolysaccharide termed intrinsic factor, forms a complex with vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, thereby enhancing its absorption by the intestine. It has been suggested that a possible explanation for the conflicting evidence as to the site of absorption of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>may be the inconstant availability of endogenous intrinsic factor during transit from stomach to ileum. This might result from the binding of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>by proteins without intrinsic factor activity, making it unavailable
Campaigners win fight to retain UK statistics on cancer deaths, lifestyle, and suicides
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The gathering of UK statistics on drinking, smoking, suicides, drug poisoning, child mortality, and health inequalities has been retained despite proposed cuts. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) had planned to eliminate a large range of statistical outputs to meet budget targets,1 but it has modified the cuts after a public consultation.

The main beneficiaries of the decision are reports derived from the General Lifestyle Survey, which garnered the most support from the 440 people and more than 200 organisations that responded to the consultation. In addition, ONS will continue to publish an …
Government's plans for universal health checks for people aged 40-75
Authors: F. Goodyear-Smith
Journal: BMJ (2013)

No certainty that they’ll do more good than harm

The UK government recently prioritised plans for all adults aged 40-75 (about 15 million people) to receive regular, free health checks. Originally introduced in 2009, primary care trusts were required to screen for “diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and stroke risk,” regardless of patients’ risk profiles.1 Since April 2013, local authorities have overall responsibility for provision of these checks, which have been extended to include assessment of alcohol consumption and dementia and are specifically for people at low risk. People with existing disease, already taking statins, or with at least a 20% risk of cardiovascular disease are excluded.2 However, implementation (measured by the proportion of eligible patients invited to participate) has been patchy, and about half of people accept the invitation, hence the current push to scale up the programme and increase its coverage.3

Increased life expectancy has come with a global rise in the number of years people now live with illness, accompanied by personal, social, and health costs.4 The health check programme aims to reduce …
A tissue-engineered trachea derived from a framed collagen scaffold, gingival fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem cells
Authors: Ken Kobayashi, Teruhisa Suzuki, Yukio Nomoto, Yasuhiro Tada, Masao Miyake, Akihiro Hazama, Ikuo Wada, Tatsuo Nakamura, Koichi Omori
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
Smart Nanorods for Highly Effective Cancer Theranostic Applications
Authors: Yinlong Yang, Xiujuan Zhang, Caitong Yu, Xiaojun Hao, Jiansheng Jie, Mengjiao Zhou, Xiaohong Zhang
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

Combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy is considered to be a promising strategy for the next generation of cancer treatments. However, it has been limited by difficulties in obtaining high drug payload chemo‐photothermal agents, and thus complete destruction of tumor without recurrence has never been achieved, unless they are conjugated with some targeting ligands for special targeted drug delivery. Herein, iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP)‐doped 10‐hydroxycamptothecin drug nanorods (HCPT NRs), with an organic conducting polymer poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT) coating outside, are developed for cancer diagnosis and chemo‐photothermal therapy. The drug‐loading capacity of HCPT in the complex NRs reaches up to 72%, which is much higher than previously reported carrier‐based nanocomposites. In vitro studies show that the resulting NRs demonstrate an excellent chemo‐photothermal synergistic effect for tumor ablation. More importantly, 100% in vivo tumor elimination is achieved under a low laser power density of 1 W cm − 2 without weight loss and tumor recurrence. Moreover, IONP endow these drug nanocomposites with imaging capabilities, thus rendering the resulting HCPT‐PEDOT NR an all‐in‐one processing system for diagnosis and treatment with low systematic toxicity.
The promise of the neurosciences
Authors: A M Daniels
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The dream of a conflict-free and completely harmonious existence is an old one, and from time to time schemes, which usually end in abuse or disaster, are proposed to bring it about.

The latest shortcut to human perfection is through the neurosciences. The advances in these sciences have beyond doubt been dramatic and unprecedented, and in popular expositions are said to promise vast benefits for humankind. The technological wonders of functional magnetic resonance images have disarmed scepticism, let alone criticism. Hitherto intractable problems will be dissolved by the application of the right combination of sophisticated diagnosis and treatment, pharmacological and otherwise.

