tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: Authors' reply
Authors: Christopher V Plowe, James G Kublin, Fraction K Dzinjalamala, Deborah S Kamwendo, Rabia A G Mukadam, Phillips Chimpeni, Malcolm E Molyneux, Terrie E Taylor
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is not working in MalawiEditor-The paper by Plowe et al entitled "Sustained clinical efficacy of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria" might be better titled "Sustained lack of efficacy of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine. ..." 1 By the start of the study period five years ago, molecular genotyping showed that Plasmodium falciparum in Malawi had already acquired significant resistance to the combination. 1 2This explains the sustained lack of efficacy; 28 day cure rates in children with acute falciparum malaria remained steadily less than 40% over the five year study period.This is confirmed by the Malawi component of recent WHO-Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) multicentre trials; the 28 day cure rate with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in children with acute falciparum malaria was only 23%, 3 and this for a major killing disease of childhood.A 77% failure rate is among the worst responses ever documented.Only 7% (5/71) of reported trials on sulfadoxinepyrimethamine have had worse failure rates. 4efore sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine was introduced widely it was very effective in Malawi, but, since then, efficacy has fallen dramatically (table).The front page of the BMJ was wrong: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is not "still working."A drug giving a cure rate of consistently less than 40% for a potentially life threatening infection cannot be described as having "good efficacy," particularly when highly effective alternatives exist.Can you imagine endorsing an antibiotic with a more than 60% failure rate for use in European or American children with those words?Demographic surveillance system data from eastern and southern Africa show that mortality attributable to malaria in children almost doubled between 1990 and 1998, whereas by contrast non-malaria related mortality fell.The use of ineffective drugs, such as sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Malawi, may well be to blame.
Optical Treatment of Strabismic and Combined Strabismic–Anisometropic Amblyopia
Authors: Susan A. Cotter, Nicole C. Foster, Jonathan M. Holmes, B. Michele Melia, David K. Wallace, Michael X. Repka, Susanna M. Tamkins, Raymond T. Kraker, Roy W. Beck, Darren L. Hoover, Eric R. Crouch, Aaron M. Miller, Christie L. Morse, Donny W. Suh
Journal: Ophthalmology (2011)
Occupational exposure to inhaled anaesthetics.
Authors: P Cole
Journal: BMJ (1976)

showed the beneficial effect of dapsone in preventing the spread of the disease.I have also been surprised at the decision by the faculty to teach leprosy to medical students in the leprosarium, especially at Garkida, where there is an emphasis on institutional care, reconstructive surgery, and the making of prostheses and where so much time and money are spent on the patients after they have become crippled and so little on curing the patients and preventing the spread of the disease.The place to teach leprosy is in the outpatient clinic run by auxiliary staff, and the area around the medical school would be ideal for this purpose.Then it could be demonstrated that the disease can be cured, prevented, and eradicated by the administration of dapsone.
Significance and Nature of Inclusion-Bearing Cells in the Urine of Patients with Measles
Authors: Robert P. Bolande
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

