tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Natural and Derivative Brevetoxins: Historical Background, Multiplicity, and Effects
Authors: Daniel G. Baden, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Henry Jacocks, Sophie Michelliza, Jerome Naar
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Symptoms consistent with inhalation toxicity have long been associated with Florida red tides, and various causal agents have been proposed. Research since 1981 has centered on a group of naturally occurring trans-fused cyclic polyether compounds called brevetoxins that are produced by a marine dinoflagellate known as Karenia brevis. Numerous individual brevetoxins have been identified from cultures as well as from natural bloom events. A spectrum of brevetoxin derivatives produced by chemical modification of the natural toxins has been prepared to examine the effects of functional group modification on physiologic activity. Certain structural features of natural and synthetic derivatives of brevetoxin appear to ascribe specific physiologic consequences to each toxin. Differential physiologic effects have been documented with many of the natural toxins and derivatives, reinforcing the hypothesis that metabolism or modification of toxin structures modulates both the specific toxicity (lethality on a per milligram basis) and potentially the molecular mechanism(s) of action. A series of naturally occurring fused-ring polyether compounds with fewer rings than brevetoxin, known as brevenals, exhibit antagonistic properties and counteract the effects of the brevetoxins in neuronal and pulmonary model systems. Taken together, the inhalation toxicity of Florida red tides would appear to depend on the amount of each toxin present, as well as on the spectrum of molecular activities elicited by each toxin. Toxicity in a bloom is diminished by the amount brevenal present.
GM-CSF and proteinosis
Authors: F Khanjari
Journal: Thorax (2003)

The use of recombinant GM-CSF in the treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) has been reported recently in Thorax 1,2 in cases with anti-GM-CSF antibodies. We report the successful use of GM-CSF in a patient with no GM-CSF antibodies, which provides further evidence for considering GM-CSF as a possible keystone to the treatment of PAP.

A 35 year old man with a past history of idiopathic marrow aplasia treated with antilymphocytic serum in 1983 and Mycobacterium avium systemic infection presented in February 1999 with a 4 month history of dyspnoea. A diagnosis of PAP was suspected from the HRCT scan which showed …
Abstract 3138: IL-6/Stat3 signaling is an indispensable modulator of oncogene-induced cellular senescence
Authors: Jan Pencik, Michaela Schlederer, Melanie Hassler, Wolfgang Gruber, Fritz Aberger, Richard Kennedy, Stephen Walker, Stephan Rose-John, Valeria Poli, Robert Eferl, Harald Esterbauer, Osman Aksoy, Merima Herac, Peter Mazal, Andrea Haitel, Martin Susani, Richard Moriggl, Zoran Culig, Lukas Kenner
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract IL-6/Stat3 signaling plays a role as a proto-oncogene in various tumors including prostate cancer, where IL-6 has been explored as therapeutic target. Deficiency of Pten, one of the most commonly mutated genes in cancer, directly triggers a senescence program critically depending on the p19Arf-p53 fail-safe pathway. We identified a novel and unexpected tumor suppressive role of IL-6/Stat3 signaling in a Pten-deficient murine prostate cancer model. Our data provide evidence that activation of IL-6/Stat3 signaling axis is implicated in oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Strikingly, genetic ablation of IL-6 strongly promoted prostate cancer initiation, progression and metastasis in Pten-deficient mice. Mechanistically, IL6/Stat3 signaling regulates p19Arf-p53-induced senescence by modulating expression of the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 in pre-neoplastic cells. Critically, in prostate cancer patients low expression of Stat3 or p14Arf, the human homologue of p19Arf, correlates with poor survival. Therefore, the IL-6/Stat3 signaling axis may represent a novel molecular target for senescence-based cancer therapies. Citation Format: Jan Pencik, Michaela Schlederer, Melanie Hassler, Wolfgang Gruber, Fritz Aberger, Richard Kennedy, Stephen Walker, Stephan Rose-John, Valeria Poli, Robert Eferl, Harald Esterbauer, Osman Aksoy, Merima Herac, Peter Mazal, Andrea Haitel, Martin Susani, Richard Moriggl, Zoran Culig, Lukas Kenner. IL-6/Stat3 signaling is an indispensable modulator of oncogene-induced cellular senescence. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3138. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3138
Riot-control agents: personal experience.
Authors: R. McClean
Journal: BMJ (1969)

