tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of war: moral knowledge, revenge, reconciliation, and medicalised concepts of "recovery"
Authors: D. Summerfield
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Western health professionals and the public have a misguided image of war and its aftermath that is often far removed from the actual experience of non-westernised societies. A British psychiatrist looks at the effects of war and at the belief that the emotional reactions of victims of war should be modified 

In 1999, a survey of 600 households of Kosovo Albanians by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 86% of men and 89% of women had strong feelings of hatred towards the Serbs. Overall, 51% of men and 43% of women had a desire to seek revenge most or all of the time.1 Similar findings are seen, for example, with people from both sides of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.2

The idea that feelings of revenge are bad for you comes from the quietist Judaeo-Christian traditions of confessing, forgiving, and turning the other cheek. The report of the Kosovan survey cast feelings of revenge as indicators of poor mental health, and it concluded by making recommendations for mental health programmes. In Croatia—a part of former Yugoslavia—a foreign led project told Croatian children affected by the war that not hating and mistrusting Serbs would help them recover from the trauma.3

In a recent study of victims of the apartheid era in South Africa—some of whom testified to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission—post-traumatic stress disorder and depression were significantly more common in those who were unforgiving towards the perpetrators than in those with high “forgiveness” scores.4 Such studies seek to give scientific weight to the notion that the mental health of victims is at risk if they do not forgive those who hurt them. The moral economy that operated during the hearings is indicated by the fact that commissioners were not uncomfortable if testifiers wept while giving …
Reaching beyond the white middle classes
Authors: Petra M Boynton, Gary W Wood, Trisha Greenhalgh, Questionnaire Clinic
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The rise in wildfire frequency and severity across the globe has increased interest in secondary succession. However, despite the role of soil microbial communities in the regeneration of post-fire vegetation and biogeochemical cycling, the lack of measurements immediately post-fire and at high temporal resolution has resulted in a limited understanding of microbial secondary succession. To fill this knowledge gap, we collected soils at 17, 25, 34, 67, 95, 131, 187, 286, and 376 days after a Southern California wildfire in fire-adapted chaparral shrublands. We assessed bacterial and fungal biomass with qPCR of 16S and 18S and richness and composition with Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S and ITS2 amplicons. Fire severely reduced bacterial biomass by 47% and richness by 46%, but the impacts were stronger for fungi, with biomass decreasing by 86% and richness by 68%. While bacterial biomass and richness oscillated in response to precipitation, the declines in biomass and richness for both groups persisted for the entire post-fire year. In contrast to the unburned plots, fungi and bacteria in the burned plots experienced rapid succession, with 5-6 compositional turnover periods. Analogous to plants, fire-adapted, or “fire-loving,” pyrophilous microbes drove successional dynamics. The dominant pyrophilous bacteria and fungi experienced marked trade-offs in abundance over time, especially for fungi, with an initial peak in the Basidiomycete yeast <i>Geminibasidium</i> followed by trade-offs with the filamentous Ascomycetes <i>Pyronema, Aspergillus,</i> and <i>Penicillium</i>. For bacteria, the Proteobacteria genus <i>Massilia</i> dominated burned plots throughout the year. Yet, the following two most dominant bacteria, the Firmicute <i>Bacillus</i> and Proteobacteria <i>Noviherbaspirillum,</i> traded off in abundance over time. Our high temporal sampling allowed us to capture the dynamics of microbial secondary succession for the first time, which indicates that the trade-offs among a few dominant pyrophilous microbes control microbial succession and thus might have important impacts on ecosystem functions.
Bones, Bodies, and Disease: Evidence of Disease and Abnormality in Early Man
Authors: Marietta M. Cassle
Journal: JAMA (1964)

