tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Music to Reduce Pain and Distress in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Lisa Hartling, Amanda S. Newton, Yuanyuan Liang, Hsing Jou, Krista Hewson, Terry P. Klassen, Sarah Curtis
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

Many medical procedures aimed at helping children cause them pain and distress, which can have long-lasting negative effects. Music is a form of distraction that may alleviate some of the pain and distress experienced by children while undergoing medical procedures.To compare music with standard care to manage pain and distress.Randomized clinical trial conducted in a pediatric emergency department with appropriate sequence generation and adequate allocation concealment from January 1, 2009, to March 31, 2010. Individuals assessing the primary outcome were blind to treatment allocation. A total of 42 children aged 3 to 11 years undergoing intravenous placement were included.Music (recordings selected by a music therapist via ambient speakers) vs standard care.The primary outcome was behavioral distress assessed blinded using the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress-Revised. The secondary outcomes included child-reported pain, heart rate, parent and health care provider satisfaction, ease of performing the procedure, and parental anxiety.With or without controlling for potential confounders, we found no significant difference in the change in behavioral distress from before the procedure to immediately after the procedure. When children who had no distress during the procedure were removed from the analysis, there was a significantly less increase in distress for the music group (standard care group = 2.2 vs music group = 1.1, P < .05). Pain scores among children in the standard care group increased by 2 points, while they remained the same in the music group (P = .04); the difference was considered clinically important. The pattern of parent satisfaction with the management of children's pain was different between groups, although not statistically significant (P = .07). Health care providers reported that it was easier to perform the procedure for children in the music group (76% very easy) vs the standard care group (38% very easy) (P = .03). Health care providers were more satisfied with the intravenous placement in the music group (86% very satisfied) compared with the standard care group (48%) (P = .02).Music may have a positive impact on pain and distress for children undergoing intravenous placement. Benefits were also observed for the parents and health care providers.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00761033.
Ampicillin-Resistant Shigella
Authors: M. B. TORRENCE
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  Ampicillin has been recommended as the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of Shigella infections. 1 However, the recent rise in incidence of ampicillin-resistant Shigella may be forcing clinicians to reevaluate the effectiveness of ampicillin.  From January 1968 to July 1973, 211 strains of Shigella were isolated at the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. Of these isolates, 169 (80.1%) were S sonnei , and 42 (19.9%) S flexneri . Antibiotic sensitivity tests used the standard Kirby-Bauer disk technique. The results are summarized in the Table.  From 1968 to 1973, a rapid increase in ampicillin-resistant Shigella from 0% to 85.3% ( S sonnei from 0% to 87.5%, S flexneri from 0% to 66.6%) occurred in our hospital. A similar increase in the rates of resistance totetracycline and streptomycin was also observed.  Up to 1968, no strain of Shigella had been found resistant to ampicillin. However, in 1973 68%
Epidemic Rubella in Adolescent Boys
Authors: Philip J. Landrigan
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Between April 7 and June 10, 1972, there occurred 163 cases of rubella in Olmsted County, Minnesota; 103 of the cases were in adolescent boys. Prior restriction of rubella vaccine to girls approaching puberty produced the uneven distribution of cases; attack rates in unvaccinated male and female adolescents were nearly identical. Vaccine efficacy was 93.5%. During rubella infection, joint pain was noted by 44% of the adolescent boys and by 65% of the adolescent girls. Joint pains or paresthesias following Cendehill rubella vaccination were reported by 8.7% of vaccinated adolescent boys, by 2.3% of those with rubella hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies at the time of inoculation, and by 17.9% of those without antibodies; joint pains or paresthesias were noted by 3.9% of unvaccinated adolescent male control subjects. None of the disorders following vaccination was unusually prolonged or severe.
