tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Statins Alter Smooth Muscle Cell Accumulation and Collagen Content in Established Atheroma of Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits
Authors: Yoshihiro Fukumoto, Peter Libby, Elena Rabkin, Christopher C. Hill, Makoto Enomoto, Yasuhiko Hirouchi, Masashi Shiomi, Masanori Aikawa
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Acute coronary syndromes often result from rupture of vulnerable plaques. The collagen content of plaques probably regulates their stability. This study tested whether HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) alter interstitial collagen gene expression or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels in rabbit atheroma. Methods and Results —We administered equihypocholesterolemic doses of pravastatin (a hydrophilic statin, 50 mg · kg −1 · d −1 , n=9), fluvastatin (a cell-permeant lipophilic statin, 20 mg · kg −1 · d −1 , n=10), or placebo (n=10) to mature Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits for 52 weeks. The fluvastatin group achieved a much higher peak plasma concentration (23.7 μmol/L) than did the pravastatin group (1.3 μmol/L) under these conditions. Immunohistochemistry revealed that MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 expression by macrophages in the intima was lower in both the pravastatin and fluvastatin groups than in the placebo group, whereas there was no difference in macrophage numbers. Numbers of intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) (identified by immunohistochemistry) and expression of type I procollagen mRNA (detected by in situ hybridization), however, were significantly higher in the pravastatin group than in the fluvastatin group. Treatment with pravastatin, but not fluvastatin, preserved interstitial collagen content in vivo (detected by picrosirius red polarization). In vitro, fluvastatin, but not pravastatin, decreased numbers of rabbit and human aortic SMCs without altering procollagen I mRNA expression. Conclusions —This study showed that statins can reduce MMP expression in atheroma and that cell-permeant statins can decrease SMC number and collagen gene expression in vivo.
The importance of HLA-DPB1 in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Bronwen E. Shaw, Theodore A. Gooley, Mari Malkki, J. Alejandro Madrigal, Ann B. Begovich, Mary M. Horowitz, Alois Gratwohl, Olle Ringdén, Steven G. E. Marsh, Effie W. Petersdorf
Journal: Blood (2007)
Detecting esophageal disease with second-generation capsule endoscopy: initial evaluation of the PillCam ESO 2
Authors: I. Gralnek, S. Adler, K. Yassin, B. Koslowsky, Y. Metzger, R. Eliakim
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

See also: Commentaire de travail de I. M. Gralnek et al., pp. 275Endoscopy 2008; 40(04): 451-451DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1306820
Osteoarthritis and protection from global functional decline
Authors: D. J Robinson, D. O'Shea
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Inzitari and colleagues describe the association between white matter changes in older patients and subsequent functional decline.1 Their findings show that new occult markers of disease may exist and reinforce some of the intuition of clinicians dealing with elderly patients, raising some interesting issues.

Firstly, although education conferred a protective effect on subsequent decline, the …
Abstract B01: Impacts of inulin on bile acids induced colon cancer
Authors: Bene Akromaa Afolabi, Sandra Appiah, Azra Pachenari, Lucy Ghali
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Bile acids are normal components of the luminal contents of gastrointestinal tract but have been reported to cause oxidative damage by stimulating the generation of free oxygen radicals from the mitochondria. Several studies have demonstrated the contribution of reactive species to mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and tumor promotion. There is accumulating evidence to show that some carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing molecules possess antioxidant ability by inhibiting the production of reactive species. Prebiotics are complex carbohydrates which have been shown to improve gut health when used in combination with probiotics. However, there is paucity of data on how prebiotics alone affect gut health and by which mechanism of action. The reactive oxygen scavenging ability of inulin, a prebiotic, has been shown in vitro in non-cell based system and in mice. The anti-inflammatory effect, through production of short chain fatty acids by fermentable inulin has also been shown. However, the mechanism of inulin in the amelioration of bile acid induced cancer remains unknown. Methods: Three different cell-lines (colon stem cells, human colon carcinoma cells-HCT-116 and control normal colon epithelial cells) will be examined. Cells will be treated separately with secondary bile acids, primary bile acids and prebiotics. Cells will also be treated with microorganisms' filtrate such as probiotics (bifidobacteria) in conjunction with secondary bile acids, primary bile acids or prebiotics. Production of free radicals will be measured using nitro blue tetrazolium chloride assay (NBT) and inflammatory proteins will be measured using RT-PCR. DNA damage will be assessed using Endonuclease 111 enzyme modified Comet assay. In addition, C1 Single-Cell auto pep system will be used for mRNA sequencing of individual cells within the well plate. This study hypothesized that normal cells exposed to secondary bile acids in the presence of inulin may be protected from transformation to cancer cells and this may correlate with decrease in production of reactive radicals and pro-inflammatory proteins. The anti inflammatory ability of short chain fatty acid and antioxidant ability of inulin may possibly be associated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13-K), NF-κB signaling pathways. Thus inulin and their fermentation/breakdown products may not only stimulate beneficial bacteria in the colon but may directly interfere with absorption and cellular metabolism processes in the colon. Citation Format: Bene Akromaa Afolabi, Sandra Appiah, Azra Pachenari, Lucy Ghali. Impacts of inulin on bile acids induced colon cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B01.
P1192 HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND WILLINGNESS TO RECEIVE TREATMENT AMONG PATIENTS ON METHADONE MAINTENANCE
Authors: M. Zeremski, R.B. Dimova, R. Zavala, S. Kritz, M. Lin, B.D. Smith, J. Zibbell, A.H. Talal
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
New Method of Teaching Renal Pathophysiology
Authors: Solomon Papper, Robert E. Anderson, Sidney Solomon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

