tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE CONTRACEPTIVE SERVICE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, CITY OF NASHVILLE
Authors: GILBERT W. BEEBE
Journal: JAMA (1942)

The potential for extensive fertility control in Nashville among indigent white patients selected for high fertility and interest in family limitation was demonstrated in an investigation. However, despite a ready willingness to try the suggested methods, neither diaphragm and jelly nor foam powder and sponge were sufficiently suitable to prevent patients from rapidly dropping out of the program. A comparison of the 2 methods shows that both are similar in their contraceptive skill and interest. However, foam powder was prescribed to patients for whom the diaphragm was unsuitable. Diaphragm and jelly was more acceptable to patients than was foam powder. The protective services offered by diaphragm and jelly (88%) exceeded those obtained from foam powder (63%) by a wide margin. Analysis of factors influencing chance of conception with in each group suggests that the difference lies in the method rather than in the patient.
Franklin E. Zimring on Law and Firearms
Authors: Thomas B. Cole
Journal: JAMA (1996)

ACADEMIC LAW has just discovered guns, says Franklin E. Zimring, who is William F. Simon Professor of Law and director of the Earl Warren Legal Institute at the University of California, Berkeley. He compares legal scholars to the proverbial young couple who has just discovered sex. People have been doing it for a long time, but not in a law school, he says.  Zimring says the field of criminal law ignored the role of firearms in violence until recently because of the law's emphasis on mental states associated with criminal actions and on individual criminal acts. Once physicians and epidemiologists recognized that violence was a public health problem and began to describe its statistical patterns, criminal law professors began to take notice.  Within the field of criminal law, researchers began to use the methods of social science and policy analysis, which consider aggregate impacts of criminal behavior as well as
All-you-can-eat: autophagy in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection
Authors: Philipp A Jaeger, Tony Wyss-Coray
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2009)

Autophagy is the major pathway involved in the degradation of proteins and organelles, cellular remodeling, and survival during nutrient starvation. Autophagosomal dysfunction has been implicated in an increasing number of diseases from cancer to bacterial and viral infections and more recently in neurodegeneration. While a decrease in autophagic activity appears to interfere with protein degradation and possibly organelle turnover, increased autophagy has been shown to facilitate the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins and promote neuronal survival in a number of disease models. On the other hand, too much autophagic activity can be detrimental as well and lead to cell death, suggesting the regulation of autophagy has an important role in cell fate decisions. An increasing number of model systems are now available to study the role of autophagy in the central nervous system and how it might be exploited to treat disease. We will review here the current knowledge of autophagy in the central nervous system and provide an overview of the various models that have been used to study acute and chronic neurodegeneration.
Case 19-1978
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Robert E. Scully, James J. Galdabini, Betty U. McNeely, T. Andrew Lister, John C. Long
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Presentation of Case First admission. A 66-year-old policeman was admitted to the hospital because of nausea.He was well until one month previously, when he began to have occasional night sweats. Ten days before entry he became nauseated, and an uneasy sensation appeared in the upper portion of the abdomen, with rise of the temperature as high as 38.8°C and shaking chills. He lost 0.5 kg in weight during the week preceding admission.There was a two-year history of mild hypertension that was treated with a mixture of reserpine, hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide. He stopped his excessive use of cigarettes . . .
CLINICAL EFFICACY OF A NEW, ENHANCED-POTENCY, INACTIVATED POLIOVIRUS VACCINE
Authors: SusanE. Robertson, JacquesA. Drucker, Bernard Fabre-Teste, Mansour N'Diaye, HectorPedro Traverso, ElizabethZ. Rovira, Abdourhamane Sow, MameThierno Aby Sy, Foude Diouf
Journal: The Lancet (1988)
Supporting much of nation's vision research
Authors: Terra Ziporyn
Journal: JAMA (1984)

