tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: A View for the Internist
Authors: Philip Raskin, Carlos Arauz-Pacheco
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

▪ Purpose: To review the status of surgical and medical therapy for diabetic retinopathy from the perspective of the non-ophthalmologist. ▪ Data Sources: Relevant English-language articles published from January 1981 to July 1991 were identified through MEDLINE. Other relevant articles were obtained from the authors' personal database. ▪ Study Selection: For the review of surgical treatment, large randomized, controlled trials were selected. For the review of medical treatment, randomized studies comparing intensive insulin treatment with conventional insulin therapy were selected, as were double-blind, randomized, controlled trials of aldose-reductase inhibitor therapy and antiplatelet therapy in patients with diabetic retinopathy. ▪ Data Extraction: Emphasis is on findings from large, multicenter, randomized, controlled studies. ▪ Data Synthesis: Surgery is effective in three clinical situations: Panretinal (scatter) photocoagulation is effective treatment for proliferative retinopathy that is likely to progress to severe visual loss, with such therapy resulting in a 50% to 60% decrease in the main outcome (visual acuity of 5/200 or less; focal photocoagulation decreases the incidence of deterioration of visual acuity by 60% in patients with clinically significant macular edema, but no benefit of photocoagulation has been shown in patients with mild-to-moderate background diabetic retinopathy; and vitrectomy is effective in improving visual acuity only in patients with severe, complicated proliferative retinopathy. Intensive insulin therapy has not been consistently effective in short-term studies with small numbers of subjects. Results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial should show whether intensive insulin therapy affects the course of diabetic complications. Aldose-reductase inhibitors have not shown efficacy in changing the course of diabetic retinopathy. Results of trials using antiplatelet agents are controversial. ▪ Conclusions: Current therapy of diabetic retinopathy is based on detection and surgical treatment of advanced lesions. Medical interventions that effectively halt the progression or prevent the development of diabetic retinopathy are needed.
Risk of pancreatic cancer after cholecystectomy: a cohort study in Sweden
Authors: W Ye
Journal: Gut (2001)

Although some experimental studies have indicated that cholecystectomy may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer, data from epidemiological studies are conflicting.We conducted a register based retrospective cohort study to explore the relationship between cholecystectomy and pancreatic cancer.The cohort included 87 263 men and 181 049 women with a documented cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis between 1965 and 1997.By record linkage to the nationwide and virtually complete registers of Cancer, Emigration, and Causes of Death, the cohort was followed up until the occurrence of any cancer, emigration, death, or the end of follow up, 31 December 1997, whichever came first. Relative risk was estimated by standardised incidence ratio (SIR) using the Swedish nationwide sex, age, and calendar year specific cancer incidence rates as reference.During the period of observation, 1053 cases of pancreatic cancer were found, among which 231 (22%) occurred within 12 months after operation. After excluding cases and person years accrued during the first two years of follow up, we observed a non-significant 6% excess risk for pancreatic cancer (95% confidence interval (CI) -2 to 14%). The relative risk did not increase with increasing follow up duration, with a SIR equal to 0.98 (95% CI 0.79-1.20) 20 years or more after operation. Patients with a comorbidity of diabetes or chronic pancreatitis had higher relative risks (SIR=1.79, 95% CI 1.39-2.28; SIR=3.17, 95% CI 1.37-6.24, respectively). After excluding patients with recorded diabetes or chronic pancreatitis, the relative risk was close to unity (SIR=1.01, 95% CI 0.94-1.09).Our findings do not support the hypothesis that cholecystectomy increases the subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer.
