tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of local allergen priming on early, late, delayed‐phase, and epicutaneous skin reactions
Authors: F. R. Weller, M. S. Weller, H. M. Jansen, J. G. R. de Monchy
Journal: Allergy (1996)

Allergic disease is reflected in a chronic inflammatory response to an allergen. It is thought that local allergen priming underlies this chronicity. To assess the effect of allergen priming on the amplitude and histologic effect of the allergic reaction, four sequential, intracutaneous skin tests were done with 48‐h intervals in 13 patients allergic to the house‐dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt). Reactions were measured at 15 min, and at 6, 24. and 48 h. Subsequently, epicutaneous tests were done on Dpt‐primed spots ( n = 5). At 6, 24, and 48 h, reactions increased after priming ( P &lt; 0.006), with unaltered early reactions. Epicutaneous reactions to Dpt on primed spots were larger than in epicutaneous controls on similarly primed skin. Local intradermal priming results in greater inflammatory responses at both intra‐ and epicutaneous challenge. This mechanism may explain the chronicity of allergic reactions at epithelial surfaces.
Mental Deterioration in Epilepsy due to Folate Deficiency
Authors: C. Neubauer
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Folate deficiency in 50 epileptic children aged 5 to 18 years was treated with a combination of folic acid and vitamin B(12). Improvement in mental condition occurred from five to eight weeks after beginning treatment in some of the younger children; no change was noticed, however, in 31. Similarly, in 19 children fits became less frequent and less severe. It is recommended that both folic acid and vitamin B(12) should be given as soon as a patient is started on anticonvulsant drugs to prevent mental deterioration.
Mesangial hypercellularity predicts antiproteinuric response to dual blockade of RAS in primary glomerulonephritis
Authors: R. Minutolo, M.M. Balletta, F. Catapano, P. Chiodini, G. Tirino, P. Zamboli, G. Fuiano, D. Russo, P. Marotta, C. Iodice, G. Conte, L. De Nicola
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
Gram Stain in Diagnosis of Gonorrhea in Males
Authors: Frank A. Manthey
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In "Duration of Therapy in Management of Gonorrhea" (<i>JAMA</i><b>190</b>:854 [Nov 30] 1964), Dr. Staheli points to the "increasingly frequent reports of failures with penicillin therapy" which have appeared in the medical literature. In his series the diagnosis of gonorrhea was established by finding gram-negative intracellular and extracellular diplococci in the smear of the purulent urethral discharge. It is an established fact that gonorrhea cannot be diagnosed with certainty in this way. Gram-stained smears are inadequate, when used alone, to separate bacteria of the tribe<i>Mimeae</i>from the gonococcus. Hence, it is evident that, whenever the gram stain alone is used for diagnosis of gonorrhea, penicillin failures will be increasingly frequent, due to incorrect diagnosis.
Faceguards and Football
Authors: Michael Cherington
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To The Editor:—</h3> As stated inThe Journal(<b>211</b>:2175, 1969), football continues to exact "a toll of injuries and death" among its players. Injuries to the cervical spine are common in football and these are in part the result of opposing players pulling on the faceguard. The faceguard is intended to protect the players from colliding forces, but it can be the cause of an injury when force is pulled against it. It would seem that helmets might better be designed so that the faceguard would easily detach with a minimal pulling force. This might also simplify the referee's task because the offender would be caught holding the mask.
Xenotransplantation: progress and promise
Authors: H. Y Vanderpool
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Extensive research in xenotransplantation is being propelled by the critical shortage of allotransplants. About a third of the patients on organ waiting lists in the United States die for lack of available organs, and in the United Kingdom fewer than 30% of those waiting for kidneys receive them each year.1–3 The human toll of suffering in patients who need transplants is great, and their quality of life is poor. 

This update focuses on whole organ xenotransplants. It draws on the latest published studies and the assessments at two recent meetings—a conference of US and UK scientists, ethicists, and policy experts in New York in May 1999, and the June 1999 meeting of the xenotransplantation subcommittee of the US Food and Drug Administration's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research.