In any group of people, the pattern of disease and injury mirrors their environment and culture. With this tenet in mind, Dr. Wells describes the hybrid discipline of paleopathology, presenting his fascinating investigations and the methods used therein. A paleopathologist bases his findings on two kinds of evidence: primary material, consisting of actual remains of a body, and secondary sources, such as descriptions or artifacts depicting disease. Making suitable inferences from a bone or mummified remains can be exciting, although the incomplete evidence available to paleopathologists may be misleading. The author well expresses the delicate balance between informed intuition and an overenthusiastic guess. With thoroughness Dr. Wells discusses ancient illnesses, including injuries, infections, growths, congenital abnormalities, and metabolic and deficiency diseases. Related topics discussed are the practices of trephination, cannibalism, and artificial interference with the body in mutilation or binding of the head. An appendix of photographs and drawings illustrates
In vitro assessment of biopersistence using mammalian cell systems.
Authors: M C Jaurand
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Biopersistence of fibers in the respiratory airways is a concept including both the physical durability of the fibers and their chemical stability. Physical durability results from several events of diverse origins: fiber epuration by the lung clearance mechanisms, internalization by scavenger cells and fiber splitting. Fibers residing in the lung milieu will be attacked and modified chemically, structurally, and physically (size and shape). Fiber toxicity, which is very likely to be dependent on physical fiber characteristics, will also be dependent on the duration of the fiber's stay in the tissue. Biopersistence, therefore, will be a key issue in determining fiber toxicity. So far, few in vitro systems have been used to study parameters involved in biopersistence. However, examples exist of investigations of fiber phagocytosis by mammalian cells in culture, either by macrophages, or epithelial or mesothelial cells, and studies have also been reported of the fate of internalized fibers in relation to fiber dimensions and chemical stability, especially within macrophages and mesothelial cells. The methods will be presented and discussed to determine to what extent the development of in vitro biophysical models could help in determining those parameters, known or thought to be relevant to fiber persistence.
FREQUENCY, TREATMENT AND IMPACT OF PREHOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST AMONG PATIENTS WITH STEMI: A REPORT FROM THE ACTION REGISTRY-GWTG™ AND MISSION: LIFELINE
Authors: Michael C. Kontos, Benjamin Scirica, Matthew Dupree, Monique L. Anderson, Debra B. Diercks, Daniel Munoz, James Jollis, Matthew Roe
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Exercise for the older woman: choosing the right prescription.
Authors: J E Taunton, A D Martin, E C Rhodes, L A Wolski, M Donelly, J Elliot
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1997)

Many elderly women in industrially developed countries are at, or near to, functionally important strength related thresholds and so have either lost, or are in danger of losing, the ability to perform some important everyday tasks. The increased rate of healthcare expenditure due to loss of physical function is a major economic issue. Even though women make up most of the senior population, little current research on the impact of physical activity on strength and function in elderly people has included women. Elderly women typically have more barriers to participation in physical activity than do other groups and because of decreased participation, may possibly experience higher disability rates. Physical activity in old age may delay the progression of osteoporosis and is of paramount importance for maintaining the functional abilities needed to carry out daily tasks. Current research on exercise and the elderly population suggests that strength training may be the exercise mode of choice for maintenance of strength, physical function, bone integrity, and psychosocial health. This review summarises recent research on the impact of strength training on the fitness and health of elderly women and highlights considerations and potential barriers to physical activity that must be taken into account when planning exercise programmes for them.
Reducing Youth Access to Tobacco
Authors: Ronald M. Davis
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<i>To continue its longstanding commitment that smoking is not for young people, the tobacco industry... is supporting state legislation to make it tougher for young people to buy cigarettes. We are also working with retailers for strict compliance with state laws prohibiting sales of cigarettes to minors</i>.—The Tobacco Institute, 1991 poster. <i>[W]e believe that tobacco distributors can play an important role in reinforcing retailer efforts to comply with state laws prohibiting tobacco sales to minors. Indeed, NATD currently is preparing a program to assist retailers in this regard.</i>— Peter Strauss, president and chief executive officer, National Association of Tobacco Distributors.<sup>1</sup> <i>We are excited about NACS' responsible tobacco retailing program and will urge our members to adopt it as well as company policies against illegal tobacco sales. We believe strongly that it will be successful</i>. — Kerley LeBoeuf, president and chief executive officer, National Association of Convenience Stores,
Effects of dietary cholesterol on bile formation and hepatic processing of chylomicron remnant cholesterol in the rat
Authors: Martin J. Smit, Folkert Kuipers, Roel J. Vonk, Arno M. Temmerman, Stefan Jäckle, Eberhard E. T. Windler
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

