tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ethnicity, Obesity, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Iris Shai, Rui Jiang, JoAnn E. Manson, Meir J. Stampfer, Walter C. Willett, Graham A. Colditz, Frank B. Hu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—To examine ethnic differences in risk of type 2 diabetes, taking dietary and lifestyle risk factors into account. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A prospective (1980–2000) cohort (from The Nurses’ Health Study) including 78,419 apparently healthy women (75,584 whites, 801 Asians, 613 Hispanics, and 1,421 blacks) was studied. Detailed dietary and lifestyle information for each participant was repeatedly collected every 4 years. RESULTS—During 1,294,799 person-years of follow-up, we documented 3,844 incident cases of diabetes. Compared with whites, the age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) were 1.43 (95% CI 1.08–1.90) for Asians, 1.76 (1.32–2.34) for Hispanics, and 2.18 (1.82–2.61) for blacks. After adjustment for BMI, the RRs changed to 2.26 (1.70–2.99) for Asians, 1.86 (1.40–2.47) for Hispanics, and 1.34 (1.12–1.61) for blacks. For each 5-unit increment in BMI, the multivariate RR of diabetes was 2.36 (1.83–3.04) for Asians, 2.21 (1.75–2.79) for Hispanics, 1.96 (1.93–2.00) for whites, and 1.55 (1.36–1.77) for blacks (P for interaction &amp;lt;0.001). For each 5-kg weight gain between age 18 and the year 1980, the risk of diabetes was increased by 84% (95% CI 58–114) for Asians, 44% (26–63) for Hispanics, 38% (28–49) for blacks, and 37% (35–38%) for whites. A healthy diet high in cereal fiber and polyunsaturated fat and low in trans fat and glycemic load was more strongly associated with a lower risk of diabetes among minorities (RR 0.54 [95% CI 0.39–0.73]) than among whites (0.77 [0.72–0.84]). CONCLUSIONS—The risk of diabetes is significantly higher among Asians, Hispanics, and blacks than among whites before and after taking into account differences in BMI. Weight gain is particularly detrimental for Asians. Our data suggest that the inverse association of a healthy diet with diabetes is stronger for minorities than for whites.
Drinking, smoking, and illicit drug use among 15 and 16 year olds in the United Kingdom
Authors: P. M. Miller, M. Plant
Journal: BMJ (1996)

To examine patterns of self reported drinking, smoking, and illicit drug use among a representative United Kingdom sample of people born in 1979.Cross sectional, single phase survey based on a stratified cluster sample of 70 United Kingdom secondary schools during March and April 1995. Pupils completed a 406 item standardised questionnaire under examination conditions.United Kingdom state and private secondary schools.7722 pupils aged 15 and 16.Reported use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs.Almost all the pupils had drunk alcohol, 36% (2772/7689) had smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days, and 42.3% (3264/7722) had at some time used illicit drugs, mainly cannabis. 43% (1546/3546) of boys and 38% (1529/4009) of girls had tried cannabis. Higher levels of smoking were associated with poorer school performance (20.4% (783/3840) with average performance v 44.1% (214/486) with below average performance, F = 79.06, P < 0.01). Levels of drug use in 15 and 16 year olds in 1995 were higher in Scotland than in England, Wales, or Northern Ireland.Drug experimentation was high among 15 and 16 year olds, and use of cannabis was particularly high among smokers. Cigarette smoking was more common among girls than boys.
Coronary Artery Calcium Score and Cardiovascular Event Prediction—Reply
Authors: Tamar S. Polonsky, Philip Greenland
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Baker??s Cyst Radionuclide Arthrographic Findings
Authors: LAMK LAMKI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

