tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE INVASION OF CARCINOMA CERVICIS UTERI INTO THE SURROUNDING TISSUESAND ITS BEARING ON THE MORE RADICAL OPERATIONS FOR THAT DISEASE.
Authors: JOHN A. SAMPSON
Journal: JAMA (1904)

The invasion of carcinoma cervicis uteri into the surrounding tissue manifests itself clinically in the large percentage of the cases in which the disease is not recognized until after it has extended beyond operative treatment, and also in the still larger percentage of the cases in which the disease returns after operation, showing that at the time of the operation the surrounding tissues had already become involved, and on this account hysterectomy seldom cures the disease. It is little wonder that the laity and even some physicians consider cancer of the cervix of the uterus an incurable disease, for over three-fifths of the patients admitted to this hospital with carcinoma cervicis uteri come too late for anything but palliative treatment, and probably over three-quarters of the patients operated on will die from cancer within five years of the operation. Our only hope of bettering this condition is in an earlier
Relief care and risk of death in psychogeriatric patients
Authors: G S Rai
Journal: BMJ (1989)

direct a patient who still needs nursing to a private nursing home it may well be breaking the law.The circulars state that arrangements for dis- charge to other than the patient's home must be made in good time and be acceptable to the patient and, where appropriate, the patient's carers.Where a person moves from hospital to a private nursing home it should be made clear to him or her in writing before the transfer whether or not the health authority will pay the fees under a con- tractual arrangement.No NHS patients should be placed in private nursing homes or residential care homes against their wishes if it means that they or their relatives will be personally responsible for the charges.Up and down Britain cash starved hospitals, desperately trying to cope with an aging population, are discharging patients to nursing homes.They are probably breaking the law by not pro- viding for the sick elderly, and it is an interesting legal point whether the hospital or the consultant could be held responsible for paying the family's expenditure.
Electrophysiologic properties and response to pharmacologic agents of fibers from diseased human atria.
Authors: A J Hordof, R Edie, J R Malm, B F Hoffman, M R Rosen
Journal: Circulation (1976)

We used standard microelectrode techniques to record action potentials of human right atrial fibers obtained during cardiac surgery, and correlated these potentials with clinical and preoperative ECG data. Human atrial fibers were classified as follows: Group A (ten patients) had a maximum diastolic potential (MDP) of -71.4 +/- 5.1mV (mean +/- SD), and action potentials that were primarily fast responses. These atria were normal or slightly dilated. In group B (12 patients) MDP was 50.3 +/- 5.7 mV; action potentials were slow responses and the atria were moderately to markedly dilated. Atrial arrhythmias occurred in four group B and no group A patients. The ECG revealed a signficant difference (P less than 0.005) in P wave duration: group A, 89 +/- 3.0 msec; group B, 111 +/- 6.0 msec. Verapamil, 0.1 mg/L, markedly depressed only the action potential plateau of group A. Procainamide 1-100 mg/L had equivalent effects on fibers of both groups A and B, effects which were small at dosages of less than 40 mg/L. Procainamide did not depress slow response automaticity, but verapamil (0.1-1 mg/L) did.
Graphene oxide as a chemosensitizer: Diverted autophagic flux, enhanced nuclear import, elevated necrosis and improved antitumor effects
Authors: Guan-Yu Chen, Chia Le Meng, Kuan Chen Lin, Hsing Yu Tuan, Hong Jie Yang, Chiu Ling Chen, Kuei Chang Li, Chi Shiun Chiang, Yu Chen Hu
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
The Brain Renin-Angiotensin System in Transgenic Mice Carrying a Highly Regulated Human Renin Transgene
Authors: Satoshi Morimoto, Martin D. Cassell, Curt D. Sigmund
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