sugar in both diabetic and normal dogs.His research had been sadly interrupted when the Germans occupied Bucharest in 1916 and the paper2 reporting his results was not submitted until June 1921.At that time Banting was embarking on the initial stages of his experiments and accordingly could not then have known of the Rumanian work.Paulesco obtained his extracts from minced dog and beef pancreas (Banting relied on pancreas degenerated after ligation of the duct, only later discovering that this procedure was un- necessary, ",stumbling," as the late Sir Henry Dale described it,' " into the right road when it crossed the course of faulty conception.")The method of extraction was not dissimilar from that evolved independently by Banting and Best.Paulesco called his extract pancreatine.Banting and Best named theirs isletin, later, on the insistence of Macleod, changing it to insulin, the name suggested originally by de Meyer in 1909, Both pancreatine and isletin were demonstrated to have antidiabetic properties, but in their original form neither was suitable for sub- cutaneous injection, as this caused intense local irritation.Paulesco had observed this in a dog and consequently did not use this route of administration in a human patient.Banting and Best did commence treating a patient with subcutaneous insulin, but had to abandon treatment because of the local swelling and redness which resulted.For- tunately for the latter workers Collip was at that time in Macleod's laboratory in Toronto as a Rockefeller fellow, and he very quickly prepared a purified extract which was both acceptable and effective.Then there was a clash of personalities and Collip returned to Edmonton.Soon, however, the Eli Lilly Company obtained permission to explore the commer- cial possibilities.They turned their vast research facilities to the problem of improving extraction methods-the enormity of their undertaking can be judged from the fact that in employing Collip's rabbit convulsive method for standardization they used 100,000 rabbits in six months.Walden, one of their scientists, devised the procedure of isoelectric fractionation and with this it was possible by the end of 1922 to produce insulin in adequate quantity.Meanwhile, in Rumania a committee had been formed with a view to perfecting Paulesco's extract, but there were no facilities comparable to those in the United States, where the rapid solution of the prob- lem rendered their further endeavours un- necessary.All attention was focused on Toronto, and the pioneer work of Paulesco received scant recognition-and is now in danger of being forgotten.-Iam, etc.,
Characteristics of Skeletal Stress Fractures in Female Military Recruits of the Israel Defense Forces on Bone Scintigraphy
Authors: Nir Hod, Isaac Ashkenazi, Yeheskel Levi, Gil Fire, Moshe Drori, Israel Cohen, Hanna Bernstine, Tifha Horne
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Clinical surveys on stress fractures (SF) in female military recruits are scarce. The aim of this study was to characterize the scintigraphic findings and classify the distribution and pattern of SF in a group of female recruits of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).The bone scans of 146 female recruits (age range, 19-20.6 years) with suspected SF were assessed retrospectively. The SF lesions were classified qualitatively into 4 grades of bone response according to the classification criteria introduced by Zwas et al. SF location and distribution were analyzed, and in several cases, the abnormalities were correlated radiographically.One hundred forty-six female recruits were examined, of which 93 (64%) had bone scan findings of SF with a total of 247 SF. Forty-eight patients (with or without SF) had shin splints, 32 had thigh splints, and 34 had normal scans. Several SF were detected in sites that were not clinically suspected. Thirty-nine percent of the SF were located in the feet (tarsal bones 22.7%, metatarsal 16.2%), 36.8% in tibiae (predominantly in the midthird), 15.7% in femurs, 6.5% in the pubic and sacroiliac regions, and 2% in the fibula. SF in the tibiae and femurs were mainly located in the posterior aspect of the medial cortical region. Forty-nine percent of the patients had bilateral SF. The SF were classified on a 4-grade scale: 41.3% were grade I, 37.2% grade II, 15.8% grade III, and 5.7% grade IV. Thirty-three percent of the patients had one site of SF, 31% had 2 sites, 7.5% had 3 sites, 12% had 4 sites, 7.5% had 5 sites, and 9% had more than 5 sites of SF. Different grades of lesions were often found in the same patient. Sixty-five percent of the patients had SF in the feet, 59% in the tibiae, 26% in the femurs, 14% in the pubic or sacroiliac regions, and 5% in the fibula. Radiography was performed in 15% of the patients. Only one patient had a positive finding on radiography.This study shows that lower leg SF are not uncommon in female military recruits. We clearly distinguished between SF and shin splints, which have important clinical consequences on treatment. Most of the SF were mild (grade I and II) located in the feet and tibiae. This study supports the experience gained in other studies, and emphasizes the significant number of pubic and sacroiliac SF in female soldiers, which is significantly higher in comparison with previous reports on male soldiers.
Microsatellite Diversity Correlated with Ecological-Edaphic and Genetic Factors in Three Microsites of Wild Emmer Wheat in North Israel
Authors: Youchun Li, Tzion Fahima, Abraham B. Korol, Junhua Peng, Marion S. R, Valery Kirzhner, Avigdor Beiles, Eviatar Nevo
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

