tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
History will be the judge
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2010)

It’s easy to dismiss history. As someone has said, “there’s no future in it.” But the Wellcome Trust’s announcement that it will close its centre for history of medicine at UCL has hit a nerve (doi:10.1136/bmj.c2364), which may have surprised those who made the decision.

Some of the disquiet is about how the decision was made. It seems to have been done almost casually, without the academic review required by the centre’s terms of agreement, indeed without input from any historians; and not as part of a strategic plan but in reaction to what sound like difficult but resolvable local issues. To pull the plug on an institution with …
Abstract 5309: Characterization of a novel oncogene SPOCK1 in humanhepatocellular carcinoma.
Authors: Xin-Yuan Guan, Yan Li, Leilei Chen, Yun-Fei Yuan
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract CHD1L is as an SNF-2-like transcription factor involved in development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and SPOCK1 is one of the genes upregulated by CHD1L. In this study, we found that overexpression of SPOCK1 could be detected in 92/135 (68%) of HCCs, which was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (P=0.020) and metastasis (P=0.024). A significantly positive correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.619, P&amp;lt;0.001) between the expressions of CHD1L and SPOCK1 was detected by qRT-PCR in this cohort of HCC specimens. ChIP-PCR assay confirmed that CHD1L protein bound directly to the promoter region (nt-1662 to +34) of SPOCK1 and activated transcription. Levels of SPOCK1 mRNA were increased among tumors that became metastatic, compared with those that did not, and among patients with shorter overall and disease-free survival times. Ectopic expression of SPOCK1 in HCC cells increased proliferation, foci formation, and colony formation in soft agar; these cells also formed larger xenograft tumors, more rapidly, in nude mice than control HCC cells. Silencing SPOCK1 expression with short hairpin RNA had the opposite effects. We found that SPOCK1 prevents apoptosis of HCC cells by activating Akt, to block release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases -9 and -3; these effects were reversed with an Akt inhibitor. HCC cells that overexpressed SPOCK1 expressed higher levels of MMP9, were more invasive in Matrigel assays, and formed more metastatic nodules in immunodeficient mice than control HCC cells. In conclusion, CHD1L activates expression of SPOCK1, which activates Akt signaling to block apoptosis and invasion by HCC cells, in culture and in mice. Levels of SPOCK1 increase with progression of human HCC. SPOCK1 might be used as a prognostic factor or therapeutic target. Citation Format: Xin-Yuan Guan, Yan Li, Leilei Chen, Yun-Fei Yuan. Characterization of a novel oncogene SPOCK1 in humanhepatocellular carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5309. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5309
SWELLING OF THE FEET AND ANKLES NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ALBUMINURIA OR GROSS ORGANIC DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF A COMMON SYMPTOM
Authors: A. A. Osman
Journal: BMJ (1930)

