tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pernicious Anemia and Immunologic Deficiency
Authors: HAROLD O. CONN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

The association of pernicious anemia with immunologic deficiency has previously been described in 16 patients. Two additional cases are presented in this report. The suggestion that serum gamma globulin levels are commonly reduced in patients with pernicious anemia was not confirmed by immunoquantitation of serum immunoglobulins in 18 patients with pernicious anemia in relapse. Quantitation of immunoglobulins in 10 patients with malabsorptive disorders of diverse cause did not show any instances of true hypogammaglobulinemia. Four of these patients exhibited increased serum immunoglobulin A levels, a phenomenon previously reported only in gluten enteropathy. Although the anemia in these hypogammaglobulinemic patients was characteristic of pernicious anemia by hematologic and gastric criteria, it was unusual in several ways. First, the average age of the patients at onset of the anemia was 30 years, unusually early for pernicious anemia. Second, none had parietal cell or intrinsic factor antibodies. Third, Giardia lamblia was reported in half the patients with this combination of diseases. The concurrence of pernicious anemia and hypogammaglobulinemia is too frequent to be explained by coincidence. Although the explanation of this relationship is not clear, the associations of hypogammaglobulinemia with malabsorption and of malabsorption with gastric atrophy suggest that gastric atrophy may be a secondary consequence of hypogammaglobulinemia which usually precedes the pernicious anemia. Further investigations are needed to clarify the pathogenesis of this fascinating syndrome.
Propranolol treatment of thyrotoxicosis in a premature infant.
Authors: K N Pearl, T L Chambers
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Propranolol treatment of thyrotoxicosis in a premature infant Advances in the treatment of neonatal thyrotoxicosis are important because, although rare, this disease has a 12 °, mortality.'Pemberton, McConnell, and Shanks2 reported the first case of neonatal thyro- toxicosis successfully treated by beta-blocking drugs alone.We have used propranolol for the first time in a premature infant and confirm that this is a safe and easy method of treating toxic symptoms. Case report and commentThyrotoxicosis was diagnosed in the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy in a 28-year-old gravida II patient who presented with tachycardia, goitre, and exophthalmos.Treatment with carbimazole, 15 mg daily, controlled her symptoms.Labour started spontaneously but prematurely and was followed by a normal delivery of a baby boy weighing 1625 g on 23 September 1976, who at birth was assessed to be at 34 weeks gestation.There was no antenatal record of fetal tachycardia and he was apparently normal at birth with no goitre.The cord blood thyroxine concentration was 216 nmolll (16 8 tsg/lOO ml) (normal adult range for our laboratory 60-135 nmol,l
The “Domino Theory” of Gene Death: Gradual and Mass Gene Extinction Events in Three Lineages of Obligate Symbiotic Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Tal Dagan, Ran Blekhman, Dan Graur
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