This study was conducted to test the effects of internal (genetic) and external factors on allelic diversity at 27 dinucleotide microsatellite (simple sequence repeat [SSR]) loci in three Israeli natural populations of Triticum dicoccoides from Ammiad, Tabigha, and Yehudiyya, north of the Sea of Galilee. The results demonstrated that SSR diversity is correlated with the interaction of ecological and genetic factors. Genetic factors, including genome (A vs. B), chromosome, motif, and locus, affected average repeat number (ARN), variance in repeat number (sigma), and number of alleles (NA) of SSRs, but the significance of some factors varied among populations. Genome effect on SSR variation may result from different motif types, particularly compound (or imperfect) versus perfect motifs, which may be related to different evolutionary histories of genomes A and B. Ecological factors significantly affected SSR variation. Soil-unique and soil-specific alleles were found in two edaphic groups dwelling on terra rossa and basalt soils across macro- and microgeographical scales. The largest contributions of genetic and ecological effects were found for diversity of ARN and NA, respectively. Multiple regression indicated that replication slippage and unequal crossing over could be important mutational mechanisms, but their significance varied among motifs. Edaphic stresses may affect the probability of replication errors and recombination intermediates and thus control diversity level and divergence of SSRs. The results may indicate that SSR diversity is adaptive, channeled by natural selection and influenced by both internal and external factors and their interactions.
The Purity of Cholestyramine Resin
Authors: Mark R. Goldstein
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> The suit filed by Warner - Lambert Company, Morris Plains, NJ, on March 21, 1989, against chemical company Rohm &amp; Haas, Philadelphia, Pa, has profound and far-reaching implications. It accuses Rohm &amp; Haas of negligence, breach of contract, and wanton and reckless conduct (<i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. March 23, 1989: 1-C, 13-C) regarding the sale of pesticide-contaminated cholestyramine resin. Two pharmaceutical companies in this country have used cholestyramine resin manufactured by Rohm &amp; Haas for the manufacture of cholesterol-lowering drugs. Bristol-Myers US Pharmaceutical Group, Evansville, Ind, supplies cholestyramine resin in the form of a powder, Questran, and Warner-Lambert supplies cholestyramine resin in the form of a chewable bar, Cholybar. Questran has been available for approximately 20 years and Cholybar was released recently, in November 1988. In May 1988, Bristol-Myers, under an agreement with the Food and Drug Administration, recalled 200 million doses of Questran contaminated with pesticides (<i>The Philadelphia</i>
THE INFLUENCE OF CHOLINE, CYSTINE, AND OF alpha-TOCOPHEROL UPON THE OCCURRENCE OF CEROID PIGMENT IN DIETARY CIRRHOSIS OF RATS
Authors: J. Victor
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1945)

