tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Costs of tuberculosis disease in the European Union: a systematic analysis and cost calculation
Authors: Roland Diel, Joris Vandeputte, Gerard de Vries, Jonathan Stillo, Maryse Wanlin, Albert Nienhaus
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Without better vaccines it is unlikely that tuberculosis (TB) will ever be eliminated. An investment of ∼€560 million is considered necessary to develop a new, effective vaccine in the European Union (EU). However, less is known about the costs of TB disease in the EU. We performed a systematic review of literature and institutional websites addressing the 27 EU members to summarise cost data. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane bibliographies for relevant articles. Combining direct and indirect costs, we arrived at an average per-TB case costs in the original EU-15 states plus Cyprus, Malta and Slovenia of €10 282 for drug-susceptible TB, €57 213 for multidrug resistant (MDR)-TB and €170 744 for extensively drug resistant (XDR)-TB. In the remaining new EU states, costs amounted to €3427 for drug-susceptible TB and €24 166 for MDR-TB/XDR-TB. For the 70 340 susceptible TB cases, 1488 MDR-TB and 136 XDR-TB cases notified in 2011 costs of €536 890 315 accumulated in 2012. In the same year, the 103 104 disability-adjusted life years caused by these cases, when stated in monetary terms, amounted to a total of €5 361 408 000. Thus, the resulting economic burden of TB in the EU clearly outweighs the cost of investing in more efficient vaccines against TB.
Capsaicin-sensitive sensory-motor neurotransmission in the peripheral control of cardiovascular function
Authors: A. Rubino, G. Burnstock
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

For many years studies on the neuronal control of cardiovascular function have focussed on the antagonistic actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.Over the past two decades, improved techniques of immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and electrophysiology have profoundly reshaped our knowledge of the autonomic control of cardiovascular function [1,2].As revealed by immunocytochemistry, a system of capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic neurons is associated with the cardiovascular system [3-51.Sensory function of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent neurons is mostly related to the transmission of nociceptive impulses.However, once activated by peripheral stimuli, capsaicinsensitive afferent neurons can also release the transmitter content from their peripheral terminals in innervated tissue to elicit functional responses.The term of "sensory-motor nerves" has been therefore coined, in order to point out the dual afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) activity of this neuronal population [6-91.Cardiac responses to stimulation of sensory-motor nerves consist of positive chronotropic and inotropic effects comparable in many respects to the excitatory effects of noradrenaline (NA) via /3-adrenoceptor activation.In several blood vessels, including coronary, mesenteric and pulmonary arteries, activation of perivascular sensory-motor nerves results in endothelium-independent vasodilator responses.In the skin microvasculature both vasodilatation and extravasation are mediated by release of neurotransmitters from sensory-motor nerves.In this article we will review evidence in favour of a role for the efferent component of sensory-motor nerves in the neuronal control of cardiac performance and vascular tone.Reciprocal interactions (cross-talk) with both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system will also be discussed.
Getting Smarter — The Toxicity of Undertreated HIV Infection
Authors: Judith S. Currier, Lindsey R. Baden
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Soon after the benefits of potent combination antiretroviral therapy were recognized in the late 1990s,1 clinicians understood that patients would need to be highly adherent to antiretroviral therapy and treated continuously with combination regimens. If this mark were not met, there was a real likelihood that a resistant virus would emerge. As experience with combination regimens expanded, data became available on long-term toxic effects, including dyslipidemia, changes in body fat, possibly increased cardiovascular risk, and hepatitis.24 Although infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) became a more manageable chronic disease, concerns about side effects led both patients and investigators . . .
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroidal Dysfunctions in Anorexia nervosa
Authors: Hajime Tamai, Kenji Mori, Sunao Matsubayashi, Kayoko Kiyohara, Tetsuya Nakagawa, Michael C. Okimura, Robert M. Walter, Jr., Lindy F. Kumagai, Shigenobu Nagataki
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1986)

