tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Thyroid hormones and cytogenetic outcomes in backpack sprayers using ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides in Mexico.
Authors: K Steenland, L Cedillo, J Tucker, C Hines, K Sorensen, J Deddens, V Cruz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides are used heavily in the United States. EBDCs (e.g., mancozeb, maneb) are metabolized to ethylene thiourea (ETU). The EPA classifies ETU as a carcinogen, based on thyroid and other cancers in rodents, and has restricted the use of EBDCs, while requiring workers to use protective equipment. There are no data on the potential carcinogenicity of EBDCs in humans, and there is only one study on human genotoxicity. ETU is known to cause decreases of thyroxine (T4) and increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in rodents. We have studied cytogenetic outcomes and serum thyroid hormone levels among 49 heavily exposed workers without protective equipment spraying EBDC on tomatoes in Mexico. We also studied 14 lightly exposed landowners and 31 nonexposed controls. Urinary ETU was used to compare exposure between groups. We found an increase in TSH (p = 0.05) among applicators compared to controls, but no decrease in thyroid hormone (T4). We found increases in sister chromatid exchange (p = 0.03) and in chromosome translocations (chromosome aberrations that persist through cell division) for applicators compared to controls (p = 0.05). However, the subset of reciprocal translocations showed a lesser increase (p = 0.24). Our data suggest that EBDCs affect the thyroid gland and the lymphocyte genome among heavily exposed workers. However, our data are limited to subclinical outcomes, are of borderline statistical significance, and should be interpreted with caution.
THE KINETICS OF IRON METABOLISM IN SWINE WITH VARIOUS EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ANEMIAS
Authors: J. A. Bush, W. N. Jensen, Helen Ashenbrucker, G. E. Cartwright, M. M. Wintrobe
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1956)

Ferrokinetic studies were performed on 3 swine given phenylhydrazine, 3 swine deficient in pyridoxine, and 3 swine deficient in pteroylglutamic acid. Body surface radioactivity was measured in 2 pteroylglutamic acid-deficient animals. In the animals given phenylhydrazine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was 5 days. The plasma iron turnover rate was increased about fourfold, and the rate of erythropoiesis was four to five times greater than that in the control pigs. In the pyridoxine-deficient swine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was within the limits of normal. The plasma iron turnover rate was increased fourfold, but the rate of erythropoiesis was approximately one-fourth the normal mean value. These data are interpreted as indicating that the anemia associated with this deficiency is a result of an inability of the bone marrow to produce a normal number of erythrocytes. In the pteroylglutamic acid-deficient swine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was 17 days. The plasma iron turnover rate was 5 times the normal mean value. The rate of erythropoiesis was 1.6 times greater than the mean value in the control pigs. These data are interpreted as indicating that anemia develops in this deficiency as a result of a combination of a shortening of the erythrocyte survival time and a limitation of the capacity of the bone marrow to increase red cell production to the same degree as a normal marrow. The radioactivity in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow of the pteroylglutamic acid-deficient swine, as determined by measurement of the radioactivity over the body surface, declined more slowly than in control pigs.
Preventing the Development of Breast Cancer by Immunizing with Multi-Antigen Vaccines Targeting Proteins Associated with Oncogenesis.
