tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ophthalmology for the Primary Care Practitioner
Authors: David A. Horowitz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Medical Writings: Book Notes1 June 1998Ophthalmology for the Primary Care PractitionerDavid A. Horowitz, MDDavid A. Horowitz, MDUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00032 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Ophthalmology for the Primary Care Practitioner; Palay DA, Krachmer JH. 318 pages. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book; 1997. $59.95. ISBN 0815188986. Order phone 800-426-4545.Field of medicine: Ophthalmology in the primary care setting.Format: Softcover book.Audience: Primary care providers, including general internists, family practitioners, allied health professionals, and trainees.Purpose: To give primary care providers a thorough introduction to and useful reference on ophthalmology.Content: The book begins with an introduction to normal ophthalmic anatomy and the ophthalmologic examination and then considers the differential diagnosis of eye symptoms. Several chapters deal with the anatomy and pathology of structural elements ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1998Volume 128, Issue 11Page: 963KeywordsAllied health care professionalsAnatomical pathologyEtiologyEye diseasesGlaucomaHealth care providersOphthalmologyRetinaSigns and symptomsSystemic diseases ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 June 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Hydroxychloroquine Compared with Placebo in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Patricia Clark
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Objective: To assess the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine, 400 mg daily, for rheumatoid arthritis. Design: Six-month, double-blind, randomized trial. Setting: Ambulatory referral clinic in a Mexico City, Mexico, teaching hospital. Patients: A total of 126 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to receive hydroxychloroquine, 400 mg/d, or placebo; 121 patients completed the study. Results: Hydroxychloroquine showed a clinically and statistically significant improvement over placebo in joint score (20% greater mean improvement; 10% more patients improved by >50%); pain (40% greater mean improvement; 19% more patients improved by >50%); grip strength (22% greater mean improvement; 21% more patients improved by >50%); patient global assessment (16% more patients stated they had improved); and physician global assessment (12% more patients were judged to have improved). Side effects were mild, and no patients in the hydroxychloroquine group required discontinuation of therapy. Patient compliance with the study medication was high. Conclusion: Hydroxychloroquine is moderately effective in early rheumatoid arthritis.
Neonatal maternal deprivation triggers long term alterations in colonic epithelial barrier and mucosal immunity in rats
Authors: Frederick Barreau, Laurent Ferrier, Jean Fioramonti, Lionel Bueno
Journal: Gut (2004)

Stressful events in the early period of life (for example, maternal deprivation) have been shown to modify adult immune and gastrointestinal tract functions. The present study aimed to establish whether maternal deprivation affects colonic epithelial barrier and the development of an experimental colitis in adult rats.Male Wistar rat pups were separated during postnatal days 2-14 or left undisturbed with their dam. At 12 weeks of age, we assessed colonic paracellular permeability, bacterial translocation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, mucosal mast cell density, cytokine (interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)) mRNA expression, and macroscopic damage. Total gut permeability, MPO activity, and macroscopic damage were also assessed four days after intracolonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS).Maternal deprivation triggered a significant increase in colonic permeability associated with bacterial translocation into the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. These alterations were associated with some macroscopic damage and an increase in colonic MPO activity, mucosal mast cell density, and cytokine mRNA expression. Intracolonic infusion of TNBS induced a significantly higher inflammatory reaction in separated animals, as judged by enhanced MPO colonic levels, total gut permeability, and macroscopic lesions.Maternal deprivation promotes long term alterations in the colonic epithelial barrier associated with an exaggerated immune response to an external immune stimulus. This suggests a role for early psychological factors in the regulation of colonic mucosal barrier in later life.
Paraquat toxicity: proposed mechanism of action involving lipid peroxidation.
Authors: J S Bus, S D Aust, J E Gibson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that paraquat pulmonary toxicity results from cyclic reduction-oxidation of paraquat with sequential generation of superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen and initiation of lipid peroxidation. In vitro mouse lung microsomes catalyzed an NADPH-dependent, single-electron reduction of paraquat. Incubation of paraquat with NADPH, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and purified microsomal lipid increased malondialdehyde production is a concentration dependent manner. Addition of either superoxide dismutase or a single oxygen trapping agent 1,3-dipheylisobenzo furan inhibited paraquat stimulated lipid peroxidation. In vivo, pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital decreased paraquat toxicity, possibly by competing for electrons which might otherwise reduce paraquat. In contrast, paraquat toxicity in mice was increased by exposure to 100% oxygen and by deficiencies of the antioxidants selenium, vitamin E, or reduced glutahione (GSH). Paraquat, given IP to mice, at 30 mg/kg, decreased concentrations of the water-soluble antioxidant GSH in liver and lipid soluble antioxidants in lung. Oxygen-tolerant rats, which hae increased activities of pulmonary enzymes which combat lipid peroxidation, were also tolerant to lethal doses of paraquat as indicated by an increased paraquat LT50. Furthermore, rats chronically exposed to 100 ppm paraquat in the water had elevated pulmonary activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and GSH reductase. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is involved in the toxicity of paraquat.
Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostaglandins on alkali secretion by rabbit gastric fundus in vitro
Authors: W D W Rees, L C Gibbons, L A Turnberg
Journal: Gut (1983)

