tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Emergency Medical Kits To Be Required Cargo on Commercial Airliners. But Will They Fill the Bill?
Authors: Jeffrey M. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1986)

ON AN Eastern Airlines flight to Atlanta from Los Angeles recently, a passenger who was a diabetic had a seizure. Despite the fact that there were three physicians aboard the plane the passenger could not be treated, because there was no supportive medical equipment on board. "The patient in question had taken his morning insulin and had not eaten lunch. The resulting low blood sugar produced a grand mal seizure," says Michael Diamant, MD, of Santa Barbara, Calif, one of the physicians aboard that flight. In another instance, on a flight from Boston to New York City, a physician was asked to provide medical assistance to a passenger in cardiorespiratory arrest. The physician, James S. Liljestrand, MD, of Braintree, Mass, discovered that there was no medical equipment—not even a stethoscope— or medication available on board. In a third case, Marvin A. Epstein, MD, of Walnut Creek, Calif, was flying to
NEOPLASM (EPITHELIOMA) OF THE PULP.
Authors: V. A. LATHAM
Journal: JAMA (1904)

The great importance of this subject from a clinical as well as a purely pathologic point of view must be my excuse for presenting this rather incomplete study. It is with diffidence that I put the case on record, for in looking through the literature at my command I have so far been unable to locate any other like condition. If we exclude the hypertrophies which have been described under the heading of "Polypus of the Pulp or Tooth," then I am led to the supposition that this may be the first case recorded of an exceedingly rare condition. In reviewing the literature, Ziegler<sup>1</sup>speaks of "tumors of dental tissue formed in later life, and described by dental pathologists as odontinoids."<sup>2</sup>Accordingly as they consist of enamel, dentin, cement, or a combination of these, they are classified as enameloid, enamelodentinoid, dentinoid, dentino-osteoid, or osteoid.3 They are all small, often to
Sphingosine synergistically stimulates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced prostaglandin E2 production in human fibroblasts.
Authors: M Candela, S C Barker, L R Ballou
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

Sphingosine is a biologically active derivative of sphingomyelin. It affects diverse cellular functions and its mechanism(s) of action is poorly defined. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) has recently been shown to rapidly induce sphingomyelin turnover, implicating this metabolic pathway in TNF alpha signal transduction. Because TNF alpha is known to induce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in human fibroblasts, we tested the effect of sphingosine on TNF alpha-induced PGE2 production. We found that sphingosine enhanced TNF alpha-induced PGE2 production by as much as 18-fold over TNF alpha alone. Sphingosine appeared to stimulate TNF alpha-induced PGE2 production independent of TNF alpha-mediated interleukin 1 (IL-1) production, because anti-IL-1 antibodies and IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) did not inhibit TNF alpha-induced PGE2 production or the stimulatory effect of sphingosine. TNF alpha stimulated PGE2 production to the same degree in normal and protein kinase C (PKC) downregulated cells in the presence and absence of sphingosine, indicating that neither TNF alpha nor sphingosine require active PKC to elicit their respective effects. The sphingosine analogues stearylamine and stearoyl-D-sphingosine had little or no effect on TNF alpha-mediated PGE2 production, supporting a specific role for sphingosine in the activation process. Short-term (1 min) exposure of cells to sphingosine dramatically increased TNF alpha-induced PGE2 production. A potential mechanism by which sphingosine could increase TNF alpha-induced PGE2 production involves enhancement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and/or cyclooxygenase (Cox) activity, the rate-limiting enzymes in PGE2 production. We found that both TNF alpha and sphingosine alone enhanced these enzymatic activities, and that sphingosine additively increased the effect of TNF alpha on phospholipase A2 activity. It appears that sphingosine affects TNF alpha-induced PGE2 production via a mechanism that is independent of PKC involvement, and that sphingosine may function as an endogenous second messenger capable of modulating the responsiveness of the cell to external stimuli.
Desulfurization of gasoline.
Authors: J E Berger
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1975)

Although gasoline blending streams exhibit widely varying sulfur concentrations, significant quantities of low-sulfur motor gasoline cannot be manufactured by reallocation of existing components without substantial sacrifices in the useful properties of the remaining fuels having normal sulfur levels. To meet the anticipated demand for low-sulfur unleaded gasoline which may be required for catalyst-equipped automobiles it will be necessary to install process equipment based on known hydrotreating technology. The effects which this construction program would exert on the activities, abilities and needs of one petroleum refiner are sketched for two degrees of sulfur removal. The impacts of installing the process facilities which would be necessary are discussed in terms of time requirements, capital needs, and added energy expenditures.
Bilateral Cranial Tc-99m MDP Uptake due to Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Guang-Uei Hung, Jiann-Der Lee, Jong-Kang Lee
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

