tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of the platelet histogram maximum in evaluating thrombocytopenia
Authors: Andreas G. Niethammer, Edwin N. Forman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1999)

The purpose of this study was to compare the mean platelet volume (MPV) and the highest peak of the platelet volume distribution curve (maximum of the platelet histogram) with regard to their ability to discriminate between thrombocytopenia due to decreased platelet production or increased platelet destruction. A total of 156 children were studied. Twenty-eight had a diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and 128 had a low platelet count due to decreased production. MPV and maximum of the platelet histogram were obtained by using the Coulter Counter Max M (Coulter Diagnostics, Hialeah, FL). A comparison of the sensitivity and specificity for the MPV and the maximum of the histogram has been made using the method of the receiver operating characteristic curves. The results show that the maximum of the histogram is superior to the MPV and is a highly effective test for the evaluation of thrombocytopenia. We recommend the use of the maximum rather than the MPV to help distinguish between ITP and thrombocytopenia secondary to decreased platelet production.
Health features prominently in the State of the Union address
Authors: T. Rutter
Journal: BMJ (1998)

President Clinton, in his annual state of the union address last week, called on Congress to support several healthcare reforms.

He urged Congress to pass a new “bill of rights” to protect consumers of health care. Among the provisions it called for were the rights for patients to be informed about all possible methods of treatment, irrespective of cost, and the rights for patients to be able to choose their doctors.

Noting …
Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Richard J. Jones
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Since the release last year of the Surgeon General's report "Health Promotion and Disease Prevention," also titled "Healthy People," there has been a well-orchestrated effort to involve much of the medical body politic—the profession, its specialty societies, and the voluntary health organizations—in a campaign to heighten the preventive medicine attack on the now well-recognized risk factors for chronic disease. On Sept 27 and 28, 1980, a Bethesda, Md, conference on the prevention of coronary heart disease was held at the American College of Cardiology's Heart House, as part of this effort. It focused on the role of practicing physicians in preventive cardiology. The Centers for Disease Control and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) also cosponsored the meeting, which included representation from 20 other interested national organizations, including the American Medical Association, the International Society and Federation of Cardiology, and the World Health Organization. Jeremiah Stamler, MD, and
THE EFFECT OF KILLED BACTERIA ON THE SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT
Authors: James W. Jobling, William Petersen, A. A. Eggstein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1915)

1. The intravenous injection of killed organisms is followed by the mobilization of a non-specific protease and lipase; the rapidity and extent of this reaction depend upon the toxicity of the organism and on the resistance of the organism to proteolysis. 2. The temperature and leucocytic curve bear no relation to the ferment changes. 3. The serum antiferment is usually increased after the injection. 4. Of the organisms studied, the typhoid bacilli produced the most marked ferment changes, and the tubercle bacilli the least. 5. The toxicity of the dried organisms cannot depend wholly upon proteolysis in vivo, but must depend in part on the preformed toxic substances liberated on lysis. 6. Serum protease should not be considered as the sole exciter of intoxication through the production of protein split products; it seems possible that its function may in part be one of detoxication.
The Competing Objectives of Randomized Trials
Authors: David L. Sackett
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

