tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
I Am, as Usual, Fuming-Reply
Authors: David M. Eddy
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —Dr Morgan's response to my article is obviously emotional. Other than pointing out that Southern California Kaiser Permanente is nonprofit and that its managers' salaries are below the average salaries of physicians, I doubt that I can say anything to either open or change his mind. I encourage readers who are confused by this correspondence to read my original article.
India's tuberculosis officers call for action on "alarming" crisis
Authors: S. Bagcchi
Journal: BMJ (2015)

India’s tuberculosis epidemic is “alarming” and requires the immediate attention of the government to bring it under control, the country’s tuberculosis officers warned in a letter to the director general of health services, Jagdish Prasad, on 7 January. 

The letter said, “This may be considered an emergency, which, if not addressed, could invite a disaster for India . . . You must also be facing great embarrassment to hear that India is home to every fourth TB patient in the …
Riboflavin transport in the central nervous system. Characterization and effects of drugs.
Authors: R Spector
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

The relationship of riboflavin transport to the transport of other substances including drugs in rabbit choroid plexus, the anatomical locus of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and brain cells were studied in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, the ability of rabbit choroid plexus to transport riboflavin from the medium (cerebrospinal fluid surface) through the choroid plexus epithelial cells into the extracellular and vascular spaces of the choroid plexus was documented using fluorescence microscopy. These studies provided further evidence that riboflavin is transported from cerebrospinal fluid to blood via the choroid plexus. The transport of [14C]riboflavin by the isolated choroid plexus was inhibited by thiol agents, ouabain, theophylline, various flavins (lumiflavin and lumichrome > sugar containing flavins), and cyclic organic acids including penicillin and fluorescein. Riboflavin inhibited [14C]penicillin transport competitively and the inhibition constant (K1) for riboflavin equaled the concentration of riboflavin at which the saturable transport system for riboflavin is 50% saturated (KT). These and other data suggest that riboflavin, penicillin, and possibly fluorescein are transported by the same transport system in choroid plexus. In vivo, the intra-ventricular injection or riboflavin and [14C]penicillin inhibited [14C]penicillin transport from cerebrospinal fluid. In vitro, various flavins (riboflavin > other sugar-containing flavins > lumiflavin > lumichrome) inhibited [14C]riboflavin accumulation by brain slices. These studies support the notions that: (a) riboflavin accumulation by choroid plexus (active transport) is quite different from that in brain cells (facilitated diffusion and intracellular trapping), and (b) therapeutically important cyclic organic acids (e.g., penicillin) are transported fom cerebrospinal fluid by the riboflavin transport system in choroid plexus.
Fracture of the Talus
Authors: Otto E. Aufranc
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Dr. W. H. Harris: A 12-year-old boy was admitted to the emergency ward of Massachusetts General Hospital 30 min. after he had fallen 5 flights of stairs from a fire escape, landing on his feet. His chief complaint was pain in the left ankle. He had not lost consciousness nor sustained any other injury. He had no prior history of injury to his extremities. General physical examination of the patient was within normal limits. There was no pain or tenderness in the spine. Examination of the left ankle showed marked swelling both medially and laterally. The skin was intact. There was marked tenderness over the talus when palpated from any position. The dorsalis pedis pulse could be palpated, but the posterior tibial pulse could not. Sensation and motor power in the foot were intact. Routine admission laboratory data were not remarkable. Roentgenograms were obtained (Fig. 1), and the patient was
Resources and Needs in Africa
Authors: J. Chadwick
Journal: BMJ (1973)

dose, adjuvant has been reintroduced, and the recommended schedule for the vaccination of children has been changed.In Israel a similar improvement in the efficacy of pertussis vaccine has been noted,7 but with fewer accompanying changes.In that country the improvement dates from 1968, when the inclusion of agglutinogen 3 in their vaccine was ensured.The earlier vaccine, which gave unsatisfactory protection, did, however, contain adjuvant and it also achieved a mouse-protective potency of four international units per human dose.8Moreover, the vaccination schedule in Israel has not been altered.The one feature common to the improvements in British and Israeli vaccines is that their manufacturers now make deliberate attempts to ensure that their products contain enough agglutinogen 3.But ought our hopes for the wellbeing of vaccinated children to be based merely on the good-will of present well-informed staff, adequate though this proves to be at present?Or should we for- mulate requirements which would ensure that present knowledge is not forgotten?To conclude: though there is evidence that for some years before 1967 the pertus- sis vaccine of Glaxo Laboratories was less effective than that of Wellcome La;boratories, there is ample reason to believe that this does not apply to vaccine made during the last six years.There is also further evidence that effective pertussis vaccines are those that con- tain sufficient agglutinogen 3.
Beginning of the end for Spain's national health system
Authors: S. Minue-Lorenzo, J. F. Garcia Gutierrez, J. J. Mercader-Casas
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Strategies to destroy the welfare state are inspired by the American social model, in which poverty is a consequence of idleness and never misfortune.1 Such strategies have reached Spain.2 Last month, under the pretext of trying to save money on healthcare, the Spanish conservative government approved a royal decree law (a legislative instrument for use only in emergencies) that radically undermines the foundations …
Neural Correlates of Imaginal Aggressive Behavior Assessed by Positron Emission Tomography in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Pietro Pietrini, Mario Guazzelli, Gianpaolo Basso, Karen Jaffe, Jordan Grafman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

