tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lactase activity in newborn and infant Baganda.
Authors: G. C. Cook
Journal: BMJ (1967)

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), the primary ligand for P-selectin, is constitutively expressed on the surface of circulating leukocytes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of leukocyte activation on PSGL-1 expression and PSGL-1-mediated leukocyte adhesion to P-selectin. PSGL-1 expression was examined via indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry before and after leukocyte stimulation with platelet activating factor (PAF) and PMA. Human neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils were all demonstrated to have significant surface expression of PSGL-1 at baseline, which decreased within minutes of exposure to PAF or PMA. PSGL-1 was detected in the supernatants of PAF-activated neutrophils by immunoprecipitation. Along with the expression data, this suggests removal of PSGL-1 from the cell surface. Soluble PSGL-1 was also detected in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Down-regulation of PSGL-1 was inhibited by EDTA. However, inhibitors of L-selectin shedding and other sheddase inhibitors did not affect PSGL-1 release, suggesting that PSGL-1 may be shed by an as yet unidentified sheddase or removed by some other mechanism. Functionally, PSGL-1 down-regulation was associated with decreased neutrophil adhesion to immobilized P-selectin under both static and flow conditions, with the most profound effects seen under flow conditions. Together, these data indicate that PSGL-1 can be removed from the surface of activated leukocytes, and that this decrease in PSGL-1 expression has profound effects on leukocyte binding to P-selectin, especially under conditions of flow.
The Asthma Epidemic
Authors: Waltraud Eder, Markus J. Ege, Erika von Mutius
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

This review surveys the data on the increase in the prevalence of asthma in recent decades and finds evidence of a plateau in many Western countries. The authors examine the evidence of possible causal relations to factors such as air pollution, obesity, diet, and exposure to infections, antibiotics, and allergens, including exposures at very young ages. The most strongly supported preventive measure is the avoidance of passive and active exposure to smoke.
Recognition, intervention, and management of antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders in children and young people: summary of NICE-SCIE guidance
Authors: S. Pilling, N. Gould, C. Whittington, C. Taylor, S. Scott
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders (including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder) are the most common mental and behavioural problems in children and young people globally, with the frequency increasing in Western countries.1 In the United Kingdom 5% of mental and behavioural problems in children and young people (≤ 18 years) meet criteria for a conduct disorder, as do almost 40% of looked-after children, children who have been abused, and those on child protection or safeguarding registers.2 Conduct disorders are strongly associated with poor performance at school, social isolation, substance misuse, and involvement with the criminal justice system.3 A large proportion of children and young people with a conduct disorder will go on to be antisocial adults with impoverished and destructive lifestyles,3 especially if the conduct problems develop early,4 and a large minority will be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.5 Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders often coexist with other mental health problems, place a heavy personal and economic burden on individuals and society,6 and involve a wide range of health, social care, educational, and criminal justice services.

This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on recognising and managing antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders in children and young people.7 The guideline was developed jointly with the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE).

NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of the best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group’s experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets.

### Working safely and effectively

Health and social care professionals working with children and young people who present with behaviour suggestive of a conduct disorder, …
Asthma and open cast mining.
Authors: J. M. Temple, A. M. Sykes
Journal: BMJ (1992)

15.4 A further study reported success in 51 of 55 patients considered by the surgeon to have acute inflammation, although only nine patients had severe disease.5In our series, conversion to open surgery was required in two patients out of 31 (6%) comparing favourably with the conversion rates in series of elective surgery.'°"We have shown that laparoscopic surgery may be performed safely in severe complicated cholecystitis with minimal morbidity when surgeons have sufficient experience.Patients recover rapidly from the procedure, usually with dramatic resolution of symptoms, and seem to enjoy the same benefits as those undergoing elective surgery.In our experience, about 10% of patients with symptomatic gall stones required emergency surgery for acute cholecystitis which fails to settle on conservative management.As many as a quarter of patients with symptomatic gall stone disease present acutely, and this trend may be increasing.'2Acute cholecystitis constitutes an important and increasing proportion of the surgical workload.We think that these patients should not be denied the benefits of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in centres with appropriate experience.
Uterine Rupture following Caesarean Section
Authors: C. E. B. Rickards
Journal: BMJ (1938)