We previously reported the generation of 2 novel transgenic mouse models containing the human renin (hREN) gene encoded on P1 artificial chromosomes (PAC) containing large amounts of 5′-flanking DNA. These mice exhibit a very narrow tissue-specific expression profile and exhibit tightly regulated expression in kidney in response to physiological cues. In brain, transcription of hREN occurs from an alternative upstream promoter, causing translation to initiate within exon-II and potentially generating an intracellular form of active renin. Double transgenic mice containing a PAC transgene and the human angiotensinogen (hAGT) gene (P+/A+) are moderately hypertensive. We tested whether increased RAS activity in the brain contributes to the mechanism of hypertension in P+/A+ double transgenic mice. Expression of hREN mRNA in brain was confirmed in 4 independent PAC transgenic lines and utilization of the alternative transcription start site in brain was confirmed in each line. Human REN immunostaining was observed in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, hypothalamus, and cortex. P+/A+ mice exhibited a greater fall in mean arterial pressure after intracerebroventricular injection of losartan than controls. P+/A+ mice exhibited a greater drop in arterial pressure after intravenous injection of a vasopressin V 1 receptor antagonist, and an equivalent drop in arterial pressure after intravenous injection of a ganglion blocker compared with controls. These results support the hypothesis that renin is endogenously expressed in the brain and suggest that increased brain RAS activity may contribute to the maintenance of moderate hypertension in P+/A+ transgenic mice at least in part by a vasopressin-dependent mechanism.
Shortage of Doctors — High-Rise Living — Unrest in the NIH and Threat to Private Practice
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

IN Britain, as in the United States, it is a strange paradox that, although there is a serious shortage of doctors, the medical schools are still only able to accept a small proportion of the many suitable applicants for admission, The extent of the shortage, in the hospital service alone, was recently estimated by the Hospital Consultants Specialists Association to be in excess of 20,000, a figure that the Lancet 1 describes as a staggering deficit. The estimate was based on the results of a survey conducted by the Association in which some 2000 consultants completed a questionnaire about the staffing . . .
Hypercapnic Acidosis May Attenuate Acute Lung Injury by Inhibition of Endogenous Xanthine Oxidase
Authors: KEIZO SHIBATA, NUALA CREGG, DOREEN ENGELBERTS, AKINORI TAKEUCHI, LUDWIK FEDORKO, BRIAN P. KAVANAGH
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Relative hypoventilation, involving passively—or "permissively"—generated hypercapnic acidosis (HCA), may improve outcome by reducing ventilator-induced lung injury. However, the effects of HCA per se on pulmonary microvascular permeability (Kf,c) in noninjured or injured lungs are unknown. We investigated the effects of HCA in the isolated buffer-perfused rabbit lung, under conditions of: (1) no injury; (2) injury induced by warm ischemia–reperfusion; and (3) injury induced by addition of purine and xanthine oxidase. HCA (fraction of inspired carbon dioxide [Fi CO2 ] 12%, 25% versus 5%) had no adverse microvascular effects in uninjured lungs, and prevented (Fi CO2 25% versus 5%) the increase in Kf,c following warm ischemia–reperfusion. HCA (Fi CO2 25% versus 5%) reduced the elevation in Kf,c , capillary (Pcap), and pulmonary artery (Ppa) pressures in lung injury induced by exogenous purine/xanthine oxidase; inhibition of endogenous NO synthase in the presence of 25% Fi CO2 had no effect on Kf,c , but attenuated the reduction of Pcap and Ppa. HCA inhibited the in vitro generation of uric acid from addition of xanthine oxidase to purine. We conclude that in the current models, HCA is not harmful in uninjured lungs, and attenuates injury in free-radical–mediated lung injury, possibly via inhibition of endogenous xanthine oxidase.
Reforming the NHS reforms
Authors: S Hutton-Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Aims</h3> Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) represents the second most common non-small cell lung carcinoma type. The mechanisms which regulate programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in this form of lung cancer are not fully elucidated yet. <h3>Methods</h3> We immunohistochemically determined the level of PD-L1 expression using the Tumour Proportion Score system in surgical resections of 133 patients with pulmonary SqCC. The results from PD-L1 immunohistochemistry were analysed in relation to tumour differentiation and the presence of necrotic areas comprising at least 20% of the tumour mass. <h3>Results</h3> No significant differences in terms of PD-L1 expression were found between SqCC subtypes as defined by the current WHO classification: better differentiated, keratinising tumours (12/24, 50.0 %) compared with less differentiated, non-keratinising and basaloid forms (62/109, 56.9 %) were PD-L1 positive in a comparable proportion of cases (p=0.1903). Contrary to that, SqCCs with the presence of necrosis (51/61, 83.6 %) had significantly more PD-L1-positive cases (p&lt;0.001) compared with SqCCs without necrotic areas (23/72, 32.0 %) <h3>Conclusions</h3> We demonstrated that PD-L1 expression in pulmonary SqCCs does not correlate with the traditionally defined degree of differentiation of these tumours. On the other hand, we found a significant association between the positive result of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry and tumour necrosis. Further investigation regarding the role of hypoxic pathways as presumable inducers of PD-L1 expression in pulmonary SqCCs might contribute to the understanding of this phenomenon.
The tyrosyl free radical in ribonucleotide reductase.
Authors: A Gräslund, M Sahlin, B M Sjöberg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

The enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase, catalyses the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides, a reaction essential for DNA synthesis in all living cells. The Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase, which is the prototype of all known eukaryotic and virus-coded enzymes, consists of two nonidentical subunits, proteins B1 and B2. The B2 subunit contains an antiferromagnetically coupled pair of ferric ions and a stable tyrosyl free radical. EPR studies show that the tyrosyl radical, formed by loss of ferric ions and a stable tyrosyl free radical. EPR studies show that the tyrosyl radical, formed by loss of an electron, has its unpaired spin density delocalized in the aromatic ring of tyrosine. Effects of iron-radical interaction indicate a relatively close proximity between the iron center and the radical. The EPR signal of the radical can be studied directly in frozen packed cells of E. coli or mammalian origin, if the cells are made to overproduce ribonucleotide reductase. The hypothetic role of the tyrosyl free radical in the enzymatic reaction is not yet elucidated, except in the reaction with the inhibiting substrate analogue 2'-azido-CDP. In this case, the normal tyrosyl radical is destroyed with concomitant appearance of a 2'-azido-CDP-localized radical intermediate. Attempts at spin trapping of radical reaction intermediates have turned out negative. In E. coli the activity of ribonucleotide reductase may be regulated by enzymatic activities that interconvert a nonradical containing form and the fully active protein B2. In synchronized mammalian cells, however, the cell cycle variation of ribonucleotide reductase, studied by EPR, was shown to be due to de novo protein synthesis. Inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase are of medical interest because of their ability to control DNA synthesis. One example is hydroxyurea, used in cancer therapy, which selectively destroys the tyrosyl free radical.
529 HIGH PLASMA LEVELS OF INTERLEUKIN-18 IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AS A CLUE TO ITS POSSIBLE IMPACT ON PATHOGENESIS
Authors: I.K. Onal, M. Akdogan, E. Oztas, M. Balci, S. Kacar, S.O. Kuran, N. Karabiber, N. Sasmaz
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Inquiry ordered after organ donor found to have CJD
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Objective</h3> To strengthen clinicians’ infection control awareness and risk realisation by engaging them in scrutinising footage of their own infection control practices and enabling them to articulate challenges and design improvements. <h3>Design and participants</h3> Clinicians and patients from selected wards of 2 hospitals in western Sydney. <h3>Main outcome measures</h3> Evidence of risk realisation and new insights into infection control as articulated during video-reflexive feedback meetings. <h3>Results</h3> Frontline clinicians identified previously unrecognised infection risks in their own practices and in their team9s practices. They also formulated safer ways of dealing with, for example, charts and patient transfers. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Video-reflexive ethnography enables frontline clinicians to identify infection risks and to design locally tailored solutions for existing risks and emerging ones.
CELL TO CELL INTERACTION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: W. J. Martin, J. F. A. P. Miller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

