tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of HIV Infection in the United States, 1984 to 1992
Authors: John M. Karon
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To estimate the number of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) living in the United States and the change in HIV infection prevalence since 1984.We estimated HIV prevalence from 3 data sources. We estimated past HIV infection rates from a statistical procedure based on national acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) case surveillance data and estimates of the time from HIV infection to AIDS diagnosis. We also analyzed HIV prevalence data from 2 national surveys, a survey of childbearing woman and a household survey of current health status. We used other data sources to adjust these survey estimates to include groups not covered in the surveys.Approximately 0.3% of US residents (650,000-900,000 persons) were infected with HIV in 1992. Approximately 0.6% of men (including adolescent boys > or = 13 years of age) were infected, including approximately 2% of non-Hispanic black men and 1% of Hispanic men. Approximately 0.1% of women (including adolescent girls > or = 13 years of age) were infected, including approximately 0.6% of non-Hispanic black women. Approximately half of all infected persons were men who had sex with men, and one fourth were injecting drug users. The prevalence of HIV infection increased from 1984 to 1992, with a greater relative increase among women than men.The 3 different data sources and methods are consistent in estimating that 650,000 to 900,000 persons were infected with HIV in the United States in 1992. Among adolescents and adults of both sexes, the proportion infected was substantially higher among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics than among non-Hispanic whites. HIV-related illness will be a major clinical and public health problem in the United States for years to come.
Poison in the Pot: The Legacy of Lead
Authors: Kenneth W. Kizer
Journal: JAMA (1985)

One of the most useful of metals, lead has been mined and worked by man since antiquity. Likewise, lead poisoning, or plumbism, has also been known since prehistoric times and is one of the oldest known afflictions of mankind. This book presents an entertaining historical account of lead poisoning and its impact on politics, social affairs, and medicine. Divided into four chapters, it includes a variety of illustrations that accent the lively prose. The bibliography includes more than 800 references, most of which are in English, and certainly provides a useful entree into the voluminous literature on lead poisoning. The book touches on a wide array of topics, but it primarily focuses on lead nephropathy and saturnine gout, especially the association of these conditions with alcoholic beverages that have been intentionally adulterated or inadvertently contaminated with lead. Although some readers may quibble over the accuracy of certain details and historical
TCT-293 Neointimal Tissue Characteristics Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis Following Paclitaxel Coated Balloon Treatment in a Porcine Iliofemoral Vascular Territory
Authors: Maxwell Afari, Seung-Jin Oh, Piotr Buszman, Armando Tellez, Athanasios Peppas, William Rate, Jong Shiuan Yeh, Greg Kaluza, Juan Granada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Disorders of Blood and Blood-Forming Organs in Childhood
Authors: Louis K. Diamond
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Years ago, before experts on the blood in children were recognized in this country, H. S. Baar and E. Stransky were well-known pediatric hematologists in their native Vienna. They contributed many articles on various blood diseases in the young and wrote an authoritative book in German entitled<i>Clinical Hematology of Childhood</i>( 1928). Then they had to uproot themselves and settle elsewhere, Dr. Baar going to Birmingham, England, and Dr. Stransky to the Philippines. How they ever joined in authoring this new complete review of pediatric hematology must make an interesting story in itself. But that they were able to do so successfully is proved here. This is an encyclopedic book. It includes almost every possible blood disorder seen in childhood and covers each most thoroughly. H. S. Baar has contributed most of the material with Stransky writing several important chapters and Stella Baar adding some chemical information. They have endeavored
Points from Letters: Clues to Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: P. G. Lynch
Journal: BMJ (1974)

pancreatitis are very variable and comparisons should be made cautiously.Corlett and Mishell considered early diag- nosis to be important in the management of the disease.Apart from pethidine and the debatable use of anticholinergics they sug- gest giving dextran to decrease pancreatic secretions.They also suggest giving saline intravenously initially since blood sugar levels influence pancreatic secretions, both exocrine and endocrine.However, there is probably an equally good argument for giving dextrose initially to prevent any vagal stimulation associated with hypoglycaemia.Glucagon is certainly a hyperglycaemic drug and may act in this way.It may yet be shown that it is the first few bottles of intravenous fluid which influence the outcome of the acute attack rather than recent therapeutic innovations.-Iam, etc.,
Can Psychotherapeutic Competence Be Taught?
Authors: Jobst Finke
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1990)

This paper is presented in defense of an educational concept for psychotherapists, which is based on the proposition that attitudes as well as behavioral components can be shaped by training. The training program contains the process of observing, reflecting and practicing individual segments of constructive therapeutic behavior as a part of education in client-centered therapy.
Precommitting to Serve the Underserved
Authors: Nir Eyal, Till Bärnighausen
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2012)