There are clinical similarities between anorexia nervosa and hypothyroidism. Circulating levels of T4 and particularly T3 have been reported to be low in this eating disorder. Previous reports have, however, shown normal basal levels of serum TSH with normal or delayed responses to TRH. To assess thyroid function and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in 21 women with anorexia nervosa, serum levels of free and total thyroid hormones, binding proteins, and TSH employing an extremely sensitive assay (detection limit = 0.02 µU/ml) were measured. Serum T4, free T4, T3, free T3, TSH, TBG and TBPA concentrations were significantly lower and rT3 levels were significantly higher in anorexia nervosa patients than in normal controls. A delayed TSH response to TRH was noted in 66 % of patients, hyporesponsiveness was seen in another 24 %, and a normal response in only 10%. In 10 anorexia nervosa patients studied after weight gain, T4, T3, free T3, TSH, TBG and TBPA were significantly increased, and rT3 was significantly decreased. No change in mean free T4 levels with weight gain was noted. Other parameters of hypothalamic dysfunction in anorexia nervosa have been reported and the present data suggest that apparent hypothalamic hypothyroidism occurs perhaps as an adaptation to prolonged starvation.
Retinal changes and chloroquine.
Authors: M. H. Gregory, D. A. Rutty, R. D. Wood
Journal: BMJ (1968)

JouA if "'5I therapy is used in these cases the thyroid gland will be permanently damaged and hypothyroidism will inevitably result.The problem then lies in identifying this group of patients beforehand rather than try- ing to reduce the dose of ...I.Hence, although a correlation between high thyroid antibody titres and post-radiation hypo- thyroidism has yet to be shown, it would seem wise not to treat these cases with 1311, since they are likely to " burn up " their own thyroid tissue.Further clues may be pro- vided by an examination of serum levels of long-acting thyroid stimulator.On the other hand, radiobiological studies might suggest a different explanation.Follow- ing radiation mitosis may be delayed.Fur- thermore, latent cell damage and death may not be seen until long after irradiation, when the cell has subsequently entered one or more mitotic divisions.As time progresses the feedback stimulus of the failing thyroid gland induces the pituitary to release more thyroidstimulating hormone.Under this stimulus further thyroid cells enter division and die.This process could become a vicious circle, with increasing hypothyroidism causing increased cell destruction.This would correlate with the clinical findings of some workers who report' that the development of post- radiation hypothyroidism is a continuing process, progressing at a rate of about 3% per annum.Again, it has been shown' that for rats, at any rate, a dose of radiation which results in a reduction of thyroid function inevitably interferes with the reproductive integrity of the gland.Although this may be an insoluble problem, it has been pointed out' ' that the irregular distribution of iodine in the thyroid gland may mean that some cells receive sublethal damage and are capable of recovery.-Iam, etc.,
Anti-Spitting Laws and Associated Inconsistencies.
Authors: H. A. Cuthbertson
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Chicago, July 18, 1905. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —During the years 1904 and 1905 I have received some very excellent circulars from the secretary of the State Board of Health of Illinois in reference to the alarming condition of tuberculosis in all states and especially in the crowded portions of Chicago. Last week I received a similar circular from the Illinois State Medical Society urging general practitioners especially to become more alert in the early detection and prevention of tuberculosis. Last winter I was pleased to see, as a result of these circulars and of the free public lectures on the prevention of tuberculosis, that the authorities in Chicago were thoroughly awakened to the alarming conditions and that many arrests of sidewalk expectorators were made. For weeks thereafter people went to the edge of the sidewalk to expectorate in the street. So far, well and good, but to my horror and
Mayer-Gross Clinical Psychiatry
Authors: Marshall F. Gilula
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Mayer-Gross (1889-1961) founded the British school of phenomenological psychiatry, which held that "the exact study and precise description of psychic events..." were a "... primary requisite for their understanding." This emphasis on clinically-oriented phenomenology altered the direction of British psychiatry, to stress the importance of interindividual similarities that were frequently blurred by Meyerian psychobiology and its focus on individual uniqueness. At a time when textbooks of psychiatry have become multiauthored "handbooks," this comprehensive and clinically-oriented treatise offers a unity that may be refreshing to general practitioner and medical student alike. Mayer-Gross's original collaborators have rewritten large portions of this textbook. Slater and Roth continue to maintain the validity of psychiatry as a predictive science based more on general medicine and neurology than on anthropology and sociology. Among the subjects included are the examination of the psychiatric patient, personality deviations, affective disorders, schizophrenia, symptomatic psychoses, drug addiction, aspects of the
The influence of corticosteroids on the release of novel biomarkers in human endotoxemia
Authors: Martijn D. de Kruif, Lucienne C. Lemaire, Ida A. Giebelen, Joachim Struck, Nils G. Morgenthaler, Jana Papassotiriou, Peter J. Elliott, Tom van der Poll
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2007)