CASE I 11.The radiograin-s in this case (see Fig. 6) illustrate excellentlv how an infected kidney may fail to yield a shadow.The right kidney pelvis, which filled within a quarter of an hourI, is dilated, anid shows cupping of the calyces, possibly due to ain infectionI.There is nio uroselectan shadow of thle left ki(dney, buit the faint ouitline of mulltiple calcli 'can easily be seen.At biopsy, after operation, miultiple chronic staphylococcal abscesses were found scatterc(d thrlouighout the renal cortex.Finally, to nssess .........the value of luro- ...
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in two major Indian cities and projections for associated cardiovascular disease
Authors: Shuchi Anand, Roopa Shivashankar, Mohammed K. Ali, Dimple Kondal, B. Binukumar, Maria E. Montez-Rath, Vamadevan S. Ajay, R. Pradeepa, M. Deepa, Ruby Gupta, Viswanathan Mohan, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Nikhil Tandon, Glenn M. Chertow, Dorairaj Prabhakaran
Journal: Kidney International (2015)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaque With Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits
Authors: Stefan G. Ruehm, Claire Corot, Peter Vogt, Stefan Kolb, Jörg F. Debatin
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Based on the observation that ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxides (USPIOs) are phagocytosed by cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, the purpose of this study was to evaluate their use as a marker of atherosclerosis-associated inflammatory changes in the vessel wall before luminal narrowing is present.Experiments were conducted on 6 heritable hyperlipidemic and 3 New Zealand White rabbits. 3D MR angiography (MRA) of the thoracic aorta was performed on all rabbits by use of a conventional paramagnetic contrast agent that failed to reveal any abnormalities. One week later, all rabbits except 1 of the hyperlipidemic animals were injected with a USPIO contrast agent (Sinerem, Guerbet) at a dose of 1 mmol Fe/kg. 3D MRA data sets collected over the subsequent 5 days showed increasing signal in the aortic lumen. Whereas the aortic wall of the control rabbits remained smooth and bright, marked susceptibility effects became evident on day 4 within the aortic walls of hyperlipidemic rabbits. Ex vivo imaging of aortic specimens confirmed the in vivo results. Histopathology documented marked Fe uptake in macrophages embedded in atherosclerotic plaque of the hyperlipidemic rabbits. Electron microscopy showed multiple cytoplasmic Fe particles in macrophages. No such changes were seen in control rabbits or in the hyperlipidemic rabbit that had not received Sinerem.USPIOs are phagocytosed by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques of the aortic wall of hyperlipidemic rabbits in a quantity sufficient to cause susceptibility effects detectable by MRI.
Human-Like Mouse Models for Testing the Efficacy and Safety of Anti-β2-Microglobulin Monoclonal Antibodies to Treat Myeloma
Authors: Jing Yang, Yabing Cao, Sungyongl Hong, Haiyan Li, Jianfei Qian, Larry W. Kwak, Qing Yi
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: We showed recently that anti-β2-microglobulin (β2M) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have remarkably strong apoptotic effects on myeloma cells in vitro and in SCID-hu mice. However, whether the mAbs will be therapeutic and safe in the treatment of myeloma patients, in whom every tissue expresses low densities of MHC class I molecules and elevated levels of soluble β2M are present, remains to be determined. Experimental Design: In this study, human-like myeloma mouse models (HLA-A2-transgenic NOD/SCID mice) were developed, which express mature and functional human MHC class I (HLA-A2 and human β2M) on murine organs and present high levels of circulating human β2M derived from human myeloma cells. Myeloma-bearing mice were treated intraperitoneally with anti-β2M mAbs, and the distribution and effects of the mAbs on normal organs and established tumors were examined. Results: Our results show that anti-β2M mAbs were effective in suppressing myeloma growth in treated mice. The therapeutic efficacy of the mAbs in these mice are comparable with those observed in myeloma-bearing nontransgenic NOD/SCID mice in which no human MHC class I is expressed on murine organs. Furthermore, although the mAbs can be detected on different organs, no tissue damage or cell apoptosis was observed in the mice. Conclusion: Based on the antimyeloma efficacy and low toxicity in the mice, our study suggests that anti-β2M mAbs may be safe and the tissue-expressing and soluble β2M may not compromise their therapeutic effects in myeloma patients. This study provides further support for the future application of the mAbs as therapeutic agents for multiple myeloma.
Glycemic Control in Diabetes: A Tale of Three Studies
Authors: Zachary T. Bloomgarden
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

in San Francisco, California, pertained to questions raised about the benefits of intensive glycemic control by three large clinical studies: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial, the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease (ADVANCE) trial, and the Veterans' Administration Diabetes Trial (VADT).All three presented somewhat negative study results.• • • • •
OPERATION FOR BOW-LEGS, SUBSEQUENT GANGRENE AND AMPUTATION
Authors: WILLIAM H. VAN DOREN
Journal: JAMA (1928)

