tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Liraglutide and the Preservation of Pancreatic β-Cell Function in Early Type 2 Diabetes: The LIBRA Trial
Authors: Ravi Retnakaran, Caroline K. Kramer, Haysook Choi, Balakumar Swaminathan, Bernard Zinman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

Clinical studies evaluating the effects of medications on β-cell function in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are compromised by an inability to determine the actual baseline degree of β-cell dysfunction independent of the reversible dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia (glucotoxicity). Short-term intensive insulin therapy (IIT) is a strategy for eliminating glucotoxicity before randomization. This study determined whether liraglutide can preserve β-cell function over 48 weeks in early T2DM following initial elimination of glucotoxicity with IIT.In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 51 patients with T2DM of 2.6 ± 1.9 years' duration and an A1C of 6.8 ± 0.8% (51 ± 8.7 mmol/mol) completed 4 weeks of IIT before randomization to daily subcutaneous liraglutide or placebo injection, with serial assessment of β-cell function by Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 (ISSI-2) on oral glucose tolerance test performed every 12 weeks.The primary outcome of baseline-adjusted ISSI-2 at 48 weeks was higher in the liraglutide group than in the placebo group (339.8 ± 27.8 vs. 229.3 ± 28.4, P = 0.008). Baseline-adjusted HbA1c at 48 weeks was lower in the liraglutide group (6.2 ± 0.1% vs. 6.6 ± 0.1%, P = 0.055) (44 ± 1.1 vs. 49 ± 1.1 mmol/mol). At each quarterly assessment, >50% of participants on liraglutide had an HbA1c ≤6.0% (42 mmol/mol) and glucose tolerance in the nondiabetic range. Despite this level of glycemic control, no difference was found in the incidence of hypoglycemia between the liraglutide and placebo groups (P = 0.61). Two weeks after stopping treatment, however, the beneficial effect on ISSI-2 of liraglutide versus placebo was entirely lost (191.9 ± 24.7 vs. 238.1 ± 25.2, P = 0.20).Liraglutide provides robust enhancement of β-cell function that is sustained over 48 weeks in early T2DM but lost upon cessation of therapy.
Effect of acute beta-adrenergic blockade on the severity of mitral regurgitation in chronic canine mitral regurgitation
Authors: Cynthia A. Toher, Albert J. Deibele, Katherine M. Hauer, Malinda M. Hartman, Tracy L. Elbers, Todd J. Pavek, Melanie J. Crampton, David C. Homans
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients
Authors: W.N. Suki, R. Zabaneh, J.L. Cangiano, J. Reed, D. Fischer, L. Garrett, B.N. Ling, S. Chasan-Taber, M.A. Dillon, A.T. Blair, S.K. Burke
Journal: Kidney International (2007)
Clinical trial of different doses of 131-I in treatment of thyrotoxicosis.
Authors: R. N. Smith, G. M. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Radioactive iodine, principally 131I, has been widely used for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis for over 15 years. This method has many advantages, particularly that it causes no discomfort to the patient, does not require admission to hospital, and a recurrence of thyrotoxicosis is rare. At first the main concern was that the irradiation might induce malignant disease, but the evidence to date suggests that the hazard is negligible, parti cularly if 131I therapy is confined to the older age groups. The irradiation dose to the bone marrow is low, and the subsequent incidence of leukaemia is not significantly greater than that in the general population (Pochin, 1960, 1964 ; Green et al., 1961). Thyroid neoplasms may follow irradiation of the thyroid in infancy and childhood, and cases have been reported after the use of 131I for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis in children (Sheline et al., 1962 ; Karlan et al., 1964 ; Kogut et al., 1965). Two cases of thyroid carcinoma have been reported after 131I therapy of thyrotoxicosis in adults, but in both instances the carcinoma was probably present when the radioiodine was administered (Kilpatrick et al., 1957 ; Staffurth, 1966). Two definite disadvantages of 131I therapy have emerged? namely, delay in controlling the hyperthyroidism and sub sequently a rising incidence of hypothyroidism. These features have been stressed in several reports (Beling and Einhorn, 1961 ; Green and Wilson, 1964 ; Dunn and Chapman, 1964 ; Nofal et al., 1966 ; Greig et al., 1966). In some retrospective surveys of the results of 131I therapy no relation could be established between the method of determining the dose of radioactive iodine and the subsequent development of hypothyroidism (Macgregor, 1963). However, examination of the results reported by Green and Wilson (1964), and of experiments on thyroid cell survival after irradiation (Al-Hindawi and Wilson, 1965), suggested that the increasing incidence of hypothyroidism with the passage of time was probably related to the dose. In these circumstances it was thought both justifiable and important to carry out a prospective clinical trial to clarify the effects of different doses of 131I in the treatment of thyro toxicosis. A preliminary report of this work has been published (Smith and Wilson, 1965).
