tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE OF NORMAL HUMAN BEINGS TO RECENTLY ISOLATED STRAINS OF PATHOGENIC PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: O. H. Robertson, M. Agnes Cornwell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

With a view to obtaining information as to the virulence of pneumococci for human beings a study was made of the pneumococcidal action of normal human serum-leucocyte mixtures for freshly isolated strains of pathogenic pneumococci. It was found that human beings as a group showed well marked pneumococcus destroying power in their blood for all types of organisms studied. Individuals, however, exhibited wide variations in their reactions against the different types. These ranged from marked killing effect for one type of pneumococcus to none or slight against another. While reactions against different strains within the type often varied considerably this difference was less, on the whole, than that between types. An interpretation of these findings in the light of previous animal experiments in which actual determination of resistance to pneumococcus infection was made leads to the inference that human beings in general possess a considerable degree of natural immunity to all types of pneumococci but that individuals may be relatively susceptible to one or more types and at the same time resistant to others; also that pathogenic strains of pneumococci vary much in their virulence for man.
PWE-036 Use Of An Ultraslim Paediatric Colonoscope To Complete Difficult Colonoscopic Procedures
Authors: D Tate, P Dunckley
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Discomfort and failure to progress beyond the sigmoid are the commonest reasons for non-completion of colonoscopy<sup>.1</sup> We anecdotally observed that the use of a new ultraslim paediatric colonoscope (Olympus PCF-PQ260L) when the standard colonoscope failed often led to completion of difficult cases. <h3>Methods</h3> We analysed 19 reports from cases at the Gloucestershire Royal hospital where the PCF-PQ260L was used as a second endoscope on an examination started with a regular colonoscope (Olympus H260 or Q260 colonoscopes) over the period January to August 2013. <h3>Results</h3> 95% (18/19) of the time the extent of a non-completed colonoscopy was the sigmoid colon. 50% of the time this was due to diverticular disease with patient discomfort the second most common cause. In 80% of these cases, the subsequent use of the PCF-PQ260L enabled the endoscopist to reach the caecum. In addition, in those procedures that failed due to discomfort, comfort scores were improved in 50% during the second procedure with the PCF-PQ260L. The CIR of the GI consultants working at GRH averaged 96% for 2013. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The PCF-PQ260L enabled the negotiation of the sigmoid colon in 80% of cases where a standard endoscope failed in the hands of skilled colonoscopists. This limited study suggests that the PCF-PQ260L is an exciting new tool in the colonoscopist’s inventory. <h3>Reference</h3> 1 Dafnis G, Granath F, Påhlman L, Ekbom A, Blomqvist P. Patient factors influencing the completion rate in colonoscopy. <i>Dig Liver Dis</i>. 2005 ;37(2):113–8 <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Implications of anatomical location on successful electrical isolation of pulmonic veins by lasso catheter guided subtotal circumferential ostial ablation
Authors: Sanjay Dixit, Edward P. Gerstenfeld, Robert W. Rho, Vickas V. Patel, David Lin, John F. Beshai, Joseph W. Poku, Yadvendra S. Rajawat, Hemal M. Nayak, David J. Callans, Francis E. Marchinski
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Effect of training traditional birth attendants on neonatal mortality (Lufwanyama Neonatal Survival Project): randomised controlled study
