tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometric analysis of cell‐surface and intracellular antigens in the diagnosis of acute leukemia
Authors: Rogelio Paredes‐Aguilera, Lina Romero‐Guzman, Norma Lopez‐Santiago, Lenny Burbano‐Ceron, Ofelia Camacho‐Del Monte, Sandra Nieto‐Martinez
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

To evaluate the usefulness of flow cytometric detection of intracellular antigens (Ags) in establishing proper lineage affiliation and its contribution to the diagnosis of acute leukemia, we studied 100 consecutive patients in whom acute leukemia was diagnosed between January 1997 and July 1998. Immunological classification was assessed using a three-line panel of monoclonal antibodies for phenotypic characterization of leukemic blast cells as proposed at the First Latin American Consensus Conference for Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping of Leukemia. We found 74 cases of B-cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), seven cases of T-cell ALL, and 19 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study cytoplasmic (cy) CD79a, cyCD22, cyCD3, and cyMPO were highly sensitive, specific B, T, and myeloid markers that were expressed in virtually all cases of B and T cell ALL and in all subtypes of AML. Applied in combination with immunophenotyping this knowledge led to improvement in diagnostic precision and refinement of immunological classification, ensuring the selection of the most appropriate therapy for the patients studied. In conclusion, intracellular Ags detection was of utmost importance in establishing correct lineage affiliation in cases lacking expression of B, T, or myeloid surface Ags or disclosing equivocal or ambiguous immunophenotypic features and in identifying biphenotypic acute leukemia. In combination with FAB morphology and immunophenotyping, we were able to reliably classify all patients with acute leukemia in this study.
Narrowing the gap between the number of athletes who dope and the number of athletes who are caught: scientific advances that increase the efficacy of antidoping tests
Authors: Francesco Botrè, Xavier de la Torre, Francesco Donati, Monica Mazzarino
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

The analytical methods developed and applied by the antidoping laboratories have been continuously evolving over the past 50 years, with the aim of keeping pace with the constant evolution of doping strategies. Despite this, the number of adverse analytical tests reported worldwide by the network of the WADA-accredited laboratories still seems to underestimate the actual number of doped athletes. We investigate the most likely causes for this gap between the likely doping rate and the detection of athletes with positive doping tests. We consider laboratory and non-laboratory reasons that contribute to this gap. More specifically, laboratory issues are focused not only on those doping practices that may still be ‘invisible’ at the time of a doping test, but also on the possible role of non-conventional masking strategies. These include (1) the intake of banned drugs by specific novel drug delivery systems and (2) the coadministration of prohibited and non-prohibited drugs, taking advantage of the capacity of the latter to affect the metabolism, and consequently the detection, of the former. Non-laboratory issues include the lack of a sufficient level of ‘intelligent testing’, with the result that, even in the cases of doped athletes, the biological samples delivered to the antidoping laboratories for analysis may not contain those target analytes whose detection (and if necessary quantification above a decision limit) constitutes an adverse analytical finding. We present proposals to improve the efficacy of the doping control policies based on the analysis of biological samples and suggest how to constantly keep up with the continuous developments of new forms of doping.
Comparative evaluation of genetic toxicity patterns of carcinogens and noncarcinogens: strategies for predictive use of short-term assays.
Authors: R W Tennant, J W Spalding, S Stasiewicz, W D Caspary, J M Mason, M A Resnick
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