Research is currently being conducted in all the critical areas of xenotransplantation, and this will, it is hoped, make xenotransplants safe and effective for human beings. These critical areas include immunological barriers, physiological functioning, infectious disease risks, and pivotal ethical issues.

#### Summary points

Xenotransplantation research is driven by the acute shortage of available allotransplants

Although one longstanding problem, hyperacute rejection of xenotransplants, is being overcome, daunting immunological barriers remain

Great attention must be given to the physiological functions of porcine organs in human beings

Worries over the infectious disease potential of porcine xenotransplants are easing

Ethical concerns over xenotransplants, including the challenge of identifying patients who might be approached as subjects of reinitiated clinical trials, are being explored

Over time, xenotransplantation has proved to be daunting because of organ rejection. Rejection occurs in several stages: hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, cellular rejection, and chronic rejection.2–4 Hyperacute rejection and acute vascular rejection are mediated by antibodies against oligosaccharide determinants on pig vascular endotelium.5 These forms of rejection occur …
Antagonism of RANTES Receptors Reduces Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation in Mice
Authors: Niels R. Veillard, Brenda Kwak, Graziano Pelli, Flore Mulhaupt, Richard W. James, Amanda E.I. Proudfoot, François Mach
Journal: Circulation Research (2003)

Increasing evidence supports the involvement of inflammation in the early phases of atherogenesis. Recruitment of leukocytes within the vascular wall, controlled by chemokines, is an essential process in the development of this common disease. In this study, we report that blocking a chemokine pathway in vivo with the CC chemokine antagonist Met-RANTES reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model. The reduction of lesions was correlated with a diminution of expression of several major chemokines and chemokine receptors, a decrease in leukocyte infiltration, and an increase of collagen-rich atheroma, features associated with stable atheroma. Treatment was well tolerated and serum lipid profiles were not affected. Whereas genetically engineered mice with deletion of either a CC chemokine or its receptor have demonstrated resistance to disease, to our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that treatment with a chemokine receptor antagonist limits the progression of atherosclerosis in vivo. Thus, our findings indicate that blockade of chemokine receptor/ligand interactions might become a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce the evolution of this common disease.
Effects of High-Frequency Oscillation on Endogenous Surfactant in an Acute Lung Injury Model
Authors: CAROLYN L. KERR, RUUD A. W. VELDHUIZEN, JAMES F. LEWIS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

This study evaluated the effects of high-frequency oscillation (HFO) and conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) on gas exchange and the pulmonary surfactant system in an acute lung injury model. Following induction of lung injury with N-nitroso-n-methylurethane, adult rabbits were anesthetized and randomized to one of the following ventilatory strategies: HFO for 120 min, CMV for 120 min, HFO for 60 min, followed by CMV for 60 min, CMV for 60 min followed by HFO for 60 min or CMV for 60 min. Separate animals were ventilated using CMV with a lower tidal volume and a positive end-expiratory pressure level that was increased throughout the experimental period. Oxygenation was significantly greater in animals ventilated with HFO compared with animals ventilated with CMV. The proportion of surfactant in large aggregate forms was significantly greater following ventilatory support with HFO compared with CMV. Surfactant aggregate conversion was also significantly lower during HFO compared with CMV. We conclude that in our model of acute lung injury, HFO was a superior mode of ventilation and reduced the conversion of alveolar surfactant large aggregates into small aggregate forms, resulting in a greater percentage of large aggregate forms in the alveolar space.Keywords: surfactant; mechanical ventilation; ARDS
(35) Sezary syndrome treated with α-interferon
Authors: N.R. Rowell
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Journal Article (35) Sézary syndrome treated with α‐interferon Get access N.R. Rowell N.R. Rowell The General Infirmary at Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 117, Issue s32, 1 June 1987, Pages 85–87, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb12075.x Published: 01 June 1987
Eosinophilic Granulocytes and Interleukin-6 Level in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Are Associated with the Development of Obliterative Bronchiolitis after Lung Transplantation
Authors: JANNY SCHOLMA, DIRK-JAN SLEBOS, H. MARIKE BOEZEN, JAN W. K. van den BERG, WIM van der BIJ, WIM J. de BOER, GERARD H. KOËTER, WIM TIMENS, HENK F. KAUFFMAN, DIRKJE S. POSTMA
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

