tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology
Authors: Anand P. Panwalker
Journal: JAMA (1996)

ABSTRACT The printing of the third edition of Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology within eight years attests to the rapid developments in the field. The editors of this multiauthored book are faculty members at three eminent medical schools in London, England.After a brief preface, this 766-page book plunges into an excellent description of the Herpesviridae family. This discussion occupies 152 pages, 30 devoted to the herpes simplex virus. The chapter on human retroviruses, however, occupies only 36 pages. This imbalance is surprising because of the extraordinary impact these viruses have had in the practice of medicine today. While the chapter is well written, the 1987 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification offered on page 691 is outdated (replaced by another one in 1993). This section does contain a reference to Chang and Moore's 1994 report on the relationship of Kaposi's sarcoma to a herpesvirus. The references are arranged
Textbook of Obstetrics
Authors: Saul B. Gusberg
Journal: JAMA (1965)

This textbook represents the teaching and practice of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Ohio State University College of Medicine, edited by the senior members of that departmental faculty. Because they are experienced and dedicated teachers they have produced a text of great value: its orderly, traditional presentation and clarity will satisfy the majority of students in this field.  The superior student, on the other hand, will frequently be frustrated by any departmental textbook, for he will look for uniformity of scholarship and authority—virtually impossible where all phases of a discipline must be covered by members of a single service, some of them willing but inexperienced. The presentation of complex physiological and clinical material by a young teacher will be successful only where he has been made critical by special study of the appropriate field and when he has the capacity to transmit his own enthusiasm. Deficiencies in
Misprescribing is widespread among German doctors, says report
Authors: N. Stafford
Journal: BMJ (2011)

German doctors often overprescribe or misprescribe drugs, says a new report commissioned by one of Germany’s largest public health insurers.

The annual pharmaceuticals report by Barmer GEK concludes that German doctors often prescribe highly addictive sleeping pills, antipsychotics to people with Alzheimer’s disease, and so called third generation contraceptive pills instead of second generation pills, which the report says are safer.

Gerd Glaeske, of the Centre for Social Policy Research at the University of Bremen and the report’s main author, told the BMJ that the report is the only one in Germany to compare drug prescriptions with doctors’ diagnoses. It is based on …
The lysosomal transfer of LDL/cholesterol from macrophages into vascular smooth muscle cells induces their phenotypic alteration
Authors: Sönke Weinert, David M. Poitz, Susanne Auffermann-Gretzinger, Lars Eger, Joerg Herold, Senad Medunjanin, Alexander Schmeisser, Ruth H. Strasser, Ruediger C. Braun-Dullaeus
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

Macrophages (MPs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) closely interact within the growing atherosclerotic plaque. An in vitro co-culture model was established to study how MPs modulate VSMC behaviour. MPs were exposed to fluorescence-labelled-acetylated LDL (FL-acLDL) prior to co-culture with VSMCs. Fluorescence microscopy visualized first transport of FL-acLDL within 6 h after co-culture implementation. When MPs had been fed with FL-acLDL in complex with fluorescence-labelled cholesterol (FL-Chol), these complexes were also transferred during co-culture and resulted in cholesterol positive lipid droplet formation in VSMCs. When infected with a virus coding for a fusion protein of Rab5a and fluorescent protein reporter (FP) to mark early endosomes, no co-localization between Rab5a-FP and the transported FL-acLDL within VSMCs was detected implying a mechanism independent of phagocytosis. Next, expression of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (LAMP1)-FP, marking all lysosomes in VSMCs, revealed that the FL-acLDL was located in non-acidic lysosomes. MPs infected with virus encoding for LAMP1-FP prior to co-culture demonstrated that intact fluorescence-marked lysosomes were transported into the VSMC, instead. Xenogenic cell composition (rat VSMC, human MP) and subsequent quantitative RT–PCR with rat-specific primers rendered induction of genes typical for MPs and down-regulation of the cholesterol sensitive HMG-CoA reductase. Our results demonstrate that acLDL/cholesterol-loaded lysosomes are transported from MPs into VSMCs in vitro. Lysosomal transfer results in a phenotypic alteration of the VSMC towards a foam cell-like cell. This way VSMCs may lose their plaque stabilizing properties and rather contribute to plaque destabilization and rupture.
Techniques of Interviewing
Authors: CHASE PATTERSON KIMBALL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