According to Eardley Holland (1920) 4 per cent. of Caesarean scars give way during a subsequent pregnancy or labour.Often this type of rupture is not accompanied by any abnormal signs or symptoms, and the surgeon, on opening the abdomen to perform a second section, is amazed to find a bulging sac of liquor amnii protruding through the old scar.At other times the clinical picture is one of shock or haemorrhage.None of these cases, however, resemble the ordinary type of uterine rupture which so often occurs as a terminal event in cases of obstructed.labour and is described in the obstetrical textbooks.
Prolonged follow-up of HBV liver transplanted patients: results from a randomized study comparing lamivudine vs. lamivudine+HBIG in the prevention of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation
Authors: M. Buti, A. Mas, M. Prieto, F. Casafont, A. Gonzalez, M. Miras, A. Valdes, J. Herrero
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Two New Ganglion-blocking Agents in Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: S. Locket
Journal: BMJ (1956)

sities and in other ways.They are aware of what such teaching did for them, and I have no doubt that with a little encouragement they could open a new era in medical education in this country.They have a right to expect, and I hope would receive, support from other faculties in achieving this, the common purpose of university education. ConclusionThe development of postgraduate education, and, in particular, the institution of the compulsory year of hos- pital practice under supervision before licence is granted to practise independently, have at last freed the under- graduate course to serve its essential purpose, that of training the student's mind to collect and assess data and to form a judgment on them.The fulfilment of this purpose requires, first and foremost, a change in the attitude of teachers, and, second, a reduction in content and an attempt to integrate the subject matter on which the teaching is based.To quote Karl Pearson: "The true aim of the teacher should be to impart an apprecia- tion of method rather than a knowledge of facts," for method is remembered when facts have been forgotten.
RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF INJECTION THERAPY IN MORTON'S NEUROMA
Authors: G Schiffer, O Chan, R Jalan, N Padhiar
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Objective The objective is to compare the effectiveness of two different methods of administering injection, ultrasound guided versus palpation guided, for the treatment of Morton's Neuroma. Patients and Methods This is a retrospective review of patients who have had corticosteroid-injections as part of their treatment for Morton's Neuroma. A postal-questionnaire using a modified Foot Health Status Questionnaire, reviewing foot-pain, foot function-activity, footwear and general foot health, was utilised and posted to all patients diagnosed with Morton's Neuroma in the Podiatry Clinic between 2001–2006. No inclusion or exclusion criteria were applied. Results Of the 104 questionnaires distributed 46 (44.23%) were returned. Subjects who had no corticosteroid injection as treatment for Morton's Neuroma were excluded {14/46 (30.43%)}. Subsequently 32/46 subjects were evaluated. To some extend better results were demonstrated in the palpation guided injection group. There was some evidence of statistical significance (p=0.05) in three questions. Those were concerning the time interval between the last corticosteroid injection and completion of the questionnaire (0.02), work limitation (p=0.048) or walking (0.0482) difficulties secondary to foot problems. No other statistical association was confirmed. Conclusion Injection therapy is often the treatment of choice. No advantage has been demonstrated in this survey of ultrasound guided injection versus palpation guided injection. Further studies are needed to prove the effectiveness of ultrasound guided corticosteroid injection.
The effect of alcohol on viral hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: F PARONETTO
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Apoptosis in tissues is induced by different kind of signals including endogenous aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxy-2, 3-nonenal. The accumulation rate of aldehydes in the cell is affected by conditions of oxidative stress. In the cell, aldehydes can be metabolized by various isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase. There is evidence suggesting that the catalytic properties of these enzymes change during ontogenesis, and that aging is accompanied by their reduced activities. These functional changes may contribute substantially to the alteration in the organism sensitivity to damaging action of stress factors during aging, to age-related modulation of the action of endogenous aldehydes as a signal for apoptosis, and finally, to the origin of diseases associated with aging. In this context, the stimulation of enzymes' expression, and the activation of the catalytic properties of enzymes responsible for catabolism of endogenous aldehydes could become a perspective direction in increasing the organism resistance to the action of damaging factors during aging.
Immunisation of adults during an outbreak of diphtheria.
Authors: S R Palmer, A H Balfour, A E Jephcott
Journal: BMJ (1983)

In an outbreak of infection due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a hospital for mentally subnormal adults sera from 211 members of staff were screened for diphtheria antitoxin titres. Of these, 79 (37%) required immunisation, and a low dose preparation (1 LfU of diphtheria and 10 LfU tetanus toxoids) was offered. Of the 64 subjects who accepted a single immunisation and were subsequently retested, seroconversion to diphtheria toxoid occurred in 45 (70%), the rate being highest in younger adults. Seroconversion to tetanus toxoid occurred in 59% of subjects. Local reactions to the single dose were reported by 29 (43%) subjects, and nine (13%) experienced moderately severe local reactions and systemic symptoms. We conclude that adults should not be vaccinated without previous screening for susceptibility to diphtheria; that neither previous immunisation nor age is reliable in predicting the need for vaccination; and that though a single booster dose of diphtheria toxoid is probably effective in adults under 45, two doses should be given to those in the older age group.
Australia targets men's health
Authors: C. Zinn
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Australia's aggressively “macho” men have been targeted by what is being billed as the world's first blueprint to tackle male health problems. The draft policy, unveiled by the federal health minister, Carmen Lawrence, is aimed at critically examining men's health in the same way that women's health was examined in the 1980s.

