tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Splenectomy in tropical splenomegaly.
Authors: D. S. Pryor
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Big Spleen Disease"-Hamilton et al.MEBRITCLSH 825 44%.His only treatment has been a 15-day course of primaquine followed by 100 mg. of proguanil daily.This is further evidence for a malarial cause of this syndrome and also for implicating the spleen in the plasma volume changes.The role of the spleen is also shown by a case of Felty's syndrome (Pengelly, 1966), in which a marked reduction in spleen size and plasma volume after corticosteroid therapy was found.Not all patients with big spleen disease or idiopathic tropical splenomegaly respond to antimalarial therapy, and even for those cases which do respond long-term supervision may be impossible.In those patients with chronic abdominal pain, an enormous spleen, and gross dilution anaemia, splen- ectomy may be the treatment of choice.M. Paliwoda (personal communication, 1967) carried out 70 splenectomies for cases such as these in Uganda with an operative mortality of only 4.3 %, and though the follow-up data are incomplete the patients in general seem to have done well.However, the spleens are large, and good surgical technique with wide exposure is necessary.There is a danger of overtransfusing a hypervolaemic patient and also the added risk in the tropics of patients being particularly prone to infection after splenectomy.Fatalities from P. falciparum after splenectomy have occurred in West Africa (Watson-Williams, personal communication).In this series, postoperatively, the patients all registered high antibody levels to malaria and two developed a high brucella antibody titre; however, none seem to have suffered from significant clinical malaria.Against these dangers must be set the marked improvement in the well-being of these patients, who were able to return to doing a normal day's work after splenectomy. SummaryThe clinical and haematological effects of splenectomy on five Ugandan patients with "big spleen disease" were studied 15 months after operation and the results compared with those obtained preoperatively.All patients were symptomatically much improved and they all showed a marked improvement in their haemoglobin and P.C.V. levels.Before operation the patients had marked hyper- volaemia and dilution anaemia, but after splenectomy the plasma volumes had returned to normal in three patients and in two were still slightly raised.One patient had developed evidence of myelofibrosis, but the others showed no marked change in liver biopsy appearances.There were no untoward effects of splenectomy and no acute attack of malaria was described, though the malaria antibody titre had been maintained or raised.
Anti‐remodelling effect of canrenone in patients with mild chronic heart failure (AREA IN‐CHF study): final results
Authors: Alessandro Boccanelli, Gian Francesco Mureddu, Giuseppe Cacciatore, Francesco Clemenza, Andrea Di Lenarda, Antonello Gavazzi, Maurizio Porcu, Roberto Latini, Donata Lucci, Aldo Pietro Maggioni, Serge Masson, Massimo Vanasia, Giovanni de Simone
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2009)
CpG island methylator phenotype, microsatellite instability, BRAF mutation and clinical outcome in colon cancer
Authors: S. Ogino, K. Nosho, G. J Kirkner, T. Kawasaki, J. A Meyerhardt, M. Loda, E. L Giovannucci, C. S Fuchs
Journal: Gut (2008)

<h3>Background:</h3> The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), characterised by widespread promoter methylation, is associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) and <i>BRAF</i> mutation in colorectal cancer. The independent effect of CIMP, MSI and <i>BRAF</i> mutation on prognosis remains uncertain. <h3>Methods:</h3> Utilising 649 colon cancers (stage I–IV) in two independent cohort studies, we quantified DNA methylation in eight CIMP-specific promoters (<i>CACNA1G, CDKN2A</i> (p16), <i>CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1</i>, <i>NEUROG1, RUNX3</i> and <i>SOCS1</i>) as well as <i>CHFR, HIC1</i>, <i>IGFBP3</i>, <i>MGMT</i>, MINT1, MINT31, p14, and <i>WRN</i> by using MethyLight technology. We examined MSI, <i>KRAS</i> and <i>BRAF</i> status. Cox proportional hazard models computed hazard ratios (HRs) for colon cancer-specific and overall mortalities, adjusting for patient characteristics and tumoral molecular features. <h3>Results:</h3> After adjustment for other predictors of patient survival, patients with CIMP-high cancers (126 (19%) tumours with ⩾6/8 methylated CIMP-specific promoters) experienced a significantly low colon cancer-specific mortality (multivariate HR 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22 to 0.88), whereas the <i>BRAF</i> mutation was significantly associated with a high cancer-specific mortality (multivariate HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.42). A trend toward a low cancer-specific mortality was observed for MSI-high tumours (multivariate HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.37). In stratified analyses, CIMP-high tumours were associated with a significant reduction in colon cancer-specific mortality, regardless of both MSI and <i>BRAF</i> status. The relation between CIMP-high and lower mortality appeared to be consistent across all stages. <i>KRAS</i> mutation was unrelated to prognostic significance. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> CIMP-high appears to be an independent predictor of a low colon cancer-specific mortality, while <i>BRAF</i> mutation is associated with a high colon cancer-specific mortality.