For the 11 million visually impaired and half million blind Americans, the National Eye Institute (NEI) supports basic, epidemiologic, and clinical research, aiming above all to fulfill its official mission: to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases of the visual system. In so doing, the NEI currently funds approximately 80% of all visual research in the United States.  The variety of diseases affecting the visual system means that a list of the institute's more specific priority goals and projects could fill several pages. In general, however, the NEI has established five disease-oriented research programs—retinal and choroidal diseases; corneal diseases; cataracts; glaucoma; and strabismus, amblyopia, and visual processing— each of which sponsors a vast array of research. Additionally, the institute has established a special category of programs to support research related to visual impairment and its rehabilitation.  Summarizing these efforts, the director of the institute, Carl Kupfer, MD, recently discussed already achieved
Cardiac Troponin I Threonine 144
Authors: Kittipong Tachampa, Helen Wang, Gerrie P. Farman, Pieter P. de Tombe
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

Myofilament length-dependent activation is the main cellular mechanism responsible for the Frank-Starling law of the heart. All striated muscle display length-dependent activation properties, but it is most pronounced in cardiac muscle and least in slow skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle expressing slow skeletal troponin (ssTn)I instead of cardiac troponin (cTn)I displays reduced myofilament length-dependent activation. The inhibitory region of troponin (Tn)I differs by a single residue, proline at position 112 in ssTnI versus threonine at position 144 in cTnI. Here we tested whether this substitution was important for myofilament length-dependent activation; using recombinant techniques, we prepared wild-type cTnI, ssTnI, and 2 mutants: cTnI(Thr>Pro) and ssTnI(Pro>Thr). Purified proteins were complexed with recombinant cardiac TnT/TnC and exchanged into skinned rat cardiac trabeculae. Force-Ca2+ relationships were determined to derive myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity (EC50) at 2 sarcomere lengths: 2.0 and 2.2 microm (n=7). Myofilament length-dependent activation was indexed as deltaEC50, the difference in EC50 between sarcomere lengths of 2.0 and 2.2 microm. Incorporation of ssTnI compared with cTnI into the cardiac sarcomere reduced deltaEC50 from 1.26+/-0.30 to 0.19+/-0.04 micromol/L. A similar reduction also could be observed when Tn contained cTnI(Thr>Pro) (deltaEC50=0.24+/-0.04 micromol/L), whereas the presence of ssTnI(Pro>Thr) increased deltaEC50 to 0.94+/-0.12 micromol/L. These results suggest that Thr144 in cardiac TnI modulates cardiac myofilament length-dependent activation.
TRANSAPICAL AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION (TA-AVI) USING A NEW SELF-EXPANDABLE BIOPROSTHESIS (ACURATE TA(TM)): MIDTERM OUTCOMES IN 90 PATIENTS
Authors: Joerg Kempfert, Hendrik Treede, Ardawan Rastan, Markus Schoenberg, Matthias Thielmann, Helge Moellmann, Holger Schroefel, Daniel Wendt, Martin Heimeshoff, Stephan Baldus, Laura A. Brenton, Friedrich Mohr, Thomas Walther, Kerckhoff Klinik
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
A 58 year old man with epigastric pain and mass
Authors: S. Saha, N. Basu, D. Howlett
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A 58 year old man was referred by his general practitioner to the surgical assessment unit with severe colicky epigastric pain. He had been experiencing intermittent abdominal pain for five months. In the days leading up to admission his pain worsened and was barely controlled on admission with intravenous morphine. He reported bouts of diarrhoea alternating with constipation, a loss of appetite, and weight loss during the past six months. He had not vomited and had opened his bowels the day before admission. He had no other history of note. On examination he was thin and frail. His pulse rate was 110 beats/min, blood pressure was 150/90 mm Hg, and oxygen saturations were 98% using pulse oximetry. His abdomen was mildly distended. A non-expansile, mildly tender epigastric mass was noted on palpation. Bowel sounds were normal. Rectal examination showed an empty rectum. Blood tests showed mild normocytic anaemia with haemoglobin 113 g/l, white cell count 16.1×109/l, and C reactive protein 90 mg/l. Chest radiography was unremarkable but the abdominal radiograph suggested an epigastric mass. He underwent computed tomography of the abdomen for further assessment (fig 1)⇓.



Fig 1 Axial computed tomogram at the level of the transverse colon





### 1 What does the computed tomogram show?

#### Short answer

The computed tomogram shows an intussusception of the ascending colon (intussusceptum) into the transverse colon (intussuscipiens) (fig 2)⇓.