In a prospective cohort study, we assessed whether changes in total cell counts and differentiation and interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are associated with a higher risk to develop obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). We investigated 60 lung transplant patients (follow-up of 2 to 8 yr) with either histologic evidence of OB within 1 yr after lung transplantation (n = 19) or no pathology, good outcome (GO) for at least 24 mo and well-preserved lung function, i.e., FEV > or = 80% of baseline (n = 41). Median time between lung transplantation and the first BAL was 42 d for the GO group and 41 d for the OB group (p > 0.05). In the bronchial fraction, median total cell counts (0.06 x 10(3)/ml versus 0.04 x 10(3)/ml), lymphocyte (9 x 10(3)/ml versus 2 x 10(3)/ml), and eosinophilic granulocyte counts (1 x 10(3)/ml versus 0) were significantly higher in the OB group than in the GO group (p < 0.05). In the alveolar fraction, this was the case for the median value of neutrophilic granulocyte counts (19 x 10(3)/ml versus 4 x 10(3)/ml), respectively. Median values of IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in both bronchial (IL-6: 23 versus 6 pg/ml, IL-8: 744 versus 102 pg/ml) and alveolar fractions (IL-6: 13 versus 3 pg/ml, IL-8: 110 versus 30 pg/ml) of the BALF were significantly higher in the OB group than in the GO group. By means of logistic regression, we showed that higher total cell, neutrophilic granulocyte, and lymphocyte counts, the presence of eosinophilic granulocytes, and higher concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly associated with an increased risk to develop OB. We conclude that monitoring cell counts, neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes, IL-6, and IL-8 in BALF within 2 mo after lung transplantation in addition to the transbronchial lung biopsy (TBB) pathology will contribute to a better identification and management of the group of patients at risk for developing OB within a year.
Within-Neighborhood Patterns and Sources of Particle Pollution: Mobile Monitoring and Geographic Information System Analysis in Four Communities in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Kathie L. Dionisio, Michael S. Rooney, Raphael E. Arku, Ari B. Friedman, Allison F. Hughes, Jose Vallarino, Samuel Agyei-Mensah, John D. Spengler, Majid Ezzati
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

BackgroundSources of air pollution in developing country cities include transportation and industrial pollution, biomass and coal fuel use, and resuspended dust from unpaved roads.ObjectivesOur goal was to understand within-neighborhood spatial variability of particulate matter (PM) in communities of varying socioeconomic status (SES) in Accra, Ghana, and to quantify the effects of nearby sources on local PM concentration.MethodsWe conducted 1 week of morning and afternoon mobile and stationary air pollution measurements in four study neighborhoods. PM with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ≤ 10 μm (PM10) was measured continuously, with matched global positioning system coordinates; detailed data on local sources were collected at periodic stops. The effects of nearby sources on local PM were estimated using linear mixed-effects models.ResultsIn our measurement campaign, the geometric means of PM2.5 and PM10 along the mobile monitoring path were 21 and 49 μg/m3, respectively, in the neighborhood with highest SES and 39 and 96 μg/m3, respectively, in the neighborhood with lowest SES and highest population density. PM2.5 and PM10 were as high as 200 and 400 μg/m3, respectively, in some segments of the path. After adjusting for other factors, the factors that had the largest effects on local PM pollution were nearby wood and charcoal stoves, congested and heavy traffic, loose dirt road surface, and trash burning.ConclusionsBiomass fuels, transportation, and unpaved roads may be important determinants of local PM variation in Accra neighborhoods. If confirmed by additional or supporting data, the results demonstrate the need for effective and equitable interventions and policies that reduce the impacts of traffic and biomass pollution.
Thyroid eye disease.
Authors: D Munro
Journal: BMJ (1993)

