tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen pollution: an assessment of its threat to amphibian survival.
Authors: J D Rouse, C A Bishop, J Struger
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

The potential for nitrate to affect amphibian survival was evaluated by examining the areas in North America where concentrations of nitrate in water occur above amphibian toxicity thresholds. Nitrogen pollution from anthropogenic sources enters bodies of water through agricultural runoff or percolation associated with nitrogen fertilization, livestock, precipitation, and effluents from industrial and human wastes. Environmental concentrations of nitrate in watersheds throughout North America range from &lt; 1 to &gt; 100 mg/L. Of the 8,545 water quality samples collected from states and provinces bordering the Great Lakes, 19.8% contained nitrate concentrations exceeding those which can cause sublethal effects in amphibians. In the laboratory lethal and sublethal effects in amphibians are detected at nitrate concentrations between 2.5 and 100 mg/L. Furthermore, amphibian prey such as insects and predators of amphibians such as fish are also sensitive to these elevated levels of nitrate. From this we conclude that nitrate concentrations in some watersheds in North America are high enough to cause death and developmental anomalies in amphibians and impact other animals in aquatic ecosystems. In some situations, the use of vegetated buffer strips adjacent to water courses can reduce nitrogen contamination of surface waters. Ultimately, there is a need to reduce runoff, sewage effluent discharge, and the use of fertilizers, and to establish and enforce water quality guidelines for nitrate for the protection of aquatic organisms.
Selective Synchronous Recording of the Batlistocardiogram and Electrocardiogram on a Single Channel
Authors: RICHARD GUBNER
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Identification of ballistocardiographic waves is difficult unless reference can be made to another simultaneously recorded event in the cardiac cycle. By hooking up an electrocardiographic lead in parallel circuit with the ballistocardiograph and interposing a rheostat of variable resistance in series in one of the electrocardiographic lead wires, the electrocardiogram may be selectively tuned in or out of the circuit. At resistances of 50,000 to 100,000 ohms the QRS complex appears only as a small spike preceding the ballistocardiographic waves and readily permits their identification. This simple expedient renders unnecessary the use of multiple recording channels in clinical ballistocardiography.
Physical Illnesses Underlying Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Erwin K. Koranyi, Walter M. Potoczny
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1992)

The authors reviewed 21 studies dealing with the rate of diagnosed and undiagnosed physical illnesses in the psychiatric patient population. These studies performed by different authors in variable clinical settings with diverse methodology in different locations over a period of 45 years yielded a close concordance. Approximately half of the patients (50.1%) suffered from significant physical illnesses, of these 58.2% were previously undiagnosed. A substantial portion of the physical illnesses (27.1 %) produced symptoms showing direct relation to the psychopathology of the patient. These numbers are quite close to those found by authors in earlier research.
Acute Insulin Response to Glucagon, Tolbutamide, and Glucose in Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes of the Young
Authors: C Naidoo, I Jialal, A Suleman, M C Rajput, S M Joubert
Journal: Diabetes Care (1986)

Acute insulin release in response to maximal intravenous doses of glucose (0.5 g/kg), tolbutamide (1 g), and glucagon (1 mg) was studied in 10 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes of the young (NIDDY) and 10 age-, sex-, and weight-matched controls. Diabetic subjects had attenuated insulinemic responses to all three stimuli, in comparison with control subjects. However, insulin responses to glucagon and tolbutamide were higher than those obtained with intravenous glucose. This study demonstrates that the pancreatic beta-cell is more responsive to nonglucose secretagogues than to glucose stimuli in individuals with NIDDY.
How should Helicobacter pylori infected children be managed?
Authors: M Rowland, C Imrie, B Bourke, B Drumm
Journal: Gut (1999)