<h3>[Note.</h3> —The following is a statement by Drs. William H Van Doren and Paul B. Magnuson relative to the case of a girl operated on presumably for the correction of bow-legs by Dr. Schireson, concerning whose record an editorial appears inThe Journal, February 4, page 387. The report was prepared at the request ofThe Journal.—Ed.] Miss S. H. stated that she consulted Dr. Schireson regarding a scar on her left arm which was the result of a burn in childhood, and talked to him at the same time about some bowing that she thought she had in her legs. He advised her to have them both taken care of, and to that end sent her to the Osteopathic Hospital, where he operated on her, January 17. She understood that he was to do the operation, no other doctor being mentioned, and paid him $800 in advance
Induction and progression of human lymphoproliferative lesions by Epstein-Barr virus.
Authors: B B Chappuis, H K Müller-Hermelink
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is involved in numerous lymphoproliferative diseases. In addition to classical lesions such as endemic Burkitt's lymphoma and infectious mononucleosis, there are other disorders of the lymphoid system that are discussed in relation to EBV: B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed individuals. Hodgkin's disease and, to some extent, primary extranodal lymphomas. Studies of the EBV expression in classical and nonclassical lesions could lead to the better understanding of different EBV mechanisms in lymphomagenesis.
Arterial Replacement by Double-width Vein Graft
Authors: R. E. B. Tagart
Journal: BMJ (1964)

This requirement is considerably more rigorous than that of other Colleges in this country.Moreover, as regards examinations, our primary is equated with others by recipro- city agreements and our final is, we believe, of equal standard.It has come to our notice that some hospital appointments boards and some overseas Governments still discriminate between the holders of diplomas of different Colleges.If they continue to do so I feel confident that in the future they will dis- criminate in favour of the holders of the
Pulmonary hypertension and fenfluramine.
Authors: D P Doogan
Journal: BMJ (1982)

significantly associated with loss of the late bronchial reaction.This clinical improvement could not, however, be correlated with any striking change in the concentrations of specific IgG or IgE antimite antibodies.We cannot accept the statement that we used an inadequate course of injections with inadequate antigenic content.There was clearly sufficient antigen to boost both IgG and IgE antibodies to the major allergen Rye I. Indeed, when the treated patients entered the heavy pollen season of year one they already had concentrations of these antibodies comparable to those reached after recent natural exposure.It seems unlikely that grasses other than rye are a major cause of asthma in our children, as it is the most common pasture grass in this part of Australia.Other less abundant grasses in this area share antigens with rye.7
Adjuvant Treatment With Neuroserpin Increases the Therapeutic Window for Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Administration in a Rat Model of Embolic Stroke
Authors: Zhenggang Zhang, Li Zhang, Manuel Yepes, Quan Jiang, Qingjiang Li, Polly Arniego, Timothy A. Coleman, Daniel A. Lawrence, Michael Chopp
Journal: Circulation (2002)

After stroke, the thrombolytic effect of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in the intravascular space is beneficial, whereas its extravascular effect on ischemic neurons is deleterious. We tested the hypothesis that neuroserpin, a natural inhibitor of tPA, reduces tPA-induced neuronal toxicity and increases its therapeutic window for treatment of embolic stroke.Rats were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Ischemic brains were treated with neuroserpin in combination with recombinant human tPA (n=7), tPA alone (n=7), or saline (n=9). Neuroserpin (20 micro L of 16 micro mol/L active neuroserpin) was intracisternally injected 3 hours and tPA (10 mg/kg) was intravenously administered 4 hours after ischemia. MRI measurements were performed to study blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage and ischemic lesion volume. Administration of tPA alone 4 hours after ischemia significantly (P<0.05) increased BBB leakage in the ischemic core measured by Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI compared with rats treated with saline. However, treatment with neuroserpin in combination with tPA significantly (P<0.05) reduced BBB leakage, brain edema, and ischemic lesion volume compared with rats treated with tPA alone, although ischemic lesion volumes were the same in both groups before the treatment. Immunostaining revealed that MCAO resulted in reduction of neuroserpin immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral hemisphere after 2 to 6 hours of ischemia. Zymographic assay showed increased plasminogen activity in areas with BBB leakage in rats treated with tPA.Administration of neuroserpin after stroke is neuroprotective, seemingly because it blocks the extravascular effect of tPA, leading to subsequent decrease in stroke volume and widening of the therapeutic window for the thrombolytic effect of tPA.
Environmental groups criticise WHO plans to improve health
Authors: Deborah Cohen
Journal: BMJ (2004)

A World Health Organization action plan to improve the health and environment of children in Europe has been criticised by environmental groups as not going far enough.