During the adaptation of an organism to a parasitic lifestyle, various gene functions may be rendered superfluous due to the fact that the host may supply these needs. As a consequence, obligate symbiotic bacterial pathogens tend to undergo reductive genomic evolution through gene death (nonfunctionalization or pseudogenization) and deletion. Here, we examine the evolutionary sequence of gene-death events during the process of genome miniaturization in three bacterial species that have experienced extensive genome reduction: Mycobacterium leprae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhi. We infer that in all three lineages, the distribution of functional categories is similar in pseudogenes and genes but different from that of absent genes. Based on an analysis of evolutionary distances, we propose a two-step "domino effect" model for reductive genome evolution. The process starts with a gradual gene-by-gene-death sequence of events. Eventually, a crucial gene within a complex pathway or network is rendered nonfunctional triggering a "mass gene extinction" of the dependent genes. In contrast to published reports according to which genes belonging to certain functional categories are prone to nonfunctionalization more frequently and earlier than genes belonging to other functional categories, we could discern no characteristic regularity in the temporal order of function loss.
Endurance Training Improves the Resistance of Rat Diaphragm to Exercise-induced Oxidative Stress
Authors: SHUJI OH-ISHI, TAKAKO KIZAKI, TOMOMI OOKAWARA, TOMONOBU SAKURAI, TETSUYA IZAWA, NAOKAZU NAGATA, HIDEKI OHNO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that endurance training improves the ability of the diaphragm muscle to resist exercise-induced oxidative stress. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were assigned to either untrained or trained groups. Trained rats were treadmill-trained for 9 wk. Each group was subdivided into acutely exercised or nonexercised groups. Diaphragm muscle from each rat was analyzed to determine the levels of certain antioxidant enzymes: Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. In addition, interleukin-1 and myeloperoxidase levels were determined. Endurance training upregulated all of the antioxidant enzymes. Conversely, acute exercise increased glutathione peroxidase and catalase in untrained rats, while it had no overt effect on any antioxidant enzymes in trained rats. Both Mn-SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD contents and activities were increased with endurance training. However, the mRNA expressions of both forms of SOD did not show any significant change with endurance training. Acute exercise also increased the levels of interleukin-1 and myeloperoxidase in untrained rats but not in trained rats. Moreover, acute exercise significantly increased the ability of neutrophils to produce superoxide, especially in untrained rats. The results from this study demonstrate that endurance training can upregulate certain antioxidant enzyme activities in rat diaphragm muscle, indicating the potential for improvement of the resistance to intracellular reactive oxygen species. The results of this study also suggest that acute exercise may cause oxidative damage in rat diaphragm through the activation of the inflammatory pathway and that endurance training may minimize such an extracellular oxidative stress by acute exercise.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist decreases plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and soluble adhesion molecules in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Takayoshi Tsutamoto, Atsuyuki Wada, Keiko Maeda, Naoko Mabuchi, Masaru Hayashi, Takashi Tsutsui, Masato Ohnishi, Masahide Sawaki, Masanori Fujii, Takehiro Matsumoto, Masahiko Kinoshita
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2000)
Controlling cardiomyocyte length: the role of renin and PPAR-γ
Authors: Söhnke Hinrichs, Jacqueline Heger, Rolf Schreckenberg, Sibylle Wenzel, Gerhild Euler, Christoph Arens, Michael Bader, Stephan Rosenkranz, Evren Caglayan, Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

Renin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) interact directly with cardiomyocytes and influence protein synthesis. We investigated their effects and interaction on the size of cardiomyocytes. Effects of renin and PPAR-γ activation were studied in cultured adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, transgenic mice with a cardiomyocyte-restricted knockout of PPAR-γ, and transgenic rats overexpressing renin, TGR(mRen2)27. The length and width of cardiomyocytes were analysed 24 h after administration of factors. Renin caused an unexpected effect on the length of cardiomyocytes that was inhibited by mannose-6-phosphate and monensin, but not by administration of glucose-6-phosphate. Endothelin-1 used as a classical pro-hypertrophic agonist increased cell width but not cell length. Renin caused an activation of p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. The latter activation was impaired by mannose-6-phosphate. Inhibition of p42/44 but not of p38 MAP kinase activation attenuated the effect of renin on cell length. In contrast, activation of PPAR-γ reduced cell length. Feeding wild-type mice with pioglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, reduced cell length. Cardiomyocytes isolated from PPAR-γ knockout mice were longer, and their length was not affected by pioglitazone. Cardiomyocytes isolated from TGR(mRen2)27 rats were longer than those of non-transgenic littermates. Cell length was reduced by feeding these mice with pioglitazone. Pioglitazone affected cell length independent of blood pressure. The length of cardiomyocytes is controlled by the activation of cardiac-specific mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptors and activation of PPAR-γ. This type of cell size modification differs from that of any other known pro-hypertrophic agonists.
Dysphagia in Parkinson??s Disease
Authors: SHYH-JEN WANG, LIE-GAN CHIA CHIA, CHUNG-YUAN HSU, WAN-YU LIN, CHIA HUNG KAO, SHIN-HWA YEH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Patients with Parkinson's disease often experience dysphagia, in which case food seems to be blocked in the throat. The patient must swallow over and over to get it down. A radionuclide solid phase esophageal motility study was conducted to evaluate esophageal function of patients with Parkinson's disease. Twenty-seven patients and 27 age-matched normal volunteers were studied. Each subject was placed in the supine position above a gamma camera linked to a computer and was given a 4 mL bolus of solid gelatin containing 75 MBq Tc-99m pertechnetate. Data were acquired in the list mode. A computer routine was used to calculate the total mean transit time, the residual fraction after the first swallow, and the retrograde index. The preliminary results suggest: 1) patients with Parkinson's disease display significantly slowed transit time when compared with normal age-matched controls, and 2) dysphagia of Parkinson's disease may improve with medication. A solid phase esophageal motility study may be used as a monitor of dysphagia in patients with Parkinson's disease in our future studies.
I. BARTONELLA INCIDENCE IN SPLENECTOMIZED BILE FISTULA DOGS
Authors: R. E. Knutti, W. B. Hawkins
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1935)