The signs of thyroid eye disease vary greatly from patient to patient.'Not all patients with Graves' disease have eye signs, and, when present, they may be asymmetric.Identical signs may be present in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and, rarely, in euthyroid patients with no obvious disturbance of thyroid function.2Lid retraction and lid lag are usually asymptomatic; more general features, such as severe congestion, often cause local discomfort and excessive tears.Diplopia resulting from the involvement of extra- ocular muscles may be very disabling.Generalised oedema in the orbit and periorbital tissues adds to the disfigurement.As the bulk of the intraorbital, extraocular tissues increases the eyeball is progressively pushed forwards, leading to increasingly severe proptosis and possible comeal exposure and ulceration.The resulting corneal opacity used to be one of the main threats to vision.The other was atrophy of the optic nerve after prolonged compression.Clinical experience suggests that controlling hyperthyroidism usually impedes the development of thyroid eye disease.Some people believe that the choice of antithyroid treatment is important, and all the currently used antithyroid treatments have been blamed for adversely affecting the eye signs.So far the case against any single method of treating hyperthyroidism remains unproved.3Total thyroidectomy was advocated in the 1960s as a means of curing thyroid eye disease but never became generally accepted.Similarly, Britain has few enthusiasts for local irradiation of the orbits.On the hypothesis that thyroid eye disease is, like Graves' disease, an autoimmune disturbance, immunosuppressant drugs have been used with variable and conflicting results.Very occasionally thyroid eye disease progresses rapidly with increasingly severe signs, including marked exophthalmos, and threatens sight.Such "malignant exophthalmos" can often be reversed, or at least arrested, by the use of a short course of very high doses of prednisolone.Patients
RNA metabolism in myotonic dystrophy: patient muscle shows decreased insulin receptor RNA and protein consistent with abnormal insulin resistance.
Authors: A Morrone, E Pegoraro, C Angelini, E Zammarchi, G Marconi, E P Hoffman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Myotonic dystrophy is a dominantly inherited clinically variable multisystemic disorder, and has been found to be caused by heterozygosity for a trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation in the 3' untranslated region of a protein kinase gene (DM kinase). The mechanisms by which the expanded repeat in DNA results in a dominant biochemical defect and the varied clinical phenotype, is not known. We have recently proposed a model where disease pathogenesis may occur at the RNA level in myotonic dystrophy: the mutant DM kinase RNA with the expansion mutation may disrupt cellular RNA metabolism in some general manner, as evidenced by defects in RNA processing of the normal DM kinase gene in heterozygous patients (dominant negative RNA mutation). Here we further test this hypothesis by measuring RNA metabolism of other genes in patient muscle biopsies (nine adult onset myotonic dystrophy patients, two congenital muscular dystrophy patients, four normal controls, and four myopathic controls). We focused on the insulin receptor gene because of the documented insulin resistance of DM patients. We show that there is a significant decrease in insulin receptor RNA in both total RNA and RNA polyA+ pools relative to normal and myopathic control muscles (P < 0.002), measured relative to both dystrophin RNA and muscle sodium channel RNA. We also show reductions in insulin receptor protein. Our results reinforce the concept of a generalized RNA metabolism defect in myotonic dystrophy, and offer a possible molecular mechanism for the increased insulin resistance observed in many myotonic dystrophy patients.
Identifying Allelic Loss and Homozygous Deletions in Pancreatic Cancer without Matched Normals Using High-Density Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Arrays
Authors: Eric S. Calhoun, Tomas Hucl, Eike Gallmeier, Kristen M. West, Dan E. Arking, Anirban Maitra, Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue, Aravinda Chakravarti, Ralph H. Hruban, Scott E. Kern