Comment on: Fraser et al. The Effects of Long-Term Oral Benfotiamine Supplementation on Peripheral Nerve Function and Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A 24-Month, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1095–1097
Authors: Dan Ziegler, Solomon Tesfaye, Peter Kempler
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Fraser et al. (1) reported that “high-dose benfotiamine (300 mg/day) supplementation over 24 months has no significant effects upon peripheral nerve function or soluble markers of inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes.” Although this conclusion may be correct based on these findings, the clinical relevance remains obscure in view of the questionable study design. According to the recent consensus statement of the Toronto Diabetic Neuropathy Expert Group (2), a possible diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) can be diagnosed if symptoms or signs of DSPN are present. In the case of probable DSPN, a combination of symptoms and signs of neuropathy is present. The authors state that among the patients included, 56% had …
Prediction of Germline Mutations and Cancer Risk in the Lynch Syndrome
Authors: Sining Chen, Wenyi Wang, Shing Lee, Khedoudja Nafa, Johanna Lee, Kathy Romans, Patrice Watson, Stephen B. Gruber, David Euhus, Kenneth W. Kinzler, Jeremy Jass, Steven Gallinger, Noralane M. Lindor, Graham Casey, Nathan Ellis, Francis M. Giardiello, Kenneth Offit, Giovanni Parmigiani, for the Colon Cancer Family Registry
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Identifying families at high risk for the Lynch syndrome (ie, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) is critical for both genetic counseling and cancer prevention. Current clinical guidelines are effective but limited by applicability and cost.To develop and validate a genetic counseling and risk prediction tool that estimates the probability of carrying a deleterious mutation in mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 and the probability of developing colorectal or endometrial cancer.External validation of the MMRpro model was conducted on 279 individuals from 226 clinic-based families in the United States, Canada, and Australia (referred between 1993-2005) by comparing model predictions with results of highly sensitive germline mutation detection techniques. MMRpro models the autosomal dominant inheritance of mismatch repair mutations, with parameters based on meta-analyses of the penetrance and prevalence of mutations and of the predictive values of tumor characteristics. The model's prediction is tailored to each individual's detailed family history information on colorectal and endometrial cancer and to tumor characteristics including microsatellite instability.Ability of MMRpro to correctly predict mutation carrier status, as measured by operating characteristics, calibration, and overall accuracy.In the independent validation, MMRpro provided a concordance index of 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.88) and a ratio of observed to predicted cases of 0.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.84-1.05). This results in higher accuracy than existing alternatives and current clinical guidelines.MMRpro is a broadly applicable, accurate prediction model that can contribute to current screening and genetic counseling practices in a high-risk population. It is more sensitive and more specific than existing clinical guidelines for identifying individuals who may benefit from MMR germline testing. It is applicable to individuals for whom tumor samples are not available and to individuals in whom germline testing finds no mutation.
The outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with In-Stentrestenosis who failed intracoronary radiation therapy
Authors: Andrew E Ajani, Ron Waksman, Edouard Cheneau, Dong-Hun Cha, Scott McGlynn, Marco Castagna, Rosanna C Chan, Lowell F Satler, Kenneth M Kent, Augusto D Pichard, Ellen Pinnow, Joe Lindsay
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
ABNORMAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY USING SPECT
Authors: L. Chang, K Garrett, K. Boone, J. Villanueva-Meyer, B. L Miller, T. Anderson, I Mena
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