The intervention trial of greatest benefit to patients satisfies three objectives: validity (its results are true), generalizability (its results are widely applicable), and efficiency (the trial is affordable and resources are left over for patient care and for other health research). The first objective, validity, has become a nonnegotiable demand; hence the ascendancy of the randomized trial.The quest for validity requires protection from a false conclusion of efficacy when none exists (the Type I error, the risk of which is described by alpha, the P value). An important review published in the Journal two years ago1 dramatized the high . . .
Striving to Improve Outcomes in Oncology: Unmet Expectations in a Complex Disease
Authors: Susan E. Bates
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, p. 5915Parallels between life and art are often drawn, and the words of Cézanne sum up very well our cancer research enterprise, in particular our attempts to deliver better therapies to cancer patients. This issue of CCR Focus deals with several facets of the targeted therapy revolution in oncology. Beginning with imatinib for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), our field has embraced the notion that cancer cells can be best managed with therapies aimed at blocking the 1 or 2 signaling pathways that are responsible for maintaining that tumor type. Administering the correct targeted therapy has been termed personalized medicine. However, the latter is more a goal than a reality, and imatinib in CML, as important as it was, likely represents a specific treatment in an incompletely developed malignancy and not a paradigm for all malignancies. Coincident with the development of therapies that would target critical signaling pathways, we also witnessed the endorsement of a second goal—“cancer as a chronic disease.” Unfortunately, we have come to understand that, unlike CML, the majority of cancers are much more complex than we had imagined, a fact underscored by accumulating sequence data, as shown in the Figure 1. On a very practical level, these approaches have left physicians and patients with new agents but unmet expectations.This issue of CCR Focus examines outcomes-–our difficulty in determining true clinical benefit; the increase in clinical trial size that achieves statistical significance without a meaningful advantage; the difficulty in determining a priori the subgroup that will actually benefit, and the subgroup that may be harmed; the importance of recognizing when palliative care is the right choice; the extraordinary costs of some drugs that provide marginal benefit in unselected populations; the critical need for health care reform that supports clinical trials; and the need to maintain equity as we generate ever more expensive therapies. Our guest editors, LoRusso, Wolf, Averbuch, and Schnipper, experts in clinical trials and in ethics, representing both academia and industry, have joined together with a number of experts in the field to summarize these topics in this CCR Focus on marginal outcomes. They urge the community to do more. We hope, as with every issue of CCR Focus, that this issue educates but also stimulates and challenges those working in clinical and translational oncology.
Should reviewers of papers have their names published?: Let reviewers own responsibility for the papers they pass
Authors: Sashidhar V Yeluri, Amit Kapoor, Guneesh Dadayal, Jayshree Panwar
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Editor-Despite research in tropical medicine being undertaken in countries from low human development index, authorship and editorial opinion remain with countries from higher development index.This unfair trend observed by Keiser et al demands to be addressed and overturned. 1 This observed bias may arise because countries of high human development index fund the bulk of research in tropical medicine. 2 3Authors from these countries have prepared the grant applications, taken principal investigator status, and believe that they should take primary or terminal authorship.Researchers from low human development index countries can break this cycle only if they can obtain international funding themselves or are allowed authorship by the principal investigators.It seems this is rarely extended to the collaborators in tropical countries, even though they are the ones practically conducting the study.If such generosity in authorship and mentorship were provided, this would enable researchers from low human devel-
CASE REPORT IN A BLACK AFRICAN CHILD
Authors: R.G. HARTDEGEN, M. DOGLIOTTI, L. RABINOWITZ, R.G. BARTLETT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1975)

Journal Article CASE REPORT IN A BLACK AFRICAN CHILD Get access R.G. HARTDEGEN, R.G. HARTDEGEN Departments of Dermatology, Paediatrics and Pathology, Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. DOGLIOTTI, M. DOGLIOTTI Departments of Dermatology, Paediatrics and Pathology, Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. RABINOWITZ, L. RABINOWITZ Departments of Dermatology, Paediatrics and Pathology, Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.G. BARTLETT R.G. BARTLETT Departments of Dermatology, Paediatrics and Pathology, Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 93, Issue 5, 1 November 1975, Pages 587–591, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb02254.x Published: 01 November 1975
A practice that changed my patience
Authors: I. G Jefferson
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Risks of syringe exchange programmes in prisons prevailEditor-Since 1998, 203 366 prisoners in Bavaria have been tested for HIV when placed under detention; 1379 prisoners were diagnosed for the first time as being infected with HIV.During the course of their detention around 35 000 inmates have been tested, predominantly drug addicts; only one serum conversion has been found.
The poisoner's handbook?
Authors: T. Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The only objective of a writer, said the critic Cyril Connolly, is to write a masterpiece. This is nonsense, of course, unless it is made true by definition: that no writer who does not aim at one is really a writer. Nevertheless it is undeniable that most writers would prefer to have written a masterpiece than not to have written one, in which case Anthony Berkeley Cox (1893-1971) ought to have died fulfilled—though almost certainly he did not, for he wrote no fiction for the last 32 years of his life.

His masterpiece, published in 1931 under the pseudonym Francis Iles, was Malice Aforethought . The hero of this book, or perhaps I should say protagonist, is a …
New Multidisciplinary Working Group Focuses on Presidential Disability
Authors: Phil B. Fontanarosa
Journal: JAMA (1995)

THE UNSETTLING reality of the vulnerability and potential impairment of perhaps the most powerful person in the world, the president of the United States, coupled with concerns about the effectiveness of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution for determining presidential disability, creates difficulties in resolving the issue of transfer of executive power in the event that the president cannot exercise it. A newly formed Working Group on Disability in US Presidents, composed of scholars and national leaders in medicine, history, political science, law, and journalism, is evaluating the strengths and shortcomings of the Twenty-fifth Amendment (which delineates nonelective succession to the presidency and vice presidency) and hopes to come up with some answers to a matter that could be of vital public importance. During a 3-day closed meeting held in January at The Carter Center in Atlanta, Ga, the multidisciplinary working group, supported by the Charles A. Dana Foundation and
Private company suspended from providing out of hours services while concerns investigated
Authors: O. Mashta
Journal: BMJ (2009)

An out of hospital service run by an independent private provider has been suspended after concerns over several serious incidents, including the death of an elderly patient.