Sepsis intervention studies need better patient stratification methods, and one way to realize this is the introduction of stable biomarkers. A set of recently developed novel biomarkers, based upon precursor-fragments of short-lived hormones, was previously shown to be increased during sepsis. However, it is not known whether these biomarkers are influenced by sepsis intervention strategies. Therefore we investigated the markers in a model of human endotoxemia intervened by increasing doses of prednisolone. Prospective, open-label study in a specialized clinical research unit of a university hospital. Thirty-two healthy male volunteers. Subjects received prednisolone orally at doses of 0, 3, 10 or 30 mg (n = 8 per group) at 2 h before intravenous injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (4 ng/kg). Blood samples were drawn during 24 h after LPS injection. LPS injection caused an increase in levels of midregional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), C-terminal pro-arginine–vasopressin (CT-proAVP) and procalcitonin (PCT). Prednisolone caused a dose dependent inhibition of MR-proADM, MR-proANP and CT-proAVP levels. These results show that a set of novel, highly stable sepsis biomarkers was increased during human endotoxemia and was dose-dependently inhibited by corticosteroid pre-treatment.
Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy Use Among Veterans With Colon Cancer: Insights From a California Study
Authors: Denise M. Hynes, Elizabeth Tarlov, Ramon Durazo-Arvizu, Ruth Perrin, Qiuying Zhang, Thomas Weichle, M. Rosario Ferreira, Todd Lee, Al B. Benson, Nirmala Bhoopalam, Charles L. Bennett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

US veterans have been shown to be a vulnerable population with high cancer rates, and cancer care quality in Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals is the focus of a congressionally mandated review. We examined rates of surgery and chemotherapy use among veterans with colon cancer at VA and non-VA facilities in California to gain insight into factors associated with quality of cancer care.A retrospective cohort of incident colon cancer patients from the California Cancer Registry, who were > or = 66 years old and eligible to use VA and Medicare between 1999 and 2001, were observed for 6 months after diagnosis.Among 601 veterans with colon cancer, 72% were initially diagnosed and treated in non-VA facilities. Among veterans with stage I to III cancer, those diagnosed and initially treated in VA facilities experienced similar colectomy rates as those at non-VA facilities. Stage III patients diagnosed and initially treated in VA versus non-VA facilities had similar odds of receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. In both settings, older patients had lower odds of receiving chemotherapy than their younger counterparts even when race and comorbidity were considered (age 76 to 85 years: odds ratio [OR] = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.46; age > or = 86 years: OR = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.73).In California, older veterans with colon cancer used both VA and non-VA facilities for cancer treatment, and odds of receiving cancer-directed surgery and chemotherapy were similar in both systems. Among stage III patients, older age lowered odds of receiving adjuvant chemotherapy in both systems. Further studies should continue to explore potential health system effects on quality of colon cancer care across the United States.
THE POWERFUL ADDITIVE PREDICTIVE EFFECT OF NOCTURNAL HEMODYNAMICS AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROALBUMINURIA IN HYPERTENSION: A 6-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY
Authors: E. Andrikou, K. Tsioufis, C. Thomopoulos, A. Kordalis, I. Andrikou, M. Giakoumis, L. Lioni, I. Kallikazaros, C. Stefanadis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
THE THERAPY OF DYSENTERY.
Authors: WILLIAM ROBERTS
Journal: JAMA (1903)