Authors: M. Disis, D. Cecil, E. Gad, K. Park, V. Lai, R. Lubet, H. Lu
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Vaccines have been extremely successful in the prevention of infectious diseases. Although cancer vaccines have long been studied for the treatment of cancer, they have not been exploited as chemoprevention agents except in virally mediated malignancies. Human breast cancer is immunogenic and a variety of proteins involved in the malignant transformation or maintenance of the malignant phenotype have been identified as tumor antigens. Transgenic animal models are uniquely suited for evaluating the potential efficacy of preventative cancer vaccines. TgMMTV-neu mice, for example, develop neu-mediated breast cancer at about 150-200 days of life. Tumors are histologically similar to human breast cancer and have a molecular profile consistent with the luminal subtype. We have developed two multi-antigen vaccines targeting immunogenic proteins associated with oncogenesis and evaluated whether we could prevent the development of breast cancer in TgMMTV-neu mice. Each vaccine was composed of 3 different antigens. Class II epitopes derived from antigenic proteins involved in growth factor pathways comprised one vaccine and the other vaccine was plasmid DNA based and encoded immunogenic proteins involved in cell proliferation. The ability of active immunization to prevent breast cancer was evaluated in both older (18 week) and younger (5 week) mice. Vaccines were administered intradermally every two weeks for 3 immunizations and then monthly until the development of disease or 1 year had passed. Both vaccines prevented breast cancer development in older animals. 40% of peptide immunized older mice were cancer free at 1 year compared to 5% of controls (p=0.02). The DNA vaccine appeared to be even more effective in older animals with 60% of vaccinated mice tumor free as compared to 20% of controls (p=0.01). Protection from the development of cancer was mediated by T cells as evidenced by adoptive transfer of CD3+ cells purified from vaccinated and protected mice, sham immunized mice, and naïve mice. T cells from protected mice resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth after a syngeneic tumor challenge (p=0.01 protected vs. sham vaccine). The cancer protective effect of immunization was more pronounced when vaccines were administered to the younger mice. The Class II epitope vaccine prevented cancer development in 65% of mice as compared to 5% of controls. The plasmid based vaccine protected 70% of mice from breast cancer. Active immunization was associated with a survival benefit in all groups. These data suggest breast cancer vaccines targeting biologically relevant proteins may be an effective approach to the prevention of breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1045.
A Further Note on the Antiseptic Properties of Sodium Aurate.
Authors: F. H. Verhoeff
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Boston, April 30, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, Jan. 27, 1906, I described a non-irritating antiseptic solution, the active constituent of which was believed to be sodium aurate. I showed that this solution possessed strong bactericidal power and that its action was not appreciably affected by the presence of albumin. At that time the antiseptic had been used clinically in only a limited number of cases, but had given most encouraging results. Since then, it has been used in a larger number of cases, and I find that while it is effective in case of acute catarrhal conjunctivitis, its action in severe cases of gonorrheal ophthalmia is disappointing. The cases of the latter affection on which it was first tried were probably of a mild type, and no doubt would have done equally well under the usual methods of treatment In several of the later cases, even after
Disease Detectives Are Turning to Molecular Techniques to Uncover Emerging Microbes
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (1996)

ALTHOUGH THE time-honored practice of "shoe-leather epidemiology" has a secure place in investigations of mysterious outbreaks of illness, some recently developed molecular techniques are dramatically expanding the capabilities of infectious disease sleuths and revolutionizing infection control. Nucleic acid—based techniques are proving valuable not only for identifying emerging pathogens but also for monitoring infections caused by these agents, noted David H. Persing, MD, PhD, at an Institute of Medicine—sponsored meeting. In research reported last year, such techniques enabled Persing, of the Division of Clinical Microbiology and the Molecular Microbiology laboratory at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, and colleagues to recover and determine genetic sequences of protozoal DNA in the blood of four patients. The result: identification of a new babesialike piroplasm that can cause a potentially fatal illness. In addition to helping epidemiologists finger previously unknown pathogens as the cause of disease outbreaks, such molecular tools can help researchers determine potential
Aeroallergen Wheal Area Especially for Molds At Ages Two and Three Predicts Allergic Rhinitis At Age Four: The Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS)
Authors: Christopher D. Codispoti, Grace K. LeMasters, Linda Levin, Patrick Ryan, Tiina Reponen, Gurjit K. Khurana Hershey, Manuel S. Villareal, James E. Lockey, David I. Bernstein
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Occupational contact urticaria: Australian data
Authors: J.D.L. Williams, A.Y.L. Lee, M.C. Matheson, K.E. Frowen, A.M. Noonan, R.L. Nixon
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Over the last 30 years there has been increasing recognition of the clinical entity contact urticaria (CU) and the related diagnosis, protein contact dermatitis. However, there are relatively few reports of the occupational relevance of this condition.To describe relevant characteristics of patients diagnosed with occupational CU (OCU) in a tertiary level specialist occupational dermatology clinic in Australia.We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with OCU at an occupational dermatology clinic in Melbourne between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2004. We identified 151 cases of CU diagnosed over the 12-year period.OCU was diagnosed in 8.3% (143 of 1720) of the total number of patients with occupational skin disease. Natural rubber latex accounted for the majority of all cases of OCU. Other common causes were foodstuffs and ammonium persulphate utilized as hairdressing bleach. The most commonly affected sites were the hands, followed by the arms and face. The most frequently affected occupations were healthcare workers, food handlers and hairdressers. All cases of CU in patients with hand symptoms were assessed to be work related. Atopy was a significant risk factor for both latex-related and nonlatex-related OCU.Radioallergosorbent tests and skin prick testing, including to patients' own food samples, should be part of the routine assessment of patients in high-risk occupations for OCU, particularly if the hands are affected, there is a history of atopy and there is exposure to urticants. We emphasize the importance of both determining the role of occupation in the causation of CU and recognizing all contributory factors in complex cases of occupational contact dermatitis of the hands.
