tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Exposures to Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxidative Stress in Schoolchildren
Authors: Sanghyuk Bae, Xiao-Chuan Pan, Su-Young Kim, Kwangsik Park, Yoon-Hee Kim, Ho Kim, Yun-Chul Hong
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Air pollution is known to contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Oxidative stress has been suggested as one of the main mechanisms for these effects on health.The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of exposure to particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters < or = 10 microm (PM10) and < or = 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in schoolchildren.The study population consisted of 120 schoolchildren. The survey and measurements were conducted in four cities--two in China (Ala Shan and Beijing) and two in Korea (Jeju and Seoul)--between 4 and 9 June 2007. We measured daily ambient levels of PM and their metal components at the selected schools during the study period. We also measured urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-naphthol, to assess PAH exposure, and MDA, to assess oxidative stress. Measurements were conducted once a day for 5 consecutive days. We constructed a linear mixed model after adjusting for individual variables to estimate the effects of PM and PAH on oxidative stress.We found statistically significant increases in urinary MDA levels with ambient PM concentrations from the current day to the 2 previous days (p < 0.0001). Urinary 1-OHP level also showed a positive association with urinary MDA level, which was statistically significant with or without PM in the model (p < 0.05). Outdoor PM and urinary 1-OHP were synergistically associated with urinary MDA levels. Some metals bound to PM10 (aluminum, iron, strontium, magnesium, silicon, arsenic, barium, zinc, copper, and cadmium) and PM2.5 (magnesium, iron, strontium, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, aluminum, mercury, barium, and copper) also had significant associations with urinary MDA level.Exposure to PM air pollution and PAHs was associated with oxidative stress in schoolchildren.
The MODY1 gene HNF-4α regulates selected genes involved in insulin secretion
Authors: Rana K. Gupta, Marko Z. Vatamaniuk, Catherine S. Lee, Reed C. Flaschen, James T. Fulmer, Franz M. Matschinsky, Stephen A. Duncan, Klaus H. Kaestner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

Mutations in the gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α) result in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). To determine the contribution of HNF-4α to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis by the β cell in vivo, we derived a conditional knockout of HNF-4α using the Cre-loxP system. Surprisingly, deletion of HNF-4α in β cells resulted in hyperinsulinemia in fasted and fed mice but paradoxically also in impaired glucose tolerance. Islet perifusion and calcium-imaging studies showed abnormal responses of the mutant β cells to stimulation by glucose and sulfonylureas. These phenotypes can be explained in part by a 60% reduction in expression of the potassium channel subunit Kir6.2. We demonstrate using cotransfection assays that the Kir6.2 gene is a transcriptional target of HNF-4α. Our data provide genetic evidence that HNF-4α is required in the pancreatic β cell for regulation of the pathway of insulin secretion dependent on the ATP-dependent potassium channel.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of hepatitis A vaccination strategies for adults
Authors: Barry J. O'Connor, Thomas F. Imperiale, Mendel E. Singer
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Our objective in this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination strategies in healthy adults in the United States. We constructed a decision model simulating costs and health consequences for otherwise healthy adults with respect to hepatitis A prevention. Three strategies were compared: (1) no intervention, (2) vaccination against hepatitis A, and (3) testing for antibodies to hepatitis A and vaccinating those without antibodies. Costs and probabilities were obtained from the published literature. One- and two- way sensitivity analyses were performed. Under baseline conditions, the "test" strategy cost $230,100 per life-year saved compared with the "no intervention" strategy. The incremental cost-effectiveness of the "vaccination" strategy compared with the "test" strategy was $20.1 million per life-year saved. The "test" strategy was cost-effective when the hepatitis A case fatality rate exceeded 17% (baseline 2.7%). The "vaccination" strategy was cost-effective when 1 dose of vaccine cost $7 or less (baseline $57). Under baseline conditions, neither the "test" nor the "vaccination" strategies are considered cost-effective according to current standards. Large changes in hepatitis A incidence, mortality rates, or vaccine cost are required for either of the intervention strategies to approach potentially cost-effectiveness. Such conditions may occur in areas in which hepatitis A is endemic, and/or under mass-vaccination scenarios.
How to achieve better outcome in treatment of asthma in general practice.
Authors: D Keeley
Journal: BMJ (1993)