The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostaglandins E<sub>2</sub> and F<sub>2α</sub> on the secretory and electrical activity of isolated rabbit fundic mucosa have been studied. Spontaneous acid secretion was inhibited by serosal side application of sodium thiocyanate (6×10<sup>−2</sup>M) and the resulting alkali secretion measured by pH stat tiration. Serosal side application of indomethacin (10<sup>−5</sup>M) or aspirin (3×10<sup>−3</sup>M) inhibited alkali secretion (0·55±0·06 to 0·12±0·06 μmol/cm<sup>2</sup>/h, n=6, p&lt;0·01 and 0·28±0·06 to 0·11±0·03 μmol/cm<sup>2</sup>/h, n=7, p&lt;0·02 respectively). Mucosal or serosal side prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (10<sup>−5</sup> to 10<sup>−10</sup>M) and F<sub>2α</sub> (10<sup>−4</sup> to 10<sup>−10</sup>M) failed to alter the rate of alkalinisation but secretion was significantly increased by serosal side 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (10<sup>−6</sup>M) (0·90±0·20 to 1·50±0·30 μmol/cm<sup>2</sup>/h, n=6, p&lt;0·01). Serosal side application of 10<sup>−6</sup>M prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> to fundic mucosae pretreated with either aspirin (5×10<sup>−3</sup>M) or indomethacin (10<sup>−5</sup>M), to reduce endogenous E<sub>2</sub> formation, also failed to alter alkali secretion. Pretreatment of the mucosa with 16,16-dimethyl-E<sub>2</sub> (10<sup>−6</sup>M) abolished the inhibitory effect of indomethacin (10<sup>−5</sup>M) on alkali secretion (n=6) but did not modify the secretory response to aspirin (3×10<sup>−3</sup>M) (fall in alkali secretion with aspirin = 81±11% and with aspirin plus 16,16-dimethyl-E<sub>2</sub> = 72±10%, n=7). In the doses used, none of the prostaglandins or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs altered transmucosal potential difference or electrical resistance. These results show that the damaging agents, aspirin and indomethacin, both inhibit gastric alkali secretion but that modes of action may differ. The observation that prostaglandins, E<sub>2</sub> and F<sub>2α</sub> failed to increase alkali production suggests that their protective activity against a variety of damaging agents as shown by others, may be mediated by another mechanism.
αB-crystallin complexes with 14-3-3ζ to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition and resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Xiao-Yong Huang, Ai-Wu Ke, Guo-Ming Shi, Xin Zhang, Chi Zhang, Ying-Hong Shi, Xiao-Ying Wang, Zhen-Bin Ding, Yong-Sheng Xiao, Jun Yan, Shuang-Jian Qiu, Jia Fan, Jian Zhou
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Abstract The overall survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, and the molecular pathogenesis remains incompletely defined in HCC. Here we report that increased expression of αB-Crystallin in human HCC predicts poor survival and disease recurrence after surgery. Multivariate analysis identifies αB-Crystallin expression as an independent predictor for postoperative recurrence and overall survival. We show that elevated expression of αB-Crystallin promotes HCC progression in vivo and in vitro . We demonstrate that αB-Crystallin overexpression fosters HCC progression by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells through activation of the extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade, which can counteract the effect of sorafenib. αB-Crystallin complexes with and elevates 14-3-3ζ protein, leading to up-regulation of ERK1/2 activity. Moreover, overexpression of αB-Crystallin in HCC cells induces EMT progression through an ERK1/2/Fra-1/slug signaling pathway. Clinically, our data reveal that overexpression of both αB-Crystallin and 14-3-3ζ correlates with the HCC poorest survival outcomes, and sorafenib response is impaired in patients with αB-Crystallin overexpression. Conclusion: These data suggest that the αB-Crystallin-14-3-3ζ complex acts synergistically to promote HCC progression by constitutively activating ERK signaling. This study reveals αB-Crystallin as a potential therapeutic target for HCC and a biomarker for predicting sorafenib treatment response.
Heterocellular signalling and crosstalk in the heart in ischaemia and heart failure
Authors: E. Hirsch, R. Nagai, T. Thum
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

