tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of a Culture-Based Screening Algorithm on Tuberculosis Incidence in Immigrants and Refugees Bound for the United States
Authors: Yecai Liu, Drew L. Posey, Martin S. Cetron, John A. Painter
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

Background: Before 2007, immigrants and refugees bound for the United States were screened for tuberculosis (TB) by a smear-based algorithm that could not diagnose smear-negative/culture-positive TB. In 2007, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented a culture-based algorithm. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the culture-based algorithm on preventing the importation of TB to the United States by immigrants and refugees from foreign countries. Design: Population-based, cross-sectional study. Setting: Panel physician sites for overseas medical examination. Patients: Immigrants and refugees with TB. Measurements: Comparison of the increase of smear-negative/culture-positive TB cases diagnosed overseas among immigrants and refugees by the culture-based algorithm with the decline of reported cases among foreign-born persons within 1 year after arrival in the United States from 2007 to 2012. Results: Of the 3 212 421 arrivals of immigrants and refugees from 2007 to 2012, a total of 1 650 961 (51.4%) were screened by the smear-based algorithm and 1 561 460 (48.6%) were screened by the culture-based algorithm. Among the 4032 TB cases diagnosed by the culture-based algorithm, 2195 (54.4%) were smear-negative/culture-positive. Before implementation (2002 to 2006), the annual number of reported cases among foreign-born persons within 1 year after arrival was relatively constant (range, 1424 to 1626 cases; mean, 1504 cases) but decreased from 1511 to 940 cases during implementation (2007 to 2012). During the same period, the annual number of smear-negative/culture-positive TB cases diagnosed overseas among immigrants and refugees bound for the United States by the culture-based algorithm increased from 4 to 629. Limitation: This analysis did not control for the decline in new arrivals of nonimmigrant visitors to the United States and the decrease of incidence of TB in their countries of origin. Conclusion: Implementation of the culture-based algorithm may have substantially reduced the incidence of TB among newly arrived, foreign-born persons in the United States. Primary Funding Source: None.
Methoxyflurane and Renal Function
Authors: Allen B. Dobkin
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I have just read the lead article, "Human Renal Function Following Methoxyflurane Anesthesia," by Merkle et al (<b>218</b>:841, 1971). There are some serious short-comings in the performance of the study and in the conclusions they draw, for the following reasons: First, urine output is a key measurement of renal function. The authors themselves stated that their data were "uninterpretable because of serious questions about their completeness." One's reaction to such an unscientific excuse for withholding data places a pall over the remainder of their data. Second, the blood chemistry data that were measured (serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen) and urine osmolality are all within the normal range, certainly for mature patients. To attach clinical significance to the differences in serum creatinine and urine osmolality from control to day 3 and between methoxyflurane and halothane is stretching the imagination far beyond the limits of any elastic imagination.
SAM-CD: Scientific American Medicine CD
Authors: Saty Satya-Murti
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<i>Scientific American Medicine (SAM)</i>is available in three loose-leaf volumes with regular updates. A compact disc (CD) version book, CONSULT, entered the market several years ago. It received very favorable reviews in this and other journals.<sup>1,2</sup>Late in 1994, a Windows version of<i>SAM</i>debuted. By this time, the name had changed to SAM-CD. This review concerns the Windows version of SAM-CD. In common with the earlier DOS version, all three volumes of the print edition, with their illustrations and indices, reside in a single CD. The CD includes Discotest, the self-test question-and-answer section. The annual subscription includes four updates per year. The updates ensure that very recent developments gain entry. The educational value of any electronic medium is only as good as its print counterpart. Thus, if you found the print edition of SAM instructive and useful, the CD will be more so. There is no difference in
Posterior Fossa Tumors With Pathological Laughter
Authors: Amrit N. Achari
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Of two patients with posterior fossa tumor and pathological laughter, one had extrinsic compression of the brain stem; the other had an intrinsic brain-stem lesion. Surgical removal of the epidermoid from the cerebellopontine angle cured the laughter. The euphoria of multiple sclerosis with paroxysmal laughter and a feeling of joy is to be differentiated from cases in which pathological laughter is a presenting complaint.
Hierarchical Porous Carbide‐Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cytokines from Blood Plasma
Authors: Volker Presser, Sun‐Hwa Yeon, Cekdar Vakifahmetoglu, Carol A. Howell, Susan R. Sandeman, Paolo Colombo, Sergey Mikhalovsky, Yury Gogotsi
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