A physician's tooth as an infallible amulet
Authors: Jeremy Hugh Baron
Journal: BMJ (2004)

three groups of patients.Interviews with general practitioners in the intervention group indicated, however, that doctors believed that nurses had lightened their burden of care for patients in the targeted groups. Limitations of the studyThe study was performed in only one region of the Netherlands, which may limit the generalisability of the findings.Several general practitioners were lost to follow up, which threatens the internal validity of the trial.Although not reaching significance, measures of objective workload were slightly higher among the general practitioners who withdrew.The dropout rate was higher in the intervention group and may reflect uncertainty at that time about whether government policy would continue to support the employment of nurse practitioners. Conflicting evidenceSome researchers have noted that nurses reduce general practitioners' workload. 5 13-16Others have found no effect. 17-19Differences in the effect might be explained by differences in nurses' degree of autonomy, level of training, and the conditions that they are asked to manage, or variation in the ratio of nurses to doctors.Our findings are consistent with the view that nurses are often used as supplements, not substitutes, for general practitioner care.Gains for the efficiency of services can be achieved only if general practitioners give up providing the types of care they have delegated to nurses and instead invest their time in activities that only doctors can perform. 20 We thank all general practitioners who participated in the study.
Antimalarial drug resistance
Authors: Nicholas J. White
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Malaria, the most prevalent and most pernicious parasitic disease of humans, is estimated to kill between one and two million people, mainly children, each year. Resistance has emerged to all classes of antimalarial drugs except the artemisinins and is responsible for a recent increase in malaria-related mortality, particularly in Africa. The de novo emergence of resistance can be prevented by the use of antimalarial drug combinations. Artemisinin-derivative combinations are particularly effective, since they act rapidly and are well tolerated and highly effective. Widespread use of these drugs could roll back malaria.
Direct Measurements of Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide Release by Stimulation of Endothelin Receptors in Rat Kidney and Its Alteration in Salt-Induced Hypertension
Authors: Yasunobu Hirata, Hiroshi Hayakawa, Etsu Suzuki, Kenjiro Kimura, Kazuya Kikuchi, Tetsuo Nagano, Masaaki Hirobe, Masao Omata
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Stimulation of endothelin subtype B (ET B ) receptors has been proposed to induce release of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO). Methods and Results To obtain direct evidence of its release and its alteration in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension, EDNO released from renal vessels by ET stimulation was assayed by a highly sensitive chemiluminescence method. Kidneys were isolated from DOCA-salt and control rats, and renal perfusion pressure (RPP) and EDNO (by hydrogen peroxide–luminol chemiluminescence) in the perfusate were monitored simultaneously during perfusion of ET-1, ET-3, an ET A receptor antagonist (BQ-123), and an ET B receptor agonist (BQ-3020). In control rats, ET-1 and ET-3 dose-dependently increased both RPP and NO release. Although the vasoconstricting effects of ET-1 were greater, their NO-releasing effects were comparable. The increase in NO release by ETs was inhibited by N G -monomethyl- l -arginine. After 10 −6 mol/L BQ-123 treatment, ET-1 decreased RPP and increased NO release in control kidneys. DOCA-salt rats responded to these agents with much less NO release. BQ-3020 at up to 10 −10 mol/L caused vasodilation (RPP, 10 −11 mol/L, −5.4±1.7%, P &lt;.01) associated with increased NO release in control kidneys (+9.0±2.7 fmol · min −1 · g −1 kidney wt, P &lt;.01). However, in DOCA-salt kidneys, BQ-3020 caused renal vasoconstriction (RPP, +5.4±2.4%, P &lt;.01 versus control) and a much smaller NO release (+1.1±0.4 fmol · min −1 · g −1 kidney wt, P &lt;.01 versus control). Northern blot analysis revealed that renal ET B mRNA was significantly decreased in DOCA-salt rat kidneys compared with controls (0.36±0.13 versus 1.00±0.23, P &lt;.05). Conclusions These results suggest that ET-1 and ET-3 release EDNO via ET B receptors in renal vessels. ET B -mediated NO release was reduced in DOCA-salt rats, which may modulate renal function and thus blood pressure regulation in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.
