tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
High Autopsy Percentage
Authors: Donald E. Brown
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

A HIGH autopsy percentage has long been recognized as a primary criterion in the evaluation of any hospital for the training of interns and residents. It reflects, perhaps better than any other single item, the quality of work performed by the hospital staff. Yet the factors involved in the attainment of this desirable status have been given little consideration, even by those most intimately concerned.To determine the nature and scope of these factors an analysis of the Beverly Hospital statistics for the ten-year interval from 1943 to 1952 inclusive was undertaken. This hospital is ideally suited to such an . . .
AIDS Activities: From Day 1 to 'Something Big'
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1990)

WHEN AIDS began, it was the CDC's disease. Looking back, it's clear that the pandemic of what is now called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was well under way throughout the world by the summer of 1981, when two issues of the<i>MMWR</i>reported unusual disorders in clusters of male homosexuals in Los Angeles and New York City. But the Atlanta agency took the lead, as it had countless times before, in investigating the epidemiology of this new outbreak. Reminiscing recently about the organizational evolution of AIDS at the CDC, Gary R. Noble, MD, PhD, who holds the position of deputy director (HIV), recounted a virtual history of "what we knew and when we knew it" about the human immunodeficiency virus. After the initial<i>MMWR</i>reports, James W. Curran, MD, for example, was drawn at once from the Sexually Transmitted Diseases program to conduct surveillance and work with a small group that
A viol prejudice
Authors: Theodore Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2007)

According to Gorky, Lenin feared the music of Beethoven because it made him want to pat people's heads, and this was a distraction from having them shot, which was so much more constructive.

Tolstoy had a similar, though of course not identical, reaction to Beethoven, in so far as the character of Pozdnyshev in the story The Kreutzer Sonata may be taken to express Tolstoy's own views (as I think it may). The Kreutzer causes “an awakening of energy and feeling unsuited both to the time and place . . . ” and “cannot but act harmfully.”

In the story, Pozdnyshev kills his wife because he believes she has formed a liaison with a violinist, recently returned from Paris (a sure …
Neck Mass—A Mixed Blessing
Authors: Mark May
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The presence of a neck mass in an adult man aged 50 years or older is a mixed blessing. The positive aspect of the blessing is that if not for the neck mass, the primary lesion in the base of the tongue, nasopharynx, or hypopharynx may not have been discovered until it became too far advanced to be curable. The negative aspect of the blessing occurs when the cancer deposit in the neck is violated by performing a biopsy in an effort to make a diagnosis before doing a routine ear, nose, and throat examination that in most cases would have uncovered an obvious primary site. Although great advances have been made in medicine since the 1950s, the lump in the neck remains problematic. Martin and Romieu<sup>1</sup>(1952) stated that an asymmetric enlargement of one or more cervical lymph nodes in the adult is almost always
Sex in Drosophila mauritiana: A Very High Level of Amino Acid Polymorphism in a Male Reproductive Protein Gene, Acp26Aa
Authors: Shun-Chern Tsaur, Chau-Ti Ting, Chung-I Wu
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

Many genes pertaining to male reproductive functions have been shown to evolve rapidly between species, and evidence increasingly suggest the influence of positive Darwinian selection. The accessory gland protein gene (Acp26Aa) of Drosophila is one such example. In order to understand the mechanism of selection, it is often helpful to examine the pattern of polymorphism. We report here that the level of amino acid polymorphism in the N-terminal quarter of Acp26Aa is high in Drosophila melanogaster and is unprecedented in its sibling species Drosophila mauritiana. We postulate that (1) this N-terminal segment may play a role in sperm competition, and (2) D. mauritiana may have been under much more intense sexual selection than other species. Both postulates have important ramifications and deserve to be tested rigorously.
Global health research needs to focus on clinical trials to deliver products for patients, says report
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The focus of investments into global health research should switch from basic research to clinical trials to translate the findings from the past 10 years into products that benefit people, says a report from two international charities. 

The US government provided about $12.7bn (£7.8bn; €9.5bn) in global health research over the past decade, 45% of total world investment and 70% of all government investment in the field, says the report. 

It found that 45 new health tools were registered between 2000 and 2010, and the US government was involved in 24 (53%) of them. 