1. Five per cent l-cystine in a stock or low protein diet produces ceroid deposits in rat liver. This effect of l-cystine is much greater in low protein than in stock diets. 2. One per cent choline has an inhibiting effect on deposition of liver ceroid resulting from a low protein diet containing excess cystine. 3. The occurrence of ceroid pigment in the livers of rats on a low protein diet, with or without the addition of excess l-cystine, is transiently inhibited by the administration of alpha-tocopherol. Five per cent cod liver oil in the diet did not prevent this effect of alpha-tocopherol. 4. On low protein, vitamin E-deficient diets, there occurs after 4 months, a rapid and progressive weight loss. This does not happen when alpha-tocopherol is added to the diet.
Aberrant Carotid Artery Injured at Myringotomy
Authors: George Ehni
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The report of carotid artery injury during the course of biopsy of a mass in the ear by Reilly and co-workers (1983;249:1473) was of much interest to me because I had not known before reading their article that the carotid artery could actually appear in the middle ear as a developmental variation. At the time that John Barrett and I reported our case in the<i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>,<sup>1</sup>balloon catheters were unavailable and our patient, who was thought to have suffered carotid artery injury during the course of mastoidectomy and who survived a harrowing motor trip across Texas, during which he controlled his hemorrhage by digital compression of his own artery, finally yielded to carotid occlusion and hemostatic packing. Use of the balloon catheter is certainly to be preferred if hearing remains, and success should attend placement of the catheter at the site of
Implications of the Emergence of a Novel H1 Influenza Virus
Authors: Robert B. Belshe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

In this issue of the Journal, there are two reports of recent transmissions of swine influenza viruses in humans. One group of viruses, described by Shinde et al.,1 are triple reassortants of viruses from pigs, humans, and birds, called triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) viruses, which have circulated in pigs for more than a decade. The other group, described by the Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Investigation Team,2 is a recent reassortant of the triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) viruses and a Eurasian swine influenza virus, resulting in the swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV), currently being transmitted among . . .
Aquagenic urticaria: evidence of cholinergic and histaminergic basis
Authors: R.G. SIBBALD, A.KOBZA BLACK, R.A.J. EADY, M. JAMES, M.W. GREAVES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Two patients with urticaria evoked at the site of contact of skin with water have been studied. Protection of the skin from contact with water by prior application of petrolatum ointment prevented wealing, but removal of the stratum corneum enhanced wealing. Organic solvents did not themselves evoke wealing, but they enhanced the reaction to subsequent challenge by water. That the release of acetylcholine is an essential step in the pharmacogenesis of wealing in aquagenic urticaria is indicated by the suppressive effect of locally-applied scopolamine on water–evoked wealing. Aquagenic urticaria is also associated with elevated blood histamine levels and degranulation of mast cells in the water–challenged skin. The relationship of acetylcholine and histamine to each other and to contact of water with the skin remains uncertain.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION AND STRATUM CORNEUM RETENTION
Authors: DOWLING D. MUNRO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1969)