Rare inborn errors associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection*
Authors: Qiang Zhao, Liang Peng, Weijun Huang, Qibin Li, Yuanyuan Pei, Ping Yuan, Lingyan Zheng, Yongling Zhang, Jia Deng, Cheng Zhong, Bin Hu, Hongke Ding, Wei Fang, Ru Li, Qijun Liao, Chaoshuang Lin, Weiping Deng, Huijun Yan, Jinghui Hou, Qiuliang Wu, Tingting Xu, Jinsong Liu, Longbo Hu, Tao Peng, Suqing Chen, Kar N. Lai, Man-Fung Yuen, Yue Wang, Mala K. Maini, Caixia Li, Miaoxin Li, Jian Wang, Xiuqing Zhang, Pak-Chung Sham, Jun Wang, Zhi-Liang Gao, Yiming Wang
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a major global health issue. The role of rare genetic variants in CHB has not been elucidated. We aimed to identify rare allelic variants predisposing to CHB. We performed exome sequencing in 50 CHB patients who had no identifiable risk factors for CHB and 40 controls who were healthy and hepatitis B surface antibody-positive, but had never received hepatitis B vaccination. We selected six rare variant alleles and followed up their association with disease status by Sanger sequencing in a case-control study comprising 1,728 CHB patients and 1,636 healthy controls. The latter had either not been immunized with hepatitis B vaccine or had uncertain vaccination status. Our results showed that transmembrane protein 2 p.Ser1254Asn, interferon alpha 2 p.Ala120Thr, its regulator NLR family member X1 p.Arg707Cys, and complement component 2 p.Glu318Asp were associated with CHB, with P values of <1.0 × 10(-7) , 2.76 × 10(-5) , 5.08 × 10(-5) , 2.78 × 10(-4) and odds ratios (ORs) of 2.45, 4.08, 2.34, and 1.97, respectively. The combined P value was <2.0 × 10(-16) . As there has been no indication of immunological functions for the associated gene, transmembrane protein 2, we further studied its expression by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Our results showed that it was strongly expressed by healthy hepatocytes, but its expression was reduced in liver tissues with CHB, hepatitis B viral (HBV) genome-containing HepG2.2.15 cells, as compared with healthy liver tissues and non-HBV genome-containing HepG2 cells (P = 0.022 and 0.0036, respectively).We identified four missense mutations associated with CHB, our results providing evidence for rare inborn genetic defects that contribute to increased host susceptibility to CHB.
VITAL POINTS IN THE TECHNIC OF SUPRAPUBIC ENUCLEATION OF THE PROSTATE FOR BENIGN ENLARGEMENT OF THAT GLAND.
Authors: E. HURRY FENWICK
Journal: JAMA (1906)

It is generally conceded that, step by step, the operation of enucleation of the prostate from its capsule, whether performed suprapubically or perineally, has justly attained the recognized rank of a curative procedure for that urinary obstruction and destruction which is caused by benign enlargement of the gland. It would add greatly to the "unification of the surgery of the world"— to use an expression of Howard A. Kelly—if a consensus of opinion could be taken on three points which can not but be vital to the future ready acceptance of this operation by the patient as well as by the profession. My own experience, which, I may state, is both large and varied and dates from the time when I was taught prostatectomy by McGill of Leeds, in 1890, forces me to the conclusion that our suprapubic technic for prostatic enucleation is faulty in three directions, and these form
Sustained bundle branch reentry as a mechanism of clinical tachycardia.