Dr Lawrence said that the federal government would spend up to A$4m (pounds sterling2m) on the first stage of the strategy. “The conventional approach to men's health is to deal with injuries, disease, and conditions in …
Retrospective radiographic study of skeletal changes after long-term etretinate therapy
Authors: B. MELNIK, S. GLUCK, R.M. JUNGBLUT, G. GOERZ
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Radiographic skeletal examinations were performed in eight adult patients who had received the aromatic retinoid etretinate for various disorders of keratinization over periods ranging from 1 to 7 years. Age- and sex-matched controls were also examined. In all the patients, alterations of ossification were found to a varying degree, including calcification of the anterior spinal ligament, vertebral hyperostoses at the anterosuperior and anteroinferior margins of the vertebral bodies, unilateral bridging of vertebral bodies, hyperostoses of the calcanei at the insertion of the plantar ligament and bone accretion at the anterolateral lips of the acetabula. All the bone changes were asymptomatic. Serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, alkaline phospha-tase, calcitonin and parathormone were within normal physiological ranges. In general, the bone changes observed after long-term etretinate treatment closely resembled the effects of isotretinoin on the skeleton.
Mechanisms of secretion of proteins into bile: Studies in the perfused rat liver
Authors: Thomas M. Kloppel, William R. Brown, Juerg Reichen
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

Employing the in situ perfused rat liver, we examined the origins and mechanisms of transport of proteins into bile. First, utilizing polyacrylamide gels, we noted that many biliary proteins co-migrated with dominant serum proteins. Upon liver perfusion with serum-free medium, most proteins disappeared from the biliary profile; one major biliary protein that was not present in serum, identified as secretory component, remained. Kinetic analysis of the disappearance half-lives of the biliary proteins suggested that some serum proteins enter bile by a slow (20 to 30 min; transcellular) route, while others utilize both slow and rapid (5 min; paracellular) routes. In biosynthetic labeling experiments, secretion of newly synthesized proteins into bile was delayed about 20 min when compared with secretion of proteins into the perfusion medium and comprised less than 1% of the total secreted proteins. When a new liver was inserted into the perfusion medium containing newly synthesized secreted proteins, only two proteins, hemopexin and an unidentified protein, were transported into the bile from the perfusion medium; other biliary proteins were presumed to come directly from the hepatocyte. This latter group included some proteins that were secreted into the perfusion medium as well as into bile, and others, e.g., secretory component, that were secreted only into bile. Based on our results we have defined six pathways for entry of proteins into bile.
Utility of three-dimensional echocardiography during balloon mitral valvuloplasty
Authors: Robert M Applebaum, Ravi R Kasliwal, Ajay Kanojia, Ashok Seth, Suman Bhandari, Naresh Trehan, Howard E Winer, Paul A Tunick, Itzhak Kronzon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)

