tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Chinese
Authors: T. K. Chan, D. Todd, C. C. Wong
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Robb-Smith (1941) described the post-mortem findings in patients dying with gross lung fat embolism within the first 48 hours of injury.The lungs were heavy and voluminous, and the visceral pleura presented a marbled appearance from alternating zones of haemorrhage and emphysema.Frothy blood- stained fluid exuded from the cut surfaces, and microscopy showed congestion of the capillaries with zones of emphysema and intra-alveolar haemorrhage and oedema.The mechanism of these changes associated with embolism is not understood.According to Sevitt (1962) they are not mediated by lung emboli, and he regards the evidence as pointing to a central effect of the fat emboli on the brain-stem, rather than to a local effect in the lung capillaries.Whatever the cause of the pulmonary condition the lowered arterial oxygen saturation of the blood can be explained by a combination of pulmonary oedema, perfusion of underventilated alveoli, and a reduction in lung compliance.Treatment by I.P.P.R. with added oxygen was effective in the case reported here as demonstrated by the rapid disappearance of cyanosis and reduction in the amount of frothy sputum.We were unable to draw any definite conclusions as to the value of Rheomacrodex or hypothermia.We are grateful to Dr. A. Crampton Smith for his help in the clinical management of the case and for the preparation of this report.
Assessment of the lower limb, 2nd edn
Authors: C Rolf
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2004)

Edited by L M Merriman and W Turner. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2002, £39.99, pp 502, hardcover. ISBN 0443071128

The presentation and layout of the book is very nice and appealing. The content covers a broad range of lower limb disorders and stresses the importance of a thorough clinical examination to provide a correct clinical diagnosis. Important laboratory and other investigations that are essential are well outlined.

The book is targeted mainly at general practitioners, dermatologists, and podiatrists, although it could also be helpful for other physicians who treat problems related to the lower limb. With a broad base, it introduces the views of a variety of specialties. It is easy to read and grasp. This could be particularly beneficial to students as well as other paramedical staff. The first few pages have a coloured atlas mainly covering dermatology and vascular problems.

With the wide range of areas covered, this is not the book for a specialist seeking comprehensive details in that particular field. …
Worlds Apart-Reply
Authors: Joel D. Howell
Journal: JAMA (1987)

In Reply.—  We thank Dr Ellis for his supportive comments, although we should point out that internists have long recognized the imnortance of the ambulatory or, as Dr Ellis puts it, the vertical patient. 1 Perhaps the newly institutionalized discipline of general internal medicine will help medical educators clarify how best to teach physicians to practice all types of medicine in the outpatient setting.
First Postpacing Interval Variability During Right Ventricular Stimulation
Authors: Angel Arenal, Jesus Almendral, Julian Villacastin, Raimundo Morris, Eduardo Castellanos, Juan Luis Delcan
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Failure to differentiate supraventricular from ventricular arrhythmias is the most frequent cause of inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapies. Although a sudden-onset criterion is available to differentiate sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardias (SMVTs) and sinus tachycardias (STs), SMVTs arising during ST and SMVTs gradually accelerating above the cutoff rate can remain undetected. Regular paroxysmal atrial tachycardias (ATs) also can be undetected by onset and stability algorithms. We hypothesized that the first postpacing interval (FPPI) variability after overdrive right ventricular pacing may differentiate SMVTs from STs and ATs. Methods and Results —FPPI variability was measured in 23 SMVTs (cycle length [CL] 366±50 ms [VT group]), 27 supraventricular tachycardias, 15 episodes of induced or simulated ATs (CL 376±29 ms [AT group]), and 12 exercise-related STs (CL 381±24 [ST group]). Sequences of trains of 5, 10, and 15 beats were delivered with a CL 40 ms shorter than the tachycardia CL. An FPPI absolute mean difference between consecutive trains of 5 and 10 beats (ΔFPPI) ≤25 ms identified all VTs (mean difference 5±7 ms). In the AT group, the ΔFPPI was &gt;25 ms in all sequences (mean difference 129±60 ms, P &lt;0.01). In the ST group, the ΔFPPI was &gt;50 ms in all STs (mean difference 118±47 ms, P &lt;0.01). Conclusions —FPPI variability may differentiate SMVT from AT and ST. This criterion is potentially useful in implantable devices that use a single ventricular lead.
Anorexia nervosa in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Hiroyuki Suematsu, Tomifusa Kuboki, Etsuro Ogata
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1986)

