tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Leslie T. Webster, Thomas P. Hughes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. Pneumococci were obtained at one time or another from the nasal passages or throats of 80 per cent of 105 adults and children studied. In adults, they were obtained more frequently from the throat; in children, as often from the nasal passages as from the throat. 2. Of 500 pneumococcus strains studied, 97 per cent proved to be serologically specific. They formed smooth colonies and were for the most part avirulent for mice. Types I and II were obtained from one and two individuals respectively on one occasion only. Type III was obtained from nine individuals; Type XIII from nine individuals; Type XVI and Type XVIII from three individuals, for varying periods in each case. Atypical pneumococci were secured from 13 persons on single and scattered occasions. They varied in colony morphology, did not kill mice, or agglutinate in saline, but flocculated in all types of antipneumococcus sera employed and over a wide pH range in acid buffers. Their occurrence was apparently not associated with any type-transformation or virulence-enhancement process in vivo. 3. Strains of pneumococcus obtained on successive cultures from a given carrier were, with rare exceptions, of the same serological type and were similar in colony morphology, virulence for mice, and other tested biological characteristics. 4. Pneumococci of Types I and II were obtained under conditions suggestive that they lacked a capacity to spread readily; pneumococci of Types III and XIII, on the other hand, were obtained under conditions suggestive that they were spreading from person to person. 5. The persons studied differed consistently with respect to the occurrence of pneumococci. Some were pneumococcus-free, some were transient carriers, some periodic, and some chronic carriers. Data are given which suggest that the differences were due to variations in host resistance. 6. The incidence of pneumococci in all individuals studied underwent a seasonal variation paralleling that of coryza and sore throats in the same persons.
Wanted: national regulatory monitoring system for long term opioid prescription
Authors: G. Stewart, M. H. Basler
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Like many others, Stannard highlights the lack of reliable data on the use of prescription opiates for chronic non-malignant pain,1 2 so we can only infer that this is a growing problem in the UK.

The problems associated with inappropriate opiate use are well known, but concerns …
Hypoxemia in pulmonary embolism, a clinical study
Authors: James E. Wilson, Alan K. Pierce, Robert L. Johnson, Edward R. Winga, W. Ross Harrell, George C. Curry, Charles B. Mullins
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

The cause of hypoxemia was studied in 21 patients with no previous heart or lung disease shortly after an episode of acute pulmonary embolism. The diagnosis was based on pulmonary angiography demonstrating distinct vascular filling defects or "cutoffs." It was found that virtually all of the hypoxemia in patients with previously normal heart and lungs could be accounted for on the basis of shunt-like effect. The magnitude of the shunting did not correlate with the percent of the pulmonary vascular bed occluded nor with the mean pulmonary artery pressure. The shunts tended to gradually recede over about a month after embolism. Patients without pulmonary infarction were able to inspire 80-111% of their predicted inspiratory capacities, and this maneuver temporarily diminished the observed shunt. Patients with pulmonary infarcts were able to inhale only to 60-69% of predicted inspiratory capacity, and this did not reverse shunting. These data suggest that the cause of right-to-left shunting in patients with pulmonary emboli is predominantly atelectasis. When the elevation of mean pulmonary artery pressure was compared to cardiac index per unit of unoccluded lung, it fell within the range of pulmonary hypertension predicted from published data obtained in patients with exercise in all except one case. This observation suggests that pulmonary vasoconstriction following embolism is not important in humans, although these data are applicable only during the time interval in which our patients were studied and in patients receiving heparin.
Advisory Services of the World Health Organization
Authors: M. M. Eliot
Journal: BMJ (1950)

