tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Pyelonephritis by Water Diuresis: Evidence for the Role of Medullary Hypertonicity in Promoting Renal Infection *
Authors: Vincent T. Andriole, Franklin H. Epstein
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1965)

The medulla of the kidney is much more susceptible to infection than the cortex (1-5).The unique vulnerability of the renal medulla has been ascribed in the past to its anatomical location (6), to its relatively poor circulation (7), and to its chemical composition, in particular to its content of ammonia and ammonia-producing enzymes that inhibit the action of complement (8).The present experiments suggest that the susceptibility of the medulla to infection is determined at least in part by another of its properties, namely, its habitual hypertonicity.A simple method for inducing chronic water diuresis in rats has provided a model for studying many aspects of experimental pyelonephritis.Renal in- fection in rats can be prevented by decreasing the normally hypertonic environment of the renal medulla through sustained water diuresis. MethodsAnimals.White female Sprague-Dawley strain rats, weighing 150 to 200 g were used.Animals were weighed on the first and last days of each experiment.All animals were fed Purina lab chow pellets and tap water ad libitum.Water diuresis.Chronic water diuresis was induced in rats by the simple method of adding 5%o glucose to their drinking water.The volume of fluid intake and *
Craig Claiborne's Gourmet Diet
Authors: Elizabeth F. Crown
Journal: JAMA (1980)

After writing 13 gourmet cookbooks and serving for years as a food and restaurant critic for<i>The New York Times</i>, Craig Claiborne was instructed by his physician to eliminate salt and modified sugars and fats from his diet. For most saltloving Americans, this would be, as Claiborne describes it, akin to being placed in a "gastronomic straitjacket." Claiborne was a confirmed salt "addict" since childhood, and for 18 years had been treated for hypertension and high blood cholesterol levels. He suffered from edema of the hands and feet and unquenchable thirst. Undaunted by the prospects of lifetime low-sodium dieting, Claiborne, with the help of his friend, chef Pierre Franey, worked out 200 lowsodium, low-cholesterol recipes. Many of these foods are also low in calories. After some weeks on his new diet, which restricted sodium intake and reduced the amount of fats, sugars, high-cholesterol foods, and alcohol, Claiborne lost 20 lb,
Cost of US soldiers' health care could reach $650bn
Authors: Bob Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2007)

the consultant pathologist whose failure to disclose the results of micro biological tests on one of Sally Clark's two baby sons led to the quashing of her murder convictions, lost his High Court appeal last week against a finding of serious professional misconduct.Mrs Clark was convicted in 1999 of kill ing babies Christopher and Harry but was cleared on appeal in 2003 after spending three and a half years in prison.She died earlier this year at the age of 42.A coroner ruled this week that the cause of her death was acute alcohol intoxication.A General Medical Council fitness to practise panel found Dr Williams, aged 58, guilty of serious professional misconduct in 2005 for not disclosing the results of tests on her second son, Harry, at or before her trial.Dr Williams was banned from doing Home Office forensic pathology or coro ners' work for three years, although he was allowed to continue working as a consult ant histopathologist at Macclesfield General Hospital, in Cheshire.His lawyers appealed on a range of issues, including delays in bringing his case before the GMC.But Mr Justice Davis ruled last week, "In my judg ment this appeal fails on essentially every ground advanced.There was no procedural unfairness giving rise to injustice; nor were the findings and conclusions of the panel wrong."Mrs Clark was cleared after a second appeal, when previously unreported micro biological results came to light.They showed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus at eight sites of the baby's body, including cerebro spinal fluid, raising the possibility that Harry died from natural causes.Dr Williams told the GMC panel that he had not considered the tests to be relevant and that if the defence had wished to see them, they should have asked for them. Court upholds GMC decision over Sally Clark case pathologistUK NEWS Charity warns of proposed restrictions to asylum seekers' access to care, p 1012 World NEWS �erck to pay ���n in rofeco�i� claims, p 1011 �erck to pay ���n in rofeco�i� claims, p 1011 , p 1011 �mj.com �o�ernment may lea�e some patients out of 1�� week tar�et �o�ernment may lea�e some patients out of 1�� week tar�et
Postlithotripsy Ureteroileal Communication Identified on Tc-99m Ethylene Dicysteine Renal Scintigraphy
Authors: Anish Bhattacharya, Bhagwant Rai Mittal, Baljinder Singh
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is the treatment of choice for most ureteric calculi, with a success rate of 90% to 98% and a generally low risk of complications. Radionuclide imaging may occasionally reveal unsuspected renal obstruction or functional impairment after ESWL. The authors describe a ureteroileal communication identified on Tc-99m ethylene dicysteine single photon emission computed tomographic renal scintigraphy performed on a patient who developed post-ESWL hydronephrosis and renal failure.
Family Presence during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Patricia Jabre, Vanessa Belpomme, Elie Azoulay, Line Jacob, Lionel Bertrand, Frederic Lapostolle, Karim Tazarourte, Guillem Bouilleau, Virginie Pinaud, Claire Broche, Domitille Normand, Thierry Baubet, Agnes Ricard-Hibon, Jacques Istria, Alexandra Beltramini, Armelle Alheritiere, Nathalie Assez, Lionel Nace, Benoit Vivien, Laurent Turi, Stephane Launay, Michel Desmaizieres, Stephen W. Borron, Eric Vicaut, Frederic Adnet
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

