tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pharmacopolitics: Drug Regulation in the United States and Germany
Authors: N. S. B. Rawson
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Future Trends in Allergy and Immunology
Authors: Richard F. Lockey
Journal: JAMA (1992)

AS PREDICTED by Salvaggio and Austen<sup>1</sup>in the final chapter of the 1987 edition of the<i>JAMA</i>primer, many contributions to medicine continue to emerge from research in the field of allergy and immunology.<sup>1-4</sup>Precise and sensitive immunologic laboratory techniques, including enzyme-linked immunoassays, immunoblot techniques, the polymerase chain reaction, and computerized cell sorting, have been developed to characterize, quantify, and separate the various leukocyte populations for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Among the newly emerged treatments are (1) use of antilymphocyte and antithymocyte globulin to support bone marrow transplantation; (2) isolation and administration of lymphokine-activated killer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to selectively destroy certain forms of cancer; (3) use of monoclonal antibodies to overcome gram-negative sepsis; and (4) use of interferon alfa to control Kaposi's sarcoma and chronic hepatitis B infection and use of interferon gamma to control hepatitis C infection. Identification and characterization of the inflammatory nature of
Economic Evaluation of Zoledronic Acid for the Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures in Post-Menopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer Receiving Aromatase Inhibitors in the United Kingdom.
Authors: F. Logman, B. Heeg, M. Botteman, S. Kaura, B. van Hout
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are increasingly used as adjuvant therapy in early-stage breast cancer (EBC) and are associated with accelerated bone-loss. Adjuvant therapy with zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been shown to prevent aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss (AIBL) in postmenopausal women (PMW) with EBC. This analysis assessed, via a model projecting lifetime incidence of osteoporotic fractures as a function of BMD, the cost-effectiveness of adjuvant ZOL for the prevention of fractures in PMW with hormone receptor positive breast cancer (stage I-IIIa) who receive adjuvant letrozole 2.5 mg daily for 5 years and who had a baseline bone mineral density (BMD) T score of ≥-2. Methods: A Markov model was developed to project the lifetime incidence of osteoporotic fractures, quality-adjusted life years (QALY), and healthcare costs as a function of BMD for women with EBC (aged 60 years) receiving adjuvant AIs (for up to 5 years) alone or with ZOL upfront or delayed. Two strategies of adjuvant ZOL therapy compared to no treatment were modelled: starting ZOL treatment only when BMD levels decreased (“delayed ZOL”) and starting ZOL 4mg i.v. q 6mo simultaneously with AI therapy (“upfront ZOL”). ZOL efficacy was derived from the ZO-FAST study (N=1,060) which reported a 5.41% (p&amp;lt;0.0001) difference in percentage BMD change between both strategies after 3 years. Data for the no-treatment arm came from a separate trial of AI in which patients did not receive ZOL. The model runs in annual cycles, over a lifetime horizon. Future costs and effects were discounted at 3.5% annually. Results: Compared to no treatment, delayed ZOL therapy was associated with an estimated QALY gain of 0.026 (CI95%:0.007 – 0.045) and an additional cost of £ 419 (CI95%: £ 367 – £ 473). Delayed ZOL therapy vs. no treatment was estimated to cost £ 16,069 per QALY. Compared to no treatment, upfront ZOL was associated with a gain of 0.079 QALY (CI95%: 0.059 – 0.100), at an additional cost of £ 1,742 (CI95%: £ 1,676 – £ 1,810). The corresponding cost per QALY gained was therefore estimated at £ 21,973. Compared to delayed ZOL therapy, upfront ZOL resulted in a gain of 0.053 QALY (CI95%: 0.039 – 0.062) and additional costs of £ 1,323 (CI95%: £ 1,280 – £ 1,366). The cost-effectiveness ratio for upfront vs. delayed therapy was therefore £ 24,868 per QALY gained. Conclusions: Based on this analysis, upfront ZOL is shown to result in better health outcomes (QALYs) than either delayed ZOL or no therapy. Both ZOL therapy strategies were shown to result in highly acceptable cost-effectiveness ratios compared to no treatment. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1111.
Treatment of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Richard E. Champlin, Winston G. Ho, Robert Peter Gale, Drew Winston, Michael Selch, Ronald Mitsuyasu, Carl Lenarsky, Robert Elashoff, Jacob Zighelboim, Stephen A. Feig
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