IT has been shown that during the course of certain acute viral illnesses, cells containing discrete cytoplasmic inclusions appear in the urine.1 During the pre-eruptive and early-rash stages of measles, these cells are particularly numerous, and their inclusions are quite large. Because of this fact, measles infection seemed to provide the best situation in which to learn more about the nature and significance of the urinary inclusion bodies. The essential purpose of this investigation is aimed at determining if the presence of the inclusion-bearing cells in the urine reflects cytopathic effects of virus in the urine or urinary tract.Materials . . .
Biliary bile acids in primary biliary cirrhosis: Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Burton Combes, Robert L. Carithers, Willis C. Maddrey, Santiago Munoz, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, Gregory F. Bonner, James L. Boyer, Velimir A. Luketic, Mitchell L. Shiffman, Marion G. Peters, Heather White, Rowen K. Zetterman, Richard Risser, Stephen S. Rossi, Alan F. Hofmann
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Bile acid composition in fasting duodenal bile was assessed at entry and at 2 years in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) enrolled in a randomized, double–blind, placebo–controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (10–12 mg/kg/d) taken as a single bedtime dose. Specimens were analyzed by a high–pressure liquid chromatography method that had been validated against gas chromatography. Percent composition in bile (mean ± SD) for 98 patients at entry for cholic (CA), chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), deoxycholic (DCA), lithocholic (LCA), and ursodeoxycholic (UDCA) acids, respectively, were 57.4 ± 18.6, 31.5 ± 15.5, 8.0 ± 9.3, 0.3 ± 1.0, and 0.6 ± 0.9. Values for CA were increased, whereas those for CDCA, DCA, LCA, and UDCA were decreased when compared with values in normal persons. Bile acid composition of the major bile acids did not change after 2 years on placebo medication. By contrast, in patients receiving UDCA for 2 years, bile became enriched with UDCA on average to 40.1%, and significant decreases were noted for CA (to 32.2%) and CDCA (to 19.5%). No change in percent composition was observed for DCA and LCA. Percent composition at entry and changes in composition after 2 years on UDCA were similar in patients with varying severity of PBC. In patients whose bile was not enriched in UDCA (entry and placebo–treated specimens), CA, CDCA, DCA, and the small amount of UDCA found in some of these specimens were conjugated to a greater extent with glycine (52%–64%) than with taurine (36%–48%). Treatment with UDCA caused the proportion of all endogenous bile acids conjugated with glycine to increase to 69% to 78%, while the proportion conjugated with taurine (22%–31%) fell ( P &lt; .05). Administered UDCA was also conjugated predominantly with glycine (87%)
Nasal Secretion of Cytokines and Inflammatory Mediators in Local and Systemic Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: C. Rondón, C. Mayorga, R. Herrera, C. Antúnez, I. Doña, N. Blanca-López, G. Canto, M. Blanca
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Health of Albanians and Serbians Following the War in Kosovo
Authors: Joseph Westermeyer
Journal: JAMA (2000)

CIENTIFIC STUDIES FOCUSING ON SURVIVORS OF WAR began in earnest following World War II, with work largely conducted in relocation countries, such as Scandinavia 1 and Australia, 2 years after the traumatic events. This pattern of delayed studies conducted in relocation countries persisted following later armed conflicts, such as those in Hungary 3 and Southeast Asia, 4-6 except that contemporary sampling methods and data collection instruments were used. Two articles in this issue of THE JOURNAL represent yet a third generation of studies of the survivors of armed conflict. These studies differ from earlier studies in 2 respects. First, they were conducted either in the midst of or soon following armed conflict (in this case, Kosovo). Second, they were conducted in the country where the conflict occurred, removing the complicating elements of permanent geographic relocation, loss of home and occupation, and cultural change or adaptation. These new approaches provide important information about the acute health consequences of armed conflict, and they separate the stress of involuntary migration (itself a massive stressor) from the stress of armed conflict. Thus informed, those responsible for social and public health recovery following armed conflict can more effectively achieve their purpose. These studies from Kosovo involve many logistical and methodological challenges. Among them are safety of the study participants and investigators. Additional logistical challenges evident in these 2 studies include matters such as land mine dangers, curfews, and ongoing reprisals. Methodologic issues, such as those related to sampling, confidentiality, and ethics, represent areas that will continue to challenge those conducting research during or immediately after war and armed conflict.
Pertactin-Negative Variants of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> in the United States
Authors: Anne Marie Queenan, Pamela K. Cassiday, Alan Evangelista
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

In 12 B. pertussis isolates from children in Philadelphia, 11 were negative for the pertactin antigen that is a component of the acellular vaccine. Such variants may reflect selection pressure from the vaccine and may reduce its effectiveness for preventing whooping cough.
Profit is not a dirty word
Authors: K. Patel
Journal: BMJ (2012)

My cousin is a dentist, a good dentist. When you enter his surgery the first thing you see is a fish tank, seamlessly embedded into a dividing wall. He had it installed shortly after buying the surgery. It adds an air of calm to the often tense atmosphere of a dentist’s waiting room.

