tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Elective Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation During High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention&lt;subtitle&gt;A Randomized Controlled Trial&lt;/subtitle&gt;
Authors: Divaka Perera, Rodney Stables, Martyn Thomas, Jean Booth, Michael Pitt, Daniel Blackman, Adam de Belder, Simon Redwood
Journal: JAMA (2010)

ERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INtervention (PCI) in patients with impaired left ventricular function can be associated with significant mortality and morbidity, particularly when a substantial proportion of viable myocardium is subtended by diseased coronary arteries. 1,2uch patients have diminished reserve to withstand the consequences of ischemia or arrhythmias that may occur during PCI and are at risk of entering a spiral of hemodynamic compromise, potentially culminating in cardiogenic shock or death.In these circumstances, vital hemodynamic support can be provided by an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP), which simultaneously augments coronary blood flow and decreases myocardial oxygen demand. 3,4ncreased understanding of the physiological benefits of counterpulsation and evidence of its efficacy in cardiogenic shock 5 have led to an expansion in the indications for IABP use.The Benchmark Registry showed that the most common reason for IABP insertion is to electively support patients who are hemodynamically stable at the outset but perceived to be at high risk of major complications during angiography or PCI.
Staphylococcus aureus Evades Lysozyme-Based Peptidoglycan Digestion that Links Phagocytosis, Inflammasome Activation, and IL-1β Secretion
Authors: Takahiro Shimada, Bong Goo Park, Andrea J. Wolf, Constantinos Brikos, Helen S. Goodridge, Courtney A. Becker, Christopher N. Reyes, Edward A. Miao, Alan Aderem, Friedrich Götz, George Y. Liu, David M. Underhill
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2010)
Significance tests: Necessary but not sufficient
Authors: Louis G. Tassinary
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Chow (1996) offers a reconceptualization of statistical significance that is reasoned and comprehensive. Despite a somewhat rough presentation, his arguments are compelling and deserve to be taken seriously by the scientific community. It is argued that his characterization of literal replication, types of research, effect size, and experimental control are in need of revision.
US paediatricians call for ban on tobacco advertising and limits on alcohol and drug advertising
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The American Academy of Pediatricians has called for a total ban on tobacco advertising in all media, limits on alcohol advertising, and limits on content related to tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs, and illegal drugs on television and in movies for children.

In a policy statement published on 27 September the academy said, “Two legal drugs—alcohol and tobacco—pose perhaps the greatest danger to children and teenagers. Both represent significant gateway drugs and are among the earliest drugs used by children and teenagers” ( Pediatrics doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1635).

The academy, which has 60 000 members, issued recommendations for paediatricians and called …
Risk factors for target non-attainment during empirical treatment with β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients
Authors: Jan J. De Waele, J. Lipman, M. Akova, M. Bassetti, G. Dimopoulos, M. Kaukonen, D. Koulenti, C. Martin, P. Montravers, J. Rello, A. Rhodes, A. A. Udy, T. Starr, S. C. Wallis, J. A. Roberts
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2014)
Case of Death from Intracranial Aneurism of the Left Internal Carotid Artery in a Boy Thirteen Years Old
Authors: J. Broadbent
Journal: BMJ (1876)

THEi recent discussion in the JOURNAL on the value of nitric acid in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease of the cervix uteri shows how constantly we are going over again and again the same ground in medicine and surgery, for want of knowing what has been done by those who have preceded us.The entire subject is discussed in all its bearings in my work on Uterine Zialamnmationt, the first editin-of which was published in I845, the second in I8 8, the and last in I86i (page 291).The following extra page 299 will illus- trate this fact.----The wi maybe employed when a more energetic caustic than the nitrate of silver is required are the acid nitrate of mercury, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulphuric acid.I have
ADVANCES IN OBSTETRICS DURING LAST HALF CENTURY.
Authors: A. H. HALBERSTADT
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The half century is just elapsing since, as a student, I attended my first case of labor, and as I have been engaged in the practice almost continuously to this time and conducted, to within a few years, as many parturitions as fall to the lot of most men, you would naturally suppose there could be no difficulty in selecting an original subject of interest for this paper, but in looking around for the advances of obstetrics in the multiplicity of experiences, I am surprised to find it not so easy, for while medicine and surgery have prodigiously advanced and therapeutics become almost revolutionized, obstetrics continues in the trend of a former half century, and beyond the introduction of necessity for asepsis, the use of anesthesia, and perhaps symphysiotomy in parturitions, gynecologists have captured in their new creations the scepter and left the practice proper quietly trudging on in the
Changes in permeability of articular cartilage in experimental lathyrism.
Authors: J J Aleo, A S Miller, N P Karmilowicz
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1969)

