tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The U. S. Pharmacopœia.
Authors: Samuel Kennedy
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Shelbyville, Ind., May 16, 1895. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In theJournalof April 13,I notice a letter from Dr. W. P. Whery, of Fort Wayne, Ind., under the title, "Of What Use is the Pharmacopœia?" I have waited this long, hoping some one more able to do so than myself would reply to it. While I do not, for a moment, think such an excellent work as our present Pharmacopoeia needs any defense at my hands, I shall point out a few of the most glaring inaccuracies in the article referred to. I shall also attempt to show that the U. S. Pharmacopœia has, at least,<i>some</i>excuse for its existence, and that it is<i>the</i>authority upon "questions pharmaceutic." In the first place, the U.S. Pharmacopœia is a work of great value and is<i>the standard</i>from which<i>all pharmacists</i>work in making their various preparations such as tinctures,
A Case of Ovarian Dermoid Cyst with Malignant Transformation Perforated into the Rectosigmoid Colon and Small Intestine
Authors: A.H. Mitui, R. Fujita, F. Sugata, M. Kienebuchi, K. Suzuki, F. Sagawa
Journal: Endoscopy (1983)

A 72-year-old female was admitted to hospital with diarrhea containing hair. The abdominal plain film showed teeth-like structures in the right lower quadrant. Barium enema and endoscopic examination were performed, and the results indicated a possible dermoid cyst perforated into the rectosigmoid colon and small intestine. The operation revealed a dermoid cyst of the right ovary perforated into the rectosigmoid colon and small intestine.
Pregnancy and fasting during Ramadan.
Authors: J. Reeves
Journal: BMJ (1992)

difficult, is one based on the balance of proba- bilities.More research is required and should focus on the general concept of work related disorders rather than be confined to the upper limb.If health promotion is to mean anything it should mean that going to work tends to engender fitness.This is why unemployment is considered to be bad for society in general and individual workers in particular.A more positive attitude should be taken towards work, and this should be embodied in the concept that to work is to keep fit.No one would suggest that all pain at work was caused by the work itself: it may be caused by sports injuries acquired over a weekend or be part of intercurrent disease.Hence the importance of the therapeutic test of altering circumstances at work to see if the symptoms remit.With the implementation of the European Com- munity's regulations for workers the medical professions and ergonomists will have to cooperate if pains are to be prevented.Staff working in district rheumatological, orthopaedic, and remedial ser- vices should work more closely with occupational physicians and ergonomists.Perhaps it is time for a combined medicoergonomics society.
Sexual drive of patients in psychiatric hospitals.
Authors: D. James, S. Collings
Journal: BMJ (1988)

have many more observations, which I quoted earlier (8 October, p 918).I accept their point about the shorter latent period for melanoma; but the evidence for nonlinearity in the incidence-exposure relation for melanoma is also relevant.Our differences of emphasis may reflect a concentration on shorter term effects by Professor MacKie and Dr Ryecroft and my concentration on the longer term outlook.
How to learn about teaching: An evolutionary framework for the study of teaching behavior in humans and other animals
Authors: Michelle Ann Kline
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract The human species is more reliant on cultural adaptation than any other species, but it is unclear how observational learning can give rise to the faithful transmission of cultural adaptations. One possibility is that teaching facilitates accurate social transmission by narrowing the range of inferences that learners make. However, there is wide disagreement about how to define teaching, and how to interpret the empirical evidence for teaching across cultures and species. In this article I argue that disputes about the nature and prevalence of teaching across human societies and nonhuman animals are based on a number of deep-rooted theoretical differences between fields, as well as on important differences in how teaching is defined. To reconcile these disparate bodies of research, I review the three major approaches to the study of teaching – mentalistic, culture-based, and functionalist – and outline the research questions about teaching that each addresses. I then argue for a new, integrated framework that differentiates between teaching types according to the specific adaptive problems that each type solves, and apply this framework to restructure current empirical evidence on teaching in humans and nonhuman animals. This integrative framework generates novel insights, with broad implications for the study of the evolution of teaching, including the roles of cognitive constraints and cooperative dilemmas in how and when teaching evolves. Finally, I propose an explanation for why some types of teaching are uniquely human, and discuss new directions for research motivated by this framework.
T‐cell reactivity in neonates: influence of environmental and genetic factors
Authors: M. Troye‐Blomberg
Journal: Allergy (2002)

