tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Colipase enhances hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides in the absence of bile salts.
Authors: L Bläckberg, O Hernell, G Bengtsson, T Olivecrona
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

This study explores how dietary lipids are digested when intraduodenal bile salts are low or absent. Long-chain triglycerides emulsified with phosphatidylcholine were found to be hydrolyzed very slowly by pancreatic lipase alone, as if the surface layer of phospholipids enveloping the triglycerides impeded the action of the enzyme. Colipase enhanced triglyceride hydrolysis severalfold, both when added before or after the lipase. Hydrolysis became even more rapid when the emulsion was first incubated with pancreatic phospholipase. Hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides was also severely impeded when other proteins were added to the system, probably because they adsorbed to the oil-water interface of the emulsion droplets. It was previously known that bile salts can relieve such inhibition, presumably by desorbing the adsorbed proteins. Colipase was found to enhance hydrolysis severalfold in a dose-dependent manner even in the absence of bile salts, i.e., it could partially or completely relieve the inhibition depending upon the amount and the type of inhibitory protein added to the system. Prior exposure of a protein-coated triglyceride emulsion to another lipase also enhanced the rate at which pancreatic lipase could then hydrolyze the lipids. Most dietary triglycerides are probably presented for intestinal digestion in emulsions covered by proteins and/or phospholipids. These emulsions would be hydrolyzed slowly by pancreatic lipase alone. However, through the action of the lipase in stomach contents and of pancreatic phospholipase and through the lipolysis-promoting effects of collipase, these triglycerices can be rather efficiently hydrolyzed, even in the absence of bile salts.
NOD2 regulation of Toll-like receptor responses and the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease
Authors: T Watanabe
Journal: Gut (2005)

NOD2 signalling can both positively and negatively regulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses. Previous studies have shown that lack of NOD2 signalling (in NOD2 knockout mice) leads to increased peptidoglycan induction of interleukin (IL)-12 via TLR2. Studies in this issue of Gut show that lack of NOD2 signalling (in patients with NOD2 mutations) leads to decreased CpG induction of tumour necrosis factor and IL-8 via TLR9. The first type of abnormality suggests that NOD2 mutations act by enhancing effector T cell function and the second that NOD2 mutations act by impairing regulatory T cell function. We weigh these possibilities.

Several years ago it was discovered that homozygous (or compound heterozygous) mutations of CARD15 , a gene encoding NOD2 (nucleotide oligomerisation domain 2), are a major susceptibility factor underlying a significant subgroup of patients with Crohn’s disease in Western countries.1,2,3,4 More recently it has been shown that mutations of this gene are also associated with diseases that are immunologically related to Crohn’s disease, such as early onset sarcoidosis.5 Thus it has become increasingly clear that these mutations offer an extraordinary window on the function of the mucosal immune system and how defects in such function lead to disease.

The road to understanding the consequences of NOD2 mutations begins with knowledge of how NOD2 functions in normal individuals. NOD2 is now known to be a member of a large and somewhat heterogeneous protein family known as the NOD-LRR (leucine-rich repeat) protein family that are grouped together because they more or less share the same structural regions: an LRR domain, a NOD domain, and a CARD (caspase recruitment domain) (as in the case of NOD2) or PYRIN domain.6 The LRR domain is a cognate of a similar domain found in all members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family …
Saliva Research Leads to New Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Options
Authors: Paul T. Kefalides
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Currents21 December 1999Saliva Research Leads to New Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic OptionsPaul T. Kefalides, MDPaul T. Kefalides, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-12-199912210-00102 SectionsAboutFull Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail During the past two decades, increased research has produced several approvedmethods of sampling saliva to diagnose disease and has led to the isolation ofpharmacologically active substances from the oral cavity. While entrepreneurs create Web sites to profit from these advances, scientists continue to focus on saliva's role in oral health and to explore new approaches to therapy forsalivary deficiency.Advantages of AccessibilityAmong body fluids, saliva is particularly easy to collect and economical to transport. However, because it is difficult to measure trace concentrations of physiologic compounds in saliva, blood and urine are used more frequently to resolve clinical questions. ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byMethods in Raman spectroscopy for saliva studies – a reviewRecent trends in the development of diagnostic tools for diabetes mellitus using patient salivaSaliva Diagnostics for Oral DiseasesDiagnostic Potential of Saliva: Current State and Future ApplicationsSaliva as an analytical matrix: state of the art and application for biomonitoringDetermination of salivary dehydroepiandrosterone using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry combined with charged derivatizationTrace Determination of Steroids Causing Age-Related Diseases Using LC/MS Combined with Detection-Oriented DerivatizationOral Diagnostics for the Geriatric Populations: Current Status and Future ProspectsComparison of Oral Fluid Collectors for Use in a Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostic DeviceOral fluid as a diagnostic toolToothbrushing affects the protein composition of whole saliva 21 December 1999Volume 131, Issue 12Page: 991-992KeywordsAntibodiesAntimicrobialsBloodDrugsEpithelial cellsHormonesMouthProteinsSalivaSpecificity Issue Published: 21 December 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.Loading ...
Straw Charcoal Dressings of the Japanese.
Authors: S. Sherwell
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Brooklyn, N. Y., March 20, 1905. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I am greatly interested in an item under the above title which appeared inThe Journal, March 4, page 731. In this item credit is given to Surgeon-General Kikusi for having first suggested the use of charcoal for primary dressings in such cases. As you will see by enclosed extract from reprint of a paper read at the International Medical Congress in London, 1881, I must lay claim to originality as to suggestion and technic, viz.: "I believe a large amount of these septic complications is due to the direct infection"; and after some explanatory remarks, urged the following substitute for the ordinary bandaging: "Among almost all continental nations charcoal is largely used, and everywhere available, and easily obtained; I would suggest, then, after operation, the instant envelopment of the wounds, particularly those of the limbs, and especially, as I think,
EPIDEMIC OF ENCEPHALITIS, PREDOMINANTLY ST. LOUIS TYPE, IN PINAL COUNTY, ARIZ.
Authors: GORDON MEIKLEJOHN
Journal: JAMA (1942)