A series of silicon carbonitride ceramics is utilized to obtain hierarchically porous carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) for cytokine removal. The removal rate of TNF-α and IL-6, as two examples of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, is proportional to the surface area of pores larger than the size of the protein molecule.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF MAMMALIAN SOMATIC CELL VARIATION
Authors: Howard M. Cann, Leonard A. Herzenberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1963)

When long term cultures of mouse lymphoma cells, known to possess the isoantigenic phenotype determined by the H-2(d) allele, are incubated with anti H-2d isoantibody and guinea pig complement, slightly more than 99 per cent of cells are killed under optimal conditions. Growth in mass culture and colony formation by single cells after incubation with isoantibody and complement are employed to assess the cytotoxic effect. The cytotoxic action of isoantibody is complement-dependent, for viability of cells exposed to antibody alone is unaltered. When excess isoantibody and optimum concentrations of complement are used, killing begins as soon as these reagents are mixed with the cells, and no further killing occurs after 5 to 15 minutes at 37 degrees C. About 80 per cent of cells are killed with an isoantiserum containing antibody to two isoantigenic components of the H-2d complex. That the cytotoxic action is mediated through the H-2 isoantigen is shown by (a) isoantiserum containing only anti H-2d antibody produces maximal cell killing, and (b) isoantiserum from which anti H-2d antibody has been removed by absorption loses all cytotoxic activity. Variant cells resistant to the cytotoxic action of anti H-2d isoantibody were isolated from lymphoma cell populations surviving multiple exposures to isoantibody and complement. These variants can be distinguished morphologically from the isoantibody-sensitive parent cell line. Although variants are resistant to anti H-2d isoantibody, these cells possess H-2d isoantigen but in a lower concentration than found in cells of the parent line. The basis for resistance to cytotoxic isoantibody is discussed.
Glomerular filtration rate
Authors: Catherine M Clase
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Low glomerular filtration rate predicts cardiovascular disease, end stage renal disease (a requirement for dialysis or transplantation), and death.1 In a population based study reported in this week's issue, Hallan and colleagues describe the yield of different screening strategies aimed at identifying people with low glomerular filtration rates.1 The guidelines of the United States kidney disease outcomes quality initiative define chronic kidney disease as glomerular filtration rate persistently lower than 60 ml/min/1.73m2, persistent urine abnormalities, or clinically relevant anatomical abnormalities, and they recommend measuring serum creatinine to determine estimated glomerular filtration rate in high risk groups.2 The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Group (an international organisation that seeks to improve care and outcomes for people with kidney disease) and draft UK guidelines endorse the classification but do not, at present, look at screening.3 4 

All screening programmes cause physical, psychological, and social harm through the screening test itself, and through the investigation and treatment of abnormal results. No trials to show whether the benefits of screening for low glomerular filtration rate outweigh the harms have been conducted. So how …
Slowly, the monster dies
Authors: Ike Iheanacho
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Not quite 7 years old, the third millennium already has a lot to answer for. Too young to be considered just another time span, its novelty too often triggers anxious navel-gazing and the urge to exaggerate the significance of current events and preoccupations.

Thus all sorts of mundane challenges come to be seen as crises and every tiny step as leaving a giant footprint on history. And this spirit provides a cover for blatant air-brushing, an excuse to pretend that bad practice has suddenly become outdated, rather …
DNA adducts of propylene oxide and acrylonitrile epoxide: hydrolytic deamination of 3-alkyl-dCyd to 3-alkyl-dUrd.
Authors: J J Solomon, A Segal
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

