tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Coping With Caring for Sick Newborns
Authors: Paul M. Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Caring for critically ill newborn infants is physically, intellectually, and emotionally demanding. Care providers who learn to cope with the myriad stresses in a busy neonatal intensive care unit benefit their patients, their co-workers, and themselves. Those who adapt poorly to this taxing environment soon experience burnout, which Marshall defines as loss of motivation for creative involvement. This volume addresses the nature of the stresses inherent in caring for sick infants, as experienced by various members of the multidisciplinary health care team, and strategies for coping with these stresses.  Nurses, physicians, and social workers who serve sick infants and their families have detailed practical recipes for work satisfaction and stress management, and experiences and philosophies from which these approaches are derived. This aspect of the book, by representatives of the neonatal intensive care unit team as traditionally defined, is done very well; accepted material is reviewed thoroughly and a few
Herpes folliculitis: clinical, histopathological, and molecular pathologic observations
Authors: A. Böer, N. Herder, K. Winter, T. Falk
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Background Herpes folliculitis is a rare manifestation of herpes virus infection and it is often misdiagnosed. Diagnostic criteria are not well established, only 24 patients being reported in the literature. Recently it has been suggested that herpetic folliculitis is more common in infections with varicella zoster (VZV) than in those with herpes simplex viruses (HSV‐1 and ‐2). Objectives To refine diagnostic criteria for folliculitis caused by VZV, HSV‐1 and HSV‐2, and to study whether follicular involvement enables morphological differentiation between VZV and HSV infections. Patients and methods Twenty‐one patients with herpetic infection of follicular epithelium were assessed clinically and histopathologically. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies for specific DNA of herpes viruses were performed on paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Results In 17 of our cases PCR was positive for VZV, four were positive for HSV‐1, none for HSV‐2. The clinical presentation of herpes folliculitis often lacked vesicles or pustules (14/21). Histopathological features were often devoid of ballooning (12/21), multinucleated giant cells (12/21) and keratinocytes with steel grey nuclei (15/21). The most consistent findings were lymphocytic folliculitis and perifolliculitis (20/21) and necrotic keratinocytes in follicular epithelium (12/21). In zoster, but not in varicella eruption or HSV infections, follicular involvement was unaccompanied by marked changes in the epidermal surface. Conclusions In biopsy specimens taken from herpes virus infections, involvement of follicular units is more commonly encountered in VZV infections compared with HSV infections. Early in the course, herpes folliculitis presents as lymphocytic folliculitis devoid of epithelial changes considered to be diagnostic of herpes virus infections. Exclusive involvement of follicles is rather typical of zoster.
A Physiological Approach to Polycythemia.
Authors: John W. Adams
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

s1 May 1967A Physiological Approach to Polycythemia.John W. Adams, M.D., Clement A. Finch, M.D.John W. Adams, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Clement A. Finch, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-1040_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptRed cell overproduction can be visualized best as a disturbance in the self-regulating system that characterizes the control of normal erythropoiesis: the relationship of oxygen delivery to tissue, erythropoietin release, and resultant erythroid marrow activity.Quantitative measurements of marrow production and oxygen transport are well developed, but only recently have meaningful measurements of erythropoietin, able to detect subnormal as well as normal excretion in human urine, provided an even better understanding of disordered erythropoiesis. Using such methods, it is possible to classify conditions of red cell overproduction into three categories: (1) tissue anoxia, (2) autonomous erythropoietin production, and (3) autonomous... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Seattle, Washington PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byStudies on the Mechanism of Erythrocytosis Associated with a Uterine FibromyomaUntersuchungen der Erythropoetinaktivität und zur Frage eines Erythropoetininhibitors in Plasmakonzentraten von Patienten mit Polycythaemia veraThe Control of Red Cell Production 1 May 1967Volume 66, Issue 5Page: 1040-1040KeywordsBone marrowErythropoiesisErythropoietinExcretionOxygenPolycythemiaUrine Issue Published: 1 May 1967 PDF downloadLoading ...
AN INTERPRETATION OF THE AGGLUTINATION REACTION TO BACILLUS ABORTUS IN 75 CASES OF BOVINE ABORTION BACTERIOLOGICALLY CONTROLLED
Authors: Ernest W. Smillie, Ralph B. Little, Laura Florence
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1919)