Encephalomyelitis in horses has been present throughout Arizona for a number of years, but human encephalitis has rarely been reported.<sup>1</sup>During the summer of 1941 equine encephalomyelitis again appeared and soon afterward cases of human encephalitis began to occur in several parts of the state. In Pinal County, in southern Arizona, 18 human cases were studied during the months June to November. All but 3 of the patients were hospitalized. The etiologic diagnosis was established in most instances by repeated virus neutralization tests. Although the coincident equine outbreak pointed toward the western equine strain as the probable cause, the virus neutralization studies suggest that two viruses were responsible, western equine and St. Louis, with the latter greatly predominating. Clinically the cases could not be divided into two groups. Since the discovery of the St. Louis encephalitis virus during the epidemic of 1933<sup>2</sup>it has been shown to be
What causes cerebral palsy?
Authors: P. Rosenbaum
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A genetic or familial component now looks likely

What causes neurodisabilities such as cerebral palsy? This is one of the most challenging questions facing affected families and the health professionals who advise and care for people with these disparate conditions.

Traditionally, we believed that if a mother had a “difficult” delivery and a newborn adapted poorly to postnatal life and was subsequently found to have cerebral palsy, these events were causally linked. The cerebral palsy was intuitively connected to adverse preceding events, and doctors and other health professionals were easily blamed for poor care that supposedly led to the poor outcome. As perinatal medicine advanced with the aid of new technologies such as prenatal imaging,1 we have realised that impairments in brain development, structure, and function very often precede adverse perinatal or postnatal events, and may even “cause” them.

The original work by Tollanes and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.g4294) takes advantage of a remarkable resource—the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, with its links to the Norwegian social insurance scheme—to explore the risk of recurrence (and perhaps heritability) of cerebral palsy in a cohort of more than two million Norwegians …
Studies on an Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine
Authors: Samuel L. Katz, C. Henry Kempe, Francis L. Black, Martha L. Lepow, Saul Krugman, Robert J. Haggerty, John F. Enders
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

