tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hydrocortisone and Treatment of Multiple Trauma
Authors: James R. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Dectin-1 diversifies <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>–specific T cell responses by inhibiting T helper type 1 CD4 T cell differentiation
Authors: Amariliz Rivera, Tobias M. Hohl, Nichole Collins, Ingrid Leiner, Alena Gallegos, Shinobu Saijo, Jesse W. Coward, Yoichiro Iwakura, Eric G. Pamer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2011)

Pulmonary infection of mice with Aspergillus fumigatus induces concurrent T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses that depend on Toll-like receptor/MyD88 and Dectin-1, respectively. However, the mechanisms balancing Th1 and Th17 CD4 T cell populations during infection remain incompletely defined. In this study, we show that Dectin-1 deficiency disproportionally increases Th1 responses and decreases Th17 differentiation after A. fumigatus infection. Dectin-1 signaling in A. fumigatus-infected wild-type mice reduces IFN-γ and IL-12p40 expression in the lung, thereby decreasing T-bet expression in responding CD4 T cells and enhancing Th17 responses. Absence of IFN-γ or IL-12p35 in infected mice or T-bet in responding CD4 T cells enhances Th17 differentiation, independent of Dectin-1 expression, in A. fumigatus-infected mice. Transient deletion of monocyte-derived dendritic cells also reduces Th1 and boosts Th17 differentiation of A. fumigatus-specific CD4 T cells. Our findings indicate that Dectin-1-mediated signals alter CD4 T cell responses to fungal infection by decreasing the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ in innate cells, thereby decreasing T-bet expression in A. fumigatus-specific CD4 T cells and enabling Th17 differentiation.
Cholinergic pruritus, erythema and urticaria: a disease spectrum responding to danazol
Authors: J. BERTH-JONES, R.A.C. GRAHAM-BROMWN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1989)

Cholinergic pruritus and cholinergic erythema are relatively rare conditions believed to represent variants of cholinergic urticaria. We report an extremely severe and unusual case demonstrating features of both these variants before evolving into more classical cholinergic urticaria. This strongly supports the view that all three syndromes are variations of the same disease. This case demonstrated a dramatic symptomatic response to danazol which has not previously been reported.
DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN.
Authors: EDWIN E. GRAHAM
Journal: JAMA (1906)

larynx (in Dr. Elsberg's two cases and one of my own, the largest endoscopie tube was used) and, furthermore, we are so much nearer the foreign body for manipulation.I should, therefore, answer the question that tracheotomy with subsequent removal is by far the best method in these cases; and objection to it can not be maintained.It is a time saver.In one instance in which no haste was necessary, I timed the operator and it took IV2 minutes until the trachea was opened and ready for the tube.In the after-treatment it will be necessary to keep the temperature of the room warm, to prevent, to a great degree, the danger of pneumonia.Special care and nursing is required for a few days, and although none of these patients was possessed of means, yet they could and did secure the needed atten- tion.As these remarks are intended for the presentation of personal experience, no general reference to the liter- ature of the subject is made, nor is such necessary, as the subject has been so well presented with a reference of 50 recent cases in a paper by Thomas A. Clayton.3 conclusions. . 'As a result of my experience, I conclude : 1.The diagnosis may often be fully established by auscultation and percussion and the use of Roentgen rays may not always be depended on.2. Solid bodies producing occlusion should be oper- ated on immediately.3. Tracheotomy affords by far the best chance for the patient.4. The public, as well as the profession, is in great debt to Professor Killian for his valuable instruments and his work on "Bronchoscopy," resulting in the saving of many lives that otherwise would have been lost.25 East Seventy-seventh Street.
Workgroup Report: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health—Recent Findings and Research Needs
Authors: Mary H. Ward, Theo M. deKok, Patrick Levallois, Jean Brender, Gabriel Gulis, Bernard T. Nolan, James VanDerslice
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Human alteration of the nitrogen cycle has resulted in steadily accumulating nitrate in our water resources. The U.S. maximum contaminant level and World Health Organization guidelines for nitrate in drinking water were promulgated to protect infants from developing methemoglobinemia, an acute condition. Some scientists have recently suggested that the regulatory limit for nitrate is overly conservative; however, they have not thoroughly considered chronic health outcomes. In August 2004, a symposium on drinking-water nitrate and health was held at the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology meeting to evaluate nitrate exposures and associated health effects in relation to the current regulatory limit. The contribution of drinking-water nitrate toward endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds was evaluated with a focus toward identifying subpopulations with increased rates of nitrosation. Adverse health effects may be the result of a complex interaction of the amount of nitrate ingested, the concomitant ingestion of nitrosation cofactors and precursors, and specific medical conditions that increase nitrosation. Workshop participants concluded that more experimental studies are needed and that a particularly fruitful approach may be to conduct epidemiologic studies among susceptible subgroups with increased endogenous nitrosation. The few epidemiologic studies that have evaluated intake of nitrosation precursors and/or nitrosation inhibitors have observed elevated risks for colon cancer and neural tube defects associated with drinking-water nitrate concentrations below the regulatory limit. The role of drinking-water nitrate exposure as a risk factor for specific cancers, reproductive outcomes, and other chronic health effects must be studied more thoroughly before changes to the regulatory level for nitrate in drinking water can be considered.
Ventilation-perfusion distributions during mechanical ventilation with superimposed spontaneous breathing in canine lung injury.
Authors: C Putensen, J Räsänen, F A López
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Biphasic positive airway pressure (BIPAP) allows unrestricted spontaneous breathing throughout mechanical ventilation. Effects of spontaneous breathing during BIPAP on pulmonary gas exchange were studied on a randomized basis in 12 dogs with oleic acid-induced lung injury using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Spontaneous breathing during BIPAP, accounting for 10% of minute ventilation (VE), increased PaO2 from 61 +/- 2 to 78 +/- 3 mm Hg (mean +/- SE) (p < 0.01), cardiac output from 4.2 +/- 0.3 to 4.6 +/- 0.3 L/min (p < 0.05), and oxygen delivery from 537 +/- 51 to 716 +/- 58 ml/kg/min (p < 0.05), whereas oxygen consumption and total VE remained unchanged. Improved pulmonary gas exchange caused by better ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) matching was indicated by a 17 +/- 3% decrease (p < 0.01) in blood flow to shunt units (VA/Q < 0.005), a 15 +/- 3% increase (p < 0.05) in perfusion of normal VA/Q units (0.1 < VA/Q < 10), and a 6 +/- 3% reduction in ventilation of dead space (VA/Q > 100) areas (p < 0.05). Spontaneous breaths superimposed on mechanical ventilation may convert shunt VA/Q units to normal by increased ventilation of poorly or nonventilated units and/or increase blood flow to previously minimal or nonperfused areas.
A specific antigen-antibody interaction triggers the cellular pathophysiology of bullous pemphigoid
Authors: JOHN R. STANLEY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

