tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Tiotropium, a Once-Daily Inhaled Anticholinergic Bronchodilator
Authors: Dennis E. Niewoehner, Kathryn Rice, Claudia Cote, Daniel Paulson, J. Allen D. Cooper, Larry Korducki, Cara Cassino, Steven Kesten
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently develop exacerbations, leading to major clinical and health resource use ramifications. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of a long-acting inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator, tiotropium, in reducing COPD exacerbations and exacerbation-related health care utilization. Design: Randomized, double-blind study. Setting: 26 Veterans Affairs medical centers. Patients: 1829 patients with moderate to severe COPD (mean baseline FEV1, 36% predicted). Intervention: Once-daily tiotropium (18 µg) or placebo for 6 months. Patients otherwise received usual care, except for other anticholinergic bronchodilators. Measurements: The coprimary end points were the percentage of patients with a COPD exacerbation and the percentage of patients with a COPD-related hospitalization. Results: Tiotropium significantly reduced the percentage of patients experiencing 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (27.9% vs. 32.3%, respectively; difference, −5.7 percentage points [95% CI, −10.4 to −1.0 percentage points]; P = 0.037). Fewer tiotropium patients were hospitalized because of COPD exacerbation (7.0% vs. 9.5%, respectively; difference, −3.0 percentage points [CI, −5.9 to −0.1 percentage points]; P = 0.056), although this difference was of borderline statistical significance. Analysis of secondary outcomes indicates that tiotropium may lengthen the time to first COPD exacerbation (P = 0.028) and reduce health care utilization for exacerbations, including the frequency of hospitalizations (P = 0.047), unscheduled clinic visits (P = 0.019), and days of antibiotic treatment (P = 0.015). Tiotropium did not statistically significantly reduce all-cause hospitalization rates. Limitations: Trial participants were enrolled from 1 health care system, and 99% were men. The follow-up period extended for only 6 months. Conclusions: Tiotropium reduces COPD exacerbations and may reduce related health care utilization in patients with moderate to severe COPD.
Genetically determined resistance to collagenase action alters content of collagen and smooth muscle cells in atheroma
Authors: Yoshihiro Fukumoto, Peter Libby, Elena Rabkin, Nerea Varo, Koichiro Harada, Christopher C. Hill, Patrick R. Lawler, Frederick J. Schoen, Stephen M. Krane, Masanori Aikawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
QUOTATIONS IN MEDICAL LITERATURE
Authors: J. H. Musser
Journal: JAMA (1925)

To the Editor:  —The interest I have derived from the current articles on the preparation of medical papers, written by you and Dr. Simmons and presented inThe Journal, leads me to offer a suggestion. I refer to the ever growing tendency of authors to refer to articles or papers which they have not even seen, let alone read. The reader assumes that the author is quoting from an original article, as no mention is made of the source of the reference or of the fact that it is an abstract, yet time and time again the only knowledge the author has of the original from which he quotes is a short abstract sent him by one of the abstracting bureaus. I do not believe for a minute that it is the intention of an author who uses these literary services in the preparation of his manuscript to deceive intentionally.
Percutaneous drainage and sclerosis of mesenteric cysts: Literature overview and report of an innovative approach
Authors: Giada Pozzi, Alessia Ferrarese, Alessandro Borello, Silvia Catalano, Alessandra Surace, Silvia Marola, Valentina Gentile, Valter Martino, Mario Solej, Mario Nano
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)
Scintigraphic Imaging of Intraosseous Sphenoid Meningioma
Authors: Frank De Geeter, Joost Delanote, Lode Goethals, Sylvie Vandelanotte, Luc Vannerem
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

In a rare case of combined intraosseous sphenoid meningioma and frontal dural meningioma occurring in a 45-year-old woman, uptake of both Tc-99m medronate and of In-111 pentetreotide was observed in the intraosseous meningioma, whereas only In-111 pentetreotide was taken up by the frontal dural meningioma. The combined imaging was useful in differentiating the intraosseous meningioma from other osteoblastic lesions and in confirming that hyperostosis of the sphenoid was due to invasion of the bone by meningioma.
Radiologic Anatomy of the Brain
Authors: Oscar Sugar
Journal: JAMA (1977)