PATCHING AND SECTION OF THE PULMONARY ORIFICE OF THE HEART
Authors: Theodore Tuffier, Alexis Carrel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1914)

These experiments show that it is possible to perform an operation, the object of which is to increase the circumference of the pulmonary orifice without involving much danger to the life of the animal. It is probable that operations of this type may come to be employed in the treatment of stenosis of the pulmonary artery in man.
In vitro mucus glycoprotein production by colonic tissue from patients with ulcerative colitis.
Authors: G F Cope, R V Heatley, J Kelleher, A T Axon
Journal: Gut (1988)

Colonic mucus production was measured in vitro by means of incorporation of tritiated glucosamine using biopsy material from patients with ulcerative colitis and compared with data from patients with Crohn9s disease, colonic carcinoma, colonic polyps and patients with apparently normal colonic mucosae. Mucus production was significantly decreased (p less than 0.03) in all patients with ulcerative colitis, and in particular in patients with inactive disease when compared with normal subjects. In patients with active disease mucus production was not significantly different from normal subjects. The radiolabelled material was characterised by gel filtration and ion exchange liquid chromatography as mainly high molecular weight glycoproteins. These results indicate that the quantitative character of colonic mucus is abnormal in inactive ulcerative colitis.
In vivo biocompatibility of porous silicon biomaterials for drug delivery to the heart
Authors: Marja A Tölli, Mónica P A Ferreira, Sini M Kinnunen, Jaana Rysä, Ermei M Mäkilä, Zoltán Szabó, Raisa E Serpi, Pauli J Ohukainen, Mika J Välimäki, Alexandra M R Correia, Jarno J Salonen, Jouni T Hirvonen, Heikki J Ruskoaho, Hélder A Santos
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
STERILIZATION, BOILING AND PASTEURIZATION OF MILK
Authors: JOHN LOVETT MORSE
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The term, sterilization, should never be applied to the processes used in the preparation of milk for the feeding of infants, because the milk is never rendered bacteriologically sterile by them. The term, pasteurization, as it is ordinarily used, is indefinite and misleading. It should always be stated at what temperature the milk is heated and how long it is kept at this temperature; otherwise, it means nothing.  THE CHANGES PRODUCED IN MILK BY HEAT  Appearance, Taste and Smell  A well-marked scum, or pellicle, develops on the surface of boiled milk. This may begin to develop at as low a temperature as 122 F. (50 C.) (Pfaundler and Schlossmann). 1 This is due to the disassociation of the casein compounds as the result of drying. Its composition is:  Fatty matter... 45.42 per cent. Casein and albuminoid... 50.86 per cent. Ash... 3.72 per cent. (Rosenau). 2   Changes in the taste and
Complement C3 and immunoglobulin in inflammatory acne vulgaris
Authors: M.G.C. DAHL, D.H. McGIBBON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1979)

In patients with moderate to severe inflammatory acne, complement (C3) was detected by immunofluorescence in sixteen of sixteen early inflammatory acne lesions but in only one of thirteen biopsies of non-inflamed skin from acne sites. C3 deposition occurred particularly in the walls of small dermal blood vessels and at the dermo-epidermal junction. IgM was identified in vessel walls in four of sixteen early lesions. In eight late inflammatory lesions C3 deposition was much less prominent and was present in vessel walls in only two. None of the late lesions showed vascular deposition of IgM. The observations indicate that complement activation occurs in inflammatory acne and it is suggested that this may play a pathogenic role in the inflammation.