Hepatitis C virus JFH-1 strain infection in chimpanzees is associated with low pathogenicity and emergence of an adaptive mutation
Authors: Takanobu Kato, Youkyung Choi, Gamal Elmowalid, Ronda K. Sapp, Heidi Barth, Akihiro Furusaka, Shunji Mishiro, Takaji Wakita, Krzysztof Krawczynski, Jake T. Liang
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract The identification of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) strain JFH-1 enabled the successful development of infectious cell culture systems. Although this strain replicates efficiently and produces infectious virus in cell culture, the replication capacity and pathogenesis in vivo are still undefined. To assess the in vivo phenotype of the JFH-1 virus, cell culture–generated JFH-1 virus (JFH-1cc) and patient serum from which JFH-1 was isolated were inoculated into chimpanzees. Both animals became HCV RNA-positive 3 days after inoculation but showed low-level viremia and no evidence of hepatitis. HCV viremia persisted 8 and 34 weeks in JFH-1cc and patient serum–infected chimpanzees, respectively. Immunological analysis revealed that HCV-specific immune responses were similarly induced in both animals. Sequencing of HCV at various times of infection indicated more substitutions in the patient serum–inoculated chimpanzee, and the higher level of sequence variations seemed to be associated with a prolonged infection in this animal. A common mutation G838R in the NS2 region emerged early in both chimpanzees. This mutation enhances viral assembly, leading to an increase in viral production in transfected or infected cells. Conclusion: Our study shows that the HCV JFH-1 strain causes attenuated infection and low pathogenicity in chimpanzees and is capable of adapting in vivo with a unique mutation conferring an enhanced replicative phenotype. (Hepatology 2008.)
Limb malformations and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in frogs.
Authors: S A Sower, K L Reed, K J Babbitt
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Declines in amphibian populations, and amphibians with gross malformations, have prompted concern regarding the biological status of many anuran species. A survey of bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, and green frogs, Rana clamitans, conducted in central and southern New Hampshire showed malformed frogs at 81% of the sites sampled (13 of 16 sites). Brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the synthesis of androgens and estradiol, hormones essential to reproductive processes, were measured from limb-malformed and normal (no limb malformation) frogs. Normal frogs had significantly higher concentrations (nearly 3-fold) of in vitro produced androgens and of brain GnRH than malformed frogs. Because most malformations are thought to occur during development, we propose that environmental factors or endocrine-disrupting chemicals that may cause developmental abnormalities also act during early development to ultimately cause abnormally reduced GnRH and androgen production in adult frogs. The consequences of reduced GnRH and androgens on anuran reproductive behavior and population dynamics are unknown but certainly may be profound and warrant further research.
Celiac Crisis Is a Rare but Serious Complication of Celiac Disease in Adults
Authors: Shailaja Jamma, Alberto Rubio–Tapia, Ciaran P. Kelly, Joseph Murray, Robert Najarian, Sunil Sheth, Detlef Schuppan, Melinda Dennis, Daniel A. Leffler
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2010)

Celiac crisis is a life-threatening syndrome in which patients with celiac disease have profuse diarrhea and severe metabolic disturbances. Celiac crisis is rare among adults and not well documented. To improve awareness of this condition and to facilitate diagnosis, we reviewed cases of celiac crisis to identify presenting features, formulate diagnostic criteria, and develop treatment strategies.Cases of biopsy-proven celiac disease were reviewed. Celiac crisis was defined as acute onset or rapid progression of gastrointestinal symptoms that could be attributed to celiac disease and required hospitalization and/or parenteral nutrition, along with signs or symptoms of dehydration or malnutrition.Twelve patients met preset criteria for celiac crisis; 11 developed celiac crisis before they were diagnosed with celiac disease. Eleven patients had increased titres of transglutaminase antibodies and 1 had immunoglobulin A deficiency. Results of biopsy analyses of duodenum samples from all patients were consistent with a Marsh 3 score (33% with total villous atrophy). Patients presented with severe dehydration, renal dysfunction, and electrolyte disturbances. All patients required hospitalization and intravenous fluids, 6 required corticosteroids, and 5 required parenteral nutrition. All patients eventually had a full response to a gluten-free diet.Celiac crisis has a high morbidity and, although rarely described, occurs in adults and often has a clear precipitating factor. Patients who present with severe unexplained diarrhea and malabsorption should be tested for celiac disease; treatment with systemic steroids or oral budesonide should be considered. Nutritional support often is required in the short term but most patients ultimately respond to gluten avoidance.