Splenectomized bile fistula dogs in this laboratory have regularly exhibited spontaneous periods of anemia, which are associated with excessive bile pigment production. In three out of four dogs, such periods have been shown to be associated with the presence in the blood of bodies morphologically indistinguishable from descriptions of Bartonella canis. Simple splenectomized dogs have not shown such periods of anemia arising spontaneously. Inoculations of blood containing Bartonella bodies into two splenectomized dogs have resulted in intervals of blood destruction associated with the presence in their blood of bodies similar to those in the inoculated blood. Injection of such blood into a splenectomized biliary-renal fistula dog has resulted in a similar picture. Efforts to cultivate Bartonella bodies in artificial culture media have so far been unsuccessful. Neosalvarsan appears to have a specific sterilizing effect on the condition. Spleen extract feeding appears to have an inhibiting effect upon the periods of anemia and bile pigment overproduction.
Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate) promoted production of extracellular matrix of articular cartilage chondrocytes in vitro
Authors: Ying Deng, Xing-Sun Lin, Zhong Zheng, Jin-Guang Deng, Jin-Chun Chen, Hui Ma, Guo-Qiang Chen
Journal: Biomaterials (2003)
Skin Color and Ethnicity
Authors: Stephen H. Caldwell
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Letters15 October 1995Skin Color and EthnicityStephen H. Caldwell, MD and Rebecca Popenoe, MAStephen H. Caldwell, MDUniversity of Virginia; Charlottesville, VA 22908Search for more papers by this author and Rebecca Popenoe, MAUniversity of Virginia; Charlottesville, VA 22908Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-123-8-199510150-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:We appreciate Dr. Doroghazi's comments. We feel, however, that he has misunderstood our basic point. Our intent was to shed some light on a subject in medical history taking and case presentation about which little has been written.He describes our position as advocating dropping race from case presentations. In fact, we have tried to show that skin color is a poor indicator of a person's ethnic background. What is commonly perceived as race, often on the basis of skin color, has little scientific meaning. Ethnicity, because it includes both a person's genetic constitution (and probably something about ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Virginia; Charlottesville, VA 22908 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 October 1995Volume 123, Issue 8Page: 637KeywordsGenetic diseasesRacial and ethnic issues Issue Published: 15 October 1995 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1995 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Managing drug dealers who swallow the evidence.
Authors: B. Marc, R. K. Gherardi, F. J. Baud, M. Garnier, O. Diamant-Berger
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Drugs that are concealed by dealers or "body packers" in the gastrointestinal tract for smuggling can be detected by several methods."'3Analysis of urine,2 radiography of the abdomen,' 3 and natural clearanceh ave been reported.Little has been reported on managing dealers who quickly swallow packets of drugs at the time of arrest3'5 apart from an occasional fatal overdose.5Unlike those swallowed by body packers, the drugs ingested by "quick swallowers" are not in wrappings designed for ingestion.We evaluated the usual methods of drug detection in 50 subjects who were suspected of quick swallowing of drugs and we also gave them an emetic.
The trouble with medical journals
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

