tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
No RISK, no ... cardioprotection? A critical perspective
Authors: G. Heusch
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Early reperfusion is today's gold standard therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The underlying fundamental experiments that demonstrated salvage of myocardial tissue after prolonged coronary occlusion were published less than 4 decades ago1,2 and then subsequently confirmed in large-scale clinical trials such as the GISSI trial and many others. The notion that reperfusion may not only salvage infarcting myocardium but also induce damage itself dates back almost as long.3,4 The awareness of such potential reperfusion injury and the ambivalent character of reperfusion5 prompted the search for strategies to modify reperfusion. Of note, modalities to avoid immediate full restoration of blood flow and to induce more gentle reperfusion were developed;6,7 however, it remained controversial whether6 or not7 gentle reperfusion indeed reduced infarct size after prolonged myocardial ischaemia. As of 1997 there was still no consensus on the existence of lethal reperfusion injury.8 It was not until the detection of the ischaemic postconditioning phenomenon, i.e. the reduction of infarct size following prolonged coronary occlusion by staccato reperfusion with a few cycles of re-occlusion,9 that the existence of lethal reperfusion injury became unanimously accepted.10–13 Ischaemic postconditioning protects from infarction also in humans, … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +49 201 723 4480; fax: +49 201 723 4481; E-mail address : gerd.heusch{at}uk-essen.de
Pneumoscrotum associated with nontherapeutic lower gastrointestinal endoscopy
Authors: M. Akdogan, I. Onal, M. Kurt, Z. Yalinkilic, A. Sayilir, K. Karaman, B. Celep, R. Okten
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

A 66-year-old man underwent flexible rectosigmoidoscopy due to anemia and rectal bleeding. The rectosigmoidoscopy showed blood oozing from third-degree hemorrhoids ([Fig. 1 a]). During the procedure the patient noticed swelling of his scrotum ([Fig. 1 b]); he then developed abdominal pain. A computed axial tomography scan confirmed subcutaneous emphysema and the presence of pneumoperitoneum, with air in the scrotum ([Fig. 2 a]), around the rectum ([Fig. 2 b]), in the retroperitoneum, and the perinephric ([Fig. 2 c]) as well as the paraesophageal ([Fig. 2 d]) spaces. Physical examination under general anesthesia revealed perforation of the rectum into the subcutaneous tissue adjacent to the hemorrhoids. After consultation with the surgeons, the patient was kept nil per os overnight. Antibiotics were administered (ciprofloxacin 200 mg i. v. bid, metronidazole 500 mg i. v. tid), and the pneumoscrotum resolved within 3 days. The patient’s white blood cell count remained stable. After 3 days, the patient was started on a full liquid diet and then advanced to a regular diet. He was discharged uneventfully after 4 days in hospital.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple-Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Brodalumab (AMG 827) in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Asthma
Authors: William W. Busse, Stephen T. Holgate, Edward M. Kerwin, Yun Chon, JingYuan Feng, Joseph H. Lin, Shao-Lee Lin
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Ultrasonic Determination of Pericardial Effusion
Authors: Barry B. Goldberg
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The accuracy of ultrasonic diagnosis of pericardial effusion can be improved by adoption of a standard technique so that results are reproducible. Knowledge of anatomic landmarks is important for both the proper positioning of the transducer and the prevention of errors in diagnosis. The characteristic posterior echo complex that is recorded in the presence of pericardial effusion arises from the pericardial structures in the vicinity of the left atrioventricular groove. Anterior echo complexes can be obtained in approximately 50% of patients with pericardial effusion. B-mode ultrasound can be used for the detection of cardiac tamponade and the demonstration of changes following pericardiocentesis. Pulmonary and pleural lesions such as atelectasis, consolidation, and basilar effusion cause false echo complexes and it is important that these be recognized.
REPORT ON EXAMINATIONS OF THE EYES OF 1,900 SCHOOL CHILDREN OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF SAN FRANCISCO.Read in the Section on Ophthalmology, at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held in San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: KASPAR PISCHL
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Since Professor Jaeger, of Vienna, in 1861 had begun the first scientific examination of the eyes of school children, over 200,000 pupils in all parts of the civilized world have been examined. All those investigations have proven that myopia stands in direct proportion to the education of the people. If I venture to ask your attention for a few minutes only to hear the report of the examinations made in the schools of San Francisco I do not pretend to show you anything new, but I hope it will be interesting enough to compare the conditions of the eyes of the children in this new country with those of other countries. To enable you to judge about the value of the data of my examination, I will explain in a few words the method I employed. I examined the sight of every child, each eye separately, with Snellen's letters. When
RATIOS OF VACCINIA VIRUS PARTICLES TO VIRUS INFECTIOUS UNITS
Authors: John R. Overman, D. Gordon Sharp
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1959)