In a prospective controlled trial, the relative effectiveness of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and postremission chemotherapy was assessed for adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in first complete remission. Twenty-three patients, 15 to 45 years of age, who had an HLA-identical sibling donor were designated to receive bone marrow transplantation. Forty-four patients who either lacked an HLA-identical sibling or were over 45 years of age were designated to receive intensive consolidation chemotherapy. The actuarial rate of leukemia relapse was significantly lower in the transplantation group than in the chemotherapy group (40 ± 25% [95% confidence interval] compared with 71 ± 14%, p = 0.01). Actuarial survival at greater than 4 years was not significantly different (40 ± 21% compared with 27 ± 14%, p > 0.4). These data show that bone marrow transplantation is more effective than consolidation chemotherapy in preventing leukemia relapse, but overall survival was not improved in this study.
Lipoprotein Lipase Variants D9N and N291S Are Associated With Increased Plasma Triglyceride and Lower High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentrations
Authors: Christian Gerdes, Rachel M. Fisher, Viviane Nicaud, Jolanda Boer, Steve E. Humphries, Philippa J. Talmud, Ole Faergeman
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Variations at the DNA level with moderate effects on biochemical variables may be important for the occurrence of disease at the population level, if they are common. Two mutations in the LPL gene, N9 and S291, are associated with variation in fasting plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). We investigated whether these mutants were more frequent in offspring of cases with premature coronary disease and analyzed the effects on fasting plasma lipids and postprandial TG. Methods and Results Students with and without paternal history of myocardial infarction (cases and control subjects [controls]) were studied in the European Atherosclerosis Research Studies I and II (EARS-I and -II). Allelic frequencies for the N9 and S291 mutations did not differ between cases and control subjects. The N9 mutation was identified in 4.2% of all subjects in EARS-I, and carriers had higher fasting TG levels ( P &lt;.001) than noncarriers. In an oral fat tolerance test, there were no differences in postprandial TG between carriers and noncarriers of the N9 allele. The S291 mutation was identified in 3.1% of all subjects in EARS-I, and carriers had lower fasting HDL-C levels ( P &lt;.005) than noncarriers. There was a significant interaction between S291 genotype and body mass index on fasting TG levels ( P &lt;.01). In the cases, carriers of the S291 allele had higher TG levels 6 hours postprandially ( P &lt;.04) than did noncarriers. Conclusions The two LPL mutations are common and may predispose to elevated TG and decreased HDL-C concentrations, even in young subjects. In the case of the S291 mutation, this effect appears to be mediated via delayed postprandial TG clearance. Moreover, even moderate obesity potentiates the TG-raising and HDL-lowering effects associated with the S291 allele.
Clinical and immunohistological characterization of cutaneous lesions in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: R. GREENWOOD, D.J. BARKER, F.C. TRING, L. PARAPIA, M. REID, C.S. SCOTT, I. LAUDER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

Twenty-five patients with immunologically classified B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were examined for skin lesions. Six showed evidence of cutaneous involvement, and histological examination of skin biopsies from these patients revealed perivascular lymphocytic infiltration with some diffuse involvement in three. Immunohistological analysis with a range of B and T cell specific monoclonal antibodies revealed that in all cases the infiltrate was predominantly T cell in origin and that epidermotropism in three cases was also associated with T cell components. Six control patients with macroscopically normal skin were also biopsied and these biopsies subjected to the same assessment. All were normal.
OCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC EPIDEMIC ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: T. H. Whittington
Journal: BMJ (1931)

