tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE: Re: Population-Based Study of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations in 1035 Unselected Finnish Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: P. Vahteristo, K. Syrjakoski, H. Eerola, T. Kainu, K. Holli, C. Blomqvist, O.-P. Kallioniemi, H. Nevanlinna
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

Finnish Breast Cancer PatientsWe read with interest the communication by Syrja ¨koski et al. (1), where they reported a frequency of 1.8% of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in a large hospital-based series of unselected Finnish patients with breast cancer.These patients were screened for the presence of one of the 19 previously identified BRCA1/2 mutations among Finnish breast-ovarian cancer families.A founder effect for seven BRCA1/ BRCA2 mutations has also been previously identified in French Canadian families with multiple cases of breastovarian cancer (2).In a study similar to that of Syrja ¨koski et al. (1), we looked for these seven mutations in 127 consecutive eligible French Canadian women who were diagnosed with a first primary invasive breast cancer during the period from July 1, 1996, through April 30, 1998, at one Montreal hospital.The eligibility criteria included being under 80 years of age at diagnosis and having at least three grandparents of French Canadian origin.A detailed pedigree was drawn for each case patient covering at least three generations.DNA fragment analysis by fluorescent multiplexedpolymerase chain reaction analysis (3) and oligonucleotides specifically designed for the detection of substitutions C4446T and G6085T by single-strand conformation analysis were used to detect the founder mutations.Four BRCA2 mutation carriers (3.1%) were identified among the 127 women (95% confidence interval ‫ס‬ 0.9% to 7.9%).We found no BRCA1 mutations in this study.The absence of BRCA1 mutations may be due to regional variations in the prevalence of certain French Canadian mutations.The BRCA2 mutations were 8765delAG (n ‫ס‬ 2), 6503delTT, and G6085T.Our data are in agreement with the study of Syrja ¨koski et al. (1), where 79% of all the BRCA1/2 mutations in the Finnish study were in BRCA2.In our study, two of the four carriers reported a strong family history of breast-ovarian cancer.Nevertheless, a founder BRCA2 germline mutation was identified in only two (14.3%) of 14 probands with at least three relatives with breast cancer and in two (10%) of 20 probands with a relative with breast cancer diagnosed before the age of 45 years.It is interesting that we found that estrogen receptors were strongly expressed in all four breast cancers in BRCA2 carriers and two tumors were invasive lobular carcinomas.This distribution of lobular carcinoma, estrogen receptor-positive cases among BRCA2 mutation carriers (two of four) is statistically significantly different from that in the BRCA1/2 noncarriers
US National Institutes of Health issue new ethics guidelines
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Elias Zerhouni, director of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), announced new guidelines on ethics for staff members last week, addressing concerns initially made public in December 2003 by the Los Angeles Times about staff members who had lucrative consulting arrangements with drug and biotechnology companies ( BMJ 2004;329: 10).

The new rules are tougher than some NIH staff members had wanted but more lenient than some critics had demanded. Dr Zerhouni said the new rules are “the most restrictive …
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IL-2 AND HUMAN HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 60 WITH CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE
Authors: Abdulla Damluji, Nanette Bishopric, Lynda Otalvaro Orozco, George Marzouka, Mauro Moscucci, Carlos Alfonso, Robert Myerburg
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Book Review Dermatologic Immunity (Current Directions in Autoimmunity. Vol. 10.) Edited by Brian J. Nickoloff and Frank O. Nestle. 381 pp., illustrated. Basel, Switzerland, Karger, 2008. $380. 978-3-8055-8391-6 (cloth); 978-3-8055-8392-3 (e-book).
Authors: Jo-David Fine
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)
Mechanisms of termination of reentrant atrial arrhythmias by class I and class III antiarrhythmic agents.
Authors: W Spinelli, B F Hoffman
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