The atopic constitution (1) is characterized by the capacity of an individual to evoke immunoglobulin E (IgE) production after exposure to common ubiquitous antigens, so called allergens. The IgE class of antibody binds with high affinity to Fc receptors on the surface of tissue mast cells and blood basophils. A later exposure to the same allergen cross-links the membrane-bound IgE on the ‘‘sensitised’’ cells, causing their degranulation and release of pharmacologically active mediators. These mediators include for example histamine and prostaglandins, which exert biological effects on the surrounding tissues. These allergic reactions cause symptoms ranging from hay fever, eczema and asthma, to life-threatening reactions such as systemic anaphylaxis. In the last few years evidence has accumulated to suggest that allergen-reactive type-2 T helper (Th2) cells play an important role in the induction and maintenance of the allergic cascade. The Th2 like immune responses related to atopy (1) are also important for a successful pregnancy (2) and Th2-skewed cellular immune responses to common environmental antigens have been demonstrated to exist already in utero (3). Several reports have shown that the initial priming of the immune system to both inhalant and food allergens occurs during the prenatal period, and that proliferative responses to allergens can be detected already in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) (4–6). In addition, the levels of the Th1-type of cytokine interferon-c (IFNc) have been shown to be lower in CBMC from children who later develop atopy, in both phytohemaggzutinin (PHA) (7,8), and allergen-stimulated cells (8,9). This suggests that individuals who are especially prone to develop an IgE sensitization later in life have an altered balance between Th1 and Th2 types of cytokines already early in life (10). A better understanding of the regulation of these early Th1/Th2-type responses early would perhaps help in identifying factors which could be used as predictors for such a development.
Drainage of Gallbladder Fossa Fluid Collections with Endoprosthesis Placement Under Endoscopic Ultrasound Guidance: A Preliminary Report of Two Cases
Authors: M. Kahaleh, P. Wang, V. M. Shami, J. Tokar, P. Yeaton
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Collections of fluid in the gallbladder fossa can be detected by ultrasound in as many as 29 % of patients following cholecystectomy. Traditionally, persistent collections are treated by percutaneous drainage and bile duct decompression. We present two cases of persistent gallbladder fossa fluid collections which were refractory to bile duct decompression but which were successfully drained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided endoprosthesis placement. Under endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) control, a 19-gauge needle was inserted through the duodenal wall into the gallbladder fossa fluid collection. A guide wire was coiled within the collection, and an endoprosthesis was placed over the wire. Endoprosthesis insertion was successful in both cases, resulting in rapid symptomatic and radiographic improvement. EUS-guided drainage offers a minimally invasive alternative to percutaneous treatment of persistent gallbladder fossa fluid collections following cholecystectomy.
The epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Europe: a systematic review
Authors: S. S. Panesar, S. Javad, D. de Silva, B. I. Nwaru, L. Hickstein, A. Muraro, G. Roberts, M. Worm, M. B. Bilò, V. Cardona, A. E. J. Dubois, A. Dunn Galvin, P. Eigenmann, M. Fernandez-Rivas, S. Halken, G. Lack, B. Niggemann, A. F. Santos, B. J. Vlieg-Boerstra, Z. Q. Zolkipli, A. Sheikh
Journal: Allergy (2013)

Background Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially fatal, multi-organ system, allergic reaction caused by the release of chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils. Uncertainty exists around epidemiological measures of incidence and prevalence, risk factors, risk of recurrence, and death due to anaphylaxis. This systematic review aimed to (1) understand and describe the epidemiology of anaphylaxis and (2) describe how these characteristics vary by person, place, and time. Methods Using a highly sensitive search strategy, we identified systematic reviews of epidemiological studies, descriptive and analytical epidemiological investigations, and studies involving analysis of routine data. Results Our searches identified a total of 5 843 potentially eligible studies, of which 49 satisfied our inclusion criteria. Of these, three were suitable for pooled estimates of prevalence. The incidence rates for all-cause anaphylaxis ranged from 1.5 to 7.9 per 100 000 person-years. These data indicated that an estimated 0.3% (95% CI 0.1–0.5) of the population experience anaphylaxis at some point in their lives. Food, drugs, stinging insects, and latex were the most commonly identified triggers. Conclusions Anaphylaxis is a common problem, affecting an estimated 1 in 300 of the European population at some time in their lives. Future research needs to focus on better understanding of the trends across Europe and identifying those most likely to experience fatal reactions.
Trastuzumab for early breast cancer raises important issues
Authors: Edward C F Wilson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

EDITOR—The government's recent announcement that all early stage breast cancer patients are tobe tested for HER2 overexpression with a view to receiving trastuzumab (Herceptin) will no doubt be a great relief to both patients and oncologists1.

However, this raises several important issues.

