tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of Trans-sphenoidal Hypophysectomy in Diabetic Retinopathy: Preliminary Assessment
Authors: B. P. Harrold, K. R. Gough, C. G. Tulloh, J. E. Cates, J. A. James
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia-Elderkin et at.BwRITI 727 admission, but the finding of a hyperresonant distended chest and striking chest recession suggested bronchiolitis.Unfortunately no chest x-ray film was taken on admission; the importance of taking such a film in every case of bronchiolitis is illustrated by this case.Deaths from bronchiolitis have not been described as fully in the literature as their importance merits; more detailed clinical, virological, bacteriological, and pathological studies are needed if we are to achieve rational and effective treatment for this condition. SummaryVirological studies of 106 children with bronchiolitis and 45 with pneumonia are reported.Viruses regarded as responsible for the disease were identified in 62 % of the cases of bronchiolitis, R.S.V. being the dominant agent.Evidence of virus infection was also found in 42% of the children with pneumonia.Bacteriological studies of cough swabs taken on admission from 39 of the cases of bronchiolitis and 26 of those with pneumonia are reported.Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from a minority and their incidence did not exceed figures available for healthy children.No evidence was found for the view that Haemophilus influenzae plays a part in the aetiology of bronchiolitis.Clinical and bacteriological evidence together would suggest that Staph.aureus is the chief bacterial hazard.The scarcity of information about secondary bacterial infection and the causes of death in bronchiolitis is stressed.An appraisal has been attempted of present attitudes to therapy, and suggestions are made for a more discriminating approach for the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchiolitis.We would like to thank Professor S. D. M. Court for his interest and help.
Abstract 210: Cul4A is an oncogene in malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Jian Ni, Ming-Szu Hung Hung, Jian-Hua Mao, Zhidong Xu, Dawn T. Bravo, David M. Jablons, Liang You
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Cullin 4A (Cul4A) is important in cell survival, development, growth and the cell cycle, but its role in mesothelioma has not been studied. For the first time, we identified amplification of the Cul4A gene in four of five mesothelioma cell lines. Consistent with increased Cul4A gene copy number, we found that Cul4A protein was overexpressed in mesothelioma cells as well. Cul4A protein was also overexpressed in 64% of primary malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) tumours. Furthermore, knockdown of Cul4A with shRNA in mesothelioma cells resulted in up-regulation of p21 and p27 tumour suppressor proteins in a p53-independent manner in H290, H28 and MS-1 mesothelioma cell lines. Knockdown of Cul4A also resulted in G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and decreased colony formation in H290, H28 and MS-1 mesothelioma cell lines. Moreover, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest was partially reversed by siRNA down-regulation of p21 and/or p27 in Cul4A knockdown H290 cell line. In the contrary, overexpression of Cul4A resulted in down-regulation of p21 and p27 proteins and increased colony formation in H28 mesothelioma cell line. Both p21 and p27 showed faster degradation rates in Cul4A overexpressed H28 cell line and slower degradation rates in Cul4A knockdown H28 cell line. Our study indicates that Cul4A amplification and overexpression play an oncogenic role in the pathogenesis of mesothelioma. Thus, Cul4A may be a potential therapeutic target for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 210. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-210
United Kingdom divided as Scotland introduces free personal care for elderly people
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A two tier system of care for elderly people will be introduced in the United Kingdom's national health service from next week when Scotland starts providing free personal care for those aged over 65.

From 1 July people in Scotland who are assessed as requiring personal and nursing care will have their costs met by the state if they live at home and will receive payments of £145-£210 ($216-$313; €225-€327) a week, depending on their needs, if they are in care homes.