The therapy of dysentery is at present in no sense specific. While the causative agents have clearly set a dividing line between the amebæ on the one hand and bacteria on the other, the resulting treatment of either has not been uniformly successful. Quinin in amebic cases with the intention of killing the causative agent is highly irritating, as might have been expected, and does not reach all the amebæ, while the serum therapy of the cases of bacterial origin is in its infancy, though so far well spoken of. This paper contains no new plan of treatment, for it is on the use of ipecac in dysentery, but the narration of several cases will illustrate what can be attained with this old and well-tried remedy. The profession in India has established certain axioms in the administration of ipecac, and they are good today: 1. The dose must be large.
Fractal Correlation Properties of R-R Interval Dynamics and Mortality in Patients With Depressed Left Ventricular Function After an Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Heikki V. Huikuri, Timo H. Mäkikallio, Chung-Kang Peng, Ary L. Goldberger, Ulrik Hintze, Mogens Møller
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Preliminary data suggest that the analysis of R-R interval variability by fractal analysis methods may provide clinically useful information on patients with heart failure. The purpose of this study was to compare the prognostic power of new fractal and traditional measures of R-R interval variability as predictors of death after acute myocardial infarction. Methods and Results —Time and frequency domain heart rate (HR) variability measures, along with short- and long-term correlation (fractal) properties of R-R intervals (exponents α 1 and α 2 ) and power-law scaling of the power spectra (exponent β), were assessed from 24-hour Holter recordings in 446 survivors of acute myocardial infarction with a depressed left ventricular function (ejection fraction ≤35%). During a mean±SD follow-up period of 685±360 days, 114 patients died (25.6%), with 75 deaths classified as arrhythmic (17.0%) and 28 as nonarrhythmic (6.3%) cardiac deaths. Several traditional and fractal measures of R-R interval variability were significant univariate predictors of all-cause mortality. Reduced short-term scaling exponent α 1 was the most powerful R-R interval variability measure as a predictor of all-cause mortality (α 1 &lt;0.75, relative risk 3.0, 95% confidence interval 2.5 to 4.2, P &lt;0.001). It remained an independent predictor of death ( P &lt;0.001) after adjustment for other postinfarction risk markers, such as age, ejection fraction, NYHA class, and medication. Reduced α 1 predicted both arrhythmic death ( P &lt;0.001) and nonarrhythmic cardiac death ( P &lt;0.001). Conclusions —Analysis of the fractal characteristics of short-term R-R interval dynamics yields more powerful prognostic information than the traditional measures of HR variability among patients with depressed left ventricular function after an acute myocardial infarction.
235 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND UNDERLYING LIVER CIRRHOSIS; INFLUENCE ON TREATMENT OR A PROGNOSTIC VALUE?
Authors: C.D.M. Witjes, R.A. de Man, F.A.L.M. Eskens, R.S. Dwarkasing, P.E. Zondervan, C. Verhoef, J.N.M. IJzermans
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Changing United States Life-Style and Declining Vascular Mortality: Cause or Coincidence?
Authors: Weldon J. Walker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Henry Blackburn advanced the idea that physicians tend to take either an academic or pragmatic view of atherosclerosis.1 The academic view asserts that attempts to change individual living habits are hopeless — that research should be directed toward seeking a scientific answer. The pragmatic view contends that atherosclerosis is predominantly the result of a life-style in most affluent societies and that modification of this environment is the rational way to prevent coronary heart disease — a socioeconomic and cultural evolution.Age-adjusted mortality from coronary heart disease increased 19 per cent in the United States from 1950 to 1963. Early in . . .
281 Efficacy of long acting release octreotide in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized multicenter phase III study
Authors: C. Verslype, G. Verset, H. Reynaert, I. Borbath, P. Langlet, A. Vandebroek, M. Peeters, G. Houbiers, P. Michielsen, M. Arvanitaki, J.L. Van Laethem
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Factors associated with steatosis and relationship between steatosis and the severety of the disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Christophe Hezode, Francoise Roudot-Thoraval, Marie-Pierre Bralet, Ariane Mallat, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Elie-Serge Zafrani, Daniel Dhumeaux
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
AIDS campaigners to take South Africa's health ministry to court
Authors: P. Sidley
Journal: BMJ (2001)

About 100 paediatricians in the Treatment Action Campaign, which campaigns for access to treatment for HIV and AIDS, are to take legal action against the South African health ministry over its continuing refusal to supply antiretroviral drugs for the prevention of transmission of the virus from HIV positive pregnant mothers to their babies.

