tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The role of hepatic type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) during murine hemorrhagic shock
Authors: Claudio E. Lagoa, Yoram Vodovotz, Donna B. Stolz, Franck Lhuillier, Carol McCloskey, David Gallo, Runkuan Yang, Elena Ustinova, Mitchell P. Fink, Timothy R. Billiar, Wendy M. Mars
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) followed by resuscitation (HS-R) is characterized by profound physiological changes. Even if the patient survives the initial blood loss, these poorly understood changes can lead to morbidity. One of the tissues most often affected is liver. We sought to recognize specific hepatic changes induced by this stressor to identify targets for therapeutic intervention. Gene array analyses using mouse liver mRNAs were used to identify candidate genes that contribute to hepatic damage. To verify the role of one of the genes identified using the arrays, mice were subjected to HS-R, and multiple parameters were analyzed. A profound increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) mRNA was observed using hepatic mRNAs from C57Bl/6 mice after HS, both with and without resuscitation. Constitutive loss of PAI-1 resulted in notable tissue preservation and lower (P < .05) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Fibrin degradation products (FDPs) and interleukins 6 and 10 (IL-6 and IL-10) were unaffected by loss of PAI-1; however, enhanced urokinase activity, an elevation of active hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an increase in unprocessed transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and retention of ERK phosphorylation after HS-R were associated with improved hepatic function. In conclusion, PAI-1 protein is a negative effector of hepatic damage after HS-R through its influence on classic regulators of hepatic growth, as opposed to its role in fibrinolysis. (HEPATOLOGY 2005;42:390–399.)
Haemorrhage from the upper alimentary tract
Authors: J. N. MacCaig, S. L. Strange, T. St. M. Norris
Journal: Gut (1964)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS This is a study based on 587 patients with acute bleeding from the upper alimentary tract.After excluding 17 with carcinoma of the stomach and 11 with oesophageal FIG. 1. Age distribution of cases.
686 IN SITU, IN VITRO AND IN VIVO AND DEMONSTRATION OF MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS (MPS) IN HUMAN ADULT EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS (HEHBDS)
Authors: V. Cardinale, G. Carpino, Y. Wang, M. Gatto, C.-B. Cui, A. Cantafora, R. Semeraro, A. Torrice, M. Rossi, P.B. Berloco, L. Inverardi, J. Dominguez-Bendala, C. Ricordi, E. Gaudio, L. Reid, D. Alvaro
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
HPV testing on self collected cervicovaginal lavage specimens as screening method for women who do not attend cervical screening: cohort study
Authors: M. Gok, D. A M Heideman, F. J van Kemenade, J. Berkhof, L. Rozendaal, J. W M Spruyt, F. Voorhorst, J. A M Belien, M. Babovic, P. J F Snijders, C. J L M Meijer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objective</b> To determine whether offering self sampling of cervicovaginal material for high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is an effective screening method for women who do not attend regular cervical screening programmes. <b>Design</b> Cohort study (the PROHTECT trial). <b>Settings</b> Noord-Holland and Flevoland regions of the Netherlands, December 2006 to December 2007, including 13 laboratories, gynaecologists, and more than 800 general practitioners. <b>Participants</b> 28 073 women who had not responded to two invitations to the regular cervical screening programme: 27 792 women were assigned to the self sampling group and invited to submit a self collected cervicovaginal sample for HPV testing; 281 were assigned to the recall control group and received a second re-invitation for conventional cytology. <b>Intervention</b> Women with a positive result on the high risk HPV test on their self sample material were referred to their general practitioner. Women with abnormal results on cytology were referred for colposcopy. Women with normal results on cytology were re-evaluated after one year by cytology and high risk HPV testing and referred for colposcopy if either result was positive. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Attendance rate in both groups and yield of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II/III or worse (≥CIN II/≥CIN III) in self sampling responders. <b>Results</b> The compliance rate in the self sampling group was significantly higher than in the control group (crude 26.6% <i>v</i> 16.4%, P&lt;0.001; adjusted 27.5% <i>v</i> 16.6%, P&lt;0.001). The number of detected ≥CIN II and ≥CIN III lesions in self sampling responders was 99 (1.3%) and 76 (1.0%), respectively. Self sampling responders who had not participated in the previous round of screening (43%) had increased relative risks of ≥CIN II (2.04, 95% confidence interval 1.27 to 3.28) and ≥CIN III (2.28, 1.31 to 3.96) compared with self sampling women who had been screened in the previous round (57%). <b>Conclusions</b> Offering self sampling by sending a device for collecting cervicovaginal specimens for high risk HPV testing to women who did not attend regular screening is a feasible and effective method of increasing coverage in a screening programme. The response rate and the yield of high grade lesions support implementation of this method for such women. <b>Trial registration</b>ISRCTN45527158.
Inactivation of Digoxin by the Gut Flora: Reversal by Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: John Lindenbaum, Deborah G. Rund, Vincent P. Butler, Doris Tse-Eng, Jnan Ranjan Saha
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