The authors, neuroradiologists from Marseille, France, and New York, list 16 cooperators in preparing this elaborate atlas of gross brain anatomy, based on dissected and injected specimens, drawings, diagrams, cerebral angiograms, encephalograms, and roentgenograms of plain and injected brains, and ventricular and cisternal casts. Part 1 describes the cerebral hemisphere, then the ventricles, arteries, and veins. The second part provides similar analysis for the basal ganglia, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. In the last part, the chief attention is devoted to the fourth ventricle and cisterns of the posterior fossa; casts, tomograms, and a variety of cross-sections are used to clarify the structural relationships of the brain, spinal fluid pathways, arteries, and veins. Unfortunately, there are no sections in the various horizontal planes currently used in computerized axial tomography, a technique that receives scant mention in the text, although descriptions were widely disseminated in articles in 1974 and 1975. The detail, particularly
Deaths on acute hospital wards
Authors: Jane Gibbins, Colette Reid, Carolyn Campbell, Catherine Blinman, Zena Kassim, Candida Cornish
Journal: BMJ (2006)

EDITOR—The story of the dying teenager Andrew, written by his mother, highlights the potential problems encountered by patients and their families at the end of life when cared for in acute hospitals.1

Recent government directives have given patients the choice to consider end of life care at home. For some this is wanted and hopefully achievable, but for others, their initial desire to stay at home may change …
Anticipated public health consequences of global climate change.
Authors: J Longstreth
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Human activities are placing enormous pressures on the biosphere. The introduction of new chemicals and the increasing ambient levels of existing chemicals have resulted in atmospheric degradation. This paper reviews some of the adverse effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. Because the atmospheric effects of ozone depletion are fairly well characterized, quantitative risk estimates have been developed. However, because the atmospheric effects of global warming are less understood, public health problems that could be intensified by climate change are assessed qualitatively. The interactive effects of these two phenomena are also discussed.
Focus on adverse events of tumour necrosis factor blockade in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in an open monocentric long-term prospective study of 163 patients
Authors: V Gerloni, I Pontikaki, M Gattinara, F Fantini
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

To report adverse events (AEs) seen in a large cohort of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) treated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha blockers (infliximab and etanercept).All patients with JIA treated with infliximab or etanercept at the Paediatric Rheumatologic Centre of the G Pini Institute (Milan, Italy) from November 1999 to February 2006, were enrolled in an open, single-centre, long-term prospective studyIn all, 163 patients (68 infliximab, 95 etanercept) were enrolled. Mean (SD) age of onset was 6.4 (4.8) years, mean age 17.1 (9.2) years, mean therapy duration 22.9 (17.6) months. A total of 45 patients (32 infliximab, 13 etanercept) failed to respond to or did not tolerate the first therapy and switched to a second one. In all, 208 treatments (81 infliximab, 127 etanercept) were performed. A total of 71 AEs occurred in 51 (62.9%) patients on infliximab and led to discontinuation in 26 (32.1%); 133 AEs occurred in 69 (54.3%) patients on etanercept and led to discontinuation in 18 (14.2%). Some AEs, such as thrombocytopoenia, neuropsychiatric disorders, new onset of Crohn disease and new onset or flare-up of chronic iridocyclitis (CIC), are unusual and have rarely been described before, yet proved to be significant in frequency and/or clinically noteworthy in the large population we followed.In our 6-year study, anti-TNFalpha agents infliximab and etanercept were well tolerated and safe, and were associated with only few serious, but all reversible, AEs. However, such inhibitors are associated with various and numerous AEs. Children and young adults affected by JIA should be carefully monitored so as to limit the risk of AEs during anti-TNFalpha therapy as much as possible.
National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower: XVII.Changes in the Characteristics of Internal MedicineResidents and Their Training Programs, 1988-1989
Authors: Ronald M. Andersen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

