tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Far more non-smoking US students are trying e-cigarettes, figures show
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The number of middle and high school students in the United States who have tried electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) despite never using regular cigarettes increased threefold from 2011 to 2013, a new report has found. 

The study by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1 published online on 20 August in the journal Nicotine and Tobacco Research , reported that 263 000 non-smoking students tried e-cigarettes in 2013, compared with just 79 000 in 2011. 

It comes after a World …
Two strains of the SARS virus sequenced
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Two teams of researchers have sequenced the genome of two strains of the virus believed to be responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Their results confirm the suspicion that it is a previously unknown coronavirus. Knowledge of the genome, which has been made publicly available, should help in designing new diagnostic tests and eventually a vaccine.

Both teams report their findings in the current issue of the journal Science , which has made the articles freely available on the internet.

Because of the urgency of the problem, the …
Brain Tumor Oncolysis with Replication-Conditional Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Expressing the Prodrug-Activating Genes, <i>CYP2B1</i> and <i>Secreted Human Intestinal Carboxylesterase</i>, in Combination with Cyclophosphamide and Irinotecan
Authors: Edyta Tyminski, Stanley LeRoy, Kinya Terada, Dianne M. Finkelstein, Janice L. Hyatt, Mary K. Danks, Philip M. Potter, Yoshinaga Saeki, E. Antonio Chiocca
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract The treatment of malignant glioma is currently ineffective. Oncolytic viruses are being explored as a means to selectively lyse tumor cells in the brain. We have engineered a mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 with deletions in the viral UL39 and γ134.5 genes and an insertion of the two prodrug activating genes, CYP2B1 and secreted human intestinal carboxylesterase. Each of these can convert the inactive prodrugs, cyclophosphamide and irinotecan (CPT-11), into their active metabolites, respectively. This new oncolytic virus (MGH2) displays increased antitumor efficacy against human glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo when combined with cyclophosphamide and CPT-11. Importantly, cyclophosphamide, CPT-11, or the combination of cyclophosphamide and CPT-11 does not significantly affect oncolytic virus replication. Therefore, MGH2 provides effective multimodal therapy for gliomas in preclinical models when combined with these chemotherapy agents.
Professor Allain is innocent, say French scientists
Authors: O Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Two French scientists were in Britain this week to voice their support for Professor Jean-Pierre Allain, who has been in prison in France since he was convicted in 1992 of knowingly supplying in 1985, blood products potentially contaminated with HIV. Dr Francoise Barre-Sinoussi of the Pasteur Institute codiscoverer with Dr Jean-Claude Chermann of HIV, and Professor Jean-Claude Gluckmann of the Salpetriere in Paris, an expert in immunological disorders, went to Cambridge, where Professor Allain has held, since 1990, the university's first chair of transfusion haematology.