This editorial is part of the Spotlight Issue on: Heterocellular signalling and crosstalk in the heart in ischaemia and heart failure 

Although the heart is usually considered to be a homogeneous organ, it is composed of different cell types that closely interact to maintain homoeostasis. Clearly, the largest volume is occupied by cardiomyocytes but, when it comes to numbers, the other cell types take the upper hand. This drives to a delicate and intricate network of interactions that usually support the action of cardiomyocytes and help to maintain organ function. However, who is a friend in healthy conditions, might turn out to be a foe in other situations. In multiple cardiac pathologies, heterotypic intercellular interactions significantly contribute to the evolution of the disease with multiple and often highly sophisticated actions. Knowledge about the details of such dialogue between the contractile machinery and endothelial cells, leucocytes, fibroblasts, adipocytes, or neurons is only now starting to emerge in its full complexity. Given the crucial role of these interactions in the maintenance of tissue integrity and in the response to noxious conditions, this knowledge is of critical translational importance. The large number of the extracellular signals and the intracellular pathways evoked represent potential drug targets. Therefore, the definition of the network of heterotypic cellular interactions in heart diseases is currently an advanced frontier of drug discovery.

The current Spotlight issue provides a state-of-the-art description of the cell types involved, the signals produced, and the cellular responses elicited and expands on different concepts, models, and disease conditions, with particular focus on ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, remodelling, and heart failure. The different contributions illustrate the complexity of the system as well as how this intricate network can be tackled. Figure 1 gives an overview of the different cross-talk pathways that are discussed. 



Figure 1 
Heterocellular …
Young female doctors report achieving fewer surgical skills than young male doctors
Authors: G. Falck, G. Brattebo
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The second message of the study is that the term persistent vegetative state is widely misused, even in recent papers.3No clinician should accept a diagnosis of such a state within 12 months of the onset of coma.I strongly recommend use of the term "continuing vegeta- tive state," or even the simpler term "coma," for all patients who are comatose over the first 12 months after the onset of coma.In this way clini- cians and relatives will avoid drawing premature or incorrect conclusions from loosely applied diagnostic labels.
Thalassemia Trait
Authors: Thomas G. Gabuzda, David G. Nathan, Frank H. Gardner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