The National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower (NaSimm) has been surveying program directors of internal medicine about their programs and residents for 13 years. The 1988-1989 survey results, when compared with the results for 1987-1988, show an increase in both the number of residency positions offered in internal medicine and the number of residents in internal medicine programs. Although the proportion of graduates from U.S. medical schools who choose internal medicine is not changing (34%), the proportion of U.S. medical school graduates who continue training in internal medicine after their first year is decreasing. The composition of the residents in internal medicine by medical school graduated is also changing. Almost 25% of the first-year residents (R1s) in internal medicine are now graduates of foreign medical schools (FMGs) compared with 14% in 1976. The proportion of first-year female residents in internal medicine has increased to 30%, whereas the proportion of both first-year blacks and Hispanics has remained constant at 5% each. In nearly 25% (109 of 440) of the residency programs, more than 50% of the R1s are FMGs. Hispanics, Asians, and blacks were found to be over-represented in the programs training larger proportions of FMGs. This over-representation is attributable, in part, to the fact that Hispanics and Asians may be FMGs. Training issues of concern to program directors continue to be the provision of ambulatory and primary care experiences and the scheduling of nights on call. The survey results show that many residency program directors have reported a reduction in the number of nights on call and an increase in the amount of time residents spend in ambulatory training.
Adventitial Gene Transfer of Recombinant Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase to Rabbit Carotid Arteries Alters Vascular Reactivity
Authors: Iftikhar J. Kullo, Geza Mozes, Robert S. Schwartz, Peter Gloviczki, Thomas B. Crotty, Dustan A. Barber, Zvonimir S. Katusic, Timothy O’Brien
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Adventitial gene transfer may serve as a tool to study vascular biology and may have therapeutic potential. We investigated the hypothesis that adenovirus-mediated transfer of the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to the adventitia would alter vascular reactivity. Methods and Results Rabbit carotid arteries were surgically isolated and adenoviral vectors encoding eNOS (AdeNOS) or β-galactosidase instilled into the periarterial sheath at a concentration of 1×10 10 pfu/mL. Arteries were harvested 4 days later for immunostaining, NOS enzymatic assay, measurement of cGMP, and vasomotor studies. Transgene expression in the adventitia was confirmed by histochemistry for β-galactosidase and immunostaining for eNOS with a monoclonal antibody. Calcium-dependent NOS enzymatic activity and cGMP levels were significantly greater in the AdeNOS-transduced arteries. Maximal contractions to phenylephrine (10 −5 mol/L) were diminished in the AdeNOS-transduced arteries (4.6±0.2 versus 5.6±0.2 g; P &lt;.05), but in the presence of the eNOS inhibitor N G -monomethyl- l -arginine (3×10 −4 mol/L) there was no difference between the two groups (7.1±0.2 versus 7.5±0.3 g; P =NS). Relaxations to calcium ionophore obtained during submaximal contractions to phenylephrine were significantly enhanced in the AdeNOS-transduced arteries (−log EC 50 , 7.77±0.08 versus 7.45±0.07; P &lt;.02). Conclusions We conclude that eNOS gene transfer to the adventitia alters vascular reactivity, as demonstrated by diminished contractile responses to phenylephrine and enhanced relaxations to calcium ionophore. This may represent a therapeutic strategy for vascular diseases characterized by decreased bioavailability of NO.
Nicotine induced haemodynamic changes during cigarette smoking and nicotine gum chewing: a placebo controlled study in young healthy volunteers
Authors: H. BOUNAMEAUX, M. GRIESSEN, P. BENEDET, B. KRAHENBUHL, A. DEOM
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1988)