We studied atrial flutter due to circus movement in chronically instrumented conscious dogs to identify the mechanism by which class I and class III antiarrhythmic drugs terminate reentrant excitation. We used a crossover experimental design administering five class I agents and one class III agent, by intravenous bolus followed by intravenous infusion. The class I agents other than lidocaine were almost uniformly effective in terminating the arrhythmia (disopyramide in six of seven dogs, propafenone in six of six, flecainide in seven of seven, and SC-40230 in seven of seven). Termination was preceded by a marked increase in cycle length (ranging from +78% with propafenone to +55% with disopyramide), but with the exception of disopyramide, class I agents did not significantly shorten the excitable gap. With disopyramide the gap decreased from 49 +/- 3% to 28 +/- 3% of the cycle length. With no class I agent did the wavelength of effective refractoriness increase to approach the cycle length of the arrhythmia. Lidocaine, used as a negative control, terminated the reentry in one dog with modest prolongation of the cycle length. Terminations with class I agents correlated with depression of conduction rather than prolongation of refractoriness. In contrast with class I agents, D-sotalol prolonged the cycle length minimally (+10%) and terminated the arrhythmia in six of seven dogs. It decreased the excitable gap from 42 +/- 4% to 26 +/- 6% of the cycle, but it still did not cause the wavelength of effective refractoriness to equal the cycle length. Terminations by D-sotalol seemed to result from either failure of the lateral boundaries of the circus path or reflection within the path.
γ-Herpesvirus Latency Is Preferentially Maintained in Splenic Germinal Center and Memory B Cells
Authors: Emilio Flaño, In-Jeong Kim, David L. Woodland, Marcia A. Blackman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

The γ-herpesviruses are oncogenic B cell lymphotrophic viruses that establish life-long latency in the host. Murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infection of mice represents a unique system for analyzing γ-herpesvirus latency in splenic B cells at different stages of infection. After intranasal infection with MHV-68 we analyzed the establishment of latency 14 days after infection, and the maintenance of latency 3 months after infection in different purified subpopulations of B cells in the spleen. The data show that MHV-68 latency is mainly established in germinal center B cells and that long-term latency is preferentially maintained in two different subsets of isotype-switched B cells, germinal center and memory B cells. Cell cycle analysis indicates that MHV-68 is located in both cycling and resting isotype-switched B cells. Analysis of viral gene expression showed that both lytic and latent viral transcripts were differentially expressed in germinal center and memory B cells during long-term latency. Together, these observations suggested that γ-herpesviruses exploit the B cell life cycle in the spleen.
Comprehensive health care for people infected with HIV in developing countries
Authors: Mari M Kitahata, Mary K Tegger, Edward H Wagner, King K Holmes
Journal: BMJ (2002)

By far the greatest burden of disease from HIV infection is in developing countries, where health services are generally ill equipped to cope. The authors consider how effective HIV services can be delivered in such countries HIV infection poses tremendous challenges to healthcare systems globally. Over 90% of the estimated 40 million people living with HIV infection in 20011live in resource poor settings and do not share the improved prognosis now achieved in developed countries.2The World Health Organization estimates that in 2002, of the 6 million people in developing countries in need ofantiretroviral therapy, only 4% are getting such treatment, half of whom live in Brazil.2 In 2001 about 900 000 people were infected with HIV in the United States, and over 500 000 (over55%) were receiving antiretroviral therapy.1 In sub-Saharan Africa, however, of the more than 28 million people with HIV infection in 2001, fewer than 30 000 (just over 0.1%) were receiving antiretroviral therapy.1 In 2001, there were about 15 000 deaths from AIDS in the United States (roughly 1.7% annual mortality)and an estimated 2.2 million deaths from AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa(over 7.9% annual mortality).1 In this article we explorethe question of how effective HIV services can be delivered in resource poor countries. #### Summary points
Abstract 5759: The landscape of copy-number changes across multiple human cancer types
Authors: Rameen Beroukhim, Matthew Meyerson, Levi Garraway, John Prensner
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Genomic regions undergoing frequent alteration in human cancers often point to genes that play causal roles in oncogenesis. We have performed high-resolution analyses of copy-number alterations from 3131 cancer specimens across multiple histological types. We identified 158 regions of that are significantly altered by focal copy-number changes. Among these, 122 regions cannot be explained by the presence of a known cancer gene. Several gene families are enriched among these regions, including the BCL2 family of apoptosis regulators and the NF-κB pathway. Cell lines with amplifications of the anti-apoptotic genes MCL1 and BCL2L1 depend upon these genes for survival. Finally, we find that the majority of copy-number changes identified in individual cancer types are present across multiple cancer types. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5759.
HLA associations of systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese from Singapore.
Authors: M Rudwaleit, K Gibson, P Wordsworth, K Pile, V Oh
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1995)

