tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Early interleukin 12 production by macrophages in response to mycobacterial infection depends on interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
Authors: I E Flesch, J H Hess, S Huang, M Aguet, J Rothe, H Bluethmann, S H Kaufmann
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) produced by macrophages immediately after infection is considered essential for activation of a protective immune response against intracellular pathogens. In the murine Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) model we assessed whether early IL-12 production by macrophages depends on other cytokines. In vitro, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages produced IL-12 after infection with viable M. bovis BCG or stimulation with LPS, however, priming with recombinant interferon gamma (rIFN-gamma) was necessary. In addition, IL-12 production by these macrophages was blocked by specific anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) antiserum. Macrophages from gene deletion mutant mice lacking either the IFN-gamma receptor or the TNF receptor 1 (p55) failed to produce IL-12 in vitro after stimulation with rIFN-gamma and mycobacterial infection. In vivo, IL-12 production was induced in spleens of immunocompetent mice early during M. bovis BCG infection but not in those of mutant mice lacking the receptors for IFN-gamma or TNF. Our results show that IL-12 production by macrophages in response to mycobacterial infection depends on IFN-gamma and TNF. Hence, IL-12 is not the first cytokine produced in mycobacterial infections.
Experience is paramount for successful management of disease
Authors: M. Dumskyj
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITORőEarlier this week the medical firm on which I am registrar was on general medical intake. After a quiet day things began to get busy around 11 pm. Two patients with suspected oesophageal varices and haematemesis arrived almost simultaneously. Both had signs of cardiovascular compromise. Around midnight a woman with an anterior myocardial infarct was given thrombolysis. At 2 30 am the same patient developed transient complete heart block and pulmonary oedema, …
Gastric outlet obstruction due to gastroduodenal eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Authors: A. Tursi, G. Rella, C. Inchingolo, M. Maiorano
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare but important cause of abdominal pain of unknown etiology [1]. It can sometimes be recognized on the basis of macroscopic abnormalities, such as erythema, focal erosions, ulcerations, and thickening of mucosal folds [2]. Small-bowel obstruction can occur in eosinophilic gastroenteritis involving the muscularis layer [3], but gastric outlet obstruction is extremely rare [4].
Annual epidemiological and vital statistics 1959.
Authors: John H. Raach
Journal: JAMA (1963)

ABSTRACT Annual Epidemiological and Vital Statistics 1959 is the volume largest in scope and most substantial in content which the World Health Organization has published. Because it contains information concerning some 160 countries and territories, it has a wealth of information for those interested in the state of world health. In this field, it is as definitive as such a work can be— considering the uneven collection of statistics in the various countries.
Cardiovascular Toxicity of Valdecoxib
Authors: Wayne A. Ray, Marie R. Griffin, C. Michael Stein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

To the Editor: Rofecoxib (Vioxx) was recently withdrawn from the market because of an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. There is a similar public health concern about another coxib, valdecoxib (Bextra), which is used by 7 million patients worldwide.1 To protect the safety of the public, we write to recommend that clinicians stop prescribing valdecoxib except in extraordinary circumstances. This recommendation is based on the long delay between the initial evidence of the cardiotoxicity of rofecoxib and its withdrawal, recent studies demonstrating the cardiotoxicity of valdecoxib in high-risk patients, the availability of other therapies not currently known to . . .
Induction of Papillary Growths by Friction.
Authors: Simon Rodbard
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 October 1964Induction of Papillary Growths by Friction.Simon Rodbard, M.D., F.A.C.P., Y. Kinoshita, M.D., A. Silver, M.D.Simon Rodbard, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Y. Kinoshita, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, A. Silver, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-61-4-799_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptFrom studies of the effect of physical forces on vascular structure, we have induced the formation of endothelial papilliferous growths. In 16 dogs, the right or left atrial appendage was invaginated to form an epicardial sheath. A ball of silastic, plastice, or glass was placed into the epicardial sheath and held in place by suture, thereby introducing an endocardium-lined mass into the atrium. Removal of the mass 10 days to 7 months after surgery revealed cauliflower-like growths consisting of hyperplastic endocardium and hypertrophic subendocardial stroma. Endothelial cells contained vesicles that were PAS positive and stained with alcian-blue. The stroma consisted... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Duarte, Calif. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1964Volume 61, Issue 4Page: 799-799KeywordsEndocardiumEndothelial cellsPeriodic acid SchiffSurgeryVesicles Issue Published: 1 October 1964 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Life Support: The Environment and Human Health
Authors: J. E. Cone
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Surrogate End Points in Clinical Trials: Are We Being Misled?
