tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Public Schools on Childhood Obesity
Authors: Robert Colin Carter
Journal: JAMA (2002)

78% OF RESPONDENTS reported that their body weights were not a serious health concern. 1 Approximately one third of these respondents were obese, two thirds were overweight, and 15% of their children were overweight.This indifference is not appropriate.Obesity may soon replace smoking as the leading cause of preventable death in the United States.Obesity may be responsible for approximately 300000 US deaths per year, and, unlike smoking, the prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing. 2 Public health officials now refer to obesity as an epidemic.Unlike infectious diseases, obesity kills and disables by gradually increasing the risk for diseases like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and cancer.Recent studies estimate that obesity is more strongly associated with chronic medical conditions, and reduced health-related quality of life, than smoking, heavy drinking, or poverty. 3 Articles in this issue of MSJAMA emphasize the importance of societal change to address obesity.Tarayn Grizzard examines the undertreatment of obesity by American physicians.Susan Blumenthal, Jennifer Hendi, and Lauren Marsillo argue that a public health approach is required to address the myriad environmental and sociocultural factors contributing to obesity.Lawsuits have recently emerged to uncover and redress alleged food industry misconduct that may be contributing to the obesity problem.Richard Daynard, Lauren Hash, and Anthony Robbins discuss the future of this food litigation.The prevalence of obesity among children is also rapidly increasing and has been associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance. 2Robert Carter reviews the rationale and the results of school-based obesity interventions.Ellen Fried and Marion Nestle argue that soda consumption makes an important contribution to childhood obesity.They describe marketing practices designed to increase soda consumption among schoolchildren and discuss recent political initiatives to restrict these practices.The burden imposed by overweight and obesity on the United States is very high.The estimated total cost of overweight and obesity in 2000 is estimated to have been $117 billion, nearly 10% of the US health care expenditure. 2By contrast, the United Nations estimates that the yearly costs of HIV/AIDS prevention and care in Africa, Asia, and Latin America will be $9.7 billion by 2005. 4 Given the exorbitant costs of obesity, more effective interventions are urgently needed to decrease its prevalence.The fact that most Americans are overweight, yet are not concerned about the health importance of their own body weights, suggests that there remains much room for improvement.
An under-recognised risk
Authors: J. M Sherriff, J. E Brown, N. D James
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Osteoporosis is another important but under-recognised risk of androgen deprivation therapy.1 Few guidelines exist to help detect and manage bone loss in these men.

As survival from prostate cancer increases, osteoporosis and its complications will probably become more common. A retrospective study of over 50 000 men with prostate cancer …
Postoperative analgesia with controlled-release morphine sulphate: comparison with intramuscular morphine.
Authors: D Fell, A Chmielewski, G Smith
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Fifty patients undergoing hysterectomy or cholecystectomy took part in a trail of postoperative analgesia provided by either intramuscular morphine or controlled-release morphine sulphate tablets orally. Respiratory function and plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured after operation and pain was assessed by using a linear analogue scoring method. Controlled-release morphine sulphate produced comparable pain relief with that of intramuscular morphine, and depression of respiratory function after operation was similar with the two analgesic regimens. The mean total dose of drug per patient given over 48 h to patients undergoing hysterectomy was 115 mg for morphine sulphate and 53 mg for morphine. Patients undergoing cholecystectomy received 130 mg morphine sulphate or 76 mg morphine. There was more sedation after operation in those patients undergoing hysterectomy who received morphine sulphate tablets. Morphine sulphate tablets produced satisfactory postoperative analgesia compared with intramuscular morphine: both regimens were acceptable to the patients.
Macrophages regulate corpus luteum development during embryo implantation in mice
Authors: Alison S. Care, Kerrilyn R. Diener, Melinda J. Jasper, Hannah M. Brown, Wendy V. Ingman, Sarah A. Robertson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Macrophages are prominent in the uterus and ovary at conception. Here we utilize the Cd11b-Dtr mouse model of acute macrophage depletion to define the essential role of macrophages in early pregnancy. Macrophage depletion after conception caused embryo implantation arrest associated with diminished plasma progesterone and poor uterine receptivity. Implantation failure was alleviated by administration of bone marrow-derived CD11b+F4/80+ monocytes/macrophages. In the ovaries of macrophage-depleted mice, corpora lutea were profoundly abnormal, with elevated Ptgs2, Hif1a, and other inflammation and apoptosis genes and with diminished expression of steroidogenesis genes Star, Cyp11a1, and Hsd3b1. Infertility was rescued by exogenous progesterone, which confirmed that uterine refractoriness was fully attributable to the underlying luteal defect. In normally developing corpora lutea, macrophages were intimately juxtaposed with endothelial cells and expressed the proangiogenic marker TIE2. After macrophage depletion, substantial disruption of the luteal microvascular network occurred and was associated with altered ovarian expression of genes that encode vascular endothelial growth factors. These data indicate a critical role for macrophages in supporting the extensive vascular network required for corpus luteum integrity and production of progesterone essential for establishing pregnancy. Our findings raise the prospect that disruption of macrophage-endothelial cell interactions underpinning corpus luteum development contributes to infertility in women in whom luteal insufficiency is implicated.
Maintaining the integrity of the scientific record
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2001)