Their visit was hosted by Professor Robin …
Effect of pulse separation between two sequential biphasic shocks given over different lead configurations on ventricular defibrillation efficacy.
Authors: E E Johnson, C A Alferness, P D Wolf, W M Smith, R E Ideker
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Two sequential biphasic shocks delivered over separate lead configurations markedly improve defibrillation efficacy compared with a single shock alone. We investigated the effect of varying the intershock interval between sequential biphasic shocks on defibrillation. METHODS AND RESULTS Defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) were obtained in six dogs for shock separations ranging from 0.2 to 125 msec. The first shock was given from a catheter electrode in the right ventricular apex to a patch on the left lateral thorax; the second was from a small patch on the left ventricular apex to a catheter electrode in the right ventricular outflow tract. When the interval between shocks was less than or equal to 10 msec or greater than or equal to 75 and less than or equal to 125 msec, the mean DFTs were less than that previously found for the first shock by itself (4.2 versus 7.4 J, p = 0.002). At a separation of 50 msec, however, there was a marked rise in the DFT to 27 J. The mean DFT for the second shock at a delay of 50 msec was not different from the mean DFT previously found for the second shock by itself (7.2 versus 7.0 J). These results were confirmed in another six dogs using defibrillation probability-of-success curves. In 12 other dogs, probability-of-success curves were generated for delays between shocks as a percentage of the activation interval during ventricular fibrillation. Minimum defibrillation energy requirements were at two separations, 0.2 msec and 90% of the activation interval. CONCLUSIONS The optimal intershock interval between two sequential biphasic shocks is either less than or equal to 10 msec or greater than or equal to 75 and less than or equal to 125 msec. The marked rise in the DFT at a shock separation of 50 msec, requiring more energy than that for the first shock alone, suggests that the second shock at this time delay is likely to reinduce fibrillation after it is halted by the first shock until the second shock is strong enough to defibrillate independently of the first shock.
Gun Acquisition and Use by Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Peter Ash
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To learn how, when, where, and why juvenile offenders acquire guns.Following acquisition of informed consent, we conducted semistructured interviews between June and November 1995 with a convenience sample of 63 juvenile offenders aged 13 through 18 years, each of whom was incarcerated at a detention center in metropolitan Atlanta, Ga.Five detention centers in metropolitan Atlanta.Frequency of handgun acquisition and use, age at and method of first handgun acquisition, feelings experienced when carrying guns, development of gun-carrying behavior, drug use, and gang membership.The mean age of respondents was 15.7 years. Forty-one male and 12 female respondents had owned a gun. Eighty-four percent of gun carriers acquired their first gun before the age of 15 years; more than half received their first gun passively, without any specific plan to do so. Adolescents who purposefully obtained their first handgun were more likely to become frequent or constant carriers. Forty percent felt safer and 40% said they felt more energized, excited, or powerful while carrying a gun. However, 34% reported increased anxiety about getting caught. Almost all stated that guns are readily available from a wide range of sources.Knowledge of the developmental patterns of gun carrying by delinquent adolescents could be useful in formulating effective strategies to reduce firearm violence.
The role of tenascin C in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Jonathan Golledge, Paula Clancy, Jane Maguire, Lisa Lincz, Simon Koblar
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

The extracellular matrix protein tenascin C (TnC) is expressed in a variety of embryonic tissues, but its expression in adult arteries is co-incident with sites of vascular disease. TnC expression has been linked to the development and complications of intimal hyperplasia, pulmonary artery hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. This review identifies the growing collection of evidence linking TnC with cardiovascular disease development. The transient upregulation of this extracellular matrix protein at sites of vascular disease could provide a means to target TnC in the development of diagnostics and new therapies. Studies in TnC-deficient mice have implicated this protein in the development of intimal hyperplasia. Further animal and human studies are required to thoroughly assess the role of TnC in some of the other pathologies it has been linked with, such as atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. Large population studies are also warranted to clarify the diagnostic value of this extracellular matrix protein in cardiovascular disease, for example by targeting its expression using radiolabelled antibodies or measuring circulating concentrations of TnC.
Impaired Renal Tubular Potassium Secretion in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: RALPH A. DeFRONZO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Two patients with long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus were found to have persistent hyperkalemia. The hyperkalemia could not be explained by renal insufficiency, oliguria, diminished distal sodium delivery, acidemia, or hemolysis. After sodium depletion, urinary aldosterone excretion and plasma aldosterone concentration rose appropriately. No increase in urinary potassium excretion or decrease in serum potassium concentration was noted after fludrocortisone acetate, furosemide, or acetazolamide plus sodium bicarbonate. We conclude that these patients have a primary defect in renal tubular potassium secretion that may be related to an immune complex interstitial nephritis.
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Authors: Robert J. Vosatka
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

