tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Local cytokine production in a murine model of Escherichia coli pyelonephritis.
Authors: H S Rugo, P O'Hanley, A G Bishop, M K Pearce, J S Abrams, M Howard, A O'Garra
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Cytokines may play an important role in the regulation of host defense against local bacterial infections. We have evaluated the local production of cytokines in a BALB/c mouse model of Escherichia coli pyelonephritis. Kidneys, draining lymph nodes, and spleens, were harvested at specific time intervals after bladder inoculation with E. coli corresponding to the stages of renal infection, infiltration, and bacterial clearance seen in this model. The presence of messenger RNA for specific cytokines (interleukins 1 through 6, chemotactic factors, granulocyte and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) and beta, IFN gamma, transforming growth factor (TGF beta), and cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF)/IL-10) was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of reverse transcribed RNA. We have demonstrated mRNA encoding IL-1, IL-6, G-CSF, GM-CSF, TNF alpha, H400 (a protein homologous to a family of chemotactic factors and identical to MIP-1 beta), and CSIF/IL-10 in the kidney at 12 h and 1, 2, and 3 d after bacterial challenge. No signal was seen in normal animals or in mice after 5 d. This pattern of cytokine expression was observed only in renal tissues suggesting a localized response. IL-6 was present in the urine at 4 h with rapid resolution to baseline levels by 24 to 48 h. In contrast, IL-6 was not usually detectable in the serum. TNF alpha was not detectable in the serum or urine during the course of the infection. By immunohistochemical staining of kidney sections we have shown that IL-6 is produced predominantly by mesangial cells rather than by the inflammatory infiltrate. This study provides additional evidence utilizing novel techniques that specific cytokines are produced locally in response to bacterial infections. The time course of production demonstrated in this model supports the important role of cytokines in natural host resistance to local infection.
Diphenylamine Reaction in Chronic Joint Diseases
Authors: M. Adam, J. Malecek, M. Kutova, V. Maly
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1957)

Niazi and State (1948) found that protein-free precipitate of plasma or serum heated in a boiling water bath with Dische's diphenylamine reagent gave a dark purple colour in certain diseases, especially in malignancy and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, subacute bacterial endocarditis, empyema, and tuberculosis (Dische, 1929(Dische, , 1930)).The value of this diphenylamine reaction as an index of rheumatic fever activity has been attested by Ayala, Moore, and Hess (1951), Coburn, Moore, and Haninger (1953), Coburn and Haninger (1954), and Coburn, Bates, Hahn, and Murphy (1956), but opinions differ as to its value in chronic joint diseases (Cecchi and Ferraris, 1955; Fearnley, Purkis, de Coek, Lackner, and Meanock, 1955; F6rster and Schmid, 1955; Rother, 1955; Gamp, 1955).We have therefore analysed diphenylamine levels in chronic joint diseases, and have correlated them with the non-glucosamine serum polysaccharide and mucoprotein levels, to elucidate the relation between these three reactions.
Measures of divergence between populations and the effect of forces that reduce variability
Authors: B. Charlesworth
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

Wright's FST and related statistics are often used to measure the extent of divergence among populations of the same species relative to the net genetic diversity within the species. This paper compares several definitions of FST which are relevant to DNA sequence data, and shows that these must be used with care when estimating migration parameters. It is also pointed out that FST is strongly influenced by the level of within-population diversity. In situations where factors such as selection on closely linked sites are expected to have stronger effects on within-population diversity at some loci than at others, differences among loci can result entirely from differences in within-population diversities. It is shown that several published cases of differences in FST among regions of high and low recombination in Drosophila may be caused in this way. For the purpose of comparisons of levels of between-population differences among loci or species which are subject to different intensities of forces that reduce variability within local populations, absolute measures of divergence between populations should be used in preference to relative measures such as FST.
Dependence of the Sperm/Oocyte Decision on the Nucleosome Remodeling Factor Complex Was Acquired during Recent Caenorhabditis briggsae Evolution
Authors: Xiangmei Chen, Yongquan Shen, Ronald E. Ellis
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