Nowadays, a mere three years later, he often looks at it wistfully. “I wish I had put in a bigger one,” he says. It has been a great success. NHS patients have flocked to the practice. My cousin cannot cope …
US may withdraw federal funds from schools that exclude children for not taking treatment
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Members of the US House of Representatives Committee on Education and the Workforce said that they would take up a new measure intended to prevent schools from requiring children who may have attention deficit disorder and other related behavioural problems from being treated as a precondition for attending.

The law was prompted by parents who have said that schools have threatened to remove their children from class unless they began taking behaviour modifying stimulant drugs.

The bill, called the Child Medication Safety Act, requires states to enact …
Effect of thiazide on rates of bone mineral loss: a longitudinal study.
Authors: R Wasnich, J Davis, P Ross, J Vogel
Journal: BMJ (1990)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common and distressing complication after thoracic surgery. S-ketamine has neuroprotective properties as a dissociative anaesthetic. Emerging literature has indicated that S-ketamine can reduce cognitive impairment in patients with depression. However, the role of S-ketamine in preventing POD remains unknown. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of intraoperative prophylactic S-ketamine compared with that of dexmedetomidine on the incidence of POD in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac thoracic surgery. <h3>Methods and analysis</h3> This will be a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, positive-controlled, non-inferiority trial that enrolled patients aged 60–90 years undergoing thoracic surgery. The patients will be randomly allocated in a ratio of 1:1:1 to S-ketamine, dexmedetomidine or normal saline placebo groups using computer-generated randomisation with a block size of six. The primary outcome will be the incidence of POD within 4 days after surgery and this will be assessed using a 3-Minute Diagnostic Confusion Assessment Method two times per day. The severity and duration of POD, the incidence of emergence delirium, postoperative pain, quality of sleep, cognitive function, and the plasma concentrations of acetylcholine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tumour necrosis factor-α and incidence of adverse events will be evaluated as secondary outcomes. <h3>Ethics and dissemination</h3> Ethical approval has been obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Cancer Hospital and the Institute of Guangzhou Medical University (ZN202119). At the end of the trial, we commit to making a public disclosure available, regardless of the outcome. The public disclosure will include a publication in an appropriate journal and an oral presentation at academic meetings. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> ChiCTR2100052750 (NCT05242692).
Occurrence of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in cutaneous squamous and basal cell neoplasms
Authors: Yehuda D. Eliezri, Saul J. Silverstein, Gerard J. Nuovo
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1990)

Sixty-eight cutaneous squamous cell neoplasms (in situ and invasive) and 26 basal cell carcinomas from 89 patients were analyzed for DNA sequences homologous to the human papillomavirus (HPV) types found predominantly in the genital tract. Thirty-six (53%) of the squamous cell neoplasms contained HPV DNA as detected by filter or in situ hybridization analysis. The frequency of detection of HPV DNA was dependent on the site of the lesion. Of 40 genital squamous cell neoplasms (penile, vulvar, and perianal), 27 (68%) had detectable HPV DNA. In 25 of these, the HPV type was 16 or HPV-16-related, which was similar to the results for the squamous cell neoplasms of the finger (HPV DNA in 9 of 11 tumors with HPV-16 in seven). None of 16 squamous cell neoplasms from sites other than the genital tract or the finger had detectable HPV DNA. HPV DNA was detected in one of the 26 basal cell carcinomas (4%). We conclude that, for cutaneous epithelial malignancies, HPV-16 is restricted to squamous cell neoplasms of the genital tract and finger. These data are consistent with venereal transmission of HPV-16 to the periungual region and suggests a role for this virus in the evolution of squamous cell carcinoma at this site.
Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis for Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Andrew Carr
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters1 March 1993Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis for ToxoplasmosisAndrew Carr, MD, Brett Tindall, MD, and David A. Cooper, MDAndrew Carr, MDSearch for more papers by this author, Brett Tindall, MDSearch for more papers by this author, and David A. Cooper, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-5-199303010-00019 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Caumes and colleagues report a retrospective study involving five presumably compliant patients who received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160 mg/800 mg) and still developed toxoplasmic encephalitis. They also refer to two recent studies that found one tablet given three times a week to be ineffective (although the abstract contains no data to support this conclusion) [1] and one tablet given twice daily to be effective but too toxic [2]. We agree that one tablet twice daily is far too toxic for many patients. Nevertheless, no study has shown a weekly dose of seven tablets to be more effective than four ...References1. Mallolas J, Zamora L, Gattel JM, et al. Primary prophylaxis for PCP and cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients: a randomised trial comparing cotrimoxazole, aerosolised pentamidine, and dapsone plus pyrimethamine (Abstract 035). In: Abstracts of the third European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV Infection, Paris, France; March 1992. Google Scholar2. Reynes J, Atoui N, Lassonery N, et al. Cotrimoxazole in primary prophylaxis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients (Abstract P242). In: Abstracts of the third European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV Infection, Paris, France; March 1992. Google Scholar3. Carr A, Tindall B, Brew BJ, Marriott DJ, Harkness JL, Penny R, et al. Low-dose trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:106-11. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Andrew Carr, MD; Brett Tindall, MD; David A. Cooper, MD PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1993Volume 118, Issue 5Page: 395KeywordsEncephalitisProphylaxisRetrospective studiesToxicityToxoplasmosis ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 March 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
The Psychiatric Significance of Adolescent Turmoil
Authors: JAMES F. MASTERSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