We editors of medical journals worry that we sometimes publish studies where the declared authors have not participated in the design of the study, had no access to the raw data, and had little to do with the interpretation of the data. Instead the sponsors of the study—often pharmaceutical companies—have designed the study and analysed and interpreted the data. Readers and editors are thus being deceived. Editors are also concerned that the declared authors might not have ultimate control over whether their studies are published. That decision may rest with the funders of the research—perhaps a government department or a pharmaceutical company—which could mean that results unfavourable to the funders are suppressed. This distorts the scientific record and again deceives readers, allowing them to read only favourable results. Editors have taken steps to counter the problem by revising the uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, …
Duplicate Twins and Double Monsters.
Authors: Harris Hawthorne Wilder.
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Northampton, Mass., Dec. 15, 1904. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —As I have recently become interested in a line of investigation which requires the careful examination of all forms of double monsters, I would be extremely grateful for the gift or loan of fetal or new-born specimens exhibiting any grade of this phenomenon. As such cases are rare, there is a natural tendency to store them up as museum specimens, in which condition the benefit to be derived from them is inconsiderable; while a thorough anatomic investigation would yield far more important results. As I am working on a definite problem, I do not care at present for other forms of monsters, such as those of microcephalous, acephalous or amorphous types, but only for those which exhibit a doubling of any axial part, ranging from single individuals with doubled median parts to two complete individuals united at a single point. Similar cases
Lightning-Strike Disaster Among Children
Authors: Gary J. Myers
Journal: JAMA (1977)

A lightning strike involving 47 children is described. Four cases demonstrate the most common and serious resulting pathology: burns, myocardial infarction, and neurological symptoms varying from feelings of fear and nightmares to brain death. The pathophysiology of lightning injury is described. The importance of immediate resuscitation of the victim who appears dead after a lightning strike is emphasized, and procedures to prevent lighting injury are presented.
532 rhuMAb-E25 (E25), humanized murine monoclonal anti-IgE, inhibits the allerggen-induced early asthmatic response (EAR)
Authors: D COCKCROFT, S KALRA, R BHAGAT, V SWYSTUN, L BOULET, J COTE, M LAVIOLETTE, F DESCHESNES, K CHAPMAN, L CLELAND
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1996)
Thrombolysis for Acute Arterial Occlusion of the Legs
Authors: John M. Porter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Since the initial clinical description by Tillett and associates1 more than 40 years ago, thrombolytic therapy has been hovering on the outskirts of medical practice. Despite intense interest by the pharmaceutical industry and a plethora of anecdotal clinical reports, thrombolysis has found a generally accepted role only in the treatment of acute coronary thrombosis. The treatment of ischemic stroke within a few hours after onset may be another indication,2 although this use of thrombolytic therapy is still being investigated.To date, no convincing evidence has demonstrated the superiority of thrombolytic therapy over conventional therapy for venous thromboembolism or peripheral arterial . . .
Forensics Experts Tackle Task of Identifying Thousands of 'Disappeared' Victims
Authors: Chris Raymond
Journal: JAMA (1989)