The government announced last year that it would set up limited sites to test the effects of nevirapine, an antiretroviral drug registered for use in adult and paediatric HIV infection but not then registered in South Africa for use in prevention of transmission from mother to child.

However, previous trials, including one in Uganda, have found nevirapine …
P2-167: Induction docetaxel and cisplatin followed of bi-weekly docetaxel with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy for stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A phase II study conducted by the Galician Lung Cancer Group (GLCG).
Authors: Joaquin R. Casal, Sergio E. Vazquez, Martin Q. Lázaro, Urbano Anido, Jose L. Firvida, Elena Alvarez, Gerardo Huidobro, Isaura Fernandez, Margarita Amenedo, Manolo Caeiro
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Hepatocellular adenoma subtype classification using molecular markers and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Paulette Bioulac-Sage, Sandra Rebouissou, Cristel Thomas, Jean-Frédéric Blanc, Jean Saric, Antonio Sa Cunha, Anne Rullier, Gaëlle Cubel, Gabrielle Couchy, Sandrine Imbeaud, Charles Balabaud, Jessica Zucman-Rossi
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) with activated β-catenin present a high risk of malignant transformation. To permit robust routine diagnosis to allow for HCA subtype classification, we searched new useful markers. We analyzed the expression of candidate genes by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction QRT-PCR followed by immunohistochemistry to validate their specificity and sensitivity according to hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1α) and β-catenin mutations as well as inflammatory phenotype. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that FABP1 (liver fatty acid binding protein) and UGT2B7 were downregulated in HNF1α-inactivated HCA ( P ≤ 0.0002); GLUL (glutamine synthetase) and GPR49 overexpression were associated with β-catenin–activating mutations ( P ≤ 0.0005), and SAA2 (serum amyloid A2) and CRP (C-reactive protein) were upregulated in inflammatory HCA ( P = 0.0001). Immunohistochemistry validation confirmed that the absence of liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) expression rightly indicated HNF1α mutation (100% sensitivity and specificity), the combination of glutamine synthetase overexpression and nuclear β-catenin staining were excellent predictors of β-catenin–activating mutation (85% sensitivity, 100% specificity), and SAA hepatocytic staining was ideal to classify inflammatory HCA (91% sensitivity and specificity). Finally, a series of 93 HCA was unambiguously classified using our 4 validated immunohistochemical markers. Importantly, new associations were revealed for inflammatory HCA defined by SAA staining with frequent hemorrhages ( P = 0.003), telangiectatic phenotype ( P &lt; 0.001), high body mass index, and alcohol intake ( P ≤ 0.04). Previously described associations were confirmed and in particular the significant association between β-catenin–activated HCA and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) at diagnosis or during follow-up ( P &lt; 10−5). Conclusion: We refined HCA classification and its phenotypic correlations, providing a routine test to classify hepatocellular adenomas using simple and robust immunohistochemistry. (Hepatology 2007.)
Another Complication of Subclavian Puncture: Arterial Laceration
Authors: Leonard I. Goldman
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Central venous pressure monitoring has remained a valuable adjunct to the treatment of seriously ill patients. In addition, a catheter placed in the central venous pool serves as an excellent input for intravenous fluid therapy. Of the various techniques for placement of a central venous catheter, the subclavian route is the most popular. Initially, the complications associated with subclavian puncture were infrequent, as the technique was only performed by those trained and skilled in its usage. Recently subclavian puncture has become so commonplace that the old adage "see one, do one, teach one" has never reached such heights (or depths.) The first major complication was pneumothorax and in the best hands an incidence of 1% to 2% was reported. However, if one reviews subsequent reports it is evident that many serious and occasionally fatal complications have resulted from the indiscriminate use of this procedure. Among the more