tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
What Stops Synchronized Thalamocortical Oscillations?
Authors: Thierry Bal, David A McCormick
Journal: Neuron (1996)

Slow-wave sleep as well as generalized absence seizures are characterized by the occurrence of synchronized oscillations in thalamocortical systems that spontaneously appear and disappear. The spontaneous appearance of synchronized oscillations results from the initiation by one or a small number of cells followed by the progressive recruitment of large numbers of neighboring neurons into the synchronized network activity. Synchronized network oscillations representative of slow-wave sleep, as well as absence seizures, were demonstrated to cease spontaneously at least in part through the persistent activation of a hyperpolarization-activated cation conductance. Block of this conductance resulted in oscillations that, once generalized, occur continuously. These results indicate that the persistent activation of a hyperpolarization-activated cation conductance is a key mechanism through which synchronized oscillations in thalamocortical networks normally terminate.
MEKK3 Initiates Transforming Growth Factor β <sub>2</sub> –Dependent Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition During Endocardial Cushion Morphogenesis
Authors: Mark V. Stevens, Derrick M. Broka, Patti Parker, Elisa Rogowitz, Richard R. Vaillancourt, Todd D. Camenisch
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

Congenital heart defects occur at a rate of 5% and are the most prevalent birth defects. A better understanding of the complex signaling networks regulating heart development is necessary to improve repair strategies for congenital heart defects. The mitogen-activated protein 3 kinase (MEKK3) is important to early embryogenesis, but developmental processes affected by MEKK3 during heart morphogenesis have not been fully examined. We identify MEKK3 as a critical signaling molecule during endocardial cushion development. We report the detection of MEKK3 transcripts to embryonic hearts before, during, and after cardiac cushion cells have executed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). MEKK3 is observed to endocardial cells of the cardiac cushions with a diminishing gradient of expression into the cushions. These observations suggest that MEKK3 may function during production of cushion mesenchyme as required for valvular development and septation of the heart. We used a kinase inactive form of MEKK3 (MEKK3 KI ) in an in vitro assay that recapitulates in vivo EMT and show that MEKK3 KI attenuates mesenchyme formation. Conversely, constitutively active MEKK3 (ca-MEKK3) triggers mesenchyme production in ventricular endocardium, a tissue that does not normally undergo EMT. MEKK3-driven mesenchyme production is further substantiated by increased expression of EMT-relevant genes, including TGFβ 2 , Has2, and periostin. Furthermore, we show that MEKK3 stimulates EMT via a TGFβ 2 -dependent mechanism. Thus, the activity of MEKK3 is sufficient for developmental EMT in the heart. This knowledge provides a basis to understand how MEKK3 integrates signaling cascades activating endocardial cushion EMT.
Dangers of Cigarette-smoking
Authors: J. G. Byth
Journal: BMJ (1957)

Because of heavy pressure on our space, correspondents are asked to keep their letters short.Tuberculin Reactions SIR,-Following your annotation on tuberculin reactions (Journal, June 29, p. 1522) it seems possible that a wider use of tuberculin in an oily vehicle may occur.I feel it right, therefore, to draw attention to our findings at the Mospital for Sick Children.Using P.P.D. in an oily sus- pension in 200 cases, we obtained a very large number of unpleasant local reactions to oil itself, particularly in babies and toddlers.The worst was a deep ulcer, one inch (2.5 cm.) in diameter; the least reactions were red indurated areas which have persisted now for a year.These reactions have occurred also among adults, but not so frequently.I believe, therefore, depot tuberculin in oil should only be used with the greatest caution in children.-Iam, etc.,
Phase I Study of Sunitinib and Erlotinib in Advanced Nonsquamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Shannon E. O'Mahar, Toby C. Campbell, Tien Hoang, Songwon Seo, KyungMann Kim, Martha M. Larson, Sarah M. Marcotte, Noelle K. LoConte, Anne M. Traynor
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
Alexithymic Feature in Digestive Diseases
Authors: Tetsuya Nakagawa, Mineyasu Sugita, Yoshihide Nakai, Yujiro Ikemi
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1979)

