tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A potential role for guanine nucleotide-binding protein in the regulation of endosomal proton transport.
Authors: R W Gurich, J Codina, T D DuBose
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

The effects of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) and GTP-gamma-S, known activators of GTP binding proteins, on proton transport were investigated in endosome-enriched vesicles (endosomes). Endosomes were prepared from rabbit renal cortex following the intravenous injection of FITC-dextran. The rate of intravesicular acidification was determined by measuring changes in fluorescence of FITC-dextran. Both GTP and GTP-gamma-S stimulated significantly the initial rate of proton transport. In contrast, GDP-beta-S, which does not activate GTP binding proteins, inhibited proton transport. The rank order of stimulation was GTP-gamma-S greater than GTP greater than control greater than GDP-beta-S. GTP-gamma-S stimulation of proton transport was also observed under conditions in which chloride entry was eliminated, i.e., 0 mM external chloride concentration in the presence of potassium/valinomycin voltage clamping. GTP-gamma-S did not affect proton leak in endosomes as determined by collapse of H+ ATPase-generated pH gradients. ADP ribosylation by treatment of endosomal membranes with pertussis toxin revealed two substrates corresponding to the 39-41 kD region and comigrating with alpha i subunits. Pretreatment of the membranes with pertussis toxin had no effect on proton transport in the absence of GTP or GTP-gamma-S. However, pretreatment with pertussis toxin blocked the stimulation of proton transport by GTP. In contrast, as reported in other membranes by others previously, pertussis toxin did not prevent the stimulation of proton transport by GTP-gamma-S. These findings, taken together, indicate that GTP binding proteins are present in endosomal membranes derived from renal cortex and that activation of G protein by GTP and GTP-gamma-S stimulates proton transport in a rank order identical to that reported for other transport pathways modulated by Gi proteins. Therefore, these studies suggest that G proteins are capable of stimulating the vacuolar H ATPase of endosomes directly.
Effects of pulmonary fibrosis on the distribution of edema. Morphometric analysis.
Authors: M P Zwikler, D Iancu, R P Michel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We tested the hypothesis that in advanced pulmonary fibrosis, edema is redistributed away from the relatively noncompliant interstitium and predominantly floods alveoli. Severe left lung fibrosis was produced in six dogs with radiation and intratracheal bleomycin and, 24 mo later, hydrostatic edema was induced by infusing 20% body weight Ringer's lactate. Previously we had found, by computed tomography scanning and gravimetry, that similar amounts of water per unit volume accumulated in control and fibrotic lungs; semiquantitative light microscopic grading showed less interstitial and more alveolar edema in the fibrotic lungs. In the present study, we extended these observations with detailed morphometric assessment of volume fractions and absolute volumes of the pulmonary compartments, and we examined the lungs with electron microscopy. We found a twofold rise in the volume fractions of connective tissue and alveolar edema (p < 0.05) and a 50% reduction of air and of interstitial edema in fibrotic lobes (p < 0.05). There was a marked reduction in the absolute volume of edema, paralleling the reduction in lung volume in fibrosis, and minimal gravity-dependent edema gradients in both control and fibrotic lungs. In the latter, evidenced by electron microscopy, the interstitial edema was randomly distributed, whereas in the control lungs, it was found primarily around extra-alveolar vessels and airways, not in the alveolo-capillary septa. We conclude that fibrosis profoundly affects the distribution of edema in the lung.
Whole-brain irradiation for patients with brain metastases: still the standard of care – Authors' reply
Authors: Eric L Chang, Jeffrey S Wefel, Kenneth R Hess, Pamela K Allen, Frederick F Lang, David G Kornguth, Rebecca B Arbuckle, J Michael Swint, Almon S Shiu, Moshe H Maor, Christina A Meyers
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2010)
Increased dietary fat content accelerates cholesterol gallstone formation in the cholesterol-fed prairie dog
Authors: Wayne W. Lamorte, Daniel P. O’Leary, Michael L. Booker, Thayer E. Scott
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Epidemiological studies have provided conflicting information about the relationship between fat consumption and gallstone formation. We studied cholesterol gallstone formation in prairie dogs after 1 wk of the following diets: (group A) a control diet with no added cholesterol and 5% of calories from corn oil, (group B) 1.2% cholesterol with 5% of calories from corn oil or (group C) 1.2% cholesterol with 40% of calories from corn oil. In controls serum cholesterol was 58.9 +/- 4.5 mg/dl, gallbladder bile was unsaturated with cholesterol (cholesterol saturation index = 0.7 +/- 0.1; cholesterol = 3.8 mmol/L) and none of 12 animals formed cholesterol crystals or stones. The low-fat diet supplemented with cholesterol (group B) increased serum and biliary cholesterol concentrations to 292 +/- 76 mg/dl and 7.5 +/- 1.1 mmol/L, respectively (p < 0.05), but cholesterol saturation index was only modestly increased (1.1 +/- 0.1) and in only one of eight animals did cholesterol monohydrate crystals develop. Group C, animals, which received cholesterol plus high levels of corn oil, had higher serum cholesterol levels (457 +/- 66 mg/dl), higher biliary cholesterol concentrations (16.6 +/- 1.3 mmol/L), higher cholesterol saturation indexes (1.7 +/- 0.1) and increased incidence of cholesterol gallstones (5 of 11). The two cholesterol-supplemented diets increased biliary phospholipid concentrations, decreased the ratio of cholic/chenodeoxycholic acid and increased the proportion of biliary lecithins containing linoleic acid, but these abnormalities were greatest in group C, which was given large amounts of corn oil. These findings suggest that cholesterol gallstone formation in the prairie dog is accelerated by increased dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated triglycerides.
The effect of zafirlukast on repetitive exercise–induced bronchoconstriction: The possible role of leukotrienes in exercise-induced refractoriness☆☆☆★
Authors: Jean-François Dessanges, Christian Préfaut, André Taytard, Régis Matran, Ian Naya, Anne Compagnon, A.Tuan Dinh-Xuan
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1999)
Antigens of the major histocompatibility complex in patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus
Authors: J. KNOP, GISELA BONSMANN, P. KIND, I. DOXIADIS, U. VOGELER, GABRIELE DOXIADIS, G. GOERZ, H. GROSSE-WILDE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