Radionuclide arthrography of the knee is described using Tc-99m sulfur colloid, which is injected into the synovial cavity following partial distension of the joint space with saline. The preliminary findings in Baker's cyst are described. There appear to be four patterns: 1) a herniation or cyst that can be posterior, inferior, medial or lateral to the knee synovial space; 2) a limited leak interiorly toward the calf or superiorly toward the thigh; 3) extensive leak: giant cyst found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; 4) multiple “cysts” or communications with the knee synovial space. The series is small, and more work is needed before these preliminary findings can be used as firm categories. Radionuclide arthrography should be considered in patients with unexplained calf pain or pain behind the knee, especially with a history of previous internal knee derangement, or rheumatoid arthritis in whom ruptured cysts can closely mimic acute thrombophlebitis. Radionuclide arthrography has certain advantages over contrast arthrography and also arthroscopy in the diagnosis of Baker's cyst.
Building One's Bibliography
Authors: JAMES S. MARKS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Letters and Corrections1 February 1984Building One's BibliographyJAMES S. MARKS, M.D., M.P.H., STEPHEN J. SEPE, M.P.H., MELISSA M. ADAMS, M.P.H., JOSEPH MULINARE, M.D., M.P.H.JAMES S. MARKS, M.D., M.P.H.Search for more papers by this author, STEPHEN J. SEPE, M.P.H.Search for more papers by this author, MELISSA M. ADAMS, M.P.H.Search for more papers by this author, JOSEPH MULINARE, M.D., M.P.H.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-100-2-322_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: It has become clear in recent years that funding for scientific research is unlikely to increase in the future as it has in the past. This may cause many struggling junior researchers to have difficulty in obtaining promotions based on research productivity. However, we believe that we have developed a method that will enable even a desultory researcher to compile a personal bibliography that will impress the most jaded of promotion committees. This method is described in the following prototype letter.Dear Sir or Madam:If you, like me, are concerned about the propsects of gaining scientific... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Centers for Disease Control Atlanta, GA 30333 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByCitations UnlimitedGARY B. WEISS, M.D., PH.D. 1 February 1984Volume 100, Issue 2Page: 322-322KeywordsForecastingResearch funding Issue Published: 1 February 1984 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Left ventricular performance and regional blood flows before and after ductus arteriosus occlusion in premature lambs treated with surfactant.
Authors: B G Baylen, H Ogata, M Ikegami, H C Jacobs, A H Jobe, G C Emmanouilides
Journal: Circulation (1983)

The hemodynamic consequences of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were studied during the first few hours of life (1.9 +/- 0.7 hours) in 13 mechanically ventilated, surfactant-treated, preterm lambs (gestational age of 120-124 days). Cardiovascular pressures, left ventricular (LV) performance and regional blood flows were measured using cine left ventriculography and radionuclide-labeled microspheres before and after occlusion of the PDA with a catheter balloon. Before occlusion, the left-to-right shunt was 44 +/- 13%; after occlusion the shunt was negligible (2%). Heart rate (164 +/- 17 beats/min), LV end-diastolic pressure (5 +/- 3 mm Hg), ejection fraction (74 +/- 8%) and cardiac output (241 +/- 13 ml . min-1 . kg-1) were normal and did not change after ductus occlusion. However, "effective" systemic blood flow increased significantly after occlusion (130 +/- 53 vs 228 +/- 93 ml . min-1 . kg-1, p less than 0.001), as did blood flow to organs such as the brain, myocardium and gastrointestinal tract. The reduction of systemic blood flow in the presence of a left-to-right PDA shunt may be responsible for many early pathologic manifestations of the PDA "syndrome" of prematurity even in the absence of overt LV dysfunction.
Generalized lymphedema associated with neurologic signs (GLANS) syndrome: A new entity?
Authors: Marine Berton, Gérard Lorette, Françoise Baulieu, Emmanuelle Lagrue, Sophie Blesson, Frédéric Cambazard, Loïc Vaillant, Annabel Maruani
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2014)
Review: Femoral and subclavian or internal jugular venous catheters do not differ for bloodstream infections
Authors: Francis Whalen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Source Citation Marik PE, Flemmer M, Harrison W. The risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection with femoral venous catheters as compared to subclavian and internal jugular venous catheters: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:2479-85. 22809915
Genetic Relationships in Familial Leukemia and Lymphoma.
Authors: Perry G. Rigby
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

s1 May 1967Genetic Relationships in Familial Leukemia and Lymphoma.Perry G. Rigby, M.D., Peyton T. Pratt, M.D. (Associate), Robert C. Rosenlof, M.D. (Associate), Henry M. Lemon, M.D., F.A.C.P.Perry G. Rigby, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Peyton T. Pratt, M.D. (Associate)Search for more papers by this author, Robert C. Rosenlof, M.D. (Associate)Search for more papers by this author, Henry M. Lemon, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-1043_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAn investigation of the occurrence of leukemia and lymphoma in Nebraska has revealed 29 documented and 11 suspected multiple family instances of the coexistence of these disorders, mainly lymphoproliferative neoplasms. The consideration of these hemotologic malignancies together for the purpose of this study has been considered appropriate on the basis of pathological, clinical, therapeutic, prognostic, and presumed etiologic similarities, allowing for a variable expression of neoplastic potential implicit in a genetic or environmental factor concerned in causation (Rigby, Rosenlof, and Pratt, JAMA 197: 25, 1966).The closeness of the genetic relationship in the majority of the involved family members is... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Perry G. Rigby, M.D.; Peyton T. Pratt, M.D. (Associate); Robert C. Rosenlof, M.D. (Associate); Henry M. Lemon, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Omaha, Nebraska PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1967Volume 66, Issue 5Page: 1043-1044KeywordsClinical geneticsGeneticsLymphocytic leukemiaLymphoma ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1967 PDF downloadLoading ...
Isolated middle lobe atelectasis: aetiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the so-called middle lobe syndrome.
Authors: S Bertelsen, E Struve-Christensen, A Aasted, J Sparup
Journal: Thorax (1980)