A 50-year-old man with lung cancer had an episode of suffocation due to abrupt massive hemoptysis. He was resuscitated in the emergency room, but became unconscious thereafter. A CT scan of the head revealed no intracranial calcifications or calvarial destruction. An MRI of the brain showed cortical signal intensity in the bilateral frontal, parietal, occipital and right temporal lobes consistent with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Following gadolinium injection, MR images show cortical enhancement following a laminar distribution in the watershed territories. Staging for osseous metastases with Tc-99m MDP bone scan revealed abnormal tracer uptake in both frontal, parietal, occipital, and right temporal lobes.
Expression and localization of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mRNA and its protein in rat brain.
Authors: A E Mulberg, L P Resta, E B Wiedner, S M Altschuler, D M Jefferson, D L Broussard
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

In previous studies we have characterized the expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein in clathrin-coated vesicles derived from bovine brain and in neurons of rat brain. In this study we have further characterized the expression of the CFTR protein mRNA and protein in rat brain with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry. The expression of CFTR mRNA and protein in discrete areas of brain, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, and amygdaloid nuclei, which are involved in regulation of appetite and resting energy expenditure, is identical. The presence of CFTR in neurons localized to these regions of brain controlling homeostasis and energy expenditure may elucidate the pathogenesis of other nonpulmonary and gastrointestinal manifestations which commonly are observed in children with cystic fibrosis. Dysregulation of normal neuropeptide vesicle trafficking by mutant CFTR in brain may serve as a pathogenic mechanism for disruption of homeostasis.
The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: The RENAAL Study
Authors: William F. Keane, Barry M. Brenner, Dick de Zeeuw, Jean-Pierre Grunfeld, Janet McGill, William E. Mitch, Artur B. Ribeiro, Shahnaz Shahinfar, Roger L. Simpson, Steven M. Snapinn, Robert Toto, None RENAAL Study Investigators
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
A Cluster of HIV Infection among Heterosexual People without Apparent Risk Factors
Authors: Nathan Clumeck, Henri Taelman, Philippe Hermans, Peter Piot, Martine Schoumacher, Stéphane De Wit
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

BELGIUM is a point of transition between Africa and Europe with respect to patterns of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).1 About 66 percent of all patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Belgium have apparently been infected heterosexually, and heterosexual intercourse was identified as the mode of transmission of HIV in 46 percent of patients seen at the AIDS unit in Brussels.2 In contrast with the United States, where the highest risk of transmission of HIV among heterosexuals is found in intravenous drug users, most of the heterosexual patients in Belgium are not intravenous drug users and . . .
Redirecting differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors by a transcription factor, GATA-2
Authors: Kenji Kitajima, Makoto Tanaka, Jie Zheng, Hilo Yen, Ayuko Sato, Daijiro Sugiyama, Hiroki Umehara, Eiko Sakai, Toru Nakano
Journal: Blood (2005)
Comparative Effects of Carvedilol and Metoprolol on Regional Vascular Responses to Adrenergic Stimuli in Normal Subjects and Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Katarzyna Hryniewicz, Ana Silvia Androne, Alhakam Hudaihed, Stuart D. Katz
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Adrenergic receptor blockers used in the treatment of heart failure have distinct receptor affinity profiles. We hypothesized that α-adrenergic–blocking effects of carvedilol would limit vasoconstriction in response to adrenergic stimuli when compared with metoprolol. Methods and Results— Forearm vascular resistance responses to isometric handgrip and cold pressor test were determined by plethysmography before and during adrenergic receptor blockade in prospective randomized trials. Acute effects were assessed in a crossover trial in normal subjects (single dose of 25 mg carvedilol, 100 mg metoprolol tartrate, and placebo). Chronic effects (25 mg carvedilol BID versus 200 mg extended-release metoprolol succinate daily for 6 months) were assessed in a parallel group trial of chronic heart failure subjects. In normal subjects, carvedilol decreased forearm vascular resistance responses to adrenergic stimuli when compared with metoprolol and placebo (isometric handgrip −3.5 U for carvedilol versus −1.2 U for metoprolol and −2.2 U for placebo, P =0.15; cold pressor test 3.1±8.9 U for carvedilol versus 9.0±2.7 U for metoprolol and 8.2±5.8 U for placebo, P &lt;0.05). In heart failure subjects, vasomotor responses to isometric handgrip and cold pressor test did not differ between treatment groups. Conclusions— Acute administration of carvedilol attenuates the vasoconstriction response to adrenergic stimuli when compared with placebo and metoprolol in normal subjects, whereas chronic administration of carvedilol does not attenuate the vasoconstrictor response to adrenergic stimuli when compared with metoprolol in heart failure subjects. These data suggest that long-term benefits of carvedilol in heart failure are not mediated by α-adrenergic blockade.
Hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in alcoholic fatty liver: comparison with other liver enzymes in man and rats.
Authors: R Teschke, M Neuefeind, M Nishimura, G Strohmeyer
Journal: Gut (1983)