Vestibular System, Part 2: Psychophysics, Applied Aspects and General Interpretations
Authors: R. W. Cantrell
Journal: JAMA (1975)

The vestibular system is one with which many physicians prefer not to deal. Probably no other human organ system is subject to so many little-understood disorders. This book should aid in better understanding these disorders. The editor, Kornhuber, a distinguished German investigator, has gathered an equally distinguished, international group of authors to discuss various aspects of psychophysics, physiological responses to motion, and disorders of the vestibular system. Some of the chapters require fairly advanced knowledge to be understood and this book therefore may not be appropriate for someone who wishes only a casual introduction to the vestibular system. Each chapter is a thorough exposition with an extensive bibliography. It is a good textbook for the advanced student, the specialist, and the research investigator in this field.
519. Selective Inactivation of Helper Adenovirus with High Hydrostatic Pressure for AAV-2 Vector Production
Authors: Joshua N. Leonard, David V. Schaffer, Peter Ferstl, Antonio Delgado
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a highly promising gene therapy vector for numerous reasons, including its non-pathogenicity and its ability to induce long-term expression of a transgene in multiple target cell types. However, the large scale production of AAV is complex, either involving transient plasmid transfection or co-infection with a helper virus (such as adenovirus), which must eventually be removed from the product to avoid helper-induced pathogenicity. The helper virus approach offers some advantages for large scale production, though adenovirus must then be eliminated during AAV purification. One widely used procedure for inactivating adenovirus following the production phase involves heating to 55 |[deg]|C. However, this procedure results in the concomitant loss of |[sim]|50% of the active AAV particles. Therefore, it may be desirable to develop alternate, rapid, robust, and economical methods that selectively inactivate undesired viruses while leaving AAV particles intact.
Wrongful Death: A Medical Tragedy
Authors: John C. Kruse
Journal: JAMA (1995)

"'It's been a month today since my collaborator's husband died, and she still hasn't been given a satisfactory explanation of what happened,' she said sternly [to Joe Tupin, MD, director of the University of California at Davis Medical Center]. 'What's going on there, anyway?'" "'Goddamnit,' Kathy says. 'My dad's been dead for almost a month. They should have sent us a copy of the autopsy report by now, shouldn't they?'" "But neglect of the problems of relatives, in particular the pain of those who have survived an unexpected medical calamity, is at the very least venial. For me and my children, certainly, the utter mystery that surrounded my husband's death intensified grief." Sandra Gilbert, PhD, author of<i>Wrongful Death</i>, is professor of English at the University of California, Davis. Her husband, Elliot, entered the UC Davis Medical Center on February 10, 1991, and was dead of exsanguination in the recovery
The Pathology of Inflammation
Authors: A. H. Young
Journal: BMJ (1885)

<h3>Background:</h3> Nutritional follow-up as part of the integral attention for patients living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It made necessary to implement a remote monitoring for the care of the patients and to evaluate the outcomes of the changes in the care model. <h3>Objectives:</h3> To identify the effects of the telemonitoring intervention within the pandemic scenario and the outcomes of the traditional face-to-face nutrition consultation. <h3>Methods:</h3> A retrospective analysis of health records and the administrative data base of the patient’s follow-up, between 2019 and 2020, was developed at the arthritis specialized center of the Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation in Bogotá, Colombia. The outcomes measured include the number of visits per year and the proportion of patients who attend their nutritional follow-up by telemonitoring in 2020 vs patients attending to face-to-face nutrition consultation. Differences in the Body Max Index (BMI) and the changes based on eating habits, defined by the quality of food consumption per day, were also measured. <h3>Results:</h3> A total of 212 patients from 2020 and 179 from 2019 were analyzed; An increase of 61.5% in the number of consultations, using nutritional telemonitoring per year, was identified in 2020 (n=412) compared to 2019 (n=255). In patients followed from 2019 to 2020, 13% (10/77) experienced an increase of more than 2 units of their BMI, while 22% (17/77) showed a decrease; in 2% of patients was not possible to evaluate their current weight; in the same way, 49% (103/212) in 2020 showed a positive change in their feeding habits compared with a 12% (21/179) in 2019. 135 new patients were recruited for nutritional telemonitoring 2020. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> Nutritional telemonitoring to follow-up patients with RA has increased considerably in terms of consultations per year and changes in the feeding habits. However, more evaluation is required for this model. <h3>References:</h3> [1]Melanie J Martin, Nora Ng, Laura Blackler, Toby Garrood, P227 Remote monitoring of patients with RA: a user-centred design approach, <i>Rheumatology</i>, Volume 59, Issue Supplement_2, April 2020, keaa111.221, https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa111.221 [2]Principio del formulario <h3>Disclosure of Interests:</h3> None declared
