tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Arrhythmias Following Condenser Discharges and Their Dependence Upon Strength of Current and Phases of Cardiac Cycle
Authors: BOHUMIL PELEŠKA, Z. Blažek,, M. PRábl,, E. Sládková, Z. Roth
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

To improve technics for electrical defibrillation of the heart, an apparatus was constructed for the application of a condenser discharge at any selected phase of the cardiac cycle. With this apparatus 2160 discharges were applied through the intact chests of 240 dogs under thiopental anesthesia. The voltage ranged from 0.5 to 6 kv, the condenser capacity from 0.5 to 100 µF, the total energy from 0.06 to 1800 watts. The associated changes in cardiac rhythm were graded from one (no abnormalities) through two (mild, brief extrasystoles), three (more protracted but fully reversible periods of bigeminy, extrasystoles, block, etc.), four (severe but reversible changes lasting several minutes, usually with fall in blood pressure), to five (severe arrhythmias changing into ventricular fibrillation). The severity of the arrhythmias increased progressively as the voltage was increased, and to a much smaller extent with increases in the total amount of electrical energy. Arrhythmias also were significantly more severe when the shock was delivered during the refractory period (S-T interval) than during the excitable (P interval) stage of the cardiac cycle. Two types of ventricular fibrillation of very different prognosis were revealed. One came on suddenly after low voltage shocks and could easily be terminated by a single adequate defibrillation impulse. The other came on more gradually after high voltages and energies and tended to be irreversible. Observations thus far made indicate that the severity of the arrhythmia following condenser shocks gives an approximate indication of the severity of pathological changes in the heart. Excessive currents could damage the heart to such an extent that myocardial contractions were weak or absent although electrical activity persisted. Therefore the parameters of condenser discharges used for clinical defibrillation should be such that they will produce only the mildest and briefest arrhythmias.
US cancels plan to study 100 000 children from "womb" to age 21
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The US National Institutes of Health has cancelled its ambitious National Children’s Study, which aimed to follow 100 000 children from the “womb” to age 21 to assess the effects of environmental, biological, and social factors on child development and health. Francis Collins, NIH director, announced the decision on 12 December after an expert panel concluded that the project was not feasible.

More than $1.3bn (£0.8bn; €1bn) had been allocated to the study, which had been in development for nearly a decade. Although a 40 center pilot project called the Vanguard Study had been launched in 2007 to test the initiative’s methods and approaches, the main study was …
Progress in Cardiology
Authors: David H. Spodick
Journal: JAMA (1973)

The distinguished editors of<i>Progress in Cardiology</i>have, in this second number, fufilled the promise of the first (<i>JAMA</i>221:93, 1972). Another blue-ribbon list of contributors has delivered self-contained discussions of ten selected "hot" topics. These vary appropriately in breadth and depth, but maintain the uniform standard of quality set in volume 1. Only one contribution is mainly for the connoisseur; the rest present recent advances in areas of more general interest. The editors recognize that modern cardiology increasingly requires a solid physiologic background for success at the bedside. Theory has become most practical. Contributors to this series seek to wed coverage of significant theoretic and technical advances with application to clinical problems. Conspicuously successful in this effort is Perlroth and Harrison's concise presentation of one of clinical medicine's great frustrations—management of shock in acute myocardial infarction. "The Current Status of Cardiac Glycoside Assay Techniques" combines state-of-the-art analysis with a
In vivo real-time microangiography of the liver in mice using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Shogo Kobayashi, Masatoshi Hori, Keizo Dono, Hiroaki Nagano, Koji Umeshita, Shoji Nakamori, Masato Sakon, Keigo Osuga, Keiji Umetani, Takamichi Murakami, Hironobu Nakamura, Morito Monden
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Introductory Lecture on the Province of Anatomy
Authors: A. MacAlister
Journal: BMJ (1883)