Objectives. We investigated the role of three-dimensional echocardiography in assessing mitral valve anatomy in greater detail in patients immediately before and after balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV). Background. Three-dimensional echocardiography is a recently developed, evolving imaging technique that allows visualization of intracardiac structures from any perspective. Methods. We studied 19 patients undergoing BMV using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) (Chicago, Illinois) to image the mitral valve. The TEE was interfaced to a TomTec three-dimensional workstation that allows electrocardiographic and respiratory cycle gated image acquisition. The acquired images are digitized, and after postprocessing a three-dimensional image is reconstructed. The mitral valve was viewed "en-face" as if looking up from the left ventricle. Results. The mean mitral valve area (by pressure half-time from the Doppler of the two-dimensional echocardiogram) increased after BMV from 0.86 ± 0.06 cm2to 2.07 ± 0.10 cm2, p < 0.0001. This was similar to the mitral valve areas obtained by planimetry from the three-dimensional images. The three-dimensional reconstructions showed a complete commissural split in 10 patients and partial splitting in 9 patients. In three of the eight patients who had an increase in the amount of mitral regurgitation secondary to BMV, the three-dimensional reconstructions were able to detect tears within the valve leaflet. One leaflet tear actually extended up to the mitral valve annulus and was associated with the only case of severe mitral regurgitation. Conclusions. The three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction enabled visualization of the mitral valve so that commissural splitting and leaflet tears not seen on the two-dimensional echocardiogram became visible.
P7 Neuronal Dysfunction In Asthma; Insights From The Study Of The Cough Reflex
Authors: I. Satia, K. Holt, H. Badri, M. Woodhead, P. O'Byrne, P. O'Byrne, S. Fowler, J. Smith
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Cough in asthma is common, troublesome, predicts severity and poor prognosis, yet remarkably little is understood about the underlying neuronal mechanism. Currently available asthma medications are not designed to directly treat cough, the archetypal airway neuronal reflex. Previous studies have commonly used the dose of capsaicin that evokes two coughs (C<sub>2</sub>) or five coughs (C<sub>5</sub>) as the standard measure to assess the sensitivity of the cough reflex. These measures poorly discriminate between health and disease, and correlate only weakly with objective cough rates.<sup>2</sup> A novel challenge methodology that uses the maximum number of evoked coughs (E<sub>max</sub>) as an end point better discriminates between health and disease and correlates strongly with subjective cough measures.<sup>2</sup> <h3>Objective</h3> To assess the differences in the maximum cough responses evoked by capsaicin (E<sub>max</sub>) between asthmatics and healthy volunteers. <h3>Method</h3> A capsaicin inhalational challenge (doubling doses 0.49 to 1000[micro]M) was performed. Four inhalations 30 seconds apart were performed at each concentration and the total coughs evoked at each dose were recorded and verified using a cough monitor. The highest total number of coughs evoked at any dose of capsaicin is denoted E<sub>max</sub>. <h3>Results</h3> Fourty nine asthmatics were compared with 47 healthy volunteers. There was a significant difference in the median age between groups (asthmatics 22.9 (IQR 20–27)<b>, </b>healthy volunteers 38.0 (29–47) p &lt; 0.001). Equal ratios of females were recruited in both groups (31 in asthmatics and 30 in healthy volunteers). There were no significant differences in gender, body mass index, smoking history or lung function. Asthmatics were of the mild to moderate category (BTS steps 1/2/3, 45/39/16%). There was a significant difference in the E<sub>max</sub>between asthmatics (mean coughs 20.5 (SD±10.1) and healthy volunteers 13.1 (±7.2) (p &lt; 0.001). See Figure 1. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Using this novel full dose response methodology, this data suggests that even during stability, asthmatics have an exaggerated cough response to capsaicin. This suggests that sub-groups of asthmatics have neuronal dysfunction which can identified by this capsaicin challenge. <h3>References</h3> <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol</i>. 2008 Nov;122(5):903–7 <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol</i>. 2013 Oct;132(4):847–55
Successful Irrigated-Tip Catheter Ablation of Atrial Flutter Resistant to Conventional Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: Pierre Jaïs, Michel Haïssaguerre, Dipen C. Shah, Atsushi Takahashi, Mélèze Hocini, Thomas Lavergne, Stéphane Lafitte, Alain Le Mouroux, Bruno Fischer, Jacques Clémenty
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Catheter ablation of typical right atrial flutter is now widely performed. The best end point has been demonstrated to be bidirectional isthmus block. We investigated the use of irrigated-tip catheters in a small subset of patients who failed isthmus ablation with conventional radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Methods and Results —Of 170 patients referred for ablation of common atrial flutter, conventional ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus with &gt;21 applications failed to create a bidirectional block in 13 (7.6%). An irrigated-tip catheter ablation was performed on identified gaps in the ablation line according to a protocol found to be safe in animals: a moderate flow rate of 17 mL/min and temperature-controlled (target, 50°C) RF delivery with a power limit of 50 W. Bidirectional isthmus block was achieved in 12 patients by use of a mean delivered power of 40±6 W with a single application in 6 patients and 2 to 6 applications in the other 6. No side effects occurred during or after the procedure. Conclusions —Irrigated-tip catheter ablation is safe and effective for achieving cavotricuspid isthmus block when conventional RF energy has failed.
Activated CREB Is Sufficient to Overcome Inhibitors in Myelin and Promote Spinal Axon Regeneration In Vivo
Authors: Ying Gao, Kangwen Deng, Jianwei Hou, J.Barney Bryson, Angel Barco, Elena Nikulina, Tim Spencer, Wilfredo Mellado, Eric R. Kandel, Marie T. Filbin
Journal: Neuron (2004)