<h3>Objective</h3> To establish whether colorectal cancer patients in two centres in the UK are screened appropriately for Lynch syndrome, in accordance with current international guidance. <h3>Design</h3> Patients newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer over an 18-month period were identified from the UK National Bowel Cancer Audit Programme. Their records and management were reviewed retrospectively. <h3>Setting</h3> Two university teaching hospitals, Imperial College Healthcare and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trusts. <h3>Outcomes measured</h3> Whether patients were screened for Lynch syndrome—and the outcome of that evaluation, if it took place—were assessed from patients9 clinical records. The age, tumour location and family history of screened patients were compared to those of unscreened patients. <h3>Results</h3> Five hundred and fifty three patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer were identified. Of these, 97 (17.5%) satisfied the revised Bethesda criteria, and should have undergone further assessment. There was no evidence that those guidelines had been contemporaneously applied to any patient. In practice, only 22 of the 97 (22.7%) eligible patients underwent evaluation. The results for 14 of those 22 (63.6%) supported a diagnosis of Lynch syndrome, but only nine of the 14 (64.3%) were referred for formal mismatch repair gene testing. No factors reliably predicted whether or not a patient would undergo Lynch syndrome screening. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Colorectal teams in the UK do not follow international guidance identifying the patients who should be screened for Lynch syndrome. Patients and their families are consequently excluded from programmes reducing colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Multidisciplinary teams should work with their local genetics services to develop reliable algorithms for patient screening and referral.
Comment on: ‘Comparison of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F with methotrexate in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (TRIFRA): a randomised, controlled clinical trial’ by Qian-wen<i>et al</i>
Authors: Robert B M Landewé, Désirée van der Heijde
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

We have read the recent paper by Qian-Wen and colleagues on the efficacy of the traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) alone and in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).1

While we have great regard for all the efforts the authors have taken to investigate the efficacy and safety of this interesting compound in patients with RA, we fear that fundamental flaws in the design of the trial and the fallible reporting preclude a balanced interpretation of the otherwise remarkable results.

Our concerns are twofold.

First, it is not clear if the a priori hypothesis underlying this trial includes a non-inferiority comparison of TwHF and MTX, a superiority comparison of TwHF plus MTX versus TwHF or MTX alone, or maybe even both. Unfortunately, the authors do not report a public clinical …
Scatter Limitation to Correct for Arm Movement in PET/CT
Authors: Jason Callahan, David Binns, Timothy Deller, Rodney J. Hicks
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

A commonly seen artifact in PET/CT scanning is areas of "washed out" activity on the reconstructed PET scan due to arm movement after the CT scan. When a patient moves his/her arms after the CT scan, there are areas of activity outside the mask defined by the CT. This leads to an overestimation of scatter in these areas creating significant reconstruction artifacts. This case presents an example of a novel processing algorithm known as "scatter limitation" that corrects the overestimation of scatter caused by arm movement.
Unresponsiveness of Intrahepatic Lymphocytes to Bacterial Superantigen: Rapid Development of Suppressive Mac-1high Cells in the Mouse Liver
Authors: Masaki Terabe, Masumi Shimizu, Ayako Mabuchi, So Matui, Hiroyasu Morikawa, Kenji Kaneda, Terutaka Kakiuchi, Kozo Yokomuro
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

We previously found that a small dose (2 microg per mouse) of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) induced early emerging unresponsiveness in intrahepatic-lymphocyte populations (IHLs). The purpose of this study was to reveal the inducing role of accessory cells involved in IHLs in this phenomenon. IHLs prepared at 3 to 24 hours after SEB injection failed to proliferate in response not only to SEB but also to SEA, representing ligand-nonspecific unresponsiveness, whereas spleen cells (SPCs) and mesenteric lymph-node cells showed transient proliferation. Unresponsiveness in IHLs was related to a deficit of their accessory cell function as measured by coculture of irradiated IHLs and antigen-specific, type 1 T-helper (Th1) clone cells. High levels of nitrite were detected in the culture supernatant. Supplement of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine lowered nitrite levels and concurrently restored the proliferative response of Th1 cells, indicating the involvement of nitric oxide in suppression. Adherent cells prepared from IHLs well reproduced these results. As shown by flow cytometry, Mac-1(high) Ia(+) cells, which mainly included F4/80(+) cells (macrophages) and a minor population of CD11c(+) cells (dendritic cells), increased in proportion in IHLs but not in SPCs at 6 to 24 hours. Depletion of Mac-1(high) cells from IHLs with antibody-coated magnetic beads recovered the proliferative response. Depleted Mac-1(high) cells had a monocytoid appearance. In immunostained sections, Kupffer cells came to highly express both Mac-1 and Ia at 12 hours. These results indicate that Mac-1(high)Ia(+) adherent cells, largely Kupffer cells activated by SEB, nonspecifically suppress the proliferation of Th1 cells via nitric oxide production before manifestation of ligand-specific unresponsiveness.
THE VENEREAL DISEASE PROBLEM IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: H. G. IRVINE
Journal: JAMA (1918)