We now have drugs that are better than any available before. Do you want a new and fuller personality? Fluoxetine will do the job for you. It is capable not only of restoring your depressed mood to normal but also of …
Abstract 4797: Global phosphotyrosine survey reveals the evidence of activation of multiple tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in basal-like breast cancer cells
Authors: Xinyan Wu, Santosh Renuse, Lily Chen, Raghothama Chaerkady, Min-Sik Kim, Saddiq Zahari, Nandini Sahasrabuddhe, Jun Zhong, Yi Yang, Manoj Kashyap, Arivusudar Marimuthu, Min Ling, Mary Jo Fackler, Vanessa Merino, Zhen Zhang, Saraswati Sukumar, Akhilesh Pandey
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract About 10-15% of all breast cancers are basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) that are highly aggressive and lack effective targeted therapeutic options as they lack ER, PR and Her-2. Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is one the most important post-translational modifications and is involved in almost all kinds of cellular processes. Tyrosine phosphorylation (pY) accounts for a minority of total phosphorylation, less than 0.1% by overall abundance. However, pY plays a disproportionately large role in diseases especially in cancer. More than half of the 90 tyrosine kinases identified in the human proteome have been implicated in cancer through gain-of-function mutations, gene amplification, overexpression, or as tumor suppressors and become attractive therapeutic targets. To assess activated tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in TNBCs, we collected a panel of 28 publicly available triple-negative breast cancer cell lines and systematically analyzed the invasiveness and anchorage independent growth of this panel of cell lines. We carried out global quantitative phosphotyrosine profiling using high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. In all, we identified 2,133 tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides from more than 800 proteins. A number of tyrosine kinases were found to be differentially phosphorylated in different sets of breast cancer cells. Pathway analysis revealed that phosphorylation level of certain oncogenic kinases including EGFR, MET, FAK1 and SRC was elevated in a majority of basal-like breast cancer cells. Notably, multiple members of EPH receptor family, EPHA1, EPHA2, EPHA3, EPHB3 and EPHB4, were hyper-phosphorylated in multiple basal-like breast cancer cells. Supervised clustering analysis of phosphorylated proteins identified specific phospho-signatures that correlated with invasiveness and anti-anoikis colony formation ability. One of these hyper-phosphorylated proteins was DYRK2, a dual specificity tyrosine kinase. We observed that DYRK2 had an effect on colony formation and invasive ability on a subset of TNBC cell lines. Overall, our global phosphoproteomic study confirms high heterogeneity in the activation status of tyrosine kinases across triple negative breast cancer cells and suggests that some of them are attractive candidates as therapeutic targets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4797. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4797
Indoprofen and naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical trial.
Authors: H Berry, L Fernandes, A K Clarke, E B Hamilton, J Davies, A J Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Thirty-six patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis took part in a double-blind crossover trial, in which they received either indoprofen 800 mg/day, naproxen 500 mg/day, or a matching placebo. Indoprofen was shown to be significantly superior as an analgesic and in improving grip strength and the patients preferred it. Adverse effects were comparable, although indigestion was seen slightly more often during indoprofen treatment. Indoprofen is therefore at least as effective as existing anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis and seems to be better tolerated.
<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Population Diversity and Turnover in Cystic Fibrosis Chronic Infections
Authors: Eilidh Mowat, Steve Paterson, Joanne L. Fothergill, Elli A. Wright, Martin J. Ledson, Martin J. Walshaw, Michael A. Brockhurst, Craig Winstanley
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Rationale: Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from chronic cystic fibrosis lung infections display multiple phenotypes indicating extensive population diversity.Objectives: We aimed to examine how such diversity is distributed within and between patients, and to study the dynamics of single-strain phenotypic diversity in multiple patients through time.Methods: Sets of 40 P. aeruginosa isolates per sputum samples were analyzed for a series of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Population differentiation between patients, between samples within patients, and between isolates within samples was analyzed.Measurements and Main Results: We characterized 15 traits for a total of 1,720 isolates of an important and widely disseminated epidemic strain of P. aeruginosa from 10 chronically infected patients with cystic fibrosis multiply sampled during 2009. Overall, 43 sputum samples were analyzed and 398 haplotypes of the Liverpool Epidemic Strain were identified. The majority of phenotypic diversity occurred within patients. Such diversity is highly dynamic, displaying rapid turnover of haplotypes through time. P. aeruginosa populations within each individual sputum sample harbored extensive diversity. Although we observed major changes in the haplotype composition within patients between samples taken at intervals of several months, the compositions varied much less during exacerbation periods, despite the use of intravenous antibiotics. Our data also highlight a correlation between periods of pulmonary exacerbation and the overproduction of pyocyanin, a quorum sensing–controlled virulence factor.Conclusions: These results significantly advance our understanding of the within-host population biology of P. aeruginosa during infection of patients with cystic fibrosis, and provide in vivo evidence for a link between pyocyanin production and patient morbidity.
Liver biopsy as a day-case procedure: selection and complications in 200 consecutive patients.
Authors: D Westaby, B R MacDougall, R Williams
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The selection of 200 consecutive patients who underwent liver biopsy as a day-case procedure and subsequent complications were reviewed, In 59 patients a diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed by histological examination. Six patients developed minor complications attributable to the procedure and had to stay longer in hospital, and another returned with abdominal pain the evening after the biopsy. With careful selection of patients, liver biopsy may be safely undertaken on a day-case basis.
Professional Codes of Ethics as Leading Benchmarks?
Authors: Charles Marsan
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2013)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments Many thanks to my colleague Maude Laliberté for her detailed and constructive revisions to this commentary; thanks also to Drs. Bryn Williams-Jones and Zubin Master for helpful comments. Charles Marsan is supported by Université de Montréal (Funds for research on COI) and Institut de recherche en santé publique de l’Université de Montréal (IRSPUM).
Ethanol and arachidonic acid synergize to activate Kupffer cells and modulate the fibrogenic response via tumor necrosis factor α, reduced glutathione, and transforming growth factor β-dependent mechanisms
Authors: Francisco Javier Cubero, Natalia Nieto
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract Because of the contribution of ethanol and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to alcoholic liver disease, we investigated whether chronic ethanol administration and arachidonic acid (AA) could synergistically mediate Kupffer cell (KC) activation and modulate the stellate cell (HSC) fibrogenic response. Results: (1) the effects of ethanol and AA on KC and HSC were as follows: Cell proliferation, lipid peroxidation, H2O2, O2·−, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form (NADPH) oxidase activity, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were higher in KCethanol than in KCcontrol, and were enhanced by AA; HSCethanol proliferated faster, increased collagen, and showed higher GSH than HSCcontrol, with modest effects by AA. (2) AA effects on the control co-culture: We previously reported the ability of KC to induce a pro-fibrogenic response in HSC via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mechanisms; we now show that AA further increases cell proliferation and collagen in the control co-culture. The latter was prevented by vitamin E (an antioxidant) and by diphenyleneiodonium (a NADPH oxidase inhibitor). (3) Ethanol effects on the co-cultures: Co-culture with KCcontrol or KCethanol induced HSCcontrol and HSCethanol proliferation; however, the pro-fibrogenic response in HSCethanol was suppressed because of up-regulation of TNF-α and GSH, which was prevented by a TNF-α neutralizing antibody (Ab) and by l-buthionine-sulfoximine, a GSH-depleting agent. (4) Ethanol plus AA effects on the co-cultures: AA lowered TNF-α in the HSCcontrol co-cultures, allowing for enhanced collagen deposition; furthermore, AA restored the pro-fibrogenic response in the HSCethanol co-cultures by counteracting the up-regulation of TNF-α and GSH with a significant increase in GSSG and in pro-fibrogenic transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Conclusion: These results unveil synergism between ethanol and AA to the mechanism whereby KC mediate ECM remodeling and suggest that even if chronic ethanol consumption sensitizes HSC to up-regulate anti-fibrogenic signals, their effects are blunted by a second “hit” such as AA. (Hepatology 2008;48:2027-2039.)
Some aspects of the pathophysiology of homozygous Hb CC erythrocytes.
Authors: M E Fabry, D K Kaul, C Raventos, S Baez, R Rieder, R L Nagel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