IN the preceding papers of this series, the background and laboratory development of a live attenuated measles virus and its first clinical trials as a vaccinating agent have been described by the responsible workers. In this final paper representatives of the participating groups have attempted to summarize and evaluate the data obtained and to offer from this experience suggestions for future study and use of measles vaccine (attenuated).ResultsAlthough the experimental design varied somewhat in each group, the results were strikingly similar. A total of 303 children received the vaccine. Thirty-one of them were vaccinated orally, intranasally or via . . .
Cost-Effectiveness of Genotype-Guided and Dual Antiplatelet Therapies
Authors: Thomas A. Marciniak
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Letters2 September 2014Cost-Effectiveness of Genotype-Guided and Dual Antiplatelet TherapiesThomas A. Marciniak, MDThomas A. Marciniak, MDFrom U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/L14-5017-5 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Kazi and colleagues' (1) cost-effectiveness analysis of antiplatelet therapies in the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is an interesting attempt that I consider misleading because it neglects 2 factors: the uncertainty in the results of the clinical trials of prasugrel and ticagrelor and the differences between ACS with and without ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The authors may have neglected these factors because they relied on the published literature and apparently did not incorporate the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviews of prasugrel (2) and ticagrelor (3) that discuss these factors in detail.The FDA reviews suggest ...References1. Kazi DS, Garber AM, Shah RU, Dudley RA, Mell MW, Rhee C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of genotype-guided and dual antiplatelet therapies in acute coronary syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:221-32. [PMID: 24727840] LinkGoogle Scholar2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug approval package: Effient (prasugrel) tablets: medical review(s). 2009. Accessed at www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2009/022307s000TOC.cfm on 30 July 2014. Google Scholar3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug approval package: Brilinta (ticagrelor) tablets: medical review(s). 2011. Accessed at www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2011/022433Orig1s000TOC.cfm on 30 July 2014. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.Disclaimer: This letter reflects the views of the author and should not be construed to represent the views or policies of the FDA.Disclosures: Authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest. Forms can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=L14-0208. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoUpdate in Rheumatology: Evidence Published in 2013 E. Blair Solow , Salahuddin Kazi , and Una E. Makris Metrics 2 September 2014Volume 161, Issue 5Page: 378KeywordsAntiplatelet therapyDrugsPlateletsStatins ePublished: 2 September 2014 Issue Published: 2 September 2014 CopyrightCopyright © 2014 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Platelet reactivity in vivo in dogs with arterial prostheses seeded with endothelial cells.
Authors: G P Clagett, W E Burkel, J B Sharefkin, J W Ford, H Hufnagel, D W Vinter, R H Kahn, L M Graham, J C Stanley, P W Ramwell
Journal: Circulation (1984)

This study was designed to assess platelet activity in vivo with vascular prostheses seeded with endothelial cells to determine the time course for development of thromboresistance and to test the ability of prostheses to produce prostacyclin. Sixteen dogs were randomly allocated to receive seeded (experimental group) or unseeded (control group) velour Dacron aortic prostheses. Serial measurements of platelet survival were performed to assess platelet interaction with prostheses in vivo, and platelet serotonin was monitored as an index of platelet release in vivo. After placement of prostheses, dogs in the experimental group had rapid normalization of platelet survival, with most having normal platelet survival at 4 to 8 weeks after surgery. In contrast, most control animals had reduced platelet survival throughout the 12 week period of study. Significant differences between groups in mean platelet survival were noted at 8 weeks after surgery (p less than .005) and in mean platelet serotonin at 12 weeks after surgery (p less than .05). Luminal surface production of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha from seeded prostheses was similar to aortic production and significantly greater (p less than .05) than that of control prostheses. Gross thrombus was present on 6.0 +/- 3.4% of the prosthetic surface in experimental animals in comparison to 26.6 +/- 19.2% in controls (p less than .005). The results of these studies document accelerated nonreactivity with platelets of seeded prostheses due to rapid coverage with endothelium possessing a normal ability to produce prostacyclin.
The Quality of Reporting in Published Cost-Utility Analyses, 1976–1997
Authors: Peter J. Neumann, Patricia W. Stone, Richard H. Chapman, Eileen A. Sandberg, Chaim M. Bell
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Purpose: Cost-utility analysis is a type of cost-effectiveness analysis in which health effects are measured in terms of quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs] gained. Such analyses have become popular for examining the health and economic consequences of health and medical interventions, and they have been recommended by leaders in the field. These recommendations emphasize the importance of good reporting practices. This study determined 1) the quality of reporting in published cost–utility analyses through 1997 and 2) whether reporting practices have improved over time. We examined quality of reporting by journal type and number of cost–utility analyses a journal has published. Data Sources: Computerized databases were searched through 1997 for the Medical Subject Headings or text keywords quality-adjusted, QALY, and cost–utility analysis. Published bibliographies of the field were also searched. Study Selection: Original cost–utility analyses written in English were included. Cost-effectiveness analyses that measured health effects in units other than QALYs and review, editorial, or methodologic articles were excluded. Data Extraction: Each of the 228 articles found was audited independently by two trained readers who used a standard data collection form to determine the quality of reporting in several categories: disclosure of funding, framing, reporting of costs, reporting of preference weights, reporting of results, and discussion. Results: The number of cost–utility analyses in the medical literature increased greatly between 1976 and 1997. Analyses covered a wide range of diseases and interventions. Most studies listed modeling assumptions (82%), described the comparator intervention (83%), reported sensitivity analysis (89%), and noted study limitations (84%). Only 52% clearly stated the study perspective; 34% did not disclose the funding source. Methods of reporting costs and preference weights varied widely. The quality of published analyses improved slightly over time and was higher in general clinical journals and in journals that published more of these analyses. Conclusions: The study results reveal an active and evolving field but also underscore the need for more consistency and clarity in reporting. Better peer review and independent, third-party audits may help in this regard. Future investigations should examine the quality of clinical and economic assumptions used in cost–utility analyses, in addition to whether analysts followed recommended protocols for performance and reporting.
Review: Risk prediction scales have different strengths and weaknesses for predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Daniel I. Steinberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Loke YK, Kwok CS, Niruban A, Myint PK. Value of severity scales in predicting mortality from community-acquired pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2010;65:884-90. 20729235
Role of Ly-6 in lymphocyte activation. II. Induction of T cell activation by monoclonal anti-Ly-6 antibodies.
Authors: T R Malek, G Ortega, C Chan, R A Kroczek, E M Shevach
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