The 90 page report was written by the Global Health Technologies Coalition—40 US-based charities …
COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN ROUS SARCOMA WITH VIRUS, TUMOR CELLS, AND CHICK EMBRYO CELLS TRANSFORMED IN VITRO BY VIRUS
Authors: Stian Erichsen, Jan Eng, Herbert R. Morgan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

The chick embryo fibroblast infected by Rous sarcoma virus in vitro acquires the capacity to produce the acid mucopolysaccharides which are found in the tumors caused by this virus and which are also produced by tumor cells in vitro. The transformed cell acquires synthetic as well as morphologic, metabolic, and proliferative properties characteristic of Rous sarcoma tumor cells in vivo and in vitro and the transformed cell may be analogous to the tumor cell produced by virus infection in vivo.
Two Cases of Rupture of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
Authors: J. A. McCredie
Journal: BMJ (1957)

Closed abdominal injuries that are not rapidly fatal rarely cause damage to the extrahepatic bile ducts.The cases of two children are described in whom, as a result of a traffic accident, there was leakage of bile into the peritoneal cavity, which ceased spontaneously without any local repair at operation.
Life, Death, and the Doctor
Authors: C. Keith Whittaker
Journal: JAMA (1968)

This book is slick, easily read, definitely intended for the general public. Almost every currently controversial topic in medicine or human social biology pops up—medical education, sex, birth, death, the law—a real winner! Titles are seductive: "Is the Doctor Fit to Serve Society;" "Have Your Doctor Checked Once a Year;" "Sex Without Fear;" "Procreation, Profits, and Paralysis;" "Silver Rings, Plastic Bows, and Sperm Banks;" "Preparing for Death;" "Samaritans, Semantics, and Secrecy." Dr. Lasagna has honestly stated his own opinion about many controversial issues. It is healthy for a physician to punctuate public debates with reasoned and factual statements. Perhaps the author tackles too many topics; the book is too long to be taken at a single sitting and it badly needs editing (<i>Harry</i>Cushing, indeed!). Competition is keen: the Book-of-the-Month Club has recently selected a similar book by a science writer. But, curiously, one searches in vain for specific new
Questioning the relevance of circulating cardiac progenitor cells in cardiac regeneration
Authors: W ZIMMERMANN, T ESCHENHAGEN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2005)

See article by Ausoni et al. [10] (pages 394–404) in this issue .

Regeneration of injured myocardium would offer relief to millions of patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Cell implantation and induction of stem cell-mediated myocardial self-repair represent potential means to achieve myocardial regeneration [1,2]. The latter requires homing of cardiogenic cells to diseased myocardium or activation of resident cardiogenic stem cells. Both mechanisms have been described in the literature and would be preferable to exogenous cell engraftment with its drawbacks of invasive cell harvesting, cell propagation, and invasive cell deposition in the heart [3–6]. However, recent studies questioned the principal capacity of circulating adult stem cells to give rise to cardiac myocytes and support myocardial regeneration [7–9]. In the current issue of Cardiovascular Research , Ausoni et al. provide further evidence against the role of circulating stem cells in cardiac regeneration [10].

Assessment of stem cell-mediated cardiac regeneration requires unambiguous identification of these cells and their progeny in the heart. Several markers, including c-kit, sca-1, and isl-1, have been described to denote cardiac precursor cells, but are lost once progenitors differentiate into somatic cells, making cell fate mapping difficult [3–5]. Stable, preferably genetic, marking of stem cells and their progeny is thus a requirement if the fate of an individual cell is to be followed from the multipotent progenitor state to the differentiated somatic cell. Quiani et al. were the first to utilize sex-mismatched heart … 

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 40 42803 7205; fax: +49 40 42803 5925. Email address: w.zimmermann{at}uke.uni-hamburg.de
A Story of the Seduction of a Young Physician by a "Patent Medicine" Firm.
Authors: Lloyd A. Clary
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Winfield, Kan., Dec. 9, 1907. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I picked up the December number of<i>Appleton's Magazine</i>the other day and the first story I chanced to read was a surprise and revelation to me. It is entitled "The Edge of Circumstance," by Churchill Williams. I am not familiar with the author and do not know whether he is a physician or not, but he shows an intimate knowledge of the present state of affairs in the profession with regard to the nostrum evil. The story itself is true to life and a good one. The hardships and "financial stringency" of the young practitioner who is its leading character are so true in fact that I venture to say 90 per cent, of all the physicians of our land have experienced something along the same line. Any young physician who is having a hard time getting started in his chosen
Civil rights groups decry conviction of Indian paediatrician who pioneered community health
Authors: G. Mudur
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A court in the eastern Indian state of Chhattisgarh has sentenced to life imprisonment an Indian paediatrician, public health specialist, and human rights activitist, Binayak Sen who is accused of sedition and unlawful activities, but acclaimed in medical circles for his spearheading of community health activities in some of India’s poorest areas.

The additional district sessions court in Raipur, the state capital, convicted Dr Sen, national vice president of the People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), a leading humans rights organisation in India, of sedition in a case in which the state had accused him of carrying letters for a jailed Maoist leader.

