tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is the Prostate Pill Finally Here?
Authors: Paul H. Lange
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

After fulfilling its reproductive role, the prostate mostly causes trouble by virtue of its propensity for benign or malignant cellular proliferation in aging men. Benign prostatic hypertrophy causes symptoms of bladder-outlet obstruction in 50 percent of men 60 years of age or older, and 25 to 30 percent ultimately need surgery. Prostatectomy, mostly by transurethral resection, is excellent therapy, but 15 percent of the men who have this operation are not helped and 5 to 10 percent have postoperative complications.1 Carcinoma of the prostate is the most frequent cancer and the second leading cause of death from cancer among men . . .
Treatment of hepatobiliary pruritus
Authors: S.Elizabeth Whitmore
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1997)

Although randomized, double-blind, controlled trials are the standard in clinical investigation, therapies that have not been so studied should not be discarded without further consideration. Connolly, Kantor, and Menduke have performed a study in search of effective treatments of hepatobiliary pruritus (J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:801-5). Unfortunately, because they selected only studies that were randomized, placebo-controlled trials from their review of the literature, they neglected to mention UV phototherapy. 1Hanid MA Levi AJ. Phototherapy for pruritus in primary cirrhosis.Lancet. 1980; 2 ([letter]): 530Abstract PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 2Perlstein SM. Phototherapy for primary biliary cirrhosis.Arch Dermatol. 1981; 117 ([letter]): 608Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar, 3Person JR. Ultraviolet A (UV-A) and cholestatic pruritus.Arch Dermatol. 1981; 117 ([letter]): 684Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar In that these authors proceed from their analysis of the literature to make recommendations regarding future studies, they need to acknowledge "anecdotally effective" therapies that also deserve study in randomized, double-blind, controlled designs. Phototherapy is clearly a treatment deserving further study. Not only is the risk/benefit ratio with phototherapy far superior to that associated with some of the systemic therapies recommended for further study, there may also be a biologic mechanism by which phototherapy may work. As the authors mention, it has been proposed that the causative "pruritogen" in hepatobiliary pruritus is an "unknown photolabile" substance. One of my colleagues, Dr. Warwick Morison, would go so far as to suggest that phototherapy is the treatment to which all other therapies should be compared because he believes this is the most effective available.
Locus- and Population-Specific Selection and Differentiation between Incipient Species of Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Thomas L. Turner, Matthew W. Hahn
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Anopheles gambiae, the primary mosquito vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, is divided into 2 sympatric incipient species known as M form and S form. Recent genomic analysis of each form revealed that differentiation between forms is clustered into 3 unlinked regions of the genome. Here, we expand the investigation of these “genomic islands of speciation” to multiple populations, including all of the genes across one of the islands. Differentiation between the M and S forms in 2 of the islands is complete across all individuals in all populations, confirming that the M and S forms are reproductively isolated taxa. Differentiation at the third island (on chromosome 2R) is limited to Cameroon populations. There is reduced variation in the M form in Cameroon at this location and increased divergence to the outgroup Anopheles arabiensis, supporting an association of adaptation with reproductive isolation.
Patient Self-Management of Insulin Doses in the Hospital
Authors: Michael A. Weiss
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

Reading the exchange of letters in the December 2005 issue regarding the management of inpatient hyperglycemia made me reflect on personal experiences as a hospital patient (1,2). In past years, as surgeons and cardiologists tended to their more immediate tasks, my diabetes was often relegated to a secondary and sometimes seemingly nonexistent concern. I was frustrated and angered by substitution of the sliding-scale for my normal insulin regimen, especially as my blood glucose spiraled out of control. It is encouraging that this critical issue is receiving increased attention.

My own bouts with surgeries at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center this past winter highlight the benefits of focusing on …
Maintenance digoxin after an episode of heart failure.
Authors: S J Warrington, N A Hamer
Journal: BMJ (1977)

distances and stay away from home as before.I suggest that specialist societies should urgently consider amalgamation or combined meetings with the larger organisations.Unless something is done to reduce expenses I feel sure that resignations will inevitably follow non-attendance and many of these valuable professional activities will cease.Little help can be expected from employing authorities, whose funds are wholly insufficient to cover meeting expenses for most of their staff.
Locoregional treatment for breast cancer
Authors: D Dodwell
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Local recurrence also affects mortality, and appropriate treatment is important 

Breast cancer is a common and diverse disease that is seen in many areas of clinical practice. Central to the development of a coherent strategy for its management and to define research priorities is an understanding of its natural history and the relation between the risks of locoregional and systemic recurrence.