Health and environment ministers from 50 countries, ranging from the United Kingdom to former Soviet states, adopted the Children's Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe (CEHAPE) at the fourth ministerial conference in environment and health in Budapest last week.

The policy document highlights action in four priority areas: provision of safer water and sanitation; fewer injuries; cleaner air; and reduced exposure to hazardous chemicals. Measures recommended in the action plan …
427 COULD SPLEEN STIFFNESS MEASURED BY TRANSIENT ELASTOGRAPHY BE ANOTHER NONINVASIVE PARAMETER THAT ASSESSES THE PROGRESION OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE?
Authors: H. Stefanescu, R. Badea, M. Lupsor, B. Procopet, A. Maniu, M. Grigorescu
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Repigmentation of leucodermic defects in piebaldism by dermabrasion and thin split‐thickness skin grafting in combination with minigrafting
Authors: None Njoo, None Nieuweboer‐Krobotova, None Westerhof
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

The depigmented skin areas in piebaldism are unresponsive to medical or light treatment. In 12 adult patients (eight women and four men), a method using dermabrasion and thin split-skin grafts was applied initially. Residual leucodermic areas were subsequently treated using a minigrafting method. Additional irradiation with ultraviolet A (10 J/cm2) was performed to enhance melanocyte migration. This combined surgical therapy led to 95–100% repigmentation of the leucodermic defects. A perfect colour match with the surrounding non-lesional skin was achieved in all cases. Complications were minor and easy to correct. Dermabrasion and split-skin grafting followed by minigrafting should be considered as the first choice of therapy in piebaldism.
Vascular Remodeling Is Airway Generation-Specific in a Primate Model of Chronic Asthma
Authors: Mark V. Avdalovic, Lei F. Putney, Edward S. Schelegle, Lisa Miller, Jodie L. Usachenko, Nancy K. Tyler, Charles G. Plopper, Laurel J. Gershwin, Dallas M. Hyde
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Changes in the density of bronchial vessels have been proposed as a part of airway remodeling that occurs in chronic asthma.Using an established nonhuman primate model of chronic allergic asthma, we evaluated changes in vascular density as well as the contribution of bronchial epithelium to produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).Eight juvenile rhesus macaques were divided into two groups of four. One group was exposed to 11 cycles of aerosolized house dust mite allergen (HDMA), whereas the other was exposed to filtered air. Bronchial wall vasculature was identified using an immunohistochemical approach, and vascular density was quantified stereologically. A semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction approach was used to estimate VEGF splice variant gene expression at discrete airway generations. Cell culture of primary tracheal epithelial cells with varying concentrations of HDMA was used to quantify the direct contribution of the epithelium to VEGF production.Bronchial vascular density was increased at mid- to lower airway generations, which was independent of changes in the interstitial compartment. The VEGF121 splice variant was significantly increased at lower airway generations. VEGF protein increased in a dose-dependant fashion in vitro primarily by an increase in VEGF121 gene expression.This study highlights that increased vascular density in an animal model of chronic allergic asthma is airway generation specific and associated with a unique increase of VEGF splice variant gene expression. Airway epithelium is the likely source for increased VEGF.
Effect of Artificial Insemination with Donor Semen on the Psyche of the Husband
Authors: A. Blaser, B. Maloigne-Katz, U. Gigon
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1988)

It has been argued that artificial insemination with donor semen (AID) can be detrimental to the psyche of the sterile husband. This issue has been scrutinized on a larger scale empirical basis using four groups of husbands whose wives were either pregnant due to AID or were under AID without being pregnant yet or were pregnant without AID or were assumedly fertile without being pregnant. Psychometric data was obtained of the corresponding husbands. The results indicate that AID is no threat to the husbands of all groups. Infertile men do not seem to be a psychological risk group. Fertile men tend to reject AID.
Empirical treatment without bronchoscopy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Authors: R F Miller, A B Millar, I V Weller, S J Semple
Journal: Thorax (1989)