Radioactivity in Man: Whole Body Counting and Effects of Internal Gamma Ray Emitting Radioisotopes
Authors: Bernard F. Trum
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<i>Radioactivity in Man</i>is essentially a report of a symposium held at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, April 18-19, 1960. It contains the papers and discussions of eminently competent participants. A wide spectrum of interests is covered, including biomedical, biophysical, physical, legal, and sociological aspects of man and ionizing radiation. However, little factual information that has not been documented by the same experts elsewhere is included. The book contains an excellent explanation of the gamma ray scintillation spectroscope, models of dosimetry, illustrations of the hardware, and the use and limitations of whole body counting of internal radionuclides by gamma ray spectroscopy. Examples of the use and interpretation of results of whole body counting following nuclear reactor accidents and exposure to atomic fallout are given. The research potential of the counting methods are discussed. The callibration of and total body count by large crystal scintillation counters and the 4 π liquid
Does informed consent influence therapeutic outcome? A clinical trial of the hypnotic activity of placebo in patients admitted to hospital.
Authors: R Dahan, C Caulin, L Figea, J A Kanis, F Caulin, J M Segrestaa
Journal: BMJ (1986)

To examine whether written informed consent might influence the results of clinical trials the effect of placebo when given with or without informed consent to patients suffering from insomnia was studied. The study was a single blind observer blinded trial, and patients were paired according to sex, age, and hospital environment. Randomisation assigned the first patient of each pair to the control group (without informed consent) or the group to give informed consent. Of the 56 patients, 26 refused to give informed consent, and the age and sex distribution of these differed significantly (p less than 0.02) from the 30 pairs of patients ultimately enrolled into the study. In this "biased" sample, the hypnotic activity of placebo was significantly higher in the control group (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that the informed consent procedure biases the results of clinical trials and might affect their general applicability.
Solitary pyogenic granuloma of the small bowel as the cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: R. Kuga, C. Furuya Jr, S. Fylyk, P. Sakai
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Pyogenic granuloma is rare in the gastrointestinal tract and mostly occurs on the skin and in the oral cavity [1]. This type of lesion usually bleeds and is responsible for chronic anemia and gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin [2] [3] [4] [5]. Here we report on a case of pyogenic granuloma in the jejunum diagnosed by capsule endoscopy and treated by snare polypectomy using double-balloon enteroscopy.
Isolation of glycine betaine and proline betaine from human urine. Assessment of their role as osmoprotective agents for bacteria and the kidney.
Authors: S T Chambers, C M Kunin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Human urine is osmoprotective for enteric bacteria, permitting E. coli to grow with high concentrations of NaCl and other salts and even higher concentrations of sucrose and mannitol but not urea. The active material in urine is soluble in methanol and is precipitated by ammonium reineckate at acid pH. Using gel filtration and high-pressure liquid chromatography, we have identified two major osmoprotective compounds in urine. One is glycine betaine; the other is proline betaine as demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrum scanning, and chemical synthesis. Proline betaine has not been described previously to our knowledge in vertebrate tissues. It is known to be a cell volume-regulating agent for marine red algae and the euryhaline mollusk Elysia chloritica. We suggest that the presence of glycine and proline betaines in human urine may reflect an osmoprotective role for the kidney and that they protect bacteria in the urine only fortuitously.