Firstly, the government may be setting a dangerous precedent in effectively promoting off-licence indications …
Behavioral Approaches to Raynaud&amp;rsquo;s Disease
Authors: Richard S. Surwit
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1981)

Research Articles| February 16 2010 Behavioral Approaches to Raynaud's Disease Subject Area: Psychiatry and Psychology Richard S. Surwit Richard S. Surwit Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, N.C., USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Psychother Psychosom (1981) 36 (3-4): 224–245. https://doi.org/10.1159/000287546 Article history Published Online: February 16 2010 Content Tools Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Richard S. Surwit; Behavioral Approaches to Raynaud's Disease. Psychother Psychosom 31 December 1981; 36 (3-4): 224–245. https://doi.org/10.1159/000287546 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsPsychotherapy and Psychosomatics Search Advanced Search Article PDF first page preview Close Modal 1981Copyright / Drug Dosage / DisclaimerCopyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. You do not currently have access to this content.
<i>Runx2</i> and <i>MYC</i> Collaborate in Lymphoma Development by Suppressing Apoptotic and Growth Arrest Pathways <i>In vivo</i>
Authors: Karen Blyth, François Vaillant, Linda Hanlon, Nancy Mackay, Margaret Bell, Alma Jenkins, James C. Neil, Ewan R. Cameron
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Members of the Runx and MYC families have been implicated as collaborating oncogenes. The mechanism of this potent collaboration is elucidated in this study of Runx2/MYC mice. As shown previously, ectopic expression of Runx2 in the thymus leads to a preneoplastic state defined by an accumulation of cells with an immature phenotype and a low proliferative rate. We now show that c-MYC overexpression is sufficient to rescue proliferation and to release the differentiation block imposed by Runx2. Analysis of Runx2-expressing lymphomas reveals a consistently low rate of apoptosis, in contrast to lymphomas of MYC mice which are often highly apoptotic. The low apoptosis phenotype is dominant in Runx2/MYC tumors, indicating that Runx2 confers a potent survival advantage to MYC-expressing tumor cells. The role of the p53 pathway in Runx2/MYC tumors was explored on a p53 heterozygote background. Surprisingly, functional p53 was retained in vivo, even after transplantation, whereas explanted tumor cells displayed rapid allele loss in vitro. Our results show that Runx2 and MYC overcome distinct “fail-safe” responses and that their selection as collaborating genes is due to their ability to neutralize each other's negative growth effect. Furthermore, the Runx2/MYC combination overcomes the requirement for genetic inactivation of the p53 pathway in vivo. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(4): 2195-201)
Two-Dimensional Ultrasounds in Liver Diseases
Authors: Bruno Damascelli, Gianni Bonadonna, Luigi Roncoroni, Carlo Uslenghi, Umberto Veronesi
Journal: JAMA (1968)

A modified two-dimensional ultrasonic pulse-echo technique was used in the diagnosis of liver disease. In all 36 patients studied an abnormal echo pattern was found. In this selected case material there was a good correlation between the clinical, laboratory, isotopic (gold 198), histologic, and ultrasonographic findings. Because of deficiencies in the present equipment and examining techniques, echography cannot yet give a verdict on the nature of a lesion, but it can distinguish between a solid and a cystic lesion. Ultrasonic examination is a useful screening procedure for liver disease, but it must always be used in conjunction with clinical, x-ray, and laboratory data. This simple, rapid, and safe diagnostic tool deserves more extensive study.
Ethnic Difference in Hematological Toxicity in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy: A Pooled Analysis on Asian versus Non-Asian in Phase II and III Clinical Trials
Authors: Yoshikazu Hasegawa, Tomoya Kawaguchi, Akihito Kubo, Masahiko Ando, Junji Shiraishi, Shun-ichi Isa, Taisuke Tsuji, Kazuyuki Tsujino, Sai-Hong I. Ou, Kazuhiko Nakagawa, Minoru Takada
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
OBJECTIVE METHODS OF EVALUATING PROCESS AND OUTCOME IN PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: JAMES G. MILLER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1951)

Three new quantitative methods for studying process and outcome in psychotherapy have been discussed: first, the rating of protocols from electrical transcription of cases; second, the utilization of various control methods; and third, the employment of the Q-technique with therapists and patients. A number of illustrations of these objective methods have been presented and some of the first results from using these methods have been recounted. It is clear that these developments are in their infancy and that there is a great deal more to be done before highly significant results can be obtained. Nevertheless, there is real promise for understanding the nature of the psychotherapeutic process in a precise way if these new methods are imaginatively employed.
Clinical Use of Bone Densitometry
Authors: David W. Bates, Dennis M. Black, Steven R. Cummings
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Osteoporosis represents a difficult problem for physicians because, although many diagnostic tests are available, interpreting their results is not straightforward. As a result, many patients, even those with clear indications such as long-term steroid therapy or vertebral fractures on radiography, do not get screened or treated. Current evidence-based guidelines recommend screening for all white women older than 65 years and not already receiving an osteoporosis treatment and for many nonwhite women. For postmenopausal women who are younger than 65 years and have strong risk factors for osteoporosis, screening may also be beneficial. The optimal testing strategy depends on what is available locally. The best role for follow-up testing is still being defined, and interpretation of such testing is tricky. Reports of results can be hard to understand; a randomized controlled trial of clearer reports increased testing and decreased confusion about the meaning of test results. Densitometry might be more effectively used in practice if strategies such as having patients fill out a short questionnaire to assess for risk factors or creating a nurse-based system were used to identify patients. Clinicians need better approaches for identifying patients most likely to benefit from screening, systems that facilitate their application, and test results that are easy to interpret.
Thein vivo effect of hepatotrophic factors augmenter of liver regeneration, hepatocyte growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor-II on liver natural killer cell functions
Authors: A Francavilla, N L Vujanovic, L Polimeno, A Azzarone, A Iacobellis, A Deleo, M Hagiya, T L Whiteside, T E Starzl
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