It will leave elderly people in Scotland better off than those in the rest of the United Kingdom, where personal care will …
Human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells capable of multilineage engrafting NOD/SCID mice express flt3: distinct flt3 and c-kit expression and response patterns on mouse and candidate human hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Ewa Sitnicka, Natalija Buza-Vidas, Staffan Larsson, Jens M. Nygren, Karina Liuba, Sten Erik W. Jacobsen
Journal: Blood (2003)
Assessment of anti-inflammatory drugs in the rat using subcutaneous implants of polyurethane foam impregnated with dead tubercle bacilli.
Authors: A K Clarke, B Vernon-Roberts, H L Currey
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1975)

The fluid and cellular phases of inflammatory resonse have been measured using a technique employing subcutaneous implantation of polyurethane foam cubes impregnated with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phenylbutazone, azathioprine, aspirin, cyclophosphamide, and prednisolone suppressed fluid response, whereas sodium aurothiomalate, hydroxychloroquine, and D-penicillamine had no effect. All the drugs used suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the cubes.
Accidental Glutethimide Intoxication in Children
Authors: Peter R. Huttenlocher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

GLUTETHIMIDE is a sedative and hypnotic drug that has gained widespread use since its introduction in 1955. When used in therapeutic doses it appears to be relatively free of adverse effects. However, its margin of safety is rather narrow, coma having resulted in adults from as little as ten times the therapeutic dose.1 Recently, an unusual neurologic syndrome manifested by cerebellar ataxia, nystagmus, dilated pupils and rapid fluctuations in state of consciousness was observed in 2 children who accidentally ingested only two to four times the therapeutic dose of glutethimide.Case ReportsCase 1. A 6-year-old girl was admitted to . . .
THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE VOLUNTARY BOARDER
Authors: H. Yellowlees
Journal: BMJ (1929)

opinion that.bacterialcontamnination of food by a " clhronic carrier" was the cause of the initiation of the outbreak, and that the occurrence of subsequent cases was due to the usual factors of contact in a community in whiclh acute carriers were niumerous.In a selected series of 44 cases it was foutnd that only 50 per cent.had ceased to excrete the organism by the end of the fourth week, that 2 were still, positive after seven weeks, and onie case positive after fouirteeni weeks.In two fatal cases the organism was recovered from the bile anid spleen.The records of this outbreakdo not lend supp)ort to the view that human carriers miay not be an important source of inifection.In civil life, owiing to maniy different factors, the ouLtbreaks are rarelv examined in the same satisfactory fashion.The laborious analysis of-the salmonella grouip wlich has been carried out by Bruce White by the method of receptoranialysis has added greatly to our kniowled(ge of these organiiss, and has enabled him to correlate many apparently discordant bacteriological finidinigs.The outstanding feature of this work from thie food-poisoning aslect is the demonstration that the great majority of food-poisoning outbreaks in which organisms have been isolated are due to 1).aertrycke.The problem of the source of inifection of food materials still remains obscure, and exteilsive bacteriological investigations of aniimals anid birds in conitact with ma<n may require to be calrried out before satisfactory explanations are forthcoming.The classification of the salmonella grouLp which Bruce White has put forward shows an initimiiate relationlship betweeni the various members with regard to their anitigenic structure which it would be out of place to discuss here.It is, however, permissible to ,say that there is in this work no satisfactory explanation why varianits closely allied in antigenic structure should vary markedly in their toxic and inivasive properties in aniimals.It would be a great advance in knowledge if these propertiesof individual stlrains could be definitely correlated .withtlheir anitigenic constitution.The extenision of this work to the field of active immunity against salmonella inifections in animals is of the uitmost importance towards our uniderstaniding of the phenlomena of bacterial food poisoning in nman.
Region-Specific Activation of CRTC1-CREB Signaling Mediates Long-Term Fear Memory
Authors: Mio Nonaka, Ryang Kim, Hotaka Fukushima, Kazuki Sasaki, Kanzo Suzuki, Michiko Okamura, Yuichiro Ishii, Takashi Kawashima, Satoshi Kamijo, Sayaka Takemoto-Kimura, Hiroyuki Okuno, Satoshi Kida, Haruhiko Bito
Journal: Neuron (2014)

