tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Suppression of hepatic lymphokine-activated killer cell induction by murine kupffer cells and hepatocytes
Authors: Shie-Pon Tzung, Katherine C. Gaines, Peter Lance, Jane M. Ehrke, Stefan A. Cohen
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Murine lymphokine-activated-killer cell activity was readily induced by culturing spleen cells with 10 U/ml of interleukin-2 for 4 days. In contrast, very little activity was generated under the same culture conditions when nonparenchymal liver cells were used as the responding cells. It was concluded that Kupffer cells produced prostaglandin and interferon α/β, which suppressed lymphokine-activated-killer induction because (a) induction of lymphokine-activated-killer activity from nonparenchymal liver cells was observed in the presence of indomethacin and anti-interferon α/β antibody; (b) when adherent nonparenchymal liver cells, primarily Kupffer cells, were removed, lymphokine-activated-killer activity could be obtained with interleukin-2 alone; (c) coculture of Kupffer cells with nonadherent nonparenchymal liver cells in a two-chambered system inhibited lymphokineactivated killer cell induction in a dose-dependent manner; (d) exogenous prostaglandin E 2 and interferon α/β added at the start of culture inhibited interleukin-2—induced cytotoxicity and proliferation, whereas the other major prostaglandin species in the liver, prostaglandin D 2 , had little effect. These findings are distinctive with Kupffer cells because splenic macrophages did not exert such inhibition in parallel experiments. Moreover, the supernatant collected from the 24-hr culture of nonparenchymal liver cells contained greater than 20-fold more prostaglandin E 2 and interferon α/β than that from culture of spleen cells. In subsequent in vivo experiments, when interleukin-2 was given intraperitoneally to mice, the combination of indomethacin and anti-interferon α/β antibody significantly enhanced lymphokine-activated-killer activity recovered from the liver. Besides Kupffer cells, it was found that hepatocytes, the major cellular component of the liver, also played an inhibitory role on lymphokine-activated-killer cell generation. A cell-free liver cytosolic extract had even more potent suppressive effect, which was partially reversed by supplementation of arginine, indicating that arginase may be one of the hepatocyte-derived immunoinhibitors. (HEPATOLOGY 1990;12:644-652).
THE RELATION OF FOOD, AIR AND EXERCISE TO HEALTHY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Authors: E. STUVER
Journal: JAMA (1898)

"Man is what he eats," is a truism quite widely appreciated theoretically, but sadly disregarded when put into everyday practical use. Nor is this true only of the unprofessional multitude but applies with almost equal force to the great army of physicians who by their habits say in the most forcible manner, "Do not eat as I eat but eat as I tell you." This being the case, and as an ounce of good example is worth pounds of precept, unless put into practice, let us see what influence a rational system of dietetics, pure air and plenty of exercise would have on the growth and development of the rising generation. I say rising generation because the time spent in trying to reform confirmed transgressors whose habits have become fixed by years of indulgence, is largely lost and can be spent to much better advantage in preventing the formation of
A continuum of mindfulness
Authors: Daniel Dennett, Ryan McKay
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

Mesoudi et al. overlook an illuminating parallel between cultural and biological evolution, namely, the existence in each realm of a continuum from intelligent, mindful evolution through to oblivious, mindless evolution. In addition, they underplay the independence of cultural fitness from biological fitness. The assumption that successful cultural traits enhance genetic fitness must be sidelined, as must the assumption that such traits will at least be considered worth having.
Deregulating emergency contraception. Service should reflect greater demand after the weekend.
Authors: S Rowlands, L Dakin, M Booth
Journal: BMJ (1993)

In his editorial James Owen Drife calls for improvements  family planning services whether or not emergency contraception is deregulated.  He also mentions that unprotected intercourse often happens at weekends; as far as we know there are no published data on this.  In our semirural general practice the number of requests for emergency contraception continues to rise each year (18 requests  1989 rising to 55  1992).  The trend mirrors what is happening elsewhere: Brook Advisory Centers saw a threefold increase  prescriptions for emergency contraception between 1985 and 1992 (Brook Advisory Centers personal communication 1993).  We looked at the day of the week on which 155 patients requesting emergency contraception were seen during 1989-92.  91 were seen on a Monday or Tuesday (58 on a Monday and 33 on a Tuesday).  If Sunday is excluded as there is no surgery the expected number of requests for emergency contraception each day would be 25.8.  The actual number of 91 on Monday and Tuesday combined is significantly higher than expected (95% confidence interval 79-103; p < 0.0001).  Clearly as for other problems practices must be prepared to allocate more time for emergency work on Mondays and to a lesser extent Tuesdays than is needed on other weekdays.  A walk in facility to allow patients to see a practice nurse is desirable.  Most women were seen within three days of unprotected intercourse.  Only one was seen beyond this: she was a 16 year old who was offered an IUD but declined it and did not become pregnant.  (full text)
The medical effects of nuclear war
Authors: J. M. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Among the topics discussed at the annual conference of Britain's senior hospital medical staffs in June 1983 was the British Medical Association's report on the medical effects of nuclear war. The debate, summarized here, ended with approval of a motion thanking the BMA's board of science for producing the report but agreeing that the BMA did not have "the expertise to give advice" on national defense policy.
Tec Family Kinases Modulate Thresholds for Thymocyte Development and Selection
Authors: Edward M. Schaeffer, Christine Broussard, Jayanta Debnath, Stacie Anderson, Daniel W. McVicar, Pamela L. Schwartzberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