The frequencies of the major histocompatability complex class I, class II and class III antigens were determined in 130 patients (88 women and 42 men) with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, and compared with those of 764 healthy controls. A significant increase in HLA‐B7 (38.0% in the patients vs. 25·8% in the control group), HLA‐B8 (29·5% vs. 17·4%), HLA‐Cw7 (58·9% vs. 26·1%), HLA‐DR2 (46·9% vs. 29·7%), HLA‐DR3 (32·0% vs. 19·4%), HLA‐DQwi (76·6% vs. 60·5%), and a decrease in HLA‐A2 (41·9% vs. 55·7%) was found. The calculated relative risk values for the respective antigens markedly increased when two or more antigens were present in one patient, with a maximum relative risk value of 7·4 for the combinations of HLA‐Cw7, DR3, DQwi and HLA‐B7, Cw7 and DR3, which were found in 17·2% of the patients and in only 2·3% of the controls.
A fish induced pneumothorax: dilemmas in the remote management of a sucking chest wound
Authors: D. Berger
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The call came, as such calls always do, at dinner time. It was Jenasi, the very capable nurse from Seghe clinic in Marovo Lagoon, on the radio. A man had just been brought in, having been attacked by a barracuda earlier in the day. He had a large gash in his chest, through which air was passing in and out as he breathed, but his observations were stable and he was not cyanosed. Hmmm.

The sun had just set, which in the Solomon Islands means no evacuation, by air or otherwise, until first light. Should the wound be packed to stop the movement of air or not? We conducted a straw poll among the doctors: our ex-army officer said it definitely should be, as otherwise he was in danger of developing paradoxical breathing; our general practitioner surgeon said probably not; and the Swiss orthopaedic surgeon in the capital, who we contacted by phone, said definitely not as there was no possibility of putting a drain in should he develop a tension pneumothorax and he was currently well. (My own contribution was only to …
A tabloid story
Authors: G. Hulman
Journal: BMJ (2003)

It was a scandal of national magnitude, or so the tabloids thought. And because that is what they thought, it did become a scandal of national magnitude.