many advanced illnesses, and an unswerving commitment to healing by not abandoning the patient, being hopeful that one can provide optimal comfort, and using the opportunity to help the patient prepare for death.Forcing patients to choose between disease-directed therapies and palliative or comfort care is specious and disingenuous.The simultaneous provision of disease-directed therapies and palliative care, with a shift in the balance between the two as the disease progresses, is the future of medicine.
L'endoscopie oeso-gastroduodénale (E.O.G.D.) en France en 2004: résultat d'une enquête prospective nationale de la Société Française d'Endoscopie Digestive (SFED)
Authors: JM Canard, JP Arpurt, C Boustière, J Boyer, J Cassigneul, PA Dalbies, J Escourrou, G Gay, R Laugier, JC Letard, B Napoléon, L Palazzo, T Ponchon, B Richard-Molard, D Sautereau, G Tucat, B Vedrenne
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Le but de ce travail a été de décrire et quantifier prospectivement l'ensemble des E.O.G.D. Réalisées en France et son évolution depuis 1998.
Health and Behavior: Frontiers of Research in the Biobehavioral Sciences
Authors: Sidney Cobb
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<i>Health and Behavior</i>is a report prepared by a task force under the supervision of a distinguished committee of the Institute of Medicine headed by David Hamburg. The committee drew on the advice of some 400 consultants in a series of meetings, the purpose of which was to delineate the health roles of the biobehavioral sciences. The editors have distilled the accumulated wisdom into a series of interesting and informative chapters. In this enterprise they proceeded logically from documenting the importance of life-style in the most significant diseases of our time ("As much as 50 percent of mortality from the ten leading causes of death in the United States can be traced to life style.") to reviewing the state of the art ("Coverage is broad but not exhaustive.") to describing "many promising research directions." They concluded with recommendations for health science policy. This book is likely to influence the direction
DISLOCATION AND DOUBLE FRACTURE OF THE UPPER THIRD OF THE HUMERUS.Read before the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine, June 4, 1894.
Authors: B. MERRILL RICKETTS
Journal: JAMA (1894)

For the surgical history of this unfortunate state of affairs I can not do better than to refer those who wish to inform themselves upon the subject, to Dr. McBurney's paper and report of a case of this kind published in the<i>Annals of Surgery</i>, April, 1894. This is the most complete and concise article that I have read. It is more especially interesting as he offers the means of a plan of reducing the disarticulation which he himself was the first to devise and execute. This was done July 1, 1893, and has been the means of revolutionizing the treatment of this class of cases when the condition of the patient will permit. That no surgeon thus far reported has met with more than five cases shows that the accident is exceedingly rare. The cause is obscure, the statements of the injured being very unreliable. It seems probable that
The phenomenon of the corridor patient.
Authors: M Ryan
Journal: BMJ (1980)

By international standards, the Soviet Union today has an undoubtedly generous ratio of hospital beds to population. Over the years 1950-78, thanks to massive annual increases, the supply rose from 55-7 to 122-0 beds per 10 000 people. These figures for the whole Union conceal substantial spatial variations?as is true for many health care indicators?and the larger centres of population tend to have higher ratios. At the end of 1978 the city of Moscow had 137-7 beds for every 10 000 inhabitants. Even in the capital, however, a shortage of vacant beds in the wards of many hospitals necessitates large-scale reliance on makeshift arrangements in corridors. Although this organis ational problem cannot be measured from published data, its existence has been acknowledged recently not in oblique or coded references but in two undeniably frank articles published by Literaturnaya Gazeta.1 2 The first article contains the text of an interview with a head doctor, who among other achievements has managed to return the corridors to their proper use. At this juncture, incidentally, it should be explained that the unit in question is a well-known centre of excellence bearing the title : Order of Lenin teaching hospital named after S P Botkin. In the opinion of its head doctor the problem represented by corridor  was endogenous; he considered that it arose from organisational failures as a result of which a patient remains too long under hospital care and at the same time does not receive what is essential. The absence of patients in his corridors was closely linked to striking improvements in two standard indices of efficiency?average duration of stay and bed turnover. (The latter represents the average number of patients treated per bed during one year, and in the Botkin hospital this index had risen from 14-5 to 16-4 over the five years 1975-9.)
Fall in incidence of HIV in Asia-Pacific region stalls
Authors: P. Chatterjee
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The Asia-Pacific region (south and east Asia) has seen a 26% reduction in new HIV infections since 2001, says a new report from UNAIDS. The report was released on 19 November at the 11th International Congress on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific (ICAAP) held in Bangkok, Thailand.