Tec family kinases are implicated in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, and combined mutation of inducible T cell kinase (Itk) and resting lymphocyte kinase (Rlk)/Txk in mice dramatically impairs mature T cell function. Nonetheless, mutation of these kinases still permits T cell development. While itk−/− mice exhibit mild reductions in T cells with decreased CD4/CD8 cell ratios, rlk−/−itk−/− mice have improved total T cell numbers yet maintain decreased CD4/CD8 ratios. Using TCR transgenics and an in vitro thymocyte deletion model, we demonstrate that mutation of Tec kinases causes graded defects in thymocyte selection, leading to a switch from negative to positive selection in rlk−/−itk−/− animals. The reduction in both positive and negative selection and decreased CD4/CD8 ratios correlates with decreased biochemical parameters of TCR signaling, specifically defects in capacitive Ca2+ influx and activation of the mitogen-activated kinases extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1 and 2. Thus, Tec kinases influence cell fate determination by modulating TCR signaling, leading to altered thresholds for thymocyte selection. These results provide support for a quantitative model for thymic development and provide evidence that defects in negative selection can substantially alter thymic cellularity.
New Weight-Reduction System
Authors: Bernard A. Schwetz
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Prospective audit of the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the west of Scotland. West of Scotland Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Audit Group.
Authors: G M Fullarton, G Bell
Journal: Gut (1994)

Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy has rapidly developed in the treatment of gall bladder disease in the absence of controlled clinical trial data its outcome parameters compared with open cholecystectomy remain unclear. A prospective audit of the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the west of Scotland over a two year period was carried out to attempt to assess this new procedure. A total of 45 surgeons in 19 hospitals performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy submitted prospective data from September 1990-1992. A total of 2285 cholecystectomies were audited (a completed data collection rate of 99%). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 1683 (74%) patients and completed in 1448 patients (median conversion rate to the open procedure 17%). The median operation time in the completed laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients was 100 minutes (range 30-330) and overall hospital stay three days (1-33). There were nine deaths (0.5%) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy although only two were directly attributable to the laparoscopic procedure. In the laparoscopic cholecystectomy group there were 99 complications (5.9%), 53 (3%) of these were major requiring further invasive intervention. Forty patients (2.4%) required early or delayed laparotomy for major complications such as bleeding or bile duct injuries. There were 11 (0.7%) bile duct injuries in the laparoscopic cholecystectomy series, five were noted during the initial procedure and six were recognised later resulting from jaundice or bile leaks. Ductal injuries occurred after a median of 20 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. In conclusion laparoscopic cholecystectomy has rapidly replaced open cholecystectomy in the treatment of gall bladder disease. Although the overall death and complication rate associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy is similar to open cholecystectomy, the bile duct injury rate is higher.
Abstract P5-10-01: Overall Survival in Breast Cancer Patients in Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing Primary G-CSF Chemotherapy Support to Control
Authors: GH Lyman, NM Kuderer, J Crawford, E Culakova, MS Poniewierski, M Huang, DC. Dale
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is capable of reducing the risk of neutropenic complications including febrile neutropenia as wellas infection-and treatment-related mortality (Kuderer et al. JCO 2007). To address the potential impact of G-CSF support of chemotherapy on overall survival in patients with breast cancer, a systematic review of RCTs of chemotherapy with or without G-CSF support and at least 2 years of follow-up was conducted. Methods A systematic review of the medical literature identified 20 RCTs of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with or without primary G-CSF support and reporting overall mortality by study arm. Data extraction from eligible studies was undertaken by two independent reviewers. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q-statistic and the Inconsistency Index (I2). Weighted summary estimates of relative risk (RR) with 95% CIs were based on the method of Mantel and Haenszel using a fixed effects model. Planned chemotherapy relative dose intensity (RDI) with G-CSF support compared to control was meta-regressed on the natural logarithm of the RR for mortality. Publication bias was assessed on the basis of Egger's regression intercept. Results Patients in 20 eligible RCTs received chemotherapy with (n=5,938) or without (n=6,627) primary G-CSF support. Deaths were reported in 1,468 patients randomized to receive primary G-CSF and in 1,607 controls. No significant heterogeneity was observed (Q=23.53, P=.215; I2=19%). Overall RR for mortality was 0.94 [0.89-0.99; P=.029]. RR for mortality was 0.92 [0.85-0.99; P=.036] in the 11 trials of patients with locoregional disease compared to 0.98 [0.92-1.04; P=.503] in the 9 RCTs of patients with advanced disease. A nonsignificant trend was observed between median duration of follow up and RR reduction for mortality [P=.08]. A significant inverse trend was observed between chemotherapy RDI with G-CSF support and RR reduction for mortality [P=.05]. The greatest reduction in mortality was observed in the four RCTs of dose dense chemotherapy. A trend toward publication bias was observed among studies of patients with advanced disease but not locoregional disease. Conclusions Overall mortality in patients with breast cancer is reduced in those receiving chemotherapy with primary G-CSF support compared to controls. Greater impact on mortality was observed in clinical trials of early-stage disease and in studies with greater chemotherapy RDI including dose dense schedules. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-10-01.
Placebo-controlled trial co-trimoxazole for cyclospora infections among travellers and foreign residents in Nepal.
Authors: C.W. Hoge, P. Gaudio, P. Echeverria, D.R. Shlim, J.G. Rabold, P. Pandey, A. Walch, R. Rajah, M. Ghimire
Journal: The Lancet (1995)
THE INFLUENCE OF VASOPRESSIN ON THE PERMEABILITY OF THE MAMMALIAN COLLECTING DUCT TO UREA*
Authors: John R. Jaenike
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