NHS London, the strategic health authority for the capital, has suspended until further notice the service run by Clinicenta in north London.

The strategic health authority is carrying out a full investigation into the services, which were suspended on 11 November.

NHS London is in the process of transferring the care of the 51 …
Heat Losses from a Breathing System with a Heated-water Humidifier
Authors: J. N. Lunn, W. W. Mapleson, E. K. Hillard
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Air was "breathed" in the laboratory through a heated-water humidifier and a breathing tube. Several different humidifiers and tubes were used. The temperature rise of the air on passing through the humidifier and the temperature drop on passing through the tube were measured. Both were dependent on ventilation. Insulating the tube and humidifier together with the insertion of baffles in the latter reduced the rise and fall and their dependence on ventilation. With suitable design the dependence on ventilation and the need to use high water temperatures could be greatly reduced. In addition, a thermostat with a reduced dead zone is needed.
The Kidney in Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical and Histological Investigation Based on Renal Biopsy Material
Authors: Paul Kimmelstiel
Journal: JAMA (1966)

This clearly written, well-organized monograph consists of an extensive review of the literature on this subject and a critical analysis of the conclusions reached by many students in this field. It is particularly valuable for two reasons. In the first place, all previous reports and hypotheses are carefully evaluated in the light of the author's own well-documented experience with renal biopsies in 92 patients. Secondly, it surpasses previous surveys in the extensive and detailed clinicopathologic correlation. It is a book not to be read from cover to cover but to serve as a reliable source of references. In such areas in which the author's opinion differs from that of others, clear evidence for his reasons is presented.  It is unfortunate that almost three years had to pass between the time the collection of the literature was closed and the printed book could be offered to the public. It is during
Ovarian Cancer: A Clinical Challenge That Needs Some Basic Answers
Authors: Kate Lawrenson, Simon A Gayther
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

From a clinical perspective, epithelial ovarian cancer is something of an enigma. Despite improvements in aggressive debulking surgery and the initial good response of patients to platinum-based chemotherapies, there has been little improvement in the survival rates for over three decades. About 65% of women with epithelial ovarian cancer will die within five years of their diagnosis [1]. Early-stage ovarian cancers are often asymptomatic and the recognised signs and symptoms, even of late-stage disease, are vague. Consequently, most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease, and it seems unlikely that symptoms alone could help to improve the proportion of tumours that are diagnosed at earlier, more treatable stages.

Unfortunately, there are no effective biomarkers that can identify early-stage disease and no reliable prognostic markers for predicting clinical response and guiding treatment regimes. Furthermore, there remains intense debate about the cellular origins, precursor lesions, and histological classification of the disease. With so many unknowns, it is perhaps not surprising that progress in reducing mortality in women diagnosed with ovarian cancer has been so limited.
Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus
Authors: Kathy Hancock, Vic Veguilla, Xiuhua Lu, Weimin Zhong, Eboneé N. Butler, Hong Sun, Feng Liu, Libo Dong, Joshua R. DeVos, Paul M. Gargiullo, T. Lynnette Brammer, Nancy J. Cox, Terrence M. Tumpey, Jacqueline M. Katz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A new pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus has emerged, causing illness globally, primarily in younger age groups. To assess the level of preexisting immunity in humans and to evaluate seasonal vaccine strategies, we measured the antibody response to the pandemic virus resulting from previous influenza infection or vaccination in different age groups.Using a microneutralization assay, we measured cross-reactive antibodies to pandemic H1N1 virus (2009 H1N1) in stored serum samples from persons who either donated blood or were vaccinated with recent seasonal or 1976 swine influenza vaccines.A total of 4 of 107 persons (4%) who were born after 1980 had preexisting cross-reactive antibody titers of 40 or more against 2009 H1N1, whereas 39 of 115 persons (34%) born before 1950 had titers of 80 or more. Vaccination with seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines resulted in an increase in the level of cross-reactive antibody to 2009 H1N1 by a factor of four or more in none of 55 children between the ages of 6 months and 9 years, in 12 to 22% of 231 adults between the ages of 18 and 64 years, and in 5% or less of 113 adults 60 years of age or older. Seasonal vaccines that were formulated with adjuvant did not further enhance cross-reactive antibody responses. Vaccination with the A/New Jersey/1976 swine influenza vaccine substantially boosted cross-reactive antibodies to 2009 H1N1 in adults.Vaccination with recent seasonal nonadjuvanted or adjuvanted influenza vaccines induced little or no cross-reactive antibody response to 2009 H1N1 in any age group. Persons under the age of 30 years had little evidence of cross-reactive antibodies to the pandemic virus. However, a proportion of older adults had preexisting cross-reactive antibodies.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Steven E. Lipshultz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