THIS SPRING, a team of medical students, aspiring archeologists, and forensic pathologists will be engaged in the unpleasant task of sifting through the skeletal remains of about 220 persons buried in a mass grave in Argentina. They are among the estimated 8 000 to 20 000 persons referred to as the "disappeared," victims of a wave of military-led torture in that country during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The original plan, which Clyde C. Snow, PhD, now admits was "grandiose," was to "dig up all 20 000 'disappeared' and identify them." Reality intervened. In a country just emerging from a wave of terror and lacking a legacy of independent forensic work, the goal of identifying enough victims to successfully prosecute their murderers has proved daunting enough. "The strategy now is to get one person positively identified and determine the cause of death," says Eric Stover. "We don't need to
Pneumothorax in AIDS
Authors: Charles A. Kennedy
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Letters15 August 1991Pneumothorax in AIDSCharles A. Kennedy, MDCharles A. Kennedy, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-4-328_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors:In a 9-year longitudinal study by Sepkowitz and colleagues, spontaneous pneumothorax developed in 20 of 1030 (2.0%) patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (1). The relative risk for pneumothorax was associated with prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine and previous episodes ofPneumocystis cariniipneumonia (1). Patients were initially randomized to receive 30, 45, or 60 mg of aerosolized pentamidine every 2 weeks using a Seimens microinhalation device (Seimens Corporation, Munich, Germany). Subsequently, all patients received 60 mg of aerosolized pentamidine using a different nebulizing device (Fisoneb, Fisons Pharmaceuticals, Rochester, New York). The authors do not provide specific...References1. SepkowitzTelzakGold KEJ. Pneumothorax in AIDS. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:455-9. LinkGoogle Scholar2. O'DohertyThomasPage MSC. Differences in relative efficiency of nebulizers for pentamidine administration. Lancet. 1988;1:1283-6. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. Prophylactic treatment for opportunistic infections in HIV positive patients: aerosolized pentamidine. JAMA. 1990;263:2510-4. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. JAMA. 1989;262:335-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. BaskinAbdIlowite MAJ. Regional deposition of aerosolized pentamidine: effects of body position and breathing pattern. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:677-83. LinkGoogle Scholar1. MurphyLavelleAllan RJJ. Aerosol pentamidine prophylaxis following Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients: Results of a blinded dose-comparison study using an ultrasonic nebulizer. Am J Med. 1991;90:418-26. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Naval Hospital San Diego, CA 92134 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 August 1991Volume 115, Issue 4Page: 328-329KeywordsAIDSLongitudinal studiesPneumocystis carinii pneumoniaRelative risk Issue Published: 15 August 1991 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Alpha<sub>1</sub>-Antitrypsin Deficiency — A Model for Conformational Diseases
Authors: Robin W. Carrell, David A. Lomas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Alpha1-antitrypsin is a member of a family of protease inhibitors known as the serpins. Mutations in these molecules can lead to disease, not only because the biologic activity of the protease in tissue is increased, but also because the mutations result in misfolded (i.e., conformationally abnormal) protease molecules that accumulate in tissue. This review article summarizes the action of these protease inhibitors and how mutations lead to their accumulation in particular neurodegenerative disorders such as prion encephalopathies and Alzheimer's disease.
Points: Materia Medica Ecclesiastica
Authors: R. Greene
Journal: BMJ (1982)