The major families of chromatin remodelers have been conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. Because they play broad, pleiotropic roles in gene regulation, it was not known if their functions could change rapidly. Here, we show that major alterations in the use of chromatin remodelers are possible, because the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) complex has acquired a unique role in the sperm/oocyte decision of the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. First, lowering the activity of C. briggsae NURF-1 or ISW-1, the core components of the NURF complex, causes germ cells to become oocytes rather than sperm. This observation is based on the analysis of weak alleles and null mutations that were induced with TALENs and on RNA interference. Second, qRT–polymerase chain reaction data show that the C. briggsae NURF complex promotes the expression of Cbr-fog-1 and Cbr-fog-3, two genes that control the sperm/oocyte decision. This regulation occurs in the third larval stage and affects the expression of later spermatogenesis genes. Third, double mutants reveal that the NURF complex and the transcription factor TRA-1 act independently on Cbr-fog-1 and Cbr-fog-3. TRA-1 binds both promoters, and computer analyses predict that these binding sites are buried in nucleosomes, so we suggest that the NURF complex alters chromatin structure to allow TRA-1 access to Cbr-fog-1 and Cbr-fog-3. Finally, lowering NURF activity by mutation or RNA interference does not affect this trait in other nematodes, including the sister species C. nigoni, so it must have evolved recently. We conclude that altered chromatin remodeling could play an important role in evolutionary change.
Determinants of effective continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Role of respiratory effort.
Authors: E Sforza, J Krieger, W Bacon, C Petiau, M Zamagni, A Boudewijns
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

We investigated whether cephalometric measurements, nocturnal indices of negative intrathoracic pressure, or the frequency of sleep-related breathing disorders were related to the level of effective continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We examined 22 OSA patients who underwent two consecutive polysomnographic recordings, the first for diagnosis and the second for CPAP titration. Cephalometric measurements, spirometric data, and blood-gas analysis results were available for all subjects. In the diagnostic polysomnography, at least 30 apneas were analyzed during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep and 10 apneas during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep for each patient. Swings in esophageal pressure (Pes) during the preapneic period and during the beginning and the end of obstructive apneas were calculated as the average of three consecutive breaths (or ineffective efforts). The difference in Pes from the minimal initial to the maximal final apneic respiratory effort (DPes) and the rate of increase in Pes (RPes = DPes/apnea duration) during apnea were computed. Within an apnea, the lowest Pes always occurred during the first three occluded breaths and the highest during the last three, with a more marked difference in NREM sleep. The level of effective CPAP was correlated with the length of the soft palate (r = 0.69, p = 0.000), RPes (r = 0.55, p = 0.008), and DPes (r = 0.49, p = 0.02). The correlations of effective CPAP level with body mass index and apnea + hypopnea index were not significant. A model including length of the uvula, DPes, and RPes accounted for 56 to 59% of the variability in effective CPAP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pharmacokinetic study of salvianolic acid D after oral and intravenous administration in rats
Authors: Junke Song, Wen Zhang, Jialin Sun, Xiaona Xu, Xue Zhang, Li Zhang, Zhangying Feng, Guan-hua Du
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2015)

A sensitive, specific and rapid LC-MS method was developed and validated for the determination of salvianolic acid D (SalD) in rat plasma. This method used a single quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. A single ion monitoring scanning (SIM) mode was employed. It showed good linearity over the concentration range from 3.3 to 666.7 ng/mL for the determination of SalD. The R.S.D.% of intra-day and inter-day precision values were no more than 7.69%, and the accuracy was within 91%-104% at all quality control levels. This LC-MS method was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of SalD in rats. A two-compartmental model analysis was employed. The plasma concentrations at 2 min (C 2min) were 5756.06±719.61, 11,073.01±1783.46 and 21,077.58±5581.97 μg/L for 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg intravenous injection, respectively. The peak plasma concentration (C max) was 333.08±61.21 μg/L for 4 mg/kg oral administration. The area under curve (AUC0-t ) was 14,384.379±8443.184, 22,813.369±11,860.823, 46,406.122±27,592.645 and 8201.740±4711.961 μg/L·h for intravenous injection (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) and oral administration (4 mg/kg), respectively. The bioavailability of SalD was calculated to be 4.159%±0.517%.
An Unusual Foreign Body
Authors: John M. Moran
Journal: JAMA (1964)