The interview process of clinical medicine as the basic tool of accumulating the data essential for diagnosis and as the vehicle for the therapeutic process is discussed. For diagnostic purposes, the physician should approach the presenting complaint or symptom of the patient as a translator who will attempt to interpret the organic, social, and psychological meanings of that symptom by participating in a specific interview methodology that will allow for the free flow and unbiased production of the requisite data. The symptom itself identifies the final common pathways that the body uses for manifestation of its feelings; reactions; behavior, including illness; and whether these represent responses to the internal or external milieu in which the organism exists. The relationship that develops during the interview process and how this in itself is therapeutic for the patient—as it contains most of the primary ingredients of psychotherapy: support, ventilation, and clarification—is also discussed.
Fighting for Life: American Military Medicine in World War II
Authors: Alvin M. Cotlar
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Military medicine is privileged that Professor Albert Cowdrey, renowned nonphysician war historian, chose World War II medicine as the subject of his latest book. He skillfully combines authoritative documentation of the development and progress of medical care on all fronts and among the three services, with many intense eyewitness accounts of battlefield care of the soldier wounded at Normandy or fighting malaria in the jungles of the South Pacific. The author's expertise in line fighting provides him the unique capability of reporting the major campaigns of the war from the critical perspective of the effects of disease and combat casualties. His sources and extraordinary bibliography are not unexpected from an author who chairs a Department of Conventional War Studies.  The early chapters are devoted to the Japanese invasion of the Philippines a few days after Pearl Harbor and the naval and marine battles of the South Pacific. The tragedies of
Care for Adolescents
Authors: CLYDE E. RAPP
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Comments and Corrections1 December 1973Care for AdolescentsCLYDE E. RAPP JR., M.D.CLYDE E. RAPP JR., M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-79-6-908_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In "Adolescent Crisis" (Ann Intern Med 79:435-440, 1973) Miller points up the need to develop physicians who are sensitive to the problems of adolescents. It seems to me, as I observe adolescents, that there are several ways to improve their medical care. To wit:1. The development of more primary-care physicians for adolescents. As Miller points out, the adolescent is in great need of adult models. If an adolescent is passed from subspecialist to subspecialist without the participation of a primary physician, the opportunity for the physician to act as a stable identity figure is lost. Adolescents...Reference1. GALLAGHER J: Medical Care of the Adolescent. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966, p. 2 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Student Health Services Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 December 1973Volume 79, Issue 6Page: 908-908KeywordsAdolescentsSub-specialty care ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 December 1973 PDF downloadLoading ...
Effect of fundholding and indicative prescribing schemes on general practitioners' prescribing costs.
Authors: J Bradlow, A Coulter
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To compare general practitioners9 prescribing costs in fundholding and non-fundholding practices before and after implementation of the NHS reforms in April 1991. DESIGN--Analysis of prescribing and cost information (PACT data; levels 2 and 3) over two six month periods in 1991 and 1992. SETTING--Oxford region. PARTICIPANTS--Three dispensing fundholding practices; five non-dispensing fundholding practices; and seven non-dispensing, non-fundholding practices. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Percentage change in net cost of ingredients, number of items prescribed, average cost per item, and proportion of generic drugs prescribed after NHS reforms. RESULTS--Prescribing costs increased in all practices in the six months after the reforms. The net costs of ingredients increased among dispensing fundholders by 10.2%, among non-dispensing fundholders by 13.2%, and among non-fundholders by 18.7%. The number of items prescribed also increased in all three groups (by 5.2%, 7.5%, and 6.1% respectively). The increase in average cost per item was 4.8% for dispensing fundholders, 5.3% for non-dispensing fundholders, and 11.9% for non-fundholders. Dispensing fundholders increased the proportion of generic drugs prescribed from 26.9% to 34.5% and non-dispensing fundholders from 44.5% to 48.7%; non-fundholders showed no change (47%). Five of the eight fundholding practices made savings in their drugs budgets at the end of the first year of fundholding (range 2.9-10.7%; the three other practices overspent by up to 3.6%). All non-fundholding practices exceeded their indicative prescribing amounts (range 3.2-20.0%). CONCLUSIONS--Fundholding has helped to curb increases in prescribing costs, even among dispensing general practitioners, for whom the incentives are different. Indicative prescribing amounts for non-fundholding practices do not seem to have had the same effect.
Relief of postoperative pain.
Authors: J Church
Journal: BMJ (1979)