In approximately 10 per cent of patients given digoxin, substantial conversion of the drug to cardioinactive, reduced metabolites (digoxin reduction products, or DRPs) occurs. The site and clinical importance of this conversion is unknown. In four normal volunteers taking digoxin daily for four weeks, urinary excretion of DRPs was greatest after a poorly absorbed tablet was ingested, and least after intravenous administration, Stool cultures from subjects known to make DRPs in vivo ("excretors") converted digoxin to DRPs; cultures from nonexcretors did not. Three excretors were given tablets for 22 to 29 days. A five-day course of erythromycin or tetracycline, administered after a base-line period of 10 to 17 days, markedly reduced or eliminated DRP excretion in urine and stool. Serum digoxin concentrations rose as much as twofold after antibiotics were given. We conclude that in some persons digoxin is inactivated by gastrointestinal bacteria. Changes in the enteric flora may markedly alter the state of digitalization.
The Immune-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis*
Authors: ANDREW BATEMAN, AVA SINGH, THOMAS KRAL, SAMUEL SOLOMON
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1989)

IN VERTEBRATES, four major systems of intercellular communication exist: the neural, the endocrine, the neuroendocrine, and the immune system. For many years evidence has accumulated linking the neural, the endocrine, and the neuroendocrine systems, but the immune system was often viewed as essentially autonomous. The enormous recent increase in our knowledge of how the immune system is regulated has led many scientists to postulate that this autonomy may be more apparent than real: that the immune system is subject to endocrine and neural control, and that it exerts, in turn, a reciprocal effect on neuroendocrine systems. In this review we intend to examine the interactions between the immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In the first part of the review we will discuss products and components from the immune system that stimulate or inhibit the HPA axis. These include monokines and lymphokines, i.e. the regulatory secretions of the immune system, and other peptides such as ACTH and β-endorphin, more frequently associated with endocrine tissues but which may also be produced by immunologically reactive cells. In the second part we will examine the reciprocal arm of this relationship, i.e. the products of the pituitary and adrenal gland that can stimulate or inhibit the immune system. We will also touch briefly on the possibility that these interactions may be involved in certain autoimmune diseases. Table 1 and Fig. 3 present a brief overview of the major topics covered in this review. The table and the figure are intended to be complementary and should be consulted together.
The Effect of Penicillin on Acute Rheumatic Fever and Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: Edward A. Mortimer, Vaisman B. Samuel, Vignau I. Alberto, Guasch L. Julio, Schuster C. Augusto, Louis Rakita, Richard M. Krause, Richard Roberts, Charles H. Rammelkamp
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