Chang, L.; Garrett, K; Boone, K.; Villanueva-Meyer, J.; Miller, B. L; Anderson, T.; Mena, I Author Information
Phase I trial of rituximab, cladribine, and temsirolimus (RCT) for initial therapy of mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: D.J. Inwards, P.A. Fishkin, B.R. LaPlant, M.T. Drake, P.J. Kurtin, D.A. Nikcevich, D.B. Wender, B.S. Lair, T.E. Witzig
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Update of Statewide Newborn Screening Program for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) by T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles (TRECs)
Authors: J.M. Routes, W.J. Grossman, A. Kumar, J. Verbsky, C. Brokopp, R.H. Laessig, G. Hoffman, M.W. Baker
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Inverse relationship between plasma von Willebrand factor and soluble P selectin in patients with type 1 but not type 2 von Willebrand disease
Authors: A.D. Blann, I.C. Nitu‐Whalley, C.A. Lee, G.Y.H. Lip
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

P selectin is a component of endothelial Wiebel-Palade body membrane and platelet alpha granule membrane. Patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD) have low plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF). To examine the relationship between plasma P selectin and VWF, both were measured by ELISA in 38 patients with VWD and 40 controls. The patient had lower VWF (P < 0.001) but similar P selectin levels (P = 0.458). In 24 type 1 VWD patients, VWF and P selectin correlated inversely (P = 0.005) but in 14 type 2 VWD patients there was no correlation (P = 0.997). These data imply major differences in VWF/P-selectin regulation between types 1 and 2 VWD.
298 Spontaneous regression in murine hypersensitivity pneumonitis; lack of immunological tolerance
Authors: H. Takizawa, M. Suko, N. Kobayashi, S. Shoji, T. Horiuchi, K. Ohta, H. Okudaira, J. Shiga, T. Miyamoto
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1988)
Methylmercury Exposure and Neurotoxicity
Authors: Kathryn R. Mahaffey
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Exposure to high levels of methylmercury has produced fatalities and devastating neurological damage among adult survivors. 1 Severe cases of in utero methylmercury poisoning strongly resemble cerebral palsy and are often accompanied by deafness and mental retardation. 1,2 In addition, clinically evident cases of neurological damage have occurred among infants born to mothers whose own symptoms were often only transient paresthesias. Consequently, the fetus is considered much more sensitive to methylmercury exposure than is the adult. See also p 701. Although recognizing clinically evident symptoms is relatively straightforward, determining levels of in utero methylmercury exposures associated with the onset of toxic responses in infants and children is a much more complex problem. In this issue of THE JOURNAL, Davidson et al 3 present findings from a cohort in the Republic of Seychelles that indicate consumption of methylmercury from fish did not produce developmental deficits among children exposed both in utero and postnatally to methylmercury. Developmental status among the Seychellois was assessed by traditional indices of child development (among others, the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement and the General Cognitive Index of the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities). In the Seychellois cohort, mean maternal hair mercury concentrations during pregnancy were 6.8 ppm (SD, 4.5; range, ,3-26.7 ppm). Davidson et al have responded to the need to evaluate effects of long-term, low-level methylmercury exposures and suggest that the Seychellois data can be used to support efforts to define an upper tolerable level for methylmercury in hair. The most direct comparison with the Seychellois data is the longitudinal assessment of children from a seafood (mostly pilot whales)‐consuming population in the Faroe Islands. 4
A hierarchy of intrinsic timescales across primate cortex
Authors: John D Murray, Alberto Bernacchia, David J Freedman, Ranulfo Romo, Jonathan D Wallis, Xinying Cai, Camillo Padoa-Schioppa, Tatiana Pasternak, Hyojung Seo, Daeyeol Lee, Xiao-Jing Wang
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2014)
Modulation of histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation as an antifungal therapeutic strategy
Authors: Hugo Wurtele, Sarah Tsao, Guylaine Lépine, Alaka Mullick, Jessy Tremblay, Paul Drogaris, Eun-Hye Lee, Pierre Thibault, Alain Verreault, Martine Raymond
Journal: Nature Medicine (2010)
A new approach to managing intraductal papillary mucinous pancreatic neoplasms
Authors: P. Ghaneh, J. Neoptolemos
Journal: Gut (2007)

Progress in the diagnosis and management plan for this pancreatic neoplasm

A large prospective study by Salvia et al 1 published in this issue of Gut shows that a follow-up protocol for branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) appears feasible and safe ( see page 1086 ). IPMNs of the pancreas were originally described in a number of case reports and short series of patients in the early 1990s,2,3 and mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas had been reported in the 1980s.4–6 In 1996 the World Health Organisation (WHO) revised the criteria for the pathological diagnosis of IPMN,7 thus allowing the differentiation of IPMN from other mucinous/cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. This meant that a number of “different” neoplasms could now come under the single diagnostic umbrella of IPMN (table 1).

View this table:

 Table 1  
 Classification and characteristics of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs)



The apparent incidence of IPMN has increased dramatically over the past 10–15 years and now represents up to 10–20% of the pancreatic resection workload of specialist units.8 This is due in part to improved imaging techniques, greater recognition of this clinicopathological entity and a larger number of asymptomatic patients undergoing cross-sectional imaging.9

Histologically, IPMNs progress along a pathway from adenoma to borderline IPMN with dysplasia to IPMN with carcinoma in situ and eventually to invasive carcinoma. It is not always possible to differentiate high-grade and low-grade lesions on imaging alone, and the time to progression is not known. The association of IPMNs (particularly the gastric type variant) with the precursor lesions of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma known as pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasms (PanINs) or PanIN-like lesions may provide further information concerning their development.10,11 Molecular analysis may provide biomarkers of disease progression in the near future with further follow-up of patients with characterised lesions. The …
Recurrent Febrile Episodes and Lymphedema
Authors: Edward A. Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Infection persisting or arising in the course of lymphedema is a serious complication. The isolation of responsible bacteria and the extended use of antibiotics lead to effective control and some diminution in swelling. Amputation of one elephantiasic limb was required for final control. In a second group, often named "pseudoerysipelas," with or without lymphedema, recurrent inflammation and fever are present but bacteria cannot be isolated. While infection is not ruled out, an immune response to microorganisms is suggested by a usually low white blood cell count and the variety of lesions seen in the few biopsies performed. Further attacks have sometimes been prevented by eradicating portals of entry in the feet.
Reasons for not seeing drug representatives
Authors: D. Griffith
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Many doctors— both hospital doctors1 and general practitioners2 — feel that their workloads are increasing. There is a sense that we are being overwhelmed by a multitude of calls on our time, fitting in management and administration, continuing medical education, teaching, audit, and appraisals over and above our basic clinical work. Why then do so many doctors still find time to see drug company representatives?