Compared with controls, patients with alcoholic fatty liver showed a significant increase of gamma-glutamyltransferase activity both in the liver and serum, whereas alkaline phosphatase activity was raised only in the liver but not in the serum. The activities of other enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase remained virtually unchanged in the liver of patients with alcoholic fatty liver but were strikingly enhanced in the serum. The hepatic and serum alterations of enzymic activities observed in patients with alcoholic fatty liver could be reproduced in the rat model of alcoholic fatty liver only for gamma-glutamyltransferase but not for the other enzymes tested, substantiating evidence that the animal model may serve as an appropriate tool for studying interactions between alcohol and gamma-glutamyltransferase. The present experiments also indicate that the primary cause for increased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activities associated with prolonged alcohol consumption is hepatic enzyme induction rather than liver cell injury.
INVESTIGATION AND CONTROL OF AN OUTBREAK OF LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE IN A DISTRICT GENERAL HOSPITAL
Authors: S.P. Fisher-Hoch, J.O'H. Tobin, A.M. Nelson, M.G. Smith, J.M. Talbot, C.L.R. Bartlett, M.B. Gillett, J.E. Pritchard, R.A. Swann, J.A. Thomas
Journal: The Lancet (1981)
Asthma and Chitinases
Authors: Miriam F. Moffatt, William O.C.M. Cookson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome in which the airway mucosa is abnormal and inflamed. Although its causes are unknown, there are strong clues: it runs in families, and many, but by no means all, patients with asthma have signs and symptoms of IgE responses to common allergens. Asthma has an incomplete association with the phenomenon of nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli. The mechanism of bronchial hyperresponsiveness is itself mysterious. A childhood in an environment rich in microbes protects against the development of asthma in many parts of the world.In this issue of the Journal . . .
Programmed ventricular stimulation in survivors of an acute myocardial infarction.
Authors: D Roy, E Marchand, P Théroux, D D Waters, G B Pelletier, M G Bourassa
Journal: Circulation (1985)

The prognostic significance of programmed ventricular stimulation and its usefulness in relation to other forms of invasive and noninvasive testing was evaluated in 150 survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias of 6 beats or more were induced in 35 (23%) patients. No significant differences existed between patients with inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias and those without inducible ventricular tachycardia with respect to occurrence of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in the acute and early recovery phase of infarction or predischarge exercise-induced ischemia or arrhythmias, severity of coronary artery disease, or degree of left ventricular dysfunction. A higher incidence of inferior myocardial infarction was observed in patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia when compared with those without inducible ventricular tachycardia (66% vs 41%, p less than .01). During a mean follow-up of 10 +/- 5 months (range 2 to 19), there were two sudden deaths, three nonsudden deaths, and two additional patients developed sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. There was no significant difference between patients with and those without inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias with respect to the occurrence of these events. In this study population, a lower mean ejection fraction (p less than .01), the presence of a ventricular aneurysm (p less than .05), and exercise-induced ventricular premature contractions (p less than .05) were predictors of sudden death and of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia. Thus, the findings of this study do not support the hypothesis that the induction of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction identifies a group at high risk for sudden cardiac death.
Clinical utility of transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography
Authors: Harlan M. Krumholz, Pamela S. Douglas, Lee Goldman, Carol Waksmonski
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of contemporary echocardiography for patient diagnosis and management in clinical practice. Background. Although the use of echocardiography is growing rapidly, there is little information about its clinical utility. Methods. A prospective observational study was performed at a community-based, tertiary care teaching hospital. Physicians were interviewed before and after learning the result of their patients' echocardiographic examination. Chart reviews were performed to confirm reports of new diagnoses and treatments that resulted from echocardiography. Results. Physician interviews were successfully completed for 244 (49%) of 497 inpatients and 101 (30%) of 336 outpatients. Among, patients with moderate or greater mitral regurgitation, the diagnosis of "clinically significant" mitral regurgitation was unsuspected in 5 (31%) of 16 outpatients and 28 (60%) of 47 inpatients. Among the patients with left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, the result was unsuspected in 7 (50%) of 14 outpatients and 18 (22%) of 81 inpatients. As assessed by chart review, echocardiography produced a definite new diagnosis in 25 inpatients (10%) and 5 outpatients (5%) and was responsible for changes in pharmacologic treatment in at least 16 inpatients (7%) and 2 outpatients (2%). Conclusions. The echocardiogram commonly provided information that was unexpected. This information provided a definite new diagnosis or treatment in a smaller proportion of the patients. Further research is necessary to define the appropriate yield that would warrant echocardiography on the basis of both clinical and cost-effectiveness criteria.
ABC of AIDS. Neurological manifestations.
Authors: C A Carne
Journal: BMJ (1987)