THE control of symptoms of acute rheumatic fever is easily attained by several methods of therapy, but no form of treatment has had a marked effect on acute carditis and valvular heart disease, the two complications that determine the ultimate prognosis. Since the initiating event of the acute rheumatic episode is infection by the Group A streptococcus, it appeared logical to attempt to alter the course of established rheumatic fever by removing the original inciting agent. To accomplish this objective, 49 patients with acute rheumatic fever received large doses of penicillin, and 48 patients received no antibiotic and served as . . .
EU companies can export generic versions of patented drugs to poor countries
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The European Union has adopted legislation that will allow companies to produce copies of patented medicines, under licence, for export to developing countries. The measures will allow poor nations that lack or have insufficient drug manufacturing capacity, to import safe and effective generic medicines.

The initiative follows the move last December by the Geneva based World Trade Organisation (WTO) to make permanent an earlier provisional waiver to the trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement.

This amends the existing rules on intellectual property, which state that compulsory licences can only be …
EXPERIMENTAL REACTIVATION OF SUBSIDING RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Alvan R. Feinstein, Mario Spagnuolo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

When anti-inflammatory therapy is reduced or discontinued in patients with acute rheumatic fever, a flare-up of disease activity frequently occurs, manifested by clinical abnormalities or by changes only in laboratory tests. The nature of this rebound phenomenon was recently analyzed in a retrospective survey of 265 patients with acute rheumatic fever (1, 2). The results indicated that most clinical rebounds were not due to any of the three possible causes to which they have been attributed in the past: 1) polycyclic rheumatic activity, 2) an insufficient duration of therapy or 3) relative hypoadrenalism. Instead, the data strongly suggested that these rebounds represented the appearance of the inflammation that had been suppressed during the antirheumatic therapy. This hypothesis was based on the findings that the incidence of clinical rebounds increased with greater severity of cardiac involvement, that rebounds were more frequent in patients treated with steroids alone than in those treated with salicylates, that rebounds were more likely to occur after long courses of steroid therapy than after short courses, that they were rare after long courses of salicylates, and finally, that the incidence of post-steroid rebounds could be reduced by adding salicylates when the steroid reduction began, and by continuing salicylates for several weeks after steroids were stopped. This new hypothesis has important implications regarding the natural history of rheumatic fever and has practical significance for its treatment. One of the implications has been used in the present study to provide a method of testing the validity of the theory. If the hypothesis is correct, it should be possible to create a rebound by giving anti-inflammatory therapy at a time when the convalescent rheumatic patient has no clinical abnormalities but is still in a subclinical inflammatory
American Handbook of Psychiatry
Authors: Leon J. Saul
Journal: JAMA (1967)

concept of the entire Handbook is eclectic in the best sense of the term. Psychiatry is so broad and has so many sources and aspects that at the present time, says the author, any synthesis would be a reductionist pseudosynthesis. In the Handbook the content is highly diverse, and not designed to be unified; many chapters complement each other by presenting different approaches, points of view, and emphases. A great virtue of these volumes is that they acquaint the reader with all sorts of areas and facets of psychiatry. In this third volume, for example, are papers on such varied topics as The Psychiatry of the First Three Years of Life, Basimetric Approach to Psychiatry, and Educational Psychiatry. Since the 49 papers in this third volume are mostly by different contributors, the series so far represents the work of nearly 150 authorities.   first volume includes diverse papers on
GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE DUE TO RUPTURE OF AORTIC ANEURYSM INTO THE ESOPHAGUS
Authors: Daniel G. Calenda
Journal: JAMA (1953)

Rupture of an aortic aneurysm into the gastrointestinal tract has been encountered twice at the Rhode Island hospital during the past 25 years. In one instance, the duodenum was involved, while in the other there was spontaneous rupture of an aneurysm of the descending aorta into the esophagus. This latter is the subject of our report, because it illustrates that the diagnosis of adrticoesophageal fistula should be considered in a patient with gastrointestinal hemorrhage, when an aneurysm of the thoracic aorta is also present.  REPORT OF A CASE  In September, 1951, a 65-year-old white man was admitted for the sixth time. His chief complaint was hematemesis of 36 hours' duration. He had been admitted to the hospital before because of central nervous system syphilis for which adequate, large doses of penicillin were administered. On admission, the patient was confused and was unable to give a coherent history. The only information
NHS sees a steady rise in patient satisfaction over five years
Authors: Lynn Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A higher proportion of patients who used hospitals in England in 2007 were satisfied with the care they received than in the previous year, a Healthcare Commission survey shows.