Medical journals, which many imagine to be as dull as telephone directories and twice as obscure, influence the lives of everybody-and not always for the better.Not only do they affect how doctors treat patients and the actions taken by public health authorities, they also influence how we think about birth, death, pain, and sickness.It may therefore make sense for you-the thoughtful but not necessarily expert reader-to pay attention to the ways of medical journals, particularly as many of those ways are deficient and need reform.That is the thesis of this series of articles.
A randomized phase 2 study of lenalidomide therapy for patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Paul G. Richardson, Emily Blood, Constantine S. Mitsiades, Sundar Jagannath, Steven R. Zeldenrust, Melissa Alsina, Robert L. Schlossman, S. Vincent Rajkumar, K. Raman Desikan, Teru Hideshima, Nikhil C. Munshi, Kathleen Kelly-Colson, Deborah Doss, Mary L. McKenney, Svetlana Gorelik, Diane Warren, Andrea Freeman, Rebecca Rich, Anfang Wu, Marta Olesnyckyj, Kenton Wride, William S. Dalton, Jerome Zeldis, Robert Knight, Edie Weller, Kenneth C. Anderson
Journal: Blood (2006)
Do antihypertensive drugs precipitate diabetes in predisposed men?
Authors: E. T. Skarfors, H. O. Lithell, I. Selinus, H. Aberg
Journal: BMJ (1989)

To evaluate the influence of antihypertensive treatment and metabolic characteristics on the development of diabetes mellitus in middle aged men.Prospective study over an average of nine years.Community based health survey of middle aged men carried out at the University of Uppsala.Seventy three hypertensive men aged 49-54 and 65 normotensive controls matched for body mass index, glucose disappearance rate (k value) at an intravenous glucose tolerance test, and serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations.Hypertensive group was treated with beta blockers, thiazides, hydralazine, or combinations of these drugs. Treatment was not randomised.Intravenous glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose and serum lipid and insulin concentrations, body weight and height, three skinfold measurements, and blood pressure were recorded both during an initial health screening survey in 1970-3 and at a follow up survey in 1980-3. In the period between the two surveys 12 hypertensive men and two controls developed diabetes. Review of values obtained at the initial survey showed that the hypertensive men who developed diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance could be distinguished from those hypertensive men who did not by virtue of a higher fasting serum insulin concentration (26.1 v 15.2 mU/l (confidence interval of difference -15.2 to -6.2)), a lower peak serum insulin concentration (78.9 v 94.3 mU/l (confidence interval of difference -1.1 to 41.1)), and a lower k value (1.29 v 1.68 (confidence interval of difference -0.02 to 0.68)). The insulin index (peak insulin concentration divided by fasting insulin concentration), however, decreased significantly in the hypertensive men over time irrespective of whether they developed diabetes but did not change in the controls. Furthermore, the serum triglyceride concentration increased in the treated group and decreased in the controls.A severalfold difference in the incidence of diabetes between treated hypertensive and non-treated, normotensive men may be a consequence of the treatment, which may be particularly deleterious in men predisposed to diabetes.
The circadian pacemaker generates similar circadian rhythms in the fractal structure of heart rate in humans and rats
Authors: Kun Hu, Frank A.J.L. Scheer, Ruud M. Buijs, Steven A. Shea
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

Adverse cardiovascular events in humans occur with a day/night pattern, presumably related to a daily pattern of behaviours or endogenous circadian rhythms in cardiovascular variables. Healthy humans possess a scale-invariant/fractal structure in heartbeat fluctuations that exhibits an endogenous circadian rhythm and changes towards the structure observed in cardiovascular disease at the circadian phase corresponding to the time of the broad peak of adverse cardiovascular events (at about 10 AM). To explore the relationship between the rest/activity cycle, endogenous circadian rhythmicity, and cardiac vulnerability, we tested whether the fractal structure of heart rate exhibits a similar circadian rhythm in a mammalian species that is nocturnally active (Wistar rats) compared with diurnally active humans, and how this fractal structure changes after lesioning the circadian pacemaker (suprachiasmatic nucleus, SCN) in rats. Analysis of heart rate data collected over 10 days in eight intact and six SCN-lesioned Wistar rats during constant darkness revealed that: (i) as with humans, rats exhibit an endogenous circadian rhythm in the scaling exponent characterizing the hourly fractal structure of heart rate (P = 0.0005) with larger exponents during the biological day (inactive phase for rats; active phase for humans); (ii) SCN lesioning abolished the rhythm in the fractal structure of heart rate and systematically increased the scaling exponent (P = 0.01). Rats possess a circadian rhythm of fractal structure of heart rate with a similar temporal pattern as previously observed in humans despite opposite rest/activity cycles between the two species. The SCN imparts this endogenous rhythm. Moreover, lesioning the SCN in rats results in a larger scaling exponent, as occurs with cardiovascular disease in humans.
(8) Dermatomyositis and carcinoma of the rectum (resected)
Authors: A. Navaratnam, E. Waddington
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1973)

