tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hyperoxic Brain Effects Are Normalized by Addition of CO2
Authors: Paul M Macey, Mary A Woo, Ronald M Harper
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Background Hyperoxic ventilation (>21% O2) is widely used in medical practice for resuscitation, stroke intervention, and chronic supplementation. However, despite the objective of improving tissue oxygen delivery, hyperoxic ventilation can accentuate ischemia and impair that outcome. Hyperoxia results in, paradoxically, increased ventilation, which leads to hypocapnia, diminishing cerebral blood flow and hindering oxygen delivery. Hyperoxic delivery induces other systemic changes, including increased plasma insulin and glucagon levels and reduced myocardial contractility and relaxation, which may derive partially from neurally mediated hormonal and sympathetic outflow. Several cortical, limbic, and cerebellar brain areas regulate these autonomic processes. The aim of this study was to assess recruitment of these regions in response to hyperoxia and to determine whether any response would be countered by addition of CO2 to the hyperoxic gas mixture. Methods and Findings We studied 14 children (mean age 11 y, range 8–15 y). We found, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, that 2 min of hyperoxic ventilation (100% O2) following a room air baseline elicited pronounced responses in autonomic and hormonal control areas, including the hypothalamus, insula, and hippocampus, throughout the challenge. The addition of 5% CO2 to 95% O2 abolished responses in the hypothalamus and lingual gyrus, substantially reduced insular, hippocampal, thalamic, and cerebellar patterns in the first 48 s, and abolished signals in those sites thereafter. Only the dorsal midbrain responded to hypercapnia, but not hyperoxia. Conclusions In this group of children, hyperoxic ventilation led to responses in brain areas that modify hypothalamus-mediated sympathetic and hormonal outflow; these responses were diminished by addition of CO2 to the gas mixture. This study in healthy children suggests that supplementing hyperoxic administration with CO2 may mitigate central and peripheral consequences of hyperoxia.
WHO report highlights Africa's health challenges
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Africa will never climb out of poverty unless its devastating health challenges are tackled, says the World Health Organization's first African regional health report. It gives an insight into why Africa has such a heavy burden of disease and premature death and suggests interventions that are known to work within the regional context. 

The continent faces a “silent epidemic” of maternal and child mortality, it says. Of the 20 countries with the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world 19 are in Africa. Africa also has the highest neonatal death rate in the world. 

AIDS continues to decimate the population of Africa, which has …
Coxsackievirus B 1-induced polymyositis. Lack of disease expression in nu/nu mice.
Authors: S R Ytterberg, M L Mahowald, R P Messner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Chronic inflammatory myositis similar to human polymyositis occurs in mice after infection with a strain of Coxsackievirus B 1 (CVB 1). To investigate the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of this disorder, we compared disease expression in T cell-deficient athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and heterozygotes (nu/+) with normal T cell function. Acute infectious myositis occurred in nu/nu and nu/+ mice. Chronic (greater than 21 d postinfection) weakness and myositis, however, developed only in nu/+. Resistance to disease in nu/nu mice was not explained by insusceptibility to infection; the amount of virus lethal for 50% of mice and virus replication were comparable in both groups. Additionally, anti-CVB 1 antibody production was similar in both groups. Reconstitution of infected nu/nu mice with spleen cells from normal mice resulted in disease. These results demonstrate that chronic weakness after infection with this virus is not simply a sequela of acute myonecrosis and suggest that T cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic myositis.
The level of phospholipase A2 activity is raised in the uninvolved epidermis of psoriasis
Authors: S. Forster, E. Ilderton, R. Summerly, H.J. Yardley
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