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Recent advances in oligonucleotide arrays and whole-genome complexity reduction data analysis now permit the evaluation of tens of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms simultaneously for a genome-wide analysis of allelic status. Using these arrays, we created high-resolution allelotype maps of 26 pancreatic cancer cell lines. The areas of heterozygosity implicitly served to reveal regions of allelic loss. The array-derived maps were verified by a panel of 317 microsatellite markers used in a subset of seven samples, showing a 97.1% concordance between heterozygous calls. Three matched tumor/normal pairs were used to estimate the false-negative and potential false-positive rates for identifying loss of heterozygosity: 3.6 regions (average minimal region of loss, 720,228 bp) and 2.3 regions (average heterozygous gap distance, 4,434,994 bp) per genome, respectively. Genomic fractional allelic loss calculations showed that cumulative levels of allelic loss ranged widely from 17.1% to 79.9% of the haploid genome length. Regional increases in “NoCall” frequencies combined with copy number loss estimates were used to identify 41 homozygous deletions (19 first reports), implicating an additional 13 regions disrupted in pancreatic cancer. Unexpectedly, 23 of these occurred in just two lines (BxPc3 and MiaPaCa2), suggesting the existence of at least two subclasses of chromosomal instability (CIN) patterns, distinguished here by allelic loss and copy number changes (original CIN) and those also highly enriched in the genomic “holes” of homozygous deletions (holey CIN). This study provides previously unavailable high-resolution allelotype and deletion breakpoint maps in widely shared pancreatic cancer cell lines and effectively eliminates the need for matched normal tissue to define informative loci. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(16): 7920-9)
Noninvasive methods for measuring DNA alkylation in experimental animals and humans.
Authors: D E Shuker, V Prevost, M D Friesen, H Bartsch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Alkylpurines are liberated from alkylated DNA by glycosylase repair enzymes and, in most cases, excreted in urine without further metabolism. This phenomenon forms the basis of noninvasive methods to measure DNA alkylation in vivo. In the case of methyl adducts, such as 7-methylguanine (7-MeGua), natural backgrounds exist due to RNA turnover. However, deuterated (d3) methylating agents or precursors give rise to d3-7-MeGua and d3-3-methyladenine (3-MeAde), which can be readily quantitated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A deuterated probe drug, such as d6-aminopyrine, can be used to measure endogenous nitrosation levels in experimental animals. In contrast, for higher alkyl homologues of alkylpurines, natural backgrounds are low or nonexistent and can be directly measured by GC-MS using stable isotope labeled internal standards. For example, increased levels of urinary 3-ethyladenine were observed in cigarette smokers. Due to recent advances in analytical methodology, notably immunoaffinity cleanup of urine, measurements of excreted DNA adducts can be used in studies in human populations exposed to low levels of alkylating carcinogens.
Biodistribution and renal clearance of biocompatible lung targeted poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanogel aggregates
Authors: Manjeet Deshmukh, Hilliard L. Kutscher, Dayuan Gao, Vasanthi R. Sunil, Rama Malaviya, Kinal Vayas, Stanley Stein, Jeffrey D. Laskin, Debra L. Laskin, Patrick J. Sinko
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)
A point mutation in the 5′ splice site of the first intron of the dystrophin gene responsible for X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Jelena Milasin, Francesco Muntoni, Giovanni Maria Severini, Lucia Bartoloni, Matteo Vatta, Maja Krajinovic, Corrado Angelini, Anna Mateddu, Fulvio Camerini, Arturo Falaschi, Luisa Mestroni, Mauro Giacca
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Restructuring Health Care in the United States
Authors: Donald O. Nutter, Charles M. Helms, Michael E. Whitcomb, W. Donald Weston
Journal: JAMA (1991)

A PLAN for restructuring the US health care system to achieve universal access to medically necessary health care services has been developed by the Medical Schools Section of the American Medical Association (AMA). The plan is a pluralistic approach to comprehensive system reform that requires both individual and institutional responsibility for the achievement of quality health care. A set of broad strategies are proposed to reach the goal of universal access to care in the context of responsible containment of health care costs. The plan proposes to achieve universal access through reform of our existing system of health care as follows: by restructuring and reforming Medicaid and Medicare, by supporting universal provision of necessary health benefits through employers; and by the creation of regional insurance pools for those individuals who are not covered by government programs or through their workplace. The additional cost of these strategies for universal access would