disease, we may injure or destroy healthy portions of the brain- tissue.But what will follow?Not ne6essarily mental dis6rder or appreciable mental defect.With the exception of certain functions arrogated' by the left hemisphere, we have, for mental purposes, practically two brains; and diseases are not always on the left side.The rec6rds of our daily experience of disease and injury of the brain show that considerable portions of the brain-substance may be destroyed tithout great danger to mental stability.But paralysis miy ensue, ore or less extensive, or defects in special sense, according to the position and amount of lesion.Such risk undoubtedly exists, as well as others incident to the operation itself, as to all surgical operations.Bat the choice is not between this and any other mdde pf treatment, but between running these risks and certain death' and I have, no doubt that there are many who, if they had the choice, would rather go through, if not enjoy, life, halt or hemiopic, than perish miserably after years, it may be, of incessant suffering."Ne sutor ultra crepidam," I think I hear some one say.Tiapplaid the sentiment ; but as in this matter I have had the experience 'of the sur- geon, as well as the physiologist and the physician, I have thought that I might venture on these suggestions without appeaing to go vry far beyond my last.OLEATE OF QUINIA.-Dr.Squibb, in his Bphemrei,'considers'that oleate of quinia, although it has not attracted general attention, is probably one of the most important of the oleates.F rdm' the larger quantity of quinia needed in medicine, this oleate is made as strong as possible.While a normal oleate of this alkaloidwould by calculation contain about 53 per cent. of the alkaloid, it has been found impracticable to dissolve that quantity in the acid.In a series of experiments made some years ago, when this oleate was introduced, it was conclusled that 25 per cent.was the best propor- tion.But as the quinia of the market holds' some hygrometric moisture, it is better to take 26 grains of the alkaloid and' 74 grains of oleic acid as the formula.The alkaloid is: simply rubbed to powder, and added to the acid in i bottle.Like the other alka- loids, this dissolves so readily that, being in much larger proportion, it is liable to clog together and be slow in dissolving.But this clogging together is easily broken up by means of a giassrod, or the solution mar be effected in a capsule, and the clogging be prevented oy a pestle.In this way it is easily made in a few minutes.A fluid ounce of this oleate weighs about 410 grains, and, therefore, contains about 102 grains of quinia, which is equivalent to about 140 grains of the ordinary sulphate of quinia ; therefore, a fluid drachm contains the equivalent of about 17 grains of the sulphate, and a minim is equivalent to a little more than a quarter of agrmin.An hypodermic injection of a fluid drachm will, therefore, carrythe equivalent of 17 to 18 grains of sulphate of quinia.it happens, perhaps, oftener with the administration of quinia than most other
Medicare Reimbursement Accuracy Under the Prospective Payment System, 1985 to 1988
Authors: David C. Hsia
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Hospital reimbursement by Medicare's prospective payment system depends on accurate identification and coding of inpatients' diagnoses and procedures using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). A previous study showed that 20.8% +/- 0.5% (mean +/- SE) of hospital bills for 1985 contained errors that changed their diagnosis related group (DRG) and that a significant 61.6% +/- 1.3% of errors overreimbursed the hospitals. This DRG "creep" improperly increased net reimbursement by 1.9%, +308 million when projected nationally. The present study updated our previous study with 1988 data.The Office of Inspector General, US Department of Health and Human Services, obtained a simple random sample of 2451 hospital charts for Medicare discharges from 1988. The American Medical Record Association reabstracted the ICD-9-CM codes on a blinded basis, grouped them to DRGs, and determined the reasons for discrepancies.Coding errors declined to 14.7% +/- 0.7% in 1988, and a nonsignificant 50.7% +/- 2.6% of DRG errors overreimbursed the hospitals. Projected nationally, hospitals did not receive a significant overreimbursement. Physician misspecification of the narrative diagnoses underreimbursed the hospitals, while billing department resequencing overreimbursed them.The attestation requirement may have deterred DRG creep due to attending physician upcoding, but the peer review organizations' sentinel effect and educational activities have not eliminated hospital resequencing.
Benzene Exposure Near the U.S. Permissible Limit Is Associated with Sperm Aneuploidy
Authors: Caihong Xing, Francesco Marchetti, Guilan Li, Rosana H. Weldon, Elaine Kurtovich, Suzanne Young, Thomas E. Schmid, Luoping Zhang, Stephen Rappaport, Suramya Waidyanatha, Andrew J. Wyrobek, Brenda Eskenazi
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Benzene is a common industrial chemical known to induce leukemia and other blood disorders, as well as aneuploidy, in both human blood cells and sperm at exposures > 10 ppm. Recent reports have identified health effects at exposure levels < 1 ppm, the permissible exposure limit (PEL; 8 hr) set by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.We investigated whether occupational exposures to benzene near 1 ppm induce aneuploidy in sperm.We used multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization to measure the incidence of sperm with numerical abnormalities of chromosomes X, Y, and 21 among 33 benzene-exposed men and 33 unexposed men from Chinese factories. Individual exposures were assessed using personal air monitoring and urinary concentrations of benzene and trans,trans-muconic acid (E,E-MA). Air benzene concentrations were not detectable in unexposed men; in exposed men, concentrations ranged from below the detection limit to 24 ppm (median, 2.9 ppm), with 27% of exposed men (n = 9) having concentrations of <or= 1 ppm. Exposed men were categorized into low and high groups based on urinary E,E-MA (median concentrations of 1.9 and 14.4 mg/L, respectively; median air benzene of 1 and 7.7 ppm, respectively), and aneuploidy frequencies were compared with those of unexposed men.Sperm aneuploidy increased across low- and high-exposed groups for disomy X [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-3.4; and IRR = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.5-4.9, respectively], and for overall hyperhaploidy for the three chromosomes investigated (IRR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.4; and IRR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-3.6, respectively). We also found elevated disomy X and hyperhaploidy in the nine men exposed to <or= 1 ppm benzene compared with unexposed men (IRR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.0; and IRR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.9, respectively).Benzene appeared to increase the frequencies of aneuploid sperm for chromosomes associated with chromosomal abnormality syndromes in human offspring, even in men whose air benzene exposure was at or below the U.S. permissible exposure limit.
No Deterioration in Glycemic Control in <i>HNF-1α</i> Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young Following Transfer From Long-Term Insulin to Sulphonylureas
Authors: Maggie Shepherd, Ewan R. Pearson, Jane Houghton, Gill Salt, Sian Ellard, Andrew T. Hattersley
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Thyroid DiseaseT ype 1 diabetes is associated with other autoimmune diseases.Many diabetes centers routinely screen patients with type 1 diabetes for autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD).The presence of two autoimmune diseases raises the possibility of polyendocrine autoimmune disease.The association of autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, or Addison's disease, with type 1 diabetes is described in case reports dating back more than a century (1,2).Studies have i l l u s t r a t e d s h a r e d H L A a l l e l e s (DQA1*0501, for example) among patients with type 1 diabetes, ATD, and Addison's disease (3,4).Pancreatic islet cell antibodies have been detected in 6.2% of patients with Addison's disease ( 5).Yet, it is unclear whether patients with type 1 diabetes should be routinely screened for Addison's disease.Our study's objective was to determine whether routine screening for Addison's disease is warranted in children with both type 1 diabetes and ATD.Children were diagnosed with thyroid disease if they had thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOs Ͼ50 Ku/l) and/or were receiving thyroid hormone replacement for primary hypothyroidism.A population of children with type 1 diabetes but without thyroid disease was also screened.The study population consisted of 114 children with type 1 diabetes, 35 (25 girls and 10 boys) with thyroid disease (28 on L- thyroxine) and 79 (42 girls and 37 boys) without thyroid disease (normal thyroidstimulating hormone and TPO Ͻ50 Ku/ l).Adrenal antibodies were measured by standard immunofluorescent technique (Nova Century Scientific-Immco antiadrenal slides), and TPOs were measured by an automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Roche Elecsys 2010).
Immune recognition of HLA molecules downmodulates CD8 expression on cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Authors: P A Robbins, A J McMichael
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