A comparative study was conducted on the psychological features of chronic pancreatitis, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis and the irritable colon syndrome by means of psychological tests and interviews. The patients with irritable colon syndrome were found to be the most neurotic of all, whereas those with the definite type of chronic pancreatitis and ulcerative colitis presented prominent alexithymic characteristics. About one half of the patients having peptic ulcer showed alexithymic features. Despite their neurotic tendencies shown on the psychological tests, the patients with the suspicious type of chronic pancreatitis were socially better adjusted than those with irritable colon syndrome. It was also noted that the concept of alexithymia needs to be elucidated by including such factors as over-adaptation to the environment, certain distorted life habits and lack of bodily sensations.
Coagulation factor V levels as a prognostic indicator in fulminant hepatic failure
Authors: S Izumi, P G Langley, J Wendon, A J Ellis, R Pernambuco, R D Hughes, R Williams
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Data reported by Bernuau et al. have strongly supported the measurement of coagulation factor V as the best prognostic indicator in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and as the test on which selection for urgent liver transplantation should be made. In this study, we have measured plasma factor V in 110 patients with FHF, in grades I-IV coma, in 88 of whom the etiology was acetaminophen overdose. On admission, patients who did not survive had significantly lower factor V levels (median, 5%; range, 1-27; n = 49), compared with those who did (median, 10%; range, 2-70; P < .001). In the 81 patients with acetaminophen-induced FHF who did not receive a transplant, there was no cutoff level of factor V that clearly separated the patients. On statistical analysis, a positive predictive value (the mortality in patients predicted to have a poor prognosis) of 0.49 was calculated for factor V <20% and 0.57 for factor V < 10%. If the prognostic criteria included deep coma (grades III and IV) as well as factor V <20%, a positive predictive value of 0.73 was calculated. This compared with a value of 0.92 for the well-established King's prognostic criteria based on pH, and a combination of international normalized ratio (INR), renal failure, and coma. In the 17 mixed, nonacetaminophen group of patients who did not receive a liver graft, the positive predictive value was 0.85 for a factor V level <20% and 1.00 for factor V <10%, compared with 0.93 for the King's criteria for that etiologic group. This study demonstrates that the predictive accuracy of plasma factor V level is much less effective than the well-validated King's criteria in the selection of patients with acetaminophen-induced FHF needing liver grafting, although it may be useful in patients with FHF due to other causes.
Long live the Worshipful Company of Test Tube Shakers
Authors: C. Douglas
Journal: BMJ (1995)

I did a bit of it myself once, not exactly from choice. In the sixties, as a student in a surgical unit, I was given to understand that a willingness to do things with blood and urine in a rank and windowless cupboard—known for some reason as the ward laboratory—would stand me in good stead with the chief. And since that way lay a house job and a teaching hospital career, I just got on with it.

