tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
WORK OF A CHILD GUIDANCE CLINIC
Authors: B. Hart
Journal: BMJ (1931)

The child guidance clinic is an es-say in the field of mental hygiene, anid its aim is to deal with the " difficult " or "problem" child.This term covers a range of cases whose essential feature is a disorder in the sphere of behaviour and, while it does not of course correspond to any precise clinical entity, it denotes a fairly well marked group of patients which will be familiar to every prac- titioner.WVe nlay roughly define the difficult child as one who, as a result of the operation of either endogenous or exogenous causes, is maladjusted to the environment in which it has to live and manifests this maladjustment in disturbances in behaviour.The variety of conditions covered by this definition will be apparen't from the following list of disorders accepted for treatment at the New York Institute for Child Guidance.*i. Children who present problems because of their socially, unacceptable behaviour (whether legally (leliinquenit or not), such as: temper tantrums, fighting, teasing, bullying, dis- obedience, "show off " behaviour, truancy, lying, stealing, rebellion against authority, cruelty, sex difficulties, etc., shown at home, school, or elsewhere. 2.Children who present problems manifested chiefly in personality reactions, such as: seclusiveness, timidity, sensitive-
Microcapillary agglutination assay for detection of specific antileukocyte reactivity in neutropenic patients
Authors: Wade K. Smith, James W. Mold, Susan L. Tseng, Nadine N. Burton
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1979)

Serum leukoagglutinating activity against the leukocytes of four patients with neutropenia was demonstrated using a modified microcapillary agglutination test. Cells from a panel of donors proved useful in attempting to define the identity of the antigens involved. In one instance anti-HLA-A9 activity could be demonstrated in a patient possessing HLA-A9. In the other three individuals no definite antigen assessment to HLA Series A and B antigens or the Lalezari series of neutrophil antigens could be made. Two of the patients' sera showed cross-reactivity and may be reactive with the same antigen or antigenic group. The microcapillary agglutination test appears to be useful in the evaluation of possible cases of autoimmune neutropenia.
Pretranslational and posttranslational regulation of the EGF receptor during the prereplicative phase of liver regeneration
Authors: Staffan Johansson, Niclas Andersson, Göran Andersson
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

We studied the regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA and the number of epidermal growth factor binding sites in subcellular compartments involved in the biosynthesis and endocytosis of the epidermal growth factor receptor during the prereplicative phase of liver regeneration. The epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA, quantified by solution hybridization, decreased after partial hepatectomy, with a nadir of about 35% 18 hr after hepatectomy. An even strongèr decrease in the number of epidermal growth factor binding sites after partial hepatectomy was observed in a Golgi-enriched low-density membrane fraction, reflecting available newly synthesized epidermal growth factor receptors. It is suggested that this decrease in newly synthesized available epidermal growth factor receptors is caused primarily, but not entirely, by decreased epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA levels and the additional downregulation of epidermal growth factor binding sites may involve posttranslational mechanisms such as intracellular occupation by transforming growth factor-α. The observation that the number of specific epidermal growth factor binding sites after partial hepatectomy was only moderately reduced in prelysosomal endosomes and in lysosomes, compared with the newly synthesized receptors, may indicate that a pool of receptors targeted for lysosomes exists and these receptors are regulated in a different manner than the receptor pool targeted for the cell surface. Furthermore, at least two separable endocytic subcompartments are involved in the transport of the epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor receptor complex in the liver. The complex first enters early endosomes, then enters late, prelysosomal endosomes, where the epidermal growth factor is proteolytically processed, before arriving in the lysosomal compartment. (Hepatology 1990;12:533-541).
Czech government's move to cut drug costs sparks protests
Authors: Katka Krosnar
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Doctors' and patients' representatives say they fear that psychiatric care in the Czech Republic could be seriously hampered by a new health ministry directive seeking to restrict the range of available drugs.

