tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HEMATOMA OF THE NEW BORN.
Authors: THERESA BANNAN
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>Case 1.</h3> —T. P. was born Aug. 20, 1893, at Hospital of the Good Shepherd; weight 4% lbs. The mother was a primipara, labor was uneventful. <h3>History</h3> —On the second day jaundice occurred. On the same day a swelling appeared over the right parietal bone, followed soon by a similar tumor over the left parietal. Both increased in size and were limited and separated by the parietal suture until the fifth day. Dr. John Van Duyn photographed the child and aspirated the tumors, finding blood. The jaundice deepened, the stool became green, child grew weaker, and died on the ninth day. <h3>Autopsy.</h3> —Postmortem by Dr. Van Duyn showed infant very thin and yellow; the internal organs were normal. The tumors were beneath the pericranium and contained about six ounces of fluid clotted blood (Fig. 1). <h3>Case 2.</h3> —T. K. was born March 17, 1906; weight 9 lbs. <h3>History.</h3> —The labor,
Statistics: The Problem of Examining Accumulating Data More Than Once
Authors: Klim McPherson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

A RECURRING decision that has to be made in planning a controlled clinical trial of a new treatment is the size of the patient sample necessary. In this decision, a major determinant is ethical, for the investigator must keep at a minimum the number of patients exposed and the duration of the exposure to the inferior treatment. To achieve this ethical goal, the investigator may be tempted to analyze his results repeatedly as data accumulate. Just such a procedure was apparently used in a study recently reported in the Journal.1 , 2 Yet, as my communication will show, the use of conventionally . . .
Characterization of Evolutionarily Conserved MicroRNAs in Amphioxus
Authors: Lei Wang, Lan Jiang, Songnian Hu, Yejun Wang
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2010)

Abstract Amphioxus is an extant species closest to the ancestry of vertebrates. Observation of microRNA (miRNA) distribution of amphioxus would lend some hints for evolutionary research of vertebrates. In this study, using the publicly available scaffold data of the Florida amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) genome, we screened and characterized homologs of miRNAs that had been identified in other species. In total, 68 pieces of such homologs were obtained and classified into 33 families. Most of these miRNAs were distributed as clusters in genome. Inter-species comparison showed that many miRNAs, which had been thought as vertebrate- or mammal-specific before, were also present in amphioxus, while some miRNAs that had been considered as protostome-specific before also existed in amphioxus. Compared with ciona, amphioxus had an apparent miRNA gene expansion, but phylogenetic analysis showed that the duplicated miRNAs or clusters of amphioxus had a higher homology level than those duplicated ones in vertebrates.
Clarifying the Direct Relation between Total Cholesterol Levels and Death from Coronary Heart Disease in Older Persons
Authors: Maria Chiara Corti, Jack M. Guralnik, Marcel E. Salive, Tamara Harris, Luigi Ferrucci, Robert J. Glynn, Richard J. Havlik
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Background: The importance of total cholesterol level as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in older adults is controversial. Objective: To determine whether findings showing that total cholesterol level is not an important risk factor for coronary heart disease in older adults are the result of inadequate adjustment for co-occurring diseases and frailty. Design: Multicenter, longitudinal study with 5-year follow-up for death. Participants: 4066 men and women from East Boston, Massachusetts; lowa and Washington counties, lowa; and New Haven, Connecticut. Measurements: In 1988, participants were interviewed about their health status and had blood samples taken. Mortality follow-up was through 1992. Results: In analyses that included all fatal coronary heart disease events (252 deaths) and did not adjust for risk factors for coronary heart disease and measures of frailty, persons with the lowest total cholesterol levels (≤ 4.15 mmol/L [≤ 160 mg/dL]) had the highest rate of death from coronary heart disease, whereas those with elevated total cholesterol levels (≥ 6.20 mmol/L [≥ 240 mg/dL]) seemed to have a lower risk for death from coronary heart disease (P for trend = 0.04). After adjustment for established risk factors for coronary heart disease and markers of poor health (including chronic conditions, low serum iron and albumin levels) and exclusion of 44 deaths from coronary heart disease that occurred within the first year, elevated total cholesterol levels predicted increased risk for death from coronary heart disease, and the risk for death from coronary heart disease decreased as cholesterol levels decreased (P for trend = 0.005). Conclusions: Elevated total cholesterol level is a risk factor for death from coronary heart disease in older adults, and the apparent adverse effects associated with low cholesterol levels are secondary to comorbidity and frailty. This suggests that excluding older persons from cholesterol screening is inappropriate, but interpretation of screening results in older persons requires clinical judgment. Results from controlled clinical trials are needed to clarify this issue.
Pulmonary tuberculosis: Management in children has special considerations
Authors: David Burgner, Sarah Cherian, Janet Geddes, Delane Shingadia
Journal: BMJ (2006)