Isolated atelectasis of the middle lobe has been known for many years as the "middle lobe syndrome". Several clinical studies have shown that it may bae caused by malignant tumours. A 10-year study of 135 patients with isolated middle lobe atelectasis is presented. Fifty-eight patients (43%) had malignant tumours. Of 38 who had a thoracotomy, lung resection was possible in 25. In 20 patients regional or systemic dissemination of the tumour had been diagnosed before operation. Seventy-seven patients had benign diseases, of which 74 were non-specific infections. Bronchography was performed in 46 of these cases, and all had abnormal findings in the middle lobe, eight revealing definite bronchiectasis. In three cases tuberculosis was found. In 16 cases the benign diagnosis was established at thoracotomy. Only three patients out of 58 with malignant tumours lived more than five years. Atelectasis of the middle lobe is always a sign of potential malignancy especially in patients with a previously normal chest radiograph.
Characteristics of junctional regions between Purkinje and ventricular muscle cells of canine ventricular subendocardium.
Authors: D A Rawling, R W Joyner
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

The normal cardiac activation sequence requires propagation of the action potential from the subendocardial Purkinje network into the underlying ventricular muscle cells. This process occurs at specific junctional sites distributed over the endocardial surface of both ventricles. At these junctional sites, action potentials can be recorded from cells that appear to be interposed between the Purkinje cells and the ventricular muscle cells. The action potential upstrokes recorded from these "transitional" cells have characteristic double phases produced by electrotonic interactions with the Purkinje cells and the ventricular muscle cells. We have shown that these junctional regions in the canine subendocardium appear to be fixed anatomic sites with locations independent of the activation sequence of the Purkinje network. In addition, the activation delay between the Purkinje cells and the ventricular muscle cells at a junctional site and the patterns of the action potential upstrokes of transitional cells at a junctional site are independent of the activation sequence of the Purkinje network. We have also demonstrated that at some locations there are multiple Purkinje activation signals recorded with a surface electrode and that these multiple activation signals represent discrete groups of Purkinje cells, some of which contribute to the junctional process while others appear to be substantially uncoupled from neighboring Purkinje cell groups and the underlying transitional cells.
Chemokines and mitochondrial products activate neutrophils to amplify organ injury during mouse acute liver failure
Authors: Pedro E. Marques, Sylvia S. Amaral, Daniele A. Pires, Laura L. Nogueira, Frederico M. Soriani, Braulio H.F. Lima, Gabriel A.O. Lopes, Remo C. Russo, Thiago V. Ávila, Juliana G. Melgaço, André G. Oliveira, Marcelo A. Pinto, Cristiano X. Lima, Ana Maria De Paula, Denise C. Cara, Maria F. Leite, Mauro M. Teixeira, Gustavo Batista Menezes
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a safe analgesic and antipyretic drug. However, APAP overdose leads to massive hepatocyte death. Cell death during APAP toxicity occurs by oncotic necrosis, in which the release of intracellular contents can elicit a reactive inflammatory response. We have previously demonstrated that an intravascular gradient of chemokines and mitochondria-derived formyl peptides collaborate to guide neutrophils to sites of liver necrosis by CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), respectively. Here, we investigated the role of CXCR2 chemokines and mitochondrial products during APAP-induced liver injury and in liver neutrophil influx and hepatotoxicity. During APAP overdose, neutrophils accumulated into the liver, and blockage of neutrophil infiltration by anti–granulocyte receptor 1 depletion or combined CXCR2-FPR1 antagonism significantly prevented hepatotoxicity. In agreement with our in vivo data, isolated human neutrophils were cytotoxic to HepG2 cells when cocultured, and the mechanism of neutrophil killing was dependent on direct contact with HepG2 cells and the CXCR2-FPR1–signaling pathway. Also, in mice and humans, serum levels of both mitochondrial DNA (mitDNA) and CXCR2 chemokines were higher during acute liver injury, suggesting that necrosis products may reach remote organs through the circulation, leading to a systemic inflammatory response. Accordingly, APAP-treated mice exhibited marked systemic inflammation and lung injury, which was prevented by CXCR2-FPR1 blockage and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) absence (TLR9−/− mice). Conclusion: Chemokines and mitochondrial products (e.g., formyl peptides and mitDNA) collaborate in neutrophil-mediated injury and systemic inflammation during acute liver failure. Hepatocyte death is amplified by liver neutrophil infiltration, and the release of necrotic products into the circulation may trigger a systemic inflammatory response and remote lung injury.
"DEBILITY" IN CHILDREN AND CYCLICAL VOMITING
Authors: A. A. Osman
Journal: BMJ (1929)