The symptoms of many asthmatic patients are poorly controlled, and there are several reasons why this may be so. Doctors fail to find out about symptoms that asthmatic patients are experiencing. Doctors wrongly assume that regular use of bronchodilators in small doses is satisfactory treatment for asthma and that taking high doses of bronchodilator in an asthma attack may be dangerous. Doctors think that inhaled steroids may be dangerous and are reluctant to use them in effective doses. Doctors do not check that patients can use their inhalers properly and do not make enough use of large volume spacers, the best available method for giving inhaled asthma treatment. Doctors undermine patients9 confidence in advice on treatment by failing to ensure that consistent advice is given and often make the management of asthma more troublesome for the patient than the symptoms of asthma.
Chronic insomnia is associated with a shift of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor secretion from nighttime to daytime
Authors: A.N. Vgontzas, M. Zoumakis, D.A. Papanicolaou, E.O. Bixler, P. Prolo, H.-M. Lin, A. Vela-Bueno, A. Kales, G.P. Chrousos
Journal: Metabolism (2002)
Aromatic Substrate Specificity of Browning by Cultures of the Legionnaires' Disease Bacterium
Authors: WILLIAM B. BAINE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

When the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium is grown on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar, brown pigmentation of the medium occurs. Since this browning may result from tyrosinase-mediated formation of melanin, we supplemented yeast-extract agar with various aromatic precursors of melanin and inoculated it with eight strains of the LD bacterium. Browning occurred with growth of each LD strain of the bacterium on yeast-extract agar enriched with 2.5 mmol/L of L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine but not without such enrichment. Equimolar D-phenylalanine or D-tryosine in yeast-extract agar did not enhance browning. The LD bacterium may possess L-phenylalanine hydroxylase activity, but it does not use D-aromatic amino acids effectively in pigment production.
Identifying population differences in genes that affect body mass index
Authors: Scott M Williams
Journal: Genome Medicine (2013)

Genomic regions of interest can be narrowed by studying populations that have patterns of low linkage disequilibrium. A recent study of body mass index in African Americans demonstrated this point and, through cross-population analyses, revealed additional genomic associations. This comparative analysis showed how rare alleles that associate with traits in specific populations can be detected in cohorts where the same alleles are not rare, and highlights how population diversity can aid genetic analyses.
Invariant NKT Cells as Initiators, Licensors, and Facilitators of the Adaptive Immune Response
Authors: Joan Stein-Streilein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

In the past, the neural reflex arc provided immunologists with a useful analogy for understanding the adaptive immune response ([Fig. 1][1]) . A revisit to the concept of the immune reflex arc, in which the immune response is divided into an afferent limb, central processing mechanism, and efferent
Navigating the shoals in hypertension: discovery and guidance
Authors: M. J. Brown, J. K. Cruickshank, T. M. MacDonald
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Despite the extensive evidence underpinning treatment of high blood pressure, important questions remain. <b>Morris Brown</b>, <b>Kennedy Cruickshank</b>, and <b>Thomas MacDonald</b> argue that assumptions in recent treatment guidelines are based on insufficient evidence
Radioactive Isotopes as Aids in Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Edith H. Quimby
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

I AM very much honored by the invitation to deliver the George Holmes Lecture this year. It is a privilege and a pleasure to join in paying tribute to an outstanding leader.A long time ago I knew Dr. Holmes as one of the leading lights in American radiology; I respected his position and admired his wide knowledge in the field. Then I came to know him personally, and to my respect and admiration were added real affection for a comfortable friend. He occupies for me — and I am sure for many others — a unique position.Dr. Holmes's . . .
Acute Cardiac Tamponade Caused by Massive Hemorrhage From Pericardial Cyst
Authors: Isao Shiraishi, Masaaki Yamagishi, Ayumi Kawakita, Yasutoshi Yamamoto, Kenji Hamaoka
Journal: Circulation (2000)