Pain Management in Hospitalized Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gabrielle R. Goldberg, R. Sean Morrison
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

To assist cancer centers in improving pain management, we conducted a systematic review of institutional interventions designed to improve the assessment and treatment of pain in hospitalized cancer patients.We performed a MEDLINE search for all English-language articles published from January 1966 through February 2006 using the medical subject headings terms of pain or pain measurement and outcome assessment (health care) or quality assurance (health care). Selected bibliographies were also searched. Studies were reviewed if they included clinical interventions directed at improving the treatment of cancer pain across an institution or nursing unit. Meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials or other controlled studies were included where possible. If no such trials were identified, then the best evidence available from studies with other designs was included.Five interventions were identified. These interventions included professional and patient education, instituting regular pain assessment (pain as a vital sign), audit of pain results and feedback to clinical staff, computerized decisional support systems, and specialist-level pain consultation services. Most studies were small in size and used quasiexperimental pre-post test designs. Successes were reported in increasing patient satisfaction, increasing documentation of pain intensity, and improving nurses' knowledge and attitudes. No study reported successful interventions that consistently improved patients' pain severity.Although professional knowledge and attitudes about pain and nursing pain assessment rates have been shown to be improvable, no systematic, hospital-wide intervention has yet to be associated with improvement in pain severity. Future research on the development of new interventions, perhaps targeted specifically at physicians, is urgently needed.
Mothers' birth weight and survival of their offspring: population based study
Authors: R. Skjarven, A. J Wilcox, N. Oyen, P. Magnus
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To test the hypothesis that a baby9s survival is related to the mother9s birth weight. <b>Design:</b> Population based dataset for two generations. <b>Setting:</b> Population registry in Norway. <b>Subjects:</b> All birth records for women born in Norway since 1967 were linked to births during 1981-94, thereby forming 105 104 mother-offspring units. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Perinatal mortality specific for weight for offspring in groups of maternal birth weight (with 500 g categories in both). <b>Results:</b> A mother9s birth weight was strongly associated with the weight of her baby. Maternal birth weight was associated with perinatal survival of her baby only for mothers with birth weights under 2000 g. These mothers were more likely to lose a baby in the perinatal period (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 3.7). Among mothers with a birth weight over 2000 g there was no overall association between mother9s weight and infant survival. There was, however, a strong interaction between mother9s birth weight, infant birth weight, and infant survival. Mortality among small babies was much higher for those whose mothers had been large at birth. For example, babies weighing 2500-2999 g had a threefold higher mortality if their mother9s birth weight had been high (≥4000 g) than if the mother had been small (2500-2999 g). <b>Conclusion:</b> Mothers who weighed less than 2000 g at birth have a higher risk of losing their own babies. For mothers who weighed ≥2000 g their birth weight provides a benchmark for judging the growth of their offspring. Babies who are small relative to their mother9s birth weight are at increased risk of mortality. <h3>Key messages</h3> A mother9s birth weight influences perinatal survival of her own babies but only for mothers with birth weight &lt;2000 g There was a strong interaction between mothers9 birth weight, infant birth weight, and infant survival Babies that are small relative to their mother9s birth weight are at increased risk of perinatal death
Characterization of Atrazine-Induced Gonadal Malformations in African Clawed Frogs (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) and Comparisons with Effects of an Androgen Antagonist (Cyproterone Acetate) and Exogenous Estrogen (17β-Estradiol): Support for the Demasculinization/Feminization Hypothesis