CREB is a pivotal mediator of activity-regulated gene transcription that underlies memory formation and allocation. The contribution of a key CREB cofactor, CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1), has, however, remained elusive. Here we show that several constitutive kinase pathways and an activity-regulated phosphatase, calcineurin, converge to determine the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of CRTC1. This, in turn, triggered an activity-dependent association of CRTC1 with CREB-dependent regulatory elements found on IEG promoters. Forced expression of nuclear CRTC1 in hippocampal neurons activated CREB-dependent transcription, and was sufficient to enhance contextual fear memory. Surprisingly, during contextual fear conditioning, we found evidence of nuclear recruitment of endogenous CRTC1 only in the basolateral amygdala, and not in the hippocampus. Consistently, CRTC1 knockdown in the amygdala, but not in the hippocampus, significantly attenuated fear memory. Thus, CRTC1 has a wide impact on CREB-dependent memory processes, but fine-tunes CREB output in a region-specific manner.
What goes up must come down
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2008)

I am wary of simplistic assertions such as “You can’t lose.” I am a contrarian; I look to see which direction the herd is taking and run as fast as I can the other way. Until recently the statement “You can’t lose on property” was heard at dinner party tables across Britain. The middle classes have stampeded into “buying to let,” second homes, and equity release schemes. Many of us have seen our greatest financial investment, our home, double in value in …
Should Friends of Patients be Admitted to the Operating-Room?
Authors: Angus McLean
Journal: JAMA (1913)

To the Editor:  —A rather sad but unique accident occurred in my service at Harper Hospital, Detroit, October 30, which answers this question most convincingly in the negative. A friend of a patient insisted on being admitted to the operating-room. He was told that the privilege was not allowed by the rules of the hospital, but could not understand why it should be denied him. He maintained that as long as his own daughter was the nurse in charge of the case, and that the patient to be operated on was a dear friend, he surely would be able to withstand the strain of the operation without any evil effect, and after some discussion he was finally admitted. During the course of the operation this friend of the patient fainted and fell, striking his head on the mosaic floor. He bled from the nose and ears, and roentgenoscopy revealed a
Endoscopic Snare Excision of Large Pedunculated Colorectal Polyps: A New, Safe, and Effective Technique
Authors: G. Brandimarte, A. Tursi
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)