A, Chest radiograph demonstrates marked enlargement of cardiac silhouette (cardiothoracic ratio 89%).Contrast-enhanced CT (B) and 2D echocardiograms (C, long axis; D, short axis) exhibit massive pericardial effusion (PE) and cystic structures (arrowheads) in pericardial cavity.E, Resected tissue shows blood-containing cysts and yellowish cysts originating from a peduncle.F, Cyst wall consists of vascularized connective tissue and flat mesothelial cells (arrowhead).B through E, Barϭ2.0 cm; F, barϭ200 m.LV indicates left ventricle.
Reflected Ultrasound in the Detection and Localization of Pleural Effusion
Authors: Claude R. Joyner
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Reflected ultrasound, using the echo-ranging technique, has had increasing application as a diagnostic method over the past few years. Subsequent to the introduction of echoencephalography in 1955, the technique has been widely accepted as a diagnostic procedure in the determination of space-occupying lesions within the skull.<sup>1</sup>The technique has also proved to be of value in the delineation of soft-tissue structures within the abdomen, the diagnosis of pelvic masses, and the measurement of fetal head size.<sup>2,3</sup>In cardiology, ultrasound has provided a method of proved accuracy in the diagnosis of mitral valve disease and has been of value in the detection of pericardial effusion and atrial tumors.<sup>4-8</sup>In 1964, Pell presented the ultrasound pattern obtained from the chest of one patient with pleural effusion and discussed the pattern which might be expected following thoracentesis.<sup>9</sup>The present study was undertaken to determine the accuracy and reliability of the
Physician and Nurse Practitioner: Conflict and Reward
Authors: BARBARA BATES
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Physicians and the nurse practitioners with whom they work face a number of conflicts. Conflicts develop within the individuals as they change their professional self-images. Each doctor-nurse team must develop new ways of working together and must do so against a background of longstanding professional territoriality. Comparable struggles are felt within schools and hospitals. Although governments have supported nurse practitioner programs, they have not yet enacted the fiscal and legal changes to make the role fully viable. Despite these struggles many physicians and nurses have achieved definite rewards. Research is beginning to document important successes, and educational programs are graduating significant numbers of practitioners.
Extraction and Degradation of Timothy Pollen Allergen during Simulated <i>in vivo</i> Conditions
Authors: Henning Løwenstein, Niels Mygind
Journal: Allergy (1978)

Extraction and degradation of timothy pollen in saline has been compared with extraction in nasal secretion and gastric fluid. By measuring the absolute amount of one important allergenic substance by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and the total allergenic activity by RAST as a function of time it was shown that the allergens were extracted extremely fast and that both the total allergenic activity and the concentration of one allergen readied maximum after about 20 min. Compared with saline, extraction under the simulated in vivo conditions gave a lower maximum level and a faster degradation of allergens.
Symmetry for the sake of symmetry, or symmetry for the sake of behavior?
Authors: Jeffrey B. Wagman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Wynn suggests that the imposition of symmetry on stone tools is indicative of the evolutionary development of cognitive abilities of the tool makers, particularly that of creating mental images. I suggest that it is more likely indicative of the evolutionary development of the perceptual ability to detect resources for behavior of hand-held objects.
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: C. H. Hitchcock, Homer F. Swift
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

