tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: R. Shihman Chang
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent article by Gold et al<sup>1</sup>provides strong evidence that depression rather than infections by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may be the major cause of chronic fatigue syndrome. Of the 26 subjects with chronic fatigue and the 18 healthy controls, 19 (73%) and four (22%), respectively, had lifetime episodes of major depression. There was no laboratory evidence that the frequency of EBV replication was significantly different between the two groups. We believe that it may be premature to dismiss altogether EBV infection as a possible cause of chronic fatigue. Our belief is based on the facts that (1) chronic fatigue syndrome may have multiple causes<sup>2</sup>; (2) university health physicians do encounter an occasional student with infectious mononucleosis who had protracted convalescence characterized by persistent fatigue; (3) there are a few case reports of chronic active EBV infections or chronic mononucleosis syndrome<sup>3</sup>; and (4)
Direct comparison of the diagnostic capability of cardiac magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy in patients with heart failure
Authors: Akemi Yoshida, Hatsue Ishibashi‐Ueda, Naoaki Yamada, Hideaki Kanzaki, Takuya Hasegawa, Hiroyuki Takahama, Makoto Amaki, Masanori Asakura, Masafumi Kitakaze
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2013)
The effect of antiretroviral therapy on liver disease among adults with HIV and hepatitis C coinfection
Authors: Shruti H. Mehta, David L. Thomas, Michael Torbenson, Sherilyn Brinkley, Lisa Mirel, Richard E. Chaisson, Richard D. Moore, Mark S. Sulkowski
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

In the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), liver disease has emerged as an important cause of death among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection. The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of liver disease and evaluate determinants of liver fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity among HIV/HCV coinfected patients receiving ART. We studied 112 randomly selected and 98 referred HCV-infected patients undergoing care in the Johns Hopkins University HIV clinic. Liver disease was characterized clinically and histologically. Of the 210 individuals studied--64% of whom had received ART within 2 years of liver disease assessment--33% had no fibrosis (F0), and 26% had bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis (> or =F3). The median necroinflammatory activity score was 3 (range, 0-9 of 18). ART was not associated with fibrosis; however, significantly less hepatic necroinflammatory activity was observed among persons who had received highly active antiretroviral therapy longer (P = .02) and more effectively (defined by HIV RNA suppression; P < .01). Twelve percent of individuals had previous ART-associated liver enzyme elevations (grades 3-4), but liver fibrosis was not more severe if the liver enzyme elevation resolved. On the other hand, liver fibrosis was more severe in persons with persistent liver enzyme elevations (grades 1-4). In conclusion, despite widespread exposure to ART and documented instances of ART-related hepatitis, we found no evidence that ART caused serious histological liver disease. Recognition of bridging fibrosis and cirrhosis in some but not most patients underscores the importance of identifying and treating liver disease in HIV/HCV coinfected persons.
When Doctors Become Terrorists
Authors: Simon Wessely
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

We were lucky in London in June. A large car bomb was left just outside a crowded nightclub near Piccadilly Circus, and a second car bomb was parked nearby to catch those fleeing from the first bomb. Neither bomb went off, but if either had exploded, we would have seen casualties similar to those of the Bali nightclub bombings. The following day, two men tried to drive a car loaded with gasoline and gas cylinders into the main terminal of the Glasgow airport but were thwarted by the bollards outside the entrance. One man then set fire to himself, and . . .
Comparative Assessment of Asthma Control With Budesonide and Formoterol in One Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhaler (pMDI) Versus Budesonide and Formoterol in Individual Inhalers and Placebo
Authors: J. Corren, P.E. Korenblat, C.J. Miller, C.D. O'Brien, W.S. Mezzanotte
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Physician Visits for 'Colds'
Authors: Robert S. Bobrow
Journal: JAMA (1984)

To the Editor.—  Roberts et al 1 reported on a schema that reduced  physician visits for minor respiratory illness by 44% in a family practice clinic. This is all well and good in these cost-conscious times, but I would like to relate a case wherein such an unnecessary visit had a profound influence on a patient's medical care.  Report of a Case.—  In January 1982, a mother brought her 20-year-old son to the Family Health Center, Bay Shore, NY, with a complaint of three weeks' dry cough. He was afebrile and denied shortness of breath, wheezing, sore throat, or fever, and the visit would have been deemed unnecessary by the criteria used in that study. It was the first time I had seen the boy, and I was struck by his lack of facial hair and sexually immature appearance. I apologized to his mother for temporarily ignoring his cough as
Moving 15% of procedures to private sector will wreck NHS
Authors: Ann McGauran
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Plans by the government to improve the NHS by moving a major proportion of treatment to the private sector and to pay by results will wreck the NHS, a BMA conference heard.