OCCASIONALLY the persistence of a small force can make itself felt in a large way. The following case report illustrates how a small oversight caused a long hospitalization and a considerable injury. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 68-year-old white male (BCH-1797361) was admitted to the Boston City Hospital on Feb 21, 1963, complaining of painful ulcerations of the left leg. These had been present for about two weeks; bilateral leg varicosities had been present for more than 20 years. He had periodically dressed the ulcers with rags. He had had no diabetes, nor any previous leg ulcerations, venous surgery, or thrombophlebitis. Vital signs were normal; temperature was 102 F ( 38.9 C ) rectally. The patient was unkempt and had an odor of alcohol. Examination was within normal limits excepting his legs. On the left, a circumferential purulent ulceration extended from the level of the malleoli 14 cm cephalad, with cellulitis to
The United States Pharmacopeia, ed 20; The National Formulary
Authors: Joseph B. Jerome
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>British Pharmacopoeia 1980,</h3> 2 vol, British Pharmacopoeia Commission, Sir Frank Hartley, chairman, 940-pp text, 256-pp appendices and index, $195, Mystic, CT 06355 (185 Willow St), and Palo Alto, CA 94303 (2595 E Bayshore Rd), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1980. These two impressive publications are the official compilations of drug standards for the United States and the United Kingdom—both recognized in various countries around the world. Their contents reflect significant changes that have occurred not only in the agencies responsible for their preparation but also in the circumstances in which these agencies now find themselves. Before delving into a few of the major differences between these publications, it is essential to recognize that both have responded well to the obligation of establishing standards of quality for the drug products selected for inclusion. The scientific and editorial standards of these compendia are rigorous. Moreover, since the development of drugs is a dynamic
Computed Tomography of the Head and Neck
Authors: Michael S. Huckman
Journal: JAMA (1982)

This book represents the work of authors who have had extensive experience using computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of lesions of the head and neck. It contains excellent discussions of the radiographic anatomy of the head and neck and of pathology likely to be found in those areas. Under each anatomic section are superb line drawings and photographs of pathological conditions. There are many excellent conventional radiographs and pluridirectional tomograms.  The book has several deficiencies, the most notable being its organization. The text precedes the illustrations in each chapter, and, as a result, one is forced to leaf back and forth between illustrations and text. Most of the images were obtained on early-generation scanners, and while the authors have attempted to obtain optimal images, they were limited by the caliber of their instruments.  Some pages are numbered in the middle, others in the corner. Some pages have chapter headings
Hemostasis - Therapeutic Alternatives to the Laser
Authors: W. Matek, L. Demling
Journal: Endoscopy (1986)

In clinical practice, there are a number of other endoscopic procedures for attaining hemostasis available as alternatives to laser hemostasis. Of these the following may be emphasized: Modified electrocoagulation procedures such as EHT coagulation, bipolar or multipolar coagulation, and sclerotherapy. The efficacy of these "laser-alternative" methods of hemostasis has already been demonstrated in clinical studies, and is unquestioned. Large comparative investigations that would provide definitive information on the relative effectiveness of the various techniques, have yet to be carried out. If, however, we consider such aspects as practicability and economy, the laser would appear to be a "dinosaur" among the endoscopic procedures presently available for hemostasis. The oldest recognized fiber-endoscopic instrument for hemostasis, it is anything but highly mobile, and is bound to a fixed location. In addition, it is as expensive as a museum exhibit. If the only indication for its use were hemostasis, it would probably have vanished from the scene.
“Bonjour, je m'appelle Oshadi”
Authors: E L Chandrakantha
Journal: BMJ (2004)

This summer our family went on a holiday to Geneva. This was our first expedition outside the English speaking world, and neither my wife nor I speak a word of French. But the world has many wonders to see, and language barriers can be overcome. I found initiating the conversation under these circumstances to be the most difficult part. However, a smile and a “Bonjour” was usually sufficient to break the ice in any conversation. Of course, this didn't always happen; on one occasion, while I was struggling, my son, Oshadi, came forward and said, “Bonjour, je m'appelle Oshadi.”