California was one of the first states to make an organized effort to put into effect the program pro- posed by the War Department and Surgeon-General's Office to combat venereal diseases.It was initiated by the organization of a bureau of venereal diseases under the state board of health.As it is believed that the program adopted for carrying on the work is one of the most rational proposed by any state up to the present, it seems desirable
Apolipoprotein E genotype as a determinant of survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: J B Weinberg, A D Volkheimer, M Mihovilovic, N Jiang, Y Chen, K Bond, J O Moore, J P Gockerman, L F Diehl, C M de Castro, D A Rizzieri, M C Levesque, R DeKroon, W J Strittmatter
Journal: Leukemia (2008)
A Case Study in Unethical Transgressive Bioethics: “Letter of Concern from Bioethicists” About the Prenatal Administration of Dexamethasone
Authors: Laurence B. McCullough, Frank A. Chervenak, Robert L. Brent, Benjamin Hippen
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2010)

On February 3, 2010, a “Letter of Concern from Bioethicists,” organized by fetaldex.org, was sent to report suspected violations of the ethics of human subjects research in the off-label use of dexamethasone during pregnancy by Dr. Maria New. Copies of this letter were submitted to the FDA Office of Pediatric Therapeutics, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Office for Human Research Protections, and three universities where Dr. New has held or holds appointments. We provide a critical appraisal of the Letter of Concern and show that it makes false claims, misrepresents scientific publications and websites, fails to meet standards of evidence-based reasoning, makes undocumented claims, treats as settled matters what are, instead, ongoing controversies, offers “mere opinion” as a substitute for argument, and makes contradictory claims. The Letter of Concern is a case study in unethical transgressive bioethics. We call on fetaldex.org to withdraw the letter and for co-signatories to withdraw their approval of it.
Medical Education and the Humanities
Authors: KATHRYN MONTGOMERY HUNTER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Letters and Corrections1 May 1985Medical Education and the HumanitiesKATHRYN MONTGOMERY HUNTER, Ph.D.KATHRYN MONTGOMERY HUNTER, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-102-5-724_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Dr. Warren's article, "The Humanities in Medical Education" (1), is valuable for its refutation of misleading beliefs about the relation between undergraduate study of the humanities and medical education. However, there is no logical connection between the misuse of undergraduate education and his conclusion that the humanities have only an extracurricular place in medical education.Traditionally, the humanities have been concerned with the sense that we, as human beings, have made of life in our literature, philosophy, history, art, and language. Those of us educated in the humanities who teach in medical schools and those physicians with...Reference1. WARREN K. The humanities in medical education. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:697-701. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1985Volume 102, Issue 5Page: 724-724KeywordsMedical educationMedical ethics, humanities, and educationUndergraduates Issue Published: 1 May 1985 PDF DownloadLoading ...
CHANGES OF DIASTOLIC FUNCTION FOLLOWING ANTHRACLYCLINE-BASED CHEMOTHERAPY: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Jos&eacute; Serrano, Rosa Jimenez, Carmen Crist&oacute;bal, Mar&iacute;a Luaces, Pedro Talavera, Fernando Moreno, Paula Awamleh, Juan Antonio Guerra, Joaquin Alonso
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
(29) Long-term skin changes due to exposure to radiation in a nuclear explosion area
Authors: S.A. Khan
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Journal Article (29) Long‐term skin changes due to exposure to radiation in a nuclear explosion area Get access S.A. Khan S.A. Khan Pinderfields General Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 117, Issue s32, 1 June 1987, Pages 78–79, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb12069.x Published: 01 June 1987
Abstract 236: Sleeping Beauty transposon integration within the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted domain is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma development
Authors: Jesse D. Riordan, Vincent W. Keng, Barbara J. Ryan, Kelly M. Podetz-Pedersen, Neal G. Copeland, Nancy A. Jenkins, David A. Largaespada, Adam J. Dupuy