Background and Study Aims: The endoscopic polypectomy of large pedunculated polyps can have serious complications, such as hemorrhage, which has an incidence of about 2 %. We describe here a new, safe, and effective technique of endoscopic polypectomy for the treatment of large pedunculated colorectal polyps using a standard detachable diathermic snare.
Abstract 1147: Molecular characterization of PI3K pathway alterations in non-small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Ling-Yuh Huw, Jill Spoerke, Carol O'Brien, Hartmut Koeppen, Jane Fridlyand, Lukas Amler, Garret Hampton, David Shames, Mark Lackner, Ajay Pandita
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been implicated in lung carcinogenesis. Among them, PIK3CA pathway activation is one of the key pathways that link cell surface receptor kinases to effectors for tumor growth, metabolism and survival. To support predictive diagnostic biomarker efforts for the selective PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941, we conducted detailed molecular characterization of NSCLC tumor samples. We evaluated the key oncogenic mutations (KRAS, EGFR, PIK3CA, BRAF and NRAS), gene expression, protein expression (PTEN) and gene copy number alterations in genes in the PI3K pathway in NSCLC tumors. We found that oncogenic mutations and copy number alternations were associated with histological subtype. Of note, mutations in KRAS and EGFR were found with high frequency (30%) in adenocarcinoma, as was loss of the tumor suppressor LKB1. On the other hand, amplification of PI3K was found in the squamous subtype, as were rare mutations in PI3K. The tumor suppressor PTEN showed a high frequency of reduced expression in both squamous and adenocarcinomas, though total loss of PTEN was more common in squamous carcinomas. Our studies suggest that the PI3K pathway is an attractive therapeutic target in NSCLC, and that distinct biomarker strategies may be required for development in squamous and non-squamous patient populations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1147. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1147
The role of patellar entesophyte in jumper's knee. ultrasound findings in 18 athletes' knees
Authors: D Martínez Silván, F Baró Pazos, A Roldán Valero, X Díaz Justo, T Fernández Jaén
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Introduction Patellar tendinopathy (jumper's knee) is a common injury in those sports causing high-torque forces on the patella. Several investigations have tried to elucidate its aetiology, being structural changes in the tendon insertion at the inferior patellar pole the most studied finding. Although the overload at the pole seems to be the cause of the formation of the entesophyte, its role in jumper's knee remains unclear. Methods Study design retrospective cohort study with two groups: – Jumper's knee group (JKG): 12 elite athletes (18 pathologic knees, mean age 29.6±7.09) from different sport specialities, with a clinical diagnosis of patellar tendinopathy from 2007 to 2010. – Control group (CG): 18 elite athletes (mean age 28.1±5.4) without any previous clinical history of patellar tendon injury. Anthropometrical measurements, evolution time of symptoms, and grade of tendinopathy (Blazina scale 1–4) were determined, and by means of color Doppler ultrasound examination (Voluson 730 General Electric SP6-12. Multi-frequency linear transducer) structural changes and neovascularisation (Hoksrud criteria) were classified, and tendon thickness (6 mm from the apex) and entesophyte length (if present) were measured. Results The average evolution time of symptoms was 22.9 months, and the average Blazina scale grade for JKG was 2.7±1. No statistically significative data were found between anthropometry and symptoms. Ultrasound examination revealed that the entesophyte was present in 16 of 18 pathological tendons (JKG=89%, CG=27%), with a medium length of 6.1±3.6 mm (CG=2.1±0.4mm). Neovascularisation was present in 13 of 18 pathological tendons (JKG=72%, CG=5%), and the average tendon thickness was 69.8% higher in JKG than in CG (JK=8.68 mm/CG=5.11 mm). A direct relationship among entesophyte length, tendon thickness and evolution time of symptoms was found. Conclusions Presence and size of a distal enthesophyte in the inferior patellar pole influence the perpetuation of symptoms, and determine tendon degeneration and chronicity.
1152 IP-10 IS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY VIRAL KINETICS, BUT NOT SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE DURING TREATMENT FOR RECENT HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: J.J. Feld, J. Grebely, T. Applegate, G.V. Matthews, M. Hellard, V. Suppiah, A. Sherker, K. Petoumenos, I. Shaw, B. Yeung, W. Rawlinson, D. Booth, J.M. Kaldor, A.R. Lloyd, G.J. Dore
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Reducing High Blood Cholesterol Levels With Drugs
Authors: Perry A. Lambird
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor. —  The treacherous nature and potential pitfalls of cost-effectiveness analysis are illustrated in part in the recent article by Schulman et al. 1   Costs are notoriously difficult to identify and define. Misidentifying  can warp results. The authors based laboratory  on the workload recording manual of The College of American Pathologists 2 (which they referred to as a  value scale), adjusted by Maryland hospital costs per work unit.  The College of American Pathologists' workload method is not a relative value scale. It is solely a standardized method of evaluating the time required of medical technologists to perform a test. It cannot accurately be converted into total costs, since all of the other laboratory  are not linearly correlated with personnel costs. The manual cited was even 8 years out of date.  For the purpose of assessing  of lipid-lowering regimens, independent laboratory  are more
Mechanical determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption with special reference to external work and efficiency
Authors: G Kissling
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