Journal Article The level of phospholipase A2 activity is raised in the uninvolved epidermis of psoriasis Get access S. Forster, S. Forster Department of Biological Sciences University of Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. Ilderton, E. Ilderton Department of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. Summerly, R. Summerly Department of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H.J. Yardley H.J. Yardley Department of Biological Sciences University of Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 108, Issue 1, 1 January 1983, Pages 103–105, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb04585.x Published: 01 January 1983
Winning or losing: where are we in the fight against HIV and AIDS?
Authors: Karen Honey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention held in Sydney, Australia, at the end of July.During the talk Fauci said that the world faces a serious problem because "for every one person that you put on therapy, six people get infected [with HIV]" (1).This fact, he said, made him concur with UNAIDS Executive Director Peter Piot, who recently stated that the discrepancy between the number of individuals being put on therapy and the number becoming infected "is not sustainable" and means "that we are losing the battle [against HIV and AIDS]" (2).However, the negative nature of the news headlines generated by the talk did not reflect the overall message Fauci meant to convey, because, as he commented to the JCI, "much of what I said during the talk was positive."And while Fauci does feel that the world is "losing the numbers game" and that there is still "much to do" before we can say that we are winning the battle, he does believe that much has been accomplished.Indeed, Fauci highlighted to the JCI that during his talk he discussed the huge advances that have been made in treating and preventing HIV and AIDS in recent years.For example, in 2003 only a couple of hundred thousand people in the developing world were receiving HIV therapy, most of whom were wealthy individuals, whereas in 2007 more than 2 million people in these regions of the world were receiving therapy.However, to provide a balanced outlook, Fauci told the JCI that although this is a huge advance, there is a long way to go, as this represents only 28% of individuals in the developing world who need HIV therapy.Fauci also told the conference delegates that there have been scientific advances that the research community should be
P1111 ANRS HC15 NRFI: LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE THERAPY WITH A COMBINATION OF RIBAVIRIN AND PEGYLATED INTERFERON IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C. RESULTS OF A MULTICENTER RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: D. Guyader, E. Bellissant, T. Asselah, J.P. Bronowicki, A. Abergel, L. Lasser, A. Tran, M. Bourlière, D. Samuel, C. Wartelle, M. Beaugrand, C. Trépo, G. Riachi, P. Attali, L. D'alteroche, J. Gournay, J.P. Vinel, M. Schnee, J. Henrion, M. Doffoel, P. Hillon, M. Adler, B. Turlin, A. Renault, P. Bedossa, P. Calès, J. Delwaide
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Comparative effects of plasma exchange and pyridostigmine on respiratory muscle strength and breathing pattern in patients with myasthenia gravis.
Authors: P Goti, A Spinelli, G Marconi, R Duranti, F Gigliotti, A Pizzi, G Scano
Journal: Thorax (1995)

BACKGROUND--Pyridostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase antagonist, is useful in improving respiratory function in patients with myasthenia gravis. More recently, plasma exchange has been employed in myasthenia gravis because it acts presumably by removal of circulating antibodies against acetylcholine receptors. Surprisingly, comparative data on the effects of pyridostigmine and plasma exchange on lung volumes, respiratory muscle strength, and ventilatory control system in patients with myasthenia gravis are lacking. METHODS--Nine consecutive patients with grade IIb myasthenia gravis were studied under control conditions and after a therapeutic dose of pyridostigmine. In a second study the patients were re-evaluated a few days after a cycle of plasma exchange, before taking pyridostigmine. In each subject pulmonary volumes, inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) muscle force, and respiratory muscle strength, calculated as average MIP and MEP as percentages of their predicted values, were measured. The ventilatory control system was evaluated in terms of volume (tidal volume, VT) and time (inspiratory time, TI, and total time, TTOT) components of the respiratory cycle. Mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI)--that is, the "driving"--and TI/TTOT--that is, the "timing"--components of ventilation were also measured. RESULTS--In each patient treatment relieved weakness and tiredness, and dyspnoea grade was reduced with plasma exchange. Following treatment, vital capacity (VC) increased on average by 9.7% with pyridostigmine and by 14% with plasma exchange, and MIP increased by 18% and 26%, respectively. In addition, with plasma exchange but not with pyridostigmine forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) increased by 16% and MEP increased by 24.5%, while functional residual capacity (FRC) decreased a little (6.8%). The change in respiratory muscle strength was related to change in VC (r2 = 0.48). With plasma exchange, VT increased by 18.6% and VT/TI increased by 13.5%, while neither TI nor TI/TTOT changed. CONCLUSIONS--Plasma exchange can be used in patients with myasthenia gravis when symptoms are not adequately controlled by anticholinesterase agents. Plasma exchange increases respiratory muscle force and tidal volume due to changes in "driving" but not "timing" of the respiratory cycle.
N.H.S. Prescriptions for Contraceptives
Authors: R. W. Newmark
Journal: BMJ (1964)