Authors: J Caceres, M Jazayeri, J McKinnie, B Avitall, S T Denker, P Tchou, M Akhtar
Journal: Circulation (1989)

The incidence of sustained bundle branch reentrant (BBR) tachycardia as a clinical or induced arrhythmia or both continues to be underreported. At our institution, BBR has been the underlying mechanism of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in approximately 6% of patients, whereas mechanisms unrelated to BBR were the cause in the rest. Data gathered from 20 consecutive patients showed electrophysiologic characteristics that suggest this possibility. These include induction of sustained monomorphic tachycardia with typical left or right bundle branch block morphology or both and atrioventricular dissociation or ventriculoatrial block. On intracardiac electrograms, all previously published criteria for BBR were fulfilled, and in addition, whenever there was a change in the cycle length of tachycardia, the His to His cycle length variation produced similar changes in ventricular activation during subsequent complexes with no relation to the preceding ventricular activation cycles. Compared with patients with ventricular tachycardia due to mechanisms unrelated to BBR, patients with BBR had frequent combination of nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects and prolonged HV intervals (100% vs. 11%, p less than 0.001). When this combination was associated with a tachycardia showing a left bundle branch block pattern, BBR accounted for the majority compared with mechanisms unrelated to BBR (73% vs. 27%, p less than 0.01). The above finding in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy should raise the suspicion of sustained BBR because dilated cardiomyopathy was observed in 95% of the patients with BBR. Twelve of the 20 patients were treated with antiarrhythmic agents, and the other eight were managed by selective catheter ablation of the right bundle branch with electrical energy. Our data suggest that sustained BBR is not an uncommon mechanism of tachycardia; it can be induced readily in the laboratory and is amendable to catheter ablation by the very nature of its circuit. The clinical and electrophysiologic features outlined in this study should enable one to correctly diagnose this important arrhythmia.
Maximizing Morphologic Data from Lung Biopsies from Normal and Asthmatic Humans
Authors: Mary C. Williams
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Obtaining lung biopsies from human patients is important because information gained from studies of the lung cells, tissue, and molecules is useful for both diagnosis and research. Because of their value these specimens should be handled carefully and analyzed with the best procedures available. Two morphologic techniques, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, are particularly useful because they are sensitive and yield highly specific information. When combined with analysis of mRNAs by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, biochemical and morphologic data can be obtained from these small specimens. Multidisciplinary approaches such as these are proving to be very promising approaches to understanding asthma.
Abstract 220: Preclinical studies of EpCAM-targeted therapy for human hepatocellular carcinoma with specific inhibition of stem cell features
Authors: Shinji Tanaka, Kousuke Ogawa, Ayano Murakata, Kaoru Mogushi, Satoshi Matsumura, Arihiro Aihara, Daisuke Ban, Takanori Ochiai, Takumi Irie, Atsushi Kudo, Noriaki Nakamura, Hiroshi Tanaka, Shigeki Arii, Minoru Tanabe
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known to demonstrate a morphological variety of macroscopic appearances, but their pathological and molecular differences remain unclear. First, the clinicopathologic characteristics as well as genome-wide gene expressions were analyzed in relation to the gross morphology of HCC. Among the patients with nodular type HCC, significantly poor prognosis was recognized in confluent multinodular (CM) type in overall survival as well as recurrence-free survival. Analysis of the genome-wide expression patterns revealed significant deference of CM-type HCC from other types of HCC. In particular, a stem cell marker EpCAM was dominantly expressed in CM-type HCC. Next, the effects of VB4-845, an immunotoxin targeting EpCAM, were evaluated in HCC. In vitro effects of VB4-845 on human HCC cells, the cytotoxic activity, sphere-forming ability, and expression of hepatic stem/progenitor markers were analyzed. In vivo effects of VB4-845 were evaluated using subcutaneous and orthotopic liver xenograft models. In