Propylene oxide (PO) and acrylonitrile epoxide (ANO) are 3-carbon epoxides that are direct-acting mutagens. PO is a rodent carcinogen, and ANO has been postulated to be the ultimate carcinogenic form of acrylonitrile (AN). We have studied the reactions of these agents with 2'-deoxynucleosides and in vitro with calf thymus DNA at pH 7.0 to 7.5 and 37 degrees C. PO was reacted with DNA for 10 hr and resulted in the formation of the following 2-hydroxypropyl (HP) adducts: N6-HP-dAdo (1 nmole/mg DNA), 3-HP-Ade (14 nmole/mg DNA), 7-HP-Gua (133 nmole/mg DNA) and 3-HP-dUrd (13 nmole/mg DNA). 3-HP-dUrd was formed after initial alkylation at N-3 of dCyd followed by conversion of the adjacent exocyclic imino group at C-4 to an oxygen (hydrolytic deamination) with the formation of a dUrd adduct. ANO was reacted for 3 hr with calf thymus DNA and yielded N6-(2-hydroxy-2-carboxyethyl-dAdo (N6-HOCE-dAdo) (2 nmole/mg DNA); 1, N6-etheno-dAdo (11 nmole/mg DNA); 7-(2-oxoethyl)-Gua (7-OXE-Gua) (110 nmole/mg DNA); 3-OXE-dThd (1 nmole/mg DNA); and 3-HOCE-dUrd (80 nmole/mg DNA). As with 3-HP-dUrd, 3-HOCE-dUrd resulted from hydrolytic deamination of an initially formed dCyd adduct. A mechanism is proposed for the conversion of 3-alkyl-dCyd to 3-alkyl-dUrd involving intramolecular catalysis by the OH group on the 3-carbon side chain of the adduct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
What are coroners and pathologists for?
Authors: C. Reisner
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Around 10 years ago my mother began to show signs of dementia, and over the ensuing years she gradually deteriorated. Happily, the hard work and dedication of a band of professional carers meant she was able to stay in her own home. By autumn 2007 she was chair-bound or bed-bound, was speechless, and needed to be fed, although she still seemed to take some pleasure in life. In December of that year she seemed to be actively refusing food, and liquids would often just run out of her mouth. Apart from her poor brain, all other internal organs seemed to be working satisfactorily. Notably there was no dyspnoea, orthopnoea or oedema, nor did I ever spot a raised jugular pressure.

A few days after Christmas we were not surprised to get a call from her devoted and longstanding carer, telling us that she was even less well. The carer had already called the emergency doctor, who telephoned me after assessing my mother. He thought she was dying. He doubted that …
Missing evidence that animal research benefits humans
Authors: Colin Blakemore, Tony Peatfield
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Editor—Pound et al take an extremely narrow approach to the question: “Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans?” and they misinterpret their own data.1 Their opening statement, that clinicians and the public often consider it axiomatic that animal research has contributed to the treatment of human disease, yet little evidence is available to support this view, is seriously misleading. There is a huge amount of evidence for the value of animal research.
IMPORTANCE OF A DIFFUSE SLOW WASHOUT OF MYOCARDIAL THALLIUM-201 IN THE DETECTION OF UNSUSPECTED EXTENSIVE CORONARY DISEASE
Authors: T. M. Bateman, J. Maddahi, R. J. Gray, F. L. Murphy, M. Raymond, M. E. Stewart, H. J.C. Swan, D. S. Berman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

Bateman, T. M.; Maddahi, J.; Gray, R. J.; Murphy, F. L.; Raymond, M.; Stewart, M. E.; Swan, H. J.C.; Berman, D. S. Author Information
Localisation of tumour deposits by external scanning after injection of radiolabelled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen.
Authors: P W Dykes, K R Hine, A R Bradwell, J C Blackburn, T A Reeder, Z Drolc, S N Booth
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Sheep IgG antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was radiolabelled with 131I and used to identify human gastrointestinal tumours by external subtraction imaging. 99Tc-pertechnetate and 99Tc-human serum albumin were used to identify tissue spaces. In 13 patients with tumours four out of five primary sites and eight out of 11 secondary sites were successfully shown. Two patients with benign disease had negative scans. Comparison with conventional methods of scanning showed good correlation. The success of this pilot study should encourage the search for more tumour-specific antigens and further study of the implications for treatment.
Medical council asks India's Central Bureau of Investigation to investigate scam of bidding for postgraduate places
Authors: M. Kay
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The Medical Council of India has asked the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to look into allegations that private medical colleges are selling postgraduate places to the highest bidder, after a television news channel exposed the practice.