Dr Sen had spent two years in prison on these charges while he was being tried until he …
Pitfalls of pharmacoepidemiology
Authors: D. C G Skegg
Journal: BMJ (2000)

General practice p 1190 

Three months ago a paper in the BMJ analysed the incidence of venous thromboembolism before and after the warning from the UK Committee on Safety of Medicines about third generation oral contraceptives.1 Using computer records of general practitioners, Farmer et al found that the incidence among pill users had not dropped, and they concluded that their findings were not compatible with a doubling of risk in women using third generation contraceptives (compared with older preparations). Their paper received wide publicity because it called into question an emerging consensus about this issue.2

This week's BMJ contains another analysis of computer records from British general practice, conducted by a group in Boston (p 1190).3 Jick et al found that, both before and after the warning in October 1995, the risk of venous thromboembolism in women using third generation oral contraceptives was about twice that in users of preparations containing levonorgestrel. Moreover, fewer cases occurred after the warning than would have been expected if the prescribing of oral contraceptives had not changed.

What is remarkable is that these two studies, reporting opposite conclusions, both used the same General Practice Research Database.4 …
Analysis of the human VH gene repertoire. Differential effects of selection and somatic hypermutation on human peripheral CD5(+)/IgM+ and CD5(-)/IgM+ B cells.
Authors: H P Brezinschek, S J Foster, R I Brezinschek, T Dörner, R Domiati-Saad, P E Lipsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

To analyze the immunoglobulin repertoire of human IgM+ B cells and the CD5(+) and CD5(-) subsets, individual CD19(+)/ IgM+/CD5(+) or CD5(-) B cells were sorted and non-productive as well as productive VH gene rearrangements were amplified from genomic DNA and sequenced. In both subsets, the VH3 family was overrepresented largely as a result of preferential usage of a small number of specific individual family members. In the CD5(+) B cell subset, all other VH families were found at a frequency expected from random usage, whereas in the CD5(-) population, VH4 appeared to be overrepresented in the nonproductive repertoire, and also negatively selected since it was found significantly less often in the productive compared to the nonproductive repertoire; the VH1 family was significantly diminished in the productive rearrangements of CD5(-) B cells. 3-23/DP-47 was the most frequently used VH gene segment and was found significantly more often than expected from random usage in productive rearrangements of both CD5(+) and CD5(-) B cells. Evidence for selection based on the D segment and the JH gene usage was noted in CD5(+) B cells. No differences were found between the B cell subsets in CDR3 length, the number of N-nucleotides or evidence of exonuclease activity. Somatically hypermutated VHDJH rearrangements were significantly more frequent and extensive in CD5(-) compared to CD5(+) IgM+ B cells, indicating that IgM+ memory B cells were more frequent in the CD5(-) B cell population. Of note, the frequency of specific VH genes in the mutated population differed from that in the nonmutated population, suggesting that antigen stimulation imposed additional biases on the repertoire of IgM+ B cells. These results indicate that the expressed repertoire of IgM+ B cell subsets is shaped by recombinational bias, as well as selection before and after antigen exposure. Moreover, the influences on the repertoires of CD5(+) and CD5(-) B cells are significantly different, suggesting that human peripheral blood CD5(+) and CD5(-) B cells represent different B cell lineages, with similarities to murine B-1a and B-2 subsets, respectively.
Correct use of the Apgar score for resuscitated and intubated newborn babies: questionnaire study
Authors: Enrico Lopriore, G Frederiek van Burk, Frans J Walther, Arnout Jan de Beaufort
Journal: BMJ (2004)