About 10% of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) present because of neurological problems but as many as 75% have evidence of disease of the central nervous system at necropsy.  The neurological manifestations of AIDS may be caused by opportunistic infections by tumours and by the primary neurological effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).  HIV may also infrequently cause neurological symptoms in immunocompetent people with HIV infection.  The disorders of the nervous system most commonly seen in patients with AIDS are encephalitis meningitis cerebral space occupying lesions demyelination retinitis myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy.  This article summarizes the incidence etiology pathology and manifestations of these disorders.
THE EFFECT OF LIPIDS AND SERUM ALBUMIN ON BACTERIAL GROWTH
Authors: René J. Dubos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1947)

Long chain fatty acids have been found to exhibit both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the growth of tubercle bacilli and of a certain unidentified micrococcus culture. The toxicity of the fatty acids was much reduced or abolished by (a) esterification, even when the resulting product was a water-soluble ester, and (b) addition of crystalline serum albumin to the culture medium; other proteins tested were inactive in this respect. Marked growth stimulation of the microorganisms studied was obtained when certain long chain fatty acids were added to the culture medium in the form of their water-soluble esters, or in admixture with adequate amounts of serum albumin. Abundant growth of the micrococcus resulted from the addition of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, or arachidonic acid (0.0001 to 0.001 per cent) to a mineral medium containing glucose as sole source of carbon; in the case of this microbial species, none of the other substances tested could substitute for these unsaturated fatty acids. Enhancement of growth of tubercle bacilli was obtained by adding to the medium 0.001 to 0.01 per cent of a variety of fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated) even in the absence of glucose or of any other readily available carbon compound. These results suggest that long chain fatty acids can affect the growth of different microbial species through different metabolic channels and that, in order to study the mechanism of these metabolic and growth reactions, it is essential to use the fatty acids under conditions where they cannot manifest their toxic properties.
Gram-Negative Rod Bacteremia: Microbiologic, Immunologic, and Therapeutic Considerations
Authors: LOWELL S. YOUNG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

During the last 2 decades, Gram-negative rod bacteremia has become the leading infectious disease problem in American hospitals. With improvements in conventional microbiologic techniques, bacteremic infection can be diagnosed reliably within 3 days using only three sets of cultures. Clinical management still requires aggressive, presumptive use of antimicrobials in patients with the most adverse host factors. In the latter group, the use of combinations of antibiotics that interact synergistically in vitro has improved clinical results. In bacteremia due to anaerobes, particularly Bacteroides species, drainage of infected sites is probably more important than specific drug therapy. Various host defects have been associated with Gram-negative bacteremia; the most common in the nonleukopenic patient is impaired opsonization. The evidence that endotoxins are involved in the pathophysiology of Gram-negative bacillemia is inferential. Nevertheless, both clinical and experimental evidence suggest that active or passive immunization with endotoxin components or antigens similar to Gram-negative polysaccharides may be protective.
High Serum Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Chul-Hee Kim, Hyung-Joo Park, Joong-Yeol Park, Sung-Kwan Hong, Young-Hee Yoon, Ki-Up Lee
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

To examine the possible association between serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentration and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes.A total of 412 Korean outpatients with type 2 diabetes were examined. Diabetic retinopathy was determined by an ophthalmologist using fundoscopic examination. Serum Lp(a) levels were measured by two-site sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The patients with PDR had higher serum Lp(a) levels than those with no diabetic retinopathy or with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that high serum Lp(a) levels and the presence of diabetic nephropathy were independent variables having a statistically significant association with PDR.Korean type 2 diabetic patients with PDR had higher serum Lp(a) levels versus those with no diabetic retinopathy or with NPDR. Although these results suggest that Lp(a) might play a role in the occlusion of retinal capillaries leading to PDR, further prospective studies are required to prove the causal relationship.