Total virus particle counts, infectivity titrations and the ratios between particles and infective units have been determined for vaccinia virus infected tissues. Growth curves of vaccinia in the chorioallantoic membrane are characterized by relatively low ratios from 1 to 4 days after inoculation and a marked rise in the ratio at more prolonged intervals. Ratio determinations of vaccinia virus passages in the egg, rabbit skin, and guinea pig skin have been made to study the phenomenon of adaptation in different hosts. The embryonated egg chorioallantoic membrane shows no variation in the ratio of particles to infectious units during passage and it is concluded that this host is completely susceptible to vaccinia. During adaptive passages on the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs relatively large amounts of non-infective virus appear as indicated by a rise in the particle-infectivity ratios. The extent of ratio increase appears related to the general resistance of the host to the virus. Finally, treatment of crude tissue extracts with sonic vibration is described as an aid in dispersing the virus particles for quantitative particle counts.
The vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT3 synergizes striatal acetylcholine tone
Authors: Christelle Gras, Bénédicte Amilhon, Ève M Lepicard, Odile Poirel, Jacqueline Vinatier, Marc Herbin, Sylvie Dumas, Eleni T Tzavara, Mark R Wade, George G Nomikos, Naïma Hanoun, Françoise Saurini, Marie-Louise Kemel, Bruno Gasnier, Bruno Giros, Salah El Mestikawy
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2008)
Advantages of and problems with short-term mutagenicity tests for the assessment of mutagenic and carcinogenic risk.
Authors: C Ramel
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

The Salmonella microsomal assay has become an indispensible tool for the screening of mutagens and carcinogens, particularly when a large number of samples have to be tested, as in the present context for the screening of air pollution. However, for a more definite identification of potential carcinogens, a verification of the results from bacterial tests has to be performed with a battery of other tests, including point mutations and chromosomal aberrations in eukoaryotic systems. While there is a close qualitative correlation between the mutagenic and carcinogenic property of chemicals, a corresponding quantitative correlation between the mutagenic and carcinogenic potency is not always found. One reason for this lack of quantitative correlation presumably depends on the fact that cancer is induced in two steps, of which only the initiating, but not the promoting, step constitutes a mutational event, which is reflected by mutagenicity tests. Present mutagenicity tests have concentrated on discrete major mutations, while mutations of polygenes, acting on quantitative characters, have largely been omitted. Mutational data from Drosophila indicate, however, that polygenes mutate at a considerably higher rate than major genes and that they have a comparatively strong effect in heterozygous condition. It seems of great importance to develop appropriate methods to study induced mutations of polygenic systems and to get a better understanding of the properties of these genetic systems and an evaluation of the risk connected with induced mutations in polygenes.
Collecting and Applying Data on Social Determinants of Health in Health Care Settings
Authors: Laura Gottlieb, Megan Sandel, Nancy E. Adler
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Despite strong evidence linking patients' social circumstances to their health, little guidance exists for health care practitioners and institutions on addressing social needs in clinical settings. Current approaches to social determinants generally focus on population-level and policy interventions; these overlook individual and clinical innovations within health care that can address patients' social circumstances. This article proposes a framework for how social determinants interventions in the health care system can be construed across 3 tiers-patient, institution, and broader population-and describes ways to collect data and target interventions at these levels.
Agranulocytosis Due to Dapsone
Authors: ANDRÉ J. OGNIBENE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Agranulocytosis developed in 16 U. S. soldiers in Vietnam who were receiving daily dapsone prophylaxis for falciparum malaria. There were eight deaths in the group. All patients had been on prophylaxis from 3 weeks to 3 months. Recovery or death due to sepsis generally occurred within 9 days. The toxic effects of dapsone have resulted in a limitation in the use of dapsone for prophylaxis of falciparum malaria in U. S. troops in Vietnam.
Reengineering autologous bone grafts with the stem cell activator WNT3A
Authors: Wei Jing, Andrew A. Smith, Bo Liu, Jingtao Li, Daniel J. Hunter, Girija Dhamdhere, Benjamin Salmon, Jie Jiang, Du Cheng, Chelsey A. Johnson, Serafine Chen, Katherine Lee, Gurpreet Singh, Jill A. Helms
Journal: Biomaterials (2015)
The Cost-effectiveness of HIV Testing of Physicians and Dentists in the United States
Authors: Kathryn A. Phillips, Robert A. Lowe, James G. Kahn, Peter Lurie, Andrew L. Avins, Daniel Ciccarone
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative policies for human immunodeficiency testing (HIV) testing of physicians and dentists.Decision analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis from a societal perspective were used. Data were derived from extensive literature review and consultation with experts. We conducted sensitivity analyses and also performed a cost-benefit analysis.We analyzed policies for mandatory or voluntary testing of all physicians, surgeons, and dentists; for those testing positive, we analyzed mandatory or voluntary exclusion from practice, restriction from performance of invasive procedures, or requirements to inform patients of serostatus.Cost per patient infection averted.Although one-time mandatory testing of surgeons and dentists with mandatory restriction of those found to be HIV-positive is more cost-effective than other policies, the cost-effectiveness varies tremendously under different scenarios. Results were highly sensitive to several data inputs, especially HIV seroprevalence of surgeons and dentists and transmission risk. For example, under a medium seroprevalence and transmission risk scenario, mandatory testing of all surgeons might avert 25 infections at a total cost of $27.9 million or $1,115,000 per infection averted and an incremental cost of $291,000 compared with current testing; however, the incremental cost-effectiveness per patient infection averted ranges from $29,807,000 under a low-risk scenario to a savings of $81,000 under a high-risk scenario.Our analysis neither justifies nor precludes a mandatory testing policy. Further research on the key data inputs is needed. Given the ethical, social, and public health implications, mandatory testing policies should not be implemented without greater certainty as to their cost-effectiveness.
Origins of the Pernkopf Anatomy Atlas-Reply
Authors: Richard S. Panush
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We cannot forget. We cannot forget that Pernkopf represented an abhorrent evil. We cannot forget that Pernkopf desecrated the traditions of our civilization. We cannot forget that Pernkopf violated the precepts of the Hippocratic oath. We cannot forget that Pernkopf's character and actions were so aberrant as to irrevocably taint his work. We cannot forget that there is really no acceptable rationalization to preserve Pernkopf's legacy within our medical culture except as a symbol of what our societal values obligate us to repudiate.<sup>1</sup>
Sexual Intercourse: You, Me, and the Microbe Makes Three-Reply
Authors: Richard T. Ellison
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Like our article, the Letter submitted by de Groen and Vukov emphasizes the spectrum of complications of sexual intercourse. In considering these conditions, practitioners tend to focus preponderantly on pregnancy and sexually transmitted infectious diseases or syndromes, including syphilis and gonorrhea as well as chlamydial, herpes simplex, and, most recently, enteropathogen and human immunodeficiency virus infections. There are, however, an increasing number of other less well-recognized complications associated with coitus. Intimate physical contact can lead to the transmission of irritant compounds, including drugs, and can result in contact dermatitis or even "spousal" headache.<sup>1</sup>Some unfortunate individuals may suffer hypersensitivity reactions— including anaphylaxis.<sup>2</sup>The mechanical action of intercourse may produce microscopic as well as macroscopic trauma and may predispose to localized infection. In addition, "coital-like" urethral manipulation is associated with bladder contamination by urethral microflora and is postulated by some to cause "honeymoon cystitis."<sup>3</sup>Physical displacement
Long-Branch Attraction and the rDNA Model of Early Eukaryotic Evolution
Authors: J. W. Stiller, B. D. Hall
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1999)

Phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal RNA genes have become widely accepted as a framework for understanding broad-scale eukaryotic evolution. Nevertheless, conflicts exist between the phylogenetic placement of certain taxa in rDNA trees and their expected position based on fossils, cytology, or protein-encoding gene sequences. For example, pelobiont amoebae appear to be an ancient group based on cytologic features, but they are not among the early eukaryotic brances in rDNA analyses. In this report, the derived position of pelobionts in rDNA trees is shown to be unreliable and likely due to long-branch attraction among more deeply branching sequences. All sequences that branch near the base of the tree suffer from relatively high apparent substitution rates and exhibit greater variation in ssu rDNA sequence length. Moreover, the order of the branches leading from the root of the eukaryotic tree to the base of the so-called "crown taxa" is consistent with a sequential attachment, due to "long-branch" effects, of sequences with increasing rates of evolution. These results suggest that the basal eurkaryotic topology drawn from rDNA analyses may be, in reality, an artifact of variation in the rate of molecular evolution among eukaryotic taxa.
THREE CASES OF INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS IN LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA.
Authors: J. H. W. RHEIN
Journal: JAMA (1902)

The following cases illustrate three different forms of involuntary movements in locomotor ataxia, namely, choreiform movements; irregular, slow contractions of groups of muscles, and a fine rhythmical tremor. I have in a previous paper<sup>1</sup>classified the involuntary movements in tabes as follows: 1. Associated movements which may exist also in other forms of organic diseases of the nervous system; 2, sudden twitching of the trunk or extremities, occurring with or without pain and more frequently at night; 3, twitchings in isolated muscles or parts of muscles; 4, fibrillary twitchings; 5, rhythmical tremor resembling paralysis agitans; 6, passive movements, such as those which occur when a patient attempts to sit up in bed without the assistance of the hands or when he coughs; and finally, 7, involuntary movements previously described as athetoid movements. To this classification, I think, may be added choreiform movements. These, however, I believe to be rare.
Radiographic and haemodynamic patterns of portal hypertension in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: selection of surgical procedure.
Authors: M A el-Gendi
Journal: Gut (1979)