Authors: Thomas R. Fleming
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Phase 3 clinical trials, which evaluate the effect that new interventions have on the clinical outcomes of particular relevance to the patient (such as death, loss of vision, or other major symptomatic event), often require many participants to be followed for a long time.There has recently been great interest in using surrogate end points, such as tumor shrinkage or changes in cholesterol level, blood pressure, CD4 cell count, or other laboratory measures, to reduce the cost and duration of clinical trials. In theory, for a surrogate end point to be an effective substitute for the clinical outcome, effects of the intervention on the surrogate must reliably predict the overall effect on the clinical outcome. In practice, this requirement frequently fails. Among several explanations for this failure is the possibility that the disease process could affect the clinical outcome through several causal pathways that are not mediated through the surrogate, with the intervention's effect on these pathways differing from its effect on the surrogate. Even more likely, the intervention might also affect the clinical outcome by unintended, unanticipated, and unrecognized mechanisms of action that operate independently of the disease process. We use examples from several disease areas to illustrate how surrogate end points have been misleading about the actual effects that treatments have on the health of patients. Surrogate end points can be useful in phase 2 screening trials for identifying whether a new intervention is biologically active and for guiding decisions about whether the intervention is promising enough to justify a large definitive trial with clinically meaningful outcomes.In definitive phase 3 trials, except for rare circumstances in which the validity of the surrogate end point has already been rigorously established, the primary end point should be the true clinical outcome.
Prospective, Randomized, Infancy-Onset Trial of the Effects of a Low-Saturated-Fat, Low-Cholesterol Diet on Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins Before School Age
Authors: Leena Rask-Nissilä, Eero Jokinen, Tapani Rönnemaa, Jorma Viikari, Anne Tammi, Harri Niinikoski, Ritva Seppänen, Juhani Tuominen, Olli Simell
Journal: Circulation (2000)

We showed previously that repeated dietary counseling during the first 3 years of life reduces the concentration of serum nonfasting cholesterol. We have now extended the study to children 5 years of age and analyzed fasting blood samples, enabling LDL cholesterol calculations for the first time.Families of 7-month-old infants (n=1062) were randomized to a control group (n=522) or an intervention group (n=540) that received individualized dietary counseling with the aims of a fat intake of 30% to 35% of daily energy, a saturated/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio of 1:1:1, and a cholesterol intake of <200 mg/d. Nutrient intakes were studied biannually, nonfasting serum lipid values were studied annually, and fasting values were studied at 5 years of age. The intervention children always had lower intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol than the control children. The intervention boys had 0.39 mmol/L (P:<0.0001) lower mean serum cholesterol values than the control boys between 13 and 60 months of age, but among girls, the difference was of marginal significance (0.15 mmol/L, P:=0.052). Five-year-old intervention boys had 9% lower mean serum LDL cholesterol concentrations than the control boys (P:=0.0002; 95% CI, -0.39 to -0.12 mmol/L), whereas no difference was observed in girls. In both sexes, serum triglyceride concentrations were similar in the 2 groups.The restriction of saturated fat and cholesterol intake by repeated, individualized dietary counseling since infancy resulted in lower serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations at 5 years of age. However, the effect was significant only in boys.
Asylum Dysentery in Relation to B. Dysenteriae
Authors: J. W. H. Eyre
Journal: BMJ (1904)

MRDICUL JOUXXAlI bellum (Fig. 3).The magnification.500 diameters, is not sufficient to show these small round bodies distinctly.Under a high power, however, no differentiation of structure can be made out.It istherefore impossible at present to do more than record the fact of their existence.In all parts of the central nervous system, as indeed in all the organs and tissues, diplococci (staining by Gram's method) oould be found (Fig. 4).By Marchi staining, numerous recently-degenerated fibres could be found in the medulla, spinal cord, and cortex (Fig. 5).The microscopical examination, therefore, of the nervous system shows changes similar to those which have been met with by us in cases of the disease occurring in Africans.Lymphatic Glands.-Alarge number of sections of these were examined, and by Gram's method every section showed large numbers of diplococci in foci or in the lymph channels and blood (Fig. 6).Bone Marrow.-Showeddiplococci and large numbers of large mononuclear leucocytes.Lungs.-Oongestion and pneumonia of the right lower lobe was found.Diplococei present.Liver.-The cells exhibit fatty infiltration; there is some increase of fibrous tissue; the blood in the vessels shows haemolysis; excess of mononuclear leucocytes and diplococci.There is no malarial pigment.Spleen.-Congestion of vessels, increase of fibrous stroma; diplococci; no malarial pigment.Kidneys.-Vessels congested, no diplococci discovered; epitlielium of uriniferous tubules exhibits first stage of coagulation necrosis, probably due to the toxic condition of the blood.Heart.-Epicardium, a marked mononuclear infiltration around the vessels (Fig. 7).Early pericarditis: Myocardium, the muscle fibres exhibit brown atrophy and pigmentation, and there is a condition of recent haemorrhagic myocarditis due to infection; for in the haemorrhages are numerous colonies of diplococci, and in one section what appears to be a dead trypanosome (Fig. 8).This is the only distinct evidence pointing to the existence of trypanosomes found in the large number of sections ex- amined, but its form and size and its existence amid the blood corpuscles point undoubtedly to its nature, although it does not present the typical characters of the trypanosome seen in the film preparation (Fig. i).We have recorded the bare facts, and consider that this case is of especial intere st, inasmuch as it shows that a European who has resided in a country where sleeping sickness exists, and who leaves that country with trypanosomes in the blood, may for a considerable time present no sym- ptoms of sleeping sickness, and then develop them and die, the tissues showing changes similar to those met with in Africans.It is a strong argument in favour of the trypano- somes being the cause of the disease; but what part do the diplococci play?Have these appeared subsequent to the onset of the characteristic symptoms of the disease, and is there, therefore, a causal connexion, or is it merely a terminal infection ?