The agglutination test when carried out so as to give the entire range of serum dilutions to the limit of clumping is a delicate test which reflects a variety of conditions involved in infection with Bacillus abortus. Among these conditions are its time relation to the act of abortion and the length of time the abortion bacilli live and multiply in the pregnant uterus. It is obvious that if a uterus be infected in the 8th month of pregnancy, the opportunity for agglutinins to accumulate are poorer than if the uterine infection lasts 3 or 4 months. The presence of Bacillus abortus in the udder determines in many cases the intensity of the reaction. No definite rules can therefore be formulated for the interpretation of the agglutination reaction quantitatively, since it is bound up with a complicated process varying from case to case. In the individual cow in general a titer of 1:40 or less may be regarded as indicating that the cow is not infected with Bacillus abortus at the time of the blood examination. It does not exclude former infections in the case of older cows, nor does it absolutely exclude very recent infection (Nos. 278 and 351). The highest titers, 1:640 and above, generally indicate recent infection and in the absence of recent premature births infection of the udder. Even when abortion has just occurred, it may be due to other agencies and the high titer maintained by a chronic infection of the udder dating from an earlier uterine infection with Bacillus abortus. Intermediate titers may indicate a gradual rise or decline of agglutinins preceding or following abortion without infection of the udder. They may also stand for a relatively high resistance or partial immunity of the cow. In any herd a uniformly low titer (1:40 or less) in all animals may be regarded as indicating the entire absence of Bacillus abortus. A high titer in any one cow serves to indicate quite definitely the presence of infection in the herd. To determine more accurately the character of the infection in any individual cow there is needed in addition to the quantitative agglutination test a bacteriological study of the milk and of any prematurely discharged calf or fetus.
Hear the Silence
Authors: D. Elliman
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A forthcoming drama about the MMR controversy has angered many doctors. A general practitioner and two child health experts, who have all seen a preview, explain why

Channel 5, 15 December at 9 pm

H ear the Silence attempts to be to the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine what the campaigning film Cathy Come Home was to homelessness. However, it fails in that it takes a blatantly one sided approach to the issue.

On one level the film is an accurate portrayal of the extreme difficulties of looking after a child with autism and the obstacles in the way of getting appropriate educational provision. It shows the unbearable strain …
Clarifying Enrollment Procedures in the Trial of CT Screening for Lung Cancer
Authors: Claudia I. Henschke
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

To the Editor: I would like to clarify the selection process leading to the inclusion of the patients in the previous report on survival in the trial of computed tomographic (CT) screening for lung cancer (Oct. 26, 2006, issue).1 The process at 37 of the 38 participating sites was as follows. People interested in participating in the trial were first interviewed and were administered a precoded questionnaire by the study staff. The data from the questionnaires were entered, and data entry was checked, according to the standard protocol used at each center. The data were then transmitted electronically to the . . .
Preload Dependence of New Doppler Techniques Limits Their Utility for Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Assessment in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Eric H.Y. Ie, Wim B. Vletter, Folkert J. ten Cate, Robert W. Nette, Willem Weimar, Jos R.T.C. Roelandt, Robert Zietse
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2003)