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and deadliest cancers worldwide. In the United States, age-adjusted incidence has tripled over the last three decades. While traditional cancer treatments, such as radiation and chemotherapy, are ineffective in treating HCC, therapeutic approaches targeted at the underlying molecular causes are proving to be more efficacious. However, compared to other common cancers, relatively little is known about the molecular pathogenesis of HCC. We have used a Sleeping Beauty transposon-based insertional mutagenesis screen to identify novel oncogenes and tumor suppressors involved in HCC development and progression. This forward genetics approach identified a link between disruption of gene expression within the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted domain and development of HCC in mice; over half of the induced HCCs contained transposon integrations within a ten kilobase region of this domain. Analysis of gene expression within the domain identified two consistent and significant events associated with transposon integration: activation of Delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1) and inhibition of microRNA-370 (miR-370). These results led us to hypothesize that Dlk1 and miR-370 possess oncogenic and tumor suppressive functions, respectively, in HCC pathogenesis. The Dlk1 gene encodes a Notch receptor ligand. Overexpression has been documented in a subset of human HCC cases, and the effects of modulating expression level in cultured hepatocytes are consistent with a tumor-promoting role. To test Dlk1's oncogenic potential in vivo, we drove overexpression in adult mouse livers using a hydrodynamic gene delivery technique. Hepatic nodule formation was observed in ∼50% of mice, supporting our hypothesis that Dlk1 functions as an oncogene in HCC. miR-370 is a relatively uncharacterized microRNA, although it has been demonstrated to suppress proliferation of cultured cholangiocytes. Similarly, manipulation of miR-370 activity in cultured hepatocytes has proliferative consequences consistent with a tumor suppressor role. Efforts to examine the effect of modulating miR-370 activity in vivo are currently underway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 236.
High levels of acetaldehyde in nonalcoholic liver injury after threonine or ethanol administration
Authors: Xiao-Li Ma, Enrique Baraona, Rolando Hernández-Muñoz, Charles S. Lieber
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Acetaldehyde, a product of ethanol oxidation which forms adducts with proteins, has been incriminated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. High serum antibody titers against acetaldehyde–protein adducts have been found not only in alcoholics but also in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease, suggesting a contribution of acetaldehyde derived from sources other than exogenous ethanol. To investigate the effect of liver injury on the removal and the production of acetaldehyde, we produced fibrosis and cirrhosis (by chronic administration of carbon tetrachloride) and fatty liver (with very small doses of dimethylnitrosamine) in rats. Endogenous blood acetaldehyde levels increased by 38% in rats with severe liver injury (p &lt; 0.005), but not significantly in rats with fatty liver. However, an i.v. load of threonine (a physiological source of acetaldehyde), in amounts equivalent to the daily intake of this amino acid, increased blood and hepatic acetaldehyde levels in the rats with both types of liver injury more than in controls. Threonine dehydrogenase and dehydratase activities, involved in the major pathways for threonine degradation in mitochondria and cytosol, respectively, were markedly decreased in rats with liver injury with a resulting increase in hepatic threonine concentration. Moreover, the threonine aldolase activity, which splits threonine into glycine and acetaldehyde, remained unaffected or even slightly increased. Liver injury was also associated with impaired mitochondrial functions, including a 10 to 23% decrease in acetaldehyde oxidation (depending upon the severity of the lesions). As a consequence, administration of ethanol (an exogenous source of acetaldehyde) resulted in striking elevations in the levels of acetaldehyde in carbon tetrachloride–treated rats. Thus, liver injury promotes the accumulation of acetaldehyde from either physiological sources or from ethanol by decreasing acetaldehyde oxidation and by enhancing its production from threonine.
Cyclosporin A in combination with photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the treatment of psoriasis
Authors: P. PETZELBAUER, H. HONIGSMANN, K. LANGER, BARBARA ANEGG, R. STROHAL, A. TANEW, K. WOLFF
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Forty patients with relapsing plaque psoriasis involving more than 20% body surface were treated either with cyclosporin A (CyA) plus PUVA or the retinoid etretinate plus PUVA (RePUVA). They initially received either CyA (2 weeks) or etretinate (I week) alone and then PUVA was given concomitantly until complete remission. The patients were monitored over a period of 6 months and any relapse recorded. With each combined treatment regimen, CyA plus PUVA and RePUVA, the patients cleared within comparable periods of time (mean treatment period og 5.3 vs. 4.7 weeks after initiation of therapy and 3.3 vs. 3.7 weeks after initiation of PUVA). However, the cumulative UVA dose required for clearance (110.9 J/cm2 vs. 62.1 J/cm2 (P < 0.05)) and the incidence of severe and early relapses were significantly higher in the CyA cohort. Within 6 months severe relapses had occurred in 58% of CyA plus PUVA but only in 15% of RePUVA‐treated patients (P < 0.001). This suggests that the CyA plus PUVA regimen as performed in this study is less effective than RePUVA.
THE RÔLE OF PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
Authors: WALTER L. BIERRING
Journal: JAMA (1910)