I was fully aware that the houseman who so helpfully explained all this would, had I been less than willing, have had to do it all himself. That I accepted as part of hospital life. So I messed around with test tubes, pipettes, a primitive flame photometer, …
Medical Draft Resistance
Authors: Peter M. Elias
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Abstract Opposition to the Indochinese conflict and to the draft has led to draft resistance in many forms, including medical draft resistance. Successful draft avoidance through medical disqualification was facilitated by co-ordinated networks of draft counselors, draft lawyers, and medical personnel, such as the Washington, D.C., Medical Panel. The effectiveness of such programs must be weighed against the long-term social repercussions because available services predominantly benefited white, urban, and middle-class youth.
Costs of Amphotericin B Lipid Complex for Kala-Azar
Authors: Buddha Basnyat
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters15 February 1998Costs of Amphotericin B Lipid Complex for Kala-AzarBuddha Basnyat, MD, MScBuddha Basnyat, MD, MScPatan Hospital; Kathmandu, NepalSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-4-199802150-00036 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Although the article by Sundar and colleagues [1] was very interesting, it never truly dealt with the actual cost of amphotericin B lipid complex. The actual or estimated cost for each study group in comparison with the cost for treatment with pentavalent antimony agents and conventional amphotericin B would help caregivers and patients plan a rational approach to therapy, especially in patients with kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) who have initial treatment failure in places like Bihar, India, where the disease is common and where the study originated. Regardless of the efficacy of certain drugs, the cost factor may ...References1. Sundar S, Agrawal NK, Sinha PR, Horwith GS, Murray HW. Short-course, low-dose amphotericin B lipid complex therapy for visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimony. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 127:133-7. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Patan Hospital; Kathmandu, Nepal PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 February 1998Volume 128, Issue 4Page: 326KeywordsAmphotericinAntimonyCaregiversDrugsKala-azarLeishmaniasisLipids Issue Published: 15 February 1998 CopyrightCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Research on the Premotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical and Etiological Implications
Authors: Honglei Chen, Edward A. Burton, G. Webster Ross, Xuemei Huang, Rodolfo Savica, Robert D. Abbott, Alberto Ascherio, John N. Caviness, Xiang Gao, Kimberly A. Gray, Jau-Shyong Hong, Freya Kamel, Danna Jennings, Annette Kirshner, Cindy Lawler, Rui Liu, Gary W. Miller, Robert Nussbaum, Shyamal D. Peddada, Amy Comstock Rick, Beate Ritz, Andrew D. Siderowf, Caroline M. Tanner, Alexander I. Tröster, Jing Zhang
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

The etiology and natural history of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not well understood. Some non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and constipation may develop during the prodromal stage of PD and precede PD diagnosis by years.We examined the promise and pitfalls of research on premotor symptoms of PD and developed priorities and strategies to understand their clinical and etiological implications.This review was based on a workshop, Parkinson's Disease Premotor Symptom Symposium, held 7-8 June 2012 at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.Research on premotor symptoms of PD may offer an excellent opportunity to characterize high-risk populations and to better understand PD etiology. Such research may lead to evaluation of novel etiological hypotheses such as the possibility that environmental toxicants or viruses may initiate PD pathogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract or olfactory bulb. At present, our understanding of premotor symptoms of PD is in its infancy and faces many obstacles. These symptoms are often not specific to PD and have low positive predictive value for early PD diagnosis. Further, the pathological bases and biological mechanisms of these premotor symptoms and their relevance to PD pathogenesis are poorly understood.This is an emerging research area with important data gaps to be filled. Future research is needed to understand the prevalence of multiple premotor symptoms and their etiological relevance to PD. Animal experiments and mechanistic studies will further understanding of the biology of these premotor symptoms and test novel etiological hypothesis.
Another Medium for the<i>Journal</i>
Authors: Joseph J. Elia
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Two weeks ago, we joined four other medical journals in a venture in electronic publishing. Although the technology may be unfamiliar, it offers a useful tool for searching the medical literature. Called BRS/Saunders Colleague, it is an electronic data base containing the complete texts of the five participants: the Annals of Internal Medicine, the British Medical Journal, The Lancet, The Medical Letter, and this journal. Colleague allows people with personal computers (or access to terminals on large systems) to take advantage of this pool of information.A journal in electronic format serves as its own index; in such a . . .
Non-Q wave perioperative myocardial infarction: assessment of the incidence and severity of regional dysfunction with quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography.
Authors: T Force, A J Kemper, P Bloomfield, D E Tow, S F Khuri, M Josa, A F Parisi
Journal: Circulation (1985)