Access to second generation antipsychotic drugs for patients with schizophrenia will be limited under measures promoting the use of cheaper generic drugs over brand name drugs for some types of treatment from January. The Czech doctors' union Lok supports the move, because of the need to save money, but groups representing psychiatrists are opposing it.

“Restricting the entire range of newly developed medication is not fair to patients. People and their diseases are very different, and it should be down to doctors, …
Aneurysm Global Epidemiology Study
Authors: David Sidloff, Philip Stather, Nikesh Dattani, Matthew Bown, John Thompson, Robert Sayers, Edward Choke
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Background— Contemporary data from Western populations suggest steep declines in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) mortality; however, international trends are unclear. This study aimed to investigate global AAA mortality trends and to analyze any association with common cardiovascular risk factors. Methods and Results— AAA mortality (1994–2010) using International Classification of Diseases codes were extracted from the World Health Organization mortality database and age standardized. The World Health Organization InfoBase and International Mortality and Smoking Statistics provided risk factor data. Nineteen World Health Organization member states were included (Europe, 14; Australasia, 2; North America, 2; Asia, 1). Regression analysis of temporal trends in cardiovascular risk factors (1946–2010) was done independently for correlations to AAA mortality trends. Global AAA mortality trends show substantial heterogeneity, with the United States and United Kingdom recording the greatest national decline, whereas internationally, male individuals and those &lt;75 years of age demonstrated the greatest reductions. AAA mortality has increased in Hungary, Romania, Austria, and Denmark; therefore, the mortality decline is not universal. A positive linear relationship exists between global trends in systolic blood pressure ( P ≤0.03), cholesterol ( P ≤0.03), and smoking prevalence ( P ≤0.02) in males and females. Body mass index demonstrated a negative linear association with AAA mortality ( P ≤0.007), whereas fasting blood glucose showed no association. Conclusions— AAA mortality has not declined globally, and this study reveals that differences between nations can be explained by variations in traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Declines in smoking prevalence correlate most closely with declines in AAA mortality, and a novel obesity paradox has been identified that requires further investigation. Public health measures could therefore further reduce global AAA mortality, with greatest benefits in the younger age group.
Recovery of Auditory Brain-Stem Responses after a Severe Hypoxic Ischemic Insult
Authors: Margot J. Taylor, Brian D. Houston, Noel J. Lowry
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

WE describe a patient with severe hypoxic brain damage after near drowning, whose auditory brain-stem responses disappeared but subsequently reappeared. This case suggests that the loss of auditory brain-stem responses may be reversible and cannot be used as a criterion for brain death.Case ReportA 33-month-old boy was admitted to a local hospital after immersion in a lake for an unknown period. On arrival he had no pulse, but after cardiopulmonary resuscitation his pupils were reactive to light, although he was in a deep coma with flaccidity of the limbs. His temperature was 29°C, and his arterial pH was . . .
Parallel Paths to Predictive Biomarkers in Oncology: Uncoupling of Emergent Biomarker Development and Phase III Trial Execution
Authors: Robert Sikorski, Bin Yao
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2009)

It is within pivotal phase III clinical trials that predictive biomarkers have the greatest potential to affect clinical practice by targeting drugs under development to relevant patient subgroups. Predictive biomarkers can be integrated into phase III clinical trials by a variety of approaches, including trial designs that uncouple the processes and actively anticipate the emergence of new biomarkers during trial execution. Here we describe the various approaches in an oncology context.
Measles and Other Virus-specific Immunoglobulins in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: M. Haire, K. B. Fraser, J. H. D. Millar
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Immunoglobulins M and G specific for meales, herpes simplex, and rubella viruses were assayed by the fluorescent antibody method in sera and cerebrospinal fluids (C.S.F.) obtained simultaneously from 30 patients with multiple sclerosis, 30 patients with other neurological diseases, and 30 "normal" control subjects. Sera of 11 out of 30 patients with multiple sclerosis had IgM which reacted specifically with measles virus-infected cells, compared with 2 out of 30 of the patients with other neurological diseases and none of the 30 normal controls. Virus-specific IgM was not found in C.S.F. by this method.The geometric mean titre of measles virus-specific IgG in serum was significantly higher in the multiple sclerosis group than in either control group, and while IgG specific for all three viruses was found in C.S.F., suggesting transfer across the blood-brain barrier, measles IgG predominated.
New US Medicare policy changes ruling that obesity is not an illness
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The US federal government has announced a new policy that enables Medicare to be able to pay for interventions to treat obesity, after abandoning its previous position that obesity was not an illness.