In many countries worldwide, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, a shortage of physicians limits the provision of lifesaving interventions. One existing strategy to increase the number of physicians in areas of critical shortage is conditioning medical school scholarships on a precommitment to work in medically underserved areas later. Current practice is usually to demand only one year of service for each year of funded studies. We show the effectiveness of scholarships conditional on such precommitment for increasing physician supplies in underserved areas. Then we defend these scholarships against ethical worries that they constitute slavery contracts; rely on involuntary, biased, or unauthorized early consent by a young signatory; put excessive strains on signed commitments; give rise to domination; and raise suspicion of slavery contracts. Importantly, we find that scholarships involving far longer commitment than current practice allows would also withstand these worries. Policymakers should consider introducing conditional scholarships, including long-term versions, as a means to increasing the supply of physicians to medically underserved areas.
Surgical Treatment of Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis
Authors: John E. Castaldo
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Letters15 September 1996Surgical Treatment of Asymptomatic Carotid StenosisJohn E. Castaldo, MD, James F. Toole, MD, and Virginia J. Howard, MSPHJohn E. Castaldo, MDACAS Executive Committee, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1078Search for more papers by this author, James F. Toole, MDACAS Executive Committee, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1078Search for more papers by this author, and Virginia J. Howard, MSPHACAS Executive Committee, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1078Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-125-6-199609150-00024 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The article by Barnett and colleagues on the surgical treatment of asymptomatic carotid artery disease [1] deserves some clarification. First, the authors appear to misinterpret the failure to find statistically significant effects as implying the absence of an effect. The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) was not designed to have good power to find differences in “disabling strokes” alone, to compare the treatments in women alone, or to evaluate differences in treatment effect between men and women.Second, we agree with the authors that Doppler flow velocities reflect the cross-sectional area change of a vessel. It is ...REFERENCE1. Barnett HJ, Meldrum HE, Eliasziw M. The dilemma of surgical treatment for patients with asymptomatic carotid disease. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123:723-5. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: John E. Castaldo, MD; James F. Toole, MD; Virginia J. Howard, MSPHAffiliations: ACAS Executive Committee, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1078 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 September 1996Volume 125, Issue 6Page: 516-517KeywordsAtherosclerosisBlood pressureCarotid arteriesPatient Protection and Affordable Care ActSafetySafety studiesStatistical dataStenosisStrokeSurgery ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 September 1996 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1996 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Use of performance indicators for general practice
Authors: S. J Baker
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—In their editorial on performance indicators for general practice F Azeem Majeed and Simon Voss highlight many of the important issues about the appropriate use of such indicators.1 They emphasise the need for general practitioners to work with authorities to develop such indicators. Authors in other professions that use performance indicators have written similarly of the importance of ownership in their development and the dangers of inappropriate interpretation. …
Nrf2 Is Essential for the Chemopreventive Efficacy of Oltipraz against Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis
Authors: Katsuyuki Iida, Ken Itoh, Yoshito Kumagai, Ryoichi Oyasu, Kazunori Hattori, Koji Kawai, Toru Shimazui, Hideyuki Akaza, Masayuki Yamamoto
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The induction of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes, such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), in response to an array of naturally occurring and synthetic agents, such as oltipraz (4-methyl-5-[2-pyrazinyl]-1,2-dithiole-3-thione), provides an effective means of protection against a variety of carcinogens. Transcription factor Nrf2 is an essential regulator of the inducible expression of detoxifying enzyme genes by chemopreventive agents. In this study, we investigated in Nrf2-deficient mice the susceptibility to the urinary bladder-specific carcinogen N-nitrosobutyl(4-hydroxybutyl)amine (BBN) and the chemopreventive efficacy of oltipraz. The incidence of urinary bladder carcinoma by BBN was significantly higher in Nrf2−/− mice than in wild-type mice; invasive carcinoma was found in 24.0 and 38.5% of wild-type and Nrf2−/− mice, respectively. Oltipraz induced the phase 2 enzymes responsible for BBN detoxification in the liver and urinary bladder in an Nrf2-dependent manner. As expected, therefore, oltipraz decreased the incidence of urinary bladder carcinoma by BBN in wild-type mice but had little effect in Nrf2−/− mice. In wild-type mouse liver, oltipraz significantly induced BBN glucuronidation and decreased the urinary concentration of N-nitrosobutyl(3-carboxypropyl)amine, a proximate carcinogen of BBN. Importantly, BBN was found to suppress the expression of UGT1A specifically in the urinary bladder. This suppression was counteracted by oltipraz in wild-type mice but not in Nrf2−/− mice. These results show that Nrf2 and its downstream target genes are responsible for BBN detoxification. Furthermore, oltipraz prevents carcinogenesis by BBN by enhancing detoxification of this carcinogen in the liver and urinary bladder.
New Horizons in Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Lauren H. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Psychiatric hospitalization is now regarded simply as a phase in the course of psychiatric treatment, for preventive and therapeutic psychiatry has emerged throughout social, family, group, community, and industrial areas. General practitioners are moving closer to comfortable adequacy in dealing with some psychiatric problems. The primary significant factor in successful treatment is the doctor-patient relationship. Not only psychiatrists but all qualified physicians must fully participate in hospital treatment as well as in home treatment, to the end that hospital care be available quickly and locally. In order to move toward this goal, psychiatrists and psychiatric institutions must end their mental, economic, and geographic isolation.
A four base pair deletion 5′ to the <sup>A</sup>γ<sup>T</sup> gene is associated not only with decreased expression of the <sup>A</sup>γ<sup>T</sup>‐globin gene, but also of the <sup>G</sup>γ‐globin gene in <i>cis</i>
Authors: M. B. Coleman, J. G. Adams, M. H. Steinberg, W. P. Winter
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Abstract A four base pair deletion 5′ to A γ T ‐globin gene at positions −222 to −225 has been reported to reduce the expression of this gene. To evaluate the prevalence and effect of this deletion, PCR‐based methods were employed. The deletion had a gene frequency of 0.06 in a sample of African‐American individuals with sickle cell trait, 0.18 in adult African‐Americans with normal Hb AA, and 0.36 in caucasians. Seventy cord blood samples from African‐American newborns with Hb AA were evaluated by both HPLC and PCR. The frequency of the A γ T allele was 0.13. The A γ T ‐globin chain was always present in a lower proportion than the A γ I allele (70% of A γ I ), but the percentage of A γ‐globin was the same whether or not A γ T was present. The total percentage of Hb F, however, was significantly lower in the group with the A γ T allele (77.1% vs. 87.4%, P &lt; 0.01). These results indicate that the four base pair deletion is not only associated with reduced expression of the A γ T allele, but also of the G γ allele in cis , further suggesting a possible role of this region in the modulation of the expression of the linked γ‐globin genes. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In ulcerative colitis, current use of thiopurines was associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer
Authors: Brian Bressler
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