We have studied the coupling between hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnant cholesteryl ester and biliary excretion of cholesterol and bile acids in rats, after feeding them a cholesterol-free (control) or a high-cholesterol diet (1% wt/wt) for 2 wk. We equipped rats with permanent catheters in the bile duct, duodenum and heart to allow experiments in unanesthetized, unrestrained animals. Cholesterol feeding induced a 20% increase in plasma cholesterol concentration, a threefold increase in hepatic bile acid synthesis and a 27% increase in bile acid pool size, whereas biliary excretion of cholesterol was decreased by 50%. The enlarged bile acid pool contained relatively less cholic acid and more chenodeoxycholic acid and muricholic acids. [3H]cholesteryl ester-labeled chylomicron remnants (150 micrograms protein per rat) were injected intracardially, and blood and bile were collected for a period of 22 hr. Plasma disappearance of remnants was significantly delayed by cholesterol feeding, probably caused by competition with diet-induced beta-very low density lipoproteins for hepatic uptake. In control rats biliary excretion of chylomicron remnant-derived radioactivity (50% in free cholesterol and 50% in bile acids) showed an initial peak 1 hr after injection (2.4% dose per hour). A second peak (90% in bile acids), amounting to 1.5% of the dose per hour, appeared 11 hr after injection. Total 22-hr excretion of 3H was 22% of the dose. In cholesterol-fed rats chylomicron remnant-derived radioactivity appeared more rapidly in bile, with a peak 1 hr after injection, amounting to 3.5% of the dose per hour. In this case radioactivity was mainly present as bile acid. Total excretion in 22 hr was 27% of the dose. We conclude that chylomicron remnant uptake by the liver is efficiently coupled to bile acid synthesis and biliary excretion, thus providing an efficient pathway for removal of intestine-derived cholesterol. After cholesterol feeding, chylomicron remnant cholesteryl ester is more efficiently converted to bile acids, a mechanism which may contribute to the resistance of rats to diet-induced elevation of plasma cholesterol. In contrast, biliary excretion in the form of free cholesterol, the second main excretory pathway, is significantly decreased by a high-cholesterol diet.
ABC of alcohol. Help: referral.
Authors: D Bissell, A Paton, B Ritson
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Akohol problem clinics Councils on alcoholism Alcoholics AnonymousGeneral practitioners may feel that they do not have time to counsel the problem drinker within a busy practice but this view may not be fully justified.Firstly, the GP already knows a lot about the patient and his family and can focus questions and advice quickly.Secondly, the interviews, apart from the assessment with the spouse, which may take 30 minutes, can be conducted in an ordinary surgery.It is probably better to have most interviews short but frequent.Thirdly, the GP has a position of trust and authority, both crucial factors in securing compliance.Finally, the patient and his family will attend the surgery anyway-complaining of the symptoms of excessive drinking-so the GP might just as well tackle the underlying cause as patch up the consequences.
Detection of Helicobacter pylori in stool specimens by non-invasive antigen enzyme immunoassay in children: multicentre Italian study
Authors: G. Oderda
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Helicobacter pylori infection is mainly acquired in childhood and may predispose to peptic ulcer or gastric cancer later in life.1 Non-invasive diagnostic tools are particularly useful in children as screening tests and for epidemiological studies, but their accuracy has to be tested against that of invasive tests in symptomatic patients before they are used in any particular population.

Of the non-invasive tests now available, serological testing is not accurate in young patients and the 13C urea breath test is expensive. In 1998 an enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) (Premier-Platinum-HpSA, Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, OH, USA) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for both diagnosis in adult symptomatic patients, and monitoring the response to treatment. It is now commercially available, but its correlation with gastric infection has not been assessed in children. We evaluated its diagnostic accuracy against invasive tests in children undergoing endoscopy for clinical evaluation, and we determined the cut off values for the paediatric population.