Fig 2 Ascending colon mass at the lead point of intussuceptum (long arrow). Characteristic mesenteric fat is seen between the intussusceptum (arrowheads) and the transverse colonic intussuscipiens (short arrows)



#### Long answer

Intussusception can be confidently diagnosed on computed tomography in adults because of its almost pathognomonic appearance.1 It appears as a soft tissue attenuation mass, consisting of the …
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URETHRAL STRICTURE.
Authors: EVERT E. TRACY
Journal: JAMA (1898)

For convenience of classification, urethral strictures are considered as being of large, medium or small caliber; either plastic-exudative or fibrous in in character, and may at any time become spasmodic. Within the folds of the urethral mucous membrane at the point of stricture will generally be found gonococci, and sometimes at this point there will also be found one or more pockets of pus, which, when situated in the deep urethra, may cause chronic prostatorrhea, or prostatic abscess. A stricture of large caliber may be defined as any size larger than 29 F. situated either in the deep or pendulous portion of the urethra. This form of stricture will often be overlooked, from the fact that the urethra seems to be of normal caliber, the act of urination being performed without difficulty, and the presence of a stricture only suspected from the slight discharge of glairy mucus observed by the
Around 200 women launch claim for damages from trust that neglected warnings
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objective:</b> To evaluate a comprehensive multislice computed tomography (MSCT) protocol in patients with previous infarction, including assessment of coronary artery stenoses, left ventricular (LV) function and perfusion. <b>Patients and methods:</b> 16-slice MSCT was performed in 21 patients with previous infarction; from the MSCT data, coronary artery stenoses, (regional and global) LV function and perfusion were assessed. Invasive coronary angiography and gated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) served as the reference standards for coronary artery stenoses and LV function/perfusion, respectively. <b>Results:</b> 236 of 241 (98%) coronary artery segments were interpretable on MSCT. The sensitivity and specificity for detection of stenoses were 91% and 97%. Pearson’s correlation showed excellent agreement for assessment of LV ejection fraction between MSCT and SPECT (49 (13)% <i>v</i> 53 (12)%, respectively, r = 0.85). Agreement for assessment of regional wall motion was excellent (92%, κ = 0.77). In 68 of 73 (93%) segments, MSCT correctly identified a perfusion defect as compared with SPECT, whereas the absence of perfusion defects was correctly detected in 277 of 284 (98%) segments. <b>Conclusions:</b> MSCT permits accurate, non-invasive assessment of coronary artery stenoses, LV function and perfusion in patients with previous infarction. All parameters can be assessed from a single dataset.
Detection and quantification of drug‐specific T cells in penicillin allergy
Authors: A. Rozieres, A. Hennino, K. Rodet, M.‐C. Gutowski, N. Gunera‐Saad, F. Berard, G. Cozon, J. Bienvenu, J.‐F. Nicolas
Journal: Allergy (2009)

Drug allergic reactions presenting as maculo-papular exanthema (MPE) are mediated by drug-specific T cells. In this study, the frequency of circulating specific T cells was analyzed by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot assay in 22 patients with an allergic MPE to amoxicillin (amox). Amox-specific circulating T cells were detected in 20/22 patients with frequencies ranging from 1 : 8000 to 1 : 30 000 circulating leucocytes. No reactivity was observed in 46 control patients, including 15 patients with immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy to amoxicillin, 11 patients with a history of drug-induced MPE but tolerant to amoxicillin and 20 healthy individuals. Furthermore, amox-specific T cells were still detectable several years after the occurrence of the allergic reaction even after strict drug avoidance. Finally, analysis of drug-specific T cells in one patient allergic to ticarcillin (a penicillin antibiotic distinct from amox) revealed the presence of IFN-gamma-producing T cells reactive to ticarcillin and several other betalactam antibiotics, suggesting that the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay is able to detect T cell cross-reactivity against chemically related drugs. These findings confirm that drug-induced MPE is associated with the presence of specific T cells in blood and further suggest that the IFN-gamma ELISPOT is a sensitive assay which could improve the diagnosis of betalactam allergy.
Pathologic Changes Associated with the Use of Sodium Ethylene Diamine Tetra-Acetate in the Treatment of Hypercalcemia
Authors: H. R. Dudley, A.C. Ritchie, A. Schilling, W. H. Baker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