bearing-down reflex had been abolished, because these mothers.exhibited the least accumulation of metabolic acidosis (those epidural mothers who retained the bearingdown reflex were rather more acidotic because, presumably, of the greater exertion involved).3The important point, however, is that at each designated duration of the second stage the "epidural" infants were less acidotic at delivery than were the "non-epidural" infants.It appears from the reports of their studies4 5 that Professor Derom and his colleagues found no significant difference in the acid-base state of neonates referable to epidural analgesia, but they did not introduce into their analysis the duration of the second stage as a variable factor.I would contend that in the circum- stances under review it is the contrast between the absolute values of neonatal acidosis which is of importance, and not the difference between the values of feto-maternal gradients.
Studies in Cushing's Syndrome. II. Adrenal Weight-Maintaining Activity in the Plasma of Patients with Cushing's Syndrome1
Authors: Joseph W. Jailer, Donald Longson, Nicholas P. Christy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1957)

Patients with Cushing's syndrome due to bi- lateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia have been re- ported by several investigators to show an exag- gerated plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response to administered ACTH (1-3).Although pituitary corticotropin has been suspected of playing an etiologic role in this disorder, previous work- ers have generally failed to detect elevated levels of ACTH in the blood of patients with Cushing's syn- drome (4-7).Furthermore, the prolonged ad- ministration of ACTH to normal subjects has not been observed to cause adrenal cortical hyper- response comparable to that found in bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (8,9).In search of an explanation for this adrenal hyper-responsiveness, the possibility has been in- vestigated of another type of corticotropic ac- tivity, different from the usual ACTH (10-12).The purpose of this communication is to present data which indicate the occurrence of adrenal weight-maintaining activity in the plasma of pa- tients with Cushing's syndrome associated with adrenal hyperplasia. METHODS AND MATERIALSPlasma for assay was obtained from several groups of patients (vide infra) in the following manner.Samples of 100 to 200 ml. of blood were collected in iced tubes with heparin added, plasma was quickly separated in a cold centrifuge, and then frozen and stored at -20°C. in small tubes containing sufficient material (6 to 9 ml.) for a single day's injection.In three in- stances, plasma was lyophilized and reconstituted with distilled water to the original volume.The assay method used was a modification of that devised by Simpson, Evans, and Li in which cortico-1
Retroviral-mediated transfer of the human glucocerebrosidase gene into cultured Gaucher bone marrow.
Authors: J A Nolta, X J Yu, I Bahner, D B Kohn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Gaucher disease, a lysosomal glycolipid storage disorder, results from the genetic deficiency of an acidic glucosidase, glucocerebrosidase (GC). The beneficial effects of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for Gaucher disease suggest that GC gene transduction and the transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (gene therapy) may similarly alleviate symptoms. We have constructed a retroviral vector, L-GC, produced by a clone of the amphotropic packaging cell line PA317, which transduces the normal human GC cDNA with high efficiency. Whole-marrow mononuclear cells and CD34-enriched cells from a 4-yr-old female with type 3 Gaucher disease were transduced by the L-GC vector and studied in long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC). Prestimulation of marrow with IL-3 and IL-6, followed by co-cultivation with vector-producing fibroblasts, produced gene transfer into 40-45% of the hematopoietic progenitor cells. The levels of GC expression in progeny cells (primarily mature myelomonocytic) produced by the LTBMC were quantitatively analyzed by Northern blot, Western blot, and glucocerebrosidase enzyme assay. Normal levels of GC RNA, immunoreactive protein, and enzymatic activity were detected throughout the duration of culture. These studies demonstrate that retroviral vectors can efficiently transfer the GC gene into long-lived hematopoietic progenitor cells from the bone marrow of patients with Gaucher disease and express physiologically relevant levels of GC enzyme activity.
Nasal and nasal-type natural killer/ T–cell lymphoma
Authors: Satoshi Hirakawa, Michiyo Kuyama, Sachiko Takahashi, Osamu Yamasaki, Hiroko Kanzaki, Takanori Teshima, Mine Harada, Yuxiang Ma, Teruyuki Kawabata, Tadashi Yoshino, Jirô Arata
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1999)
Lymphokine mediated production of an epidermal cell proliferation factor by cultured murine bone marrow cells
Authors: I. KATAYAMA, T. DOI, K. NISHIOKA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