View this table:

Test performance calculated according to different reading techniques (at 450 …
Emergency transport for neonates after home deliveries
Authors: C Sullivan, A Leslie, T Stephenson
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, — After an elective home delivery of a low risk pregnancy, unexpected neonatal problems ensued and our neonatal flying squad was summoned for immediate help with resuscitation. Such an emergency service to home deliveries has not been planned or funded, and so the midwife was advised to call a standard emergency ambulance.

In view of the increasing trend towards home deliveries, supported by the Royal College of Midwives and the government, we wish to express our concerns …
Catecholamines in Arteries and Veins of the Foreleg of the Dog
Authors: HOWARD E. MAYER, FRANCOIS M. ABBOUD, DENNIS R. BALLARD, JOHN W. ECKSTEIN
Journal: Circulation Research (1968)

The catecholamine content of various blood vessels of the foreleg of the dog was measured by a fluorimetric method (48 vascular segments from 11 dogs) and also by bioassay (33 segments from 8 dogs). The results obtained by the fluorimetric method indicate that the average concentration of catecholamines in the brachial artery (0.14 µg/g of wet tissue) was significantly lower than that in the ulnar (0.70 µg/g) and metacarpal arteries (0.66 µg/g); the average concentration in the brachial vein (0.17 µg/g) was significantly lower than that in the cephalic (1.30 µg/g) and metacarpal veins (0.47 µg/g). The values obtained by bioassay were generally higher than those obtained by the fluorimetric method, but the differences between the arterial segments and between the venous segments were similar by both methods. There was a close correlation between the concentration of catecholamines in the different vascular segments and the relative responsiveness of these segments to nerve stimulation as reported previously (Circulation Res. 18: 263, 1966). Pretreatment with reserpine decreased markedly the catecholamines in segments of ulnar artery and cephalic vein. Intravenous infusion of norepinephrine in amounts sufficient to raise blood levels of catecholamines five- to tenfold did not alter the content of segments of ulnar artery.
The Initiation of Renal-Replacement Therapy — Just-in-Time Delivery
Authors: Norbert Lameire, Wim Van Biesen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Renal-replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease was introduced approximately 50 years ago, yet the optimal timing for the initiation of dialysis is still debated. In recent years there has been a trend toward initiating dialysis at a relatively high estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR),1,2 based on the assumption that starting dialysis early may avert the many medical and social problems associated with advanced uremia. For example, in 1996, only 19% of patients in the United States began dialysis therapy when the estimated GFR was higher than 10 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area (early . . .
Fundus Autofluorescence in Carriers of Choroideremia and Correlation with Electrophysiologic and Psychophysical Data
Authors: Markus N. Preising, Erika Wegscheider, Christoph Friedburg, Charlotte M. Poloschek, Bettina K. Wabbels, Birgit Lorenz
Journal: Ophthalmology (2009)
Histopathology of the conduction system in the sudden infant death syndrome.
Authors: J T Lie, H S Rosenberg, E E Erickson
Journal: Circulation (1976)