radiation of the prostate that organisms permeate from its interior into the space from which the gland has been removed.The raw prostatic bed is a suitable incubator, and violent sepsis may result.I have had experience of two such cases.Thus we learn the necessity of caution in dealing with a primary focus.After the onset of general infection, abscesses may form in any situation; their discovery and evacuation is often the signal of recovery.Aseptic technique in the operating theatre may be of a high order, but the best efforts may be nullified if nurses and assistants in charge of, or in contact with, septic cases are part of the team.I have had a case of
Emerging Roles of DMP1 in Lung Cancer
Authors: Kazushi Inoue, Takayuki Sugiyama, Pankaj Taneja, Rachel L. Morgan, Donna P. Frazier
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract The Ras-activated transcription factor DMP1 can stimulate Arf transcription to promote p53-dependent cell arrest. One recent study deepens the pathophysiologic significance of this pathway in cancer, first, by identifying DMP1 losses in human lung cancers that lack ARF/p53 mutations, and second, by demonstrating that Dmp1 deletions in the mouse are sufficient to promote K-ras–induced lung tumorigenesis via mechanisms consistent with a disruption of Arf/p53 suppressor function. These findings prompt further investigations of the prognostic value of DMP1 alterations in human cancers and the oncogenic events that can cooperate with DMP1 inactivation to drive tumorigenesis. [Cancer Res 2008;68(12):4487–90]
Egg Donation and Human Embryonic Stem-Cell Research
Authors: Robert Steinbrook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

In November 2005, Woo Suk Hwang, the leader of a South Korean team conducting stem-cell research, touched off an international uproar when he admitted that he had used oocytes from junior scientists in his laboratory as well as from paid donors and that he had lied about the circumstances under which the oocytes had been obtained. Subsequent questions about fraud in the underlying science mushroomed into scandal. As of mid-January, the group's 2005 report about the derivation of patient-specific embryonic stem cells from human blastocysts created by somatic-cell nuclear transfer1 was being retracted, as was its 2004 report in Science . . .
Ventricular Endomyocardial Pathology Produced by Chronic Cardiac Lymphatic Obstruction in the Dog
Authors: ALBERT J. MILLER, RUTH PICK, LOUIS N. KATZ, Charles Jones, Anthony Ellis, John Malasan
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