The Halstedian view of breast cancer as a disease characterised by stepwise locoregional progression, which is therefore amenable to radical surgery and radiotherapy, came under question when randomised trials of more aggressive local treatment (mostly entailing the application of radiotherapy after mastectomy) improved local control but not overall survival.1 The perception that mortality from breast cancer was related to systemic rather than local recurrence led to the notion of biological predeterminism, and the role of local treatment was relegated to the prevention of local recurrence and its attendant morbidity rather than influencing mortality.2

One effect of this transition in understanding was the development of less radical locoregional treatment and specifically the introduction of breast conserving surgery with breast irradiation. The long term …
Abstract 4827: A novel FGFR2 haplotype is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in African American women
Authors: Priya B. Shetty, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan, Xiaowei Guan, Sarah J. Nyante, Robert C. Millikan
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify new and validate known SNPs and haplotypes in FGFR2 associated with risk of breast cancer in African American women. Methods: Study participants were from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study conducted in North Carolina. Cases and controls were frequency-matched on age and race. 1536 SNPs and 158 AIMs (ancestry informative markers) were genotyped with the Illumina GoldenGate assay. 89% of the SNP panel and 91% of the AIMs passed quality control. Associations between single SNPs and breast cancer were examined using logistic regression in SAS 9.2, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs was tested with SAS/Genetics. Haplotypes were constructed and evaluated for association with breast cancer using generalized linear models as implemented in Haplo. stats. Statistical analyses were conducted on the whole dataset and stratified by race and age at diagnosis. 10 single SNPs in FGFR2 were analyzed. Of these 10 SNPs, rs11200014, rs2981579, rs1219648 and rs2420946 were further analyzed in haplotype analysis in order to compare our results with previous studies. As African Americans were over-sampled, all analyses were adjusted to account for study design. Results: There were 3748 participants in the study; 742 cases (37.6% of cases) and 658 controls (37.0% of controls) were African American, and 1230 cases and 1118 controls were non-African American. 9 SNPs in all women, 9 SNPs in older women (&amp;gt; 50 years at diagnosis), 7 SNPs in younger women (&amp;lt; 50 years at diagnosis), 8 SNPs in African Americans and 9 SNPs in non-African Americans were associated with increased risk of breast cancer after adjusting for European ancestry and/or race and age. In all subjects, the ATGT, GTGT and GTAT haplotypes were associated with increased odds of breast cancer after adjusting for age, race and ancestry. In African American women, the GTGT haplotype was associated with significant increased risk of breast cancer while the ATGT haplotype was associated with increased risk in non-African American women. Interestingly, the GTGT haplotype was also found to be associated with increased risk of breast cancer among women aged &amp;lt;50 years old at diagnosis. Conclusions: The GTGT haplotype in FGFR2 is a newly discovered haplotype that is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in African American and younger women. Previous studies have primarily focused on post-menopausal, European American women, and these results highlight the need to conduct genetic epidemiology studies in a variety of racial/ethnic populations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4827.
More money needed for accurate data on doctors’ performance
Authors: Lisa Hitchen
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Doctors have called for substantial investment in data on their performance to ensure that the public gets an accurate picture of results. The call has come after news that the government will soon publish the death rates of patients having surgery in NHS hospitals in England.

The first data will cover procedures such as hip and knee replacements, oesophageal surgery, and correction of aortic aneurysms.

Bruce Keogh, NHS medical director, told the Guardian that this was likely to happen “within weeks or months” and would be put on the NHS Choices website this summer (www.nhs.uk).