A Ledermann and colleagues (12 June, p 1784) reporting thrombocytopenia following benoxaprofen therapy.They state that thrombocytopenia associated with benoxaprofen has not been reported before.We reported thrombocytopenia in association with leucopenia and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a 62- year-old woman after only nine days' treatment with benoxaprofen, and this was published in May 1982.
PRURITUS ANI ET VULVAE DUE TO ALLERGY
Authors: Richard L. Sutton
Journal: JAMA (1949)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Skin testing with regard to contactant injury pertinent to pruritus ani et vulvae has received the condemnation of Dr. H. Hailey (Hailey, H.: Pruritus Ani et Vulvae, J. A. M. A.<b>139</b>: 837 [March 26] 1949) and the approbation of Dr. A. H. Rowe (Pruritus Ani et Vulvae Due to Allergy, correspondence, J. A. M. A.<b>140</b>:644 [June 18] 1949). When contactant irritation is suspected, as it is in most cases of pruritus ani et vulvae, the effort of the practitioner (in contradistinction, perhaps, to the medical scientist) is to keep possibly irritant substances off the affected regions and to obtain the cure not by doing something to the patient but by inducing the patient not to do something harmful to himself. Soap, toilet articles and medicines are the common causes of contact dermatitis of the anogenital region. Rather than doing skin tests with them, the
PTH-091 Testing For Hepatitis C In High Risk Immigrants – Findings From A Single Practice With A Large Immigrant Population
Authors: VJ Appleby, A Khan, J Rehman, GR Foster, S Moreea
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Summary</h3> <h3>Background and objectives</h3> Past studies that demonstrated that sexual dysfunction is common among women receiving chronic hemodialysis did not distinguish sexual dysfunction/difficulty from sexual inactivity. This study sought to differentiate these in order to elucidate the prevalence of true “sexual dysfunction” in this population. <h3>Design, setting, participants, &amp; measurements</h3> As part of a clinical trial of symptom management strategies in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis, female sexual function was prospectively assessed monthly for 6 months and quarterly thereafter using the Female Sexual Function Index, to which questions were added differentiating sexual dysfunction/difficulty from sexual inactivity. Beginning in month 7, patients were asked three questions about sexual activity, difficulty, and satisfaction monthly. <h3>Results</h3> Of the women enrolled in the clinical trial,125 participants completed 1721 assessments between 2009 and 2011. Scores on 574 of 643 (89%) quarterly Female Sexual Function Index assessments were consistent with sexual dysfunction, due largely to sexual inactivity, which was reported on 525 (82%) quarterly assessments. When reported (<i>n</i>=1663), the most frequently described reasons for sexual inactivity were lack of interest in sex (<i>n</i>=715; 43%) and lack of a partner (<i>n</i>=647; 39%), but rarely sexual difficulty (<i>n</i>=36; 2%). When reported (<i>n</i>=1582), women were moderately to very satisfied with their sexual life on 1020 (64%) assessments and on 513 of 671 (76%) assessments in which lack of interest was cited as a reason for sexual inactivity. Women indicated an interest in learning about the causes of and treatment for sexual dysfunction on just 5% of all assessments. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Although many women receiving chronic hemodialysis are sexually inactive, few describe sexual difficulty. Most, including those with a lack of interest in sex, are satisfied with their sexual life and few wish to learn about treatment options. These findings suggest that true sexual dysfunction is uncommon in this population and that treatment opportunities are rare.
Cellular Uptake of Arginine-Rich Peptides: Roles for Macropinocytosis and Actin Rearrangement
Authors: Ikuhiko Nakase, Miki Niwa, Toshihide Takeuchi, Kazuhiro Sonomura, Noriko Kawabata, Yukihiro Koike, Masanori Takehashi, Seigo Tanaka, Kunihiro Ueda, Jeremy C. Simpson, Arwyn T. Jones, Yukio Sugiura, Shiroh Futaki
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