London would be ripe for being turned into a marketplace for health care, with its “high presence of private and commercial health care and a high density of providers able to make the most of opportunities,” said Dr Chaand Nagpaul, a member of the BMA's General Practitioners Committee.

He was speaking at a seminar last week organised by the BMA's London Regional Medical Council on the implications for London of the NHS improvement plan. Dr …
<i>JAMA Oncology</i>−A New Member of The JAMA Network Family of Journals
Authors: Mary L. Disis, Thomas J. Easley, Howard Bauchner
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Over the next 2 decades the number of patients worldwide newly diagnosed with cancer is expected to increase from 14 million to 22 million annually and the number of annual cancer deaths globally is predicted to increase from 8.2 million to 13 million. 1The scientific advances in oncology over the past decade have included oncogene-targeting monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab and cetuximab, novel agents directed against specific tumor mutations exemplified by crizotinib inhibiting ALK in lung cancer, blocking of immune checkpoints in tumors resulting in clinically meaningful antitumor immunity, and the assessment of individual cancer genomes for both cancer prognosis and treatment planning.Cancer care has come to represent the promise of personalized medicine.Cost, quality, value, end-of-life care, and survivorship have emerged as important new areas of investigation.From bench to bedside to community, oncology is a specialty rich in research and numerous complex and controversial clinical issues.JAMA and The JAMA Network are pleased to announce the addition of a new journal-JAMA Oncology-to our network of journals.The journal will debut in early 2015 with a weekly online release that will include publication of major research articles, influential opinion articles (including Viewpoints and Invited Commentaries), and reviews (including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, and a collection of shorter article types) that will be focused on providing clinicians information about the latest advances in oncology.A print edition will be published monthly.In addition to publishing important research studies, we hope to encourage debate and discussion about important clinical and policy issues in oncology.The goal of the journal is to advance the science of oncology and improve the clinical care of patients with cancer.
Polymorphisms within the angiotensinogen gene (GT‐Repeat) and the risk of stroke in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease: A case‐control study
Authors: Delia C. Tang, Ron Prauner, Wenli Liu, Kye‐Hyun Kim, Robert P. Hirsch, M. Catherine Driscoll, Griffin P. Rodgers
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

Abstract Stroke is one of the most devastating complications of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Currently, there are no known molecular or genetic markers that can be used to assess the risk of stroke in this population. We have previously shown that relative hypertension may be one risk factor for stroke in SCD. In a case‐control study, we investigated the association between GT‐repeat polymorphism within the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene and the risk of stroke in pediatric patients with SCD. After informed consent was obtained, 63 patients (21 stroke subjects and 42 nonstroke control subjects matched according to age and sex) with SCD followed at local pediatric hematology clinics were genotyped to test the association of specific GT‐repeat alleles of the AGT gene and occurrence of stroke. There were statistical differences in the distribution of the genotypes among stroke and nonstroke SCD patients (χ 2 = 10.82, df = 11, P &lt; 0.05). We also found GT‐repeat alleles A3 and/or A4 of the AGT gene conferred a four‐fold increase in the risk of stroke (odds ratio [OR] = 4, P &lt; 0.05). The attributable odds ratio for allele A3 and A4 is 2.24 and 4.33, respectively ( P &lt; 0.005). Our results suggest that GT‐repeat within the AGT gene may be associated with risk of stroke in pediatric SCD. The relative risk of stroke in the presence of alleles A3 and/or A4 is fourfold greater than in the absence of these alleles. If these data are substantiated in a larger cohort of patients, our results indicate that the determination of GT‐repeat of AGT gene may be a useful genetic marker to assess the risk for stroke of patients with SCD. Am. J. Hematol. 68:164–169, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of Smoking in Global and Regional Cardiovascular Mortality
Authors: Majid Ezzati, S. Jane Henley, Michael J. Thun, Alan D. Lopez
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Smoking is a major cause of cardiovascular disease mortality. There is little information on how it contributes to global and regional cause-specific mortality from cardiovascular diseases for which background risk varies because of other risks.We used data from the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II) and the World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease mortality database to estimate smoking-attributable deaths from ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and a cluster of other cardiovascular diseases for 14 epidemiological subregions of the world by age and sex. We used lung cancer mortality as an indirect marker for accumulated smoking hazard. CPS-II hazards were adjusted for important covariates. In the year 2000, an estimated 1.62 (95% CI, 1.27 to 2.04) million cardiovascular deaths in the world, 11% of total global cardiovascular deaths, were due to smoking. Of these, 1.17 million deaths were among men and 450,000 among women. There were 670,000 (95% CI, 440,000 to 920,000) smoking-attributable cardiovascular deaths in the developing world and 960,000 (95% CI, 770,000 to 1,200,000) in industrialized regions. Ischemic heart disease accounted for 54% of smoking-attributable cardiovascular mortality, followed by cerebrovascular disease (25%). There was variability across regions in the role of smoking as a cause of various cardiovascular diseases.More than 1 in every 10 cardiovascular deaths in the world in the year 2000 were attributable to smoking, demonstrating that it is an important preventable cause of cardiovascular mortality.
Dyspepsia: M J Lancaster Smith, K L Koch. UK: Health Press, 2000, $14.00. ISBN 1-899541-92-6
Authors: P Hungin
Journal: Gut (2003)