Autosomal dominant undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy not related to the HLA systemWe were interested to read the article by Kidd and colleagues' on familial aggregation for undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy asso- ciated with HLA-B7.The authors described a single family in whom numerous members had a recurrent seronegative arthropathy or enthesopathy, or both, which fulfilled the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group criteria for spondyloarthropathy2 in the absence of the HLA-B27 tissue type, coexistent psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel disease.They suggested that 'undifferen- tiated' spondyloarthropathy can be asso- ciated with genetic factors other than HLA-B27.We are in total agreement.
Heroin contaminated with anthrax has killed 11 people
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Eleven people have died from the first ever drug related outbreak of anthrax caused by contaminated heroin, which is thought to be still circulating in Europe.

Since December 10 deaths have been reported among injecting drug users in the United Kingdom and one in Germany. Only one case of anthrax infection in a drug user has ever been reported previously—from Norway in 2000.

The problem first appeared in Scotland in early December, and since then 21 cases have been confirmed in six separate Scottish …
Use of Replicating Oncolytic Adenoviruses in Combination Therapy for Cancer
Authors: Roland L. Chu, Dawn E. Post, Fadlo R. Khuri, Erwin G. Van Meir
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Oncolytic virotherapy is the use of genetically engineered viruses that specifically target and destroy tumor cells via their cytolytic replication cycle. Viral-mediated tumor destruction is propagated through infection of nearby tumor cells by the newly released progeny. Each cycle should amplify the number of oncolytic viruses available for infection. Our understanding of the life cycles of cytolytic viruses has allowed manipulation of their genome to selectively kill tumor cells over normal tissue. Because the mechanism of tumor destruction is different, oncolytic virotherapy should work synergistically with current modes of treatment such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This article focuses on oncolytic adenoviruses that have been created and tested in preclinical and clinical trials in combination with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and gene therapy.
An Expanding Populace in a Contracting World
Authors: Malcolm H. Merrill
Journal: JAMA (1966)

In approaching the topic of this discussion, it is essential that we first accept the complexity of the population problem. We must try to see its interrelationship to many as yet unsolved problems —employment, education, health services, transportation, migration, housing, industrialization, agricultural productivity, increasing per capita income—to mention only a few. Other participants will deal with specific aspects of the problem. My purpose is to present an overview of an expanding world population and its relationship to national interests.  In dealing with this subject, it is also essential that we keep in mind that as we work toward the solution of population problems our focus should be the individual. The focus cannot be to reduce, increase or stablize numbers of people. It must be to help make possible a richer, fuller life—jobs, homes, resources; freedom from hunger, disease, and ignorance; time for development of innate capacities—in short, enriching the quality
Dimorphic male brains and alternative reproductive tactics in a vocalizing fish
Authors: Andrew Bass
Journal: Trends in Neurosciences (1992)