The effect of cultured bone marrow cell supernatant (BMS) was studied on the proliferative response of cells of the transformed murine epidermal cell line Pam 212. Elevated DNA synthesis was found in Pam 212 cells cultured with BMS from bone marrow cells grown in spleen cell conditioned medium with concanavalin A (ConA). Pam cell proliferative activity was related to the histamine content in the culture supernatant. Neither spleen cell conditioned medium with IL1, IL2, or IL3 activity, nor ConA alone, showed any effect on Pam cell growth. A soluble mediator from the cultured bone marrow cells with mast cell characteristics was thought to be responsible for the stimulation of Pam cell growth, and Con A appeared to be a prerequisite for generation of this factor by the bone marrow cells.
Goodness has nothing to do with it: Why problem orientation need not make for parochial theory
Authors: Carol Slater
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Social-cognitive psychologists' problem orientation is, in itself, no threat to the generation of normatively neutral general theory. What would put general theory at risk is, rather, the reliance on a valence-balancing explanatory heuristic. Fortunately, social-cognitive research communities have resources to override this heuristic and utilize more epistemically effective cultural tools.
International Disunity on HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials
Authors: Paul Cotton
Journal: JAMA (1994)

THE WORLD MAY not wait for the United States to test human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines. Phase 3 trials of two experimental HIV vaccines were indefinitely postponed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) this summer. NIAID Director Anthony Fauci, MD, explained at the 10th International Conference on AIDS in Yokohama, Japan, that he made the ruling for two reasons. First is the lack of correlates of protection, or clear markers, to tell when someone is indeed immunized against HIV infection. The second reason is that potential study subjects in the community may not understand that the vaccine is only experimental and instead "assume that they are now protected and so go out and have unsafe sex," resulting in an increased infection rate, the opposite effect of that desired, says Fauci. These concerns were underscored by higher than expected new infection rates among subjects in phase 1
Hypertension Management Program in an Industrial Community
Authors: Robert C. Charman
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Detection and adequate management of patients with high blood pressure remain major problems in preventive medicine in the United States. We utilized community physicians, medical center planning, and organization of existing community resources to develop a model blood pressure control program in a rural area 200 miles from the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. One thousand seven hundred forty subjects were screened for the presence of elevated blood pressure. One hundred four subjects were found to have elevated blood pressure after three determinations and were classified into groups for further treatment. Follow-up on 102 of these subjects showed that 88% saw their physician within two months and 86% were being followed-up regularly after one year by their community physicians. Eighty-six percent of the subjects with diastolic blood pressures greater than 100 mm Hg were still receiving drug therapy after one year follow-up.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Astrocytoma
Authors: Paul A. Rudnick
Journal: JAMA (1961)