An empirical approach to treating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was adopted in a prospective study of 73 men with antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) presenting with respiratory problems. At presentation 49 patients (group 1) were thought to have a history, findings at clinical examination, chest radiograph, and arterial blood gas tensions typical of pneumocystis pneumonia, and empirical treatment was begun immediately. Twenty four patients (group 2) were thought to have features not typical of pneumocystis pneumonia. All patients were subsequently referred for bronchoscopy to determine the diagnosis. In group 1 four patients were excluded from the analysis because bronchoscopy was not possible. Of the remaining 45, 42 had pneumocystis pneumonia, which was diagnosed at bronchoscopy in 40, and on the basis of the clinical response to co-trimoxazole in two who had negative results from investigations. Of the three patients without pneumocystis pneumonia, one patient with lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis and Branhamella catarrhalis infection would have failed to respond to empirical treatment. The other two had multiple bacterial pathogens at bronchoscopy; one already had Kaposi's sarcoma and the other would have been misdiagnosed as having AIDS. In group 2 a specific diagnosis was made at bronchoscopy in 21 cases, including pneumocystis pneumonia in seven (all had atypical chest radiographs). In three cases no diagnosis was made and spontaneous recovery occurred. Adopting an empirical approach to treatment for typical pneumocystis pneumonia (group 1) led to the correct treatment in 43 of 45 cases (95%) and would have saved 44 of the 45 of bronchoscopies in this group. Adopting an empirical approach would have caused one patient to be misdiagnosed as having AIDS. Overall, 44 out of 69 bronchoscopies (64%) would have been saved; the specificity for the diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia was 85% and the sensitivity was 85%. Adopting an "empirical" treatment policy for typical pneumocystis pneumonia will cause a large reduction in the number of "high risk" bronchoscopies performed.
Phase I Trial of Induction Histone Deacetylase and Proteasome Inhibition Followed by Surgery in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: David R. Jones, Christopher A. Moskaluk, Heidi H. Gillenwater, Gina R. Petroni, Sandra G. Burks, Jennifer Philips, Patrice K. Rehm, Juan Olazagasti, Benjamin D. Kozower, Yongde Bao
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
Prof. John Guy Widdicombe, 1925–2011: an appreciation of an eminent respiratory physiologist: Figure 1–
Authors: K.F. Chung
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

John Guy Widdicombe died on August 26, 2011. He will be remembered foremost as an exceptional physiologist who focused primarily on respiratory physiology and pathophysiology, covering diverse areas such as pulmonary and cardiovascular reflexes, bronchomuscular pathophysiology, mucus secretion, airway vasculature and nasal regulation. However, his main area of interest throughout his career was cough; this was his first chosen area of research and, in later years, it became a prime focus of his. He made his first scientific discovery in this field by describing the rapidly adapting receptors in the trachea and bronchi that mediate cough and other reflexes. In his later years, he established the first International Cough Symposium, which came to be held every 2 years in London, UK, and was a course organiser at the sixth symposium in 2010.



Figure 1– 
John Guy Widdicombe, 1925–2011.



John studied medicine at New College, Oxford, UK, and did his clinical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London (now part of Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry) where he qualified …
Elective Acquaints Medical Students With Abortion
Authors: Dana Swartzberg
Journal: JAMA (1995)

FACED WITH an increasingly hostile climate, some pro-choice advocates in academic medicine are teaching their students about abortion earlier and in more detail in hopes of ensuring that trained professionals will be available to perform the procedure in the future. The American Medical Women's Association (AMWA) has developed a 1-month elective for fourth-year medical students as part of its Reproductive Health Initiative (RHI). The pilot program offers students practical experience in a variety of health care settings, observing and participating in counseling and abortion procedures. The program gives equal weight to a number of reproductive health issues, including physician-patient communication, sexually transmitted diseases, contraception, and primary care in fertility. The development of the course reflects a growing concern about the lack of abortion providers in the United States. The pilot curriculum, created by a 22-member advisory committee of the AMWA, was initiated in July at Columbia University College of Physicians