But Jan Beagle, the deputy executive director of UNAIDS, pointed out that the fall had stalled in recent years. She told the conference, “The number of annual new infections has remained largely unchanged over the last five years, and emerging epidemics are becoming evident in a number of countries.”

The report also recorded a rise in domestic public spending on HIV and AIDS across the region in the past decade. Three of the 10 countries with the highest HIV burden in the region are paying for almost all of their response to …
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Common NOS1AP Variants Are Associated With a Prolonged QTc Interval in the Rotterdam Study”
Authors: Albert-Jan L.H.J. Aarnoudse, Sabine M.J.M. Straus, Albert Hofman, André G. Uitterlinden, Jacqueline C.M. Witteman, Bruno H.C. Stricker, Christopher Newton-Cheh, Jan A. Kors, Paul I.W. de Bakker
Journal: Circulation (2007)
Next-Generation Phenotyping Using the<i>Parkin</i>Example
Authors: Anne Grünewald, Meike Kasten, Andreas Ziegler, Christine Klein
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

Two decades of intense research have led to important insights into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, with limited direct clinical impact. While next-generation sequencing has emerged as a powerful research tool, we hypothesized that systematic exploitation of phenotypic data are lagging behind genetic advances.To use the 15-year experience with parkin-associated Parkinson disease (PD) to evaluate type, quality, and quantity of genetic and phenotypic data and to elucidate clinical or genetic features impacting genetic testing and counseling.We searched MEDLINE: (1998-2012) using the term parkin AND mutation for English publications about proved parkin-associated PD and at least minimal, individual clinical information excluding digenic cases, and redundant articles. This approach identified 877 articles, of which 196 described patients with PD with confirmed parkin mutations and 127 articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Information was extracted using predefined criteria and a consensus approach for questionable details. To evaluate study method differences, we devised a quality score representing the completeness of clinical, demographic, and genetic information.In the data about 1184 patients, the quality score increased steadily and was driven exclusively by improvements in genetic analyses. By contrast, demographic and clinical content stagnated. The mean age at onset was 9 years lower in index patients with 2 mutant parkin alleles than in heterozygotes. Genotype-phenotype correlation was observed for the number of mutated alleles and dystonia. By contrast, dementia was rare in all parkin-mutation carriers (<3%), despite long disease duration.Notwithstanding large gaps in phenotypic information content, we identified dystonia and the absence of dementia as "red flags" to be incorporated in counseling guidelines. We propose mandatory minimal criteria for genotype-phenotype studies to facilitate the next breakthrough-following genetics-toward more personalized medicine for genetic conditions, extending well beyond the parkin example.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide decreases thrombomodulin expression in the sinusoidal endothelial cells of rats – a possible mechanism of intrasinusoidal microthrombus formation and liver dysfunction
Authors: Masane Kume, Tatsuya Hayashi, Hiroyuki Yuasa, Hitoshi Tanaka, Junji Nishioka, Masaru Ido, Esteban C. Gabazza, Yoshifumi Kawarada, Koji Suzuki
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Hydrophilic bile salts enhance differential distribution of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine between micellar and vesicular phases: potential implications for their effects in vivo
Authors: Antonio Moschetta, Gerard P vanBerge-Henegouwen, Piero Portincasa, Willem Renooij, Albert K Groen, Karel J van Erpecum
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Influenza and its complications. I.
Authors: C. H. Stuart-Harris
Journal: BMJ (1966)

The discovery of the influenza and other respiratory viruses which are responsible for the influenza syndrome has done little so far to assist the practitioner in his task of treating those who are ill.It may be comforting to the patient to know that his illness is only one of thousands due to either influenza virus A or B, but it will not alter his treatment.It may be of some
Report on the "Doctors' Run", Edinburgh, 1978
Authors: B. Covell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1978)