The efficient operation of the renal concentrating mechanism is dependent tipon the action of vasopressin on the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to water (1). In the presence of this hormone, hypotonic fluid entering the distal convolution equilibrates osmotically with fluid in the surrounding renal cortical tissue, and isotonicity of the fluid delivered to the collecting ducts is achieved (1, 2). The collecting ducts are surrounded by a medullary interstitium which is variably hyperosmolal to plasma (3-5). The osmotic movement of water from collecting duct lumen to medullary interstitium results in the excretion of a hypertonic urine. Despite evidence that movement of water across the collecting duct epithelium may occur in the apparent absence of vasopressin (6, 7), most schemes of the urinary concentrating process include the hypothesis that water permeability in this segment of the nephron is enhanced by this hormone. The present study was designed to test that hypothesis. Kinetic analysis of the action of vasopressin on the movement of water and solute across the toad skin indicates that the hormone acts to increase the pore size in this epithelial membrane (8, 9). If vasopressin exerts a similar action on the collecting duct epithelium, the permeability of the membrane to various partially permeant solutes should be affected by this agent. Since the urea concentration within the collecting duct fluid rises as water is abstracted from the lumen (10) it may be concluded that this membrane offers a barrier to the free diffusion of this molecule. It was therefore anticipated that an effect of vasopressin on the permeability of the collecting duct epithelial
Efficacy of Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Susan D. Solomon
Journal: JAMA (1992)

OBJECTIVE--The purpose of this article is to review the empirical evidence for the efficacy of a range of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Reviewed studies focused on rape victims, combat veterans, the tragically bereaved, torture victims, accident victims, of physical assault, and child abuse victims. DATA SOURCES--Peer-reviewed journals (Psych-Info, MEDLINE), book chapters (PILOTS database), active investigators, abstracts from the 1990 and 1991 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. STUDY SELECTION--We identified 255 English-language reports of treatment for PTSD. We restricted our focus to randomized, clinical trials that included a systematic assessment of PTSD using DSM-III or DSM-III-R criteria (N = 11). DATA EXTRACTION--Studies were assessed according to methodological strength: random assignment to the treatment of interest, and either an alternative treatment or control group; sample selection; and inclusion of statistical tests of significance. DATA SYNTHESIS--Drug studies show a modest but clinically meaningful effect on PTSD. Stronger effects were found for behavioral techniques involving direct therapeutic exposure, particularly in terms of reducing PTSD intrusive symptoms. However, severe complications have also been reported from the use of these techniques in patients suffering from other psychiatric disorders. Studies of cognitive therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and hypnosis suggest that these approaches may also hold promise. However, further research is needed before any of these approaches can be pronounced effective as lasting treatment of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS--Further studies should specifically address combined treatment approaches, optimal treatment length and timing, effects of comorbidity, and unstudied traumatized populations.
Reduction of latex‐allergen content in Swedish medical catheter balloons – a survey of 3 years' production
Authors: M. Lundberg, K. Wrangsjö, K. Eriksson‐Widblom, S. G. O. Johansson
Journal: Allergy (1997)