Articular cartilage does not contain blood vessels, the nutrition of chrondrocytes being derived mainly by diffusion of synovial fluid (Stockwell and Barnett, 1964; Ekholm, 1951).It has been demonstrated that the permeability of articular cartilage diminishes with ageing (Stockwell and Barnett, 1964; Tsaltsas and Kyriazis, 1967).This change has been attri- buted not only to the physical changes brought about by the passage of time, but also to modifica- tions of the chemical constituents of the matrix (Kaplan and Meyer, 1959).Verzar (1963), using mechanical and chemical means, suggested that one of the principal changes associated with ageing is the increase in cross-linking of collagen fibres.He interprets this to mean that there is an increase in the degree of maturation of this protein.Experi- mental lathyrism, on the other hand, is characterized by a lack in the degree of maturation of collagen.This has been demonstrated by an increase in lathyritic tissues of immature neutral salt-soluble collagen (Levene and Gross, 1959; Gross and Levene, 1959).On the basis of these observations, it has been suggested that experimental lathyrism is the apparent antithesis of ageing in connective tissue (Bickley, 1964).The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis, that lathyrism is indeed the antithesis of ageing, and to determine what implica- tions a change in cartilage permeability in experimental lathyrism might have on the pathogenesis of this disease.Material and Methods 51 male Swiss mice weighing 12-15 g. were used, eighteen as controls and 33 as experimental animals.The treated animals received a daily subcutaneous injection of 5-30 mg.buffered aminoacetonitrile sulphate
Heparins and Heparin Units
Authors: R. David Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  We read with interest Dr. Wilson's comments (227:481, 1974) concerning the comparable efficacy of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa and beef lung sources. A great deal of confusion about this drug shows that additional research is needed. However, some of Dr. Wilson's comments will only add to the confusion, and he creates concern about other issues having nothing to do with heparin therapy.  It is implied that patients are actually being harmed through the ignorance of hospital pharmacists who purchase heparin derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. Hospital pharmacists will certainly resent such implications. Drug purchasing decisions are based upon the best available information, including, in a great many instances, the recommendations of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee of the medical staff. If Dr. Wilson has conclusively demonstrated that the differences between the two types of heparin are so great that there has been needless slaughter of human beings,
Resource use implications of do not resuscitate orders for intensive care unit patients.
Authors: J Rapoport, D Teres, S Lemeshow
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

This study describes the use of do not resuscitate (DNR) orders for ICU patients in four northeastern U.S. teaching hospitals and investigates the relationship between DNR orders and length of stay. The use of detailed data from the mortality probability model (MPM II) study on 6,290 consecutive ICU admissions to general adult medical and surgical ICUs during 1989 through 1991 allows us to control for severity of illness and the time during the ICU stay at which the DNR order was entered. About 12.8% of patients were DNR during their ICU stay, including more than half of nonsurvivors. The percentage of patients with DNR was higher for older and more severely ill patients. Most DNR orders were issued after 72 h in the ICU, but many were issued during the first ICU day. Nonsurvivors with early (first 24 h) DNR had shorter mean and median ICU and hospital stays than the comparison group of non-DNR patients. The percentage of patients with very long ICU (> 30 d) and hospital (> 60 d) stays was smaller among DNR patients. The use of DNR orders, particularly early in the ICU stay, may be associated with significant resource use reduction for an identifiable group of patients.
In vivo metabolism and genotoxic effects of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Authors: L Möller
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

