tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Colors, Races, Languages, and Diseases
Authors: Jerome Negre
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the medical literature, particularly that of North America, patients who are subjects of case reports are usually defined first by age, then by sex, and then often by color of skin or other ethnic characteristic. These mentions of race or ethnic group are unpleasant and probably an irritant for many readers. In 313 brief or case reports published recently in five American journals (<i>Surgery, American Journal of Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Journal of Pediatrics, and Annals of Internal Medicine</i>), the word "black" or "white" was specified in 132 cases (42%) and an ethnic characteristic mentioned in 20 cases (6%). In none of these cases was there an apparent relation between the disease described and the patient's race. In these conditions, a question comes immediately to mind—is it necessary or useful to mention the color of skin if the patient has a chest injury or a venereal
Resisting a Fundamentalist Policy
Authors: Michael Castro
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

In the September 1, 2004, issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology, two sets of authors reviewed the experience to date with in vitro chemosensitivity testing (IVCT). 1,2Schrag et al 2 also developed an American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) policy statement for practitioners.While IVCT still waits for validation in prospective randomized trials, there are provocative reports that consistently show higher response rates for assay-directed therapy.These data are largely exploratory or descriptive, and none of these reports has yet addressed classical regulatory end points such as time to progression, survival, or quality of life in a convincing manner.As a matter that perhaps should bother our clinical consciences, pivotal randomized trials of IVCT have yet to be undertaken.But given the positive and intriguing nature of the published results, both sets of authors call for randomized trials to be pursued.On the other hand, the ASCO committee goes one step further, admonishing the use of IVCT outside of a clinical trial setting.Is such an admonition justified, especially when there are no such clinical trials available?In my opinion, proscription against this approach is an excessively conservative conclusion.Certainly, we are nowhere near creating a standard of care to either support or deny this approach, meaning that in general it cannot be routinely recommended for clinical decision making.But should it be denied to patients, including those who walk in the door asking for it?Such an extreme proscription against testing outside a clinical trial makes it sound as if the existing data on the subject are largely negative.Yet, the review by both sets of authors hardly establishes such grounds for a summary admonition.Thus, we should reject their extreme proscription.Paradoxically, as the number of possible treatments options supported by completed randomized trials increases, the scientific literature becomes increasingly vague for guiding physicians.For example, almost any doublet that incorporates a taxane or gemcitabine is acceptable in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer these days, but this does not mean that generalizations about equivalence establish equal efficacy for all approaches in an individual patient.Moreover, clinicians are confronted on nearly a daily basis by decisions that have not been addressed by randomized trial evaluation.Indeed, a great many promising observations will never make it to prospective controlled evaluations because of scarce resources.Nevertheless, clinical decisions are made according to experience, new basic science insights, bias or personal preference, philosophical beliefs, and so on-in short, the so-called art of medicine.With these uncertainties, would it be wrong to make a clinical decision based on IVCT?
The Current State of Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: B. A. Hellerstedt, K. J. Pienta
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2002)

Androgen deprivation therapy remains a mainstay of treatment for men with prostate cancer. New uses for hormonal therapy, including use in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting, are being evaluated. Prevention of the side effects of therapy has led to the development of alternative schedules and therapeutics.
Circulating angiotensin II is associated with body fat accumulation and insulin resistance in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Atsuhito Saiki, Masahiro Ohira, Kei Endo, Nobukiyo Koide, Tomokazu Oyama, Takeyoshi Murano, Hitoshi Watanabe, Yoh Miyashita, Kohji Shirai
Journal: Metabolism (2009)
In vivo application of recombinant interleukin 2 in the immunotherapy of established cytomegalovirus infection.
Authors: M J Reddehase, W Mutter, U H Koszinowski
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

We have shown in a murine model system for cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in the immunocompromised host that in vivo application of recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2) can enhance the antiviral effect of a limited number of CD8+T lymphocytes, not only in prophylaxis, but also in therapy, when virus has already colonized host tissues. The observed net effect of IL-2 was consistent with the assumption of daily effector population doublings. The prospects for IL-2-supported immunotherapy of established CMV infection depend upon the tissues involved in disease. It appears that the prospects for controlling established CMV adrenalitis are less promising than for a therapy of interstitial CMV pneumonia.
GMC is asked to draw up clearer rules for pathologists carrying out postmortem examinations
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The director of public prosecutions for England and Wales, Keir Starmer, has asked the General Medical Council to set out clear rules for pathologists carrying out post mortems in suspicious deaths after the case of Ian Tomlinson, who died during the G20 protest in London in 2009.