Circulating prosomatostatin-derived peptides. Differential responses to food ingestion.
Authors: J W Ensinck, E C Laschansky, R E Vogel, D A Simonowitz, B A Roos, B H Francis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Prosomatostatin (pro-S) and its bioactive posttranslational products, somatostatin-14 (S-14), somatostatin-13 (S-13), and somatostatin-28 (S-28), were measured in human plasma by the use of immunoglobulins to the NH2-terminus of S-28 conjugated with agarose to separate them and, thereafter, by RIA with an antiserum recognizing the COOH-terminus of pro-S, and by specific RIA for the NH2-terminus of S-14 and pro-S. In healthy men, mean basal levels of pro-S were 4 pg equivalent S-14/ml; S-14/S-13 combined were 9 pg equivalent S-14/ml; and S-28 levels were 16 pg/ml. After a 700-kcal meal, pro-S, S-14, and S-14/S-13 did not change, whereas S-28 levels doubled by 120 min and remained elevated for 240 min. To evaluate the origins of these peptides, their levels were compared in peripheral, portal, gastric, and mesenteric veins of anesthetized patients and in patients with total resection of stomach and pancreas before and after nutrient intake. The stomach and small intestine were sources of both peptides; however, most S-28 originated in the small intestine. These findings suggest that, in contrast to S-14, S-28 is a hormone and may modulate postprandial nutrient absorption and use.
Low Dietary Folate Intake Is Associated With an Excess Incidence of Acute Coronary Events
Authors: Sari Voutilainen, Tiina H. Rissanen, Jyrki Virtanen, Timo A. Lakka, Jukka T. Salonen
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Although several prospective studies have shown that low folate intake and low circulating folate are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), the findings are inconsistent. Methods and Results —We studied the associations of dietary intake of folate, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 with the risk of acute coronary events in a prospective cohort study of 1980 Finnish men 42 to 60 years old examined in 1984 to 1989 in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 4-day food record. During an average follow-up time of 10 years, 199 acute coronary events occurred. In a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for 21 conventional and nutritional CHD risk factors, men in the highest fifth of folate intake had a relative risk of acute coronary events of 0.45 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.81, P =0.008) compared with men in the lowest fifth. This association was stronger in nonsmokers and light alcohol users than in smokers and alcohol users. A high dietary intake of vitamin B 6 had no significant association and that of vitamin B 12 a weak association with a reduced risk of acute coronary events. Conclusions —The present work in CHD-free middle-aged men is the first prospective cohort study to observe a significant inverse association between quantitatively assessed moderate-to-high folate intakes and incidence of acute coronary events in men. Our findings provide further support in favor of a role of folate in the promotion of good cardiovascular health.
THE RELATION OF CHROMATIN TO HEMOGLOBIN AND BILIRUBIN
Authors: Herman H. Riecker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

1. Attention is directed to the diversity of opinion among investigators regarding the site and manner of hemoglobin formation in the body and its relation to bile pigment metabolism. 2. It is probable that in forming new hypotheses on this subject the earlier work of A. B. Macallum on the relation of chromatin to hemoglobin formation has not received sufficient consideration. 3. It has been shown by means of microchemical iron stains of the bone marrow cells, that the iron content of the hematoblast is increased during rapid hemoglobin production in simple anemia. 4. This fact is compatible with the work of Macallum who believed that hemoglobin is derived from the chromatin of the hematoblast. It does not support a theory that hemoglobin is formed as a part of a circulating pigment. 5. It is suggested that bilirubin is derived from the chromatin of body cells through the intermediary stages of the respiratory pigments, hemoglobin and cytochrome, from erythrocytes and other cells, respectively.