Journal Article (8) Dermatomyositis and carcinoma of the rectum (resected) Get access A. Navaratnam, A. Navaratnam Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. Waddington E. Waddington Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 89, Issue s9, 1 July 1973, Pages 43–46, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb03441.x Published: 01 July 1973
Blood pressure and five year survival in the very old
Authors: K. Mattila, M. Haavisto, S. Rajala, R. Heikinheimo
Journal: BMJ (1988)

During 1977-8 we measured blood pressure in 561 old people (83% of those aged 85 or more living in Tampere) and analysed their five year survival according to their blood pressure group. The subjects were divided into six groups on the basis of their blood pressures (from less than 120 to greater than 200 mm Hg systolic, from less than 70 to greater than 110 diastolic). The greatest mortality was observed in those in the lowest systolic and lowest diastolic groups. Mortality was least in subjects with systolic pressures of 160 mm Hg or more and diastolic pressures of 90 mm Hg or more. The most essential finding in this series of the very old was an increased mortality in the lowest blood pressure groups.
A Fourth Report ON EXPERIENCES WITH SPINAL ANALGESIA IN REFERENCE TO 2,354 CASES
Authors: A. E. Barker
Journal: BMJ (1912)

THx B9nmf L MEDICAL JOUKEAr.0 was recommended.My a&dvice was not comlplied witlh.Vigorous alntisyphilitic treatment was adopted, and, no benefit accruing, was giveln up.Four years afterwards I made the following notes as to her condition: Headaches were no longer constant, but the sight lhas always been worse after an attack.Her features are not acromegalic; her gloves are still of the same size; lher boots a size .larger.Is much stouter than she was; she looks bright.Amenorrhoea still present.Smell, taste, and hearing are iorn-ial.normal.~2-3 metres R. V. Finger (on the nasal side).L.V. No perception of light.R. Hemniaiopic pupillary reaction.Ophthalmoscopy; Right and left discs-consecutive optic atrophy-.1 metre Wlhen seen a monith ago, R.V i i ~~ao, Fingers.Headaclhes nd longer trouble her.Prognosis and Treatment.1.If there be 'only symptoms of h-yposecretion, as in Madelung's case, in which the syndrome developed after a gunshot wound of the base of the skull involving the sella turcica2 symptomatic treatment should be adopted and an encouraging' prognosis given as to duration of life.2. If the tumour syndrome be also present at least a decompression operation is indicated.Before concluding this address I would strongly urge the advantages of a suboccipital decompression operation as a ipalliative measure in all diseases, irrespective of their etiology, in which sucLh symptoms as headache, optic neuritis, and vomiting are aggressive features; though in less severe conditions-milder cases of Bright's disease for exalmple-treatment by lumbar puncture might suffice.I believe, with others, that the dura mater, stretched like the sclerotica in glaucoma, is the predominating factor in the produLction of headache; and that the optic neuritis, and frequently the vomiting, is almost invariably due to an obstruction to the escape of cerebro-spinal fluid.This, again, is parallel to the locking of the filtration angle in glaucoma.Time will not permit me to dilate upon the presence of optic atrophy in hyperpituitarism and that of optic neuritis il bypopituitarism, so I will conelude by thanking my colleagues of the Royal Halifax Infirmary for their valu- able assistance on many occasions; and Dr. Pollard, our late Senior HouLse-Surgeon, for much help in the collection of the material for this address; and Mr. Wrathall, of the same infirrmary, for the photographs and radiograms.