In this series of papers it has been shown that the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes requires the participation of two classes of lymphoid cells. Thymus-derived cells initially react with antigen and then interact with another class of cells, the antibody-forming cell precursors, to cause their differentiation to antibody-forming cells. Antilymphocyte globulin depressed the ability of mice to respond to sheep erythrocytes. This effect was more marked when the antigen was injected intraperitoneally than intravenously, and occurred only when the antilymphocyte globulin was given before or simultaneously with antigen. Injection of thymus cells restored to near normal the ability to respond to an intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes. Spleen cells from antilymphocyte globulin-treated mice gave a weak adoptive immune response in irradiated recipients. The addition of thymus cells however enabled a response similar to that given by normal spleen cells. When thymectomized irradiated recipients were used, normal spleen cells continued to give a higher response to a challenge of sheep erythrocytes at 2 and 4 wk postirradiation than did spleen cells from ALG-treated donors. This result is more consistent with the notion that thymus-derived target cells are eliminated, rather than temporarily inactivated, by antilymphocyte globulin. These findings suggest that, in vivo, antilymphocyte globulin acts selectively on the thymus-derived antigen-reactive cells.
Decision—but No Unanimity—on Polio Vaccine Use
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1996)

AFTER nearly 10 years of discussion, the final step toward incorporating inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine as part of the routine childhood immunization schedule, has been taken. David Satcher, MD, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has formally accepted the recommendation of the agency's Committee on Immunization Practices to immunize children with 2 doses of the inactivated vaccine followed by 2 doses of the oral vaccine. At the same time, Satcher said that either the current 4-dose schedule of the oral vaccine or a 4-dose schedule using the inactivated vaccine are "acceptable options for childhood immunization." The move is being made because of the 8 or 10 cases reported annually of paralytic poliomyelitis associated with the use of the live virus vaccine (<i>JAMA</i>. 1996;276:89). Scarcely had Satcher announced his decision before renewed expressions of concern about the step came from health organizations representing various minority groups. They include
Incidence of Bone-Marrow Embolism Due to Closed-Chest Cardiac Massage
Authors: Myron Yanoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

PULMONARY bone-marrow embolism as a complication of closed-chest cardiac massage has rarely been reported.1 , 2 This complication, however, has frequently been observed in routine autopsies of patients studied in this laboratory who had received closed-chest cardiac massage before death. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the incidence of pulmonary bone-marrow emboli in routinely autopsied patients on whom closed-chest cardiac massage had been attempted before death.Materials and MethodsFrom August, 1962, to April, 1963, 110 autopsies were performed. Eleven of these patients (Table 1, Cases 1–11) were known to have had closed-chest cardiac massage before death. The routine lung sections . . .
Long-Term Histologic Findings in Pulmonary Arteries Reconstructed with Autologous Pericardium
Authors: Narutoshi Hibino, Toshiharu Shin'oka, Hiromi Kurosawa
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

To the Editor: Autologous pericardium has been used for angioplasty in pediatric cardiovascular surgery with good results, except in the case of the pulmonary valve.1 However, we know of no report ...
Correspondence and Correlates of Couples’ Skin Cancer Screening
Authors: Carolyn J. Heckman, Susan Darlow, Sharon L. Manne, Deborah A. Kashy, Teja Munshi
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