It is now recognised that Helicobacter pylori, like most enteric infections, is mainly acquired in childhood. 15][6] The prevalence of infection is highest in children in the developing world where up to 75% of children may be infected by the age of 10. 7 In the developed world the prevalence of infection is noticeably increased among socially deprived children. 8 9The diagnosis of H pylori infection in childhood is most often made at endoscopy, for which there are many indications.Symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and haematemesis may be associated with duodenal ulcer and H pylori infection.However, in the case of children undergoing endoscopy for assessment of oesophagitis, failure to thrive, coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, or portal hypertension, the finding of H pylori infection is likely to be incidental.How should we manage these children with a diagnosis of H pylori infection?Currently, there are no consensus guidelines for the management of H pylori infected children.In 1994 the National Institutes of Health consensus statement recommended that adults with gastric or duodenal ulcer disease, who are infected with H pylori, should receive antimicrobial treatment. 10The European Maastricht Consensus Report suggested broader indications for treatment of infected adults. 11It states that treatment is advisable for all H pylori infected dyspeptic patients diagnosed non-invasively under 45 years of age at a primary care level.Patients older than 45 years with dyspeptic symptoms should be treated for H pylori infection but only after endoscopy to rule out any other underlying pathology. 11The European guidelines also recommend treatment for infected patients with mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and patients who are found to have intestinal metaplasia and gastric atrophy. 11
Mucosal characteristics of pelvic ileal pouches.
Authors: H J de Silva, P R Millard, M Kettlewell, N J Mortensen, C Prince, D P Jewell
Journal: Gut (1991)

This study aimed to investigate the degree of colonic metaplasia in ileo - anal pouches. Biopsy specimens from 25 patients with functioning pouches, eight of whom had pouchitis, were studied using routine histology, mucosal morphometry, mucin histochemistry, and immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies directed towards a 40kD colonic protein and a small bowel specific disaccharidase-sucrase isomaltase. Thirteen patients (including all eight with pouchitis) had subtotal or total villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. In this group, nine had colorectal type sulphomucin and the 40kD colonic protein was detected in two. These changes were not observed in patients with less severe villous abnormalities. Sucrase-isomaltase activity was, however, present in all 25 pouch specimens. We conclude that although some ileal pouches acquire certain colonic characteristics, complete colonic metaplasia does not occur.
Psychotherapy and Sociology: Flirtation, Marriage or Divorce?
Authors: Murray Cox, Caroline Cox
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1976)

Psychotherapy and sociology are themselves products of mixed marriages; each experiences problems of identity and their children face problems of legitimacy. This paper considers the relevance of some sociological perspectives to the psychotherapeutic process, using the following analogies: (1) Flirtation: Why the attraction? 'going steady' or 'femme fatale'? (2) Marriage: Mutual enrichment, cross-fertilisation and new life? Examples of shared perspectives in the work of E. Becker, Erikson, Goffman etc. Influence of psychosocial contexts on psychotherapeutic processes. (3) Divorce: Too little shared life or too much destructive criticism? If the world within man and the world between men are interrelated, psychotherapy and sociology – although at times uneasy bedfellows – have much to give each other.
Risk of miscarriage with bivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18: pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials
Authors: S. Wacholder, B. E. Chen, A. Wilcox, G. Macones, P. Gonzalez, B. Befano, A. Hildesheim, A. C. Rodriguez, D. Solomon, R. Herrero, M. Schiffman
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objective</b> To assess whether vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the risk of miscarriage. <b>Design</b> Pooled analysis of two multicentre, phase three masked randomised controlled trials <b>Setting</b> Multicentre trials in several continents and in Costa Rica. <b>Participants</b> 26 130 women aged 15-25 at enrolment; 3599 pregnancies eligible for analysis. <b>Interventions</b> Participants were randomly assigned to receive three doses of bivalent HPV 16/18 VLP vaccine with AS04 adjuvant (n=13 075) or hepatitis A vaccine as control (n=13 055) over six months. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Miscarriage and other pregnancy outcomes. <b>Results</b> The estimated rate of miscarriage was 11.5% in pregnancies in women in the HPV arm and 10.2% in the control arm. The one sided P value for the primary analysis was 0.16; thus, overall, there was no significant increase in miscarriage among women assigned to the HPV vaccine arm. In secondary descriptive analyses, miscarriage rates were 14.7% in the HPV vaccine arm and 9.1% in the control arm in pregnancies that began within three months after nearest vaccination. <b>Conclusion</b> There is no evidence overall for an association between HPV vaccination and risk of miscarriage. <b>Trial registration</b> Clinical Trials NCT00128661 and NCT00122681.
The In-Training Examination in Internal Medicine
Authors: Richard A. Garibaldi
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