Authors: C. J. Gill, G. Phiri-Mazala, N. G. Guerina, J. Kasimba, C. Mulenga, W. B. MacLeod, N. Waitolo, A. B. Knapp, M. Mirochnick, A. Mazimba, M. P. Fox, L. Sabin, P. Seidenberg, J. L. Simon, D. H. Hamer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To determine whether training traditional birth attendants to manage several common perinatal conditions could reduce neonatal mortality in the setting of a resource poor country with limited access to healthcare. <b>Design</b> Prospective, cluster randomised and controlled effectiveness study. <b>Setting</b> Lufwanyama, an agrarian, poorly developed district located in the Copperbelt province, Zambia. All births carried out by study birth attendants occurred at mothers' homes, in rural village settings. <b>Participants</b> 127 traditional birth attendants and mothers and their newborns (3559 infants delivered regardless of vital status) from Lufwanyama district. <b>Interventions</b> Using an unblinded design, birth attendants were cluster randomised to intervention or control groups. The intervention had two components: training in a modified version of the neonatal resuscitation protocol, and single dose amoxicillin coupled with facilitated referral of infants to a health centre. Control birth attendants continued their existing standard of care (basic obstetric skills and use of clean delivery kits). <b>Main outcome measures</b> The primary outcome was the proportion of liveborn infants who died by day 28 after birth, with rate ratios statistically adjusted for clustering. Secondary outcomes were mortality at different time points; and comparison of causes of death based on verbal autopsy data. <b>Results</b> Among 3497 deliveries with reliable information, mortality at day 28 after birth was 45% lower among liveborn infants delivered by intervention birth attendants than control birth attendants (rate ratio 0.55, 95% confidence interval 0.33 to 0.90). The greatest reductions in mortality were in the first 24 hours after birth: 7.8 deaths per 1000 live births for infants delivered by intervention birth attendants compared with 19.9 per 1000 for infants delivered by control birth attendants (0.40, 0.19 to 0.83). Deaths due to birth asphyxia were reduced by 63% among infants delivered by intervention birth attendants (0.37, 0.17 to 0.81) and by 81% within the first two days after birth (0.19, 0.07 to 0.52). Stillbirths and deaths from serious infection occurred at similar rates in both groups. <b>Conclusions</b> Training traditional birth attendants to manage common perinatal conditions significantly reduced neonatal mortality in a rural African setting. This approach has high potential to be applied to similar settings with dispersed rural populations. <b>Trial registration</b> Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00518856.
Meta-analysis: Combination Endoscopic and Drug Therapy to Prevent Variceal Rebleeding in Cirrhosis
Authors: Rosario Gonzalez, Javier Zamora, Judith Gomez-Camarero, Luis-Miguel Molinero, Rafael Bañares, Agustín Albillos
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Background: Combining endoscopic therapy and β-blockers may improve outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and bleeding esophageal varices. Purpose: To assess whether a combination of endoscopic and drug therapy prevents overall and variceal rebleeding and improves survival better than either therapy alone. Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and conference proceedings through 30 December 2007. Study Selection: Randomized trials comparing endoscopic plus β-blocker therapy with either therapy alone, without language restrictions. Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently extracted data on interventions and the primary study outcomes of overall rebleeding and mortality. Metaregression and stratified analysis were used to explore heterogeneity. Data Synthesis: 23 trials (1860 patients) met inclusion criteria. Combination therapy reduced overall rebleeding more than endoscopic therapy alone (pooled relative risk, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.52 to 0.89]; I 2 = 61%) or β-blocker therapy alone (pooled relative risk, 0.71 [CI, 0.59 to 0.86]; I 2 = 0%). Combination therapy also reduced variceal rebleeding and variceal recurrence. Reduction in mortality from combination therapy did not statistically significantly differ from that from endoscopic (Peto odds ratio, 0.78 [CI, 0.58 to 1.07) or drug therapy (Peto odds ratio, 0.70 [CI, 0.46 to 1.06]). Effects were independent of the endoscopic procedure (injection sclerotherapy or banding). No trial-level variable associated with the effect was identified through metaregression or stratified analysis. Limitation: Statistically significant heterogeneity in trial quality and evidence for selective reporting and publication bias were found. Conclusion: A combination of endoscopic and drug therapy reduces overall and variceal rebleeding in cirrhosis more than either therapy alone.
Duodenal Ulcer and Recurrent Dyspepsia
Authors: G. K. H. Hodgkin, R. Freedman, I. Fuller, J. Whewell
Journal: BMJ (1970)