IT has become clear in recent years that there are several genetic subtypes of thalassemia. Two of these types have been called "A2 thalassemia" and "F thalassemia" by Fessas.1 In heterozygotes of the former type there is a distinct elevation of hemoglobin A2, with normal or only slightly elevated values of fetal hemoglobin. In "F-thalassemia trait" hemoglobin A2 is normal in amount, and the fetal hemoglobin is elevated, sometimes to a striking degree.In this study we report a large family extending over three generations, the description of which clearly indicates that a genetic factor causes . . .
Blunt Trauma to the Aorta and Major Arteries
Authors: Robert P. McBurney
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THE AORTA and major arteries of the body are subject to a variety of injuries. Penetrating injuries, such as stab wounds, gunshot wounds, and the like, usually lacerate the vessels, and most physicians are fully cognizant of the urgency of prompt and vigorous treatment of this type of trauma. It is not as well appreciated, however, that nonpenetrating trauma can produce rupture of the aorta, lacerations of major vessels, thrombosis with resultant gangrenous ischemia, arteriovenous fistulas, and contusion with spasm severe enough to completely close off arterial flow.  Because of the absence of a penetrating wound, this type of injury to the arteries is apt to be less vigorously treated, and often disastrous results follow because of delay. The absence of a penetrating wound should not delay treatment if one finds evidence of arterial occlusion.  We have collected and studied 22 cases in which blunt trauma caused aortic or arterial
Benefit of slowing the ventricular rate for left ventricular systolic performance during atrial fibrillation in subjects with myocardial infarction
Authors: Tomotsugu Tabata, Richard A. Grimm, Yongjin Kim, Junko Watanabe, Neil L. Greenberg, Deborah D. Agler, Youhua Zhang, Shaowei Zhuang, Don W. Wallick, Kent A. Mowrey, Todor N. Mazgalev, Takashi Oki, James D. Thomas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Paracetamol should remain the first line option for persistent pain
Authors: F. C. Veal, A. J. Thompson
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Persistent pain in older people is a serious problem that is often undermanaged.1 Osteoarthritis disproportionately affects older people, yet they are often under-represented in trials. Furthermore, their response to analgesics may differ from that of younger patients owing to altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.2

The fundamental question raised by this meta-analysis is, if we dismiss paracetamol from our armamentarium, …
Complete In Vivo Reversal of the Multidrug Resistance Phenotype by Jet-injection of Anti-MDR1 Short Hairpin RNA-encoding Plasmid DNA
Authors: Ulrike Stein, Wolfgang Walther, Alexandra Stege, Alexander Kaszubiak, Iduna Fichtner, Hermann Lage
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Triggering the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway by inducing the expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecules has become a promising tool for efficient silencing of a given gene in gene therapy applications. In this study, shRNA encoding DNA was utilized to reverse the classical MDR1/P-glycoprotein (MDR1/P-gp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in vivo. For the first time, the nonviral jet-injection technology was applied for delivering naked shRNA-vector constructs for direct intratumoral in vivo transfer. The highly efficient anti-MDR1 shRNA expression vectors were applied twice in the human MDR1/P-gp overexpressing MaTu/ADR cancer xenograft-bearing mice, and twice in the corresponding drug-sensitive parental MaTu tumor xenograft bearing mice as well. Two days after anti-MDR1 shRNA vector injection, the expression level of the MDR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was decreased by more than 90% and the corresponding MDR1/P-gp protein was no longer detectable in the tumors. Two jet-injections of anti-MDR1 shRNA vectors into the tumors, combined with two intravenous (IV) administrations of doxorubicin, were sufficient to achieve complete reversal of the drug-resistant phenotype. The data show that jet-injection delivery of shRNA-expressing vectors is effective in reversing MDR1/P-gp-mediated MDR in vivo, and is therefore a promising strategy for making tumors with an MDR1/Pgp-dependent MDR phenotype revert to a drug-sensitive state.
Constrictive pericarditis caused by primary liposarcoma.
Authors: R J Lionarons, J van Baarlen, J F Hitchcock
Journal: Thorax (1990)

A 30 year old man presented with symptoms of constrictive pericarditis. Echocardiography and computed tomography showed a mass extending from the pericardium to surround the heart and penetrating the left ventricular apex. An unresectable pleomorphic liposarcoma arising from the pericardium was found at thoracotomy.
Central accountability and local decision making: towards a new NHS.
Authors: P Day, R Klein
Journal: BMJ (1985)