Authors: Tyrone B. Hayes, A. Ali Stuart, Magdalena Mendoza, Atif Collins, Nigel Noriega, Aaron Vonk, Gwynne Johnston, Roger Liu, Dzifa Kpodzo
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Atrazine is a potent endocrine disruptor that both chemically castrates and feminizes male amphibians. It depletes androgens in adult frogs and reduces androgen-dependent growth of the larynx in developing male larvae. It also disrupts normal gonadal development and feminizes the gonads of developing males. Gonadal malformations induced by atrazine include hermaphrodites and males with multiple testes [single sex polygonadism (SSP)], and effects occur at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppb (microg/L). Here, we describe the frequencies at which these malformations occur and compare them with morphologies induced by the estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2) , and the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate, as a first step in testing the hypothesis that the effects of atrazine are a combination of demasculinization and feminization. The various forms of hermaphroditism did not occur in controls. Nonpigmented ovaries, which occurred at relatively high frequencies in atrazine-treated larvae, were found in four individuals out of more than 400 controls examined (1%). Further, we show that several types of gonadal malformations (SSP and three forms of hermaphroditism) are produced by E2 exposure during gonadal differentiation, whereas a final morphology (nonpigmented ovaries) appears to be the result of chemical castration (disruption of androgen synthesis and/or activity) by atrazine. These experimental findings suggest that atrazine-induced gonadal malformations result from the depletion of androgens and production of estrogens, perhaps subsequent to the induction of aromatase by atrazine, a mechanism established in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals (rodents and humans).
Restrictive and dynamic conceptions of the unconscious: Perspectives from moral and developmental psychology
Authors: Gordon P. D. Ingram, Karolina Prochownik
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract Newell &amp; Shanks' (N&amp;S's) conceptualization of the unconscious is overly restrictive, compared to standard social psychological accounts. The dichotomy between distal and proximal cues is a weak point in their argument and does not circumvent the existence of unconscious influences on decision making. Evidence from moral and developmental psychology indicates that decision making results from a dynamic mixture of conscious and unconscious processes.
Complex regulation of human NKG2D-DAP10 cell surface expression: opposing roles of the γc cytokines and TGF-β1
Authors: Yuk Pheel Park, Seung-Chul Choi, Patricia Kiesler, Aleksandra Gil-Krzewska, Francisco Borrego, Jennifer Weck, Konrad Krzewski, John E. Coligan
Journal: Blood (2011)
Tumors of the Esophagus and Stomach
Authors: Cyril Abrahams
Journal: JAMA (1986)

It is over ten years since<i>Tumors of the Esophagus and Stomach</i>(fascicle 7, second series, of the<i>Atlas of Tumor Pathology</i>) was published by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. There have been a number of advances in the pathology of the esophagus and stomach since that time and, as the third series will only be available in the future, a supplement with an update of recent advances in this area is timely. The author, Si-Chun Ming, who penned the second series fascicle, has once again given of his vast experience in the field. A third of the 62 pages are devoted to the esophagus, and the remaining pages to the stomach. Precancerous lesions of the esophagus are discussed with knowledge gained from high-risk regions in north China and Iran. Esophagitis is common in these areas (80% of the local populace); however, it is also common in the United
Relating the “mirrorness” of mirror neurons to their origins
Authors: James M. Kilner, Karl J. Friston
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract Ever since their discovery, mirror neurons have generated much interest and debate. A commonly held view of mirror neuron function is that they transform “visual information into knowledge,” thus enabling action understanding and non-verbal social communication between con-specifics (Rizzolatti &amp; Craighero 2004). This functionality is thought to be so important that it has been argued that mirror neurons must be a result of selective pressure.