An HLA-A2+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) line restricted by HLA-A2 in recognition of an influenza B virus nucleoprotein (BNP) peptide uses the CD8 coreceptor in the recognition of this viral peptide. Incubation of these CTL with BNP peptide in the absence of antigen-presenting cells downmodulates CD8 alpha and CD8 beta expression and reduces their ability to lyse target cells without inducing self-lysis. CD8 downmodulation was dependent on peptide concentration, time of exposure, and T cell receptor specificity. Another viral peptide from the influenza A virus matrix protein interacting with HLA-A2 had no effect on CD8 expression. Upon further investigation, an anti-HLA class I monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-HLA class II mAb, and HLA alloantisera were found to downmodulate CD8 alpha and CD8 beta expression and induce CTL nonresponsiveness without causing degranulation. When CD8 alpha and CD8 beta expression was modulated by viral peptide or anti-HLA mAbs, other cell surface molecules were unchanged. Finally, incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with these anti-HLA mAbs induced no change in CD8 expression on resting cells but did downmodulate it on mitogen-activated cells. These results suggest that T cell recognition of the HLA-A2-BNP peptide complex on neighboring CTL may be the mechanism for CD8 downmodulation induced by the BNP viral peptide. This mechanism may be important in clonal anergy.
The Necessity for Use of Splints at Certain Stages in the Treatment of Infections of the Hand, with a Demonstration of Some of the Newer Types
Authors: WILLIAM E. BROWNE
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1936)