Autoantibodies found in both the skin and sera of patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) are capable of initiating the pathophysiology of blister formation that occurs in this disease. Current concepts of the pathophysiology of BP suggest that antibody alone cannot cause blister formation, but that antibody acts through complement-fixation, degranulation of mast cells and subsequent recruitment of leukocytes to the epidermal basement membrane. These leukocytes then release proteolytic enzymes which result in dermal-epidermal separation. This paper addresses the question of whether a specific molecule in the basement membrane zone is involved in the antigen-antibody reaction which triggers the cellular pathophysiology of BP. Immunoprecipitates of extracts of cultured human or mouse epidermal cells, radiolabelled with either [35S] methionine or 14C-labelled amino acids, indicated that sera from 25 of 26 BP patients precipitated the same molecule, as determined by co-migration on sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). This molecule is a protein with a mol. wt. of approximately 230 kd. A similar protein was identified in SDS extracts of normal human epidermis, as determined by immunoperoxidase staining of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE, then electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose sheets. Thus, in almost all cases of BP, one specific molecule of the epidermal basement membrane is involved in the antigen-antibody interaction that triggers the cellular pathophysiology of blister formation.
Charity calls for better training of police in handling mentally ill people
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Police officers need more and better training in how to handle people with mental illness, says a briefing paper from the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. And healthcare and social services could do more to help with this process, it says.

The police, the centre’s report says, are often the first people to deal with a person who is experiencing a mental health crisis. They have powers under the Mental Health Act 1983 to remove a person to a place of safety and to gain enforced entry, with a warrant, to a …
Medicine and Moral Reasoning
Authors: H S Furness
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Ed K W M Fulford, Grant Gillette, Janet Martin Soskice Cambridge University Press, £12.95, pp 207 ISBN 0-521-45946-X