WE wish to call attention to a new method of teaching pathophysiology of the kidney that we have found interesting and valuable and that may be of interest to others.At the University of New Mexico School of Medicine teaching is carried out by "subject matter" rather than departments, a procedure similar in many respects to the Western Reserve program. The "basic" sciences are taught conjointly by members of the preclinical and clinical departments. Thus, the first-year program in "Kidney," consisting largely of physiology and anatomy, is under the direction of the chairman of the Department of Physiology (S.S.), but . . .
Abstract B46: Targeting tumor-propagating cells in medulloblastoma through inhibition of G2/M cell cycle regulators
Authors: Shirley Markant, Lourdes Adriana Esparza, Kelly Barton, Jesse Sun, Robert Wechsler-Reya
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. While the current treatment strategy of surgery plus radiation has a 60–80% cure rate, the survivors suffer severe side effects, including growth delays and cognitive deficits. Therefore, more effective, less toxic treatments are needed. One approach to achieving this is targeting the cells within a tumor that are capable of re-populating the tumor, known as tumor-propagating cells (TPCs). These cells are thought to be responsible for tumor resistance to conventional therapies. In the patched mutant mouse model of medulloblastoma, TPCs are marked by expression of the cell surface carbohydrate antigen CD15. Our previous studies have suggested that CD15+ cells display increased expression of genes associated with the G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Cell cycle analysis suggests that CD15+ cells move quickly through the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle, but accumulate in the G2/M phases. This accumulation in G2/M may represent a vulnerability of CD15+ TPCs, and inhibition of G2/M regulators, such as Aurora kinases, may represent one approach for targeting TPCs and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Treatment of tumor cells from patched mutant mice or human Hedgehog-associated medulloblastoma with Aurora kinase inhibitors in vitro leads to inhibition of proliferation, arrest in G2/M and apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo treatment of tumor-bearing mice with Aurora kinase inhibitors significantly delays tumor progression and prolongs survival. Our findings suggest that targeting Aurora kinases in TPCs may represent a new approach for the treatment of human medulloblastoma.
Hydroxyurea and macrocytosis
Authors: STANLEY SPIER, LAWRENCE M. SOLOMON, NANCY B. ESTERLY, WALTER FRIED
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Nine patients who were treated for psoriasis with hydroxyurea displayed peripheral macrocytosis. Mild megaloblastic changes were also seen in the bone marrow of three patients. One patient receiving hydroxyurea developed mild anaemia, another leukopenia. Macrocytosis did not appear to be secondary to an alteration in serum B12 or folate levels. The haematological side‐effects of hydroxyurea therapy, at the relatively low doses used to treat psoriasis, are similar to those seen with the higher doses used for the treatment of malignant tumours or leukaemia.
The effects of air pollution on children.
Authors: D V Bates
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Air pollutants have been documented to be associated with a wide variety of adverse health impacts in children. These include increases in mortality in very severe episodes; an increased risk of perineonatal mortality in regions of higher pollution, and an increased general rate of mortality in children; increased acute respiratory disease morbidity; aggravation of asthma, as shown by increased hospital emergency visits or admissions as well as in longitudinal panel studies; increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms in children, and infectious episodes of longer duration; lowered lung function in children when pollutants increase; lowered lung function in more polluted regions; increased sickness rates as indicated by kindergarten and school absences; the adverse effects of inhaled lead from automobile exhaust. These impacts are especially severe when high levels of outdoor pollution (usually from uncontrolled coal burning) are combined with high levels of indoor pollution. In developed countries, where indoor pollution levels are lower, increasing traffic density and elevated NO2 levels with secondary photochemical and fine particulate pollution appear to be the main contemporary problem. By virtue of physical activity out of doors when pollution levels may be high, children may experience higher exposures than adults. Air pollution is likely to have a greater impact on asthmatic children if they are without access to routine medical care.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Contribution of the International Adjuvant Lung Trial