The aim of the study was to investigate the ambiguous effect of left ventricular afterload on myocardial work, oxygen consumption, and efficiency.Myocardial oxygen consumption and mechanical parameters of the left and right ventricle were measured in situ in a modified heart-lung preparation in the rat. Left ventricular afterload was adjusted arbitrarily by means of a Starling resistor mounted in a shunt circuit between the left ventricle and the caudal caval vein. Left and right ventricular pressure and aortic pressure as well as pulmonary flow and the flow in the shunt circuit were measured. The left ventricular pressure and volume values were converted into wall stress and length data assuming a thick walled sphere, and external work was calculated from left ventricular force and shortening.Left ventricular external work ran through a maximum with decreasing aortic pressure. Left ventricular oxygen consumption per gram and beat correlated linearly with left ventricular peak wall stress, tension-time integral, and maximum rate of stress development. Left ventricular force and shortening, the two components of external work, acted differently: force determined left ventricular oxygen consumption, whereas shortening had no direct effect on myocardial oxygen consumption, but was important in determining left ventricular efficiency.The interplay between left ventricular afterload and coronary perfusion pressure is of special significance for the heart in situ. The decrease in shortening and external work as well as the diminution in efficiency, observed at low aortic pressure values, can be attributed to impaired coronary perfusion. The coronary perfusion pressure must therefore be taken into consideration for the critical examination of the efficiency of the heart in situ.
Research misconduct found by FDA inspections of clinical trials is rarely reported in journal studies
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Apparent research misconduct identified during inspections of clinical trial sites by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is rarely mentioned in subsequently published journal articles about the research, says a study that has highlighted a gap in the transparency of clinical trial reporting.

The review1 identified 57 published clinical trials for which an FDA inspection of one of the trial sites had found significant evidence of research misconduct, including falsification or the submission of false information, problems with adverse event reporting, or …
Suppression of colorectal cancer subcutaneous xenograft and experimental lung metastasis using nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to tumor neovasculature
Authors: Chao Wang, Mei Zhao, Ya-Rong Liu, Xin Luan, Ying-Yun Guan, Qin Lu, De-Hong Yu, Fan Bai, Hong-Zhuan Chen, Chao Fang
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
TV and Inactivity Are Separate Contributors to Metabolic Risk Factors in Children
Authors: Andrew Prentice, Susan Jebb
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

In 1993 the journal Pediatrics published an editorial entitled “TV or not TV: Fat is the question” [1]. It critiqued a study that used both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to ask whether after-school TV viewing was associated with adiposity and physical inactivity in adolescent American girls [2]. Surprisingly, this study found virtually no association. This counter-intuitive result emphasises the complexity of the inter-relationships between diet, physical activity, and a host of possible confounding factors in the causation of obesity and its related metabolic disturbances.

It remains possible that the obesity pandemic has unexpected causes related to infections or environmental contaminants [3], or even to the cumulative effects of assortative mating (obese people choosing obese partners, hence concentrating the genetic propensity). Nevertheless, most observers are happy to apply Occam's razor (i.e., the principle that the simplest explanation is the preferred one) and accept that obesity is the natural biological response to a massive self-imposed change in mankind's external environment, involving the ready availability of energy-dense foods and a rapid adoption of very sedentary lifestyles. However, this most basic of explanations conceals a myriad of complexities that need to be understood in order to better devise preventive and therapeutic interventions.

For eons humans and their hominid forebears have been physically active, but in the past 50 years we have discovered how to substitute fossil-fuel energy for human muscular work—from occupational work to modes of transport, and from domestic tasks to leisure pursuits. As if this were not enough, we have also invented a whole new genre of entertainment in the form of television, electronic games, and the Internet that seduces us to spend hours each day sitting almost totally inactive. Viewed from this evolutionary perspective, it becomes easy to accept that excessive TV viewing

In the past 50 years we have discovered how to substitute fossil-fuel energy for human muscular work..

and physical inactivity might be implicated as important contributory factors to the kinds of metabolic disturbances that are increasingly being reported among children in affluent societies [4]. But are they on a single causal pathway, or might they have discrete effects? In a paper in PloS Medicine, Ekelund et al. [5] suggest that the latter is the case.
More women over 40 seek fertility treatment
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The number of women older than 40 years being treated for infertility has increased more than 10-fold in the past 15 years, the latest figures from the UK fertility watchdog show.

About one in seven women (15% or 6174 women) seeking fertility treatment was aged between 40 and 45 in 2006, compared with less than one in 10 (9.2% or 596 women) in 1991, according to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority.

The authority says that the increase in older women seeking help comes despite the fact that its data show much less significant improvements in success rates in this age group compared with younger women. The average age of a woman seeking fertility …