Papers and Discussions from The New England Journal of Medicine — The Necessity for Use of Splints at Certain Stages in the Treatment of Infections of the Hand, with a Demonstration of Some of the Newer Types
αv Integrin expression by DCs is required for Th17 cell differentiation and development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
Authors: Mridu Acharya, Subhankar Mukhopadhyay, Helena Païdassi, Tahseen Jamil, Camille Chow, Stephan Kissler, Lynda M. Stuart, Richard O. Hynes, Adam Lacy-Hulbert
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Th17 cells are a distinct lineage of T helper cells that protect the body from bacterial and fungal infection. However, Th17 cells also contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Th17 cell generation requires exposure of naive T cells to the cytokine TGF-β in combination with proinflammatory cytokines. Here we show that differentiation of Th17 cells is also critically dependent on αv integrins. In mice, lack of integrin αv in the immune system resulted in loss of Th17 cells in the intestine and lymphoid tissues. It also led to protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Further analysis indicated that αv integrins on DCs activated latent TGF-β during T cell stimulation and thereby promoted differentiation of Th17 cells. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of αv integrins using cyclic RGD peptides blocked TGF-β activation and Th17 cell generation in vitro and protected mice from EAE. These data demonstrate that activation of TGF-β by αv-expressing myeloid cells may be a critical step in the generation of Th17 cells and suggest that αv integrins could be therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease.
The effect of single oral low-dose losartan on posture-related sodium handling in post-TIPS ascites-free cirrhosis
Authors: George Therapondos, Lieke Hol, Fabiana Benjaminov, Florence Wong
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Post-TIPS ascites-free patients with cirrhosis and previous refractory ascites demonstrate subtle sodium retention when challenged with a high sodium load. This is also observed in pre-ascitic patients with cirrhosis. This phenomenon is dependent on an intrarenal angiotensin II (ANG II) mechanism related to the assumption of erect posture. We investigated whether similar mechanisms were involved in post-TIPS ascites-free patients, by studying 10 patients with functioning TIPS and no ascites. We measured the effect of changing from supine to erect posture on sodium excretion at baseline and after single oral low dose losartan (7.5 mg) which has been shown to blunt proximal and distal tubular sodium reabsorption in pre-ascites. At baseline, the assumption of erect posture produced a reduction in sodium excretion (from 0.30 ± 0.06 to 0.13 ± 0.02 mmol/min, P = .05), which was mainly due to an increase in proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium (PTRNa) (69.7 ± 3.1% to 81.1 ± 1.8%, P = .003). The administration of losartan resulted in a blunting of PTRNa (supine 69.7 ± 3.1% to 63.9 ± 3.9%, P = .01 and erect 81.1 ± 1.8% to 73.8 ± 2.4%, P = .01), accompanied by an increased distal tubular reabsorption of sodium in both postures, with no overall improvement in sodium excretion on standing. In conclusion , post-TIPS ascites-free patients with cirrhosis exhibit erect posture-induced sodium retention. We speculate that (1) this effect is partly mediated by the effect of ANG II on PTRNa and (2) that the inability of low dose losartan to block the erect posture-induced sodium retention may be related to the erect posture-induced rise in aldosterone which is unmodified by losartan.
A Direct Experimental Study of Three Systems of Spatial Vectorcardiography
Authors: ERNEST FRANK
Journal: Circulation (1954)