Skin cancer is common among older adults. Some national organizations recommend total cutaneous examination (TCE) and skin self-examination (SSE) for skin cancer detection. Although the spousal relationship is a known influence on health behavior, little is known about the level of correspondence in skin screening among couples.To investigate correspondence of TCE and SSE among older couples, demographic correlates of correspondence, and correspondence among barriers to skin examinations.Cross-sectional online survey of cohabitating partners 50 years or older performed from June 1, 2010, through July 31, 2010, via the nationally representative GfK (Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung or Society for Consumer Research) Internet panel.Both TCE in the past 3 years and SSE in the past year. RESULTS Correspondence among partners was high. For TCE, both partners had completed TCE in 23.9%, and both partners had not completed TCE in 47.3%. With regard to SSE, both partners had completed SSE in 39.8%, and both partners had not completed SSE in 38.9%. Correlates of both partners not completing TCE include lower household income, larger household size, nonmetropolitan residence, living in the Midwest, and being in a same-sex relationship. Correlates of both members not completing SSE included larger household size and being in a same-sex relationship. Barriers to screening that members of couples reported were similar to one another.Couples were mostly concordant with regard to engagement in skin examinations. Therefore, dyadic interventions to increase screening rates could be useful. Certain sociodemographic groups should especially be targeted.
Hydrogen peroxide-mediated toxicity for Leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes. Role of hydroxyl radical and protection by heat shock.
Authors: J H Zarley, B E Britigan, M E Wilson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Leishmania must survive despite exposure to the toxic oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during phagocytosis by macrophages. We investigated the mechanism of H2O2 toxicity for L. donovani chagasi promastigotes, and factors responsible for their relative H2O2 resistance. There was a dose-dependent toxic effect of H2O2 for promastigotes isolated during logarithmic phase of growth. In contrast, stationary phase promastigotes were less susceptible to H2O2 toxicity, and more infectious for BALB/c mice. By spin trapping we found that hydroxyl radical (.OH) was generated after exposure of promastigotes to H2O2, and the amount of .OH was greater with log-phase than with stationary-phase promastigotes. .OH was generated after the addition of H2O2 to the cytosol but not the membranes of fractionated promastigotes, and the magnitude of .OH was greater in log than in stationary promastigote cytosol. Deferoxamine inhibition suggested that intracellular promastigote iron catalyzes .OH formation via the Fenton reaction. Furthermore, exposure of log-phase promastigotes to heat shock induced a relative H2O2-resistant state, which was not associated with a decrease in .OH formation but which required ongoing transcription. Thus, growth to stationary phase and heat shock both induce a state of relative H2O2 resistance, but these are probably due to different resistance mechanisms.
Macronutrients, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Vascular Reactivity
Authors: Paresh Dandona, Ajay Chaudhuri, Priya Mohanty
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Ischemia-induced flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery has emerged as the standard test for endothelial function in humans in vivo (1). It has been established that the reestablishment and the increase in flow following a period of ischemia is due to the release of nitric oxide (NO) from the endothelium, which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation through the activation of guanylate cyclase and the release of cyclic monophosphate in the vascular smooth muscle cell (2,3). Since FMD is dependent on NO, any factor that may influence the bioavailability of NO from the endothelium is likely to affect FMD. One major factor that affects NO bioavailability is the superoxide (O2) radical, which combines with NO to form the toxic peroxynitrite and thus reduces NO bioavailability (4). Thus, any biological or clinical situation that leads to an increase in O-2 radical and the resultant oxidative stress is likely to reduce any vasodilatory process including FMD. In addition, inflammation may also reduce NO release because inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α have been shown to reduce the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) (5). Indeed, some studies show that the concentration of some of the indexes of inflammation is inversely proportional to FMD (6). There …
Effects of helium-oxygen on respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, and ventilation-perfusion relationships in a porcine model of stable methacholine-induced bronchospasm
Authors: Christine Watremez, Giuseppe Liistro, Marc deKock, Jean Roeseler, Thierry Clerbaux, Bruno Detry, Marc Reynaert, Pierre Gianello, Philippe Jolliet
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2003)
Prospective Study of Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Graham A. Colditz
Journal: JAMA (1990)

We prospectively examined the use of estrogen replacement therapy in relation to breast cancer incidence in a cohort of women 30 to 55 years of age in 1976. During 367 187 person-years of follow-up among postmenopausal women, 722 incident cases of breast cancer were documented. Overall, past users of replacement estrogen were not at increased risk (relative risk, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.18), including even those with more than 10 years since last [corrected] use (relative risk after adjustment for established risk factors, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.45 to 1.10). However, the risk of breast cancer was significantly elevated among current users (relative risk, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.67). Among current users, a stronger relationship was observed with increasing age but not with increasing duration of use. These data suggest that long-term past use of estrogen replacement therapy is not related to risk of breast cancer but that current use may modestly increase risk.