ABSTRACT Fine balanced sequential changes of the levels of circulating hepatotrophic factors are essential for normal liver regeneration. Our recent studies have indicated that liver–resident natural killer (NK) cells are important regulators of liver regeneration and have raised the possibility that hepatotrophic factors might mediate their activities through NK cells. In the present study, we assessed the effects of in vivo administration of three hepatotrophic factors (augmenter of liver regeneration [ALR], insulin–like growth factor–II [IGF–II], and hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]) on NK cells in normal rats. Each of the three, given over a 1–day period in doses known to produce hepatotrophic activity, induced inhibition of NK cell cytotoxic activities in the population of mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) in the liver, but not in MNL from the spleen or peripheral blood. In contrast to these results obtained by the whole animal treatment, the three molecules had no effect on NK cell functions when added to cultures of MNL from the livers, spleens, or blood of untreated rats. These data support and extend our previously advanced hypothesis that ALR and other hepatotrophic factors play an important role in liver regeneration by regional regulation of NK cells through some as–yet–unknown intermediary mechanism.
Role of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in normal and atherosclerotic human coronary circulation.
Authors: C Indolfi, F Piscione, B Villari, E Russolillo, V Rendina, P Golino, M Condorelli, M Chiariello
Journal: Circulation (1992)

Experimental studies on the effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptors on regional coronary blood flow in normal and ischemic myocardium are highly controversial. A beneficial effect on regional ischemic myocardium has been demonstrated in different animal preparations with either alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade or stimulation. Animal studies also demonstrated that postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediate vasoconstriction in coronary and femoral vascular beds. The aims of the study were 1) to investigate the effects of regional alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation on regional coronary blood flow in subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries, 2) to assess the effect of alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade on coronary circulation in control subjects, and 3) to examine the influence of atherosclerosis on coronary blood flow response to alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade.The effect of regional administration of BHT 933 (a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist) was studied in eight subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries. The coronary blood flow velocity was measured using a subselective intracoronary 3F Doppler catheter and coronary diameter by quantitative coronary angiography. BHT 933 induced a reduction in coronary artery diameter from 2.5 +/- 0.6 mm to 1.8 +/- 0.4 mm (p less than 0.05) as well as in coronary blood flow velocity (from 6.4 +/- 0.9 cm/sec to 4.6 +/- 1.9 cm/sec, p less than 0.01). In some subjects, ST segment abnormalities occurred. In patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries (n = 6), the regional infusion of a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking agent after beta-blockade did not change coronary diameter or coronary blood flow velocity. In contrast, in patients with significant coronary stenoses (n = 6), regional infusion of an alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking agent reduced regional coronary artery diameter (from 2.3 +/- 0.5 mm to 2.1 +/- 0.6 mm, p less than 0.01) as well as coronary blood flow velocity (from 5.8 +/- 0.8 cm/sec to 3.7 +/- 0.6 cm/sec, p less than 0.05); in addition, alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade significantly increased coronary sinus plasma norepinephrine levels (from 300 +/- 144 pg/ml to 429 +/- 207 pg/ml, p less than 0.01).The selective in vivo stimulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors produces a reduction in coronary blood flow and diameter in humans with angiographically normal coronary arteries. alpha 2-Adrenergic blockade does not change coronary blood flow in subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries (suggesting no resting alpha 2-adrenergic vasoconstrictor tone), whereas in patients with coronary artery stenosis, regional coronary blood flow decreases after alpha 2-receptor blockade. Finally, our data also suggest that alpha 2-adrenoceptors participate in the modulation of sympathetic neuronal norepinephrine release in the human heart.
Hyperthyroidism and giant-cell arteritis.
Authors: G A MacGregor
Journal: BMJ (1974)

hepatitis and hepatitis-B antigen was shown to be present by both haenmalutination and electrophoresis.This case cannot, of course, be claimed to provide proof of a causal association between acupuncture and serum hepatitis.The possibility of transfer of infection by an inadequately sterilized needle should, however, be borne in mind.-Iam, etc.,