Female Hirsutism: Pathophysiological Considerations and Therapeutic Implications*
Authors: PAOLO BIFFIGNANDI, CLAUDIA MASSUCCHETTI, GIAN MICHELE MOLINATTI
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1984)

FEMALE HIRSUTISM may be defined as excessive hair growth in anatomical sites where such growth is considered a secondary male characteristic. Although this disorder can be a symptom of a number of endocrine diseases such as polycystic ovarian disease (PCO) or Cushing's syndrome, most patients present with no obvious abnormalities of endocrine function. The term that has been applied to this condition is idiopathic or simple hirsutism. Idiopathic hirsutism shows no clinical differences from other types of hirsutism. However, it is generally not associated with other signs of hyperandrogenism such as virilization of the external genitalia, deepening of the voice, breast atrophy, or development of a male-type muscle bulk. Although racial differences have been noted in the occurrence of this disorder (Mediterranean women being more subjected to abnormal hair growth), no such differences have been found in androgenic steroids (1). Starting with the concept that hair follicles as well as sebaceous glands are androgen-dependent structures (2), idiopathic hirsutism has been found to be a condition of local hyperandrogenization that involves increases in hair growth, sweat and sebum secretion, and total skin collagen content (3).
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Joseph S. Jeret
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor.  —We read with interest the article by Streissguth et al 1 on the adolescent and adult manifestations of FAS. As they explain, when the craniofacial features so characteristic of FAS diminish with age, diagnosis becomes more difficult. The authors neglect to mention that neuroimaging may assist in the diagnosis. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the second most common entity associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum, 2 a rare abnormality present in 2.3% of developmentally disabled individuals, 3 an incidence 10 to 20 times greater than in the general population. 3 As FAS becomes more widely recognized, we suspect that it will become the most common syndrome associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum.
Rehabilitation After Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Lois K. Christopherson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

The physical, occupational, and social status of 56 patients who survived six or more months after cardiac transplantation at Stanford University Medical Center was reviewed. Fifty-one (91%) were classified as successfully rehabilitated. Four (7%) retained substantial physical disability, and one (2%) experienced psychiatric disability. These results demonstrate the therapeutic usefulness of cardiac transplantation in carefully selected recipients.
Persistent differences in patterns of brain activation after sports- related concussion: a longitudinal fMRI study
Authors: Annegret Dettwiler, Murali Murugavel, Margot Putukian, Ruben Echemendia, Valerie Cubon, John Furtado, Daniel Osherson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Objective To define neural correlates of SRC during the 2 month post-injury period using a working memory (WM) task and fMRI and correlate these to clinical measures. Design Longitudinal fMRI study assessing subject's brain activation as they perform a N-back task (N=1 to 3) consisting of 30 randomised blocks. Setting Varsity collegiate athletes were recruited from high-risk sports teams. Images were acquired on a 3T Siemens Skyra scanner. Subjects All athletes were evaluated prospectively within 48 h, 2, 8 weeks postinjury on SCAT2 and hybrid NP battery (ImPACT, paper and pencil tests). 15 right-handed, varsity contact sport athletes who sustained a SRC were scanned at 72 h, 2 and 8 weeks post injury. 15 uninjured control athletes were scanned at baseline and 2 weeks. Outcome Measures Post-hoc, whole brain t tests of the 2–1 contrast were performed using FSL-FEAT (mixed effects modelling, z&gt;2.3, corrected p=0.05). Results Across all 3 sessions, concussed athletes demonstrated significantly increased activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In session 1, concussed subjects demonstrated increased activation in additional areas: left DLPFC and bilateral inferior parietal. In all 3 sessions, no significant between group differences were observed in subjects performance for all 3 N-back task conditions. Conclusions Functional brain activation differences persist at 8 weeks post injury in concussed athletes, despite the fact that their performance on a WM task is comparable to normal controls and normalisation of clinical/hybrid NP tests. These results might indicate a delay between neural and behaviorally-assessed recovery. Acknowledgements This research was supported by NJBIR Grant 10-3217-BIR-E-0 AMSSM Grant 005548 Goldstein Family Fund.