DNA Methylation – Role in Gene Regulation and Detection Methods.
Authors: S. Sukumar
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Alteration in the epigenome, which includes DNA methylation, is by far, the most frequent cancer-specific event, and likely one of the earliest in the process of carcinogenesis. Human tumors display global hypomethylation, but selective hypermethylation occurs in the promoters of growth and tumor suppressor genes, which leads to subsequent silencing of gene expression. In addition to protein coding genes, this epigenetic control is exercised in the case of microRNAs as well. DNA methylation acts in concert with histone modifications to achieve an open or closed chromatin conformation that is conducive to gene transcription or silencing respectively. Methylation of DNA takes place at cytosine residues of CpG dinucleotides. When it occurs at multiple CpG dinucleotides (CpG islands) present in the promoter region of the gene, silencing of gene expression can ensue. The current state of knowledge regarding the components of this complex but reversible machinery will be discussed. Tumor specific methylation of genes and microRNAs has been reported in all types of liquid and solid tumors. Thus, tumor specific gene methylation has provided an embarrassment of riches as potential markers for risk assessment, early detection, predictive markers for drug susceptibility, and for predicting response to therapy. The ability to pharmacologically reverse epigenetic silencing of gene expression has resulted in the identification of number of drugs with great potential for treating all types of cancers. How does one detect methylation in DNA? The study of DNA methylation was revolutionized by the development of PCR and methods that rely on base changes brought about by treatment of DNA with sodium bisulfite. Recently, other methods have relied on separation of DNA using antibodies that recognize methylated DNA. These analyses are performed on a selected panel of genes or aim to determine the global methylation profile of a specific subset of cells in a tissue. A major challenge in the clinic is the application of these methods to very small clinical samples such as single biopsy sections, or microliters of body fluids while retaining a high level of sensitivity and specificity. These methods will be discussed, presenting advantages and disadvantages of each. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES4-1.
Bariatric Surgery Reduces Oxidative Stress by Blunting 24-h Acute Glucose Fluctuations in Type 2 Diabetic Obese Patients
Authors: Raffaele Marfella, Michelangela Barbieri, Roberto Ruggiero, Maria Rosaria Rizzo, Rodolfo Grella, Anna Licia Mozzillo, Ludovico Docimo, Giuseppe Paolisso
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of malabsorptive bariatric surgery on daily blood glucose fluctuations and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic obese patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The 48-h continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring was assessed in type 2 diabetic patients before and 1 month after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) (n = 36), or after diet-induced equivalent weight loss (n = 20). The mean amplitude of glycemic excursions and oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine) were evaluated during continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring. During a standardized meal, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, glucagon, and insulin were measured. RESULTS Fasting and postprandial glucose decreased equally in surgical and diet groups. A marked increase in GLP-1 occurred during the interprandial period in surgical patients toward the diet group (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Glucagon was more suppressed during the interprandial period in surgical patients compared with the diet group (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions and nitrotyrosine levels decreased more after BPD than after diet (P &amp;lt; 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress reduction after biliopancreatic diversion seems to be related to the regulation of glucose fluctuations resulting from intestinal bypass.