During incomplete combustion of organic matter, nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs), are formed in a reaction that is catalyzed by a low pH. 2-Nitrofluorene (NF), a marker for nitro-PAHs, is metabolized in vivo by two different routes. After inhalation, potent mutagenic metabolites, hydroxylated nitrofluorenes (OH-NFs), are formed. The metabolites are distributed by systemic circulation. After oral administration, NF is reduced to the corresponding amine, a reaction mediated by the intestinal microflora. This metabolite is acetylated to 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), a potent carcinogen. Further ring-hydroxylation of AAF leads to detoxification and excretion. Induction of cytochrome P450s affects the metabolism, and more OH-NFs are formed. As a consequence, more mutagenic metabolites are found in the circulation. OH-NFs are excreted in the bile as, in terms of mutagenicity, totally harmless glucuronide conjugates. When these conjugates are excreted via the bile, intestinal beta-glucuronidase can liberate direct-acting mutagens in the intestine. Thus, inhalation of NF can lead to formation of potent mutagens in the intestine. NF is a direct-acting mutagen in bacterial assays and an initiator and promoter of the carcinogenic process, and gives rise to DNA adduct formation in laboratory animals.
The Treatment of Medical Problems in the Elderly
Authors: Owen W. Beard
Journal: JAMA (1981)

This book, with nine chapters and 15 contributing authors, for the most part accomplishes its aim of giving "informed comment in areas where there have been developments, controversy, or where the geriatrician may not be an expert, but where correct management and treatment [are] essential." With so many authors, one could expect some variability in readability and in quality, but in both it is kept to a minimum. The names of drugs will not always be familiar to the American reader, since the trade names of British drugs are often different. To the reader thoroughly familiar with generic names of drugs, this will not present a great problem. However, not all drugs mentioned are available or are commonly known in this country. The first chapter presents an excellent discussion of the complex variables that have impact on the clinical pharmacologic problems of the aged. The following two chapters, while difficult
Superscan in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: REN-SHYAN LIU, YUM-KUNG CHU, LEE-SHING CHU, SHIN-HWA YEH, SANG-HUE YEN, KUANG Y. CHEN, YEN-KUNG CHEN, YEH-YOU SHEN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

Bone scintigraphy plays an important role in the early detection of bone metastases in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and serial scans may aid the clinician to assess the therapeutic response. A superscan is a pattern described as abnormal bone scan, indicating extensive bony metastases associated with various neoplastic diseases. Bone scans from 407 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively. Only six superscans (1.5%) were found. The appearance of a superscan is frequently accompanied by an abnormal titer of serological markers IgG-VCA and IgA-VCA, liver metastases, and poor survival. Although a superscan rarely occurs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, its appearance may represent a poor prognosis in these patients.
Modification of Experimental Head Injury Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide.
Authors: J. C. de Ia Torre
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1972Modification of Experimental Head Injury Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide.J. C. de Ia Torre, Ph.D., D. W. Rowed, M.D., H. M. Kawanaga, M.D., S. Mullan, M.D.J. C. de Ia Torre, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this author, D. W. Rowed, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, H. M. Kawanaga, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, S. Mullan, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-76-5-878_5 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAcute experimental head injury produced by supratentorial balloon compression of the brain was performed on 30 Rhesus monkeys to evaluate the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in relation to urea. Epidural hematoma was simulated by compressing the brain with an extradural balloon slowly inflated for a period of 3 hours. Animals were divided into three groups, S, U, and D, of 10 each. "S" group received 20 ml of physiologic saline at the critical "end point" of compression, defined as a period of apnea lasting no less than 45 sec. "U" group was treated with 3.2 g urea in a... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Chicago, Ill. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byDMSO: A New Respiratory Stimulant? 1 May 1972Volume 76, Issue 5Page: 878-879KeywordsApneaBrainHead injuryRhesusUrea ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1972 PDF downloadLoading ...
慢性阻塞性肺疾病知识（五）：氧疗和雾化吸入治疗
Authors: Graham, Douglas, 李洁（译）, 代华平（校）
Journal: BMJ (2007)