<h3>Background</h3> The current GP workforce is insufficient to manage rising demand in patient care within out-of-hours (OOH) primary care services. To meet this challenge, non-medical practitioners (NMPs) are employed to fulfil tasks traditionally carried out by GPs. It is important to learn from experiences of task-shifting in this setting to inform optimal delivery of care. <h3>Aim</h3> To synthesise qualitative evidence of experiences of task-shifting in the OOH primary care setting. <h3>Design &amp; setting</h3> Systematic review of qualitative studies and thematic synthesis. <h3>Method</h3> Electronic searches were conducted across CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PsychINFO, Cochrane, MEDLINE, Embase, and OpenGrey for qualitative studies of urgent or OOH primary care services, utilising task-shifting or role delegation. Included articles were quality appraised and key findings collated through thematic synthesis. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 2497 studies were screened, of which six met the inclusion criteria. These included interviews with 15 advanced nurse practitioners (ANPs), three physician assistants (PAs), two paramedics, and a focus group of 22 GPs, and focus groups with 33 nurses. Key findings highlight the importance of clearly defining and communicating the scope of practice of NMPs, and of building their confidence by appropriate training, support, and mentoring. <h3>Conclusion</h3> While NMPs may have the potential to make a substantial contribution to OOH primary care services, there has been very little research on experiences of task-shifting. Evidence to date highlights the need for further training specific to OOH services. Mentorship and support to manage the sometimes challenging cases presenting to OOH could enable more effective OOH services and better patient care.
Recombinant Growth Hormone Therapy in Patients With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sabine Genth-Zotz, Rainer Zotz, Stefanie Geil, Thomas Voigtländer, Jürgen Meyer, Harald Darius
Journal: Circulation (1999)

We studied the effects of recombinant growth hormone (rhGH) on exercise capacity and cardiac function in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.Seven patients (aged 55+/-9 years) with mild to moderate congestive heart failure (ejection fraction 31+/-4%) who were on standard therapy were included. The patients were studied at baseline, after 3 months of rhGH treatment, and 3 months after rhGH discontinuation. Cardiac function was assessed by exercise capacity, right heart catheterization at rest and after submaximal exercise, MRI, echocardiography, and Holter monitoring. When administered at a dose of 2 IU/d, rhGH doubled the serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I. rhGH improved clinical symptoms and exercise capacity significantly (New York Heart Association class 2.4+/-0.5 initially versus 1.4+/-0.5 at 3 months [mean+/-SD], P<0.05; VO2max 13.6+/-3.8 versus 17.4+/-5.4 mL. kg-1. min-1, P<0.05). Additionally, pulmonary capillary wedge pressures at rest and after submaximal exercise were reduced significantly. Cardiac output increased, particularly at rest (5.0+/-1.1 versus 5.8+/-1.3 L/min; P<0.05). Posterior wall thickness was increased (1.08+/-0.1 versus 1. 24+/-0.3 cm; P<0.05), and the end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexes decreased significantly after rhGH treatment. There was no significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction. The improvements were partially reversed 3 months after rhGH discontinuation.The administration of rhGH for 3 months in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy results in significant improvement in hemodynamics and clinical function. The attenuation of left ventricular remodeling persisted 3 months after discontinuation of treatment.
Old Suspects Found Guilty — The First Genome Profile of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Leena Peltonen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

High-resolution genomewide association studies using panels of 300,000 to 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) aim to define genetic risk profiles of common diseases. These studies herald a fundamentally new opportunity to explore human biology and medicine, since they are unbiased by previous hypotheses or assumptions about the nature of genes that influence complex diseases. Underscoring the importance of this approach is the fact that many genetic variants identified as risk factors in type 2 diabetes and Crohn's disease by such studies have been localized to previously unsuspected pathways, to genes without a known function, or to noncoding regions of genes. . . .