Which is more important, hereditary factors or psychological environment factors, in the etiology of anorexia nervosa? The question is studied by considering 7 cases of anorexia nervosa in monozygotic twins of the authors' own practice. In 5 of 7 cases, only 1 of a set of twins was found to be suffering from anorexia nervosa. On the other hand, in 2 of 7 cases, both twins were diagnosed as having anorexia nervosa. Even in the concordant cases studied by the authors, however, the quality or degree of anorexia nervosa in each case was different. Therefore, even given the existence of concordant cases, without inquiring precisely into the quality or degree of anorexia nervosa, it is not possible to conclude that hereditary factors play a determining role in the etiology of anorexia nervosa.
Laughter Regulates Gene Expression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Takashi Hayashi, Osamu Urayama, Koichi Kawai, Keiko Hayashi, Shizuko Iwanaga, Masayuki Ohta, Toshiro Saito, Kazuo Murakami
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2005)

Positive emotions influence endocrinological and immunological response. This study examined the effect of laughter,as an expression of positive emotion, in terms of gene expression changes.Using a microarray technique, we analyzed the changes in expression of 18,716 genes from peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with type 2 diabetes, which were induced by laughter.Of the 18,716 genes, 23 genes showed significantly different expression changes after listening to the comic story compared to the lecture. Eight were relatively upregulated and 15 were downregulated 1.5 h after the laughing episode. However, these genes did not include genes that are directly involved in blood glucose metabolism. Among the 23 genes discriminated, all 4 genes encoding proteins involved in the immune response and all 4 signal transduction genes were downregulated. Moreover, it is noteworthy that 5 of the 8 relatively upregulated genes were related to the cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.We demonstrated that laughter, which is an expression of positive emotion, is linked to gene expression. However, the finding of this study does not allow reasonable interpretation for the regulation of gene expression by laughter. A more focused study is needed that may identify the candidate genes for the association between physical condition and positive emotion.
Rupture of the Right Ventricle
Authors: David B. Shires
Journal: JAMA (1968)

A rupture of the right ventricle was associated with isolated myocardial infarction of this ventricle. According to a review of the medical literature, this is a rare condition, most ruptures of the right ventricle either being traumatic in origin or following extensive infarction of the left ventricle or interventricular septum or both of the latter.
New Diphosphonates to Block Bone Resorption
Authors: Lawrence G. Raisz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Pathologic increases in bone resorption produce pain, fracture, hypercalcemia, and decreased bone mass in many disorders. In malignant diseases, particularly multiple myeloma and breast cancer, the ability of neoplastic cells to release factors that stimulate osteoclast resorption or direct resorption of bone not only produces symptoms but may also determine the localization and enhance the growth of the tumor. Thus, there is a need for safe and effective agents to block resorption. The usefulness of the agents currently available for this purpose is limited. Phosphate can produce soft-tissue calcification and secondary hyperparathyroidism, mithramycin is too cytotoxic for prolonged use, and . . .
Epidemiological Studies: A Practical Guide
Authors: S. M Gore
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Alan J Silman Cambridge University Press, £14.95, pp 175ISBN 0 521 43979 5

Written as a handbook for those who wish to do epidemiology to a standard sufficient for satisfying grant bodies, ethics committees, and editors, Epidemiological Studies stops short of data analysis. This is the province of statistics textbooks, Silman advises—which is true enough as long as neither grant bodies nor editors insist on explanation of the statistical methods by which epidemiologists reach a final regression-adjusted analysis.

Until they do so insist, there is a danger that …
THE DIAGNOSIS. OF CONDITIONS CAUSING BACKACHE
Authors: GEORGE F. STRAUB
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Backache is one of the commonest of complaints. Etiologically considered, it is one of the most difficult to deal with. The sufferer often wanders from physician to physician, from urologist to gynecologist, from surgeon to orthopedist, from osteopath to chiropractor. Drugs of all descriptions, patent and legitimate, are taken; applications, operations, manipulations are resorted to without avail. Like a good old creditor, the backache stays with the patient sufferer.  It is true that a certain percentage of the afflicted are cured or relieved by medical or surgical intervention; that in other cases backache yields to the chiropractic touch or the magic influence of science of some kind. But is it not also a fact that many of these poor patients come again and again to the physician's office, only to be considered a nuisance by the one who is unable to help them, often through his own fault? And is
Occupational Rituals in Patient Management
Authors: Charles L. Bosk
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Abstract The social practices surrounding diagnosis and management decisions are analyzed from a sociological perspective as occupational rituals. These rituals are part of rounds and conferences, and they assist physicians in managing uncertainty, making treatment decisions, and evaluating outcomes. Physicians use eight key strategies to manage uncertainty: hedged assertions, probability reasoning, a focus on uncertainty as a research problem, requests for consultations, Socratic teaching, deciding not to decide, gallows humor, and hyperrealism. Clinical experience and scientific evidence are used in treatment decisions. The manner in which decisions are made at rounds allows physicians to dramatize the seriousness with which they take their responsibilities to patients. Two major rituals for evaluating outcomes of treatment decisions, grand rounds and the mortality and morbidity conference, provide a forum for dramatizing success and failure, respectively. Occupational rituals allow physicians to discuss their problems. The capacity of modern medicine to process clinical data threatens to obviate these rituals. (N Engl J Med. 1980; 303: 71–6.)
Consultations do not have to be longer
Authors: L. Jenkins
Journal: BMJ (2002)