RECENTLY, a new compound, sodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (sodium EDTA),∥ has been used in the treatment of hypercalcemia.1 2 3 4 This is a powerful chelating agent with a strong avidity for calcium and heavy metals. When given intravenously it exchanges its sodium ions for calcium to form a soluble chelate binding the metal in an un-ionized form. The calcium chelate so formed is rapidly and almost completely excreted by the kidneys, carrying with it the bound calcium.5 6 7 Because of the paucity of reports of toxic reactions to the drug, 2 cases of hypercalcemia treated by intravenous administration of large doses of sodium . . .
Critical illness polyneuropathy: risk factors and clinical consequences. A cohort study in septic patients
Authors: J. Garnacho-Montero, J. Madrazo-Osuna, J. García-Garmendia, C. Ortiz-Leyba, F. Jiménez-Jiménez, A. Barrero-Almodóvar, M. Garnacho-Montero, M. Moyano-Del-Estad
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2001)
Structural relationship of human apolipoprotein B48 to apolipoprotein B100.
Authors: T L Innerarity, S G Young, K S Poksay, R W Mahley, R S Smith, R W Milne, Y L Marcel, K H Weisgraber
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Although the complete amino acid sequence of human apolipoprotein (apo) B100 is known (4536 amino acids), the structure of apo B48 has not been defined. The objective of our study was to define the structure of apo B48 and its relationship to apo B100. Antibodies were produced against 22 synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences in human apo B100. The levels of immunoreactivity of the antipeptides to apo B100 and apo B48 were used to define the structural relationship between these two species of apo B. Six antibodies from sequences in the amino-terminal half of apo B100, including antipeptide 2110-2129, bound to both apo B100 and apo B48. 15 other apo B-specific antipeptides from sequences carboxyl-terminal to residue 2152 bound to apo B100, but not to apo B48. Immunoblots of cyanogen bromide digests of apo B100 and apo B48 with antipeptides 2068-2091 and 2110-2129 detected a 16-KD fragment (residues 2016-2151) in the apo B100 digest and a fragment of identical size in the apo B48 digest. Because apo B48 appears to contain the apo B100 cyanogen bromide fragment 2016-2151 and because an antiserum specific for the peptide 2152-2168 does not bind to apo B48, we conclude that apo B48 represents the amino-terminal 47% of apo B100 and that the carboxyl terminus of apo B48 is in the vicinity of residue 2151 of apo B100.
Confidential enquiries into perinatal deaths.
Authors: M Tew
Journal: BMJ (1982)

irresponsible journalists, not medical scientists, who cry "Wolf."Rubella, thalidomide, and alcohol were identified as teratogens by alert clinicians who shared their concerns with their professional colleagues through the medium of professional journals.If the relevance of rubella and alcohol to fetal health had received a fraction of the footage devoted to Debendox there would be fewer handicapped children.
Diabetes in tropical Africa: a prospective study, 1981-7. II. Course and prognosis.
Authors: D G McLarty, L Kinabo, A B Swai
Journal: BMJ (1990)