The In-Training Examination in Internal Medicine (ITE-IM) has been offered to internal medicine trainees annually since 1988 as an instrument for self-assessment. This report outlines the manner in which the test is prepared, reviews the results of annual examinations, and analyzes trends during the past 6 years.Results of each examination were reviewed with regard to the demographic characteristics of persons taking the test, their previous medical training, and their present program affiliations.Then number of residents participating in the ITE-IM has increased steadily over the past 6 years. In 1993, more than 12,000 residents from more than 90% of internal medicine training programs in the United States participated in the examination; the percentage of international medical school graduates taking the examination increased from 27% in 1988 to 47% in 1993. Statistical analyses of each examination have shown it to be reliable, internally consistent, and discriminating. Over the past 6 years, graduates of U.S. medical schools have scored consistently higher than those of international medical schools and schools of osteopathic medicine on all annual examinations. However, in 1993, for residents at all levels of training, the differences in scores between graduates of U.S. medical schools and graduates of international medical schools narrowed substantially. From 1988 to 1993, there has been a trend toward lower scores by every cohort on each subsequent examination. The decreases in scores are most pronounced for graduates of U.S. medical school and those of schools of osteopathic medicine. The lower scores may be caused by either an increased level of difficulty in the examination or decreased knowledge among examinees.The ITE-IM is a useful instrument to assess the knowledge base of residents and program directors with a reliable evaluation of themselves and their programs in comparison to their national peer groups. It also provides objective data to monitor trends over time in residents' scores and relates them to the changing demographic characteristics of trainees and to innovations in the clinical curricula of internal medicine training programs.
Stabilization of the Transcription Factor Foxp3 by the Deubiquitinase USP7 Increases Treg-Cell-Suppressive Capacity
Authors: Jorg van Loosdregt, Veerle Fleskens, Juan Fu, Arjan B. Brenkman, Cornelis P.J. Bekker, Cornelieke E.G.M. Pals, Jenny Meerding, Celia R. Berkers, Joseph Barbi, Andrea Gröne, Alice J.A.M. Sijts, Madelon M. Maurice, Eric Kalkhoven, Berent J. Prakken, Huib Ovaa, Fan Pan, Dietmar M.W. Zaiss, Paul J. Coffer
Journal: Immunity (2013)
Endothelial cell toll-like receptor 4 regulates fibrosis-associated angiogenesis in the liver
Authors: Kumaravelu Jagavelu, Chittaranjan Routray, Uday Shergill, Steven P. O'Hara, William Faubion, Vijay H. Shah
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

Angiogenesis defines the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vascular endothelial networks and corresponds to the wound healing process that is typified by the process of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis is also associated with increased endotoxin within the gut lumen and its associated portal circulation. However, the interrelationship of gut endotoxin and its receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), with liver fibrosis and associated angiogenesis remains incompletely defined. Here, using complementary genetic, molecular, and pharmacological approaches, we provide evidence that the pattern recognition receptor that recognizes endotoxin, TLR4, which is expressed on liver endothelial cells (LECs), regulates angiogenic responses both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies have revealed a key role for a cognate TLR4 effector protein, myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88), in this process, which culminates in extracellular protease production that regulates the invasive capacity of LECs, a key step in angiogenesis. Furthermore, TLR4-dependent angiogenesis in vivo corresponds to fibrosis in complementary liver models of fibrosis. Conclusion: These studies provide evidence that the TLR4 pathway in LECs regulates angiogenesis through its MyD88 effector protein by regulating extracellular protease production and that this process is linked to the development of liver fibrosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2010;)
Membrane potential and hepatic uptake: Another rule of the game
Authors: Claudio Tiribelli
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