Because cigarette smoking is a definite risk for the development of cardiovascular disease and nicotine induced vasoconstriction may be a possible pathogenetic factor the haemodynamic effects of smoking cigarettes with high or low nicotine content were compared with those induced by chewing nicotine gum in a placebo controlled, crossover study in six healthy volunteers. The three stimuli induced similar increases in heart rate (about 20%) and systolic blood pressure (about 7%) and a decrease in digital blood flow. Although the mean haemodynamic changes parallelled the mean plasma nicotine concentration increases, no correlation was found between them when the individual values were considered. It is concluded that the nicotine induced haemodynamic changes probably occur as a result of the (local) release of vasoactive mediators such as adrenaline or noradrenaline after a threshold plasma nicotine concentration has been reached. Such a threshold may explain the large interindividual variability in susceptibility to smoking induced cardiovascular diseases.
Cough associated with captopril and enalapril.
Authors: D M Coulter, I R Edwards
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Thirty three reports of cough associated with captopril and 26 associated with enalapril received by the New Zealand intensive medicines monitoring programme were reviewed. The programme is a specialised part of the New Zealand postmarketing surveillance system. Review of these reports showed that the cough was an adverse reaction to the drugs, occurred even with low dose treatment, and was severe enough to warrant withdrawal of the drugs in most of the cases reported. A significant sex difference was shown, with women predominating. The reaction seemed to be a greater problem with enalapril, and in seven patients it occurred with both captopril and enalapril. Withdrawal of treatment resulted in rapid recovery, and no long term effects were shown. The pathogenesis of the reaction is unknown, but possible mediators include bradykinin and prostaglandins.
"THE SIZE OF DROPS"
Authors: H. B. Aitkens
Journal: JAMA (1923)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In prescribing tincture of digitalis, a simple way of getting around the drop difficulty is to order a 30-minim vial so that each dose, if large, may be measured, or a day's dosage may be bottled in the vial by the patient, and divided as directed. <h3>State Boards of Health.</h3> —New Orleans having lost 8,000 victims by cholera in 1832 and in 1849-1850, out of a population of about 55,000, and anxious to maintain a quarantine, secured the enactment of a law in 1855 for the establishment of a state board of health. In 1869 a more comprehensive board was established in Massachusetts, followed in 1870 by California. Now nearly all the states have followed the example.—Kober:<i>Pub. Health Rep.</i><b>38</b>:725 (April 6) 1923.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease: Seventh Annual Scientific Meeting of the Houston Neurological Society, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas
Authors: John T. McHenry
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The contributors have synthesized the latest knowledge dealing with an almost overwhelming scope of disease processes, i.e., occlusive disease, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracranial aneurysms, with a fine review of the anatomy and embryology of the cerebrovascular tree. The stimulating section on occlusive disease uses nearly a half of the entire volume. The chapters dealing with the metabolic and biochemical alteration underlying atherosclerosis are basic, for it would seem that future answers and prevention of this devastating atherosclerotic process lie here. A review of the clinical syndromes in cerebral arterial occlusion are presented in considerable completeness with the signs and symptoms in one column and the anatomical structures involved in an adjacent column. The point is made that neurological deficits can occur from occlusive disease in vessels remote from the brain itself, yet capable of affecting dynamically, regional cerebral blood flow. The use of angiographic techniques to spot these
<i>Diabetes Care</i>: Change Is Constant
Authors: William T. Cefalu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