> I feel devalued by those who think there is no smoke without fire 

The story broke in June 2000 at the height of the doctor bashing frenzy. Accusations about disposal of organs and body parts were made against me and a video had been released to the News of the World . Both the chief executive and I knew that the whole thing was nonsense. The story was a desperate attempt by mortuary workers to discredit the trust as the result of a longstanding grievance. Despite this, the chief executive suspended me. He had no choice. The health secretary had ordered my suspension, an independent inquiry, and protection of the mortuary workers as whistleblowers.

My wife and I tried to explain to our children why I would not be going to work for a while. They listened in silent disbelief. I phoned my mother and close relatives …
Transition and public health in the Slovak republic
Authors: Gabriel Gulis, Jarmila Korcova, Peter Letanovsky, Daniela Marcinkova
Journal: BMJ (2005)

As a result, there is some evidence of a positive impact on the health of the population, but some health indicators have not improved.To be effective, public health reforms must be supported by political decisions that make it easier for people to make healthy choices.A comprehensive national health policy and strategy is still lacking in Estonia.The evaluation of the health programmes and projects is often complicated because the objectives have not been clearly formulated and lack measurable targets.Priority setting expressed in a clearly stated health policy and strategy is needed.The strategy should be evaluated systematically to find the most effective way to improve the population's health.Contributors and sources: KP is assistant professor of health care management at the University of Tartu in Estonia and doctoral student at the Nordic School of
99m TECHNETIUM (99MTc) DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID (DMSA) SCINTIGRAPHY
Authors: V. Sodhi, A. Ramos-Gabatin, L. Richardson, O. Pennlngton, R. V. Mora
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Sodhi, V.; Ramos-Gabatin, A.; Richardson, L.; Pennlngton, O.; Mora, R. V. Jr. Author Information
Immunological and biological properties of iodoinsulin labeled with one or less atoms of iodine per molecule
Authors: Edward R. Arquilla, Henri Ooms, Karen Mercola
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

Experiments were designed to compare the distribution of free and antibody-bound unlabeled insulin to the distribution of free and antibody-bound insulin-(125)I. The insulin antibody was incorporated in a specific immune precipitate similar to the one used by Hales and Randle for the radioimmune assay of insulin. Insulin which was not bound by the specific immune precipitate was measured by the immune hemolysis inhibition assay. This report contains evidence that the addition of the unlabeled insulin in the radioimmune assay results in relatively more insulin-(125)I which remains free and less bound by antibodies than is the case with the unlabeled insulin. Methods are described for the separation of an electrophoretically homogeneous iodoinsulin from samples of crude iodoinsulin with average incorporations of less than 0.2 atoms iodine per molecule. These purified iodoinsulin fractions have a markedly attenuated biological activity. Evidence is presented which supports the postulate that only a portion of the antibodies in guinea pig insulin antiserum are capable of effectively binding with purified iodoinsulin.
THE TREATMENT OF CANCER
Authors: J. Beard
Journal: BMJ (1913)

IN NATURE of December 20, 1906, I note an article (pp. 177–8) on “The Treatment of Cancer.” As a scientific investigator, I must dispute the truth of the fact that I have any co-discoverer in this matter of the use of pancreatic ferments in the treatment of malignant growths. As, of course, you are well aware, all priority in scientific discovery depends upon publication. In the case of the medical man mentioned in the article there has never been any publication of scientific facts, and the reference to the comparative immunity of the small intestine from cancer has a very different scientific explanation from that given in the British Medical Journal, 1906, p. 715. The real reason is the very small extent of the original piece of gut, out of which, by growth within itself, the mammalian small intestine is developed. If the explanation given by this medical man were correct, the ccum ought to be as immune from cancer as the lower end of the small intestine. This gentleman has never claimed to have discovered cure, let alone the cure, for cancer. What he professes to have found is that the proteolytic ferment, trypsin, and not the diastatic one, amylopsin, splits up glycogen. This is a very remarkable find to have made! Assuming a miracle to have happened when these unpublished experiments were made, and that trypsin did split up glycogen, it may be asked why he and his pharmacist adopted for use as an injection into human patients, from about the end of February last until recently, a decoction containing a small amount of practically pure trypsin, which had no action whatever upon glycogen?
Ruptured Extra-Uterine Gestation Successfully Treated by Abdominal Section
Authors: J. McNaught
Journal: BMJ (1888)