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy leads to diastolic dysfunction. Standard Doppler transmitral and pulmonary vein (PV) flow velocity measurements are preload dependent. New techniques such as mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) and LV inflow propagation velocity measured from color M-mode have been proposed as relatively preload-independent measurements of diastolic function. These parameters were studied before and after hemodialysis (HD) with ultrafiltration to test their potential advantage for LV diastolic function assessment in HD patients. Ten patients (seven with LV hypertrophy) underwent Doppler echocardiography 1 h before, 1 h after, and 1 d after HD. Early (E) and atrial (A) peak transmitral flow velocities, peak PV systolic (s) and diastolic (d) flow velocities, peak e and a mitral annulus velocities in DTI, and early diastolic LV flow propagation velocity (V(p)) were measured. In all patients, the E/A ratio after HD (0.54; 0.37 to 1.02) was lower (P < 0.01) than before HD (0.77; 0.60 to 1.34). E decreased (P < 0.01), whereas A did not. PV s/d after HD (2.15; 1.08 to 3.90) was higher (P < 0.01) than before HD (1.80; 1.25 to 2.68). Tissue e/a after HD (0.40; 0.26 to 0.96) was lower (P < 0.01) than before HD (0.56; 0.40 to 1.05). Tissue e decreased (P < 0.02), whereas a did not. V(p) after HD (30 cm/s; 16 to 47 cm/s) was lower (P < 0.01) than before HD (45 cm/s; 32 to 60 cm/s). Twenty-four hours after the initial measurements values for E/A (0.59; 0.37 to 1.23), PV s/d (1.85; 1.07 to 3.38), e/a (0.41; 0.27 to 1.06), and V(p) (28 cm/s; 23 to 33 cm/s) were similar as those taken 1 h after HD. It is concluded that, even when using the newer Doppler techniques DTI and color M-mode, pseudonormalization, which was due to volume overload before HD, resulted in underestimation of the degree of diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, the advantage of these techniques over conventional parameters for the assessment of LV diastolic function in HD patients is limited. Assessment of LV diastolic function should not be performed shortly before HD, and its time relation to HD is essential.
Calcium Absorption and Bone Disease in Obstructive Jaundice.
Authors: C. D. Holdsworth
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

s1 May 1968Calcium Absorption and Bone Disease in Obstructive Jaundice.C. D. Holdsworth, M.R.C.P., K. A. Kehayoglou, M.D., Sheila Sherlock, F.R.C.P.C. D. Holdsworth, M.R.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, K. A. Kehayoglou, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Sheila Sherlock, F.R.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-68-5-1188_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptCalcium absorption and bone disease were studied in 12 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis before and after treatment with intramuscular vitamin D. Calcium absorption was assessed by plasma levels of 47Ca and whole-body retention of 47Ca after an oral dose of 47CaCl2 dissolved in water. Before treatment calcium absorption was subnormal in 4 patients. Impairment of calcium absorption correlated well with the depth of jaundice but was unrelated to duration of jaundice. After vitamin D, absorption of 47CaCl2 was significantly improved and became normal in all patients.Retention in the body of an intravenous infusion of calcium was greater than... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: London, PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1968Volume 68, Issue 5Page: 1188-1188KeywordsBlood plasmaBoneCalciumPrimary biliary cirrhosisVitamin D Issue Published: 1 May 1968 PDF DownloadLoading ...
The Phosphoinositide Kinase PIKfyve Mediates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Trafficking to the Nucleus
Authors: Jayoung Kim, Wan Jin Jahng, Dolores Di Vizio, Julie S. Lee, Raj Jhaveri, Mark A. Rubin, Assia Shisheva, Michael R. Freeman
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases can transit to nuclei in tumor cells, where they have been shown to regulate gene expression as components of transcriptional complexes. Quantitative analysis of a human bladder cancer tissue microarray identified nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in tumor cells and also showed an increased frequency of this histologic feature in cancer relative to normal tissues. This observation suggests a potential role for nuclear EGFR in bladder cancer. We confirmed that EGFR could be induced to transit to nuclei in cultured human bladder cancer cells in response to the urothelial cell growth factor and EGFR ligand heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). Mass spectrometric analysis of EGFR immune complexes from a transitional carcinoma cell line (TCCSUP) identified the phosphoinositide kinase, PIKfyve, as a potential component of the EGFR trafficking mechanism. RNA silencing indicated that PIKfyve is a mediator of HB-EGF–stimulated EGFR nuclear trafficking, EGFR binding to the cyclin D1 promoter, and cell cycle progression. These results identify a novel mediator of the EGFR transcription function and further suggest that nuclear EGFR and the lipid kinase PIKfyve may play a role in bladder oncogenesis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(19):9229–37]
Equivalent Occupancy of Dopamine D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> Receptors With Clozapine: Differentiation From Other Atypical Antipsychotics
Authors: Johannes Tauscher, Tabasum Hussain, Ofer Agid, N. Paul L.G. Verhoeff, Alan A. Wilson, Sylvain Houle, Gary Remington, Robert B. Zipursky, Shitij Kapur
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