The effect of family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the family members themselves and the medical team remains controversial.We enrolled 570 relatives of patients who were in cardiac arrest and were given CPR by 15 prehospital emergency medical service units. The units were randomly assigned either to systematically offer the family member the opportunity to observe CPR (intervention group) or to follow standard practice regarding family presence (control group). The primary end point was the proportion of relatives with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related symptoms on day 90. Secondary end points included the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms and the effect of family presence on medical efforts at resuscitation, the well-being of the health care team, and the occurrence of medicolegal claims.In the intervention group, 211 of 266 relatives (79%) witnessed CPR, as compared with 131 of 304 relatives (43%) in the control group. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the frequency of PTSD-related symptoms was significantly higher in the control group than in the intervention group (adjusted odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 2.5; P=0.004) and among family members who did not witness CPR than among those who did (adjusted odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.5; P=0.02). Relatives who did not witness CPR had symptoms of anxiety and depression more frequently than those who did witness CPR. Family-witnessed CPR did not affect resuscitation characteristics, patient survival, or the level of emotional stress in the medical team and did not result in medicolegal claims.Family presence during CPR was associated with positive results on psychological variables and did not interfere with medical efforts, increase stress in the health care team, or result in medicolegal conflicts. (Funded by Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique 2008 of the French Ministry of Health; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01009606.).
Environmental tobacco smoke and health in the elderly
Authors: M.S. Jaakkola
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

The aims of this article are to synthesize the evidence on health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the elderly and to discuss questions for future research. Health effects are divided into aetiological and prognostic studies. There is convincing evidence that ETS causes lung cancer and coronary heart disease, both of which are diseases of the elderly. Several cross-sectional studies show increased occurrence of chronic respiratory symptoms and deficits in ventilatory lung function in relation to ETS exposure at home and/or at work. A limited number of studies have found significant relations between ETS exposure and asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumococcal infections and stroke in the elderly. Longitudinal studies are needed before any definite conclusions can be made concerning ETS and noncarcinogenic respiratory diseases in the elderly. The potential role of environmental tobacco smoke exposure as a prognostic factor determining development of a pre-existing respiratory or heart disease is an important new area for research.
Male Reproductive Health After Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Lisa B. Kenney, Laurie E. Cohen, Margarett Shnorhavorian, Monika L. Metzger, Barbara Lockart, Nobuko Hijiya, Eileen Duffey-Lind, Louis Constine, Daniel Green, Lillian Meacham
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