Osteoporosis and liver disease: additional reasons for coeliac disease screeningWe read with great interest the recently published guidelines on the management of osteoporosis associated with chronic liver disease (Gut 2002;50(suppl I):i1-9).However, we would like to add a few words of comment.Associations between coeliac disease (CD) and primary biliary cirrhosis in particular and other autoimmune liver diseases in general have been reported. [1]2][3] In addition, it has been suggested that these individuals should be considered as an at risk group for whom serological testing for CD is indicated. 1Patients with CD are at high risk of developing low bone mineral density and bone turnover impairment, 1 and it has been shown that adherence to a gluten free diet has a significant positive impact on these parameters. 4 Thus we suggest that physicians caring for patients with the above mentioned liver diseases should screen them for CD in the presence of signs and symptoms suggestive of malabsorption such as osteoporosis.This seems a reasonable strategy as detection of CD will allow for a more rational therapeutic approach to the risks determined by this association.Complications due to the presence of CD, such as malnutrition, anaemia, and osteoporosis, may have a considerable impact on liver disease management and the need/success of transplantation.
THE USE OF HIGH CARBOHYDRATE DIETS IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: W. D. SANSUM
Journal: JAMA (1926)

During the past year, we have been using more liberal amounts of carbohydrate in our diabetic diets. Except for the omission of sugar and of foods actually sweetened with sugar, these diets are essentially normal, containing white bread, potatoes, milk and large servings of fruit. With some diets we have included even sucrose. Whereas our former diets contained, in addition to adequate protein, as high as from 2 to 2.5 gm. of fat to each gram of carbohydrate, these new diets contain 2 or more grams of carbohydrate to each gram of fat. Ever since the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best,<sup>1</sup>we have hoped to be able to use better diets; but in the beginning, experiments were not practicable because of the early limited supply and the resulting high cost. Previous to the use of the present diets, we were not fully satisfied with the results from
Medical training in Germany.
Authors: A. Gerhard, M. Rhodes
Journal: BMJ (1992)