Since the widespread use of hypothermic potassium cardioplegia began, marked reductions in perioperative mortality and the rate of Q wave-associated myocardial infarctions have been noted. No study to date has evaluated whether there has been an equally dramatic improvement in the incidence of postoperative myocardial infarctions unassociated with Q wave development. We used a previously validated quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic analytic algorithm to determine the incidence and severity of regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs) and first-pass radionuclide ventriculography to assess deterioration in global left ventricular function in the four following groups of patients (total n = 65): (1) those with peak postoperative creatine kinase (CK)-MB levels equal to or less than the mean value for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery at our institution (n = 10), (2) those with CK-MB levels between the mean and 1 SD above the mean (n = 10), (3) those with peak CK-MB levels higher than 1 SD above the mean (n = 25), and (4) those with new pathologic Q waves on the postoperative electrocardiogram (n = 20). All patients had electrocardiograms without pathologic Q waves and normal wall motion and ejection fraction by contrast ventriculography before surgery. The incidence of postoperative RWMA by two-dimensional echocardiography for groups 1 through 4 was 0%, 20%, 55%, and 89%, respectively. Percent of abnormal left ventricular segments, wall motion scores, and the deterioration in left ventricular ejection fraction as assessed by radionuclide ventriculography were similar for patients with new RWMAs whether or not new Q waves developed (p = NS for all).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
136 Artificial neural network is superior to meld in predicting mortality of patients with end-stage liver disease
Authors: A. Cucchetti, M. Vivarelli, N.D. Heaton, S. Phillips, F. Piscaglia, L. Bolondi, G. La Barba, E. Silvagni, M.R. Foxton, M. Rela, J. O grady, A.D. Pinna
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Abstract 4444: BRCA1 Circos: A visualization tool for BRCA1 missense variants
Authors: Ankita Jhuraney, Aneliya Velkova, Maxime P. Vallée, Renato S. Carvalho, Sean V. Tavtigian, Alvaro N. Monteiro
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Germline mutations in BRCA1 have been associated with a significantly increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. A large number of variants have been identified in BRCA1 and are reported as pathogenic, non-pathogenic, or as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Test results reporting pathogenic or non-pathogenic variants can be used by physicians and genetic counselors to help patients in making important clinical decisions. Around 10-15% of the reported BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants are clearly pathogenic and 5% of these reported variants are VUS. Results reporting a VUS can cause anxiety and make it difficult to advise the patient on further clinical intervention to reduce their risk of developing the disease. Many of these VUSs are non-synonymous single amino acid changes leading to missense changes. A number of previous studies have focused on assessing the functional impact of these changes on the BRCA1 protein. BRCA1 is a gene product with pleiotropic functions and therefore, different functional assays are used in these studies to analyze the variant's impact on function. However, information on the functional impact of VUS is currently not consolidated and collecting available information on missense variants depends on multiple database searches and literature review. Moreover, methods to incorporate functional data into multifactorial models have recently been developed highlighting the need for a common resource to facilitate analysis. Realizing the need for a resource that facilitates the global visualization and analysis of these variants we have developed a visualization tool for multidimensional data using Circos (http://circos.ca) to aggregate the data from all published studies that have assessed these missense variants. Circos plots have been used in the literature to represent genomic data and we have used the same concept to illustrate variants in BRCA1. We have included ∼700 variants for which we have 30 different functional experiments from various studies assessing over 150 missense variants. Results are color coded to uniformly depict various degrees of functional impact on the BRCA1 protein function so that information for any variant can be obtained in a snapshot without having to perform extensive literature searches. Therefore, we believe clinical geneticists and genetic counselors can use this research tool as a quick reference to analyze all the missense variants that have been identified along with associated information to characterize them when faced with the challenge of advising a patient with these types of VUSs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4444. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4444
A CASE OF FATAL FORMALDEHYD POISONING.
Authors: LOUIS A. LEVISON
Journal: JAMA (1904)