all HCC cell lines expressing EpCAM, VB4-845 showed potent cytotoxicity and was significantly effective in combination with 5-FU. Although 5-FU did not affect the sphere-forming ability and increased the populations expressing other stem/progenitor markers CD133 and CD13, VB4-845 strongly suppressed the sphere-formation and decreased the population expressing CD133 and CD13. In subcutaneous xenograft models, the combination of VB4-845 plus 5-FU showed significant regression of tumors compared with the control. Moreover, in orthotopic liver xenograft models, the combination therapy dramatically decreased the tumor volume compared with the control. Our preclinical investigation suggests that EpCAM-targeted therapy may offer a promising and specific approach for the treatment of HCC with the poor prognostic phenotype. Citation Format: Shinji Tanaka, Kousuke Ogawa, Ayano Murakata, Kaoru Mogushi, Satoshi Matsumura, Arihiro Aihara, Daisuke Ban, Takanori Ochiai, Takumi Irie, Atsushi Kudo, Noriaki Nakamura, Hiroshi Tanaka, Shigeki Arii, Minoru Tanabe. Preclinical studies of EpCAM-targeted therapy for human hepatocellular carcinoma with specific inhibition of stem cell features. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 220. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-220
THROMBOPLASTIN GENERATION ACCELERATOR, A NEWLY RECOGNIZED COMPONENT OF THE BLOOD COAGULATION MECHANISM PRESENT IN EXCESS IN CERTAIN THROMBOTIC STATES*
Authors: Chris A. Pascuzzi, John A. Spittel, John H. Thompson, Charles A. Owen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

excessive amount of coagulative activity which resides with the globulins in normal human plasma.We have designated this protein "thromboplastin generation accelerator," or simply "TGA," be- cause its activity seems to lie in the thromboplastin generation phase of clotting. METHODS
Increase in drug resistance among Shigella dysenteriae, Sh flexneri, and Sh boydii
Authors: A S Nanivadekar, S D Gadgil
Journal: BMJ (1981)

belt crosses the right costal margin, the sternum, and clavicle.Thus no part of the harness is able to compress the uterus.The worry that use of a seat belt may harm a fetus is largely engendered by the poor standards of design and fitting of seat belts.We should be educating pregnant women in their correct use, not encouraging the women to risk trauma due to lack of restraint.The harness used by private pilots and sporting motorists may in some cases impinge on the gravid uterus and needs to be considered individually.
Quantitation of hepatitis G and C viruses in the liver: evidence that hepatitis G virus is not hepatotropic
Authors: Mario G. Pessoa, Norah A. Terrault, Jill Detmer, Janice Kolberg, Mark Collins, Howayda M. Hassoba, Teresa L. Wright
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is prevalent in patients with chronic liver disease and has been previously detected in liver specimens. However, it is unknown whether the virus is replicating in the liver or is simply a contaminant from serum. We sought to determine whether HGV was hepatotropic and to determine whether coinfection with HGV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) influenced the level of either virus. Virus was quantitated using branched DNA (bDNA) assay for both HGV and HCV in the liver explants and pre-transplant serum samples from 30 transplant recipients: Group I, HGV/HCV coinfection (n = 10); group II, HCV infection alone, (n = 8); group III, HGV alone (n = 12). In patients with coinfection HCV (RNA) titers in liver were consistently higher than those for HGV RNA (median 1.13 × 10 8 and 360,000 Eq/g respectively, P &lt; .01). The ratio of liver/serum viral RNA was significantly higher for HCV than for HGV (median 129 and 0.3 respectively, P &lt; .01). Levels of HCV RNA were similar in patients with HCV infection alone versus those with HGV/HCV coinfection (median; liver = 1.15 × 10 7 vs. 1.13 × 10 8 Eq/g, serum = 500,000 vs. 200,000 Eq/mL) and levels of HGV RNA in liver and serum were similar in patients with HGV infection alone compared to those with HGV/HCV coinfection (median; liver = 1.2 × 10 6 vs. 4.0 × 10 5 Eq/g, serum = 4.5 × 10 6 vs. 2.6 × 10 6 Eq/mL). Levels of either virus appeared unaffected by the presence of an additional virus. The high ratio of HCV RNA levels in liver compared to serum is consistent with its known hepatotropism, but this pattern was not observed for HGV. The median liver/serum ratio of HGV RNA was less than unity, a finding consistent with serum contamination of liver tissue. Thus we conclude that the liver is not the main site of HGV replication.