In February 2012 the council announced the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to …
Brain Death Determination Practices in Children
Authors: Joan A. Lynch
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —It was with great interest that I read the article by Drs Mejia and Pollack regarding brain death determination practices in children.<sup>1</sup>However, it was with equal disappointment that I read their analysis of our study, which was published in May 1992.<sup>2</sup> Mejia and Pollack stated that our study was limited to "individual practices," implying that individual physicians responded and that perhaps a limited number were involved. They also state that their study was the first to sample clinical practices in determination of brain death in a large number of diverse pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), and I feel compelled to dispute this. In fact, our study was one of the first to survey a large number of diverse PICUs concerning this complex matter. Forty-nine tertiary PICUs from the United States and Canada were surveyed, and 34 centers responded. Questions addressed included methods to confirm
Vasopressin Deficiency Contributes to the Vasodilation of Septic Shock
Authors: Donald W. Landry, Howard R. Levin, Ellen M. Gallant, Robert C. Ashton, Susan Seo, David D'Alessandro, Mehmet C. Oz, Juan A. Oliver
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background The hypotension of septic shock is due to systemic vasodilation. On the basis of a clinical observation, we investigated the possibility that a deficiency in vasopressin contributes to the vasodilation of septic shock. Methods and Results In 19 patients with vasodilatory septic shock (systolic arterial pressure [SAP] of 92±2 mm Hg [mean±SE], cardiac output [CO] of 6.8±0.7 L/min) who were receiving catecholamines, plasma vasopressin averaged 3.1±1.0 pg/mL. In 12 patients with cardiogenic shock (SAP, 99±7 mm Hg; CO, 3.5±0.9 L/min) who were also receiving catecholamines, it averaged 22.7±2.2 pg/mL ( P &lt;.001). A constant infusion of exogenous vasopressin to 2 patients with septic shock resulted in the expected plasma concentration, indicating that catabolism of vasopressin is not increased in this condition. Although vasopressin is a weak pressor in normal subjects, its administration at 0.04 U/min to 10 patients with septic shock who were receiving catecholamines increased arterial pressure (systolic/diastolic) from 92/52 to 146/66 mm Hg ( P &lt;.001/ P &lt;.05) due to peripheral vasoconstriction (systemic vascular resistance increased from 644 to 1187 dyne·s/cm 5 ; P &lt;.001). Furthermore, in 6 patients with septic shock who were receiving vasopressin as the sole pressor, vasopressin withdrawal resulted in hypotension (SAP, 83±3 mm Hg), and vasopressin administration at 0.01 U/min, which resulted in a plasma concentration (≈30 pg/mL) expected for the level of hypotension, increased SAP from 83 to 115 mm Hg ( P &lt;.01). Conclusions Vasopressin plasma levels are inappropriately low in vasodilatory shock, most likely because of impaired baroreflex-mediated secretion. The deficiency in vasopressin contributes to the hypotension of vasodilatory septic shock.
A NEW SUPRAPUBIC DRAINAGE APPARATUS
Authors: Ernest G. Mark
Journal: JAMA (1913)

It has been my experience that the various devices for permanent suprapubic drainage heretofore presented to the profession have been inefficient, cumbersome and uncomfortable. After considerable experimentation along this line, I have devised an apparatus which is comfortably borne by the patient and which affords excellent drainage. It is composed of a colostomy pad through the center of which is placed the short arm of a right-angled German-silver tube. This short arm is divided into two parts fitting into each other by a bevel joint. The distal point is fitted with a shoulder for the attachment of a stiff-walled soft rubber tube which is inserted through the suprapubic wound into the bladder. The long arm lies flush with the outside of the colostomy pad and has a shoulder for the attachment of a tube leading to the leg urinal. Suprapubic drainage apparatus. The apparatus is comfortable and can be worn
Treatment of Parasitic Infections of Travelers and Immigrants
Authors: Harry Most
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