Authors: Ariane Dunant, Jean-Pierre Pignon
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract The recently reported International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial (IALT) was designed to assess the potential benefit of three to four cycles of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy after complete resection of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Each center predetermined the cisplatin dose (total 300-400 mg/m2), the combined drug (etoposide or a Vinca alkaloid), and the radiotherapy policy. From 1995 to 2000, 1,867 patients were randomized in 148 centers from 33 countries. On September 1, 2002, median follow-up was 56 months and &amp;gt;98% of patients had an updated follow-up. Overall survival was significantly different between the two arms: 5-year survival rate was 44.5% in the chemotherapy arm versus 40.4% in the control arm [relative risk = 0.86 (0.76-0.98), P &amp;lt; 0.03]. Disease-free survival, incidence of local recurrence, and incidence of distant metastases (but not brain metastases) were likewise significantly different, with an advantage for the chemotherapy arm. We concluded that adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in resected NSCLC should become part of the standard management of operable NSCLC. Two other recently reported randomized prospective studies also showed a significant benefit for postoperative platin-based doublets in stage IB and II NSCLC and confirmed the role of adjuvant chemotherapy as part of the treatment of these patients. The Lung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation program, a pooled analysis of all recent platin-based adjuvant trials, and the IALT-Bio study, which will investigate over 30 markers in the IALT patients' specimens, should allow us to better define the populations more likely to benefit from postoperative chemotherapy.
Drug misuse should always be considered in young people with impaired consciousness
Authors: K. Whelan
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—We agree with Ikeda et al that the absence of systolic hypertension may provide some discriminatory power towards exclusion of brain lesions, be they ischaemic, haemorrhagic, or space occupying in nature.1 However, we disagree with them that neurological examination of patients with impaired consciousness is often a waste of time …
Outcome of anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in alpha-interferon treated and untreated patients: a long term cohort study
Authors: Maurizia Rossana Brunetto, Filippo Oliveri, Barbara Coco, Gioacchino Leandro, Piero Colombatto, Juliana Monti Gorin, Ferruccio Bonino
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics
Authors: Carolyn J. Hildreth
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Inappropriate Use of AntibioticsA n antibiotic is a substance produced naturally by microorganisms or synthetically by chemists in a laboratory.Antibiotics are capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing bacteria (a particular class of germs).A Nobel Prize was awarded to Alexander Fleming for his discovery of penicillin in 1928.However, it wasn't until 1941 that penicillin was successfully produced for commercial use, in time to treat infections in soldiers injured during World War II.Since then many new antibiotics have been discovered and produced.Most have a limited number of the types of bacteria that they can inhibit or destroy.Other antibiotics are broad spectrum, meaning they can destroy many types of bacteria.Antibiotics should be used only for bacterial infections and are not effective against the viruses that cause many illnesses including influenza and most upper respiratory tract infections, including the common cold, or fungal infections like those caused by yeast.The inappropriate use of antibiotics for these types of infections as well as the more frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has caused the emergence of newer strains of bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics.The August 19, 2009, issue of JAMA includes an article about use of antibiotics in acute respiratory illness.
PRIMARY SYPHILIS AND GONORRHEA IN CHILDREN.Read in the Section on Diseases of Children, at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: B. MERRILL RICKETTS
Journal: JAMA (1893)