Brains and types of behavior among sexually mature vertebrates are portrayed as having two phenotypic states: male and female. However, mating systems and the behavioral tactics employed by the two sexes are far more diverse than conveyed by this simple intersexual dichotomy. For example, in many species, sexually mature males may practice one of two alternative mating tactics. Recent studies of a sound-producing teleost fish now show that intrasexual dimorphism of vocal motor phenotypes among males accompanies the intrasexual divergence of types of reproductive behavior. Thus, one group of males, like females and juveniles, lacks the behavioral, neurophysiological and morphological traits typical of the sexually differentiated vocal motor pathway of the second group. The results are an explicit demonstration that for any one species: (1) alternative mating tactics can be paralleled by alternative phenotypes for the neurons that determine tactic-specific types of behavior, and (2) reproductive maturation is not obligatorily linked to the expression of neuronal secondary sex characteristics.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome: Patients were epidemiologically linked
Authors: M. Chan-Yeung
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome Patients were epidemiologically linkedEditor-Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new disease that caught the medical profession in Hong Kong unawares.The causative agent, identified as a new coronavirus, is transmitted by droplets and direct contact. 1 2 Healthcare workers are at high risk, accounting for about one quarter of all cases of SARS in Hong Kong. 3 We here describe the spread of this highly infectious disease between 22 February and 8 March 2003 among the staff in four regional hospitals (A to D) in Hong Kong after admission
Reactive oxygen species suppress hepatitis C virus RNA replication in human hepatoma cells
Authors: Jinah Choi, Ki Jeong Lee, Yanyan Zheng, Ardath K. Yamaga, Michael M.C. Lai, Jing-hsiung Ou
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that causes severe liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV uses an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate its genome and an internal ribosomal entry site to translate its proteins. HCV infection is characterized by an increase in the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the effect of which on HCV replication has yet to be determined. In this report, we investigated the effect of ROS on HCV replication, using a bicistronic subgenomic RNA replicon and a genomic RNA that can replicate in human hepatoma cells. The treatment with peroxide at concentrations that did not deplete intracellular glutathione or induce cell death resulted in significant decreases in the HCV RNA level in the cells. This response could be partially reversed by the antioxidant N -acetylcysteine. Further studies indicated that such a suppressive response to ROS was not due to the suppression of HCV protein synthesis or the destabilization of HCV RNA. Rather, it occurred rapidly at the level of RNA replication. ROS appeared to disrupt active HCV replication complexes, as they reduced the amount of NS3 and NS5A in the subcellular fraction where active HCV RNA replication complexes were found. In conclusion, our results show that ROS can rapidly inhibit HCV RNA replication in human hepatoma cells. The increased ROS levels in hepatitis C patients may therefore play an important role in the suppression of HCV replication. (Hepatology 2004;39:81-89.)
Women with breast cancer are more likely to have high blood levels of pesticides
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Women with breast cancer are more likely to show high serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT, which are known oestrogenic compounds, a study has found ( Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;60:348-51).

The researchers, at the Sart Tilman Hospital in Liege, Belgium, tested 159 women who had had positive diagnoses of breast cancer, while 250 controls were randomly selected from women without known cancers who were attending for routine vaginal cytological examinations. At least one control was matched to each woman with breast cancer, for factors such as age, reproductive status, and menopause. …
The Deposition of Digitoxin in the Tissues of the Rat After Parenteral Injection
Authors: RENÉ BINE, MEYER FRIEDMAN, SANFORD O. BYERS, CATHARINE BLAND
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Quantitative studies regarding the fate of parenterally injected digitoxin in the rat were made by assaying extracts of rat tissue by the embryonic duck heart method. The concentration of digitoxin found in heart muscle was similar to that found in lung and kidney and greater than the concentration in skeletal muscle. The greatest amount was found in the liver and suggested the importance of this organ in the excretion or destruction of digitoxin.
SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF VITILIGO, WITH REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: NORMAN BURGESS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1934)