A survey of recurrent indigestion in four general practices (19,619 patients) showed a wide range of dyspeptic complaints. Of these 82 (4.2 per 1,000) already had a proved ulcer and 144 (7.3 per 1,000) had symptoms suggesting a duodenal ulcer and had either not been investigated or had previously had a normal barium meal. A duodenal ulcer was found radiologically in half the men (46 out of 95) but in only 16% of the women (8 out of 49). In 11 (25%) of the 46 men shown to have an ulcer a barium meal had been previously reported as normal. Evidence is put forward that ulcer symptoms in the large residue of patients with a normal barium meal (38 men, 29 women) were produced by a primary duodenal condition (duodenitis) of which ulcer was one complication.
Studies on Cardiac Dimensions in Intact Unanesthetized Man
Authors: JOHN F. WILLIAMS, GERALD GLICK, EUGENE BRAUNWALD
Journal: Circulation (1965)

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nitroglycerin on ventricular dimensions. At the time of corrective cardiac operations, silver-tantalum markers were sutured to one or both ventricles of 11 patients without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease. Following recovery, cineradiograms were exposed at 30 frames per second and distances between markers were measured before and after 0.6 mg. of nitroglycerin. In all patients, end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions decreased within 2 to 6 minutes. Right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic lengths decreased by an average of 5.0 per cent and 3.6 per cent of control values, respectively, while left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions declined by an average of 6.2 per cent and 5.9 per cent of control, respectively. The diminutions of end-diastolic ventricular dimensions approximated 30 per cent of the stroke volume. Systolic excursions decreased by an average of 13.3 per cent of control for the right ventricle, while left ventricular excursions decreased in four of the six patients. Systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressures decreased in each patient after nitroglycerin. Cardiac output fell from an average of 5.6 to 5.0 L./min., decreasing in each of the six patients in whom it was determined, while stroke volume fell from an average value of 65 ml./beat during the control period to 55 ml./beat after nitroglycerin. Thus, nitroglycerin reduces both arterial pressure and ventricular dimensions and in view of the relationship between ventricular size, myocardial tension, and oxygen consumption, this action tends to reduce cardiac oxygen requirements and may explain, at least in part, the effectiveness of the drug in angina pectoris.
Intracoronary gamma radiation for in-stent restenosis in saphenous vein grafts versus native coronaries
Authors: Andrew E. Ajani, Ron Waksman, Edouard Cheneau, Dong-Hun Cha, Hamid Yazdi, Atework Gebreeyesus, Veronica Reed, Ellen Pinnow, Lowell F. Satler, Augusto D. Pichard, Kenneth M. Kent, Joseph Lindsay
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Effect of chorionic villus sampling and early pregnancy counselling on uptake of prenatal diagnosis.
Authors: P D Knott, R H Ward, M K Lucas
Journal: BMJ (1986)

An early pregnancy counselling clinic was introduced to improve the uptake of prenatal diagnosis and to offer chorionic villus sampling to women aged 38 and over by their expected date of delivery. Ninety eight (62%) unselected older mothers were seen before 11 weeks9 gestation, and 23 (32%) of those with viable pregnancies elected to undergo chorionic villus sampling compared with 38 (52%) electing amniocentesis. A quarter of the patients booking before 11 weeks had a miscarriage. Because of the future potential demand for chorionic villus sampling counselling during pregnancy and referral of eligible patients should occur as early as possible.
Esophageal Hiatal Hernia— A 10-Year Study of Medically Treated Cases
Authors: James C. Rex
Journal: JAMA (1961)

To determine the course of esophageal hiatal hernia not surgically treated, we investigated the status in 1959 of 365 cases diagnosed but not corrected at the Mayo Clinic in 1949. Of 301 patients with sliding esophageal hiatal hernias, approximately 60 per cent were asymptomatic or improved after 10 years, regardless of the size of the hernia, whereas of 58 patients with the short-esophagus type of hernia, the asymptomatic or improved were only about 40 per cent. Among the group with sliding hernia, however, 82 per cent of those having minimal symptoms were improved, but only 39 per cent of those having esophagitis. Complications affecting the prognosis included esophagitis, peptic ulcer, cholelithiasis, and age, but not duration of symptoms before diagnosis. Death and grave complications were uncommon.
Comparable functions of plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C patients and healthy donors
Authors: Diego Piccioli, Simona Tavarini, Sandra Nuti, Piero Colombatto, Maurizia Brunetto, Ferruccio Bonino, Pietro Ciccorossi, Francesca Zorat, Gabriele Pozzato, Consuelo Comar, Sergio Abrignani, Andreas Wack
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Fluconazole use during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with most major birth defects
Authors: Laura A Magee
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

ACP Journal Club21 January 2014Fluconazole use during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with most major birth defectsLaura A. Magee, MD, FRCPC, MSc, FACPLaura A. Magee, MD, FRCPC, MSc, FACPUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (L.A.M.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-160-2-201401210-02012 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationMølgaard-Nielsen D, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:830-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23984730Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Infectious Disease: References1 Lopez-Rangel E, Van Allen MI. Prenatal exposure to fluconazole: an identifiable dysmorphic phenotype. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2005;73:919-23. [PMID: 16265639] Google Scholar2 Tiboni GM, Marotta F, Del Corso A, Giampietro F. Defining critical periods for itraconazole-induced cleft palate, limb defects and axial skeletal malformations in the mouse. Toxicol Lett. 2006;167:8-18. [PMID: 16987620] Google Scholar3 Marotta F, Tiboni GM. Molecular aspects of azoles-induced teratogenesis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2010;6:461-82. [PMID: 20102286] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (L.A.M.)This article was published at Annals.org on 7 January 2014. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 21 January 2014Volume 160, Issue 2Page: JC12KeywordsAntifungalsCohort studiesCongenital disordersDrugsHeartInfantsPregnancyResearch fundingSafetyVentricular septal defects ePublished: 21 January 2014 Issue Published: 21 January 2014 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Increased Tc-99m Tetrofosmin Uptake in a Mediastinal Tumor During Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Authors: Vani Vijayakumar, Erik Soloff, Atiar M. Rahman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