The study, carried out by the Picker Institute, looked at responses from nearly 76 000 inpatients treated at a total of 165 English hospital trusts.

It showed that 42% of patients rated their care as “excellent,” the top possible rating. In the 2006 survey this percentage was 41% and in 2002 it was 38%. In 2007 nearly all patients (92%) rated their care as good, very good, or excellent.

Overall, 67% considered that when …
A clear and present danger: inflammasomes DAMPing down disorders of pregnancy
Authors: R. N. Khan, D. P. Hay
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2014)

BACKGROUNDWhen the normal progression of pregnancy is threatened, inflammatory processes are often amplified in order to minimize detrimental effects and eliminate noxious agents. Inflammasomes are unique, intracellular, multiprotein assemblies that enable caspase-1 mediated proteolytic processing of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, levels of which are elevated in some forms of preterm birth and maternal metabolic disorders.
The role of phosphatidic acid in platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation of rat hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Helen L. Reeves, Mike G. Thompson, Clare L. Dack, Alastair D. Burt, Christopher P. Day
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is the most potent mitogen for hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro . The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the lipid-derived second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) in mediating this effect and, in particular, to determine its interaction with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. HSCs were isolated from rat livers. PA production was determined by lipid extraction and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) after prelabeling cells with [ 3 H]myristate. ERK activity was measured by an in vitro kinase assay after immunoprecipitation. Mitogenic concentrations of PDGF, but not those of the relatively less potent mitogen, transforming growth factor α (TGF-α), stimulated the sustained production of PA from HSCs. Exogenous PA stimulated HSC proliferation and a sustained increase in ERK activity, and proliferation was completely blocked by the inhibition of ERK activation with PD98059. The stimulation of ERK by PDGF was of a similar magnitude but more sustained than that caused by TGF-α. These results suggest that the potent mitogenic effect of PDGF in HSCs may be caused, in part, by the generation of PA and subsequently by a more sustained activation of ERK than occurs with less potent mitogens that do not induce the production of this lipid second messenger.
Retarded release phosphatidylcholine benefits patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis
Authors: W Stremmel
Journal: Gut (2005)

We examined the hypothesis of an anti-inflammatory effect of phosphatidylcholine in ulcerative colitis. A phase IIA, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study was performed in 60 patients with chronic active, non steroid dependent, ulcerative colitis, with a clinical activity index (CAI) of > or = 4. Retarded release phosphatidylcholine rich phospholipids and placebo were administered at a dose of 6 g daily over three months. The primary end point was a change in CAI towards clinical remission (CAI < or = 3) or CAI improvement by > or = 50%. Secondary end points included > or = 50% changes in endoscopic activity index (EAI), histology, and quality of life scores. Induction of clinical remission (CAI < or = 3) as the primary outcome variable was attained by 16 (53%) patients in the phosphatidylcholine treated group compared with three (10%) in the placebo group (p<0.00001). The rate of clinical remission and CAI improvement was 90% in the phosphatidylcholine group and only 10% in the placebo group. A median drop of seven points in the CAI score (70% improvement) was recorded in the phosphatidylcholine group compared with no change in the placebo group. Secondary end point analysis revealed concomitant drops in EAI and histology scores (p = 0.00016 and p = 0.0067 compared with placebo, respectively). Improvement in quality of life was reported by 16 of 29 evaluated patients in the phosphatidylcholine group compared with two of 30 in the placebo group (p = 0.00005). Retarded release oral phosphatidylcholine is effective in alleviating inflammatory activity caused by ulcerative colitis.
Letter: Disposal of disposable colostomy appliances.
Authors: H B Devlin, J A Plant
Journal: BMJ (1975)