THE DEVELOPMENT of malignant gliomata in patients with tuberous sclerosis is an occasional feature of this hereditary disease.<sup>1</sup>Recently 2 patients in the same family who had tuberous sclerosis and intraventricular astrocytomas were reported.<sup>2</sup>Ependymoma<sup>3</sup>and spongioneuroblastomas<sup>4</sup>also have been found in patients with this disease. However, those patients with tuberous sclerosis who have symptoms of intracranial neoplasm usually develop these symptoms because of critically situated cortical and subependymal nodules characteristic of this disorder.<sup>5</sup> Pulmonary,<sup>6</sup>renal,<sup>7</sup>and osseous manifestations<sup>8,9</sup>of tuberous sclerosis have been described in addition to the classical triad of epilepsy, mental retardation, and adenoma sebaceum. Knowledge of the wide-spread involvement and of the various clinical syndromes due to tuberous sclerosis has made it possible to diagnose this disease correctly and more frequently. Blindness secondary to retinal gliomatous tumors known as phacomas has been observed.<sup>10</sup>Also blindness might be
Patentability in the United States
Authors: Sarah J. Fashena, David A. Jackson
Journal: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2004)

Protecting your invention globally requires an understanding of the patent rules of many countries. In the United States, an inventor should be familiar with the statutes of the Patent Act. Patentable claims in the United States are directed to either processes or products, and to improvements to known processes and products, which must be new, useful and non-obvious in light of public knowledge.
Randomized Crossover Pharmacokinetic Study of Solvent-Based Paclitaxel and <i>nab</i>-Paclitaxel
Authors: Erin R. Gardner, William L. Dahut, Charity D. Scripture, Jacquin Jones, Jeanny B. Aragon-Ching, Neil Desai, Michael J. Hawkins, Alex Sparreboom, William D. Figg
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abraxane (ABI-007) is a 130-nm albumin-bound (nab) particle formulation of paclitaxel, devoid of any additional excipients. We hypothesized that this change in formulation alters the systemic disposition of paclitaxel compared with conventional solvent-based formulations (sb-paclitaxel; Taxol), and leads to improved tolerability of the drug.Patients with malignant solid tumors were randomized to receive the recommended single-agent dose of nab-paclitaxel (260 mg/m(2) as a 30-minute infusion) or sb-paclitaxel (175 mg/m(2) as a 3-hour infusion). After cycle 1, patients crossed over to the alternate treatment. Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out for the first cycle of sb-paclitaxel and the first two cycles of nab-paclitaxel.Seventeen patients were treated, with 14 receiving at least one cycle each of nab-paclitaxel and sb-paclitaxel. No change in nab-paclitaxel pharmacokinetics was found between the first and second cycles (P = 0.95), suggesting limited intrasubject variability. Total drug exposure was comparable between the two formulations (P = 0.55) despite the dose difference. However, exposure to unbound paclitaxel was significantly higher after nab-paclitaxel administration, due to the increased free fraction (0.063 +/- 0.021 versus 0.024 +/- 0.009; P < 0.001).This study shows that paclitaxel disposition is subject to considerable variability depending on the formulation used. Because systemic exposure to unbound paclitaxel is likely a driving force behind tumoral uptake, these findings explain, at least in part, previous observations that the administration of nab-paclitaxel is associated with augmented antitumor efficacy compared with solvent-based paclitaxel.
Geriatric Assessment: Methods for Clinical Decision Making
Authors: David H. Solomon
Journal: JAMA (1988)

A RECENT National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement 1 has concluded that  geriatric assessment is effective in improving important health outcomes when performed under certain circumstances. The report appears in full in the April 1988 issue of the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . This commentary interprets the conference panel's findings in the light of everyday practice and emphasizes the extent and limits of present knowledge regarding applicability of  assessment methods to the care of older persons.  The panel that prepared this report was made up of five geriatricians, five other physicians, and five individuals from nonmedical fields. In concluding that comprehensive geriatric assessment is effective when coupled with ongoing implementation of the resulting care plan, the panel has given credence, perhaps for the first time, to the emerging new principles of care of older persons and to the renascent field of geriatrics.  This is a