EDITOR—The review of tuberculosis management by Campbell and Bah-Sow understates the importance of tuberculosis in children.1 An estimated 1.3 million new cases occur annually in children aged 15 or younger,2 and one third of the 1.7 million annual deaths occur in children.3 The distinction between latent tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease is of particular importance in children. Younger infants have …
Abstract 2703: Final results of a phase 2 trial using a novel, non-anthracycline neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen in Her2-positive breast cancer
Authors: Ruth M. O'Regan, Sheryl Gabram, Toncred Styblo, Monica Rizzo, William Wood, Jayanthi Srinivasiah, William Jonas, Fred Schnell, Amy Adams, Rita Nahta, Amelia Zelnak
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: The addition of trastuzumab to preoperative chemotherapy for Her2-positive breast cancers has been shown to increase pCR rate, which correlates with improved outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of trastuzumab in combination with dose-dense nab-paclitaxel followed by weekly vinorelbine. Methods: Patients with Stage I (&amp;gt;1.0 cm), II, or IIIA Her2-positive (defined as either immunohistochemical 3+ of fluorescence in situ hybridization-positive) breast cancer received nab-paclitaxel 260 mg/m2 iv every 2 weeks for 4 cycles in combination followed by vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 iv weekly with simultaneous trastuzumab (4 mg/kg loading dose then 2 mg/kg weekly) for 20 weeks. Tissue was collected at baseline, at optional midway biopsy, and post-therapy. Primary endpoint was pCR rate; secondary endpoints included response rate and toxicity. Cardiac evaluation was performed at baseline, after 4 cycles of nab-paclitaxel, after 12 weeks of vinorelbine and every 3 months thereafter per standard practice guidelines. Results: To date, 27 patients have been accrued (3/2008 to 6/2011). 24 patients are currently evaluable for primary endpoint. Patients were accrued from a university center (48.2%), county hospital (11.1%), and community sites (40.7%). Median age was 49.5 years (34-64). Median tumor size was 4.0 cm (1.5-7cm). 14 of 27 patients (51.9%) were clinically node-positive at study entry. 11 patients were African American (40.7%), 16 were Caucasian (59.3%). The regimen was well-tolerated: 3 patients experienced grade 3 neuropathy; 6 patients had grade 3 neutropenia; 1 patient had trastuzumab held for asymptomatic decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction. 18 of 24 patients (75%) had complete clinical response rate. 6 of 24 patients (25%) had partial clinical response. 11 of 24 patients (45.8%) had pCR. Conclusions: The combination of preoperative trastuzumab with dose-dense nab-paclitaxel followed by vinorelbine was well-tolerated and resulted in a high rate of pCR in Her2-positive, early-stage breast cancer. Final results and correlative studies will be reported. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2703. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2703
Cancer Incidence among Pesticide Applicators Exposed to Cyanazine in theAgricultural Health Study
Authors: Shannon M. Lynch, Jennifer A. Rusiecki, Aaron Blair, Mustafa Dosemeci, Jay Lubin, Dale Sandler, Jane A. Hoppin, Charles F. Lynch, Michael C.R. Alavanja
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

BackgroundCyanazine is a common pesticide used frequently in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. Animal and human studies have suggested that triazines may be carcinogenic, but results have been mixed. We evaluated cancer incidence in cyanazine-exposed pesticide applicators among the 57,311 licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS).MethodsWe obtained detailed pesticide exposure information from a self-administered questionnaire completed at enrollment (1993–1997). Cancer incidence was followed through January 2002. Over half of cyanazine-exposed applicators had ≥ 6 years of exposure at enrollment, and approximately 85% had begun using cyanazine before the 1990s. We used adjusted Poisson regression to calculate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of multiple cancer sites among cyanazine-exposed applicators. We calculated ptrend values, and all statistical tests were two-sided. Two exposure metrics were used: tertiles of lifetime days of exposure (LD) and intensity-weighted LD.ResultsA total of 20,824 cancer-free AHS applicators reported ever using cyanazine at enrollment. Cancer incidence comparisons between applicators with the lowest cyanazine exposure and those with the highest exposure yielded the following for the LD metric: all cancers, RR = 0.99 (95% CI, 0.80–1.24); prostate cancer, RR = 1.23 (95% CI, 0.87–1.70); all lymphohematopoietic cancers, RR = 0.92 (95% CI, 0.50–1.72); non-Hodgkin lymphoma, RR = 1.25 (95% CI, 0.47–3.35); lung cancer, RR = 0.52 (95% CI, 0.22–1.25).ConclusionsWe did not find any clear, consistent associations between cyanazine exposure and any cancer analyzed. The number of sites was small for certain cancers, limiting any conclusion with regard to ovarian, breast, and some other cancers.
Variation in Technique of Intracutaneous B.C.G. Vaccination
Authors: C. E. Palmer, P. Q. Edwards
Journal: BMJ (1953)