We have studied erythrocytes from homozygous CC patients in vitro and in perfused rat mesoappendix vasculature to answer some long-standing questions. By examination of wet whole blood preparations, and by comparing the cell distribution on isopycnic continuous density gradients of whole blood samples from a splenectomized CC patient with those from three intact CC patients, we have demonstrated the presence of a distinct crystal-containing band of cells that is present in the former, but totally absent from the latter. We conclude that Hb CC cells containing crystals circulate in Hb CC individuals, but in intact patients they are effectively removed by the spleen. By use of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance and viscosity measurements on cells, we have demonstrated that intracellular aggregation of hemoglobin C occurs on deoxygenation even when no crystal formation is detectable by morphological methods. These two observations are in apparent contradiction with the absence of clinical microcirculatory impairment found in both intact and splenectomized CC patients. The contradiction was resolved by rheological studies on isolated rat mesoappendix preparations and erythrocyte diameter measurements that lead to the conclusion that the hemorheological properties of CC cells in the microcirculation are nearly normal because their increased viscosity is offset by their smaller diameter and size.
69 THE CASPASE-8 HOMOLOGUE FLIP MODULATES HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IN MICE
Authors: J.M. Schattenberg, V. Lowin, T. Zimmermann, T. Longerich, P. Schirmacher, H. Schulze-Bergkamen, Y.-W. He, P.R. Galle, M. Schuchmann
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Hepatic Perfusion Scintigraphy
Authors: HAZEM EL-KHALILY, HELMUT HOEFFKEN, PETER VON WICHERT, KLAUS JOSEPH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

