tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Myalgic encephalomyelitis and muscle fatigue.
Authors: J. H. Coakley
Journal: BMJ (1989)

direct a patient who still needs nursing to a private nursing home it may well be breaking the law.The circulars state that arrangements for dis- charge to other than the patient's home must be made in good time and be acceptable to the patient and, where appropriate, the patient's carers.Where a person moves from hospital to a private nursing home it should be made clear to him or her in writing before the transfer whether or not the health authority will pay the fees under a con- tractual arrangement.No NHS patients should be placed in private nursing homes or residential care homes against their wishes if it means that they or their relatives will be personally responsible for the charges.Up and down Britain cash starved hospitals, desperately trying to cope with an aging population, are discharging patients to nursing homes.They are probably breaking the law by not pro- viding for the sick elderly, and it is an interesting legal point whether the hospital or the consultant could be held responsible for paying the family's expenditure.
Inflammatory tissue damage in chronic destructive arthritis is regulated by FHL2
Authors: C Cromme, L H Meyer, K Neugebauer, A Korb, C Wunrau, G Kollias, K Redlich, C Will, E M Schnaeker, R Basel-Duby, D Beaten, B Niederreiter, J Bertrand, V Wixler, T Pap
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2010)

Purpose Four-and-a-half LIM 2 (FHL2) is a mediator of protein interactions involved in cellular processes that are of relevance for the activation of mesenchymal cells.It interacts with integrins, focal adhesion-and mitogen-activated kinases, transcription factor AP-1 and is involved in TRAF6-dependent signalling.We analysed the function of FHL2 in chronic infl ammatory arthritis.Methods The expression of FHL2 in synovial tissues from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and in destructive arthritis of human tumour necrosis factor transgenic (hTNFtg) mice was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with RA (RA-FLS), from hTNFtg mice and appropriate controls were isolated and FHL2 levels were determined by immunoblot after stimulation with cytokines.Knock down of FHL2 was performed by RNA interference and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was determined by western blot analysis and ELISA.The invasiveness of FLS was analysed using our established matrix-associated transepithelial resistance invasion (MATRIN) assay.FHL2-mediated signalling pathways were also studied.hTNFtg mice were crossbred with FHL2-/-mice and clinical parameters of arthritis as well as histomorphometric parameters of joint destruction and MMP expression in wild-type, hTNFtg, FHL2-/-and FHL2+/-/ hTNFtg animals were analysed.Results Although there was a signifi cantly higher expression of FHL2 in RA than in OA, only transforming growth on July 20,
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis from ordinary residential exposures.
Authors: M J Apostolakos, H Rossmoore, W S Beckett
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

A previously healthy woman developed hypersensitivity pneumonitis of such severity that she required chronic systemic corticosteroid therapy for symptom control. Detailed investigation of her workplace and home environments revealed fungi in her typical suburban home, to which she had specific serum precipitating antibodies. Efforts to remove mold from the home were unsuccessful in relieving symptoms, and moving to another residence was the only intervention that allowed her to be withdrawn from corticosteroid therapy. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is commonly associated with occupational or avocational exposures, such as moldy hay in farmers or bird antigen in bird breeders. We propose that hypersensitivity pneumonitis may occur in North America, as it does in Japan, from domestic exposures alone.
Marked reduction of procoagulant acute phase proteins early coronary thrombolysis
Authors: Felicita Andreoui, M.Carla Roncaglioni, David R. Hackett, Graham J. Davies, Mohamed I. Khan, Tessa Regan, Agha W. Haider, Cornelis Kluft, Attilio Maseri
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
Yoga or Fiber? Thermodynamics in the Vegetarian
Authors: Franco Contaldo
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  We read with interest the correspondence between Dr Mann and Sacks et al entitled Dietary Intake, the First Law of Thermodynamics, and the Properties of Yoga 1 concerning the intriguing question of low energy requirements in vegetarians. In the original article by Sacks et al, 2 it is reported, as expected, that the lactovegetarian diet had a prevalence of unrefined carbohydrates, vegetables, and fruit. As a consequence, fiber intake, although it was not measured, was necessarily high.  Study.—  In a recently completed study on the effect of dietary fiber on postprandial thermogenesis, we showed that postprandial heat production is inversely related to the fiber content of the meal. 3,4 In seven healthy volunteers, we compared postprandial thermogenesis, evaluated for six hours following the ingestion of three meals with a similar energy content and composition (1200 kcal [5040 kJ]; 15% protein, 55% carbohydrates, and 30% fat) but with
Oral Contraceptives and Breast Neoplasia: A Retrospective Study
Authors: M. P. Vessey, R. Doll, P. M. Sutton
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Between 1 December 1968 and 31 December 1971 345 women aged 16-39 years with a lump in the breast (90 malignant and 255 benign) were interviewed at five London teaching hospitals together with 347 matched controls suffering from acute medical or surgical conditions or admitted to hospital for routine elective surgery. Questions were asked about each patient9s medical, obstetric, menstrual, contraceptive, and social histories. The data do not suggest that the use of oral contraceptives is related in any way to the risk of breast cancer but provide some evidence that the preparations may actually protect against benign breast disease. This protective effect is largely confined to women who continue to use oral contraceptives and have used them altogether for more than two years. Such women appear to have only about 25% as great a risk of being admitted to hospital for a breast biopsy as women who have never used oral contraceptives at all.
Implantable access system for prolonged intrapleural immunotherapy
Authors: P Driesen, C Boutin, None Viallat, PH Astoul, JP Vialette, J Pasquier
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