Source Citation Abbas AM, Almukhtar RM, Loftus EV, Lichtenstein GR, Khan N. Risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in ulcerative colitis patients treated with thiopurines: a nationwide retrospective cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1781-93. 25244964
Abstract 2625: Knockdown of death receptor 5 promotes cancer cell invasion through activation of the ERK and JNK signaling pathways.
Authors: You-Take Oh, Ping Yue, Fadlo R. Khuri, Shi-Yong Sun
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Death receptor 5 (DR5) is a death domain-containing transmembrane receptor and can trigger apoptosis upon overexpression or ligation with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Despite of the primary function of DR5 in induction of apoptosis, accumulating evidence suggest that DR5 may also have non-apoptotic function in regulation of cancer development and progression, which is the focus of this study. Both transient and stable knockdown of DR5 did not affect the growth of cancer cells, but significantly promoted the invasive ability of cancer cells in an in vitro matrigel invasion assay. In contrast, DR5 activation by low doses of the agonistic antibody, AMG655, suppressed cancer cell invasion. Similar results could not generated by knocking down DR4 expression. Thus, DR5 negatively regulates invasion of cancer cells. Knockdown of DR5 expression was accompanied by activation of both ERK and JNK signaling pathways as evidenced by elevate levels of p-ERK, p-JNK and p-c-Jun as well as their downstream proteins c-Jun and Fra-1. Chemical (e.g., with small molecule inhibitors) or genetic (e.g., with siRNA) inhibition of either ERK or JNK blocked DR5 knockdown-induced enhancement of cell invasion. In agreement, knockdown of c-Jun and Fra-1 had similar impact on blockage of cell invasion induced by DR5 knockdown. Hence, DR5 knockdown promotes cancer cell invasion through activation of the ERK and JNK signaling pathways and subsequent activation of AP-1. Our findings highlight a novel non-apoptotic function of DR5 as a negative regulator of cancer cell invasion and provide preliminary mechanisms to account for this function. (This study was supported by the Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Cancer Scholar award, NIH/NCI SPORE P50 grant CA128613 and Winship Cancer Institute Robbins Scholar award. FR Khuri and SY Sun are Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Cancer Scholars. YT Oh is a recipient of Winship Cancer Institute Robbins Scholar award) Citation Format: You-Take Oh, Ping Yue, Fadlo R. Khuri, Shi-Yong Sun. Knockdown of death receptor 5 promotes cancer cell invasion through activation of the ERK and JNK signaling pathways. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2625. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2625
ADAPTATION OF THE CINEMATOGRAPH TO THE STUDY OF EMBRYOLOGY AND TISSUE-GROWTH
Authors: JOHN ENGLISH McWHORTER
Journal: JAMA (1913)