The results of a recent comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between four measures of in vitro genetic toxicity and the capacity of the chemicals to induce neoplasia in rodents carry some important implications. The results showed that while the Salmonella mutagenesis assay detected only about half of the carcinogens as mutagens, the other three in vitro assays (mutagenesis in MOLY cells or induction of aberrations or SCEs in CHO cells) did not complement Salmonella since they failed to effectively discriminate between the carcinogens and noncarcinogens found negative in the Salmonella assay. The specificity of the Salmonella assay for this group of 73 chemicals was relatively high (only 4 of 29 noncarcinogens were positive). Therefore, we have begun to evaluate in vivo genetic toxicity assays for their ability to complement Salmonella in the identification of carcinogens.
Changing pattern in a general practitioner obstetric unit.
Authors: B V Lewis, R H Tipton, I M Sloper
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Over the past nine years in Watford the proportion of hospital confinements has increased and domiciliary confinements have almost ceased. The proportion of patients originally booked into the general practitioner obstetric unit and subsequently transferred to the consultant unit has increased. Most patients are transferred during pregnancy, and the numbers transferred in labour are decreasing. The proportion of GPs attending their patients for delivery is low: local practitioners appear to be prepared for the consultant unit to supervise delivery with the practitioner co-operating in antenatal and postnatal care and family planning. There seems little doubt that the success of GP units depends on the enthusiasm and interest of individual practitioners.
Serum Growth Hormone Levels and the Response of Diabetic Retinopathy to Pituitary Ablation
Authors: A. D. Wright, E. M. Kohner, N. W. Oakley, M. Hartog, G. F. Joplin, T. R. Fraser
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Serum growth hormone levels were measured during insulin tolerance tests in 36 patients after yttrium-90 pituitary implantation for diabetic retinopathy. The response of the new blood vessels was more clearly related to loss of growth hormone function than was the improvement of retinal haemorrhages and microaneurysms. The overall response of the retinopathy was greatest when growth hormone function was lost.Since the loss of growth hormone function was related to the loss of other aspects of anterior pituitary function, a unique role of growth hormone in the response of diabetic retinopathy to pituitary ablation could not be established.
Local immune response in experimental pyelonephritis
Authors: James D. Lehmann, James W. Smith, Thomas E. Miller, Jack A. Barnett, Jay P. Sanford
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

Experiments using an in vitro method of assessing protein synthesis by (14)C amino acid incorporation were designed to determine whether pyelonephritic kidneys were capable of local antibody production. Unilateral pyelonephritis was produced in rabbits by intravenous injection of E. coli 0-75 while one ureter was transiently occluded. The capability of protein and immunoglobulin synthesis by pyelonephritic kidneys, contralateral kidneys, normal kidneys, and spleens from normal and pyelonephritic animals was measured. Enhanced protein and immunoglobulin syntheses by pyelonephritic kidneys were first detected by the 11th day after infection and persisted through day 120. In individual experiments the pyelonephritic kidney produced 6-170 times more soluble protein than did the contralateral, uninfected kidney. In seven experiments, IgG comprised a mean of 72% of the total protein synthesized by the pyelonephritic kidney, compared with a mean of 19% in the contralateral kidney. IgA accounted for 10 and 9%, respectively. In these experiments 0.6-17% of the synthesized IgG was precipitable by somatic antigen of the E. coli 0-75. The capability of the pyelonephritic kidney to synthesize soluble protein was quantitatively similar to that of spleens from infected animals. The proportion of synthesized protein which was immunoglobulin G, however, was greater in the pyelonephritic kidney than in the spleen. Furthermore, specific antibody synthesis by the pyelonephritic kidney persisted longer than did synthesis by the spleen of the same animal. These studies provide evidence that in experimental pyelonephritis a significant local immune response occurs which is represented primarily by the production of IgG. Local immunoglobulin formation and specific antibody synthesis may be important factors in determining patterns of host resistance.
The Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite
Authors: Michael C. Donohue, Reisa A. Sperling, David P. Salmon, Dorene M. Rentz, Rema Raman, Ronald G. Thomas, Michael Weiner, Paul S. Aisen
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2014)