It was unfortunate perhaps for Mr Victor Paige that the first time that many people in Britain read about his activities in their newspapers was when they learnt that the chairman of the new National Health Service Management Board had sanctioned plans for 2250 extra maternity cases in the Trent region in 1985-6.'It was a story that, in the form that it
Scanning for Genomic Regions Subject to Selective Sweeps Using SNP-MaP Strategy
Authors: Libin Deng, Xiaoli Tang, Wei Chen, Jiari Lin, Zhiqing Lai, Zuoqi Liu, Dake Zhang
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2010)

Abstract Population genomic approaches, which take advantages of high-throughput genotyping, are powerful yet costly methods to scan for selective sweeps. DNA-pooling strategies have been widely used for association studies because it is a cost-effective alternative to large-scale individual genotyping. Here, we performed an SNP-MaP (single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays and pooling) analysis using samples from Eurasia to evaluate the efficiency of pooling strategy in genome-wide scans for selection. By conducting simulations of allelotype data, we first demonstrated that the boxplot with average heterozygosity (HET) is a promising method to detect strong selective sweeps with a moderate level of pooling error. Based on this, we used a sliding window analysis of HET to detect the large contiguous regions (LCRs) putatively under selective sweeps from Eurasia datasets. This survey identified 63 LCRs in a European population. These signals were further supported by the integrated haplotype score (iHS) test using HapMap II data. We also confirmed the European-specific signatures of positive selection from several previously identified genes (KEL, TRPV5, TRPV6, EPHB6). In summary, our results not only revealed the high credibility of SNP-MaP strategy in scanning for selective sweeps, but also provided an insight into the population differentiation.
Phagocytotic Activity of Monocytes from Diabetic Patients
Authors: S Katz, B Klein, I Elian, P Fishman, M Djaldetti
Journal: Diabetes Care (1983)

The phagocytotic activity of monocytes from diabetic patients and healthy controls was studied. It was found that the number of phagocytizing cells from diabetic patients was significantly reduced in comparison with that from control individuals. However, the number of bacteria phagocytized per cell was similar in both groups. Plasma from healthy controls added to diabetic monocytes did not cause any significant change in their phagocytotic capacity. Addition of insulin to the plasma of diabetic patients failed to alter the number of phagocytizing diabetic monocytes. Similarly, addition of glucose to control plasma did not affect the number of control monocytes capable of phagocytosis. Protein synthesis was increased during phagocytosis in both control and diabetic cells. The importance of monocytes in the defense mechanism of the organism is discussed.
Fluphenazine enanthate in the maintenance treatment of Schizophrenia.
Authors: R. Hicks, I. M. Ovenstone
Journal: BMJ (1966)

special interest-gastroenterology, cardiology, haematology, urology, endocrinology, and so forth-in which specialty he can give imme- diate advice to his colleagues.On this basis the minimum requirements for any general hospital should never be less than at least six general physicians and six general sur- geons, and this means, as Dr. Richardson says, much larger hospitals.Is it too late to reassess the whole problem and ensure that the hospital service be con- centrated and centralized and that so far as possible no hospital under 2,000 beds be planned for the future ?The complexity of modern medicine is growing so rapidly that what was the wonder of yesterday is the usual practice of today.A few years ago urinary dialysis was an esoteric science-nowadays every general hospital ought to be capable of dialysis.Many other examples could be quoted, but the answer is clear that unless the staff is sufficiently large to allow diversi- fication of interests we will be building a hospital service incapable of improvement.I am, etc.,
Dietary Folic Acid and Iron Deficiency Among the Affluent
Authors: Marcel E. Conrad
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Iron and folic acid deficiency are frequently observed in populations of limited means who eat a starchy diet which contains little meat or leafy vegetables. In affluent societies iron and folic acid deficiency are usually considered to be evidence of bleeding or malabsorption. Recognized exceptions to this generalization are infants weaned late, starch and clay eaters, and elderly persons living alone who eat starchy tidbits rather than cook.<sup>1</sup> An additional group of people should be scrutinized for iron and folic acid deficiency because of the frequency of dietary idiosyncrasy. The subjects of this report were the families of three physicians, each family with seven or more children. Several members of each family had anemia and they were referred for hematologic consultation because of the possibility that this might be an hereditary disorder. In addition to hematologic studies shown in the Table, blood samples of anemic patients