Mainstreaming Outsiders: The Production of Black Professionals
Authors: Carl C. Bell
Journal: JAMA (1982)

"Mainstreaming" is defined as the "process by which an unfavored racial or ethnic group is provided opportunities to fulfill occupational roles in the same manner as members of the more favored or dominant group in a desegregating American society." The primary mechanism of mainstreaming is providing equal educational opportunities. This book is an examination of the efforts made during the 1970s to equalize educational opportunities for all factions of the American population. The book gives a great amount of statistical data (gathered from 743 professional schools in eight professional fields: medicine, dentistry, optometry, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, engineering, and social work) to support the fact that schools vary with regard to efforts and characteristics relevant to creating equal access and that certain generalizable variables are powerful predictors of the presence of black students. Important differences among schools included (1) when they began to aid in equal access; (2) how successful they
Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection
Authors: Mary Weinert
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Objective: To provide a comprehensive, literature-based guide to the diagnosis of and the management and referral of patients with oral diseases associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Data Sources: The literature was reviewed to identify common oral manifestations of HIV infection, the physical and laboratory findings associated with them, and the therapies used to treat them. The National Library of Medicine's AIDSLINE database was searched using the term “mouth diseases.” Additional references were identified from the bibliographies of these articles and related textbooks. Study Selection: English-language abstracts were reviewed to determine each paper's clinical relevance. To be considered clinically relevant, a paper had to describe the physical appearance of oral manifestations, methods used to diagnose oral manifestations, or treatment and referral guidelines. More than 600 abstracts were identified. Data Extraction: After the abstracts were reviewed, articles were selected and were reviewed for possible inclusion. If both of two reviewers agreed that an article was clinically relevant and dealt with conditions that occurred in more than 1% of HIV-infected patients, the article was included. Data Synthesis: 16 conditions that occur in more than 1% of HIV-infected patients were identified. Information on these conditions was collected and sorted into three categories: clinical appearance, diagnostic methods, and treatment. Conclusions: Almost all patients with HIV infection will contract oral diseases. Guidelines for recognizing, diagnosing, and managing these conditions are presented. Most conditions can be treated or alleviated through the combined efforts of the physician and the dentist.
Etiology of Clinical Paralytic Poliomyelitis
Authors: Alex J. Steigman
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The earliest printed reference to fatal clinical poliomyelitis due to a nonpoliovirus was inThe Journalin 1953 (Steigman, A. J.; Kokko, U. P.; and Silverberg, R. J.: Unusual Virus from Poliomyelitic Spinal Cord, [in Correspondence]<b>152</b>:1066 [July 11] 1953). Comments on the multiple viral etiology of clinical paralytic poliomyelitis were made in 1960 in an editorial inThe Journal(Multiple Causes of Paralytic Poliomyelitis, Editorial,<b>174</b>:175 [Sept. 10] 1960). The disturbing, inescapable conclusion is that severe and even lethal paralytic poliomyelitis may be due to other enteroviruses. The past and current extent of the problem is unknown, and the risks in the future a matter for conjecture without complacency. The Journalnow carries a valuable contribution on this subject from California (Magoffin, R. L.; Lennette, E. H.; Hollister, A. C.; and Schmidt, N. J.: Etiologic Study of Clinical Paralytic Poliomyelitis,<b>175</b>:269 [Jan. 28]
Use of intravenous esmolol to predict efficacy of oral beta-adrenergic blocker therapy in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope
Authors: Jasbir S. Sra, Vishnubhakta S. Murthy, Mohammad R. Jazayeri, Yue-Hua Shen, Paul J. Troup, Boaz Avitall, Masood Akhtar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1992)