Initially, data will be published on hospital units’ performance; information about individual clinicians will follow. …
Histone-mediated Transduction as an Efficient Means for Gene Delivery
Authors: Kylie M Wagstaff, Dominic J Glover, David J Tremethick, David A Jans
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Gene delivery into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is inefficient, largely because of the significant barriers within the target cell of the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. Recently, a group of basic proteins, including the HIV-1 Tat protein and the four core histones, have been shown to enter cells through a novel energy- and receptor-independent manner. Here, we show that engineered histone H2B proteins are able to mediate the efficient delivery of either green fluorescent protein or DNA into HeLa cells through the process of "Histone-Mediated Transduction" (HMT), with further enhancement achieved by utilizing a dimer of histones H2B and H2A. Subsequent nuclear delivery was accelerated approximately two-fold by the addition of an optimized nuclear localization signal to histone H2B, thereby increasing the affinity of interaction with components of the cellular nuclear import machinery, resulting in increased expression of a reporter gene. Further, we demonstrate that the domains responsible for this histone transduction are located in the N-terminal tail and globular regions of histone H2B. HMT represents a new, efficient, and technically non-demanding means to deliver DNA to the nucleus of intact cells, including embryonic stem cells, which has important applications in gene therapy and cancer therapeutics. Gene delivery into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is inefficient, largely because of the significant barriers within the target cell of the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. Recently, a group of basic proteins, including the HIV-1 Tat protein and the four core histones, have been shown to enter cells through a novel energy- and receptor-independent manner. Here, we show that engineered histone H2B proteins are able to mediate the efficient delivery of either green fluorescent protein or DNA into HeLa cells through the process of "Histone-Mediated Transduction" (HMT), with further enhancement achieved by utilizing a dimer of histones H2B and H2A. Subsequent nuclear delivery was accelerated approximately two-fold by the addition of an optimized nuclear localization signal to histone H2B, thereby increasing the affinity of interaction with components of the cellular nuclear import machinery, resulting in increased expression of a reporter gene. Further, we demonstrate that the domains responsible for this histone transduction are located in the N-terminal tail and globular regions of histone H2B. HMT represents a new, efficient, and technically non-demanding means to deliver DNA to the nucleus of intact cells, including embryonic stem cells, which has important applications in gene therapy and cancer therapeutics.
Prospective Electrocardiogram-Gated Delayed Enhanced Multidetector Computed Tomography Accurately Quantifies Infarct Size and Reduces Radiation Exposure
Authors: Hyuk-Jae Chang, Richard T. George, Karl H. Schuleri, Kristine Evers, Kakuya Kitagawa, João A.C. Lima, Albert C. Lardo
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2009)
Randomised comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding in patients with persisting neurological dysphagia.
Authors: R. H. Park, M. C. Allison, J. Lang, E. Spence, A. J. Morris, B. J. Danesh, R. I. Russell, P. R. Mills
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVE--To compare percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding in patients with persisting neurological dysphagia. DESIGN--Randomised 28 day study of inpatients requiring long term enteral nutrition. SETTING--Three Glasgow teaching hospitals. SUBJECTS--40 patients with dysphagia for at least four weeks secondary to neurological disorders: 20 patients (10 women) were randomised to nasogastric feeding and 20 (eight women) to endoscopic gastrostomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Treatment failure (blocked or displaced tubes on three or more occasions or refusal to continue treatment); duration of feeding; intake of liquid diets; complications; nutritional status at end of trial. RESULTS--One patient in each group died before starting feeding. Treatment failure occurred in 18 of the 19 nasogastric patients and in none of the gastrostomy group. The mean (SE) duration of feeding for the nasogastric group was 5.2 (1.5) days. No complications occurred in the nasogastric group but three (16%) of the gastrostomy group developed minor problems (aspiration pneumonia (two patients) wound infection (one)). Gastrostomy patients received a significantly greater proportion of their prescribed feed (93% (2%)) compared with the nasogastric group, (55% (4%); p less than 0.001) and also gained significantly more weight after seven days of feeding (1.4 (0.5) kg v 0.6 (0.1) kg; p less than 0.05). Analyses at days 14, 21, and 28 were not possible due to the small numbers remaining in the nasogastric group. CONCLUSION--Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube feeding is a safe and effective method of providing long term enteral nutrition to patients with neurological dysphagia and offers important advantages over nasogastric tube feeding.
THE PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OF HUMAN MILK
Authors: HENRY DWIGHT CHAPIN
Journal: JAMA (1926)

The production and handling of human milk by the Children's Welfare Federation of New York was begun, Oct. 6, 1921. From that date to May 1, 1926, 5,296 quarts represents the total amount that has been produced and distributed by this agency. For the first three years only one station was in existence, but since then three stations in different sections of the city have carried on the work.<sup>1</sup>The milk is collected only in these stations and none is now accepted unless it is expressed in the station under the eye of the matron in attendance. The women sit in screened booths and they are thus visible only to the matron who watches and advises during the progress of the milking. The duties of the matron consist in instructing and supervising the mothers, sterilizing the bottles, keeping records, and filling the orders. Milk is collected at the stations
Behavioral Alterations in Response to Fear-Provoking Stimuli and Tranylcypromine Induced by Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol in Male Rats
Authors: Takayuki Negishi, Katsuyoshi Kawasaki, Shingo Suzaki, Haruna Maeda, Yoshiyuki Ishii, Shigeru Kyuwa, Yoichiro Kuroda, Yasuhiro Yoshikawa
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