Starmer, has written to GMC chairman Peter Rubin expressing serious concerns about the initial postmortem examination into the death of Tomlinson, who died after being struck by riot policeman Simon Harwood and collapsing during the protest in 2009.

The original examination was carried …
FDA Calls Bovine-Based Vaccines Currently Safe
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Differential desensitization of A1 adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of cardiac myocyte contractility and adenylate cyclase activity. Relation to the regulation of receptor affinity and density.
Authors: B T Liang, L A Donovan
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

Effects of chronic exposure of cultured atrial myocytes to R-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (R-PIA) on the A1 adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity and myocyte contractility were examined. Chronic exposure of atrial myocytes cultured from 14-day-old chick embryos to R-PIA desensitized the myocyte to the inhibitory effects of R-PIA on contractility and adenylate cyclase activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Desensitization of the negative inotropic response was only partial, whereas the adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity was almost completely absent after 24 hours of R-PIA (1 microM) exposure. Furthermore, the contractile response to R-PIA desensitized more slowly than the desensitization of A1 adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase (t1/2 = 11.4 +/- 0.7 hours versus 7.5 +/- 1 hours, mean +/- SEM, n = 12 and 6, respectively). Thus, the two A1 adenosine receptor-linked functional responses desensitized differently in response to chronic exposure of the myocyte to R-PIA. Binding of the antagonist radioligand [3H]-8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine [( 3H]CPX) in membranes from myocytes preexposed to R-PIA demonstrated a time-dependent decrease in receptor density without any change in the affinity for the antagonist radioligand. Computer analyses of agonist competition with [3H]CPX binding in membranes from control and R-PIA-treated myocytes revealed a conversion of the high-affinity A1 adenosine receptor to a low-affinity form such that after 24 hours of 1 microM R-PIA exposure, all of the receptors were in a low-affinity form.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Frameshift Mutation in Familial Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Denice M. Hodgson-Zingman, Margaret L. Karst, Leonid V. Zingman, Denise M. Heublein, Dawood Darbar, Kathleen J. Herron, Jeffrey D. Ballew, Mariza de Andrade, John C. Burnett, Timothy M. Olson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia that is hereditary in a small subgroup of patients. In a family with 11 clinically affected members, we mapped an atrial fibrillation locus to chromosome 1p36-p35 and identified a heterozygous frameshift mutation in the gene encoding atrial natriuretic peptide. Circulating chimeric atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was detected in high concentration in subjects with the mutation, and shortened atrial action potentials were seen in an isolated heart model, creating a possible substrate for atrial fibrillation. This report implicates perturbation of the atrial natriuretic peptide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway in cardiac electrical instability.
Ashmi Suppresses Neutrophil Pulmonary Inflammation In a Ragweed Allergic Asthma Model That Is Associated With Modulation Of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
Authors: Kamal D. Srivastava, David Dunkin, Nan Yang, Changda Liu, Rachel L. Miller, Xiu-Min Li
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Echocardiographic Manifestation of "False" Mitral Stenosis That Was
Authors: ANDRES R. TICZON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

An unusual normal posterior direction of motion of the posterior mitral valve leaflet echo during diastole was detected in a patient whose clinical and hemodynamic data confirmed the presence of significant rheumatic mitral stenosis after other conditions causing echocardiographic pattern of "false" mitral stenosis were ruled out. The finding of normal direction of motion of the posterior mitral valve leaflet when associated with abnormal EF slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet does not rule out the existence of significant mitral stenosis.
John Homans Lecture
Authors: Daniel C. Elkin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

I HOPE that you will pardon a pride that is so justly mine in having been chosen to give the first John Homans Lecture. This pride is in nowise lessened, but is in fact enhanced, by a realization that I am here not on my own account but as the representative of a large group of surgeons who for many years have studied at the feet of this master and have "learned his great language; caught his clear accents."The name of John Homans is one of the traditions of which Boston is made. About fifty years before the British . . .
Infectious Diseases in the Elderly
Authors: EDWARD L. SCHNEIDER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