A method is described for producing uterine haemostasis by p32 without damaging the ovaries.A surface burn by p32 is quickly healed and regenera- tion of endometrium follows.Preliminary animal experiments were followed by a clinical trial on 16 pafients, 11 of whom were allowed three months between irradiation and hysterectomy.Seven cases were cured, two were somewhat improved, and two, with unsuspected fibroids, were failures.We wish to thank Dr. A. G. Glucksmann, of the Strangeways Laboratories, Cambridge, who initiated and took part in this study, and Dr. C. W. Taylor
Is Docetaxel Now an Essential Component of Neoadjuvant Breast Chemotherapy?
Authors: Nasir Shahab, Syed Haider
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

REFERENCES 1. Cuzick J, Stewart H, Rutqvist L, et al: Cause-specific mortality in long-term survivors of breast cancer who participated in trials of radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 12:447-453, 1994 2. EBCTCG: Favorable and unfavourable effects on long-term survival of radiotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomized trials. Lancet 355:1757-1770, 2000 3. Erselcan T, Kairemo KJ, Wiklund TA, et al: Subclinical cardiotoxicity following adjuvant dose-escalated FEC, high-dose chemotherapy, or CMF in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 82:777-781, 2000 4. Bergh J, Wiklund T, Erikstein B, et al: Tailored fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide compared with marrow-supported high-dose chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for high-risk breast cancer: A randomized trial—Scandinavian Breast Group 9401 Study. Lancet 356:1384-1391, 2000 5. Scandinavian Breast Group Study 9401: Long-term follow-up of the randomized Scandinavian Breast Group (SBG) study 9401 comparing standard FEC followed by marrow supported high-dose therapy versus tailored and dose-escalated FEC therapy. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 22:24a, 2003 (abstr 94) 6. Hernberg M, Virkkunen P, Maasilta P, et al: Pulmonary toxicity after radiotherapy in primary breast cancer patients: Results from a randomized chemotherapy study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52:128-136, 2002
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Mycobacterium avium-intracellular Bacteremia in a Patient with Hemophilia
Authors: JAMES L. ELLIOTT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

A 27-year-old previously healthy man with hemophilia presented with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The patient had several episodes of oral candidiasis followed by disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. He was not homosexual nor did he take illicit drugs, but he had been self-administering two to four monthly infusions of factor VIII concentrate for 7 years. Invitro lymphocyte studies showed findings consistent with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that had previously been reported only in homosexual men, drug addicts, and Haitian refugees. The cause of this syndrome is unknown, but the possibility that it is associated with a transmissible agent acquired through the use of blood products such as factor VIII concentrate must be considered.
Rheumatic diseases and the environment.
Authors: D SYMMONS
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2000)

Two interactive rheumatology tutors on CD-ROMThe widespread availability of information and communication technology oVers new possibilities for education of professionals and of patients.One of these possibilities is computer assisted learning. 1Ten years ago, research focused on the development of computer assisted diagnosis and text based help to rheumatologists and others. 2Despite the initial enthusiasm about artificial intelligence (AI), resulting in several diagnostic expert systems, in routine care a precise diagnosis is rarely an important issue and as a consequence these systems are hardly used.The experience with expert systems, however, evolved into systems intended for educational purposes."AI/Learn", based on the "AI/Rheum" expert system and exploiting a videodisk with an image library, proved to be an eVective means of teaching rheumatology. 3 The same image library was used to teach occupational and physical therapy students with the "HP-Rheum" system (HP: Health Professionals). 4 In recent years the introduction of sound, images, and movies on PCs, and the replacement of videodisks by CD-ROM facilitated production and access to these methods.The products resulting from the AI/Rheum project are not yet available on this medium, but two European rheumatologists have now completed educational systems on CD-ROM.They are to be honoured for their pioneering eVorts.The main characteristics of the systems are summarised in table 1, details are discussed below.
Automation in Clinical Chemistry with Special Reference to the Autoanalyzer
Authors: L. G. Whitby
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Several chemical laboratories in hospitals have reported workloads which have been increasing by approximately 15% per annum-that is, doubling every five years-and the trends of the published figures indicate that chemical tests will continue to be required on an increasing scale for a number of years (Wootton, 1962; Eaton and Lathe, 1963; Whitby, 1963).As Wootton (1962) has pointed out, increases in workload can be met by hospital chemical laboratories in a limited number of ways.These are: (1) increases in staff establishment, (2) improvements in the existing manual techniques, (3) use of semi-automatic and automatic equipment, and (4) various combinations of 1, 2, and 3.Oakley (1964) drew attention to the shortage of trained medical laboratory technicians, and the correspondence which followed publication of his article noted especially the grave shortage of trained technicians in hospital chemical laboratories.It would be difficult, therefore, to handle increasing workloads solely by increasing staff establishments, even if space were available, since trained technicians would have to spend progres- sively larger parts of their time supervising the performance of more junior members of staff, to the detriment of their other duties.Considerable increases in efficiency, measured in terms of the number of tests performed daily by each technician, can be achieved by widespread adoption of work-simplification procedures.These include improved administrative arrange- ments within the laboratory-for example, for the processing and distribution of specimens prior to analysis-as well as the introduction, where appropriate, of auto-zero pipettes, auto- matic pipettes and burettes, mechanical shakers, flow-cell calorimeters, etc.These applications of work-simplification all constitute a form of automation.An alternative to work-simplification has been provided by automatic methods, in which some process which was formerly performed by hand is taken over by a machine.Mechanical devices can assist at various stages in analytical procedures- for example, in the manipulations required for chemical reactions to proceed, in the measurement of the intensity of a colour, or in the calculation and presentation of results.One or more of these stages can be performed automatically or semi- automatically, and the degree to which mechanical aids are used in any one laboratory technique determines whether the process can be described as fully or partially automated.Few clinical chemistry laboratories at present make use of fully automated procedures, but many use mechanical devices to achieve partial automation.In this connexion the most important single piece of apparatus which has been introduced in recent years has been the AutoAnalyzer (Skeggs, 1957).The applications of this
Blastic mantle cell lymphoma developing concurrently in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia and a review of the literature
Authors: Eve Rodler, Jeanna Welborn, Sandra Hatcher, Katherine Unger, Edward Larkin, Paul H. Gumerlock, Theodore Wun, Carol Richman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