SUMMARY.— Vehicles influence the penetration of therapeutic agents applied to the skin surface. Physical factors such as temperature and humidity are also of importance. Similarly vehicles and physical factors regulate the retention of material within the stratum corneum to form a reservoir. Penetration of testosterone, oestradiol, hydrocortisone, fluocinolone acetonide and griseofulvin, and the influence of dimethylsulphoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, alcohols and benzene, on percutaneous absorption has been quantitated and related to the influence of these vehicles on the reservoir in separated epidermis with stratum corneum. Similarly, semi-solid vehicles such as ointments have been studied. The experiments indicate that vehicles which enhance penetration also increase the quantity of material retained in the reservoir.
Rethinking ovarian cancer: recommendations for improving outcomes
Authors: Sebastian Vaughan, Jermaine I. Coward, Robert C. Bast, Andy Berchuck, Jonathan S. Berek, James D. Brenton, George Coukos, Christopher C. Crum, Ronny Drapkin, Dariush Etemadmoghadam, Michael Friedlander, Hani Gabra, Stan B. Kaye, Chris J. Lord, Ernst Lengyel, Douglas A. Levine, Iain A. McNeish, Usha Menon, Gordon B. Mills, Kenneth P. Nephew, Amit M. Oza, Anil K. Sood, Euan A. Stronach, Henning Walczak, David D. Bowtell, Frances R. Balkwill
Journal: Nature reviews. Cancer (2011)
Deficiency of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Promotes Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis in Mice
Authors: Randal J. Westrick, Peter F. Bodary, ZuoJun Xu, Yue-Chun Shen, George J. Broze, Daniel T. Eitzman
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Tissue factor initiates blood coagulation after atherosclerotic plaque disruption. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) inhibits tissue factor activity and may reduce thrombus formation in this setting. We evaluated the effect of heterozygous TFPI deficiency on the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis in atherosclerosis-prone mice. Methods and Results —Mice with a combined heterozygous TFPI deficiency and homozygous apolipoprotein E deficiency (TFPI +/– /apoE –/– ) were generated by crossbreeding, and they were analyzed for atherosclerosis throughout the vascular tree. Compared with mice with a normal TFPI genotype (TFPI +/+ /apoE –/– ), mice with a TFPI deficiency exhibited a greater atherosclerotic burden involving the carotid and common iliac arteries. Staining for active tissue factor within the plaque revealed more activity in TFPI +/– /apoE –/– mice compared with TFPI +/+ /apoE –/– mice. Consistent with increased plaque tissue factor activity, the time to occlusive thrombosis after photochemical carotid plaque injury was significantly decreased in TFPI +/– /apoE –/– mice. Conclusions —These observations indicate that TFPI protects from atherosclerosis and is an important regulator of the thrombosis that occurs in the setting of atherosclerosis.
Re: David Bar-Or, Kristin M. Salottolo, Alessandro Orlando, James V. Winkler. A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Two Doses of the Tramadol Orally Disintegrating Tablet for the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation Within Less Than 2 Minutes. Eur Urol 2012;61:736–43
Authors: Christopher C.K. Ho
Journal: European Urology (2011)
An ultrasound system for combined cardiac imaging and Doppler blood flow measurement in man.
Authors: J M Griffith, W L Henry
Journal: Circulation (1978)

An ultrasound instrument has been developed that combines a real-time cross-sectional imaging system and a spectrum analyzer-based Doppler velocimeter. This combination allows the Doppler sample volume to be superimposed on the cross-sectional image of the heart so that the sample volume can be located accurately. The same 2.2 MHz transducer utilized for cross-sectional imaging is stopped mechanically and quickly switched to transmit and receive the Doppler ultrasound signal. Preliminary experience in 20 young and adult normal subjects indicates that it is possible to place the Doppler sample volume in the proximal main pulmonary artery at a point where the sound beam and blood flow stream are parallel. Measurement of the distance from transducer to the sample volume and the peak blood flow velocities in the main pulmonary artery of normal subjects indicates that these quantities are within the measurement capabilities of the system. The ultimate goal of this device is to make measurements of volume blood flow in man noninvasively.
HOW SHOULD CATARACT OPERATIONS BE PERFORMED?Read in the Section of Ophthalmology, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D. C., May, 1891.
Authors: JULIAN J. CHISOLM
Journal: JAMA (1891)

That the technique of cataract operations is the most important element in success, no ophthalmic surgeon questions. Every improved step in the removal of an opaque lens has advanced the percentage of cures, until failures are the very rare exception, to a generally acknowledged fact that cataract extractions, formerly so fatal to the eye, have become the most perfect of surgical procedures. As a young graduate I found myself in Paris, the pupil of the elder Desmarres, when cataract extraction was by no means a common operation because of its difficulties, its dangers and its frequent failures. The common cataract operation of my early professional life was couching, a procedure that most of the ophthalmic surgeons of the present day have never seen performed. As you know, it was the displacement of the opaque lens from its capsular bed in the vitreous chamber, so as to free the pupil and