As the percent of our population over age 65 increases, infectious disease in this group is becoming a serious public health concern. Much of our knowledge of infections in the elderly is based on clinical experience and lacks a firm scientific foundation. The increased risk of infections observed with aging may be due to physiologic changes that accompany "normal" aging or the age-associated chronic diseases and the medical, surgical, and diagnostic interventions that accompany them. Epidemiologic studies on populations of well and hospitalized older persons in defined age ranges are needed to examine the relation between specific infectious diseases and risk factors. Although the increased susceptibility of older persons to infectious diseases frequently has been attributed to the decline in immune function that occurs with aging, there are very few data confirming this hypothesis. Additional research is clearly needed on other contributory factors such as nutrition, ciliary transport, bacterial adherence, neutrophil and macrophage function, and complement.
Reversing urban decay: brownfield redevelopment and environmental health.
Authors: Michael R Greenberg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

While the United States government concentrates more of its political and financial resources on fighting terrorism, the continuing decay of older cities and industrial suburbs has fallen far down on the national political priority agenda. An exception is the redevelopment of so-called brownfields, which are abandoned, idled, or underutilized factories, railroad yards, bus stations, garages, electricity-generating stations, and other commercial facilities. A modest national government program to identify, clean up, and redevelop brownfields into job fields began during the administration of Bill Clinton and has continued into the George W. Bush administration (Powers et al. 2000; Simons 1998; Van Horn et al. 1999). The political reasons are apparent: Developing brownfields is a politically acceptable method of stimulating private enterprise, local government, and community groups into building new businesses, housing, and community facilities. Also, brownfields projects have a beginning and an end; the national government does not have an indefinite responsibility. In contrast, social assistance programs that grew during the 1960s and proliferated for more than three decades have been politically portrayed by some as give-away programs that build dependency with no ending. Whether this characterization of social programs is morally or empirically justified, the reality is that in today's political environment brownfields redevelopment is a politically acceptable way of helping distressed urban areas.
Coupling Between Myosin ATPase Cycle and Creatine Kinase Cycle Facilitates Cardiac Actomyosin Sliding In Vitro
Authors: Masataka Sata, Seiryo Sugiura, Hiroshi Yamashita, Shin-ichi Momomura, Takashi Serizawa
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background There is much evidence to support the favorable effects of the phosphocreatine shuttle on myocardial contraction and relaxation. However, experiments in which cardiac muscle fiber or myofibril was used have not elucidated its precise mechanism. Methods and Results Active movements of fluorescently labeled actin filaments on a cardiac myosin layer coimmobilized with creatine kinase (CK) onto a nitrocellulose-coated glass coverslip were studied under various concentrations of adenine nucleotides. At a constant phosphocreatine concentration (5 mmol/L, pH 7.1), the relation of sliding velocity to MgATP concentration followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent K m was significantly smaller in the presence of CK (0.041±0.001 mmol/L) than in the absence of CK (0.080±0.001 mmol/L), indicating that coattached CK facilitated the propelling of actin filaments by the myosin ATPase. This phenomenon was also seen under acidic conditions (pH 6.7) as well as in the presence of inorganic phosphate (10 mmol/L). At a constant MgATP concentration (1 mmol/L), the inhibitory effect of MgADP on the actin-myosin interaction was weaker in the presence of CK than in the absence of CK. Another ATP-regenerating system, pyruvate kinase and phospho(enol)pyruvate, while maintaining a low ratio of [MgADP] to [MgATP], did not reduce the K m value (0.156±0.001 mmol/L), suggesting that the effect of coattached CK was not achieved only by prevention of MgADP accumulation. Conclusions Coupling between the ATPase cycle and the CK cycle may serve not only to maintain the ATP concentration within the myofibril but also to provide optimal conditions for cardiac actomyosin interaction. Consideration of this coupling will offer a clue to elucidating the systolic or diastolic dysfunction during myocardial ischemia or reperfusion.
Abstract C12: Aberrant promoter methylation of HOPX-β, MUC1 genes and global methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yu Chun Kao, Sheng Hsiung Lin, Chun Chieh Yu, Ruei Nian Li, Ming Tsang Wu
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Esophageal cancer ranks as the sixth most deadly cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the sixth most common cause of cancer deaths in males in worldwide. Therefore, it is important to identify molecular markers for clinical diagnosis. Homeodomain-only protein X (HOPX)-β is a tumor suppressor gene and its promoter methylation is shown to be frequent in human cancer. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane mucin that is highly expressed in various cancers and correlates with malignant potential. In addition, the degree of whole genome methylation decreases as the lesion progressing from a benign proliferation of cells to an invasive cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate HOPX-β and MUC1 promoter methylation status and global methylation level in different stages of ESCC patients. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) revealed that the methylation rate of HOPX-β was 26.5% (27/102) in tumor samples and only 9% (9/100) in paired non-tumor samples (p&amp;lt;0.05). In HOPX-β promoter hypermethylation samples, the frequency of lymph node invasion and tumor metastasis was increased about 3-fold and 2-fold, respectively. Furthermore, HOPX-β promoter methylation frequency was increased about 3-fold in advanced stage. On the other hand, the methylation frequency of MUC1 was 90.7% (97/107) in paired non-tumor samples while the methylation frequency was decreased to 53.3% (57/107) in tumor samples. 78.5% (84/107) of tumor samples showed significantly decline in the degree of methylation compared with paired non-tumor samples (p&amp;lt;0.0001). We found a decrease tendency in methylation frequency of MUC1 correlated with clinical stage (early/advanced), the frequency of lymph node invasion and metastasis. Importantly, the methylation rate of MUC1 was inversely related with the tumor size (p=0.0105). The level of global long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1) methylation in ESCC tissues (mean 65.8%) was significantly lower than paired non-tumor samples (mean 79.5%). However, there is no relation between the level of global LINE-1 methylation and tumor stage or survival rate. Our findings indicate that LINE-1, MUC1 methylation level and HOPX-β hypermethylation in ESCC are useful markers in clinical diagnosis. Citation Format: Yu Chun Kao, Sheng Hsiung Lin, Chun Chieh Yu, Ruei Nian Li, Ming Tsang Wu. Aberrant promoter methylation of HOPX-β, MUC1 genes and global methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C12.
Low level exposure to lead.
Authors: W R Lee, M R Moore
Journal: BMJ (1990)