The Ly-6 locus controls the expression and/or encodes for alloantigenic specificities found primarily on subpopulations of murine T and B lymphocytes. We have recently identified and characterized a new rat mAb, D7, that recognizes a nonpolymorphic Ly-6 specificity. After crosslinking by anti-Ig reagents or by Fc receptor-bearing accessory cells, mAb D7 could induce IL-2 production from T cell hybridomas, and in the presence of PMA could trigger a vigorous proliferative response in resting peripheral T cells. The addition of mAb D7 to cultures of antigen- and alloantigen-, but not mitogen-stimulated T cells resulted in a marked augmentation of the proliferative response. A number of other well-characterized mAbs to Ly-6 locus products could also stimulate a T cell proliferative response after crosslinking by anti-Ig and in the presence of PMA. These results strongly suggest that Ly-6 molecules may play a critical role in the T cell activation cascade, either as receptors for an unidentified soluble or cell-associated ligand or as transducing molecules that modulate signals initiated by antigen stimulation of the T3-Ti complex.
Court case may clarify law on caesarean sections
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Lawyers believe that a case about to be taken to the High Court in London by a woman forced to undergo a caesarean section could clarify the law on advance directives as well as elucidating women's rights in childbirth.

Ms S, whose case had a preliminary hearing last week, is seeking leave to apply for judicial review of decisions by a social worker to “section” her for assessment under the Mental Health Act and of two NHS trusts for detaining her and treating her against her will.

Ms S, a trained health professional who cannot be named to protect her child, was near term when she first went to register with Dr Caroline Chill, a GP near her home in South London, having previously seen another doctor some distance away.

Dr Chill told her that she was showing signs of pre-eclampsia and unless she …
The antilipolytic agent 3,5-dimethylpyrazole inhibits insulin release in response to both nutrient secretagogues and cyclic adenosine monophosphate agonists in isolated rat islets
Authors: P. Masiello, M. Novelli, M. Bombara, V. Fierabracci, S. Vittorini, M. Prentki, E. Bergamini
Journal: Metabolism (2002)
A Bread Substitute for Diabetic Patients
Authors: R. T. Williamson
Journal: BMJ (1895)

RDlAL, JOURN ^t, evidence of the diseaseTbeyond one small circular crust on one teat about the size'of a split pea, which certainly would not have been recognised as cow-pox had it not exactly resembled in colour and configuration the pocks of the first animal.Taking into consideration the appearance of the crust and the circumstances of the case, it is very probable that both animals contracted the disease at the same time and from the same source.From the descriptions of this disease, as given by various
Painless Myocardial Infarction in Diabetes
Authors: Samuel Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Silent myocardial infarction has long been considered a clinical oddity. The diagnosis could only be made retrospectively from an ECG or an autopsy finding. Its association with diabetes escaped notice until the late 1950s when Friedberg 1 commented that diabetic patients often had little or no pain with their myocardial infarction. This observation has since received documented, statistically supported confirmation.  In a study of the cases of 200 patients with acute myocardial infarction, Bradley and Schonfeld 2 found that 42 of 100 diabetic patients had no pain at all, and in only two cases was the pain severe. By contrast, the pain was severe in 76 of the 100 nondiabetic patients and was absent in only six. In a more recent study, Soler et al 3 noted that of 285 diabetic patients with myocardial infarctions, 101 were admitted directly to the ward, bypassing the coronary care unit. Infarctions were not
Glucose degradation products in PD fluids: Do they disappear from the peritoneal cavity and enter the systemic circulation?
Authors: Martin Zeier, Vedat Schwenger, Reinhold Deppisch, Ulrike Haug, Kai Weigel, U. Bahner, Christoph Wanner, H. Schneider, Thomas Henle, Eberhard Ritz
Journal: Kidney International (2003)