<h3>History.</h3> —C. K., male, age 60, Swede, a patient at the county hospital, secured access to a bottle of commercial formaldehyd (40 per cent.), used for disinfecting purposes and swallowed with unknown intent, an unknown quantity, estimated at two or three ounces. The fact that the patient had been recently released from a workhouse sentence and was a long sufferer from a chronic dysenteric condition might lend weight to a suicidal purpose, which, indeed, was the substance of the coroner's verdict. <h3>Symptoms.</h3> —When first seen, a few minutes after swallowing the formaldehyd, the patient was lying in bed, where he had been carried after falling to the floor. He was tossing around in bed, groaning aloud, evidently suffering intense pain. Questions could not be, at least were not, answered. The diagnosis was made by the odor of formaldehyd on tne breath, after eliciting from other patients that he had been seen drinking
Distribution of 4-Iodoantipyrine After Intravenous Injection in the Rat
Authors: John H. Flora, Don F. Phillips, Francesco Arcidiacono, Leo A. Sapirstein
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

The distribution of 4-iodoantipyrine does not parallel that of body water, as evidenced by its overaccumulation in some organs and underaccumulation in others. These disparities occur largely because I 131 is lost from the iodoantipyrine molecule, is converted to iodide, and is distributed and excreted as such. Any similarity between the distribution volume of iodoantipyrine and total body water is, therefore, happenstance.
Abdominal Scintigraphy of CSF Leak
Authors: JOSEPH RAJENDRAN, DAVID H. LEWIS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

At least a portion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaking in CSF rhinorrhea is swallowed by the patient. This phenomenon can be used to the best advantage by imaging the intestinal activity. The utility of adjunctive delayed abdominal images in the diagnosis of CSF leak, Particularly in situation ith slow and intermittent leaks, is emphasized in this report. Radionuclide CSF leak studies were performed on two occasion on a patient with CSF rhinorrhea that had been present since surgery for a parietal glioblastoma. In-111 DTPA was used initially with an active leak and, secondly, with a minimal and intermittent leak. The use of a radionuclide with a sufficiently long half-life such as in-111 in such clinical situations is apparent.
Diagnosing Pulmonary Embolism: New Facts and Strategies
Authors: Mark A. Kelley, Jeffrey L. Carson, Harold I. Palevsky, J. Sanford Schwartz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Purpose: To provide a clinical approach to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Data Identification: An English-language literature search using MEDLINE (1982 to 1990) and bibliographic reviews of textbooks and review articles. Study Selection: In addition to several reviews, studies that evaluated the diagnostic technology of pulmonary embolism were selected. Preference was given to studies with a prospective design, particularly those done within the past decade. Data Extraction: Studies were assessed independently by three unblinded observers. Data were chosen to describe the efficacy of diagnostic technology on the basis of disease prevalence, sensitivity and specificity, and predictive value. Results of Data Analysis: A normal lung scan or pulmonary angiogram rules out the diagnosis of clinically important pulmonary embolism with at least 95% certainty. Lung scan interpretations indicating high or low probability have approximately a 15% error in diagnosing or ruling out pulmonary embolism. The accuracy of either scan result improves when the clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism matches the lung scan result. Serial impedance plethysmography of the lower extremities may exclude thromboembolism with 95% certainty in patients without high-probability lung scan results or cardiopulmonary disease. Conclusions: The combination of clinical suspicion and the results of the lung scan and impedance plethysmography appear to offer acceptable diagnostic accuracy in evaluating many patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism. The usefulness of this approach for patients with cardiopulmonary disease is still unknown.
Rational Alternatives to the Use of Whole Blood
Authors: ROBERT G. WESTPHAL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

The availability of the various blood components is directly related to the use of packed red blood cells (RBCs). The irrational use of whole blood seriously threatens the supply of such components as plasma protein fraction, serum albumin, cryoprecipitate and other antihemophilic concentrates, platelet concentrates, and fibrinogen. These components have specific, and often life-saving, indications and are safer to use than whole blood. Most patients who require transfusion need only RBCs; in fact, RBCs are safer because there is less volume, less acid, less NH3 and K+, less allergenic protein, and, perhaps, a lesser amount of hepatitis antigen given to the patient. This may be particularly important for patients with altered hepatic, renal, or cardiovascular function.