ond On her return, September 5th, she exores(e lhersilr as feeling well, and lhad walkod four tidiies thu day bofore her returnl.Tue cyst was snulltilocillar, filled1 with pwq anud gruiious blood, which smitte(n a most fiatid odlour.Alter tlho operationm I should also note shoe Passed large quanitities of fetidI puis per vainalrn.CAms ir.-Mrs.It. had uiffered a long timo from hea'lache, lain in tlhO groins, hack, arms, ande sides.Shie cornmlained of a " catching iu hier breath."Sh1ei haid also b)eating.downpuin, pain on defwlnatmon, and dlysparounia.Sihe was qiuite unable to follow her ocfciupationi.On examination the os was foundil in(duiratedl, patuloun, Rnul the womr) en- largoid ono in(ch.A small, movable tumnour, exliui'4itely painoful to
Hysterectomy — Still a Useful Operation
Authors: Joseph I. Schaffer, Ann Word
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Hysterectomy is second only to cesarean section as the most frequently performed major operation in the United States. An estimated 633,000 hysterectomies are performed annually.1 Rates of hysterectomy vary significantly among regions, with a sixfold difference among Western countries.2 Thirty-seven percent of women in the United States and 20 percent of women in the United Kingdom have had a hysterectomy by the age of 60.3,4 Rates vary as much as fivefold even within the same geographic area and among physicians at the same hospital.5 Several important questions have been raised regarding the current use of hysterectomy. Why are so . . .
Liver regeneration in fulminant hepatitis as evaluated by serum transforming growth factor alpha levels
Authors: T Tomiya
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) is supposed to act as a mitogen for hepatocytes in an autocrine manner in vitro and in vivo. Retarded liver regeneration is a possible reason for poor prognosis of fulminant hepatitis (FH). We analyzed serum TGF alpha levels in patients with FH and patients with acute nonfulminant hepatitis (AH). Also, the relation of those levels to serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels and their changes after glucagon-insulin (G-I) therapy were studied. Maximal serum TGF alpha levels achieved in each case after admission until recovery from disease or death were correlated positively with maximal serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and total bilirubin levels in patients with AH, but negatively with maximal total bilirubin levels in patients with FH. Maximal serum TGF alpha levels in patients with FH were significantly higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors. Maximal serum HGF levels were positively correlated with maximal serum TGF alpha levels in patients with AH, but not in patients with FH. Multiple regression analysis indicated that G-I therapy was related to the increment of serum TGF alpha levels in patients with FH. These results suggest that serum TGF alpha levels are increased in accordance with liver regeneration after necrosis in patients with AH, but such liver regeneration may be retarded, depending on the extent of liver damage in patients with FH. G-I therapy seems to stimulate liver regeneration after liver damage. The possible contribution of TGF alpha and HGF to liver regeneration merits consideration for recovery from AH. (Hepatology 1996 Feb;23(2):253-7)
A Defense of Dr. Huidekoper.
Authors: T. B. Rogers
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Woodbury, N. J., Oct. 6, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In the<i>Medical Record</i>of Oct. 1, 1898, there is a short editorial<i>in re</i>Prof. Rush Shippen Huidekoper, that is so unjust to the man, so absolutely devoid of that<i>camaraderie</i>usually characterizing the intercourse of medical men that I ask space to reply to it.<i>It should be all sufficient for a writer in a journal supported by doctors that a man holds a diploma from a reputable school and is himself in good professsonal standing</i>. That he has devoted a number of years to the study and teaching of comparative medicine should not, I take it, be a bar, but rather a recommendation, for any preferment to which he may aspire, or which (as in this case) may be tendered to him. These ethics of the<i>Medical Record</i>are the ethics of "kites and crows," and should be
How computers help make efficient use of consultations
Authors: Frank Sullivan, Jeremy C Wyatt
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Efficient consultations deal with patients' problems promptly and effectively while taking into account other relevant circumstances. Sometimes the relevant circumstance is another health problem in the patient or their family, or it could be an issue affecting society at large, such as resource constraints. The immediate role of the team caring for Patrick Murphy (see box opposite) is to deal with his severe asthma.