The majority of children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with cancer will become long-term survivors. Although cancer therapy is associated with many adverse effects, one of the primary concerns of young male cancer survivors is reproductive health. Future fertility is often the focus of concern; however, it must be recognized that all aspects of male health, including pubertal development, testosterone production, and sexual function, can be impaired by cancer therapy. Although pretreatment strategies to preserve reproductive health have been beneficial to some male patients, many survivors remain at risk for long-term reproductive complications. Understanding risk factors and monitoring the reproductive health of young male survivors are important aspects of follow-up care. The Children's Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer (COG-LTFU Guidelines) were created by the COG to provide recommendations for follow-up care of survivors at risk for long-term complications. The male health task force of the COG-LTFU Guidelines, composed of pediatric oncologists, endocrinologists, nurse practitioners, a urologist, and a radiation oncologist, is responsible for updating the COG-LTFU Guidelines every 2 years based on literature review and expert consensus. This review summarizes current task force recommendations for the assessment and management of male reproductive complications after treatment for childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers. Issues related to male health that are being investigated, but currently not included in the COG-LTFU Guidelines, are also discussed. Ongoing investigation will inform future COG-LTFU Guideline recommendations for follow-up care to improve health and quality of life for male survivors.
Predictability of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Michael Lesch, Richard F. Kehoe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

The observation made by Baum and associates1 and later confirmed by others,2 that in most instances sudden cardiac death is neither triggered by nor associated with acute myocardial infarction, defined a need to develop indexes predictive of sudden cardiac death. Identification of the sudden-death syndrome as an entity that is most commonly related to extensive coronary-artery disease and severe ventricular dysfunction3 rather than to acute myocardial infarction suggested a potential role for prophylactic antiarrhythmic therapy4 as well as the need for predictive clinical indexes.In 1977, the Journal published an article by Ruberman et al.,5 about which one of us . . .
Dietary Correction of Hypercholesterolemia in the Rabbit Normalizes Endothelial Superoxide Anion Production
Authors: Yuichi Ohara, Timothy E. Peterson, Hassan S. Sayegh, Romesh R. Subramanian, Josiah N. Wilcox, David G. Harrison
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background We have shown that hypercholesterolemia increases vascular superoxide anion (O 2 − ) production, which could be responsible for augmented inactivation of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor. We sought to determine whether this increased vascular O 2 − production is due to infiltration of macrophages into the intima and whether dietary treatment of hypercholesterolemia normalizes O 2 − production. Methods and Results A specific and sensitive assay for O 2 − based on chemiluminescence of lucigenin was used; the amount of O 2 − produced by vascular ring segments was quantified based on known quantities of O 2 − produced by xanthine–xanthine oxidase standards. O 2 − production of aortic segments from normal rabbits (n=9), cholesterol-fed rabbits (1% cholesterol diet for 1 month, n=7), and rabbits fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 1 month followed by a normal diet for 1 month (regression rabbits, n=5) was measured. At the end of these diets, serum cholesterol levels were 1.5±0.2, 26.0±3.9, and 1.8±0.5 mmol/L (58±6, 1000±150, and 71±19 mg/dL) in the normal, cholesterol-fed, and regression animals, respectively. Vessels from normal rabbits with endothelium produced 0.32±0.06 nmol O 2 − /mg dry wt per minute, whereas those without endothelium produced approximately twice as much O 2 − (0.66±0.12 nmol O 2 − mg dry wt per minute. Vessels with endothelium from cholesterol-fed rabbits produced 4.5-fold more O 2 − than vessels from normal animals. This increased production of O 2 − was normalized by endothelial removal. This increased production of O 2 − was not due to infiltration of macrophages in the intima, because there was no correlation between vascular O 2 − production and macrophage infiltration assessed by immunohistochemistry with use of a specific antibody against rabbit macrophage. O 2 − production by vessels from regression rabbits was similar to that observed in normal animals, and as in the normal rabbits, endothelial removal increased O 2 − production. Aortic rings from these animals also were studied in organ chambers. Dietary lowering of cholesterol dramatically improved vasodilator responses to acetylcholine and A23187 ( P &lt;.05 versus cholesterol-fed rabbits). Conclusions Dietary lowering of cholesterol not only improves endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation but also normalizes endothelial O 2 − production. Decreases of O 2 − production by dietary lowering of cholesterol not only may improve vasomotor control but also may improve other aspects of vascular integrity in atherosclerosis.
Diagnosis of Metastatic Liver Cancer
Authors: Edward B. Silberstein
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The study by Tempero et al (1982;248:1329) comparing the sensitivity and specificity of the liver scan and biochemical liver tests was carefully performed with only minor drawbacks. One of these is the failure of the authors to indicate the technique for liver imaging, specifically the number of views obtained and the number of counts or information density they sought. An inherent problem is the findings from liver biopsy or biopsies that remain normal in the face of cancer detected by other means. The sensitivity of multiple liver biopsies has not been shown to exceed 82% except in one study, averaging about 70%.<sup>1,2</sup> My only major argument with the authors is their contention that screening for hepatic metastases is best accomplished with liver function tests while the liver scan should be used only when these test results are abnormal. Having seen two cases with notably abnormal scans
THE INFLUENCE OF HEART RATE ON LEFT VENTRICULAR VOLUME IN DOGS*
Authors: J. David Bristow, Richard E. Ferguson, Fredric Mintz, Elliot Rapaport
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1963)