TUBERCULOSIS FROM THE FAR EAST
Authors: MURRAY SPOTNITZ
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Letters and Comments1 August 1969TUBERCULOSIS FROM THE FAR EASTMURRAY SPOTNITZ, M.D.MURRAY SPOTNITZ, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-71-2-428_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor:It is not unexpected that W. W. Stead and J. H. Bates ("Primary Tuberculosis from the Far East. Transmission by a Veteran to two civilians." (Ann. Intern. Med. 70: 707, 1969)) would have found an American serviceman who developed contagious pulmonary tuberculosis while overseas. However, there is little evidence that this has been or will become an important problem in tuberculosis control in this country. Despite the large commitment of young tuberculin-negative soldiers abroad it has been found that the majority of military personnel admitted to a large Army tuberculosis center had contracted tuberculosis while in the...References1. FEREBEEMOUNTCOMSTOCK SHFWGW: Use of chemotherapy as a prophylactic measure in tuberculosis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 106: 151, 1963. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Tuberculosis Case Finding Program, Army Regulation 40-26, November 7 1968. Google Scholar3. HART PD: The place of vaccination in tuberculosis control. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 96: 1, 1967. MedlineGoogle Scholar1. BENTZCORSONKMIECIK RRWAJE: Tuberculosis in U.S. Army personnel from Southeast Asia. Transactions of the 27th VA-Armed Forces Pulmonary Disease Conference, January 22-24, 1968, Cincinnati, Ohio, p. 14. Google Scholar2. STEAD WW: Pathogenesis of the sporadic case of tuberculosis. New Eng. J. Med. 277: 1008, 1967. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. STEADSCHLUETERKERBYJORDAHL WWDPGRCW: The clinical spectrum of primary tuberculosis in adults. Confusion with reinfection in the pathogenesis of chronic tuberculosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 68: 731, 1968. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: 909 East Brill St. Phoenix, Ariz. 85006 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byTuberculin Skin-Test Conversion in Vietnam 1969 Annual Skin-Test Reports of Navy and Marine CorpsJOSEPH M. SACHS, CHARLES H. MILLER 1 August 1969Volume 71, Issue 2Page: 428-430KeywordsArmed forces Issue Published: 1 August 1969 PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract 22: Identifying chemotherapy resistance genes using outlier detection
Authors: Jorma De Ronde, Lennart Mulder, Esther Lips, Sjoerd Rodenhuis, Lodewyk Wessels
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Motivation: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and although gene expression analysis or immuno histo chemistry can be used to subclassify tumors into distinct subgroups, even within these subgroups there exist significant differences at the molecular level. When it comes to chemotherapy resistance, it appears highly unlikely that all resistant tumors share the same mechanism of action. Classical approaches have been unsuccessful in finding reliable biomarkers for therapy resistance and this may be due to the fact that these approaches are not sensitive to changes in small subgroups of samples. Methods: Traditional analyses approaches, like a t-test or using the SAM approach, compare the two groups of samples for each gene, and identify genes with a significant difference in expression between the two groups. If only a small subset of the resistant tumors would show aberrant expression indicative of a resistance mechanism, then this would not be picked up by such approaches. Using a novel algorithm we try to circumvent this problem and specifically aim to find relatively small subgroups of tumors within the resistant group that show differential expression compared to the sensitive group. Results: Using a positive control set, where we mixed in a small set of HER2-positive tumors in a larger HER2-negative set and by generating an artificial dataset we show that our algorithm is able to pick up all positive controls. These controls are not picked up by either a t-test or the SAM algorithm. Next, we applied the algorithm on a gene expression set of 195 patients that were neoadjuvantly treated and identified a number of genes that show an expression pattern that suggests a role in chemotherapy resistance in ER+ tumors. We validate our findings on a separate set of 90 patients. Discussion: We have developed a novel algorithm that allows the identification of genes that show aberrant expression, relative to the reference group, in a small subset of the samples. Using this approach we identified a number of genes that are linked to chemotherapy resistance. The algorithm can be used in any type of analysis that involves the detection of small subsets of samples within one of the labeled classes, where the small subset shows behavior different from the average behavior of the remaining samples. Our approach can therefore be applied to a wide range of problems. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 22. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-22