In this issue of the Journal, Barbaro and colleagues present the results of a large, prospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.1 This study confirms the frequency of dilated cardiomyopathy in HIV-infected patients and demonstrates high rates of immunologic and infectious heart disease. Cardiovascular abnormalities are common in HIV-infected patients,27 are often difficult to diagnose clinically, and are frequently attributed incorrectly to dysfunction in other organ systems. If these abnormalities are diagnosed early through screening, preventive and therapeutic strategies for progressive left ventricular dysfunction can be applied.6 Dilated cardiomyopathy in HIV-infected patients is . . .
Physiology and Molecular Genetics of Mutations that Increase Ovulation Rate in Sheep
Authors: G. W. MONTGOMERY, K. P. McNATTY, G. H. Davis
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1992)

VARIATION in litter size in sheep is controlled by both genetic and environmental factors. Most breeds of domestic sheep have one or two lambs at each lambing, although a small number of breeds, including the Booroola Merino, Cambridge, D'Man, Finnish Landrace, and Romanov, consistently have litter sizes of three or more (see Ref. 1). Attempts to increase litter size by selection within a breed result in slow progress because the heritability of litter size is low (2). Therefore, the discovery of major genes (or mutations) with large effects on ovulation rate, and thus litter size, has generated considerable interest among sheep breeders and scientists. The major gene (FecB) in the Booroola Merino breed was first postulated in 1980 (3). Since then, the search for other mutations influencing reproduction in sheep has intensified, and a number have been proposed (4–8). As an alternative to the slow progress achieved by selection for litter size, these mutations allow more rapid progress by introgression into other breeds. Back-crossing of the FecB gene into a number of breeds is now in progress (9).
LITHOTOMY AFTER PARTIALLY SUCCESSFUL CLOSURE OF EXSTROPHY OF THE BLADDER—SUBSEQUENT CONSTRUCTION OF A PERINEAL URETHRA FROM SCROTAL TISSUE.Read before the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery, Nov. 5, 1894.
Authors: JOHN B. ROBERTS
Journal: JAMA (1895)

In March, 1893, a child, aged 8 years, with exstrophy of the bladder, was brought to me at the Polyclinic Hospital for treatment. The mother told me that when 3 or 4 years old he had been operated on at the Children's Hospital. It was evident that some improvement in the condition had been made by this early operation, because the posterior wall of the bladder did not protrude, as is often the case, but formed a rather shallow cup at the base of the rudimentary penis. The flaps had evidently been taken from the surface above the congenital defect and at its two sides, as in Wood's operation, for the cicatrices in these regions were apparent. The urine ran from the bladder over the penis and scrotum, and also escaped from linear sinuses along the top and sides of the thickened tissue which closed the upper portion of the
Channel "selectivity" and evolution Has evolutionary pressure and natural selection provided the ATP sensitive potassium channel in the myocardium as an endogenous protection against ischaemic heart disease?
Authors: M. J Shattock
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

Journal Article Channel "selectivity" and evolution Has evolutionary pressure and natural selection provided the ATP sensitive potassium channel in the myocardium as an endogenous protection against ischaemic heart disease? Get access Michael J Shattock Michael J Shattock Cardiovascular Research, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom: M J Shattock Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 26, Issue 11, November 1992, Pages 1153–1154, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/26.11.1153 Published: 01 November 1992
Therapeutic abortion. The experience of San Mateo County General Hospital and the State of California
Authors: P. B. Thurstone
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The first annual report after enactment of the new liberalized abortion law in California shows that a total of 91% of the 4,291 applicants for therapeutic abortion were approved; a total of 3,775 therapeutic abortions were performed. The overall incidence of therapeutic abortions to live births was 11.2:1,000. Psychiatric indications accounted for 86% of the abortions performed. An analysis of the experience at San Mateo County General Hospital is presented to review indications, methods, and complications.
Serial Renal Dynamic Scintigraphy in Evaluation of Renal Function in Patient with Bilateral Wilms??? Tumors
Authors: Madhavi Chawla, Chandrashekar N, Sandeep Agarwala, Shamim Ahmed Shamim, Arun Gupta, Gurupad Bandopadhyaya, Arun Malhotra, Rakesh Kumar
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Serial renal dynamic scans (RDS) were performed in a child with bilateral Wilms’ tumor to assess renal function. Baseline RDS, apart from detecting the tumors as large photopenic areas in the renal fossae, revealed well preserved function in the upper pole of the right kidney and non visualization of the left kidney. Left tumor enucleation was done. Follow-up RDS showed good radiotracer uptake suggestive of functioning parenchyma in the upper part of the left kidney that was not seen on the earlier scan. RDS was repeated after similar surgery on the right side, which also revealed good function and drainage. We conclude that RDS is a good modality to assess renal function after surgery in patients with Wilms’ tumor.