This was extraordinary, as Oshadi is not an ordinary child. He has Prader-Willi syndrome and thus is a child with special needs. Oshadi was born in Sri Lanka in 1990 and had …
We must do more for doctors trained abroad
Authors: D. K. Sokol
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The patient had a crown of plum sized abscesses on his head. After a brief exchange the doctor started screaming at the patient. It was an old fashioned telling off. The outburst over, the patient hurried out of the consultation room. Later that morning he returned, his head shorn of hair offered to some Hindu deity and revealing some unsightly lunar landscape of mounds and craters. The doctor proceeded to drain the abscesses. The look of agony on the patient as the scissors dug deep into his scalp will stay with me for ever. “Would some anaesthetic be helpful?” I suggested to the surgeon, gingerly, as I pinned down the patient’s legs. “I won’t give him any unless he says it’s intolerable. Western doctors give too much anaesthetic.” The patient, writhing in pain, didn’t utter a word.

I often wondered what would become of the doctors I befriended in rural India if they were to work in the United Kingdom. The principle of respect for autonomy, so dominant back home, held little weight there. The doctors acted as the decision makers in a patient population that was largely illiterate and medically unsophisticated. In a semblance of consent the …
Imported malaria and high risk groups: observational study using UK surveillance data 1987-2006
Authors: A. D Smith, D. J Bradley, V. Smith, M. Blaze, R. H Behrens, P. L Chiodini, C. J M Whitty
Journal: BMJ (2008)

To examine temporal, geographic, and sociodemographic trends in case reporting and case fatality of malaria in the United Kingdom.National malaria reference laboratory surveillance data in the UK.Observational study using prospectively gathered surveillance data and data on destinations from the international passenger survey.39,300 cases of proved malaria in the UK between 1987 and 2006.Plasmodium species; sociodemographic details (including age, sex, and country of birth and residence); mortality; destination, duration, and purpose of international travel; and use of chemoprophylaxis.Reported cases of imported malaria increased significantly over the 20 years of the study; an increasing proportion was attributable to Plasmodium falciparum (P falciparum/P vivax reporting ratio 1.3:1 in 1987-91 and 5.4:1 in 2002-6). P vivax reports declined from 3954 in 1987-91 to 1244 in 2002-6. Case fatality of reported P falciparum malaria did not change over this period (7.4 deaths per 1000 reported cases). Travellers visiting friends and relatives, usually in a country in Africa or Asia from which members of their family migrated, accounted for 13 215/20 488 (64.5%) of all malaria reported, and reports were geographically concentrated in areas where migrants from Africa and South Asia to the UK have settled. People travelling for this purpose were at significantly higher risk of malaria than other travellers and were less likely to report the use of any chemoprophylaxis (odds ratio of reported chemoprophylaxis use 0.23, 95% confidence interval 0.21 to 0.25).Despite the availability of highly effective preventive measures, the preventable burden from falciparum malaria has steadily increased in the UK while vivax malaria has decreased. Provision of targeted and appropriately delivered preventive messages and services for travellers from migrant families visiting friends and relatives should be a priority.
Electronic prescribing could save at least $29bn
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Email is becoming a more common tool of clinical practice, enabling doctors to communicate with patients between office visits, improve diagnosis and compliance with medical treatments, and facilitate medical record keeping, says a report in the New England Journal of Medicine (2004;350:1705-7)."Judging from our early experience in a practice that offers secure electronic communication, e-mail gives doctors and patients more time to think," wrote
Benign Left Bundle Branch Block
Authors: THOMAS B. BEACH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Ten patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) without signs or symptoms of underlying heart disease were carefully studied clinically and by cardiac catheterization including selective coronary arteriography. Catheterization studies were normal, and coronary arteriography showed no evidence of significant coronary obstructive disease in any patient. The possible causes of LBBB in asymptomatic individuals are discussed. Left bundle branch block discovered in an incidental manner may not connote serious underlying heart disease.
Histopathological and laboratory assessment of visual dysfunction.
Authors: R Heywood
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