As Alzheimer disease (AD) research moves to intervene in presymptomatic phases of the disease, we must develop outcome measures sensitive to the earliest disease-related changes.To demonstrate the feasibility of a cognitive composite outcome for clinically normal elderly participants with evidence of AD pathology using the ADCS Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (ADCS-PACC). The ADCS-PACC combines tests that assess episodic memory, timed executive function, and global cognition. The ADCS-PACC is the primary outcome measure for the first clinical trial in preclinical AD (ie, the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's study).With the ADCS-PACC, we derive pilot estimates of amyloid-related decline using data from 2 observational studies conducted in North America and another conducted in Australia. The participants analyzed had normal cognition and mean ages of 75.81, 71.37, and 79.42 years across the 3 studies.For the 2 studies that collected data on Aβ levels (ADNI and AIBL), we estimate decline in a preclinical AD "Aβ-positive" placebo group and compare them with an "Aβ-negative" group. For the study that did not include data on Aβ levels (the ADCS Prevention Instrument [ADCS-PI] study), we grouped participants by the presence of APOE-ε4 and by clinical progression.In ADNI, Aβ-positive participants showed more decline than did Aβ-negative participants with regard to the ADCS-PACC score at 24 months (mean [SE] difference, -1.239 [0.522] [95% CI, -2.263 to -0.215]; P = .02). In AIBL, the mean (SE) difference is significant at both 18 months (-1.009 [0.406] [95% CI, -1.805 to -0.213]; P = .01) and 36 months (-1.404 [0.452] [95% CI, -2.290 to -0.519]; P = .002). In the ADCS-PI study, APOE-ε4 allele carriers performed significantly worse on the ADCS-PACC at 24 months (mean [SE] score, -0.742 [0.294] [95% CI, -1.318 to -0.165]; P = .01) and 36 months (-1.531 [0.469] [95% CI, -2.450 to -0.612]; P = .001). In the ADCS-PI study, cognitively normal participants who progress from a global Clinical Dementia Rating score of 0 are significantly worse on the ADCS-PACC than cognitively normal participants who are stable with a global Clinical Dementia Rating score of 0 at months 12, 24, and 36 (mean [SE] ADCS-PACC score, -4.471 [0.702] [95% CI, -5.848 to -3.094]; P < .001). Using pilot estimates of variance and assuming 500 participants per group with 30% attrition and a 5% α level, we project 80% power to detect effects in the range of Δ = 0.467 to 0.733 on the ADCS-PACC.Analyses of at-risk cognitively normal populations suggest that we can reliably measure the first signs of cognitive decline with the ADCS-PACC. These analyses also suggest the feasibility of secondary prevention trials.
An independent review is under way
Authors: M. Richards
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The <i>BMJ</i> has published several articles over the past few years raising concerns about the accuracy and transparency of information provided to women about the benefits and harms of mammography screening for breast cancer (<i>BMJ</i> 2006;332:538, doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7540.538; 2009;338:b86, doi:10.1136/bmj.b86; 2010;340:c3106, doi:10.1136/bmj.c3106). Last month the professor of complex obstetrics Susan Bewley sent us for publication an open letter to England's cancer tsar (<i>BMJ</i> 2011;343:d6894, doi:10.1136/bmj.d6894). Here is the response from <b>Mike Richards</b>
Haemophilus b Polysaccharide Vaccine-Reply
Authors: Claire V. Broome
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply. —</h3> We congratulate Coles et al on the innovative use of discharge diagnosis data, and we agree with the conclusion that the polysaccharide<i>Haemophilus</i>vaccine provided protective efficacy in children aged 24 to 59 months. A randomized trial of the vaccine in Finland<sup>1</sup>as well as three postlicensure case-control studies<sup>2-4</sup>all demonstrated a protective effect of the vaccine. Only one study,<sup>5</sup>a small case-control study with wide confidence limits, suggested a lack of efficacy. Although surveillance data can provide important supporting evidence of efficacy, there are methodological difficulties in using surveillance data to estimate the efficacy of a vaccine, as can be seen in the data presented by Coles et al. Year-to-year variation during the period of 1980 to 1984, when no vaccine was available, was substantial for the two younger age groups, 0 to 23 and 24 to 59 months of age. In fact,
Psychologically mediated abdominal pain in surgical and medical outpatients clinics.
Authors: J Gomez, P Dally
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Ninety-six patients complaining of recurrent or persistent abdominal pain were referred consecutively to a surgical clinic and a medical clinic, respectively. They were examined psychiatrically after their initial physical investigation. The psychiatric examination included rating scales for depression and anxiety, a personality inventory, life-events schedule, scale of verbal expressivity, and family and personal patterns of pain and invalidism. Only 15 patients (15-6%) had organic disorders that could be responsible for their symptoms. In the remainder, psychiatric factors were considered primarily responsible for their abdominal pain: 31 were depressed; 21 had chronic tension; in 17 hysterical mechanisms were prominent; and 12 were found to be unrecognised alcoholics. Follow-up at three and six months and recognition by 80% of the psychogenic group that a psychological explanation was plausible, confirmed the diagnoses, and over half responded favourably to psychiatric management. Features distinguishing the organic and psychogenic groups were delineated. Psychiatric assessment has a place among the investigations of non-acute abdominal pain; certainly it should not be condisered simply as "a last resort."
Hand eczema classification: a cross-sectional, multicentre study of the aetiology and morphology of hand eczema
Authors: T.L. Diepgen, K.E. Andersen, F.M. Brandao, M. Bruze, D.P. Bruynzeel, P. Frosch, M. Gonçalo, A. Goossens, C.J. Le Coz, T. Rustemeyer, I.R. White, T Agner