Journal Article SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF VITILIGO, WITH REPORT OF A CASE Get access NORMAN BURGESS, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P. NORMAN BURGESS, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P. Physician in Charge, Skin and Light Departments, Bristol General Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 46, Issue 7, 1 July 1934, Pages 313–314, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1934.tb09790.x Published: 01 July 1934
GPs' income rose by 23% under new contract, adjusted figures show
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2007)

the chief medical officer for England, has named, in his latest annual report, "unacceptably poor" hand hygiene in hospitals and the chronic lack of organs for transplantation as the two most pressing public health issues.Despite improvements in some hand hygiene practices, he said, such as more widespread use of alcohol based handrubs, the percentage of healthcare staff complying with hand cleaning protocols seldom exceeded 60%-and was often even lower."Patients find it astonishing and alarming that often nurses and doctors do not routinely wash their hands," said Professor Donaldson."However, they often don't feel able to ask doctors or nurses if they've washed their hands."He said it might be possible to empower patients by providing them with their own alcohol based handrubs, which they would be able to offer to clinical staff.A pilot study to test this was already being organised in an NHS hospital, overseen by the hospital hygiene expert Didier Pittet of the World Health Organization.Professor Donaldson also renewed calls for the introduction of an opt-out system for organ donation, in which it would be assumed that people were willing to donate their organs unless they specified otherwise.This was, he said, vital to save lives "among a group of people who are currently dying at a rate of one a day."He said: "There is a shortage of organs in this country, as there is in other countries, and the situation is getting worse."He acknowledged that parliament had already rejected such an opt-out system, but he added: "Confronted with the worsening situation, people who opposed it in the past may now wish to change their minds.
Molecular Regulation of Cardiomyocyte Differentiation
Authors: Sharon L. Paige, Karolina Plonowska, Adele Xu, Sean M. Wu
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

The heart is the first organ to form during embryonic development. Given the complex nature of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis, it is not surprising that some form of congenital heart disease is present in ≈1 percent of newborns. The molecular determinants of heart development have received much attention over the past several decades. This has been driven in large part by an interest in understanding the causes of congenital heart disease coupled with the potential of using knowledge from developmental biology to generate functional cells and tissues that could be used for regenerative medicine purposes. In this review, we highlight the critical signaling pathways and transcription factor networks that regulate cardiomyocyte lineage specification in both in vivo and in vitro models. Special focus will be given to epigenetic regulators that drive the commitment of cardiomyogenic cells from nascent mesoderm and their differentiation into chamber-specific myocytes, as well as regulation of myocardial trabeculation.
Antigens: Polymer Blend Particles with Defined Compositions for Targeting Antigen to Both Class I and II Antigen Presentation Pathways (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 5/2014)
Authors: Kenny K. Tran, Xi Zhan, Hong Shen
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014)

Blend nanoparticles, composed of a blend of polymers, serve as a vaccine delivery platform to deliver encapsulated antigens to dendritic cells. On page 690, blend particles control the delivery of antigens to both endolysosomal compartments and cytosolic space. Hong Shen and team show how, by controlling the polymer composition nanoparticles, protein antigens access to both MHC Class I and II antigen presentation pathways, engaging humoral, CD4+ and CD8+ T - cell mediated immune responses.
HOSPITAL-LEVEL VARIATION IN ADHERENCE TO CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICATIONS IN THE YEAR FOLLOWING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: INSIGHTS FROM THE VETERAN’S AFFAIRS HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
Authors: Lauren Thompson, Evan P. Carey, Christian C. Helfrich, John Rumsfeld, Steven Bradley, Thomas Maddox, Ehrin Armstrong, Hayden B. Bosworth, P Michael Ho
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Dual Photon Absorptiometry The Importance of Clinical Correlation
Authors: LISA K. Von MOLL, BARRY L. SHULKIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Dual photon absorptiometry is a reliable method of assessing bone mineral density. However, distortions of bony architecture, which may not be evident from the low-resolution images provided, can complicate the evaluation and lead to misleading findings. A case is presented which describes the importance of clinical and radiographic correlation.