Three commonly used systems of vectorcardiography are compared on an absolute and direct quantitative basis in terms of equations, geometric interpretations, scalar leads and vectorcardiograms, using experimental results obtained on an accurate, three-dimensional homogeneous torso model of the human subject with a dipole fixed in position in the center of the heart. It is concluded that the accuracy of the three systems, as presently used, is unsatisfactory and that further consideration of the systems of Duchosal and Grishman is questionable because of excessive intrinsic errors. Certain chance properties of the Wilson tetrahedron enable standardization modifications which lead to fairly accurate results for some dipole positions, and this system also possesses other features which appear to be desirable. The applicability of the results and conclusions to the human subject depends upon the degree to which the human heart may be represented by a fixed-position dipole and the degree to which human body electrical inhomogeneities influence body surface potentials.
Plasma hepatocyte growth factor is a prognostic factor in patients with acute myeloid leukemia but not in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: S Verstovsek, H Kantarjian, E Estey, A Aguayo, FJ Giles, T Manshouri, C Koller, Z Estrov, E Freireich, M Keating, M Albitar
Journal: Leukemia (2001)
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma presenting as an endobronchial polyp of the carina
Authors: N Shijubo, F Sugaya, A Imada, K Kudoh, A Suzuki, H Nakata, M Satoh, S Abe
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

A 64 year old man was admitted to hospital due to dyspnoea and stridor. A peduncular polyp of the carina was found at bronchoscopy. Histological examination of the tumour after resection with endoscopic electronsurgery revealed malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of myxoid type. With endoscopic neodymiumyttrium aluminium garnet (Nd-YAG) laser surgery, residual tumour was eliminated. To our knowledge this is the first case with malignant fibrous histiocytoma appearing as a polyp of the carina.
Trial participants call for drug regulator to ensure study results are published
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Fifty three people who have taken part in clinical trials have written an open letter to the European Medicines Agency to point out that the lack of regulations requiring clinical trials to be published is a betrayal of their trust.1

They are asking the agency to ensure that the protocols and results for all clinical trials published since the 1980s are posted on a public register.

Signatories include campaigners behind a public petition for full disclosure of clinical trial results (alltrials.net) and supporters of the BMJ ’s open data campaign (bmj.com/tamiflu).2 3

MPs on the House of Commons Health Committee said in a report on the …
The Prognostic Value of N-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide for Death and Cardiovascular Events in Healthy Normal and Stage A/B Heart Failure Subjects
Authors: Paul M. McKie, Alessandro Cataliotti, Brian D. Lahr, Fernando L. Martin, Margaret M. Redfield, Kent R. Bailey, Richard J. Rodeheffer, John C. Burnett
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
BREAST CANCER STAGING USING Tc-99m SESTAMIBI SCINTIMAMMOGRAPHY (SMM)
Authors: I. Khalkhali, J. Cutrone, I. Mena, L. Diggles, R. Venegas, S. Klein
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Khalkhali, I.; Cutrone, J.; Mena, I.; Diggles, L.; Venegas, R.; Klein, S. Author Information