氧疗 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者使用氧气治疗并非毫无风险。氧气本身作为一种药物，也有着药物的一切属性，既可有其有益的治疗作用，又可能带来不良的副作用乃至产生毒性。因此必须结合病情特点，根据其变化正确选择合适的吸氧装置，严格地把握其使用剂量即吸入浓度与时间，因为吸入氧浓度过高会降低低氧对这类患者呼吸的刺激，进一步造成CO2潴留，呼吸性酸中毒，甚至死亡。
Bone Scan Detection of Pelvic Metastasis from Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: LAWRENCE C. SWAYNE, ROY G. HEDIGER, MARIANNE WOLFF
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

The authors report a rare case of a symptomatic hematogenous osseous metastasis from a pleural mesothelioma. The lesion was initially detected by bone scintigraphy and was confirmed by MRI and subsequent open biopsy, despite a negative CT scan.
NOTES ON THE PRESERVATION OF FRUIT
Authors: H. E. Durham
Journal: BMJ (1918)

THE methods by wlich fruit may be preserved for a more or less indefinite period are as jam, by bottling or canning, by making into a paste or "massa," and by simple drying.Certain fruits, such as apples and pears of suitable kinds, will keep for many monthls if properly stored.There are many extremely good sorts of apples wlhich will keep till April, May, and even June.Unfortunately this year the crop of fruits of all kinds in most parts of the country will be poor, and possibly the amount of sugar allowed to the private owner for jam making mnay be sufficient for lhis fruit.
Reply to T. Valerius
Authors: Frances A. Shepherd
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Improving our ability to predict which patients will respond to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and, indeed, all molecularly targeted agents will be critical if we hope to improve the cost-benefit ratio of these expensive drugs. In this regard, cost may be measured in terms of monetary cost but also in terms of the cost of toxicity experienced by patients, both those who respond and those who do not respond to the targeted therapy. Valerius 1 raisestwoimportantissuesinhisletter.First,hepoints outthatEGFRmonoclonalantibodiesmayhaveanaddedmechanism of action, namely antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), that would not be expected with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). It has been suggested that ADCC may in part explain why almost all of the trials of cetuximab added to chemotherapy for non‐small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) demonstrated some degree of added benefit, when this clearly was not the case for any trial in which EGFR TKIs were added to chemotherapy. If ADDC does contributesignificantlytoresponse,immunoglobulinG1antibodies such as cetuximab might be expected to be more effective than immunoglobulin G2 antibodies such as panitumumab. However, both of these antibodies have demonstrated activity in patients with colorectal cancer, 2 and for both antibodies, KRAS mutation status has been predictive of a differential survival benefit. 3 Direct
Effects of intranasal administration of endothelin-1 to allergic and nonallergic individuals.
Authors: M M Riccio, C J Reynolds, D W Hay, D Proud
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a 21 amino acid peptide, and its receptors are distributed in the mammalian respiratory tract. To examine the responses of human upper airways to ET-1, we investigated the effects of intranasal administration of ET-1 to nine symptomatic allergic and nine nonallergic volunteers. Paper discs were used to administer ET-1 or diluent to one side of the nasal mucosa, and to collect secretions from the ipsilateral (challenged) and contralateral (opposite) nostrils. ET-1 (0.3-10 micrograms), but not diluent, induced dose-dependent bilateral increases in secretion weights, lysozyme secretion, symptoms of rhinorrhea and itch, and sneezing in both populations. ET-1 did not induce albumin secretion, histamine release, or symptoms of nasal congestion. Compared with the nonallergic subjects, allergic individuals sneezed more and had significantly higher bilateral secretion weights, contralateral lysozyme secretion, and symptoms of rhinorrhea following ET-1 provocation. In summary, ET-1 induced symptoms relevant to inflammatory upper airway diseases in allergic and nonallergic subjects. However, responses of allergic subjects were more pronounced, particularly with respect to symptoms associated with neural reflex responses, such as sneezing and contralateral secretion. Therefore, allergic inflammation enhances responsiveness of the nasal mucosa to ET-1.
Secrets in healthcare
Authors: N. Ladher
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The BMJ , with its commitment to transparency and open data, is not a great fan of secrecy.