We describe our experience using an implantable Port-A-Cath access system for intrapleural administration of gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) in malignant mesothelioma patients. Twenty nine patients, with histologically proven malignant mesotheliomas were included in this study. To avoid complications the device was implanted in a subcutaneous pocket, and the catheter was connected via a tunnel. Also, a suction drain was installed in the pocket after placement. This procedure greatly reduced the high infection rate (64%) encountered with conventional open chest tubes. Patients' tolerance was excellent and maintenance minimal. In our opinion, the Port-A-Cath system is the most suitable device for intra-cavitary long-term therapy of malignant pleural effusions.
Mapping health in the Great Lakes areas of concern: a user-friendly tool for policy and decision makers.
Authors: S J Elliott, J Eyles, P DeLuca
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

The role of the physical environment as a determinant of health is a major concern reported by the general public as well as by many policymakers. However, it remains one of the health determinants for which few available measures or indicators are readily available. This lack of data is compounded by the fact that evidence for direct cause-and-effect relationships in the literature is often equivocal, leading to feelings of uncertainty among the lay public and often leading to indecision among policymakers. In this article we examine one aspect of the physical environment--water pollution in the Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs)--and its potential impacts on a wide range of (plausible) human health outcomes. Essentially, the International Joint Commission, the international agency that oversees Great Lakes water quality and related issues, worked with Health Canada to produce a report for each of the 17 AOCs on the Canadian side of the Great Lakes, outlining a long list of health outcomes and the potential relationships these might have with environmental exposures known or suspected to exist in the Great Lakes basin. These reports are based solely on secondary health data and a thorough review of the environmental epidemiologic literature. The use of these reports by local health policymakers as well as by public health officials in the AOCs was limited, however, by the presentation of vast amounts of data in a series of tables with various outcome measures. The reports were therefore not used widely by the audience for whom they were intended. In this paper we report the results of an undertaking designed to reduce the data and present them in a more policy-friendly manner, using a geographic information system. We do not attempt to answer directly questions related to cause and effect vis-à-vis the relationships between environment and health in the Great Lakes; rather, this work is a hypothesis-generating exercise that will help sharpen the focus of research into this increasingly important area of public health concern.
Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Lawrence Kwan, Clifford Wang, Lee Levitt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

To the Editor: I would like to propose a hypothesis that may account for the findings of Borghi et al. (Jan.10 issue). 1 The low-protein, low-salt diet they studied may have reduced the urinary monosodium urate concentration.An increase in urinary monosodium urate can promote the heterogeneous nucleation of calcium oxalate stones. 2 A low-sodium diet would reduce the relative concentration of urinary monosodium urate, 3 and a low-protein diet would reduce the urinary uric acid concentration and increase the urinary citrate concentration. 4,5Urinary citrate increases the solubility of uric acid and inhibits the formation of calcium oxalate stones.These considerations could have been easily addressed if the authors had included urinary uric acid, citrate, pH, and monosodium urate product values with their data.An important consideration is the patients' base-line hypernatriuria.The mean urinary sodium values at base line were roughly 130 to 140 percent higher than normal and were even substantially higher than the values in other cohorts of patients with calcium stones. 6 It would be interesting to know how patients with normal (or high-normal) urinary sodium concentrations at base line would fare on a low-sodium diet.Presumably, they would derive less benefit from a low-sodium, low-protein, normal-calcium diet than the patients described in this important study.
CD36: the common soil for inflammation in obesity and atherosclerosis?
Authors: Z. Yang, X.-F. Ming
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

This editorial refers to ‘A CD36-dependent pathway enhances macrophage and adipose tissue inflammation and impairs insulin signalling’ by D.J. Kennedy et al. , pp. 604–613, this issue. 