The new policy issued by the Department of Health and Human Services' Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services removed a statement in the manual of services covered by Medicare that “obesity itself cannot be considered an illness.”

This position generally prevented Medicare, a government run scheme which provides health …
AMA moves to tackle medical errors
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The American Medical Association (AMA) has set up the National Patient Safety Foundation to try to reduce the number of mistakes happening in medicine.

A person faces a 1 in 200 risk of error in a hospital compared with a 1 in two million risk on an airplane, said Dr Lucian Leape of Harvard University's School of Public Health at a briefing held …
Hyperammonemia and encephalopathy in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Giampaolo Talamo, Federica Cavallo, Maurizio Zangari, Bart Barlogie, Choon‐Kee Lee, Mauricio Pineda‐Roman, Elias Kiwan, Somashekar Krishna, Guido Tricot
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)
Memory clinics and primary care: not a question of either/or
Authors: D. Jolley, I. Greaves, M. Clark
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Meeuwsen and colleagues’ finding that the usual care provided within Dutch general practice for people with dementia is at least as effective as that provided by secondary care memory clinics is encouraging.1

The Gnosall model takes specialist skills that are usually tied into a secondary care clinic out to the …
TUBERCULOSIS ACQUIRED THROUGH RITUAL CIRCUMCISION
Authors: L. EMMETT HOLT
Journal: JAMA (1913)

Tuberculosis by direct wound inoculation while not a frequent method of contracting the disease has yet occurred often enough to demonstrate the fact that this is a real danger. In 1887 Willy Meyer collected reports of a number of such instances and added a report of a case of his own of tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision. Since that time many additional observations on this subject have been published but only two, so far as I am aware—one by Ware and one by Sara Welt-Kakels—in this country. From inquiries, however, I am led to the opinion that many cases occur which do not find their way into print. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> The report herewith presented is of more than ordinary interest by reason of the virulence of the infection as shown by the wide-spread lesions and the fact that the death occurred at an earlier age than in any case
Chronic <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> Infection as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease in the Helsinki Heart Study
Authors: Pekka Saikku, Maija Leinonen, Leena Tenkanen, Eila Linnanmäki, Marja-Riitta Ekman, Vesa Manninen, Matti Mänttäri, M. Heikki Frick, Jussi K. Huttunen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

To investigate in the prospective Helsinki Heart Study, whether chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, indicated by elevated antibody titers against the pathogen, chlamydial lipopolysaccharide-containing immune complexes, or both, is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.The Helsinki Heart Study was a randomized, double-blind, 5-year clinical trial to test the efficacy of gemfibrozil in reducing the risk for coronary heart disease. Participants were randomized to receive either gemfibrozil (2046 patients) or placebo (2035 patients). Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death were the main study end points. Serum samples were collected at 3-month intervals from all patients.One hundred forty cardiac events occurred during the follow-up period. Serum samples from 103 case patients obtained 3 to 6 months before a cardiac end point were matched with those from controls for time point, locality, and treatment. Samples were tested for markers of chronic chlamydial infection.Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG) antibodies to C. pneumoniae were measured using the microimmunofluorescence method. Lipopolysaccharide-containing immune complexes were measured using two antigen-specific enzyme immunoassays, the lipopolysaccharide-capture and immunoglobulin M (IgM)-capture methods.Using a conditional logistic regression model, odds ratios for the development of coronary heart disease were 2.7 (95% CI, 1.1 to 6.5) for elevated IgA titers, 2.1 (CI, 1.1 to 3.9) for the presence of immune complexes, and 2.9 (CI, 1.5 to 5.4) for the presence of both factors. If we adjusted for other coronary heart disease risk factors such as age, hypertension, and smoking, the corresponding values would be 2.3 (CI, 0.9 to 6.2), 1.8 (CI, 0.9 to 3.6), and 2.6 (CI, 1.3 to 5.2), respectively.The results suggest that chronic C. pneumoniae infection may be a significant risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease.
Development of Noradrenergic Neurons in the Zebrafish Hindbrain Requires BMP, FGF8, and the Homeodomain Protein Soulless/Phox2a
Authors: Su Guo, Jennifer Brush, Hiroki Teraoka, Audrey Goddard, Stephen W. Wilson, Mary C. Mullins, Arnon Rosenthal
Journal: Neuron (1999)
siRNA and isRNA: two edges of one sword
Authors: Martin Schlee, Veit Hornung, Gunther Hartmann
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