CHILDREN AND CYCLICAL VOMITING.t2 m _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.RI' .mw;:uld not produce this result.Here also there was sum- n: tion, but no evidence of any specific action.These results, in which more than one agent is brought to bear on a pathological condition; at any rate suggest thlat the sumnmated action of several agents may be a better form of treatment than the pushing of a single agcnt to near the limit of the patient's tolerance.
Long-term residence in areas of high ozone: associations with respiratory health in a nationwide sample of nonsmoking young adults [dsee comments]
Authors: A Galizia, P L Kinney
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

Few studies have examined the respiratory effects of multiyear ozone exposures in human populations. We examined associations between current respiratory health status and long-term ozone exposure histories in 520 Yale College (New Haven, CT) students who never smoked. Questionnaires addressed current respiratory symptoms, respiratory disease history, residential history, and other factors. The symptoms of cough, phlegm, wheeze apart from colds, and a composite respiratory symptom index (RSI) were selected as outcome measures. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)), forced expiratory flow rate between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF(25-75)), and forced expiratory flow rate at 75% of FVC (FEF(75)) were obtained by forced expiration into spirometers. Ozone exposure was treated as a dichotomous variable, where subjects were assigned to the high-exposure group if they lived for 4 or more years in a U.S. county with 10-year average summer-season daily 1-hr maximum ozone levels [greater/equal to] 80 ppb. Lung function and respiratory symptoms were analyzed by multiple linear and logistic regression on ozone exposure, controlling for covariates. Lung function was lower in the group with high ozone exposures: differences were statistically significant for FEV(1) [-3.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.2 to -5.9%] and FEF(25-75) (-8.1%; CI, -2.3 to -13.9%), and nearly so for FEF(75) (-6.7%; CI, 1.4 to -14.8). Gender-specific analyses revealed stronger associations for males than for females. The symptoms of chronic phlegm, wheeze apart from colds, and RSI were increased in the ozone-exposed group, with odds ratios of 1.79 (CI, 0.83-3.82), 1.97 (CI, 1.06-3.66), and 2.00 (CI, 1.15-3.46), respectively. We conclude that living for 4 or more years in regions of the country with high levels of ozone and related copollutants is associated with diminished lung function and more frequent reports of respiratory symptoms.
Anaphylaxis: the acute episode and beyond
Authors: F Estelle R Simons, Aziz Sheikh
Journal: BMJ (2013)

#### Summary points

Anaphylaxis is an alarming medical emergency,1 2 3 not only for the patient or caregiver, but also sometimes for the healthcare professionals involved. Although it is thought of as uncommon, the lifetime prevalence is estimated at 0.05-2%,4 5 and the rate of occurrence is increasing. Hospital admissions, although uncommon, are also increasing, as are admissions to critical care units.6 7 Many anaphylaxis episodes now occur in community settings.8 Accurate community based population estimates are difficult to obtain because of underdiagnosis, under-reporting, and miscoding, as well as use of different anaphylaxis definitions and different methods of case ascertainment in the populations studied.5 Although death from anaphylaxis seems to be uncommon, it is under-reported.9

In this article, we draw on evidence from randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental and other observational studies, and systematic reviews. We also reference key evidence based international and national anaphylaxis guidelines and their updates.1 2 10 11

#### Sources and selection criteria

We based this review on Medline and …
Probucol promotes endogenous antioxidants and provides protection against adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats.
Authors: N Siveski-Iliskovic, N Kaul, P K Singal
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND The potential usefulness of adriamycin (ADR) is restricted because of its cardiotoxic side effects. Since free radicals and lipid peroxidation are suggested to be involved in ADR cardiomyopathy, we examined the beneficial effects of probucol, a lipid-lowering drug with strong antioxidant properties. METHODS AND RESULTS ADR was administered to rats in six equal intraperitoneal injections over a period of 2 weeks (cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg). After a 3-week posttreatment period, cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure were characterized by ascites, congested liver, depressed cardiac function, elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and myocardial cell damage. Myocardial glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was decreased, and lipid peroxidation was increased. Probucol (cumulative dose, 60 mg/kg IP) was administered in six equal injections over a 2-week period on days alternating with ADR treatment. Probucol significantly attenuated the myocardial effects of ADR, improved left ventricular function, and lowered mortality as well as the amount of ascites. Treatment with probucol was also accompanied by an increase in myocardial GSHPx and superoxide dismutase activities, with a concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that ADR cardiomyopathy is associated with an antioxidant deficit. Improved cardiac function resulting from treatment with probucol may be related to the maintenance of the antioxidant status of the heart. The study suggests potential usefulness of antioxidant (probucol) therapy in ADR cardiomyopathy.