JORNAL 1 was found that the average number of E.C.T.s given in the course of a year follow- ing admission and the number of days in hospital in that year were both reduced in 1961.The figures are shown in the table.While other factors may have been oper- ating, I think that a major one in accounting for the change is that 22 of the 28 patients in 1961 were treated with imipramine.-Iam, etc.,
Diabetes Mellitus: Problems in Management
Authors: David L. Horwitz
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Diabetes mellitus is an extremely common disorder, most often treated by the primary care physician. This book aims squarely at management issues in diabetes, forsaking any discussion of biochemistry or intermediary metabolism related to diabetes. In addition to the topics commonly covered in textbooks on diabetes, eg, diagnosis, diet, insulin and oral agents, and treatment of ketoacidosis, this book also has indepth discussions of many less traditional topics. These include emotional aspects of diabetes, record keeping, family planning, and consideration of many of the late complications of diabetes. The book generally succeeds in its mission of bringing to the primary care physician a concise presentation of the most important aspects of care of the diabetic patient. Particularly useful features are an overview at the beginning of each chapter, marginal notes summarizing the principal points, and a section at the end of each chapter on appropriate referrals for patients whose care
Sexual and Physical Abuse and Gastrointestinal Illness: Review and Recommendations
Authors: Douglas A. Drossman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Objectives: To summarize the existing data on abuse history and gastrointestinal illness, suggest a conceptual scheme to explain these associations, suggest ways to identify patients at risk, and provide information about mental health referral. Data Sources: Review of the pertinent literature by clinicians and investigators at referral centers who are involved in the care of patients with complex gastrointestinal illness and who have experience in the diagnosis and care of patients with abuse history in these settings. Study Selection: All research articles and observational data that addressed abuse history in gastroenterologic settings. Articles were identified through a MEDLINE search. Data Extraction: Independent extraction by multiple observers. Data Synthesis: On the basis of literature review and consensus, it was determined that abuse history is associated with gastrointestinal illness and psychological disturbance; appears more often among women, patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders, and patients seen in referral settings; is not usually known by the physician; and is associated with poorer adjustment to illness and adverse health outcome.
Evaluation de la rentabilité diagnostique et thérapeutique de l'entéroscopie double ballon chez les patients présentant une lésion de l'intestin grêle diagnostiquée par vidéocapsule endoscopique
Authors: G Rahmi, K Vahedi, G Gay, H Lamouliatte, B Filoche, JC Saurin, M Lerhun, T Ponchon, D Coumaros, P Bichart, D Lamarque, T Maniere, G Chatellier, C Cellier
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Introduction: Etude étude ouverte, prospective, multicentrique et observationnelle française de mars 2007 à juin 2009 dans 15 centres. 466 patients suspects d'une lésion de l'intestin grêle diagnostiquée par VCE ont été inclus et ont bénéficié d'une EDB. Les données de l'analyse intermédiaire sont disponibles pour 307 patients.
Warfarin Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, Mintu P. Turakhia
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation are increasingly common conditions. Recent estimates suggest that 6% to 8% of noninstitutionalized US adults have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (indicating CKD stage 3 or worse) and nearly 10% have albuminuria.1 Similarly, atrial fibrillation is estimated to have affected more than 2.7 million Americans in 2010.2 The prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation increases with the severity of CKD and, conversely, patients with atrial fibrillation are more likely to have CKD or develop progressive kidney dysfunction. It would therefore seem that aggressive treatment of atrial fibrillation, particularly with regard to oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention, would be paramount in patients with CKD.
The Chemotactic Activity of Sputum from Patients with Bronchiectasis
Authors: MISHASHI MIKAMI, CAROL G. LLEWELLYN-JONES, DARREN BAYLEY, SUSAN L. HILL, ROBERT A. STOCKLEY
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Persistent polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment to airway is thought to be an important component of continuing inflammation and progression of chronic destructive lung diseases. Although chemoattractants are required for the PMN to migrate, the nature of the chemoattractants in the airways has not yet been clarified. We therefore investigated the contribution of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and leukotriene-B4 (LTB4) to the chemotactic activity of lung secretions by inhibiting their activity using a monoclonal antibody to IL-8 and an LTB4 receptor antagonist (LY293111 sodium). Fifty-nine sputum samples obtained from 19 patients with bronchiectasis were studied. In preliminary studies the chemotactic responses to IL-8 and LTB4 were found to be additive, and we were able to remove their contribution independently with the appropriate antibody and antagonist. The chemotactic activity of the secretions was related to the macroscopic appearance (mucoid, mucopurulent, and purulent), and this appeared to be related to an increase in IL-8 contribution. Chemotactic activity was reduced by antibiotic therapy and again that seemed to relate to a reduction in the IL-8 contribution. The contributions of LTB4 were similar among the three types of sputum in varying clinical states. These data suggest that LTB4 and IL-8 are important chemotactic factors in lung secretions from such patients, although IL-8 appears to play a more important role during acute exacerbations. These results may be useful in determining therapeutic strategies for chronic destructive lung diseases in the future.
Suppression of hyperbilirubinemia in the rat neonate by chromium-protoporphyrin. Interactions of metalloporphyrins with microsomal heme oxygenase of human spleen.
Authors: G S Drummond, A Kappas
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