Insulin resistance, a decreased metabolic responsiveness of peripheral organs and tissues to insulin, is considered the central mechanism of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, a pro-atherogenic lipid profile, a pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory state, and dysglycemia. Studies in recent years have revealed the causal role of chronic low-grade inflammation in development of obesity-associated insulin resistance in animal models.1 Since chronic inflammation also plays a pivotal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,2 it is therefore considered to be the fundamental mechanistic link between insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular prevalence in obesity. Compelling evidence from numerous studies in animal models demonstrates that monocytes are recruited to adipose tissue during obesity and become macrophages through interaction with dysfunctional adipocytes.3 Moreover, resident adipose tissue macrophages may switch their phenotype from the anti-inflammatory ‘alternative’ (M2) to pro-inflammatory ‘classical’ (M1) macrophages during expansion of adipose tissue in obesity.4 Accumulation of macrophages and phenotypic switch from M2 to M1 macrophages has been suggested to play a determinant role in insulin resistance in obesity at least in mouse models.3 Increased adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration have been confirmed in human obesity.5 However, subset macrophage accumulation in human adipose tissue in obesity requires further characterization.

There is much interest in the question of what are the micro-environmental changes in adipose tissue in obesity that initiate and regulate adipose tissue inflammation. Adipocytes …
BMA's reply
Authors: H. Meldrum, L. Buckman
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Since the government published its NHS White Paper in July, the BMA has played a leading part in responding critically to the proposals.1

The BMA’s position on the government’s plans is rooted in policies agreed through our democratic processes, is shaped by ongoing feedback and consultation with members, and follows several debates on the issue, endorsed by most of the elected council. The BMA represents all doctors in the UK, and so the range of views will always be broad: our job is to represent and support them all as fairly as possible.

The BMA has rightly acknowledged the aspects …
2 A FRAME-SHIFT VARIANT IN THE NOVEL IFNL4 GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED HCV CLEARANCE
Authors: T. O'Brien, R.M. Pfeiffer, M.H. Kuniholm, B. Muchmore, P. Aka, W. Tang, S. Chen, A. Wang, J. Astemborski, H.L. Bonkovsky, B.R. Edlin, C.D. Howell, T.R. Morgan, G.B. Sharp, H.D. Strickler, D.L. Thomas, L. Prokunina-Olsson
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Direct evidence of participation of rat lung carbonic anhydrase in CO2 reactions.
Authors: E D Crandall, J E O'Brasky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Isolated rat lungs were ventilated with air and perfused with a blood-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution under conditions of net CO2 elimination in the lung. Some of the effluent perfusate was drawn through a stop-flow pH electrode apparatus, arriving at the electrode within 4 s after passing through the pulmonary capillaries. pH and temperature of the fluid in the electrode chamber were continuously monitored both before and after withdrawal was suddenly stopped. Little or no change was observed in the pH of the perfusate after flow was stopped, despite the fact that CO2 was eliminated in the lung, suggesting that the conversion of H2CO3 to CO2 in the blood-free perfusion fluid was markedly accelerated and the rise in pH was complete by the time the perfusate reached the electrode. Because the effluent perfusate was shown to be free of carbonic anhydrase activity, the catalysis must have occurred during transit through the isolated lung. When acetazolamide was added to the perfusate, a rise in the pH of the perfusate after stopping flow was consistently seen. These results suggest that the carbonic anhydrase of isolated lungs accelerates the conversion of H2CO3 to CO2 and enhances COW elimination as perfusate passes through the pulmonary capillaries, and that the enzyme may be present on the capillary endothelial surface.
HOW MAY THE TOPICS IN EXAMINATION FOR LICENSE BE BEST ARRANGED BY EXAMINING BOARDS?
Authors: HENRY BEATES
Journal: JAMA (1902)

<h3>Mr. President and Fellow Members:</h3> The answer obviously must be: In such a manner as to achieve the results for which examining and licensing boards were instituted. What this constitutes, an apparently irrelevant and somewhat elaborate review of the causes operative in determining, not only the establishment of examining boards, but the type of examination they are respectively required by the various acts of assembly to conduct, is necessary for a correct solution. Addressing ourselves to the consideration of the many-sided question the title presents, it must be constantly borne in mind that examining and licensing boards, by directly and legally controlling licensure, indirectly standardize medical education. They thereby serve an important function for the greatest good of the profession, and discharge the highest responsibility to the welfare of fellow man. That the answer is, therefore, comprehensive and complex, and appeals to the best judgment at our command, is evident.
Driving Safety Among Patients With Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Authors: Nancy J. Finch
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To determine the driving behavior of patients following the placement of automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (AICDs).Forty patients with AICDs (33 men, seven women; mean age, 62.7 years) responded to a questionnaire designed to ascertain driving behavior after hospital discharge.Despite medical advice never to drive again, 28 patients (70%) resumed driving, with the majority doing so by 8 months after AICD implantation. Of these, 11 (40%) identified themselves as the primary driver in their household. Fourteen (50%) drove daily. Two (7%) were driving and continued to drive during discharge of their AICDs. Twenty-five (91%) reported that they felt comfortable and safe while driving.A majority of patients with AICDs continue to drive after a proscription of this activity by health care workers.
Public Health versus Personal Medical Care
Authors: Robert J. Blendon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