Do doctors and philosophers actually understand each other? Although medical ethics is indeed a growth industry, much medical ethical discourse is characterised by mutual incomprehension. A doctor I know said to me recently, “The trouble with philosophers is that they have no idea what real patients and real medical situations are like, and in any case I am not sure that science allows room for ethics - sociobiology is more like it.” He should read Medicine and Moral Reasoning. It discusses the causes of such incomprehension, …
Transforming growth factor-β 'reprograms' the differentiation of T helper 2 cells and promotes an interleukin 9–producing subset
Authors: Marc Veldhoen, Catherine Uyttenhove, Jacques van Snick, Helena Helmby, Astrid Westendorf, Jan Buer, Bruno Martin, Christoph Wilhelm, Brigitta Stockinger
Journal: Nature Immunology (2008)
Doctors' bad press depends on type of newspaper
Authors: C. Peters
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Doctors in Guantanamo Bay are at risk of being accessories to tortureRecent events make me concerned on behalf of my medical colleagues in the US military forces.I have imagined what I might do if I were to find myself posted to Guantanamo Bay in Cuba.Perhaps I would pen a letter to the BMJ because of its keen interest in medical human rights issues. 1This is the sort of letter I might write.Editor-I have been posted to the US military base at Guantanamo Bay.I will be expected to provide medical care to the hundreds of prisoners being relocated from Afghanistan.I am told that they are coming to Cuba for intensive interrogation.I am under no illusion: this is a euphemism for brutal treatment and torture. 2 It is widely believed-in Central and South America at least-that interrogations sponsored by the CIA and US military incorporated violence ranging from beatings to cycles of drowning.As a doctor, should I resuscitate prisoners so that they might be retortured?I would appreciate your advice. My Alter EgoWe can ill afford to assume that inhumane treatment is sponsored only in countries where democracy and respect for human rights are not secure.Given the backing of the UK and US governments for detaining prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, we can also no longer assume that doctors placed in such unfortunate positions can rely on the support of the democratic world.The BMJ could fulfil a useful function in debating this issue and offering advice and support to our unfortunate US colleagues.
Effect of topical oesophageal acidification on human salivary and oesophageal alkali secretion.
Authors: C M Brown, C F Snowdon, B Slee, L N Sandle, W D Rees
Journal: Gut (1995)

Recent human studies suggest that oesophageal HCO3- secretion, in conjunction with salivary HCO3- secretion and secondary oesophageal peristalsis, is important for the protection of oesophageal mucosa from refluxed gastric contents. This study evaluated simultaneously the responsiveness of oesophageal and salivary HCO3- secretion to oesophageal acidification in eight healthy subjects. A 10 cm segment of oesophagus was perfused at a constant rate of 5 ml/min with a specially designed tube assembly. Saline was used initially, and then 10 mM and 100 mM HCl. The perfusates contained 3H-polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a concentration marker to determine volumes. Corrections were applied for a small degree of contamination by swallowed saliva and refluxed gastric alkali. Oesophageal perfusion with 10 mM HCl did not cause symptoms (nausea and heartburn), but tripled the oesophageal HCO3- output from a baseline of 51 mumol/10 cm/10 min (p = 0.021), while doubling the rate of salivary HCO3- secretion from a median basal value of 140 mumol/10 min (p = 0.021). Oesophageal perfusion with 100 mM HCl was associated with symptoms of nausea and heartburn in all subjects. The median oesophageal HCO3- output increased 32 fold to 1659 mumol/10 cm/10 min (interquartile range 569 to 3373; p = 0.036), and salivary HCO3- secretion approximately tripled from basal values (p = 0.036). In conclusion, oesophageal acidification stimulates both salivary and oesophageal HCO3- secretion, responses which may be protective to the oesophageal epithelium.
Diacylglycerol acyltranferase 1 anti-sense oligonucleotides reduce hepatic fibrosis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Kanji Yamaguchi, Liu Yang, Shannon McCall, Jiawen Huang, Xing Xian Yu, Sanjay K. Pandey, Sanjay Bhanot, Brett P. Monia, Yin-Xiong Li, Anna Mae Diehl
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Retinyl ester (RE) stores decrease during hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis. Although retinol esterification is mostly catalyzed by lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)1 also does this. In previous reports, LRAT(-/-) mice had reduced hepatic RE but neither excessive HSC activation nor liver fibrosis, and DGAT1(-/-) mice had increased liver levels of RE and retinol. We sought to clarify the role of DGAT1 in liver fibrosis. Expression of DGAT1/2 was compared by real time PCR in freshly isolated, primary mouse HSCs and hepatocytes. To induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis, adult male db/db mice were fed methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diets. Half were treated with DGAT1 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO); the rest were injected with saline. Results were compared with chow-fed controls. Inhibition of DGAT1 in liver had no effect on hepatic triglyceride content or liver necroinflammation but reduced HSC activation and liver fibrosis in mice with NASH. To evaluate the role of DGAT1 in HSC activation, HSC were isolated from healthy rats treated with DGAT1 ASO or saline. DGAT1 was expressed at relatively high levels in HSCs. HSC isolated from DGAT1 ASO-treated rats had reduced DGAT1 expression and increased messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of LRAT and cellular retinol binding protein-1. During culture, they retained more vitamin A, had repressed collagen a2 (I) transcriptional activity, and expressed less collagen a1 (I) and a2 (I) mRNA.DGAT1 may be a therapeutic target in NASH because inhibiting DGAT1 favorably altered. HSC retinoid homeostasis and inhibited hepatic fibrosis in mice with NASH.
Identifying an APP-binding protein in neuronal cell death
Authors: Yunwu Zhang, Huaxi Xu
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2012)