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Hand eczema is a long-lasting disease with a high prevalence in the background population. The disease has severe, negative effects on quality of life and sometimes on social status. Epidemiological studies have identified risk factors for onset and prognosis, but treatment of the disease is rarely evidence based, and a classification system for different subdiagnoses of hand eczema is not agreed upon. Randomized controlled trials investigating the treatment of hand eczema are called for. For this, as well as for clinical purposes, a generally accepted classification system for hand eczema is needed.The present study attempts to characterize subdiagnoses of hand eczema with respect to basic demographics, medical history and morphology.Clinical data from 416 patients with hand eczema from 10 European patch test clinics were assessed.A classification system for hand eczema is proposed.It is suggested that this classification be used in clinical work and in clinical trials.
Adequacy of authors' replies to criticism raised in electronic letters to the editor: cohort study
Authors: P. C. Gotzsche, T. Delamothe, F. Godlee, A. Lundh
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objective</b> To investigate whether substantive criticism in electronic letters to the editor, defined as a problem that could invalidate the research or reduce its reliability, is adequately addressed by the authors. <b>Design</b> Cohort study. <b>Setting</b><i>BMJ</i> between October 2005 and September 2007. <b>Inclusion criteria</b> Research papers generating substantive criticism in the rapid responses section on bmj.com. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Severity of criticism (minor, moderate, or major) as judged by two editors and extent to which the criticism was addressed by authors (fully, partly, or not) as judged by two editors and the critics. <b>Results</b> A substantive criticism was raised against 105 of 350 (30%, 95% confidence interval 25% to 35%) included research papers, and of these the authors had responded to 47 (45%, 35% to 54%). The severity of the criticism was the same in those papers as in the 58 without author replies (mean score 2.2 in both groups, P=0.72). For the 47 criticisms with replies, there was no relation between the severity of the criticism and the adequacy of the reply, neither as judged by the editors (P=0.88 and P=0.95, respectively) nor by the critics (P=0.83; response rate 85%). However, the critics were much more critical of the replies than the editors (average score 2.3 <i>v</i> 1.4, P&lt;0.001). <b>Conclusions</b> Authors are reluctant to respond to criticisms of their work, although they are not less likely to respond when criticisms are severe. Editors should ensure that authors take relevant criticism seriously and respond adequately to it.
Aerobic exercise is beneficial for people with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Jennie Scarvell, Mark R Elkins
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Baillet A, Zeboulon N, Gossec L, et al. Arthritis Care Res 2011;62:984–92.[OpenUrl][1][Web of Science][2] It is estimated that at least 1.16% of women and 0.44% of men in the UK have rheumatoid arthritis.1 It is a disabling condition that has been recognised as having cardiovascular systemic effects and secondary effects of immobilisation.2 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis mention specialist physiotherapy to enhance general fitness, joint flexibility and muscle strength in order to improve function.3 But the NICE reference to 'general fitness' probably undervalues the importance of aerobic exercise in improving quality of life for people with rheumatoid arthritis.4 This systematic review was performed to determine the effects of aerobic exercise on pain, disease activity, functional ability and quality of life in people with rheumatoid arthritis. The review also examined possible adverse effects. PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Trials and EMBASE were searched with search terms related to rheumatoid arthritis, exercise therapy, activities of daily living and physical education and training. The ClinicalTrials.gov registry was searched for additional published and unpublished trials. Lists of abstracts from three rheumatology conferences and the reference lists of included articles were hand searched. A single reviewer applied the selection criteria and extracted the relevant data, including information about study … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DArthritis%2BCare%2BRes%26rft.volume%253D62%26rft.spage%253D984%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000280980000013&link_type=ISI
Extracellular matrix-enriched polymeric scaffolds as a substrate for hepatocyte cultures: in vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: B. Zavan, P. Brun, V. Vindigni, A. Amadori, W. Habeler, P. Pontisso, D. Montemurro, G. Abatangelo, R. Cortivo
Journal: Biomaterials (2005)
Alcoholism and Liver Disease
Authors: Douglas M. Levin
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Through their comparative group selection, Ryback and co-workers have compromised their sophisticated analysis of biochemical and hematologic correlates of alcoholism and liver disease. These correlates would be more meaningful if they would allow distinction between alcoholics with alcoholic liver disease and alcoholics with nonalcoholic liver disease. Distinguishing alcoholic patients with liver disease often can be intimated by taking a history, as Ryback and associates have done in part by choosing their two major groups for study. They, in fact, may be identifying a pattern that reflects simultaneously both nonspecific liver disease<i>and</i>alcoholism rather than alcoholic liver disease per se. Moreover, their third group—patients in the alcoholic treatment program— may have had serious alcoholic or nonalcoholic hepatic disease without dramatic abnormalities in their laboratory test results.<sup>1</sup>Although the authors may not have felt justified in performing liver biopsies in these patients, this group remains a weak
Infections Occurring during Chemotherapy
Authors: Louis Weinstein, Martin Goldfield, Te-Wen Chang
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