The cause of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, crib death, or cot death) is unknown. Current hypotheses include lability of heart rate and/or rhythm as a pathogenetic factor. The conduction system of 50 infants coming to autopsy were examined by serial sections; the infants were from newborn to two years of age. Twenty-six were SIDS deaths and 24 were explained deaths (ED). The frequency of histologic abnormalities of the specialized tissue was almost identical in both groups of infants. Hemorrhage in or around different parts of the conduction system was present in 27% SIDS and 29% ED. There was no evidence of cell death or degeneration of conduction fibers, nor obstructive lesions of the atrioventricular (A-V) arteries. Apparent moulding of A-V node and His bundle was a universal finding in both SIDS and ED, and consisted of irregular interdigitation of A-V node and His bundle fibers with the myxoid central fibrous body (CFB). Isolated bundles of conduction fibers residing in CFB and membranous ventricular septum were seen in two SIDS, but no direct contact between these fibers and the working myocardium could be identified in serial sections in either case. Without corroborating antemortem electrophysiologic data, the functional significance of morphologic findings in the conduction system of SIDS must remain conjectural.
Excessive Mortality Associated With Balloon Tamponade of Bleeding Varices
Authors: Harold O. Conn
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Fatal complications occur frequently during use of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube for treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. The efficacy and complications of esophageal tamponade were reviewed in 40 consecutive patients. Esophageal tamponade controlled bleeding in 22 (56%) of the patients. Major complications occurred in 14 patients (35%), and death was attributed to these complications in nine patients (22%). Regurgitation of gastric contents caused death in six patients. Two died of rupture of the esophagus and one of airway obstruction. Balloon tamponade is a difficult and dangerous technique. It should be reserved for those patients proven unequivocally to be bleeding from esophageal varices in whom massive bleeding continues despite conservative therapy and in whom surgical intervention is impossible. Prophylactic tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation prior to the use of the balloon tubes may prevent complications.
616. Enhancement of Antitumor Activity of Interferons by RNAi-Mediated Silencing of SOCS Genes in Tumor Cells
Authors: Yuki Takahashi, Haruka Kaneda, Makiya Nishikawa, Yoshinobu Takakura
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Cytokine-based cancer immunotherapy, which has already been used in clinical practice, is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. However, it has been reported that some tumor cells are not sensitive to cytokine-mediated cell death. Furthermore, tumor cells can acquire resistance to cytokines during their progression, leading to the increase in the administration dose of cytokines. However, this increase would be indispensably associated with severe side effects such as leukopenia and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are a family of negative regulators of cytokine signaling by inhibiting Jak activation. Of the family members, SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 are the most potent inhibitors of cytokine-induced signals. Recent studies have indicated that high expression of the SOCS proteins is found in several advanced cancer cells. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between the expressionlevel of the SOCS proteins in tumor cells and their sensitivity to cytokines was reported. These pieces of evidence suggest that the silencing of SOCS-1 or -3 in tumor cells by RNA interference can enhance the susceptibility of tumor cells to cytokines. In this study, we selected murine interferon (IFN)-β and -γ as antitumor cytokines, and examined their effects on the proliferation of cultured tumor cells: B16–BL6 melanoma cells, and CT-26 and colon 26 colon carcinoma cells. A quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that CT-26 cells and colon 26 cells had higher mRNA expression of SOCS-1 and -3 than B16-BL6 cells or C2C12 myoblasts, the latter used as a model of normal cells. Proliferation of the tumor cells was inhibited by the addition of IFN-β or IFN-γ to culture media in an IFN concentration-dependent manner. We found that B16-BL6 cells were more sensitive to IFNs than CT-26 or colon 26 cells. Then, to suppress the expression of SOCS-1 or -3, we constructed small interfering RNA (siRNA)-expressing plasmid DNA targeting one of these genes (psi-SOCS1 and psi-SOCS3). Transfection of psi-SOCS1 or psi-SOCS3 significantly reduced the mRNA expression of the corresponding target gene to 50–60 % of the controls. This reduction in the mRNA level of SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 significantly increased the susceptibility of CT-26 and colon 26 cells to the anti-proliferative activity of IFN-β and IFN-γ. On the other hand, the reduction in the mRNA levels hardly affected the susceptibility of B16-BL6 cells that showed lower mRNA expression of the SOCS genes than the others. These results indicate that the silencing of SOCS-1 and -3 expression in tumor cells can improve the anti-tumor effect of IFNs under conditions where the expression of these genes are increased.
Improvement of cardiac performance by intravenous infusion of l-arginine in patients with moderate congestive heart failure
Authors: Bella Koifman, Yoram Wollman, Natalie Bogomolny, Tamara Chernichowsky, Ariel Finkelstein, Gary Peer, Jack Scherez, Miriam Blum, Shlomo Laniado, Adrian Iaina, Gad Keren
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)