Abstract Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) occurring as a synchronous malignancy with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is rare. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported of a patient who developed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) after therapy with imatinib mesylate for CML. After a 3‐year history of CML, the patient developed a lymphocytosis associated with diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss. Imaging studies revealed abdominal adenopathy and extensive lymphomatous infiltration of the liver, stomach, pancreas, and kidneys. Flow cytometric and cytogenetic studies were consistent with MCL. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of the bone marrow revealed a genetically distinct lymphoid neoplasm rather than an extramedullary blast crisis of CML. The development of lung cancer, prostate cancer, CML and MCL in this patient suggests a genetic predisposition, although other factors, including environmental exposures and therapy with imatinib mesylate could have had a contributory or synergistic role in the development of MCL. Am. J. Hematol. 75:231–238, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global Magnitude of Reported and Unreported Mesothelioma
Authors: Eun-Kee Park, Ken Takahashi, Tsutomu Hoshuyama, Tsun-Jen Cheng, Vanya Delgermaa, Giang Vinh Le, Tom Sorahan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

BackgroundLittle is known about the global magnitude of mesothelioma. In particular, many developing countries, including some with extensive historical use of asbestos, do not report mesothelioma.ObjectivesWe estimated the global magnitude of mesothelioma accounting for reported and unreported cases.MethodsFor all countries with available data on mesothelioma frequency and asbestos use (n = 56), we calculated the 15-year cumulative number of mesotheliomas during 1994–2008 from data available for fewer years and assessed its relationship with levels of cumulative asbestos use during 1920–1970. We used this relationship to predict the number of unreported mesotheliomas in countries for which no information on mesothelioma is available but which have recorded asbestos use (n = 33).ResultsWithin the group of 56 countries with data on mesothelioma occurrence and asbestos use, the 15-year cumulative number of mesothelioma was approximately 174,300. There was a statistically significant positive linear relation between the log-transformed national cumulative mesothelioma numbers and the log-transformed cumulative asbestos use (adjusted R2 = 0.83, p < 0.0001). Extrapolated to the group of 33 countries without reported mesothelioma, a total of approximately 38,900 (95% confidence interval, 36,700–41,100) mesothelioma cases were estimated to have occurred in the 15-year period (1994–2008).ConclusionsWe estimate conservatively that, globally, one mesothelioma case has been overlooked for every four to five reported cases. Because our estimation is based on asbestos use until 1970, the many countries that increased asbestos use since then should anticipate a higher disease burden in the immediate decades ahead.
Mother found guilty in case of fabricated illness
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The pathologist whose failure to disclose the results of microbiology tests on Harry, the baby son of Sally Clark, led the appeal court to quash her convictions for killing him and his brother, last week stood by his findings that there was no evidence of acute infection or inflammation in Harry's case.Home Office forensic pathologist Alan Williams was giving evidence at the General Medical Council, where he faces charges of serious professional misconduct.Mrs Clark was jailed for life for murdering 8 week old Harry in 1998 and 12 week old Christopher in 1996.She was freed by the Court of Appeal in 2003 after serving more than three years.The court quashed the convictions as "unsafe" after hearing that the microbiology tests on Harry found Staphylococcus aureus in var- Mother found guilty in case of fabricated illness