THE administration of an effective antibiotic agent to a patient with an infectious disease, in addition to eliminating the causative organisms, produces a profound alteration in the composition of the bacterial population that normally inhabits certain tissues and organs. This by-product of chemotherapy is frequently of no clinical consequence, but on occasion is responsible for the superimposition of a serious infection on the one for which treatment was initially instituted. Although superinfection of this type has been observed by a number of investigators, it has always been considered to be an uncommon and even rare phenomenon, and very little is . . .
Focus: Washington: Form networks or fail
Authors: J Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1994)

When health care leaders get together in Washington these days the conversation usually focuses on President Clinton or on congress. But not so when medical leaders gathered in late April at the sixth national managed health care conference. Almost 8000 delegates left the meeting with four messages that were repeated by businessmen, administrators, economists, politicians, and doctors.

The first message was that, no matter what happens this year in congress, health care reform will accelerate. In fact, some speakers suggested that the term “reform” is passe. “Revolution” may be more accurate. Perhaps so. In 1988, when 900 delegates gathered at the first managed care conference, 71% of all insured Americans were covered by traditional insurance, which pays the doctor more for doing more. By 1993, 51% of insured Americans were covered by a managed care plan, which pays doctors a fee for each patient whom he or she cares for.

That second message, the …
Partial Monosomy 21, Diminished Activity of Superoxide Dismutase, and Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity
Authors: Alice D. Ackerman, James C. Fackler, Cathy M. Tuck-Muller, Margaret M. Tarpey, Bruce A. Freeman, Mark C. Rogers
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

STUDIES in a 26-month-old child with partial monosomy 21 allowed us to clarify the relation between pulmonary oxygen toxicity and the activity of Superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that scavenges Superoxide radicals. The child underwent two operative procedures with different anesthetic techniques, which resulted in exposure to low concentrations of inspired oxygen during the first procedure and exposure to high concentrations during the second. Signs of pulmonary oxygen toxicity developed only after exposure to the high concentration. Because Superoxide dismutase provides critical enzymatic defense against oxygen-mediated tissue injury,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 and because the gene for cuprozinc Superoxide dismutase is located on chromosome 21, . . .