The European Union’s Clinical Trials Regulation, passed last month, stipulates that a summary of study results should be made available within one year of trial completion for most European clinical trials (doi:10.1136/bmj.g2579). The regulation’s introduction was in part due to campaigns such as AllTrials (alltrials.net), backed by The BMJ . Showing why this new legislation is so important, a research paper by Lamberto Manzoli and colleagues looks at randomised trials of vaccines and analyses the time from completion of the trials to their publication in peer reviewed journals (doi:10.1136/bmj.g3058). The survey found that delays to publication were common and that over a quarter of trial results remained unpublished after …
My most unfortunate mistake: "Relative" contradiction
Authors: A. Graham
Journal: BMJ (2001)

It was a busy night in a teaching hospital. As the resident medical officer, I was called to casualty to see a patient, a woman in her 70s who presented with left sided weakness of sudden onset. Clinically, she presented as a stroke. I took her history and made an examination. As I came out from examining her, a staff nurse took me to see her daughter. I explained the likely cause of her mother's left sided weakness. It was at this point that she interrupted me to tell me the weakness was on the right side. Of course, having just examined the patient and as the doctor knowing I had my facts right, I responded by repeating my relevant physical findings. Regardless, she reaffirmed that the weakness was on the right. I mused on her inability to differentiate between left and right, politely disagreed, and suggested that she come through to see her mother.

I drew the curtain aside to reveal the old lady, at which point the daughter glared and said, “But this isn't my mother.” I was tempted to say, “Of course this is your mother. I have just examined her,” but realised that if a mistake was being made it was I who was making it. At this moment the same staff nurse took the daughter through to the next cubicle, where, indeed, her mother was. My embarrassed apologies were left hanging in the air.

What a stroke of bad luck. Having seen one patient, I had been taken to see the daughter of the other patient who had come in at exactly the same time. Later, on reflection, I considered my mistake was based on two premises. Firstly, I had not inquired of the relative not only as to her relationship but indeed whether she was related at all. Secondly, I did not listen to her when she contradicted my assessment of her “mother.” I have since been better at introductions, and I have learnt to listen.
Osteochondral tissue regeneration using a bilayered composite hydrogel with modulating dual growth factor release kinetics in a rabbit model
Authors: Kyobum Kim, Johnny Lam, Steven Lu, Patrick P. Spicer, Aline Lueckgen, Yasuhiko Tabata, Mark E. Wong, John A. Jansen, Antonios G. Mikos, F. Kurtis Kasper
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)
Kuru: Early Letters and Field-Notes From the Collection of D. Carleton Gajdusek
Authors: David H. Adams
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The Gajdusek letters and field notes cover approximately the initial year of 1957. Apart from an explanatory introduction spanning a longer period, the book contains no narrative as such, the letters appearing almost verbatim and in order of date. They show graphically the wide-ranging achievements of Gajdusek (and Zigas), from bringing kuru to worldwide attention to creating a functioning bush hospital in next to no time (apparently out of thin air), and the appalling difficulties encountered and overcome at every stage. One stands amazed at Gajdusek's unbounded energy and enthusiasm and his ability to stretch every day to 48 hours. Sadly, in the circumstances, some criticism seems unavoidable. The letters, understandably, are often long and repetitive, inevitably cluttered with a host of basically administrative problems and anguished requests for the most basic supplies—sometimes similarly written to two or three different people. Unfortunately, this makes heavy going for the reader and