RNA interference mediated by small interfering RNAs (siRNA) has emerged as a powerful tool to target specific knockdown of gene expression in cell culture. siRNA is now the gold standard technique to study gene function, and expectations for the development of new target-specific drugs are high. In addition to the gene-silencing activity of siRNA, a number of recent studies have pointed to immunological effects of siRNAs, including the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon. There is good evidence that gene silencing and immunostimulation are two independent functional characteristics of RNA oligonucleotides. Immunorecognition of RNA depends on certain molecular features such as length, double- versus single-strand configuration, sequence motifs, and nucleoside modifications such as triphosphate residues. RNA-sensing immunoreceptors include three members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8) and cytosolic RNA-binding proteins like PKR and the helicases RIG-I and Mda5. Detection of RNA molecules occurs during viral infection and triggers antiviral innate defense mechanisms including the induction of type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) and downregulation of gene expression. Type I interferon induction by synthetic siRNAs requires TLR7 and is sequence dependent, similar to the detection of CpG motifs in DNA by TLR9. Identification of the exact molecular mechanisms of immunorecognition of RNA will allow the development of methods to avoid immunostimulation of siRNA and the design of potent immunostimulatory RNA (isRNA) oligonucleotides, depending on the aim. Furthermore, the combination of both gene-silencing and immunostimulation in one RNA molecule may lead to novel drugs that use both functional activities of RNA as two edges of one sword for effective treatment of viral infection and cancer.
Primary Stenting Versus Balloon Angioplasty in Occluded Coronary Arteries
Authors: Christopher E. Buller, Vladimir Dzavik, Ronald G. Carere, G. B. John Mancini, Gerald Barbeau, Charles Lazzam, Todd J. Anderson, Merril L. Knudtson, Jean-Francois Marquis, Takahiko Suzuki, Eric A. Cohen, Rebecca S. Fox, Koon K. Teo
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Balloon angioplasty (PTCA) of occluded coronary arteries is limited by high rates of restenosis and reocclusion. Although stenting improves results in anatomically simple occlusions, its effect on patency and clinical outcome in a broadly selected population with occluded coronary arteries is unknown. Methods and Results —Eighteen centers randomized 410 patients with nonacute native coronary occlusions to PTCA or primary stenting with the heparin-coated Palmaz-Schatz stent. The primary end point, failure of sustained patency, was determined at 6-month angiography. Repeat target-vessel revascularization, adverse cardiovascular events, and angiographic restenosis (&gt;50% diameter stenosis) constituted secondary end points. Sixty percent of patients had occlusions of &gt;6 weeks’ duration, baseline flow was TIMI grade 0 in 64%, and median treated segment length was 30.5 mm. With 95.6% angiographic follow-up, primary stenting resulted in a 44% reduction in failed patency (10.9% versus 19.5%, P =0.024) and a 45% reduction in clinically driven target-vessel revascularization at 6 months (15.4% versus 8.4%, P =0.03). The incidence of adverse cardiovascular events was similar for both strategies (PTCA, 23.6%; stent, 23.3%; P =NS). Stenting resulted in a larger mean 6-month minimum lumen dimension (1.48 versus 1.23 mm, P &lt;0.01) and a reduced binary restenosis rate (55% versus 70%, P &lt;0.01). Conclusions —Primary stenting of broadly selected nonacute coronary occlusions is superior to PTCA alone, improving late patency and reducing restenosis and target-vessel revascularization.
Leiomyoma of the jejunum diagnosed by capsule endoscopy in a pediatric patient
Authors: S. von Delius, H. Feussner, E. Frimberger, F. Fend, T. Rösch, R. Schmid, B. Neu
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