In our research into communica­tion between doctors and patients, we have
explored the extent to which patients' wants
are met in consultations in general practice.
On arrival at the practice, patients were
asked to complete a form indicating
whether they agreed or disagreed with a
number of statements about what they
wanted from their visit. They were subse­quently asked what they felt they had got
from the consultation, by using questions
adapted from the patient requests form.2
Data were collected from 243 patients (86%
response) seen by 18 general practitioners at
seven practices, providing a representative
range of general practitioners and practice
populations.
Methylprednisolone Therapy for Pulmonary Edema Following Near Drowning
Authors: Arnold Sladen
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Methylprednisolone sodium succinate was added to the currently accepted standard therapy for patients who had nearly drowned in fresh water. Resolution of the pulmonary edema with improvement in oxygenation and ventilation occurred. Prior to the introduction of steroid therapy, mortality had been high, but no deaths occurred following the addition of steroids.
Adult Endocardial Fibroelastosis Associated with Dextrocardia and Situs Inversus
Authors: FRANKLIN G. HOFFMAN
Journal: Circulation (1960)

The clinical and pathologic features of the first case of endocardial fibroelastosis in an adult, associated with dextrocardia and situs inversus, is reported. Difficulties in diagnosis are, evident. It is considered that the occurrence of this lesion in this patient is not, evidence of a congenital origin. Other intracardiac defects are rarely found associated with dextrocardia and situs inversus. The incidence of acquired heart disease in this group probably is no different from that in the general population. Endocardial fibroelastosis and its closely related entities in the adult may pose a difficult problem in differential diagnosis. The implications involved are realistic, since exploratory thoracotomy may be considered if constrictive pericarditis cannot be ruled out. This entity should be suspected in patients, particularly young adults, with progressive congestive failure where the etiology is obscure. Patients over 60 years of age with Stokes-Adams disease, in the absence of unequivocal evidence of arteriosclerotic heart disease or aortic stenosis, should also be suspected of having this entity. 33, 37 The frequent occurrence of thromboembolic episodes is more often associated with endocardial fibroelastosis than with other entities. Efforts to arrive at a definite diagnosis should be made, and exploration advised when constrictive pericarditis cannot be ruled out. Unfortunately, cases of endocardial fibrosis, myocardial fibrosis, and probably similar entities comprising the constrictive syndrome, on occasion will be found at operation. 59 This difficulty may arise if constrictive pericarditis is associated with cardiomegaly.
Predictors of neonatal encephalopathy in full term infants
Authors: S. J Adamson, L. M Alessandri, N. Badawi, P. R Burton, P. J Pemberton, F. Stanley
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: Preliminary investigation of the contribution of adverse antepartum and intrapartum factors to neonatal encephalopathy in singleton neonates born full term. <b>Design</b>: Matched case-control study based on incidence density sampling of controls. <b>Setting</b>: Two major teaching hospitals (one paediatric and one obstetric) and three peripheral maternity hospitals in Perth, Western Australia (population 1.2 million). <b>Subjects</b>: 89 cases, all the full term singleton neonates born during an eight month period in 1992 who fulfilled one or more of six criteria during the first week of life (seizures, abnormal conscious state, persistent hypertonia or hypotonia, and feeding or respiratory difficulties of central origin). One full term control infant without neonatal encephalopathy was matched to each case by sex, hospital of delivery, time of day and day of the week of birth, and maternal health insurance status. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Odds ratio estimates of relative risk of neonatal encephalopathy associated with antepartum and intrapartum factors. <b>Results</b>: Estimated incidence of moderate or severe encephalopathy in first week of life was 3.75 per 1000 full term live births. Thirteen cases and no controls had evidence suggestive of important intrapartum hypoxia, and in only five of these cases was the neurological condition at birth attributed to events during the intrapartum period. Univariate conditional logistic regression analysis identified significant differences between cases and controls for maternal vaginal bleeding in pregnancy, maternal thyroxine treatment, congenital abnormalities, induction of labour, interval from membrane rupture to delivery, maternal pyrexia in labour, augmentation of labour, abnormal intrapartum cardiotocograms, and meconium in labour. Family history of convulsions also approached significance. <b>Conclusions</b>: Our preliminary results suggest that intrapartum hypoxia, according to currently used criteria, was not the cause of neonatal encephalopathy in most cases in this population. Our findings suggest that many aetiologies of neonatal encephalopathy originate in the antepartum period.
Arteriohepatic Dysplasia: A Benign Syndrome of Intrahepatic Cholestasis with Multiple Organ Involvement
Authors: CAROLINE A. RIELY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Arteriohepatic dysplasia (Alagille's syndrome) is presumed to be one of the familial intrahepatic cholestatic syndromes, all of which present with neonatal jaundice or failure to thrive, or both. We report the findings in five patients with this syndrome, four of whom have been followed into adulthood. In addition to hepatic dysfunction, patients had abnormalities of the cardiovascular system, eyes, bones, central nervous system, kidney, endocrine system, and habitus. Analysis of these cases allows a more complete characterization of this syndrome and shows that the cholestasis improves, although the abnormalities of the hands and face become more pronounced, with age. Patients with arteriohepatic dysplasia display the variability in expression seen in many autosomal-dominant conditions. New findings in the eye and spine provide markers specific for this syndrome and serve to differentiate it from other forms of cholestatic liver disease.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and the placenta: a systematic review of their in vitro effects and modulation by treatment
Authors: M. Tong, C.A. Viall, L.W. Chamley
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2014)