Radionuclide studies were performed on 38 patients with biopsy proven liver cirrhosis in an attempt to evaluate the interrelationship between liver perfusion and ascites in cirrhotic patients. Quantitative hepatic scintigraphy was used to evaluate the relative contribution of hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flow to the hepatic circulation. Using a gamma camera and on-line computer system, a bolus of 370 MBq Tc-99m pertechnetate was injected intravenously. Time activity curves of the abdominal aorta and right lobe of the liver were obtained using a region of interest analysis where arterial and portal components were calculated. Ascites was determined by clinical examination and by ultrasonography. Of 38 patients, 10 patients (26.3%) showed normal liver perfusion (group A), 22 patients (58%) showed reduced portal venous perfusion (group B), and 6 patients (15.7%) showed pure arterial hepatic perfusion (group C). The incidence, as well as the advancement, of ascites were significant (P < 0.05) and were most frequent in group C, frequent in group B, and less frequent in group A. The results of this study suggest that the development of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis is closely correlated with the reduction in portal blood perfusion.
Neuromuscular blockers during general anaesthesia
Authors: J. Ponte
Journal: BMJ (1995)

The recall of events occurring during surgery, including the suffering of pain, remains a problem experienced by at least one in 3000 patients.1 In about half of these cases the problem is due to failure of equipment or an error in anaesthetic technique. In many cases, however, no cause other than individual “resistance” to anaesthetics can be found. Being “awake” during general anaesthesia without the knowledge of the anaesthetist was almost unheard of until the middle of this century, and its possibility is a direct consequence of modern techniques of anaesthesia. It may be time to re-examine these techniques.

In 1942, in Montreal, Griffith and Johnson introduced the use of small amounts of curare to enhance abdominal muscle relaxation during laparotomy, still relying on the diaphragm to ventilate the lungs.2 Patients were made merely weak and not paralysed while receiving a full inhalation anaesthetic. A few years later, in Liverpool, Gray and others introduced a technique whereby much less …
Scintiangiographic Demonstration of a Unilateral Anterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: JOHN F. ROCKETT, MORRIS W. RAY, H COLBY GARDNER, MOHAMMED MOINUDDIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1977)

ROCKETT, JOHN F.; RAY, MORRIS W.; GARDNER, H COLBY; MOINUDDIN, MOHAMMED Author Information
A Critical Evaluation of the Roentgen Criteria of Right Ventricular Enlargement
Authors: MARCY L. SUSSMAN, GEORGE JACOBSON
Journal: Circulation (1955)

We believe that right ventricular enlargement is "over-diagnosed" radiologically, and this becomes apparent when radiologic interpretation is attempted without the help of other data. We tested this impression in a study of 25 cases of tetralogy of Fallot and 40 cases of other types of congenital pulmonary stenosis. In these cases there was usually no right ventricular dilatation. The roentgen determination of right ventricular hypertrophy was found to be decidedly of limited value. There were few infants in the present study and the conclusion should not be construed as necessarily including this group.
Antibiotic Treatment for Infective Endocarditis-Reply
Authors: Walter R. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1996)

In Reply.  —We appreciate Dr Schwartz's comments. The gentamicin dosing schedule outlined in our article is intended as the initial dose. In any patient, gentamicin dosing should be adjusted after determining appropriate serum levels.  Dr Johns and colleagues point out that in their opinion vancomycin trough levels are more valuable than peak levels for correlation with clinical responses. The study they cite, 1 where a correlation between vancomycin serum concentration and outcome of patients with endocarditis was not observed, is retrospective, reports only 15 patients, and uses improperly timed specimens for the determination of peak concentration (30 minutes after infusion). We do not consider these data adequate to justify any recommendation regarding vancomycin dosing. In a more recent study from the same institution, 2 vancomycin was administered in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis to achieve a median peak concentration (specimen drawn 30 minutes after infusion) of 34.5 μg/mL and
A longer term appeal for overseas
Authors: R. Nurden
Journal: BMJ (1985)

others it was the exception rather than the rule for the general practitioner to be present.In order for the general practitioner to be present there must be cooperation between both doctors, who will both have busy schedules.As stated in the original article, the purpose of the service is not only to provide treatment or advice but also to aid the joint consultation between the consultant and the general practitioner.It would seem that this is not occurring in most consultations in the Trent region.