Chronic impairment of cardiac lymph flow was successfully accomplished in 22 dogs after preliminary anatomic studies revealed a feasible surgical technic. The anatomic and surgical details are presented. Gross and microscopic studies were possible in 19 of the operated animals, 3 of which died spontaneously, and 16 of which were sacrificed at varying time intervals between 2 and 16 weeks after surgery. Two of the 19 dogs were completely normal on gross and histologic examination. Abnormalities found in the remaining 17 animals included left and right ventricular subendocardial hemorrhages, increased elastic and fibrous tissue in the left ventricular endocardium, and opacification of the mitral valve leaflets. It is concluded that chronic impairment of cardiac lymph drainage is productive of significant endomyocardial pathology. These observations are considered to be important as possible etiologic mechanisms in endomyocardial fibrosis and endocardial fibroelastosis. The cardiac lymphatics merit continued intensive investigation, inasmuch as they surely have an important role in cardiac physiology and pathology. Their importance may encompass a far broader area than suggested above. They may be related to the so-called nutritional cardiopathies. The fibroplastic effects of serotonin might occur through an effect on the cardiac lymphatics. Impairment of heart lymph flow may be important in endocarditis and myocarditis of certain types, for it is known that chronic lymphatic obstruction predisposes to recurrent inflammation and infection in the affected parts.
Adhesion Molecule P-Selectin and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule–1 in Enhanced Heart Allograft Arteriosclerosis in the Rat
Authors: Petri K. Koskinen, Karl B. Lemstro¨m
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background The increase of P-selectin on endothelial cells (EC) overlying human atherosclerotic plaques in classic atherosclerosis was recently established. We have previously shown that vascular cell adhesion molecule–1 (VCAM-1) is extensively expressed on EC of occluded arteries during accelerated transplant arteriosclerosis. In the present study, with the use of rat heart allografts under different doses of cyclosporine A (CsA), we investigated whether the expression of P-selectin is increased during chronic rejection and possibly coexpressed with VCAM-1 on EC. Methods and Results Rat cardiac allografts from DA donors to WF recipients were used. Without immunosuppression, these allografts show an irreversible rejection 7 days after transplantation. In the acute rejection model, syngeneic and allogeneic grafts were harvested 5 days after transplantation. In the chronic rejection model, allograft recipients received triple-drug immunosuppression, including azathioprine, methylprednisolone, and CsA in different doses. The grafts were removed 3 months after transplantation. During acute rejection, a significant expression of P-selectin ( P &lt;.01) and VCAM-1 ( P &lt;.05) on microvascular endothelia, but not on arteries, was noticed. During intense chronic rejection (5 mg/kg CsA), arterial EC expressed P-selectin ( P &lt;.01) and VCAM-1 ( P &lt;.05) extensively. The expression of tumor necrosis factor–α, a cytokine inducing both P-selectin and VCAM-1 expression, was upregulated in vascular medial cells ( P &lt;.05), in intimal cells ( P &lt;.01), and in interstitial mononuclear cells ( P &lt;.05). Linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between arterial P-selectin ( P &lt;.01) and VCAM-1 ( P &lt;.01) expression and the intensity of intimal thickening. Also, a significant correlation and coexpression of P-selectin and VCAM-1 in epicardial arteries was demonstrated ( P &lt;.05). Conclusions The early expression of P-selectin on microvascular EC during acute rejection may be the basis of cell adhesion and infiltration into the site of inflammation. During chronic rejection, the intensity of arterial intimal thickening was significantly correlated with the intensity of P-selectin expression on EC, in addition to that of previously reported VCAM-1 expression. Thus, P-selectin may have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic rejection in the vascular wall, augmenting the immune-mediated injury against the allograft.
Effects of antiasthmatic agents on the functions of peripheral blood monocyte–derived dendritic cells from atopic patients
Authors: Sachiko Saeki, Hiroto Matsuse, Yuki Kondo, Ikuko Machida, Tetsuya Kawano, Shinya Tomari, Yasushi Obase, Chizu Fukushima, Shigeru Kohno
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Chronic upper abdominal pain: site and radiation in various structural and functional disorders and the effect of various foods.
Authors: J Y Kang, H H Tay, R Guan
Journal: Gut (1992)

Pain site and radiation and the effect of various foods were studied prospectively in a consecutive series of patients with chronic upper abdominal pain. Patients followed for less than one year were excluded unless peptic ulcer or abdominal malignancy had been diagnosed or laparotomy had been carried out. A total of 632 patients were eligible for the first study and 431 for the second. Gastric ulcer pain was more likely to be left hypochondrial (17%) compared with pain from duodenal ulcer (4%) or from all other conditions (5%). It was less likely to be epigastric (54%) compared with duodenal ulcer pain (75%). Oesophageal pain was more likely to be both retrosternal and epigastric (25%) compared with non-oesophageal pain (2%). Radiation to the back was more common in peptic ulcer (31%) and biliary pain (35%) compared with functional pain (20%). Pain precipitation by fatty foods was commoner in biliary disease (40%) than in duodenal ulcer (11%), peptic ulcer (9%), or non-ulcer dyspepsia (19%). Orange, alcohol, and coffee precipitated pain more frequently in duodenal ulcer (41%, 50%, and 43% respectively) than in biliary disease (17%, 0%, and 14% respectively). Chilli precipitated pain in one quarter to one half of subjects regardless of diagnosis. Approximately one tenth of all subjects avoided chilli, curry, coffee, and tea because of medical or other advice.
ARE IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATORS STILL NECESSARY FOR PATIENTS WITH LVEF MORE THAN 35&amp;percnt; AFTER CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION? INSIGHTS FROM CUBIC REGISTRY
Authors: Kenji Ando, Satoshi Shizuta, Koichi Inoue, Natsuhiko Ehara, Yoshimitsu Soga, Takeshi Arita, Takeshi Kimura, Takaaki Isshiki, Masakiyo Nobuyoshi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Advances in the Biology and Treatment of Bone Disease in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Noopur Raje, G. David Roodman
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Osteolytic bone disease is pathognomonic of multiple myeloma (MM) and affects more than 80% of patients. Bone disease results in skeletal-related events (SRE) such as vertebral compression fractures, which may cause cord compression, hypercalcemia, pathologic fractures that require radiation or surgical fixation, and severe pain. All of these not only result in a negative impact on quality of life but also adversely impact overall survival. Osteolytic disease is a consequence of increased osteoclast (OC) activation along with osteoblast (OB) inhibition, resulting in altered bone remodeling. OC number and activity are increased in MM via cytokine deregulation within the bone marrow (BM) milieu, whereas negative regulators of OB differentiation suppress bone formation. Bisphosphonates are a well-established treatment of myeloma-related skeletal disease and are the current standard of care. However, complications arising from their long-term use have prompted studies of schedule optimization and alternate strategies. Several novel agents are currently under investigation for their positive effect on bone remodeling via OC inhibition. The identification of negative regulators of OB differentiation has prompted the use of anabolic agents. In addition to restoring bone remodeling, these drugs may inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Future studies will look to combine or sequence all of these agents with the goal of not only alleviating morbidity from bone disease but also capitalizing on the resultant antitumor activity. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1278–86. ©2011 AACR.
Ga-67 Citrate Scintigraphy for the Early Detection of Radiation Pneumonitis
Authors: MASAAKI KATAOKA, MASASHI KAWAMURA, HISAO ITOH, KEN HAMAMOTO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