The currently available methods of assessing ocular toxicity are discussed. Manifestations of ocular toxicity are best described clinically; histopathological examination of the eye is beset with problems of preparing the eye for morphological examinations. Electron microscopy is essential to look for chemically induced side effects at the cellular level. Mechanisms of ocular toxicity are poorly understood, and the limitation of animal studies in predicting side effects in man must be appreciated.
Screening Strategies for Lead Poisoning-Reply
Authors: Gerald A. Wagner
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We agree with Dr Garza that the San Francisco data indicate how varied are jurisdictions and support test strategies differentiated according to local needs, conditions, and characteristics. The adequacy and validity of screening questions need to be established, and efforts to improve their sensitivity and specificity should not be abandoned in favor of universal blood lead testing. To this end, self-evaluation tools could be developed for use by families in concert with clinicians. Dr Schaffer noted the unclear generalizability of the Orange County findings, but our intent was not to develop a database from which to generalize and develop policy for other jurisdictions, but to illustrate the need for community-based assessment and data-driven local policy. We do not concur that few areas have such low percentages of pre-1950 homes; internal migration to Sunbelt/Southwest states and suburbanization during recent decades have created many new communities so that Orange County
An Unusual Case of Syphilitic Parkinsonism
Authors: K. G. Neill
Journal: BMJ (1953)

A technique for anaesthesia in abdominal surgery is described, using thiopentone, succinylcholine by continu- ous drip, intermittent pethidine, and controlled respiration with nitrous oxide and oxygen.The succinylcholine drip gives a flexibility of control not obtainable with other relaxants, while respiration is quickly restored after the drip has been stopped.No case of prolonged apnoea has been met with.Given a well-trained nurse, the method is no more cumbersome than repeated injections of D-tubocurarine or other relaxant, even for the single-handed anaesthetist.The technique is suitable for both planned and emergency abdominal surgery, in both fit and seriously ill patients.The use of pethidine minimizes reflex disturbances and adds greatly to the post-operative well-being of the patient.Thanks are due to our surgical and theatre nursing staff colleagues at Rush Green and Wanstead Hospitals, and particu- larly to our resident anaesthetists Dr. M.
Successful Endoscopic Management of Subacute Intestinal Obstruction Presenting 3 Years After Lodgement of a Coin in the Duodenal Cap
Authors: M. F. Byrne, G. McVey, K. Abdulla, S. Patchett
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

Individuals who ingest coins are usually simply observed, because the majority of coins which pass into the stomach move unimpeded through the gastrointestinal tract [1] [2]. It is rare for ingested coins which pass through the pylorus to lodge in the small bowel, and even rarer for this not to present acutely but rather several years later. A 52-year-old man presented with a 9-month history of intermittent epigastric pain and profuse vomiting, each bout lasting a few hours. These episodes settled spontaneously, and he was entirely well in between. The patient had accidentally swallowed a coin over 3 years previously which had not obviously passed. Physical examination showed normal findings. An abdominal plain film showed a coin-shaped metallic density in his mid-abdomen. Gastroscopy revealed an Irish 50 pence coin in the duodenal cap (Figure [1]). The coin was firmly adherent to the duodenal mucosa on one of its edges, but appeared to swing about this axis and intermittently occlude the pyloric opening. There was a duodenal diverticulum just proximal to the site of the coin. The coin was dislodged with a snare and retrieved using a basket (Figure [2]). At follow up 3 months later, the patient remained well with no further gastrointestinal symptoms.