Results Here we find that a mitochondrial solute carrier family protein, appoptosin, induces reactive oxygen species release and intrinsic caspase-dependent apoptosis. The physiological function of appoptosin is to transport/ exchange glycine/5-amino-levulinic acid across the mitochondrial membrane for heme synthesis. Alzheimer’s b-amyloid precursor protein interacts with appoptosin and modulates appoptosin-induced apoptosis. Levels of appoptosin are upregulated in brain samples from Alzheimer’s disease and infarct patients and in rodent stroke models, as well as in cells treated with b-amyloid (Ab) and glutamate. Downregulation of appoptosin prevents the cell death and caspase activation caused by glutamate or Ab insults.
Genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in sweet and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Lei-Ying Zheng, Xiao-Sen Guo, Bing He, Lian-Jun Sun, Yao Peng, Shan-Shan Dong, Teng-Fei Liu, Shuye Jiang, Srinivasan Ramachandran, Chun-Ming Liu, Hai-Chun Jing
Journal: Genome biology (2011)

Abstract Background Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) is globally produced as a source of food, feed, fiber and fuel. Grain and sweet sorghums differ in a number of important traits, including stem sugar and juice accumulation, plant height as well as grain and biomass production. The first whole genome sequence of a grain sorghum is available, but additional genome sequences are required to study genome-wide and intraspecific variation for dissecting the genetic basis of these important traits and for tailor-designed breeding of this important C 4 crop. Results We resequenced two sweet and one grain sorghum inbred lines, and identified a set of nearly 1,500 genes differentiating sweet and grain sorghum. These genes fall into ten major metabolic pathways involved in sugar and starch metabolisms, lignin and coumarin biosynthesis, nucleic acid metabolism, stress responses and DNA damage repair. In addition, we uncovered 1,057,018 SNPs, 99,948 indels of 1 to 10 bp in length and 16,487 presence/absence variations as well as 17,111 copy number variations. The majority of the large-effect SNPs, indels and presence/absence variations resided in the genes containing leucine rich repeats, PPR repeats and disease resistance R genes possessing diverse biological functions or under diversifying selection, but were absent in genes that are essential for life. Conclusions This is a first report of the identification of genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in sorghum. High-density SNP and indel markers reported here will be a valuable resource for future gene-phenotype studies and the molecular breeding of this important crop and related species.
REPORT OF RESULTS AND RECOVERIES OBTAINED BY THE USE OF ANTI-TUBERCLE SERUM.
Authors: A. M. HAYDEN
Journal: JAMA (1896)

secured the serum at 7 p.m. and gave her 20 c.c; tem- perature still over 105, pulse 130, and sweating pro- fusely; vomiting very severe; occasionally retaining a little champagne and water in teaspoonful doses.Symptoms but slightly, if any, improved from morning.Remained until 9 o'clock.At that time temperature 105.6, pulse about the same as at 7 p.m. January 9, 9 a.m., was very much surprised on examination to find such marked improvement; temperature slightly
Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and the Kidney: Pathophysiological and Clinical Implications
Authors: Peter Kamenický, Gherardo Mazziotti, Marc Lombès, Andrea Giustina, Philippe Chanson
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2013)

Abstract Besides their growth-promoting properties, GH and IGF-1 regulate a broad spectrum of biological functions in several organs, including the kidney. This review focuses on the renal actions of GH and IGF-1, taking into account major advances in renal physiology and hormone biology made over the last 20 years, allowing us to move our understanding of GH/IGF-1 regulation of renal functions from a cellular to a molecular level. The main purpose of this review was to analyze how GH and IGF-1 regulate renal development, glomerular functions, and tubular handling of sodium, calcium, phosphate, and glucose. Whenever possible, the relative contributions, the nephronic topology, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of GH and IGF-1 actions were addressed. Beyond the physiological aspects of GH/IGF-1 action on the kidney, the review describes the impact of GH excess and deficiency on renal architecture and functions. It reports in particular new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of body fluid retention and of changes in phospho-calcium metabolism in acromegaly as well as of the reciprocal changes in sodium, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis observed in GH deficiency. The second aim of this review was to analyze how the GH/IGF-1 axis contributes to major renal diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, renal failure, renal carcinoma, and polycystic renal disease. It summarizes the consequences of chronic renal failure and glucocorticoid therapy after renal transplantation on GH secretion and action and questions the interest of GH therapy in these conditions.