To evaluate the usefulness of Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy in the early detection of radiation pneumonitis, scintigrams from 103 patients who were treated with radiation therapy for lung cancer were retrospectively analyzed with regard to abnormal Ga-67 uptake after radiation therapy in sites other than the original or recurrent tumers. Sixteen (20%) of the 80 asymptomatic cases showed positive Ga-67 scintigrams. All of the other 23 symptomatic cases showed positive Ga-67 scintigrams. Thirteen (57%) of these 23 cases had negative chest radiographs although their Ga-67 scintigrams were positive. Detection of radiation pneumonitis by Ga-67 scintigraphy was significantly earlier than that possible by chest radiography (P < 0.01). These data suggest that Ga-67 scintigraphy is more useful and sensitive than chest radiography for the early detection of radiation pneumonitis.
A Practical Guide to Medical Computer Systems
Authors: Michael B. Brodin
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Decisions, decisions. Whether to operate or observe the patient, to own or rent the office, to participate in Medicare or not to participate in Medicare. And now, whether to automate your practice or stick with your trusty pegboard. To make matters worse, the next generation of computers seems to come faster than the next generation of cephalosporins. If only progress would slow down enough to let our comprehension catch up to it! Yet it would be a mistake to think that choosing a brand of computer will ever be as simple as choosing a brand of rubber glove. The subject is complicated and is likely to stay complicated for some time—this the reason for the glut of computer-oriented books, flash cards, keyboard overlays, quick reference cards, magazines, and videotapes. There are even computer programs to help understand other computer programs. The video under discussion here is designed to assist a
Epidemiological, Clinical, and Biochemical Study of Endemic Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis in Punjab
Authors: S. S. Jolly, B. M. Singh, O. C. Mathur, K. C. Malhotra
Journal: BMJ (1968)

The incidence of dental fluorosis in 46,000 children in the Punjab was assessed and compared with the fluoride content of their water supplies. Ten villages were selected for more detailed studies of skeletal as well as dental fluorosis. Factors other than the fluoride contect of the drinking water which were found to influence the incidence and the severity of fluorosis were the chemical composition of the water and in particular its calcium content; the duration of exposure; sex and occupation; nutritional status; and climatic and geological variations. The role of fluoride-containing foodstuffs has yet to be assessed.
Meiotic arrest and aneuploidy in MLH3-deficient mice
Authors: Steven M. Lipkin, Peter B. Moens, Victoria Wang, Michelle Lenzi, Dakshine Shanmugarajah, Abigail Gilgeous, James Thomas, Jun Cheng, Jeffrey W. Touchman, Eric D. Green, Pam Schwartzberg, Francis S. Collins, Paula E. Cohen
Journal: Nature Genetics (2002)