reserved for recurrent lesions.In chronic lesions and cuff tears a local injection may relieve pain and allow exercise to strengthen the cuff muscles; the injection may be repeated after several months if necessary.From a lateral approach the needle is inserted horizontally below the acromion to a depth of 3-4 cm.When the needle is in the subacromial bursa injection is effortless.If lignocaine is added the temporary relief of pain indicates that the problem has been located.Primary infection of the shoulder joint is rare and the risk of introducing infection small.The main worry is that multiple injections may damage the rotator cuff, so injections should be limited to two.Ifthe problem persists the patient should be referred to a rheumatologist or orthopaedic surgeon.Injection of joints and regular assessment of the elderly are both encouraged by the new general practice contract.The hypothesis that many elderly people could be helped by steroid injection of the shoulder should be tested in general practice and the safety and timing of repeated injections established.
Context-Dependent Mutation Rates May Cause Spurious Signatures of a Fixation Bias Favoring Higher GC-Content in Humans
Authors: R. D. Hernandez, S. H. Williamson, L. Zhu, C. D. Bustamante
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Understanding the proximate and ultimate causes underlying the evolution of nucleotide composition in mammalian genomes is of fundamental interest to the study of molecular evolution. Comparative genomics studies have revealed that many more substitutions occur from G and C nucleotides to A and T nucleotides than the reverse, suggesting that mammalian genomes are not at equilibrium for base composition. Analysis of human polymorphism data suggests that mutations that increase GC-content tend to be at much higher frequencies than those that decrease or preserve GC-content when the ancestral allele is inferred via parsimony using the chimpanzee genome. These observations have been interpreted as evidence for a fixation bias in favor of G and C alleles due to either positive natural selection or biased gene conversion. Here, we test the robustness of this interpretation to violations of the parsimony assumption using a data set of 21,488 noncoding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovered by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) SNPs project via direct resequencing of n = 95 individuals. Applying standard nonparametric and parametric population genetic approaches, we replicate the signatures of a fixation bias in favor of G and C alleles when the ancestral base is assumed to be the base found in the chimpanzee outgroup. However, upon taking into account the probability of misidentifying the ancestral state of each SNP using a context-dependent mutation model, the corrected distribution of SNP frequencies for GC-content increasing SNPs are nearly indistinguishable from the patterns observed for other types of mutations, suggesting that the signature of fixation bias is a spurious artifact of the parsimony assumption.