The results of a longitudinal study of adolescent patients and controls, designed to test the clinical reality of the theory of "adolescent turmoil", have been previously reported. In this presentation the author reevaluates the theory and concludes that the clinical psychiatric effects of adolescent turmoil should be given much less significance than previously thought. The tendency to attribute symptomatology among adolescents to temporary, developmental "turmoil" rather than to psychiatric illness may dangerously delay the therapeutic intervention required to prevent the development of greater psychopathology.
Combined EGFR/MET or EGFR/HSP90 Inhibition Is Effective in the Treatment of Lung Cancers Codriven by Mutant EGFR Containing T790M and MET
Authors: Lu Xu, Eiki Kikuchi, Chunxiao Xu, Hiromichi Ebi, Dalia Ercan, Katherine A. Cheng, Robert Padera, Jeffrey A. Engelman, Pasi A. Jänne, Geoffrey I. Shapiro, Takeshi Shimamura, Kwok-Kin Wong
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) that target the EGF receptor (EGFR) are effective in most non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients whose tumors harbor activating EGFR kinase domain mutations. Unfortunately, acquired resistance eventually emerges in these chronically treated cancers. Two of the most common mechanisms of acquired resistance to TKIs seen clinically are the acquisition of a secondary "gatekeeper" T790M EGFR mutation that increases the affinity of mutant EGFR for ATP and activation of MET to offset the loss of EGFR signaling. Although up to one-third of patient tumors resistant to reversible EGFR TKIs harbor concurrent T790M mutation and MET amplification, potential therapies for these tumors have not been modeled in vivo. In this study, we developed a preclinical platform to evaluate potential therapies by generating transgenic mouse lung cancer models expressing EGFR-mutant Del19-T790M or L858R-T790M, each with concurrent MET overexpression. We found that monotherapy targeting EGFR or MET alone did not produce significant tumor regression. In contrast, combination therapies targeting EGFR and MET simultaneously were highly efficacious against EGFR TKI-resistant tumors codriven by Del19-T790M or L858R-T790M and MET. Our findings therefore provide an in vivo model of intrinsic resistance to reversible TKIs and offer preclinical proof-of-principle that combination targeting of EGFR and MET may benefit patients with NSCLC.
528. Significant Silencing Effect of a Multifunctional Envelope-Type Nano Device Encapsulating Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide and Double-Stranded siRNA
Authors: Kentaro Kogure, Yoshio Nakamura, Ikramy A. Khalil, Shiroh Futaki, Hideyoshi Harashima
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