Clozapine, the prototype of atypical antipsychotics, remains unique in its efficacy in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. Its affinity for dopamine D(4) receptors, serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism, effects on the noradrenergic system, and its relatively moderate occupancy of D(2) receptors are unlikely to be the critical mechanism underlying its efficacy. In an attempt to elucidate the molecular/synaptic mechanism underlying clozapine's distinctiveness in refractory schizophrenia, the authors studied the in vivo D(1) and D(2) receptor profile of clozapine compared with other atypical antipsychotics.Positron emission tomography with the radioligands [(11)C]SCH23390 and [(11)C]raclopride was used to investigate D(1) and D(2) receptor occupancy in vivo in 25 schizophrenia patients receiving atypical antipsychotic treatment with clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone.Mean striatal D(1) occupancies ranged from 55% with clozapine to 12% with quetiapine (rank order: clozapine > olanzapine > risperidone > quetiapine). The striatal D(2) occupancy ranged from 81% with risperidone to 30% with quetiapine (rank order: risperidone > olanzapine > clozapine > quetiapine). The ratio of striatal D(1)/D(2) occupancy was significantly higher for clozapine (0.88) relative to olanzapine (0.54), quetiapine (0.41), or risperidone (0.31).Among the atypical antipsychotics, clozapine appears to have a simultaneous and equivalent occupancy of dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptors. Whether its effect on D(1) receptors represents agonism or antagonism is not yet clear, as this issue is still unresolved in the preclinical arena. This distinctive effect on D(1)/D(2) receptors may be responsible for clozapine's unique effectiveness in patients with schizophrenia refractory to other typical and atypical antipsychotics.
Small-Bowel Endoscopy
Authors: M Pennazio
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

The role of small-bowel endoscopy in the management of small-bowel diseases is still evolving. During the last year, capsule endoscopy has developed from being an emerging method in gastroenterology to become a clinical reality, and it must now be considered critically. A number of peer-reviewed studies have been published that compare the method with push enteroscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. In other studies, capsule endoscopy has been compared with traditional radiographic methods of examining the small bowel. The potential of capsule endoscopy for diagnosing small-bowel diseases has also been evaluated, particularly in patients with suspected Crohn’s disease. Although this innovative diagnostic method has now entered clinical practice, it must be stressed that both push enteroscopy and intraoperative enteroscopy still have a precise and valid role in the management of patients with small-bowel diseases, as may be seen from several of the studies that are reviewed here. Capsule endoscopy will probably become a first-line tool for detecting abnormalities of the small bowel, and very probably this will entail redefining some diagnostic algorithms for diseases involving the small bowel. Nevertheless, further studies are required before today’s clinical practice can be definitively modified, and these should make particular reference to the outcome in patients who undergo capsule endoscopy.
Primed stimulation of isolated perfused rabbit lung by endotoxin and platelet activating factor induces enhanced production of thromboxane and lung injury.
Authors: W L Salzer, C E McCall
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Bacterial sepsis often precedes the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and bacterial endotoxin (LPS) produces a syndrome similar to ARDS when infused into experimental animals. We determined in isolated, buffer-perfused rabbit lungs, free of plasma and circulating blood cells that LPS synergized with platelet activating factor (PAF) to injure the lung. In lungs perfused for 2 h with LPS-free buffer (less than 100 pg/ml), stimulation with 1, 10, or 100 nM PAF produced transient pulmonary hypertension and minimal edema. Lungs perfused for 2 h with buffer containing 100 ng/ml of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS had slight elevation of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and did not develop edema. In contrast, lungs exposed to 100 ng/ml of LPS for 2 h had marked increases in PAP and developed significant edema when stimulated with PAF. LPS treatment increased capillary filtration coefficient, suggesting that capillary leak contributed to pulmonary edema. LPS-primed, PAF-stimulated lungs had enhanced production of thromboxane B2 (TXB) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6KPF). Indomethacin completely inhibited PAF-stimulated production of TXB and 6KPF in control and LPS-primed preparations, did not inhibit the rise in PAP produced by PAF in control lungs, but blocked the exaggerated rise in PAP and edema seen in LPS-primed, PAF-stimulated lungs. The thromboxane synthetase inhibitor dazoxiben, and the thromboxane receptor antagonist, SQ 29,548, similarly inhibited LPS-primed pulmonary hypertension and edema after PAF-stimulation. These studies indicate that LPS primes the lung for enhanced injury in response to the physiologic mediator PAF by amplifying the synthesis and release of thromboxane in lung tissue.
Ras- and PI3K-dependent breast tumorigenesis in mice and humans requires focal adhesion kinase signaling
Authors: Yuliya Pylayeva, Kelly M. Gillen, William Gerald, Hilary E. Beggs, Louis F. Reichardt, Filippo G. Giancotti
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