The use of membrane-permeable peptides as carrier vectors for the intracellular delivery of various proteins and macromolecules for modifying cellular function is well documented. Arginine-rich peptides, including those derived from human immunodeficiency virus 1 Tat protein, are among the representative classes of these vectors. The internalization mechanism of these vector peptides and their protein conjugates was previously regarded as separate from endocytosis, but more recent reevaluations have concluded that endocytosis is involved in their internalization. In this report, we show that the uptake of octa-arginine (R8) peptide by HeLa cells was significantly suppressed by the macropinocytosis inhibitor ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) and the F-actin polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin D, suggesting a role for macropinocytosis in the uptake of the peptide. In agreement with this we observed that treatment of the cells with R8 peptide induced significant rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. The internalization efficiency and contribution of macropinocytosis were also observed to have a dependency on the chain length of the oligoarginine peptides. Uptake of penetratin, another representative peptide carrier, was less sensitive to EIPA and penetratin did not have such distinct effects on actin localization. The above observations suggest that penetratin and R8 peptides have distinct internalization mechanisms.
Clonality and Lymphoproliferative Lesions
Authors: Michael P. Davey, Thomas A. Waldmann
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

It is much easier for the hematologist or oncologist to arrive at a diagnosis explaining lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, or abnormal lymphocytic infiltrations of bone marrow or skin if the cells involved can be shown to originate from a clone. Attempts to define the clonality of cells in lymphoproliferative lesions have usually followed one of three standard approaches: the determination that only a single immunoglobulin light chain, either kappa or lambda, is expressed; the demonstration of a specific cytogenetic abnormality; or the expression of only a single allele for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase within the tumor of a female patient who is heterozygous for . . .
Thromboembolism in primary pulmonary hypertension
Authors: A. Bishop, P. Oldershaw
Journal: BMJ (1996)

choice for pain relief and, consequently, for overdose because selection is dictated by ready availability, sales, and prescription rates.2 8 9 Studies from Oxford show that, although most people who overdose know that paracetamol can be dangerous, prior knowledge of potential death and warnings on labels, however shocking, were deterrents in only a quarter of patients interviewed.' 2 4Restricting individual sales should affect the number of serious overdoses, although this is not entirely predictable.9In France, where packet size is limited to 8 g, overdose is common but severe hepatotoxicity and death are rare.'0How- ever, of people in Oxford who took more than 12 tablets, only 37% said that they would have taken smaller quantities had their packets been limited to 12 tablets.4The effect of blister packs is also uncertain.Although people using them were less likely than people using loose supplies to take more than 25 tablets (40% compared to 60%), the amount ingested reflected immediate availability.4The ever increasing number of formulations containing paracetamol poses practical problems for deterrent packaging, and, anyway, the new proposals on limiting pack size do not extend to effervescent tablets, granules, and sachets.7Recommendations to limit the availability of designated drugs by reducing pack size or making larger amounts available only on prescription may reduce the number of serious overdoses.But given the impulsive nature of overdose, they are unlikely to reduce the total number of overdoses.The extra investment costs, if passed to the consumer, would seem an unfair financial penalty for the millions who heed recommended doses.Furthermore, selective restrictions could favour overdose with the next most available drug, or "cocktails" of unknown formulations and inferior safety record to that of paracetamol.While we endorse the need to encourage consumers to read and heed drug safety information, we remain unconvinced, as do others,4 about the likely impact of any form of warnings on labels and packets as a deterrent to overdose, especially among those who seek manipulative gain.We recommend disseminating public safety information about all the popular drugs through educational programmes in schools and via additional media such as television, radio, newspapers, and even the Internet.Information should encourage early hospital treatment after overdose, emphasising for paracetamol the high efficacy of the antidote.6Any campaign that publicises the toxicity of specific drugs should be monitored carefully to watch for increases in selection of other drugs.
Low serum bilirubin concentration is a novel risk factor for the development of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hiroshi Okada, Michiaki Fukui, Muhei Tanaka, Shinobu Matsumoto, Kanae Kobayashi, Hiroya Iwase, Kiichiro Tomiyasu, Koji Nakano, Goji Hasegawa, Naoto Nakamura
Journal: Metabolism (2013)
Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Hans-Peter Hammes, Xueliang Du, Diane Edelstein, Tetsuya Taguchi, Takeshi Matsumura, Qida Ju, Jihong Lin, Angelika Bierhaus, Peter Nawroth, Dieter Hannak, Michael Neumaier, Regine Bergfeld, Ida Giardino, Michael Brownlee
Journal: Nature Medicine (2003)