The purpose of this study was to examine whether perinatal exposure to two major environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA; 0.1 mg/kg/day orally) and nonylphenol [NP; 0.1 mg/kg/day (low dose) and 10 mg/kg/day (high dose) orally] daily from gestational day 3 to postnatal day 20 (transplacental and lactational exposures) would lead to behavioral alterations in the male offspring of F344 rats. Neither BPA nor NP exposure affected behavioral characteristics in an open-field test (8 weeks of age), in a measurement of spontaneous motor activity (12 weeks of age), or in an elevated plus-maze test (14 weeks of age). A passive avoidance test (13 weeks of age) showed that both BPA- and NP-treated offspring tended to delay entry into a dark compartment. An active avoidance test at 15 weeks of age revealed that BPA-treated offspring showed significantly fewer avoidance responses and low-dose NP-treated offspring exhibited slightly fewer avoidance responses. Furthermore, BPA-treated offspring significantly increased the number of failures to avoid electrical unconditioned stimuli within 5-sec electrical shock presentation compared with the control offspring. In a monoamine-disruption test using 5 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) tranylcypromine (Tcy), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, both BPA-treated and low-dose NP-treated offspring at 22-24 weeks of age failed to show a significant increment in locomotion in response to Tcy, whereas control and high-dose NP-treated offspring significantly increased locomotion behavior after Tcy injection. In addition, when only saline was injected during a monoamine-disruption test, low-dose NP-treated offspring showed frequent rearing compared with the control offspring. The present results indicate that perinatal low-dose BPA or NP exposure irreversibly influenced the reception of fear-provoking stimuli (e.g., electrical shock), as well as monoaminergic neural pathways. Key words: behavior, bisphenol A, fear, learning, monoamine, nonylphenol.
VASCULAR COMPLIANCE CHANGES OF THE CORONARY VESSEL WALL AFTER BIORESORBABLE VASCULAR SCAFFOLD IMPLANTATION IN THE TREATED AND ADJACENT SEGMENTS
Authors: Salvatore Brugaletta, Bill D. Gogas, Hector Garcia-Garcia, Vasim Farooq, Chrysafios Girasis, Heo Jung He, van Geuns Robert Jan, de Bruyne Bernard, Dariuz Dudek, Jacques Koolen, Pieter Smits, Susan Veldhof, Richard Rapoza, Yoshinobu Onuma, John Ormiston, Patrick Serruys
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Responsibilities of Medicine to the Basic Sciences
Authors: William A. Sodeman
Journal: JAMA (1965)

At the outset of a discussion such as this, there L is need for an understanding of terms. Medicine, in my title, shall be interpreted as an all encompassing term—the broad spectrum of health and disease both in its study and practice. As for the term basic  those in the medical profession would assume it refers to those phases of the sciences or branches of biology which are taught in the medical school in preparation for clinical work. These are also termed the preclinical sciences, giving the student a fundamental scientific background before this knowledge is extended and applied at the clinical level. Still those in fields outside of medicine do not understand the term basic science as we use it. In a recent conference with a dean of engineering and a professor of electrical engineering relative to a program in biomedical engineering, I found that the term implied
Cutaneous carcinoma in psoriatic patients treated with PUVA
Authors: H. RESHAD, F. CHALLONER, D.J. POLLOCK, H. BAKER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Eight of 216 psoriatic patients treated at The London Hospital with photochemotherapy (PUVA) have developed a total of twenty‐five skin carcinomata. The type and site of tumour are discussed with special reference to the importance of PUVA compared with other risk factors. We suggest that a history of previous skin carcinoma, arsenic therapy or radiotherapy are relative contra‐indications to PUVA therapy for psoriasis.
Evaluation of melanoma vaccines with molecularly defined antigens by ex vivo monitoring of tumor-specific T cells
Authors: Daniel E. Speiser, Mikaël J. Pittet, Donata Rimoldi, Philippe Guillaume, Immanuel F. Luescher, Danielle Liénard, Ferdy Lejeune, Jean-Charles Cerottini, Pedro Romero
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (2003)
Directed Nerve Regeneration Enabled by Wirelessly Powered Electrodes Printed on a Biodegradable Polymer
Authors: Christopher Martin, Théophile Dejardin, Andrew Hart, Mathis O. Riehle, David R. S. Cumming
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

Wirelessly directed nerve regeneration: inductively powered electrical stimulation circuits on the biodegradable polymer polycaprolactone demonstrate directed regeneration of sensory neurons from a dorsal root ganglion. These circuits, produced using a unique transfer printing process, illustrate progress towards the use of electrical stimulation systems on biodegradable materials to improve peripheral nerve repair functional outcomes.