For efficient gene delivery to the nucleus, non-viral vectors need to overcome several barriers such as the plasma membrane, the endosomal membrane and the nuclear membrane. To overcome these obstacles, it is necessary to equip the delivery system with various functional devices [Kamiya H., et al., Drug Discov. Today 21 (2003) 990]. However, it is difficult to package all these functional devices into a single system to exert each of their functions at the appropriate time and at the correct location. Thus, we proposed a new packaging concept, "Programmed Packaging". This concept consists of three components: (1) A program to overcome all barriers. (2) Development of functional devices and their three dimensional assignment. (3) Nano-technology for assembling all devices into a nano-size structure. A multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) was developed for use as an efficient non-viral system for the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) using octaarginine (R8) as an internalizing ligand based on the Programmed Packaging [Kogure et al, J. Control. Release, 98 (2004) 317]. The MEND modified with R8 (R8-MEND) consists of a condensed core of pDNA and lipid envelope presenting R8 peptide, which mediates internalization through macropinocytosis which can avoid lysosomal degradation [Khalil et al., J. Biol. Chem. in press]. The R8-MEND showed significantly high transfection activity in vitro. Furthermore, the R8-MEND encapsulating siRNA- expression pDNA silenced efficiently (70%) luciferase activity of luciferase-stable transformed cells [Moriguchi et al., Int. J. Pharm., 301 (2005) 277]. On the other hand, very short nucleotides, such as oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and double-stranded siRNA (ds-siRNA), are also utilized for silencing of specific genes. Therefore, in the present study, we constructed three types of R8-MENDs encapsulating ODN (ODN-MEND) or ds-siRNA (siRNA-MEND) condensed by the three polycations (PLL, STR-R8 and protamine), and examined the silencing effects. The ODN-MEND co- encapsulating luciferase pDNA and anti-luciferase ODN using protamine showed a 90% antisense effect. However, the ODN- MENDs prepared using PLL and STR-R8 as condensers did not show any significant inhibition. On the other hand, the siRNA-MEND encapsulating ds-siRNA condensed by STR-R8 significantly silenced luciferase activity, although siRNA-MENDs packaged using PLL and protamine showed slight inhibition. These results suggest that the silencing effects of ODN-MENDs and siRNA-MENDs are influenced by condensation state of nucleotides core depending on polycation.In conclusion, it is suggested that R8-MENDs are able to deliver encapsulated functional nucleotides to the cytosol as well as to the nucleus, and we successfully developed ODN-MENDs and siRNA-MENDS with high silencing effects.
Sale of prescription data breaches confidentiality
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Doctors and pharmacists who sell information about doctors' prescriptions to a database company for commercial use would breach patient confidentiality even though the information was anonymised, a High Court judge ruled last week.

The case is the first in the English courts to raise the question of whether the use of anonymised data breaches patient confidentiality.

The ruling at the High Court in London throws into question the …
TCT-94 Outcomes Of Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis And Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treated With Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement Versus Medical Therapy
Authors: Danny Dvir, Ron Waksman, Israel Barbash, Lars Svensson, E. Murat Tuzcu, Ke Xu, Wilson Szeto, Lowell Satler, Samir Kapadia, Martin Leon, Augusto Pichard
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
RENAL SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION RESTORES AUTONOMIC BALANCE IN PATIENTS WITH RESISTANT HYPERTENSION
Authors: Konstantinos P. Tsioufis, Vasilios Papademetriou, Dimitrios Tsiachris, Kyriakos Dimitriadis, Costas Thomopoulos, Alexandros Kasiakogias, Athanasios Kordalis, Dimitrios Tousoulis, Ioannis Kallikazaros, Christodoulos Stefanadis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
THE DETERMINATION OF FIRST PASS RIGHT HEART EJECTION FRACTION WITH CONVENTIONAL ANGER CAMERA
Authors: S A Cook, W J MacIntyre, R T Go, T S Houser, J Ceimo, D S Moodie, G Rincon, D Underwood
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

Cook, S A; MacIntyre, W J; Go, R T; Houser, T S; Ceimo, J; Moodie, D S; Rincon, G; Underwood, DAuthor Information