SIR,-Peter Richards unnecessarily confuses the issue'; insufficient attention has been paid to improving "practical supervision and education" within the constraints of a single preregistration year.The education committee of the General Medical Council has long held opinions concerning the educational and practical content of the pre- registration year.2Specifically, it is increasingly argued that tasks oflittle educational value, such as routine phlebotomy, filing of results, bed finding, and portering, have no place in the preregistration year.I am not aware of any preregistration job, including my own, in which a significant part ofthe working week is not taken up with these and other tasks.If juniors were spared these duties, time would be created for the educational programmes that Peter Richards describes, without the unnecessary expedient of a second year of training.This is hardly a new suggestion, yet only lip service seems to have been paid to the idea of reducing workload in such a way.The plight of preregistration house officers is in the hands ofthe universities and the GMC, who have the power to implement these guidelines if they so wish.3Unfortunately, a reduction in service workload and fewer hours on call is not all that is called for.The "pot filling" approach to medical education in this country has produced generations of medical graduates poorly equipped for the self directed study and performance review that characterises successful continuing medical education outside the formal environment of clinical school.4Not only are house officers demoralised and exploited but they lack the necessary skills and motivation to take advantage of educational opportunities.The answer to this, in a glib nutshell, is a radical revision of preclinical and clinical educational practice.It is this area that should be the focus of Peter Richards's article if he and the Council of Deans indeed wish to produce a happier, well motivated, confident, and competent group of preregistration doctors.
Reply from Authors re: Vincenzo Ficarra, Giacomo Novara, Filiberto Zattoni, The role of the prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) test for the diagnosis of prostate cancer in the era of opportunistic prostate-specific antigen screening, Eur Urol 2010;58:482–4
Authors: Monique J. Roobol, Fritz H. Schröder
Journal: European Urology (2010)
Protection from Endogenous Perforin: Glycans and the C Terminus Regulate Exocytic Trafficking in Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
Authors: Amelia J. Brennan, Jenny Chia, Kylie A. Browne, Annette Ciccone, Sarah Ellis, Jamie A. Lopez, Olivia Susanto, Sandra Verschoor, Hideo Yagita, James C. Whisstock, Joseph A. Trapani, Ilia Voskoboinik
Journal: Immunity (2011)
Abstract PD06-05: St. Gallen 2011 clinico-pathological subtypes of breast cancer: concordance of core biopsies and related surgical specimens
Authors: T Decker, CM Focke
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Rationale: Whereas the St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2011 considered molecular typing as the adequate model representing the heterogeneity of breast cancers, it did not generally accept gene expression array criteria for clinical decision making. When the classification of tumours by gene expression array criteria and immunohistochemical analysis of ER, PR and HER2 are discrepant, patients should be managed according to the current immunohistochemical markers. Therefore, for systemic therapy decision the St Gallen consensus Conference 2011 did recommend clinicopathologically defined breast cancer subtypes (cpBCST) to guide therapeutic choices. There are many reasons to provide patients and doctors these information already preoperatively. To evaluate relevance of St. Gallen 2011 cpBCST core biopsy (CB) results we estimated their concordance with postoperative cpBCSTs. Methods: cpBCSTs of CB and related surgical specimen (SSP) of 379breast cancers (BC) (62 Grade 1, 157Grade 2, 160 grade 3) were assessed according to the St Gallen definition using the prospectively estimated results for Estrogen, Progesteron, and Her2-status. To differentiate between Luminal A and the Her2 negative subgroup of Luminal B we retrospectively measured the mitotic activity index (MAI) with a cut-off of ≥10 for high versus low as evaluated by Baak et al. 2008. Concordance between cpBCST results of CB and SSP and PPV of cpBCST of CB were calculated. Results: None of the Luminal A BCs was overestimated in CB, whereas 49% (53/108) of all Luminal B or 66% (55/83) of the Luminal B (Her2−) BCs were underestimated as Luminal A, for all other subtypes, the agreement was 100%. In general, there was no overestimation as a more unfavourable CPBCST in CB. The overall underestimation rate came out with 14%. Whereas the PPV in CB is 100% for Luminal B, Her2 positive, and Triple negative CPBCSTs, it is only 78% for Luminal A (198/254). The reason is underestimation of proliferation in CB. Conclusions: BC subtypes classified according to the St. Gallen clinicopathological definitions on CB show a high agreement with corresponding SSP results. The respective PPVs are also generally high. This means that clinicopathological subtyping on CB can be used for preoperative decision making in the vast majority of cases. However, for the Her2 negative subgroup of Luminal B subtype in CB the agreement with SSP is lower due to underestimation of proliferation in CB. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD06-05.
European journals, societies, and meetings. Journals.
Authors: A Renold
Journal: BMJ (1973)

field, as their foreign colleagues have been for some time.The number of girls enrolling in medical schools is increasing and in some schools 40% of the students are now women.There will be more jobs for women doctors as the health and university reforms take shape, and it is likely that women will assert them- selves in medicine more than in any other profession.
Oncologists Advise Breast Awareness Over Routine Breast Self-examination
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2008)

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Predicting Survival after Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Failure. The Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction (RESP) Score
Authors: Matthieu Schmidt, Michael Bailey, Jayne Sheldrake, Carol Hodgson, Cecile Aubron, Peter T. Rycus, Carlos Scheinkestel, D. Jamie Cooper, Daniel Brodie, Vincent Pellegrino, Alain Combes, David Pilcher
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Rationale: Increasing use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for acute respiratory failure may increase resource requirements and hospital costs. Better prediction of survival in these patients may improve resource use, allow risk-adjusted comparison of center-specific outcomes, and help clinicians to target patients most likely to benefit from ECMO.Objectives: To create a model for predicting hospital survival at initiation of ECMO for respiratory failure.Methods: Adult patients with severe acute respiratory failure treated by ECMO from 2000 to 2012 were extracted from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) international registry. Multivariable logistic regression was used to create the Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction (RESP) score using bootstrapping methodology with internal and external validation.Measurements and Main Results: Of the 2,355 patients included in the study, 1,338 patients (57%) were discharged alive from hospital. The RESP score was developed using pre-ECMO variables independently associated with hospital survival on logistic regression, which included age, immunocompromised status, duration of mechanical ventilation before ECMO, diagnosis, central nervous system dysfunction, acute associated nonpulmonary infection, neuromuscular blockade agents or nitric oxide use, bicarbonate infusion, cardiac arrest, PaCO2, and peak inspiratory pressure. The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis of the RESP score was c = 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.72–0.76). External validation, performed on 140 patients, exhibited excellent discrimination (c = 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.97).Conclusions: The RESP score is a relevant and validated tool to predict survival for patients receiving ECMO for respiratory failure.