In presenting this subject, I wish to call attention to the comparative infrequency with which these diseases are found in children under twelve years of age, and the tendency to overlook their characteristics; also to report the cases that I have seen bearing upon the subject. That the Hunterian chancre is not at all times recognized, when found upon adults, there can be no question. That it is less likely to be recognized when found upon children, especially when it is found upon other parts of the body than the genitals, is a foregone conclusion. The infrequency with which this lesion is met with in children, together with the few opportunities the average practitioner has of seeing it upon any other part of the body than the genitals, is no doubt the occasion of its being so often overlooked. These rules hold good in cases of primary gonorrhea in children.
Sadism on the Screen
Authors: C. Allen
Journal: BMJ (1950)

Is it not time that psychiatrists made a protest regarding the diet of sadism which forms a large part of today's films. The result of this reiterated sadism is that young people grow up with a fantasy life of violence. The consequence is that in some cases, sooner or later, the fantasy is translated into action. Is it surprising, therefore, that offences of violence against persons have increased from 1,583 in 1938 to 2,459 in 1945?
The War Against Tobacco
Authors: Helene M. Cole, Michael C. Fiore
Journal: JAMA (2014)

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Perforation during Indwelling Catheter Pacing
Authors: DAVID A. NATHAN, SOL CENTER, RAUL E. PINA, AARON MEDOW, WALTER KELLER
Journal: Circulation (1966)

Nine patients paced with an indwelling catheter as a preoperative measure prior to synchronous pacer implantation were observed at surgery to have catheter perforation into the pericardium within 1 to 14 days. Such perforation may result from mechanical systole when the catheter tip becomes fixed in the trabeculae carneae of the right ventricular outflow tract and is progressively forced through the thin myocardial wall. Stimulation may be uninterrupted, intermittent, or absent in the presence of catheter perforation. Since hemopericardium has been observed without symptoms or radiologic evidence, the physician should be aware of this possible complication and its potentially serious effect.
Use of bacteriological investigations by general practitioners.
Authors: R J Taylor, J G Howie, J Brodie, I A Porter
Journal: BMJ (1975)

The numbers of vaginal swabs, faecal specimens, throat swabs, and urine specimens submitted by 104 city general practitioners to the bacteriology laboratory at Aberdeen differed widely. The doctors who made most use of the laboratory service rarely did so equally for all four investigations but usually for only one or two. Similarly, those who used the service least often made frequent use of one particular investigation. Further studies are needed to identify and evaluate the reasons for the apparently substantial disagreement among general practitioners concerning the value of these diffferent bacteriological investigations in general practice.
The Overdiagnosis of Lyme Disease
Authors: Martha Kramer
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —We were saddened and disturbed by the article by Steere et al.<sup>1</sup> There exists in the scientific literature ample evidence of persistent chronic infection despite recommended treatment, documentation of seronegativity as a real phenomenon in Lyme disease, sufficient information regarding the mechanisms of evasion of the organism by antibiotics and the immune system, and evidence for the unreliability of diagnostic tests. This type of study fosters complacency, a hesitancy on the part of physicians to diagnosis and treat, and a decline in the numbers of reported cases with the potential for a reduction in funds for Lyme disease research. We would like you to understand what it is like living in a highly endemic area where Lyme disease affects families, friends, and acquaintances by the score. We are not getting well, and our families and friends are not getting well. There are now many thousands of
Diagnosis of right ventricular involvement in chronic inferior myocardial infarction by means of body surface QRS changes.
Authors: M Yamaki, K Ikeda, K Honma, N Kiriyama, I Tono-oka, K Tsuiki, S Yasui
Journal: Circulation (1988)

ST segment elevation in right precordial leads is thought to be good predictor of right ventricular involvement in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. This view, however, is rapidly disappearing. Therefore, using QRS changes in body surface potential maps in the chronic phase, we have attempted to differentiate patients with or without right ventricular involvement. Thirty patients with chronic inferior myocardial infarction (2 or more months after onset) were studied, in whom 87 unipolar ECGs and right ventriculograms were recorded. The patients were then divided into three groups depending on the locations of their abnormal QRS potentials (-2SD area) exceeding the normal range (mean -2SD). In group A, the -2SD area was located predominantly on the right inferior chest, in group B on the left inferior chest, and in group N on both the right and left inferior chests equally. The results showed that group A had a lower right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) compared with group B (A, 40 +/- 7%; B, 53 +/- 10%; p less than .001), while there was no difference in left ventricular ejection fraction between the two groups (49 +/- 11% and 49 +/- 11%, respectively). Moreover, right ventricular asynergy occurred in 14 of the 18 patients (78%) of group A but in only one of the 10 patients (10%) of group B. Group N was presumed to be intermediate between groups A and B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Climate change and human survival
Authors: D. McCoy, H. Montgomery, S. Arulkumaran, F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The IPCC report shows the need for “radical and transformative change”

Next week the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will publish its report on the impacts of global warming. Building on its recent update of the physical science of global warming,1 the IPCC’s new report should leave the world in no doubt about the scale and immediacy of the threat to human survival, health, and wellbeing.

The IPCC has already concluded that it is “virtually certain that human influence has warmed the global climate system” and that it is “extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010” is anthropogenic.1 Its new report outlines the future threats of further global warming: increased scarcity of food and fresh water; extreme weather events; rise in sea level; loss of biodiversity; areas becoming uninhabitable; and mass human migration, conflict and violence. Leaked drafts talk of hundreds of millions displaced in a little over 80 years. This month, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) added its voice: “the well being of people of all nations [is] at risk.”2 Such comments reaffirm the conclusions of …