ALTHOUGH parasitic infections do not have a major role in clinical practice in this country, occasionally they do require consideration in diagnosis and treatment. The key to their recognition is the awareness that such infections may be prevalent in certain populations, such as the 262,602 refugees who came here from Indochina in 1979 and 1980, the 125,000 Cubans who have immigrated to this country, and the millions who travel for business or pleasure to foreign areas that have poor environmental hygiene.It is the purpose of this article to review briefly the management of the more common imported or native . . .
Smoking interacts with HLA-DRB1 shared epitope in the development of ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study from Malaysian epidemiological investigation of rheumatoid arthritis (MyEIRA)
Authors: Chun-Lai Too, Abqariyah Yahya, Shahnaz Murad, Jasbir Singh Dhaliwal, Per Larsson, Nor Asiah Muhamad, Nor Aini Abdullah, Amal Nasir Mustafa, Lars Klareskog, Lars Alfredsson, Leonid Padyukov, Camilla Bengtsson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Backgroundand objectives</h3> To investigate whether smoking and HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles may interact differently in the development of the two major subgroups of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), anti-citrullinated proteins antibody (ACPA)-positive and ACPA-negative disease, in a multiethnic population of Asian descent. <h3>Methods</h3> A case-control study with early diagnosed RA cases was performed in Malaysia between 2005 and 2009. In total, 1056 cases and 1416 matched controls participated in the study. High resolution HLA-DRB1 genotyping was performed for shared epitope (SE) alleles. All participants answered a questionnaire on a broad range of issues, including smoking habits. Possible interaction between smoking habits (defined as 'ever' and 'never' smoking) and DRB1-SE alleles was calculated. <h3>Results</h3> In our multiethnic study, both the SE alleles and smoking were associated with an increased risk of developing ACPA-positive RA (OR SE alleles=5.2 (95% CI 4.3 to 6.4); OR smoking=2.2 (95% CI 1.6 to 3.2)). Smokers carrying SE alleles had an odds ratio of ACPA-positive RA of 24 (95% CI 9.9 to 56.2), compared with never-smokers without SE alleles. The interaction between smoking and SE alleles was significant, as measured by the attributable proportion due to interaction, which was 0.7 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.9).The combination of smoking and DRB1*0405 SE allele was significantly associated with ACPA-positive RA (OR=10.0 (95% CI 3.9 to 25.9); AP=0.3 (95% CI −0.3 to 0.9)). A very strong interaction between smoking and SE alleles was however, observed for all other non-DRB1*0405 SE alleles taken as a group in coffering risk of ACPA-positive (OR=63.0 (95% CI 8.1 to 491.3); AP=0.9 (0.8 to 1.1)). The combination of smoking and SE alleles was not associated with an increased risk in ACPA-negative RA. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The risk of developing ACPA-positive RA is associated with a strong gene-environment interaction between smoking and HLA-DRB1 SE alleles in a multiethnic population of Asian descent from Malaysia.
528 IN VITRO EVALUATION OF HEPATIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOSE- AND BONE MARROW-DERIVED STROMAL CELLS
Authors: N. Saulnier, M.A. Puglisi, M. Barba, A.C. Piscaglia, M. Novi, E.C. Lauritano, S. Alfieri, G. Leone, G. Gasbarrini, A. Gasbarrini
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Immunotherapy produces long term clinical remission
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The use of allergen immuno-therapy to treat seasonal allergic rhinitis produces clinical improve-ments that continue after treatment has stopped, according to the results of a randomised, placebo controlled trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine (1999;341:468-75).

A study in 1991 showed that injections with a grass pollen vaccine reduced symptoms and the need for hayfever medication in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis that could not be controlled with antiallergic drugs (BMJ 1991;302:265-9). Dr Stephen Durham and …
Capsule endoscopy findings in intestinal follicular lymphoma
Authors: M. Esaki, T. Matsumoto, S. Nakamura, H. Suekane, Y. Ohji, T. Yao, M. Iida
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Two patients with follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract were referred to our institution for capsule endoscopy. The first patient, a man aged 64 years, had undergone esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which had shown a whitish, granular, elevated area in the descending duodenum (Figure [1]). The second patient, a 60-year-old woman, had a flat protrusion in the rectum (Figure [2]). In both cases, endoscopic biopsy of these lesions revealed follicular lymphoma (Figure [3]).
A genome-wide association study identifies six susceptibility loci for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Maria Chiara Di Bernardo, Dalemari Crowther-Swanepoel, Peter Broderick, Emily Webb, Gabrielle Sellick, Ruth Wild, Kate Sullivan, Jayaram Vijayakrishnan, Yufei Wang, Alan M Pittman, Nicola J Sunter, Andrew G Hall, Martin J S Dyer, Estella Matutes, Claire Dearden, Tryfonia Mainou-Fowler, Graham H Jackson, Geoffrey Summerfield, Robert J Harris, Andrew R Pettitt, Peter Hillmen, David J Allsup, James R Bailey, Guy Pratt, Chris Pepper, Chris Fegan, James M Allan, Daniel Catovsky, Richard S Houlston
Journal: Nature Genetics (2008)