Most doctors still see them regularly and a few (perhaps about 10%) see them quite often (M Butterfield, personal communication: unpublished data from BMJ readers). Lexchin noted that representatives have traditionally been seen as the most important source of information about new drugs.3 4 There may have been a time when representatives were the easiest source for finding out about pharmaceutical developments, but now there is ready access to a plethora of non-promotional, evidence based information in simple and digestible form on all the major therapeutic advances. Drug information departments additionally supply detailed advice on such matters as …
Biochemistry of the Renal Glomerular Basement Membrane and Its Alterations in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Philip R. Steinmetz, Christine Balko, Robert G. Spiro
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

ALTHOUGH 50 years have passed since the discovery of insulin, large gaps remain in the understanding of diabetes mellitus. The lack of knowledge is particularly evident when one considers the small-blood-vessel lesions of this disease, which, when affecting the kidney or the eye, represent a serious threat to the life and well-being of the patient and a great challenge to the clinician.Knowledge about the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy is essential to provide a basis for rational treatment and prevention and to permit a sober evaluation of whether careful replacement therapy with insulin can achieve these desired results. Once the . . .
Nicotine Replacement for Smoking Cessation during Pregnancy
Authors: Cheryl Oncken
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of delivering a low-birth-weight or preterm infant, as well as the risks of pregnancy complications (premature rupture of membranes and placental abruption) and perinatal and infant death.1 Despite these risks, 10 to 12% of pregnant women in the United States2 and 6 to 22% of pregnant women in high-income countries3 smoke, making cigarette smoking a major modifiable cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes in high-income countries.Behavioral counseling is recommended for pregnant smokers, increasing quit rates in this population by 6% to 10% over usual care4,5; other than counseling, however, it is . . .
Language and life history: A new perspective on the development and evolution of human language
Authors: John L. Locke, Barry Bogin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

It has long been claimed that Homo sapiens is the only species that has language, but only recently has it been recognized that humans also have an unusual pattern of growth and development. Social mammals have two stages of pre-adult development: infancy and juvenility. Humans have two additional prolonged and pronounced life history stages: childhood , an interval of four years extending between infancy and the juvenile period that follows, and adolescence , a stage of about eight years that stretches from juvenility to adulthood. We begin by reviewing the primary biological and linguistic changes occurring in each of the four pre-adult ontogenetic stages in human life history. Then we attempt to trace the evolution of childhood and juvenility in our hominin ancestors. We propose that several different forms of selection applied in infancy and childhood; and that, in adolescence, elaborated vocal behaviors played a role in courtship and intrasexual competition, enhancing fitness and ultimately integrating performative and pragmatic skills with linguistic knowledge in a broad faculty of language. A theoretical consequence of our proposal is that fossil evidence of the uniquely human stages may be used, with other findings, to date the emergence of language. If important aspects of language cannot appear until sexual maturity, as we propose, then a second consequence is that the development of language requires the whole of modern human ontogeny. Our life history model thus offers new ways of investigating, and thinking about, the evolution, development, and ultimately the nature of human language.
Tetany associated with Muco-Membranous Colitis and Phthisis
Authors: H. Hyslop-Thomson
Journal: BMJ (1904)

TETANY and muco-membranous colitis are somewhat rare conditions, and the occurrence of both in a phthisical person at the same time, the one obviously dependent upon the other, renders the case about to be described worthy of being placed on record.E. T., female,, aged 21, and employed as a packer in a con- fectitnery, was admitted into the consumption hospital at Bridge of Weir on March 2ISt, I903, with a history of dough, with expectoration, loss of flesh and appetite, and some' loss of strength of eight months' duration.
Abstract 14843: Human Alpha1a-Adrenergic Receptor Genetic Variant Triggers Hypertension Associated Signaling Pathway
Authors: Anush Oganesian, Irina Gradinaru, Maren Kleine-Brueggeney, Katya Babaeva, Debra A Schwinn
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Stress-induced hypertrophy, characterized by changes in the structure of myocardium and blood vessels, is mediated by a variety of extracellular stimuli including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ...
Next Step, If Any, Lies With NIH in Alleged Scientific Fraud; Nobelist Claims Vindication
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1992)

THE OFFICE of Research Integrity at the National Institutes of Health still may be heard from. But the federal government has decided not to attempt prosecution in one of the nation's most highly publicized recent situations of alleged scientific fraud. The US attorney involved says he will not seek a criminal indictment in connection with the allegations of falsifying research data and a government civil suit also seems unlikely now. Attempting to take the case to trial would involve addressing scientific issues with which a jury might be unqualified to deal, says Richard Bennett, the government's attorney for the Maryland federal court district. The matter involves the allegation that Thereza Imanishi-Kari, PhD, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass, manufactured data to support published findings (<i>Cell</i>. 1986;45:247-259). The situation has been widely publicized, in part because Nobelist David Baltimore, PhD, is one of the coauthors, but also because of congressional