A 14-year-old girl had been enjoying good health until December 2001, when she received a minor blunt trauma against the left side of the body during gymnastic exercises. Thereafter, she developed intermittent pain in the epigastrium, as well as fatigue, dizziness, and paleness. There was no melena or bright red blood per rectum, but the color of the stool changed to maroon. In June 2002, gastroscopy and colonoscopy revealed no abnormalities. Because of persistent symptoms and iron-deficiency anemia, upper endoscopy was repeated in October 2002, again with no obvious source for the bleeding being found.
Abstract 2350: Discovery of potent and selective Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design.
Authors: Taekyu Lee, Anders Friberg, Dominico Vigil, Bin Zhao, R. Nathan Daniels, Jason P. Burke, Pedro M. Garcia-Barrantes, DeMarco Camper, Brian A. Chauder, Edward T. Olejniczak, Stephen W. Fesik
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is overexpressed and amplified in various cancers and promotes the aberrant survival of tumor cells that otherwise would undergo apoptosis. Overexpression of Mcl-1 is also a resistance mechanism that prevents tumor cells from being effectively treated by existing chemotherapies. Thus, inhibition of Mcl-1 is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. However, Mcl-1 exerts its effects through protein-protein interactions and is thought to be very challenging to target with small molecules. Here we describe the discovery of potent and selective Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design. From an NMR-based screen of a large fragment library, over 130 hits were identified. Two distinct chemical hit series were found that bind to two different sites on Mcl-1 as revealed by NMR-derived model structures. Members of the two fragment classes were merged together to produce compounds that bind to Mcl-1 with greater than two orders of magnitude improved binding affinity. Structures of these compounds when complexed to Mcl-1 were obtained by X-ray crystallography and provide detailed information about the molecular recognition involved in small-molecule binding to Mcl-1. Lead compounds exhibited a dissociation constant of &amp;lt;100 nM, with selectivity for Mcl-1 over Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. These compounds represent useful starting points for the discovery of clinically useful Mcl-1 inhibitors for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Citation Format: Taekyu Lee, Anders Friberg, Dominico Vigil, Bin Zhao, R. Nathan Daniels, Jason P. Burke, Pedro M. Garcia-Barrantes, DeMarco Camper, Brian A. Chauder, Edward T. Olejniczak, Stephen W. Fesik. Discovery of potent and selective Mcl-1 inhibitors using fragment-based methods and structure-based design. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2350. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2350
Genetic Influences on Cortical Regionalization in the Human Brain
Authors: Chi-Hua Chen, Matthew S. Panizzon, Lisa T. Eyler, Terry L. Jernigan, Wes Thompson, Christine Fennema-Notestine, Amy J. Jak, Michael C. Neale, Carol E. Franz, Samar Hamza, Michael J. Lyons, Michael D. Grant, Bruce Fischl, Larry J. Seidman, Ming T. Tsuang, William S. Kremen, Anders M. Dale
Journal: Neuron (2011)
South African court rules against rationing decision
Authors: P. Sidley
Journal: BMJ (1997)

South Africa's Supreme Court has come to the rescue of a patient receiving dialysis who was denied treatment by a large state hospital in Durban, South Africa.

The section of law used by the patient is enshrined in South Africa's new democratic constitution and guarantees a “right to life” for all South Africans. The decision sends a worrying signal to hospital administrators rationing health care in their cash strapped institutions.

The patient, …