Twenty-eight patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and portal hypertension were studied. The transumbilical portal pressure, transsplenic portal pressure, and thoracic duct occluded pressure were measured simultaneously and thoracic duct lymph flow estimated. Changes in the splanchnic vasculature were studied radiologically barium swallow, splenoportography, and umbilical portography. The transumbilical-transsplenic portal pressure gradient was found to be of particular value. The gradient was considered to be positive when the transumbilical portal pressure was higher than the transsplenic portal pressure, in such cases the primary generating factor of portal hypertension and/or ascites was most probably of hepatic origin. The gradient was considered to be negative when the transumbilical portal pressure was lower than the transsplenic portal pressure; in such cases the primary generating factor of portal hypertension and/or ascites was most probably of splenic or prehepatic origin. A correlation was found between the type of gradient and the radiographic pattern met with. For instance, in cases with positive gradient the hepatic blood flows, as estimated from the splenoportography, were mostly stage I or II, and showed no retrograde portal vein flow on umbilical portography. While, in cases with negative gradients, the hepatic blood flows were mostly stage III or IV, and showed retrograde portal vein flow on umbilical portography. The type of gradient, the clinicopathological stage, and the radiographic changes in the splanchnic vasculature were taken into account in selecting the surgical procedure to be used in each individual case.
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP.AN ARGUMENT CONCERNING THE METHOD OF ITS TREATMENT.
Authors: HARRY M. SHERMAN
Journal: JAMA (1905)

There is a line of argument concerning the method of treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip, which is to-day being forgotten. I desire to review it because it opposes the reduction of the dislocation by any kind of forcible manipulation, and perhaps will tell against manipulation where but moderate force is used. In 1899 I reported, at the New York meeting of the American Orthopedic Association, thirteen manipulative reductions; of these one is an anatomic and functional success, one is probably an anterior subluxation because of interposed capsule between the head and acetabulum, one was an anatomic success, but became ankylosed after an exploratory incision and consequent infection. Two of these have been verified by very recent, or comparatively recent, examination. The ankylosed one has passed from observation. There is nothing to add to the statement then made of the failures to maintain reduction in the other cases.
We hear you
Authors: Christine Borowski
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2012)

Last year, we came to the realization that online supplemental material had gotten out of control. In our conversations with authors and referees, we heard that the time needed to produce it and thoroughly review it was increasing at an unsustainable pace. In response, we changed our policy on supplemental material. Well, we’re still listening. And we’re hearing author frustration with seemingly endless rounds of external review at high-impact journals. We want to let you know that the editors of The Journal of Experimental Medicine have been working hard to avoid contributing to this problem.
Aphasia and Associated Disorders: Taxonomy, Localization, and Recovery
Authors: Jonathan Z. Charney
Journal: JAMA (1981)

In the foreword to this book, Dr Geschwind mentions that there are over 50,000 patients per year who suffer from a disabling degree of aphasia. Dr Kertesz, in this excellent book on the subject, discusses previous classifications of aphasias, a description of tests used in aphasia, and treatment for and recovery from aphasia. Using numerical taxonomy (the quantitative science of classification and systematics), he has attempted to outline discriminatory characteristics for subsequent identification of aphasic individuals. This has been done most painstakingly with data from the Western Aphasia Battery, in an attempt to provide objectivity and precision for clinical classification, which are much needed for reliable research in aphasia.  There are good chapters on computerized tomography in aphasia and isotope localization of lesions. The former is an excellent review of this important advance in our diagnostic method and its correlation with aphasia.  There are also excellent chapters on agraphia, alexia,
Sunlight Exposure as Risk Factor for Intraocular Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Margaret A. Tucker, Jerry A. Shields, Patricia Hartge, James Augsburger, Robert N. Hoover, Joseph F. Fraumeni
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

In a case–control study, we compared 444 patients with intraocular malignant melanoma with matched controls to evaluate the role of exposure to ultraviolet radiation and other risk factors in the pathogenesis of this tumor. Persons born in the southern United States had a relative risk of 2.7 (95 per cent confidence interval, 1.3 to 5.9) as compared with those born in the North. Subjects with brown eyes were protected as compared with those with blue eyes (relative risk, 0.6; 95 per cent confidence interval, 0.4 to 0.8), but complexion and hair color were not important risk factors. Patients with intraocular malignant melanoma were also more likely to have spent time outdoors in their gardens, to have sunbathed, and to have used sunlamps. Rarely wearing hats, visors, or sunglasses while in the sun was a risk factor for the disease (relative risk, 1.9; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.6 to 2.2). These data suggest that sunlight exposure is an important risk factor for intraocular melanoma. (N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 789–92.)