A 72-year-old man with a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal insufficiency with bilateral nephrostomy tubes, and prostate cancer underwent an adenosine Tc-99m tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion study as a preoperative evaluation. Perfusion imaging did not show myocardial ischemia. However, a planar projection image of the chest demonstrated a focal area of increased uptake in the anterior mediastinum. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest demonstrated a 4-cm anterior mediastinal mass. CT guided biopsy of the mass confirmed an epithelial tumor, the differential diagnosis of which included thymoma or carcinoid.
Modulating Microtubule Stability Enhances the Cytotoxic Response of Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel
Authors: Ahmed Ashour Ahmed, Xiaoyan Wang, Zhen Lu, Juliet Goldsmith, Xiao-Feng Le, Geoffrey Grandjean, Geoffrey Bartholomeusz, Bradley Broom, Robert C. Bast
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

The extracellular matrix protein TGFBI enhances the cytotoxic response of cancer cells to paclitaxel by affecting integrin signals that stabilize microtubules. Extending the implications of this knowledge, we tested the more general hypothesis that cancer cell signals which increase microtubule stability before exposure to paclitaxel may increase its ability to stabilize microtubules and thereby enhance its cytotoxicity. Toward this end, we carried out an siRNA screen to evaluate how genetic depletion affected microtubule stabilization, cell viability, and apoptosis. High content microscopic analysis was carried out in the absence or presence of paclitaxel. Kinase knockdowns that stabilized microtubules strongly enhanced the effects of paclitaxel treatment. Conversely, kinase knockdowns that enhanced paclitaxel-mediated cytotoxicity sensitized cells to microtubule stabilization by paclitaxel. The siRNA screen identified several genes that have not been linked previously to microtubule regulation or paclitaxel response. Gene shaving and Bayesian resampling used to classify these genes suggested three pathways of paclitaxel-induced cell death related to apoptosis and microtubule stability, apoptosis alone, or neither process. Our results offer a functional classification of the genetic basis for paclitaxel sensitivity and they support the hypothesis that stabilizing microtubules prior to therapy could enhance antitumor responses to paclitaxel treatment.
Asthma care in general practice
Authors: R K Mckinley, W K Steele
Journal: BMJ (1995)

does not have an official policy on vaccination but considers it important that concerned parents should have access to full information on efficacy and adverse effects so that they can make an informed decision.A detailed search of the many papers published on this subject yields many short term studies but few comparing vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations over the longer term, such as that reported by Odent et al.2The society receives many requests for information on vaccination from members of the public.The article by Moskowitz, an American paediatrician, cited by Simpson and colleagues is one of several listed in a leaflet published recently by the society in response to these requests.3Among others
IMPROVEMENT OF RISK FACTOR CONTROL AFTER AN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME BY A NURSE COORDINATED PREVENTION PROGRAM: RESULTS FROM A RANDOMIZED TRIAL
Authors: Harald T. Jorstad, Clemens von Birgelen, Marco Alings, Anho Liem, Jan-Melle van Dantzig, Wybren Jaarsma, Dirk Lok, Hans Kragten, Keesjan de Vries, Paul de Milliano, Adrie Withagen, Jan Tijssen, Ron Peters
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Improved electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction.
Authors: R Warner, N E Hill, P R Sheehe, S Mookherjee, C T Fruehan, H Smulyan
Journal: Circulation (1982)

New electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for the diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) are proposed. The criteria are based upon the relationships between portions of the vectorcardiographic (VCG) QRS loop in the frontal plane and the corresponding portions of the ECG QRS complexes recorded in leads II and III. The application of the proposed criteria requires that the tracings be obtained with three-channel ECG machines so that the temporal relationships between the QRS complexes in lead II and those in simultaneously recorded lead III can be inspected. This type of analysis of the ECG permits important features of the contour of the VCG QRS loop to be predicted. The proposed ECG criteria for the diagnosis of IMI are: in the absence of counterclockwise rotation in the frontal plane, (1) Q waves of 30 msec or longer in lead II or (2) regression of initial inferior forces from lead III to lead II. The proposed ECG criteria were evaluated in an initial series of 333 patients and, using a blind experimental design, in a confirmatory series of 94 patients. The performance of the proposed criteria was statistically superior to that of two sets of ECG Q-wave criteria and comparable to that of the VCG criteria of Starr et al.
The Prognosis in the Young Patient
Authors: Arthur I. Holleb
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The prognosis of carcinoma of the breast in a young woman has been a controversial subject for decades. Conflicting opinions have been voiced concerning the influence of the age of the patient, and whether the course of the disease was more rapid and its response to treatment less favorable in the younger age groups. In 1880, Gross<sup>3</sup>said, "The rate of growth [of breast cancer] is not, contrary to the generally received opinion, influenced by the early age of the patient." Lee,<sup>4</sup>in 1931, concluded in his study, "My associates and I have been more impressed year by year with the poor end results following radical surgical intervention in cases of cancer of the breast in young women." Equally pessimistic concerning the prognosis of mammary carcinoma in younger patients was the report by Taylor.<sup>5</sup> Nathanson and Welch<sup>6</sup>stated that "cancer of the breast in the hospital