Our object in taking up this work has been twofold; first, to reproduce for the benefit of students, in their study of tissue-growth and the early development of the embryo, graphic pictures of the changes that these tissues undergo; and, second, to reproduce for study such movements as are not readily followed by the eye; such, for example, as the rapidly beating embryonic heart or the exceedingly slow movements incident to the growth of tissue and cell division. From the results thus far obtained, we feel warranted in assuming that the method about to be described of adapting the cinematograph to the microscope, for the purposes of photomicrography, is at least practical and capable of much further elaboration. The embryos as well as the tissues used in these experiments were those of the chick, the pictures being taken in different stages of development. The preparation of the chick blastoderm for
Struma Lymphomatosa (Hashimoto's Thyroiditis)
Authors: Austin L. Vickery, Edward Hamlin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

KNOWLEDGE of the natural history of struma lymphomatosa is sparse and consists largely of speculations based on series of collected cases. Although there is general agreement on the histologic criteria for the typical "mature" case with the classic features of parenchymal atrophy and lymphoid infiltration, there is considerably less certainty about the early and later phases of the disorder. The issue whether the pathologic process is frequently progressive to an ultimate extreme of fibrosis or more often self-limited at the "mature" stage has remained unsettled. The available information has mainly stemmed from isolated case reports on 21 patients who have . . .
Communication between GPs and psychiatrists.
Authors: P C Naik, A S Lee
Journal: BMJ (1993)

all that is private is bad-an unfortunate throwback to Nehru's era of pseudosocialism.Reality is very different, with most government teaching hospitals being poorly equipped, maintained, and staffed.On the other hand, some private institu- tions, like the Kasturba Medical College at Manipal, are acknowledged to be among the best in the country.Thirdly, the judgment provides that half of the seats will be filled by students who will pay the same fee as that levied by the state subsidised government colleges.This ignores the fact that the private colleges do not enjoy any subsidy and that therefore, in effect, the educational expenses of these students will be met by the other half, who will pay a higher fee, and this is in no way fair.Instead of taking a futuristic view the Supreme Court has taken an unfortunate step backwards.
People would have died if government had not been so "precautionary" during swine flu outbreak, says former CMO
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Liam Donaldson, the former chief medical officer, has defended the last government’s handling of the swine flu pandemic, rebutting charges that GPs were overburdened with information or that their clinical judgment over the use of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) was over-ruled.

Giving evidence to the Select Committee on Science and Technology, which is investigating the scientific advice given during the pandemic, Professor Donaldson said the claim that GPs had been “bombed” with information was “a little unfair.” Decisions had to be taken fast, he said, and often on poor or inadequate evidence.

“On antivirals, the evidence base didn’t exist,” he said. “There was some evidence for normal seasonal flu, but not for pandemic flu. The issue was whether to be very precautionary. We knew some patients without underlying conditions were dying—not many, but we’re in the 21st century and we don’t want people to die if we can prevent it.

“The BMA view was to leave it …
Medically unexplained physical symptoms.
Authors: R Mayou
Journal: BMJ (1991)

perceived as being of lower priority.The sharp rise in the incidence of manmade or technological disasters in Britain in recent years has also increased the prevalence and visibility of psychological conditions related to trauma.When disaster strikes now it seems doubly affronting.Not only is the West's superior technology supposed to protect us from the "natural" disasters that afflict developing countries but technology itself often fails and makes for disaster.We wrongly assume that our wealth and sophistication will guarantee our safety, thus increasing our adherence to magical notions of inviolability.So when we get hurt-and some of us always will-it comes as an immense shock and is very painful.
Charity pulls out of Somalia after 22 years because of violence and abuse
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The medical humanitarian organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), or Doctors Without Borders, has announced that it has closed all its programmes in Somalia because of attacks on its staff and the unsafe environment in which it has been operating.

The charity, which has worked in Somalia since 1991, said that its withdrawal from the country would leave hundreds of thousands of Somalians without the little medical …