The indifferent streptococci are remarkably efficient allergizing agents when inoculated intradermally into rabbits. This is revealed by the high percentage of secondary reactions which occur in the lesions resulting from the inoculation of small doses of these organisms, and by the relative frequency with which positive ophthalmic reactions are obtained following sensitization with relatively small doses. This allergizing capacity is most marked in the organisms of Type I and least marked in the non-inulin-fermenting strains of Group X. The different resultants emerging from variations in allergizing capacity of streptococci and reactivity of host are clearly demonstrated in this series of experiments.
The Influence of Matthew Baillie's Morbid Anatomy: Biography, Evaluation and Reprint
Authors: Lelland J. Rather
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Matthew Baillie's<i>Morbid Anatomy of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body</i>was first published in 1793. It was not a book on pathology in the traditional medical sense, that is, it was not a study of the causes, nature, course, and "products" of disease. Nor was it, like Morgagni's<i>De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indigatis</i>of 1761, a systematic survey of correlated clinical and pathological findings. It was instead a straightforward presentation, organ by organ, of postmortem pathological anatomical changes. Although one may suppose that Baillie more or less espoused the humoral pathological views of his uncle, John Hunter, they appear only occasionally in the<i>Morbid Anatomy</i>, eg, in his discussion of the organization of pericardial exudate. The accuracy of his observations and the excellence of his descriptions of pathological anatomy make the book readily accessible to the modern physician. Dr. Rodin's main title is slightly
Prevalence of HBsAg in UK population
Authors: E. H Boxall, T H Flewett
Journal: BMJ (1987)

bidity or fetal or neonatal death was lower in the actively managed group, and one cannot help noticing, despite its statistical irrelevance, that one stillbirth occurred among the conservatively managed patients.To say induction oflabour is the less desirable treatment would depend on showing either that this leads to increased fetal damage and death or that any reduction in these end points was so small that women would accept them in preference to the psychological disadvantages and risk of caesarean section with active management.A randomised trial to show any decrease in mortality from say 3 to 1 per 1000 will require 18478 patients in each arm of the trial to have a 90% chance of showing a difference at the p<0 05 significance level.Such a trial would be difficult to organise but is the only way in which a meaningful conclusion to this long discussed problem may be reached.This, of course, is one of the greatest dilemmas of modem obstetrics.The risks which we are called on to balance are so low that only an enormous study will show the safest method of management.Even this evidence, however is not a perfect guide, as many patients might consider a small risk worth while for other perceived advantages.
Overnight calls in primary care: randomised controlled trial of management using nurse telephone consultation
Authors: F. Thompson, S. George, V. Lattimer, H. Smith, M. Moore, J. Turnbull, M. Mullee, E. Thomas, H. Bond, A. Glasper
Journal: BMJ (1999)

We recently published the results of a randomised controlled trial of a nurse telephone consultation service in primary care out of hours.1 The new service, operating at evenings and weekends, significantly reduced general practitioners’ workload and was at least as safe as the existing out of hours service. Contacts diminish sharply after about 10 pm,2 and, anecdotally, a higher proportion of night calls necessitate consultation with a general practitioner. We report here a parallel trial aimed at establishing whether nurse telephone consultation was equally effective in managing workload at night.
Low-Renin Hypertension After Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
Authors: Clyde M. Williams
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The process of stone disintegration by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) causes multiple hemorrhages in the adjacent renal parenchyma. These hemorrhages may be reabsorbed completely or may heal by scar tissue formation.<sup>1</sup>Such changes cause reduced blood flow to the traumatized kidney in about 25% of patients, detectable immediately<sup>2</sup>and at 18 months<sup>3</sup>after the procedure. As many as 8% of patients may develop a sustained marked increase in blood pressure within a few days to as long as a year after ESWL.<sup>3</sup>Because renal trauma is a well-recognized cause of renovascular hypertension and there may be a long interval between renal injury and the onset of hypertension, it is likely that there is a causal relationship between renal trauma caused by ESWL and the subsequent onset of hypertension. Both the hypertension following compression of renal parenchyma by subcapsular hematoma (Page kidney) and
THE MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CANCER.
Authors: ROBERT REYBURN
Journal: JAMA (1906)