The effects of changes in heart rate must be understood before ventricular performance can be evaluated in studies of the response to drugs, injury, or abnormal circulatory states. This report describes the effects of sudden changes in heart rate on the stroke, end-systolic, and enddiastolic volume of the canine left ventricle. The ventricular volumes were measured by thermodilution, an indicator dilution method in which in
Physiology in the University College of Medicine.
Authors: George W. Webster
Journal: JAMA (1903)

No." If such instances occur they are the exception, not the rule, and are then due to a peculiar psycho¬ logic state of the individual.Consumptives as a class are grateful to their friends, physicians and nurses and devoted to their families.At the beginning of the disease, it is true, a decided irritability may often be noticed, with a dislike or indifference to pleasure or work; but beyond this no distinct psychologic changes can be observed.Many consumptives are very sanguine about the outcome of their disease, others are depressed, some totally indifferent.Even
Factors associated with progression to surgery in Crohn’s disease patients with endoscopic stricture
Authors: Ren Mao, Bai-li Chen, Yao He, Yi Cui, Zhi-rong Zeng, Min-hu Chen
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

<b>Background and study aims:</b> Early intensive therapy should be considered for Crohn's disease patients at high risk of surgery. Factors associated with the development of intestinal strictures or obstructions in Crohn's disease were explored. The aim of our study was to identify risk factors predictive of subsequent surgery in patients with endoscopically identified stricture. <b>Patients and methods:</b> In this case-control study, 86 patients with established Crohn's disease and endoscopic strictures between 2003 and 2012 were divided into two homogeneous arms: surgery group and control group. The primary outcome was surgery. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate risk factors associated with subsequent surgery. <b>Results:</b> 33 of 86 patients (38.4 %) underwent stricture-related surgery during follow-up. The cumulative rates for surgery were 15.1 %, 19.8 %, 23.3 %, 30.2 %, and 38.4 % at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 36 months, respectively. Independent risk factors associated with subsequent surgery in Crohn's disease patients with endoscopic strictures were: smoking (hazard ratio [HR] 5.49, 95 % confidence interval [95 %CI] 2.32 – 13.02; <i>P</i> = 0.000); disease duration at first detection of stricture less than 3 years (HR 3.89, 95 %CI 1.6 – 9.5; <i>P</i> = 0.003); presence of obstructed bowel symptoms (HR 2.68, 95 %CI, 1.24 – 5.78; <i>P</i> = 0.012) and Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) > 220 (HR 2.68, 95 %CI 1.22 – 5.90; <i>P</i> = 0.015). For patients with 3 and 4 risk factors, the positive predictive values for subsequent surgery were 0.73 and 1.00, respectively. <b>Conclusion:</b> For Crohn's disease patients with endoscopic stricture, factors predictive of subsequent surgery were smoking, disease duration at first detection of stricture less than 3 years, presence of obstructed bowel symptoms, and CDAI > 220.
Fundamental and Clinical Bone Physiology
Authors: Boy Frame
Journal: JAMA (1981)