To do so the team needs information on the current problem, which is quickly obtained from Patrick's mother (who accompanied him in the ambulance) and background details from her or from his medical records. They also need to assess Patrick's physical status using clinical examination and other diagnostic methods. The information obtained enables the clinicians caring for Patrick to take the most effective management steps. In the longer term, data from the consultation may be used to redesign the service locally, or at the level of the health system. This article shows how informatics tools can make it easier to record important data, and that this processing can produce useful information for a low cost.



Fig 1 
Acute asthma management flow chart for children >5 years in accident and emergency department. Adapted from Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, guideline 63 (www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/63/index.html)



Most doctors focus on assessing the patient and carrying out immediate management steps. Some clinicians see the recording of what happened and why as a necessary evil to be done in the minimum time, with the least effort. Legal responsibilities ensure that most encounters are recorded, but the quality of data is often constrained, partly because so much data are required.



Fig 2 
Turning clinical data into improved patient outcomes



Other tasks in the emergency consultation include gathering and recording information that may be useful to Patrick or other patients in the future. Paper or electronic records, or other …
DSM-IV Substance Use Disorder Criteria for Adolescents: A Critical Examination Based on a Statewide School Survey
Authors: Patricia A. Harrison, Jayne A. Fulkerson, Timothy J. Beebe
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

OBJECTIVE: The DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorders were incorporated into the 1995 Minnesota Student Survey in order to estimate the need for alcohol/drug treatment among adolescents in the state. This study used data from the survey to examine the utility of individual diagnostic criterion items, diagnostic categories, and diagnostic thresholds in a general adolescent population. METHOD: The survey was administered to ninth- and 12th-grade public school students. Participation was voluntary, and survey questionnaires were anonymous. The survey included questions about the use of substances during the past year and the presence of DSM-IV criterion symptoms for substance abuse and dependence. This study was based on responses from 74,008 students who answered these questions. RESULTS: Of the students who reported any substance use in the past 12 months, 13.8% of the ninth graders and 22.7% of the 12th graders met the criteria for a substance abuse diagnosis, and 8.2% of the ninth graders and 10.5% of the 12th graders met the criteria for dependence. The presence of multiple criterion symptoms was strongly associated with the use of multiple drugs. Analyses of positive and negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity did not support the diagnostic distinction between dependence criteria and abuse criteria. CONCLUSIONS: A combined set of criteria, with empirically derived diagnostic threshold categories based on total number of symptoms, may be more suitable for estimates of substance use disorders and need for treatment among adolescents.
Urinary Catecholamine Excretion in Myocardial Infarction
Authors: K. DAVID HAYASHI, ARTHUR J. MOSS, PAUL N. YU
Journal: Circulation (1969)

The catecholamine excretion rates in urine were studied in three groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Group I patients had no complications. Group II patients had minor complications. In groups I and II urine was obtained during the first night of the patient's admission. Group III patients had major complications, and urine was collected during one episode of complications. Catecholamines were measured by spectrophotofluorometric assay using the trihydroxyindole method. A lack of elevation in basal catecholamine excretion in patients without complications and an elevated catecholamine excretion in those with complications suggest that myocardial necrosis or ischemia per se is not responsible for increased catecholamine excretion and that the increase in catecholamine excretion may reflect the presence of complicating factors. Recurrent or persisting chest pain, pulmonary congestion or edema, and ventricular arrhythmias were almost always associated with elevated catecholamine excretion. Although in some cases a causal relationship of these complications with observed increase in catecholamine excretion is suggested, further study is required for a definitive conclusion.