Since glucagon can hyperpolarize hepatic plasma membrane and stimulate biliary bile acid secretion in vitro, we studied the effect of glucagon on taurocholate uptake and its relationship to plasma membrane potential in isolated rat hepatocytes. [ 14 C]Taurocholate uptake was linear through 1 min and contained a saturable sodium-dependent and a nonsaturable sodium-independent component, K m of taurocholate uptake by the sodium-dependent system was 18.4 μM. Hill coefficient for Na + was 2.59 and for taurocholate was 1.1, suggesting that the stoichiometry is 2 Na + :1 bile acid. Stimulation of taurocholate uptake by glucagon was limited to the sodium-dependent component, detected within 5 min of hormone exposure, and was maximum at 30 min. Glucagon, from 10 −8 to 10 −5 M, stimulated taurocholate uptake and hyperpolarized concurrently the plasma membrane potential. Because valinomycin produced a dose-related depolarization of plasma membrane potential, this agent was used to counteract the effects of glucagon. With 10 −6 M glucagon, valinomycin (10 −10 M) depolarized membrane potential from -35.50 to -28.00 mV and inhibited taurocholate uptake from 60% above the control rate to 5% below. These data strongly suggest that taurocholate uptake by isolated hepatocytes is an electrogenic process, and its stimulation by glucagon may be mediated by changes in plasma membrane potential.
Relation of lung function and exercise capacity to mood and attitudes to health.
Authors: B King, J E Cotes
Journal: Thorax (1989)

Results of psychometric tests were obtained on 161 male welders and other tradesmen in heavy industry who had recently been made redundant. Anxiety and depression were scored on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and negative attitudes and beliefs regarding breathlessness and related aspects of respiratory health on a semantic differential scale. Scores for attitudes and beliefs about health and personal disability were pooled to give a general attitude score. Personality was rated on a standard scale. Subjects completed a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and underwent routine spirometry, measurement of carbon monoxide transfer factor for the lung, and a progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Scores for anxiety, depression, and negative mental attitudes were significantly intercorrelated; subjects with disordered personality profiles had above average scores for anxiety and depression. The psychometric scores were associated with clinical grade of breathlessness, lung function, and the physiological response to exercise. The general attitude score could be predicted from the anxiety and depression scores and from lung function expressed relative to age and stature, the combination of mood score and FEV1 explaining 38% of the variance in general attitude score. The general attitude score accounted for more than half the explained variance in the clinical grade of breathlessness and contributed more to the variance in maximal oxygen uptake (R2 = 0.11) than FEV1. It was associated with the level of habitual activity but not with smoking category, wheeze, chronic cough or phlegm. Thus attitude to disability reflected the subject9s assessment of his exercise capacity and was closely related to the clinical grade of breathlessness.
Inhibition of cellular antioxidants: a possible mechanism of toxic cell injury.
Authors: C D Puglia, S R Powell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

Cells that utilize molecular oxygen generate highly reactive oxygen-derived free radicals. Endogenous cellular oxidants inactivate oxidant free radicals and protect aerobic cells from oxidant injury. Glutathione, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase are key components of this antioxidant defense. Inhibition of antioxidant components would be expected to result in cell injury. Using exposure to oxygen at high pressure to increase the level of oxidant free radicals, evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that inhibition of cellular antioxidants renders organisms more susceptible to oxygen toxicity. Diethyldithiocarbamate at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg inhibited rat brain superoxide dismutase activity and shortened onset time to seizures in a dose-related manner in 4 ATA oxygen. Carmustine at doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg inhibits glutathione reductase activity in rat brain in proportion to the dose. Time to onset of seizures of rats pretreated with carmustine prior to exposure to 4 ATA oxygen was shortened, and oxidized glutathione levels were increased in the cortex and subcortex. These data suggest that inhibition of antioxidant components results in organisms becoming more sensitive to oxygen toxicity. Compounds that inhibit cellular antioxidants may produce toxic cell injury by permitting intracellular oxidant free radicals to attack essential cell constituents.
Dangers of using e-cigarettes before anaesthesia
Authors: M. Roberts, M. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2014)

As anaesthetists, we strongly advise patients to stop smoking before anaesthesia and surgery.