Cancer cells require sustained oncogenic signaling in order to maintain their malignant properties. It is, however, unclear whether they possess other dependencies that can be exploited therapeutically. We report here that in a large fraction of human breast cancers, the gene encoding focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a core component of integrin signaling, was amplified and FAK mRNA was overexpressed. A mammary gland-specific deletion of Fak in mice did not seem to affect normal mammary epithelial cells, and these mice were protected from tumors initiated by the polyoma middle T oncoprotein (PyMT), which activates Ras and PI3K. FAK-deficient PyMT-transformed cells displayed both growth arrest and apoptosis, as well as diminished invasive and metastatic capacity. Upon silencing of Fak, mouse mammary tumor cells transformed by activated Ras became senescent and lost their invasive ability. Further, Neu-transformed cells also underwent growth arrest and apoptosis if integrin beta4-dependent signaling was simultaneously inactivated. Human breast cancer cells carrying oncogenic mutations that activate Ras or PI3K signaling displayed similar responses upon silencing of FAK. Mechanistic studies indicated that FAK sustains tumorigenesis by promoting Src-mediated phosphorylation of p130Cas. These results suggest that FAK supports Ras- and PI3K-dependent mammary tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression to metastasis by orchestrating multiple core cellular functions, including proliferation, survival, and avoidance of senescence.
Ablation of GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase-1 enhances reproduction by altering the carbohydrate structures of luteinizing hormone in mice
Authors: Yiling Mi, Dorothy Fiete, Jacques U. Baenziger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Luteinizing hormone (LH), produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary, is a member of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis that is required for production of the sex hormones estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. Perturbations in levels of hormones associated with this axis can result in defects in sexual development and maturity. LH bears unique N-linked carbohydrate units that terminate with a sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine structure (GalNAc-4-SO(4)) that mediates its clearance from the blood. To determine the significance of this terminal structure, we ablated the gene encoding the sulfotransferase responsible for sulfate addition to GalNAc on LH, GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase-1 (GalNAc-4-ST1) in mice. Mice lacking GalNAc-4-ST1 exhibited increased levels of circulating LH. In male mice, this resulted in elevated levels of testosterone and precocious maturation of testis and seminal vesicles. Female mice lacking GalNAc-4-ST1 demonstrated elevated estrogen levels and exhibited precocious sexual maturation and increased fecundity. Female mice remained in estrus for prolonged periods and produced almost 50% more litters per mouse than wild-type mice over the same period of time. Thus, sulfate modification of the terminal glycosylation of LH plays a central role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis in vivo.