cers early in their clinical course.The socioeconomic gradients in disease progression at diagnosis may thus be due in part to socioeconomic gradients in uptake of breast cancer screening.The finding that no such gradients were present in data collected before the implementation of the national breast cancer screening programme supports this explanation, although such data are from other parts of the United Kingdom and rarely have complete stage data.Other factors must explain the gradient in women who have not been screened.The national breast cancer screening programme may have led to socioeconomic inequalities in disease progression at diagnosis in the United Kingdom.Further consideration of the possible impact of interventions on socioeconomic inequalities in health is needed.We thank Caroline Brook and Cheryl Craigs at NYCRIS for help in abstracting the data used in this analysis.
Utility of Homeostasis Model Assessment of β-Cell Function in Predicting Diabetes in 12,924 Healthy Koreans
Authors: Ki-Chul Sung, Gerald M. Reaven, Sun H. Kim
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE It is unclear how well homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) predicts diabetes development beyond its components, especially glucose. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We identified 12,924 nondiabetic Koreans who had fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations measured in 2003 and again in 2008. To minimize the impact of differences in baseline glucose concentration, individuals were divided into three glucose categories: normal fasting glucose (NFG, glucose &amp;lt;5.6 mmol/l), impaired fasting glucose (IFG-100) (5.6–6.0 mmol/l), and IFG-110 (6.1–6.9 mmol/l). RESULTS Diabetes developed in 29% of individuals in the IFG-110 group, compared with 5% in IFG-100 and 0.3% in NFG groups. Within each glucose category, those who progressed to diabetes had higher baseline glucose concentrations (P ≤ 0.04). Baseline HOMA-β, however, was not lower but higher in individuals who developed diabetes in the NFG group (P = 0.009) and similar in the IFG-100 and IFG-110 groups. CONCLUSIONS These data question the utility of using HOMA-β to predict the development of diabetes.
Surfactant protein A predicts survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Authors: F X McCormack, T E King, B L Bucher, L Nielsen, R J Mason, F X McCormac
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The purpose of this study was to determine if the measurement of surfactant protein A (SP-A) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid predicts survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We performed BAL on 44 patients with IPF and 33 healthy volunteers. SP-A and total phospholipid (PL) were measured in the surfactant pelleted by centrifugation and expressed as a ratio to account for differences in the alveolar surface area sampled. The mean SP-A/PL was lower in patients with IPF than in healthy volunteers (31.8 +/- 2.8 versus 63.9 +/- 6.4 micrograms/mumol, p = 0.006) and in patients who died within 2 yr than in those who survived (23.4 +/- 2.6 versus 37.5 +/- 4.2 micrograms/mumol, p = 0.015). Using Cox's proportional hazard model, we found that SP-A/PL modeled continuously was associated with survival time (p = 0.002). The 5-yr survival of patients with SP-A/PL above the median level for all patients with IPF (29.7 micrograms/mumol) was more than twice that of patients below the median (68 versus 30%, p = 0.007). SP-A/PL improved upon prediction of survival modeled by most routine physiologic variables with the exception of percent predicted TLC or the multifarious clinical-radiographic-physiologic score (CRP). Cellular analysis of lavage did not predict survival in this cohort of patients. We conclude that SP-A/PL is a biochemical marker in lavage that predicts survival in patients with IPF.
Laminin-Induced Signaling in Tumor Cells
Authors: Vered Givant-Horwitz, Ben Davidson, Reuven Reich
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The expression of the Mr 67,000 laminin receptor, a nonintegrin laminin receptor, was found to be up-regulated in neoplastic cells and to directly correlate with invasion and metastatic potential. In the present study, we investigated the role of laminin receptor in mediating laminin effects and the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) cascades and dual-specificity phosphatases in laminin signaling in human melanoma cells. Using stable transfection of A375SM melanoma cells, we established lines expressing reduced or elevated laminin receptor. The antisense-transfected cells demonstrated reduced attachment to laminin and reduced invasion through Matrigel-coated filters. In addition, both matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) mRNA expression and activity were significantly reduced in the antisense-transfected cells. Antisense-transfected cells showed a reduction in mRNA level of the α6B integrin subunit isoform, whereas no change in the mRNA level of the α6A isoform was observed. We found that exogenous laminin reduced the phosphorylated (active) form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase, and p38 in all of the cells, irrespective of the expression of the laminin receptor. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase, and p38 was significantly higher in the cell lines expressing reduced laminin receptor, regardless of the exposure to exogenous laminin. This increase of MAPK phosphorylation was accompanied by a significant reduction in MKP-1 phosphatase mRNA level and a significant increase in PAC-1 phosphatase mRNA level. In conclusion, our results confirm the involvement of the laminin receptor in different mechanisms related to tumor dissemination and provide first evidence of the involvement of MAPK and dual-specificity phosphatases in its signal transduction pathway.
Abnormal Myocardial Perfusion in Kawasaki Disease Convalescence
Authors: Konstantinos Bratis, Amedeo Chiribiri, Tarique Hussain, Thomas Krasemann, Marcus Henningsson, Alkystis Phinikaridou, Sophie Mavrogeni, Rene Botnar, Eike Nagel, Reza Razavi, Gerald Greil
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2014)
Genome-wide studies in multiple myeloma identify XPO1/CRM1 as a critical target validated using the selective nuclear export inhibitor KPT-276
Authors: J Schmidt, E Braggio, K M Kortuem, J B Egan, Y X Zhu, C S Xin, R E Tiedemann, S E Palmer, V M Garbitt, D McCauley, M Kauffman, S Shacham, M Chesi, P L Bergsagel, A K Stewart
Journal: Leukemia (2013)