Anaphylactic reactions after intravascular exposure to natural rubber latex (NRL) have been reported. Thus, there is an urgent need to produce medical devices with the lowest possible latex‐allergen content. The latex‐allergen concentration in extracts prepared from 92 lots of medical catheter (MC) balloons, manufactured by Nolato Polymer AB, Torekov, Sweden, from April 1993 to March 1996, was measured with an EAI (IgE antibody inhibition) assay. Inhibitory capacity was expressed in arbitrary units/ml (U/ml) in relation to reference NRL sap, given an arbitrary value of 1000 U. Extracts from randomly selected lots were measured for protein by the modified Lowry method. Water leaching, chlorination, and treatment with savinase were used experimentally to study reduction of the latex‐allergen content. The latex‐allergen content in extract from the regular MC balloons varied from 0.1 to 2.9 U/ml. All the methods used to reduce the allergen content were effective, and increased leaching stabilized the allergen content at a low level. The protein concentration of the extracts varied between 9 and 100 mg/1. No correlation was found between protein and allergen content. As a result of this study, the manufacturer has extended the stage of water leaching in the production process. This study shows that cooperation between immunologists and manufacturers may result in product development and improvement.
Regulation of lung injury and repair by Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan
Authors: Dianhua Jiang, Jiurong Liang, Juan Fan, Shuang Yu, Suping Chen, Yi Luo, Glenn D Prestwich, Marcella M Mascarenhas, Hari G Garg, Deborah A Quinn, Robert J Homer, Daniel R Goldstein, Richard Bucala, Patty J Lee, Ruslan Medzhitov, Paul W Noble
Journal: Nature Medicine (2005)
Doctors' attitudes to risk in difficult clinical decisions: application of decision analysis in hepatobiliary disease.
Authors: A Theodossi, D J Spiegelhalter, I G McFarlane, R Williams
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Twelve doctors with special training in hepatology independently reviewed two to five cases each from a group of seven cases of complicated hepatobiliary problems. A doctor9s willingness to take risks to improve his patients9 health was quantified by a wagering technique based on the probability of achieving a successful intervention. These probabilities were then used to calculate "utilities," which represented the average opinion of the doctors about the relative worth of each of six predefined states of health. The results showed that, in the context of risky decisions for severely ill patients, a year of life was considered by the doctors to be worth 44% of a full recovery; being mobile for that year increased this value to 57%. Survival for up to five years with restricted mobility was considered to be worth 70% of a full recovery and the ability to work during that period increased this value to 85%. It is concluded that in clinical decision making the uncertainty and preferences implicit in a course of action can be quantified and thus made explicit.
Effects of Exenatide Alone and in Combination With Daclizumab on β-Cell Function in Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kristina I. Rother, Lisa M. Spain, Robert A. Wesley, Benigno J. Digon, Alain Baron, Kim Chen, Patric Nelson, H.-Michael Dosch, Jerry P. Palmer, Barbara Brooks-Worrell, Michael Ring, David M. Harlan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE In patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes, we investigated whether improved β-cell function can be achieved by combining intensive insulin therapy with agents that may 1) promote β-cell growth and/or limit β-cell apoptosis and 2) weaken the anti–β-cell autoimmunity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For this study, 20 individuals (mean age 39.5 ± 11.1 years) with long-standing type 1 diabetes (21.3 ± 10.7 years) were enrolled in this prospective open-label crossover trial. After achieving optimal blood glucose control, 16 subjects were randomized to exenatide with or without daclizumab. Endogenous insulin production was determined by repeatedly measuring serum C-peptide. RESULTS In 85% of individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes who were screened for participation in this trial, C-peptide levels ≥0.05 ng/ml (0.02 nmol/l) were found. Residual β-cells responded to physiological (mixed-meal) and pharmacological (arginine) stimuli. During exenatide treatment, patients lost 4.1 ± 2.9 kg body wt and insulin requirements declined significantly (total daily dose on exenatide 0.48 ± 0.11 vs. 0.55 ± 0.13 units · kg−1 · day−1 without exenatide; P = 0.0062). No signs of further activation of the underlying autoimmune disease were observed. Exenatide delayed gastric emptying, suppressed endogenous incretin levels, but did not increase C-peptide secretion. CONCLUSIONS In long-standing type 1 diabetes, which remains an active autoimmune disease even decades after its onset, surviving β-cells secrete insulin in a physiologically regulated manner. However, the combination of intensified insulin therapy, exenatide, and daclizumab did not induce improved function of these remaining β-cells.