Pseudobacteremia Caused by Povidone-Iodine Solution Contaminated with<i>Pseudomonas cepacia</i>
Authors: Donald E. Craven, Barbara Moody, Michael G. Connolly, Nancy R. Kollisch, Kurt D. Stottmeier, William R. McCabe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

PSEUDOMONAS cepacia, formerly known as P. multivorans,1 P. kingii 2 or Eugonic Oxidizer 1 (EO-1),3 is found in sewage or water supplies4 and is an unusual cause of gram-negative bacteremia.5 P. cepacia is an uncommon pathogen in human beings, but there are several reports of serious infections resulting from contaminated hospital solutions or disinfectants.6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Pseudobacteremias19 20 21 22 or false-positive blood cultures may result from the use of contaminated antiseptics,22 contaminated blood-culture bottles,23 , 24 or processing errors in the microbiology laboratory.25 , 26 This report discusses the investigation of a unique outbreak of pseudobacteremia caused by 10 per cent povidone-iodine (PI) solution (Pharmadine) contaminated with . . .
The Correct Use of Scientific Terms
Authors: W. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1886)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To assess effects on condom use and other sexual behaviour of an HIV prevention programme at school that promotes the use of condoms with and without emergency contraception. <b>Design</b> Cluster randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b> 40 public high schools in the state of Morelos, Mexico. <b>Participants</b> 10 954 first year high school students. <b>Intervention</b> Schools were randomised to one of three arms: an HIV prevention course that promoted condom use, the same course with emergency contraception as back-up, or the existing sex education course. Self administered anonymous questionnaires were completed at baseline, four months, and 16 months. Students at intervention schools received a 30 hour course (over 15 weeks) on HIV prevention and life skills, designed in accordance with guidelines of the joint United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS. Two extra hours of education on emergency contraception were given to students in the condom promotion with contraception arm. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Primary outcome measure was reported condom use. Other outcomes were reported sexual activity; knowledge and attitudes about HIV and emergency contraception; and attitudes and confidence about condom use. <b>Results</b> Intervention did not affect reported condom use. Knowledge of HIV improved in both intervention arms and knowledge of emergency contraception improved in the condom promotion with contraception arm. Reported sexual behaviour was similar in the intervention arms and the control group. <b>Conclusion</b> A rigorously designed, implemented, and evaluated HIV education course based in public high schools did not reduce risk behaviour, so such courses need to be redesigned and evaluated. Addition of emergency contraception did not decrease reported condom use or increase risky sexual behaviour but did increase reported use of emergency contraception.
Localization and Quantification of Platelet-Rich Thrombi in Large Blood Vessels With Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Robert Flaumenhaft, Eiichi Tanaka, Gwenda J. Graham, Alec M. De Grand, Rita G. Laurence, Kozo Hoshino, Roger J. Hajjar, John V. Frangioni
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Imaging of thrombus formation in vivo has been limited by the inability to directly visualize and measure thrombi in large blood vessels in real time. Near-infrared light, with its superior tissue penetration and reduced scatter, could potentially solve this problem.Platelets were labeled with the near-infrared fluorophore IR-786. Optimal total fluorescence yield occurred at 6 attomoles of IR-786 per platelet. IR-786-labeled platelets were tested for their ability to detect thrombus formation in large animal model systems relevant to common human vascular procedures. Invisible near-infrared light did not distort the surgical field in any way, and even after optimization of per-platelet fluorescent yield, platelets remained fully functional. Intravenous infusion of just 3.6x10(10) labeled platelets into a 35-kg Yorkshire pig permitted thrombus visualization, with a signal-to-background ratio > or = 2, for at least 2 hours in coronary, carotid, and femoral vessels. Platelet-rich, actively growing clots were monitored in real time and quantified with respect to size and kinetics after injury to vessels, cutaneous incisions, intravascular stent insertion, or introduction of embolic coils. Similarly, formed clots were monitored in real time during thrombolysis with streptokinase and heparin. Vessel patency was assessed independently with a second near-infrared fluorescent blood pool agent.IR-786-labeled platelets provide sensitive, specific, and real-time visualization of thrombi in thick-walled blood vessels. In addition to immediate application in cardiac, transplant, and vascular surgery, the mechanisms that underlie thrombus formation in large blood vessels can now be investigated.