Acquired Renal Artery Stenosis and a Positive Renal-Vein Renin Ratio
Authors: PHILIP E. CRYER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 September 1972Acquired Renal Artery Stenosis and a Positive Renal-Vein Renin RatioPHILIP E. CRYER, M.D.PHILIP E. CRYER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-77-3-478 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The measurement of bilateral renal-vein plasma renin activity has been used to select hypertensive patients with anatomic renal artery stenosis for surgical therapy. Ratios of renin in the two renal veins of 1.5:1 or greater have been considered positive; however, persistent hypertension (diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater) has been reported in 14% to 50% of such patients after corrective surgery (1-5). Persistent hypertension may be owing to either failure to restore adequate flow to the ischemic kidney or to diagnostic error. The latter is not unexpected. First, the finding of renal-vein plasma renin activity...References1. WINERLUBBESIMON BWM: Renin in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. Activity in renal and peripheral vein plasma. JAMA 202:121-128, 1967 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. BOURGOIGNIEKURZCATANZARO JSF: Renal venous renin in hypertension. Am J Med 48:332-342, 1970 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. SIMMONSMICHELAKIS JA: Renovascular hypertension: the diagnostic value of renal vein renin ratios. J Urol 104:497-501, 1970 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. PAWSEYVANDONGENGORDON CRR: Renal venous renin ratio in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension: measurement during active secretion of renin. Med J Aust 1:121-126, 1971 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. STRONGHUNTSHEPS CJS: Renal venous renin activity. Enhancement of sensitivity of lateralization by sodium depletion. Am J Cardiol 27:602-611, 1971 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: PHILIP E. CRYER, M.D.Affiliations: Metabolism Division Department of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Mo. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 September 1972Volume 77, Issue 3Page: 478-479KeywordsBlood pressureHypertensionKidneysPlasma renin activityRenal arteriesStenosisSurgeryVeins ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 September 1972 PDF downloadLoading ...
Ascertainment of Individual Risk of Mortality for Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Roland M. du Bois, Derek Weycker, Carlo Albera, Williamson Z. Bradford, Ulrich Costabel, Alex Kartashov, Lisa Lancaster, Paul W. Noble, Ganesh Raghu, Steven A. Sahn, Javier Szwarcberg, Michiel Thomeer, Dominique Valeyre, Talmadge E. King
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Several predictors of mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have been described; however, there is a need for a practical and accurate method of quantifying the prognosis of individual patients.Develop a practical mortality risk scoring system for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.We used a Cox proportional hazards model and data from two clinical trials (n = 1,099) to identify independent predictors of 1-year mortality among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. From the comprehensive model, an abbreviated clinical model comprised of only those predictors that are readily and reliably ascertained by clinicians was derived. Beta coefficients for each predictor were then used to develop a practical mortality risk scoring system.Independent predictors of mortality included age, respiratory hospitalization, percent predicted FVC, 24-week change in FVC, percent predicted carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, 24-week change in percent predicted carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, and 24-week change in health-related quality of life. An abbreviated clinical model comprising only four predictors (age, respiratory hospitalization, percent predicted FVC, and 24-wk change in FVC), and the corresponding risk scoring system produced estimates of 1-year mortality risk consistent with observed data (9.9% vs. 9.7%; C statistic = 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.71–0.79).The prognosis for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis may be accurately determined using four readily ascertainable predictors. Our simplified scoring system may be a valuable tool for determining prognosis and guiding clinical management. Additional research is needed to validate the applicability and accuracy of the scoring system.
Sylvest's Disease (Bornholm Disease)
Authors: William N. Pickles
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

THERE appears to be a remarkable degree of freemasonry amongst epidemiologists. I have visited many countries and have invariably experienced friendliness and cordiality from those of a like mind. An outstanding example of this was in July, 1936, as I was to include a two-day visit to Copenhagen in a Scandinavian cruise. When my friend, as he had become in the exchange of letters, Dr. Ejnar Sylvest, heard of this, he and his wife interrupted their annual holiday on Bornholm Island, opened up their house in Copenhagen and entertained my wife, daughter and myself in right royal fashion. It was . . .
Synergistic effects of bisphosphonate and calcium phosphate nanoparticles on peri-implant bone responses in osteoporotic rats
Authors: Hamdan S. Alghamdi, Ruggero Bosco, Sanne K. Both, Michele Iafisco, Sander C.G. Leeuwenburgh, John A. Jansen, Jeroen J.J.P. van den Beucken
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)