The synthetic metalloporphyrin, Cr-protoporphyrin, as a potent competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase activity in rat spleen, liver, and kidney. When administered to neonatal animals in a single dose immediately after birth, Cr-protoporphyrin suppresses postnatal hyperbilirubinemia and produces a marked and sustained lowering of heme oxidation activity in liver, spleen, and kidney. The metalloporphyrin also potently inhibited the rate of heme degradation to bile pigment in human spleen.
Rural and Small-Town Practice
Authors: George T. Harrell
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The practice of medicine must keep abreast of changing social patterns. Formerly, the rural physician gave general medical care in the family home or his office. With the mechanization of agriculture and with the urbanization and industrialization of society, rural populations are declining and aging. Medical care and training, increasingly are becoming based in hospitals. Small rural hospitals cannot furnish adequate support in facilities or in personnel so physicians cannot practice as they have been trained. With improved roads, it is feasible to have regional hospitals, with laboratories and blood banks which are associated with specialists in group practice. Emergency care can be given by trained teams of allied health personnel with new types of ambulances or even helicopters. Health maintenance, diagnostic screening, prevention, and health education can be carried out by mobile teams. Education for family practice should begin early in medical school.
A 76-Year-Old Woman Considering Total Hip Replacement
Authors: John J. Callaghan
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Dr DALEY:</h3> Mrs W is a 76-year-old woman who is considering total hip replacement. She is married and lives in suburban Boston, where she sees a primary care physician in private practice. She has 2 children and 3 grandchildren. She is insured by Medicare, and she and her husband have supplemental Medigap insurance. Mrs W has been in generally good health. Her primary care physician follows her for hypercholesterolemia and situational anxiety. She has been taking pravastatin sodium, 1 tablet (20 mg) each evening for several years. Her total cholesterol is 5.69 to 5.95 mmol/L (220-230 mg/dL) with medication (7.76 mmol/L [300 mg/dL] without medication). She is calm in the face of other people's illnesses but has lived with fear of developing cancer all her life. Her primary care physician has treated her anxiety with regular checkups and reassurance along with alprazolam, which she uses occasionally (less than once a
Postinfective Malabsorption: A Sprue Syndrome
Authors: R. D. Montgomery, D. J. Beale, H. G. Sammons, R. Schneider
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Thirteen cases are described of temporary malabsorption in adults presenting after an episode of apparent infective enteritis. Clinical features included diarrohea, anorexia, and weight loss. Investigations indicated diffuse impairment of function in the small bowel, including the ileum, with well-preserved mucosal morphology in the upper jejunum and a tendency to rapid folate depletion. Spontaneous recovery usually occurred within weeks but two cases ran a more prolonged and severe course.The clinical features of this syndrome are those of tropical sprue, but the outcome of the illness is probably influenced by nutritional as well as environmental factors. There may be a gradation of severity of illness from megaloblastic anaemia to florid malabsorption syndrome.
The Relation between Vagal Activity and Auricular Fibrillation in Various Clinical Conditions
Authors: Mark D. Altschule
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1945)

AURICULAR fibrillation is frequent in various forms of heart disease and in thyrotoxicosis, and its occurrence in other conditions is also recognized.1 Although this arrhythmia is often encountered in clinical practice, its origin is not understood by most clinicians, in spite of the fact that it has been the subject of considerable fruitful study.The available reports of studies in animals in which auricular fibrillation was regularly produced definitely establish the fact that vagal activity is one of the factors responsible for its occurrence.2 The earlier studies on animals were not entirely satisfactory from a clinical point of view, since . . .
THE HUMAN NOSE NOT IN THE CENTRE OF THE FACE. ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE ADJUSTMENT OF SPECTACLES.
Authors: A. C. SIMONTON
Journal: JAMA (1892)

in public asylums, such information is generally re¬ fused, whereas in a private place such friends may, if necessary, demand what is in most cases volunta¬ rily extended to them, i. e., personal information of the patient, and all his surroundings.In a public asylum, patients suffering the mildest form of insan¬ ity, and which perhaps, under judicious treatment, might be cured in a very short time, are brought into contact with the worst forms, features and conse¬ quences of the disease.Can there be a reasonable