enteral administration of hypertonic saline.Apparently the surgeon wished to use physio- logical saline (so-called 099% w/v) but pre- scribed "normal saline"; so the pharmacist made up normal saline (58-5 g/l), which is six times as strong, and this was given to the patient.This regrettable accident reinforces the need to abandon the use of "normal" (and of %) in medicine and in chemistry to de-
Cardiac Myxomas with Systemic Embolization
Authors: JAY SILVERMAN, JOHN S. OLWIN, JOHN S. GRAETTINGER
Journal: Circulation (1962)

A case of left atrial myxohemangioendothelioma, diagnosed ante mortem by removing a tumor embolus to the bifurcation of the aorta, is reported. The patient had been misdiagnosed as having had rheumatic heart disease with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and embolization to the right middle cerebral artery. In retrospect, because of the characteristics of the second heart sound and absence of an opening snap, a rheumatic etiology should have been questioned. The literature regarding embolization of atrial myxomas has been reviewed.
GROUP THERAPY WITH PSYCHOTIC AND BORDERLINE MILITARY WIVES
Authors: JOSEPH HARTOG
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1966)

An effort has been made to present a useful structural and practical view of two open heterogeneous outpatient groups involving 29 psychotic and borderline military wives. Fourteen patients (48.3 percent) were diagnosed as schizophrenic; six (20.7 percent) were diagnosed psychotic depression; nine (31 percent) were diagnosed borderline, neurotic and character disorders. Typically, the patients had a history of psychiatric hospitalization and were frequent and well-known visitors to the medical and surgical outpatient clinics. In fact, they were the very disturbed and most unwanted patients who, in the absence of psychiatric treatment or its equivalent, are usually buffeted about clinics and psychiatric hospitals. The relatively closed military community was compelled to face the problem and develop some form of management. It did so through the psychiatric clinic. This paper describes the two outpatient groups which resulted. The following elements are discussed: 1) the rationale for treatment; 2) reasons for group therapy; 3) the patients; 4) the therapy contract; 5) the management of medications; 6) the vectors of interaction; 7) problems peculiar to the military; and 8) criteria for clinical and social-marital improvement and failure. The groups were distinctive because of the severity of illnesses represented, the involvement of husbands in the establishment of a rather firm treatment contract, the influence of the military environment and the individually oriented group therapy with associated drug therapy. These 29 military wives were treated for varying lengths of time over a period of more than one and one-half years. The outcome of treatment was estimated separately for clinical and for social-marital change. Sixteen patients improved clinically; 17 improved socially; three became worse clinically; four became worse socially; ten were unchanged clinically; eight were unchanged socially. Eleven marriages experienced some turmoil, and eight husbands manifested symptoms or behavior associated with anxiety. Of the 15 patients in treatment more than six months, 13 improved, while of the 14 in treatment less than six months, only four improved, seven showed no change and three became worse. Almost all patients received tranquilizing medications before and during their period of treatment.
COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE INTESTINE OF MICE
Authors: Rose Mushin, René Dubos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1966)

Mice of the NCS and NCS-D colonies, bred at the Rockefeller University, harbored in their intestine an endemic strain of slow lactose-fermenting Escherichia coli 081+/-: :H21 serotype. In addition, NCS mice have recently acquired E. coli 0109+/-:K48:H14. Both strains persisted during the period of observation, whereas they were not encountered in the feces of mice from two other colonies. Other coliform strains encountered were more transient in their occurrence. Since strains of E. coli 081+/-: :H21 and 0109+/-:K48:H14 are extremely uncommon in human beings, it seems probable that they possess specificity for the mouse host.