Occasionally they heed our advice. Others, however, turn to e-cigarettes, believing the advertised portrayal of e-cigarettes as an alternative, risk-free method of satisfying a nicotine craving, whether as part …
Carcinoma of the Colon Associated with Inguinal Hernia
Authors: Nick L. Terezis, W. Clayton Davis, Francis C. Jackson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

THE purpose of this report is to provide data supporting our previous clinical observation that many elderly male patients with admitting complaints of recent inguinal hernias may have a concomitant or obscure large-bowel carcinoma.Materials and MethodsSince the opening of the Veterans Administration Hospital (Oakland Division) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1955, 107 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum have been observed. From 1955 to 1961 (inclusive), 1334 patients were admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of inguinal hernia. The latter figure represents 2.6 per cent of a total of 51,210 hospital admissions during the six-year . . .
Chromosome 1p and 11q Deletions and Outcome in Neuroblastoma
Authors: Edward F. Attiyeh, Wendy B. London, Yael P. Mossé, Qun Wang, Cynthia Winter, Deepa Khazi, Patrick W. McGrady, Robert C. Seeger, A. Thomas Look, Hiroyuki Shimada, Garrett M. Brodeur, Susan L. Cohn, Katherine K. Matthay, John M. Maris
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer with considerable morbidity and mortality. Tumor-derived biomarkers may improve risk stratification.We screened 915 samples of neuroblastoma for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome bands 1p36 and 11q23. Additional analyses identified a subgroup of cases of 11q23 LOH with unbalanced 11q LOH (unb11q LOH; defined as loss of 11q with retention of 11p). The associations of LOH with relapse and survival were determined.LOH at 1p36 was identified in 209 of 898 tumors (23 percent) and LOH at 11q23 in 307 of 913 (34 percent). Unb11q LOH was found in 151 of 307 tumors with 11q23 LOH (17 percent of the total cohort). There was a strong association of 1p36 LOH, 11q23 LOH, and unb11q LOH with most high-risk disease features (P<0.001). LOH at 1p36 was associated with amplification of the MYCN oncogene (P<0.001), but 11q23 LOH and unb11q LOH were not (P<0.001 and P=0.002, respectively). Cases with unb11q LOH were associated with three-year event-free and overall survival rates (+/-SE) of 50+/-5 percent and 66+/-5 percent, respectively, as compared with 74+/-2 percent and 83+/-2 percent among cases without unb11q LOH (P<0.001 for both comparisons). In a multivariate model, unb11q LOH was independently associated with decreased event-free survival (P=0.009) in the entire cohort, and both 1p36 LOH and unb11q LOH were independently associated with decreased progression-free survival in the subgroup of patients with features of low-risk and intermediate-risk disease (P=0.002 and P=0.02, respectively).Unb11q LOH and 1p36 LOH are independently associated with a worse outcome in patients with neuroblastoma.
The use of skin testing in the investigation of cutaneous adverse drug reactions
Authors: None Barbaud, None Reichert-Penetrat, None TREchot, None Jacquin-Petit, None Ehlinger, None Noirez, None Faure, None Schmutz, None BENE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

Skin testing with the suspected compound has been reported to be helpful in determining the cause of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs), but the value and specificity of these tests need to be determined. In this study, 72 patients with presumed drug eruptions (27 maculopapular, 18 urticarial, seven erythrodermic, nine eczematous, four photosensitivity, three fixed drug eruptions, three with pruritus and one with acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis) were assessed. All had drug patch tests; 46 also had prick tests and 30 had intradermal tests (performed on hospitalized patients using a sterile solution of the suspected drug, diluted sequentially) with immediate and delayed readings. Among these patients, 52 (72%) had a positive skin test reaction, 43%, 24% and 67% in patch, prick and intradermal skin tests, respectively. The results of skin tests varied with the drug tested and with the clinical type of cutaneous ADR, as a significantly higher number of positive patch tests was observed in maculopapular rashes than in urticarial reactions (P = 0.001). This study supports the value of careful sequential drug skin testing in establishing the cause of cutaneous ADR. Guidelines are proposed for performing these tests, and these include the use of appropriate negative control patients to avoid false-positive results.