As I start my tenure as editor in chief of Diabetes Care , I would like to emphasize that I am extremely honored to have been chosen for this position, and I take the responsibility of continuing the success of the journal very seriously. The success of Diabetes Care has clearly been due to the hard work, dedication, vision, and expertise of the outstanding editors and associate editors who have preceded me in this role. Past editors in chief have included Jay S. Skyler (1978–1982, the founding editor), F. John Service (1983–1987), David C. Robbins (1988–1991), Allen L. Drash (1992–1996), Charles M. Clark, Jr. (1997–2001), Mayer B. Davidson (2002–2006), and Vivian A. Fonseca (2007–2011). Actually, I am able to serve as editor in chief today primarily because of the actions and guidance of the former editors of both Diabetes Care and Diabetes . Specifically, it was Dr. Mayer B. Davidson who first gave me an opportunity to serve as associate editor of Diabetes Care through 2006 and allowed me to make mistakes, learn from them, and grow in that position. Dr. Davidson also taught me the value of an open-door policy, reassuring me that he was always a phone call away if I had any questions or concerns. Dr. Peter C. Butler, the former editor in chief of Diabetes , allowed me to serve as associate editor thereof during his recent tenure, and I learned from Dr. Butler that there is no substitute for careful review of each and every manuscript submitted and that the peer review process has to be respected at every step by authors, reviewers, and associate editors. Finally, I owe a tremendous amount of gratitude to Dr. Vivian A. Fonseca, who continues to guide me in handling the day-to-day responsibilities of this position and has stressed …
The Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene and Alcoholism
Authors: Stevens S. Smith, David A. Gorelick, Bruce F. O'Hara, George R. Uhl
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> Two JAMA reports differ in describing the association between a D<sub>2</sub>dopamine receptor gene allele and alcoholism. Blum et al<sup>1</sup>found that the Al allele of the D<sub>2</sub>gene was present in a significantly higher percentage of 35 alcoholics (69%) than in 35 nonalcoholic controls (20%). Diagnoses were made post mortem; therefore, limited descriptive information was available. Bolos et al<sup>2</sup>assessed the gene's distribution in a group of 40 white alcoholics (38% Al) and 127 racially matched controls (30% Al) but found no evidence for an association between the D<sub>2</sub>receptor allele and alcoholism. There is a limitation in the second study. Although Bolos et al conducted thorough clinical assessments of alcoholic subjects, they present no characteristics (except race) of their "control" subjects. Their control subjects could be alcoholics (or have other relevant psychiatric diagnoses, such as affective disorder). Further, the
VISUAL REQUIREMENTS OF AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS
Authors: William F. Bonner
Journal: JAMA (1923)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —At the meeting of the House of Delegates of the Medical Society of Delaware, Oct. 8, 1923, a committee was appointed to determine the visual requirements of an automobile driver. This committee was composed of Drs. W. 0. LaMotte, C. P. White and W. F. Bonner, chairman. The requirements decided on were visual acuity 20/40 in one eye, and 20/100 in the other. These results may be obtained by correction with glasses. In case one eye is blind or amblyopic, the sound eye must have a vision of 20/30 with correction. The driver should have good color vision and a depth perception of 35 mm. or less. These requirements will be recommended to the secretary of state of Delaware through the agency of the Delaware Safety Council for inclusion in the examination required before the first of January, 1924, for all paid automobile drivers.
The cystatin M / E-controlled pathway of skin barrier formation: expression of its key components in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis
Authors: T. Cheng, G.S. Tjabringa, I.M.J.J. van Vlijmen-Willems, K. Hitomi, P.E.J. van Erp, J. Schalkwijk, P.L.J.M. Zeeuwen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

The antiprotease activity of cystatin M/E regulates skin barrier formation, as it inhibits the activity of cathepsin V, cathepsin L and legumain, thereby controlling the processing of transglutaminase 3. Misregulation of this pathway by unrestrained protease activity, as seen in cystatin M/E-deficient mice, leads to abnormal stratum corneum and hair follicle formation, and severe disturbance of skin barrier function.Our major aim was to make a quantitative analysis of the expression of all players of this pathway in the epidermis of patients with inflammatory skin diseases. A second aim was to determine if reconstructed human skin could be used as an in vitro model system to investigate this pathway.Autopsy material from normal human tissues, biopsies from normal skin of healthy volunteers, and lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis were used to study the expression of the above-mentioned molecules at the mRNA level by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Localization of the protein was performed by immunofluorescence microscopy, and expression was quantitated by image analysis.In skin, cystatin M/E is expressed at relatively higher levels than its target proteases, when compared with other tissues, which emphasizes its prominent role in cutaneous biology. We found decreased expression of cystatin M/E and cathepsin V in lesional atopic dermatitis and psoriasis epidermis at the mRNA level as well as the protein level. Cathepsin L and transglutaminase 3 were increased at the transcriptional level; however, this was not reflected by higher protein levels. Interestingly, the expression of all these molecules in reconstructed skin was qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the in vivo situation.Disturbance of the cystatin M/E-cathepsin pathway could contribute to the dysregulated skin barrier function observed in inflammatory dermatoses. Human reconstructed skin appears to be a valuable model to study this novel biochemical pathway in vitro.
Sickle cell anaemia, oxygen treatment, and anaemic crisis.
Authors: D L Solanki
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Une observation, montrant que l'oxygenotherapie n'est pas sans danger dans l'anemie falciforme: l'hyperoxygenation peut amener une crise de reticulopenie. L'arret de l'administration d'oxygene, dans le cas decrit, ramene la situation vers la normale