To determine the clinical course of diabetes mellitus in tropical Africa.Continuing care and follow up until 31 March 1989 of all newly diagnosed diabetic patients registered at one hospital between 1 June 1981 and 31 May 1987.Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.1250 Newly diagnosed diabetic patients seen over a six year period. 272 (21.8%) Had diabetes requiring insulin, 825 (66.0%) diabetes not requiring insulin, and 153 (12.2%) diabetes of uncertain type.Survival rates during each year of follow up.205 (16.4%) Patients were known to have died, 126 (61.5%) in hospital and 79 (38.5%) in the community. At least a further 71 patients were likely to have died. The five year survival rates (95% confidence intervals) for patients with diabetes requiring and not requiring insulin were 71% (62% to 80%) and 84% (80% to 89%) respectively for known deaths and 60% (51% to 69%) and 82% (77% to 86%) respectively for known plus probable deaths. 49 (3.9%) Patients died at the time of presentation. Severe diabetic ketoacidosis and infection were responsible for most deaths in patients with diabetes requiring insulin. Infection was responsible for 24% of deaths in patients with diabetes not requiring insulin and was the main cause of death in the group with uncertain type of diabetes. Cardiovascular and renal causes were responsible for 24% of hospital deaths of patients with diabetes not requiring insulin. Diabetes requiring insulin, young age, and ketonuria at presentation were associated with a significantly worse five year survival on multivariate analysis. On univariate analysis underweight, female sex, low educational background, and manual occupations were additional factors with a worse prognosis.Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa is, in many patients, a serious disease with a poor prognosis. Most deaths, however, are due to preventable causes. More effort is therefore required to increase public awareness of diabetes and to improve patient detection, management, and follow up.
US Government Criticized for Helping to Export a Deadly Epidemic of Tobacco Addiction
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1992)

MEMBERS of the Asia-Pacific Association for the Control of Tobacco (APACT) are calling on President George Bush "to stop dumping cigarettes on Asian nations." At a recent Eighth World Conference on Tobacco OR Health press conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina, representatives of APACT strongly protested what they say is an invasion of their countries by US tobacco companies that is aimed at Asian women and children. The association, which was organized in 1989 by antitobacco forces in China, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Taiwan, and other countries of Asia, says it is angry over what it calls strong-arm tactics used by the US government to prevent their nations from adopting tobacco-control policies. "I know the United States needs to expand foreign markets to increase foreign trade," says APACT's honorary-life-president, David Yen, JD, of Taiwan. "Taiwan welcomes the importation of US goods, automobiles, airplanes, trains, and ships.
The Vascular War-Reply
Authors: Christopher K. Zarins
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply.—  Dr Gurewich raises the question of how to establish indications for new vascular interventions and suggests the formation of a new specialty of vascular medicine. In fact, the indications for intervention in peripheral vascular disease are well established and are based on an understanding of the natural history of the disease. Patients with ischemic rest pain, ulceration, or gangrene are at risk for limb loss and clearly are candidates for revascularization. In contrast, patients with intermittent claudication are at low risk for limb loss and most can be treated successfully with a program of no smoking and exercise. Only those patients who fail to improve with a conservative program and who have limiting or disabling  should undergo angiography and vascular intervention. There is no evidence to suggest that treatment of asymptomatic stenoses or occlusions before they get worse and cause symptoms is of any benefit to the
From twin to singleton
Authors: R. L Berkowitz
Journal: BMJ (1996)

If “psychological stress” is accepted for terminating singletons, it   ought to be for reducing twins as well 

The announcement last week that a British gynaecologist had electively reduced a twin pregnancy to a singleton for social indications has caused a furor in the international press. Before considering the issues raised by this particular case, we should distinguish it from two related situations. The first, selective termination, is usually defined as the termination of an anomalous fetus in a multiple pregnancy.1 The intent of this procedure is to selectively terminate an abnormal fetus and to allow the pregnancy to continue with the expectation that one or more healthy infants will subsequently be delivered. The second, multifetal pregnancy reduction, has also been in the news in Britain, after reports this week of a woman's decision to carry all eight fetuses conceived through fertility treatment. Multifetal pregnancy reduction refers to the termination of one or more presumably healthy fetuses in a pregnancy containing three or more fetuses. The objective here is to reduce the risk of very early preterm delivery associated with higher order multiple pregnancies, and therefore increase the chances of survival for the remaining fetuses.

The first successful selective termination was reported in 1978.2 This procedure is usually performed in the second trimester and most often involves the termination of an abnormal twin. In a series of 69 consecutive selective …
Local anaesthetic infiltration versus Bier's block for Colles' fractures.
Authors: A G Cobb, G R Houghton
Journal: BMJ (1985)

L'infiltration locale d'anesthesique dans le foyer de fracture et autour du perioste voisin, pour les fractures fraiches, donne une bonne anesthesie, la technique est simple et rapide. Mais la methode de Bier (anesthesie regionale par voie veineuse) est plus efficace et donne moins de complications