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are a family of auto-antibodies that are associated with an increased risk of recurrent miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth. The placenta is a major target of aPL and it is likely that these antibodies promote pregnancy morbidity by affecting trophoblast function. Numerous studies have investigated the effect of aPL on trophoblast function in vitro. However, different trophoblast models and a variety of culture conditions have been employed, resulting in a myriad of different reported findings. This review systematically summarized those published studies that have investigated the effect of aPL on trophoblast function in vitro. In addition, the reported effects of pharmacological treatment on trophoblast function in the presence of aPL were also systematically reviewed. PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords 'placenta OR trophoblast' AND 'antiphospholipid antibody OR antiphospholipid syndrome' up to 25 April 2014. Studies were excluded based on the absence of appropriate controls. The effects of aPL on trophoblast proliferation, death, syncytialization, invasion, hormone production, cytokine production, coagulation and complement activation were recorded. The effects of different treatments on the function of trophoblasts in the presence of aPL were also recorded. A total of 1071 records were retrieved from the four databases. After removing duplicates, the titles and abstracts of 529 articles were reviewed. Of those, 48 articles were read and relevant experimental results were extracted from 47 articles. This systematic review provides an overview of all the studies performed to date on the effects of aPL on trophoblast function in vitro. There is considerable support for aPL decreasing trophoblast viability, syncytialization and invasion in vitro. Some work has also suggested that aPL may affect the production of hormones and signalling molecules by trophoblasts, and may stimulate coagulation and complement activation in vitro. Current reports of the in vitro effects of therapeutic treatments on trophoblast function in the presence of aPL are inconclusive. This systematic review has highlighted many gaps in our knowledge of how aPL work and may direct future research in this area.
Ophthalmic Casualties resulting from Air Raids
Authors: D. R. Campbell
Journal: BMJ (1941)

We are now becoming familiar with the types of ocular injury which result from air raids.They usually occur in conjunction with other injuries and are regarded as of secondary importance, particularly during the first few days of treatment.I have had the experience of preparing anl ophthalmic hospital wliich was closed again before any emergency arose, and of startiiig from " scratch " imnmedi ately after a big air raid in a hospital unequipped for ophthalmic work.It has shown me that an ophthialmic hospital as such is impracticable except for protracted cases, and that the ophthalmic surgeon must be prepared to take
Metro Nature, Environmental Health, and Economic Value
Authors: Kathleen L. Wolf, Alicia S.T. Robbins
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2015)

BackgroundNearly 40 years of research provides an extensive body of evidence about human health, well-being, and improved function benefits associated with experiences of nearby nature in cities.ObjectivesWe demonstrate the numerous opportunities for future research efforts that link metro nature, human health and well-being outcomes, and economic values.MethodsWe reviewed the literature on urban nature-based health and well-being benefits. In this review, we provide a classification schematic and propose potential economic values associated with metro nature services.DiscussionEconomic valuation of benefits derived from urban green systems has largely been undertaken in the fields of environmental and natural resource economics, but studies have not typically addressed health outcomes. Urban trees, parks, gardens, open spaces, and other nearby nature elements—collectively termed metro nature—generate many positive externalities that have been largely overlooked in urban economics and policy. Here, we present a range of health benefits, including benefit context and beneficiaries. Although the understanding of these benefits is not yet consistently expressed, and although it is likely that attempts to link urban ecosystem services and economic values will not include all expressions of cultural or social value, the development of new interdisciplinary approaches that integrate environmental health and economic disciplines are greatly needed.ConclusionsMetro nature provides diverse and substantial benefits to human populations in cities. In this review, we begin to address the need for development of valuation methodologies and new approaches to understanding the potential economic outcomes of these benefits.CitationWolf KL, Robbins AS. 2015. Metro nature, environmental health, and economic value. Environ Health Perspect 123:390–398; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408216