Preventive medicine, in the nature of things, may well be accepted as the criterion of the state of scientific medicine. That it is again coming into its logical place is due to the great progress which has been made during recent years in all branches of scientific medicine, and in this development the studies in pathology and physiology have been of fundamental nature. In this symposium I take it that the part assigned to me is to refer in a concise way to the prominent facts contributed through the avenue of pathology and physiology which have influenced preventive medicine. I recognize that this will be largely a review of well-known facts, and I fear there will occasionally be some encroachment on the subjects treated in the other papers of the program. In the memory of many now living, our conception of the nature of the disease has been revolutionized, and
Evidence for the synthesis of embryonic globin chains in adult erythroid progenitor cells
Authors: Kabita Bhaumik
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1991)

Embryonic globin chains were found to be synthesized in vitro by the BFU-E colonies derived from adult sickle cell anemia (SS) patients, their heterozygous relatives as well as a few normal controls. In the absence of sufficient material for conducting direct structural analyses of these peptides, they were confirmed by evaluating the co-migration of the epsilon and zeta-chains with the corresponding structurally characterized globin chains obtained from K562 cell lysates on a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatogram. The presence of zeta-chain was also confirmed using an immunologic procedure. Furthermore, significant 35S-methionine incorporation peak was observed corresponding to the zeta-chain synthesized by the BFU-E-derived colonies implying an active synthesis of this embryonic globin chain in BFU-E cells obtained from hemopoietically adult persons.
Value of Oleothorax in Obliterative Pleurisy
Authors: F. G. Chandler
Journal: BMJ (1937)

JOURNAL 2. The therapeutic benefit obtained with injections of autogenous urinary proteose in cases of asthma is about the same as that obtained with peptone.Any specificity which may be claimed for the former method does not outweigh the many advantages of a simpler and more general form of desensitization such as can be obtained with peptone.3. The therapeutic results obtained in cases of urticaria are encouraging, and of sufficient interest in our opinion to warrant further investigation.In conclusion, we wish to record our sincere thanks to Dr. W. Howel Evans for preparing the proteose in each case, and to Dr. R. Kemp for his help in supervising the peptone injections.
Coughing Attacks as a Cause of Gastric Hemorrhage in Patients Who Have Undergone Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy: An Endoscopic Solution
Authors: J. L. Ulla, C. Almohalla, L. Ledo, B. López Viedma, J. Vázquez-San Luis, E. Vázquez-Astray
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)