During the past two decades, significant advances have been made in understanding clinical disorders with disturbed bone and mineral metabolism. This understanding has been a result of fundamental advances in both basic and applied knowledge. Urist and his distinguished colleagues have made a worthwhile contribution in recording many of these recent advances in this book on bone and mineral physiology. The book is for the serious student of bone and its diseases, and not for the beginner. There is some repetition and some unexplained omissions for a text with this title. For instance, phosphate metabolism is covered in a separate chapter, but no such prominence is given to calcium. While new advances in vitamin D are covered thoroughly, there is no such concentrated coverage of either parathyroid hormone or calcitonin. While this is not primarily a clinical textbook, a greater attempt to correlate basic bone and mineral physiology with clinical
Networks of Coactive Neurons in Developing Layer 1
Authors: Theodore H. Schwartz, Daniel Rabinowitz, Vivek Unni, Vikram S. Kumar, Diana K. Smetters, Areti Tsiola, Rafael Yuste
Journal: Neuron (1998)

Spontaneous neuronal activity plays an important role in the development of cortical circuitry, yet its spatio-temporal dynamics are poorly understood. Cajal-Retzius (CR) neurons in developing layer 1 are necessary for correct cortical lamination and are strategically located to coordinate early circuit activity. To characterize the spontaneous activity of CR and other layer 1 neurons during cortical development, we imaged calcium transients in populations of layer 1 neurons in hemispheres and slices from postnatal rat somato-sensory neocortex. The spontaneous activity in layer 1 had complex spatio-temporal patterns. Groups of non-CR cells showed synchronous activations and formed networks of correlated neurons superimposed in the same territory. Correlated activity among non-CR cells was mediated by a depolarizing effect of GABA and was modulated by glutamate, probably released by CR cells. Our findings demonstrate that developing layer 1 can sustain complex patterns of correlated activity and reveal a circuit mechanism that can mediate this patterned activity.
Marketing medicines through randomised controlled trials: the case of interferon
Authors: T. Pieters
Journal: BMJ (1998)

When it comes to clinical trials, few issues are simple.And many are controversial" wrote the Science correspondent Gary Taubes in 1995. 1 Taubes' dictum seems to be at odds with the public model of the randomised clinical trial as a most helpful tool to relieve medical practice of that most feared element known to scientists and regulators: subjectivity.Are most doctors and regulators who firmly believe in the randomised controlled trial as the key to an "evidence based medicine" mistaken?Given an ideal world without social, professional, and economic interests affecting judgments of the efficacy and risks of medical treatments, one might have answered "no."It is impossible, however, to conceive of such a trial taking place in a human vacuum.Conducting randomised controlled trials involves establishing links and commitments between many different individuals and organisations, including clinicians, laboratory researchers, patients and their families, regulators, and drug companies.In being shaped by the specific context of medical practice, clinical trials-even the most sophisticated randomised controlled trials-are not value-free measuring devices that objectively evaluate the efficacy of new treatments.Like any other medical device associated with our daily lives, randomised controlled trials incorporate the beliefs and ideas of the people who developed them and then are moulded by those implementing the methodology. 2I use here the story of interferon to illustrate the complexities surrounding the application of this supposedly value-free research methodology.Interviews referred to in the article were between myself and the person cited.