For several years I have made a special study of cases of cancer, for the purpose of endeavoring to discover some of the causes, and thus to throw light on the proper method of treatment. I have reached certain well-defined conclusions in my own mind concerning this most important subject. As a preliminary to the question of treatment it will be necessary here to epitomize briefly my opinions concerning the causes of cancer. The first and probably the most powerful predisposing cause of cancer is senility, or old age, of the tissues and organs of the body. An apparently formidable objection will at once be made to the above statement by citing the well-known fact that cancer is found in young persons, and is sometimes (though rarely) congenital. While this is perfectly true, yet it should be remembered that senility is only a comparative term. Many persons are practically as
Smoking Cessation and the Nicotine Patch
Authors: Timothy S. Howard
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> — Smoking prevalence is declining less rapidly among disadvantaged smokers than among the general US population. Disadvantaged smokers (defined by low income, education, or employment) appear to be less able to quit than the general population.<sup>1,2</sup>While poor smokers are unlikely to attend formal smoking cessation therapies, their prevalence of smoking-related illnesses is higher than that in the general population.<sup>2</sup> The effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments in poor smokers is not known, but several factors suggest transdermal nicotine (TN) therapy might be effective. Transdermal nicotine is safe and easy to use, has very good compliance, and increases quit rates by a factor of 2.5 even when smokers do not attend concurrent behavior therapy.<sup>3</sup> As a result of a program to donate free TN patches, we tested the efficacy of TN in poor smokers. In 1993, 6-week courses of a 24-hour TN system (Prostep) were
F-18 FDG PET/CT Detects Muscle Involvement in Erdheim-Chester Disease
Authors: Valentina Ambrosini, Francesco Savelli, Elisa Merli, Maurizio Zompatori, Cristina Nanni, Vincenzo Allegri, Stefano Fanti
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

A case of Erdheim-Chester disorder, a rare non-Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, was referred for restaging by F-18 FDG PET/CT more than 10 years after initial diagnosis. The patient presented diabetes insipidus, hypergondotropic hypogonadism, and osteosclerotic lesions. Previous bone scintigraphy documented pathognomonic long bones' involvement. Chronic steroid and hormone replacement therapy was administered, and the patient was asymptomatic. F-18 FDG PET/CT was useful for disease restaging at cardiac and soft tissues level.
HIV Infection in Cuba
Authors: Antonio M. Gordon
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the countries that make up the island of Hispaniola has received attention inTHE JOURNALrecently.<sup>1</sup>In 1987, a study on the rates of infection in the Dominican Republic shed light on both the Dominican and the Haitian populations. Cuba recently has released data on HIV serology that suggest that 0.02% of Cubans are infected (<i>Miami Herald</i>, April 19, 1987, p 22A). Our health surveillance studies, however, carried out on newly arrived refugees, suggest a much higher rate of HIV infection in Cubans. Out of 990 randomly selected blood samples collected in 1980, twenty were positive for HIV infection (2.02%).<sup>2</sup>Considering that Cuba has a rather sophisticated public health system, the reason for this discrepancy is not entirely clear. For 1986, the rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Haiti and the Dominican Republic were 88
A SPORADIC CASE DIAGNOSED AS PELLAGRA.
Authors: T. C. MERRILL
Journal: JAMA (1907)

In connection with the report of a series of troublesome and indeterminate cases recently observed and studied at the Alabama Hospital for (colored) Insane, the following account may be of interest: <h3>History.</h3> —Male, aged 42. Family history, except for the occurrence of epilepsy in a sister, was negative. Patient's history, prior to his present condition, was one of good health. He was first seen on July 4, 1907, and stated that he had been ill with a sore mouth for two or three weeks. He had been employing various mouth-washes without relief and there had been a progressive increase in bodily prostration. Aid had been summoned to his home at this time on account of his weakness and inability to travel from his dwelling to town. He complained of seeing spots before his eyes, was dizzy and had nausea without vomiting. Bowel movements were regular, feces varying in color from