Five years after the death of Mao, news articles report almost daily on China's monumental efforts to transform itself into an economically prosperous nation. Coca-Cola signs, Pierre Cardin fashion shows, joint ventures with American industry, small family-owned businesses, and the large number of Chinese students now enrolled in Western universities are symbols of the new pragmatic drive to make China's economy grow 50 per cent faster than it did in the past 25 years. This ambitious objective is having considerable impact on all segments of Chinese life, including its system of health care.1 , 2 This paper seeks to explain the major . . .
Note on Esbach's Method for Estimating the Quantity of Albumen in Urine
Authors: H. Veale
Journal: BMJ (1884)

remarks ,to simple purulent infiltration (if one may use such an expres- sion) of the walls of the stomach, of which my case appears to be an instance, and have purposely omitted more than a casual reference to cireumscribed abscess of that organ.As the two are, however, so in-
Trustees' Responsibility for the Quality of Medical Care
Authors: Harry R. Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (1960)

THE SUBJECT of "Trustees' Responsibility for the Quality of Medical Care" is one which, during my six-year tenure on the Board of Trustees of Greenville General Hospital, gave me great concern. It gave me concern, because I did not understand the problem in general and in particular, what the trustee should do to insure this great responsibility. There was plenty else to do as a trustee to keep my mind off of this problem, or perhaps to procrastinate it. We have an excellent professional staff in Greenville, and, frankly, no chickens ever came to roost to bring us face to face with the problem. We assumed that the problem was taking care of itself, and, as far as I know, it did. However, in the last year of my term as trustee, I represented our board, in an advisory capacity, on a committee from the staff which was to
Epimorphin, a morphogenic protein, induces proteases in rodent hepatocytes through NF-κB
Authors: Kouichi Miura, Ryutaro Yoshino, Yohei Hirai, Takashi Goto, Shigetoshi Ohshima, Ken-ichiro Mikami, Kazuo Yoneyama, Daisuke Watanabe, Mitsuru Sato, Haruki Senoo, Yuzo Kodama, Yosuke Osawa, David A. Brenner, Sumio Watanabe
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
When to Start Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Scott M. Grundy, Gary J. Balady, Michael H. Criqui, Gerald Fletcher, Philip Greenland, Loren F. Hiratzka, Nancy Houston-Miller, Penny Kris-Etherton, Harlan M. Krumholz, John LaRosa, Ira S. Ockene, Thomas A. Pearson, James Reed, Sidney C. Smith, Reginald Washington
Journal: Circulation (1997)

At present a large number of patients with atherosclerotic disease are not receiving aggressive cholesterol-lowering therapy. Consequently they are being deprived of a cost-effective, risk-reducing treatment. Every physician who treats patients with clinical atherosclerotic disease should become fully informed about the results of cholesterol-lowering trials in patients at high risk. All physicians who care for high-risk patients should take responsibility for cholesterol management, including primary care physicians and cardiovascular specialists. Highly effective and generally safe drugs for cholesterol lowering are available. The benefits of therapy for reducing recurrent CHD and prolonging life are considerable. There is no justification for unduly delaying institution of therapy for the majority of patients. The many advantages of nonpharmaceutical therapy call for its use in almost all patients, but drug treatment should not be postponed if the target for LDL cholesterol lowering (< or = 100 mg/dL) is unlikely to be achieved in the near term by a nonpharmaceutical approach alone. The view that patients with CHD or other forms of atherosclerotic disease do not receive substantial clinical benefits from aggressive cholesterol-lowering therapy is no longer warranted. Intensive cholesterol reduction, initiated immediately, has the potential to significantly reduce both morbidity and mortality. Cholesterol-lowering therapy thus should become a routine part of clinical management to reduce risk of future coronary events and to prolong life in patients with CHD or other forms of atherosclerotic disease.
Background to Migraine
Authors: Seymour Diamond
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<b>Migraine: The Evolution of a Common Disorder</b>, by Oliver Sacks, ed 2 (abridged), 220 pp, with illus, paper, $2.95, University of California Press, 1973. <i>Background to Migraine</i>encompasses the proceedings of the Fifth Migraine Symposium held in September 1972, by the British Migraine Trust. The volume is considerably longer than the four previous monographs. It contains 21 chapters, many reviewing and restating previously published material. However, the chapter on reactivity of the cerebral vessels adequately portrays current thinking on the two primary components of cerebrovascular resistance: (1) an intrinsic component within the brain itself that is not affected by nervous factors, and (2) an extrinsic component up to the level of the pial circulation where the sympathetic nervous system has a powerful influence. This would lend credence to the rècent prominence of behavioral therapy for migraine. Of equal importance is the article by Professor Sicuteri of Florence, Italy, on "5-Hydroxytryptamine