OBJECTIVE: Neurodegenerative or traumatic lesions of the frontal lobes often lead to abnormally aggressive behavior. The authors hypothesized that the imaginal evoking of scenarios involving aggressive behavior would be associated with a modulation of the functional activity in the human frontal cortex. METHOD: Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) determinations by positron emission tomography and psychophysiological measures of emotional responsivity were obtained in a group of 15 young healthy volunteers with good visual imagery abilities and no history of abnormal behavior while they imagined the same scenario with four variations involving emotionally neutral behavior and aggressive behavior. RESULTS: Compared to the imagined neutral scenario, the imagined scenarios involving aggressive behavior were associated with significant emotional reactivity and rCBF reductions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, suggesting that a functional deactivation of this cortical area occurs when individuals respond to the eliciting of imagined aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: These results in healthy subjects further expand previous findings from animal and human studies by providing an in vivo functional demonstration of the involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the expression of aggressive behavior. They are also consistent with the hypothesis that a functional alteration of this cortical region may be present in individuals with pathological aggressive behavior.
Bacterial superantigens induce T cell expression of the skin-selective homing receptor, the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, via stimulation of interleukin 12 production.
Authors: D Y Leung, M Gately, A Trumble, B Ferguson-Darnell, P M Schlievert, L J Picker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

T lymphocyte infiltration is a prominent feature of the skin inflammation associated with infections by toxin (superantigen)-secreting Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus bacteria. The cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) has been hypothesized to be a homing receptor (HR) involved in selective migration of memory/effector T cells to the skin. Since the expression of this putative skin-selective HR is known to be under strict microenvironmental control, we sought to determine the effect of staphylococcal and streptococcal toxins on T cell expression of CLA. After in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and C, there was a significant increase in the numbers of CLA+ T cell blasts (p &amp;lt; 0.01), but not blasts bearing the mucosa-associated adhesion molecule alpha e beta 7-integrin, compared with T cells stimulated with phytohemaglutinin (PHA) or anti-CD3. Bacterial toxins were also found to specifically induce interleukin (IL) 12 production. More importantly, induction of toxin-induced CLA expression was blocked by anti-IL-12, and the addition of IL-12 to PHA-stimulated T cells induced CLA, but not alpha e beta 7-integrin, expression. These data suggest that bacterial toxins induce the expansion of skin-homing CLA+ T cells in an IL-12-dependent manner, and thus may contribute to the development of skin rashes in superantigen-mediated diseases.
Pharmaceutical Promotion and Physician Requests to Hospital Formularies-Reply
Authors: Mary-Margaret Chren
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In Reply.  —We thank Dr Rubin for his comments and for the chance to experience what for us is an unfamiliar sensation— being regarded as champions of the social value and value to patients of the promotional expenditures of pharmaceutical companies. That interpretation of our data is incorrect, however.  Rubin argues that drug promotion to physicians benefits patients. Why? Because it works, and patients receive better and cheaper drugs as a result. We reject this logic for three reasons.  First, there are no data that drug promotion by manufacturers improves the treatment or outcomes of patients. We found no evidence that physicians who requested drugs with more therapeutic advantage were more likely to have interacted with the manufacturer. Moreover, as Avorn et al 1 and others have demonstrated, physicians' beliefs about drugs often match advertising claims that conflict with independent data.  Second, no data indicate that drug promotion to physicians
Bovine aortic endothelial cells elaborate an inhibitor of the generation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood monocyte procoagulant activity.
Authors: L T Goodnough, M E Kleinhenz, G H Goldsmith, N P Ziats, A L Robertson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

We examined the effect of bovine aortic endothelial cell culture supernatants upon the generation of procoagulant activity by human blood monocytes. Confluent endothelial monolayers were cultured for up to 96 h. At timed intervals, culture supernatants were collected and incubated for 5 h with lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The procoagulant activity of mononuclear cell lysates was determined in a one-stage clotting assay. In five experiments, procoagulant activity with culture supernatant (time 0) was 2,294 +/- 761 U/ml (mean +/- SEM). Culture supernatants from endothelial cells incubated for 24-96 h strongly inhibited mononuclear cell generation of procoagulant activity. Indomethacin (10 microM) added to endothelial cells delayed the appearance of procoagulant inhibitor for 72 h. Bovine aortic smooth muscle cell culture supernatants did not inhibit procoagulant activity. The inhibitor was heat stable, effective at 1:50 dilution, soluble, and acid sensitive, with a molecular weight of less than 1,500. Further studies on subpopulations of mononuclear cells demonstrated that endothelial inhibitor selectively decreased the generation of monocyte procoagulant activity and interfered with T lymphocyte amplification of monocyte production of procoagulant activity. Thus, we have demonstrated that endothelial cells elaborate a potent inhibitor of monocyte procoagulant activity.
757-3 Chronic Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade (AT 1 AT-II) Affects Myocyte Sarcolemmal Function and Electrophysiology in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Francis G. Spinale, R. Barry Hird, Rupak Mukherjee, Jennifer D. Walker, Henry H. Holzgrefe, Michael J. Child, William H. Koster
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Homologies between T cell receptor junctional sequences unique to multiple sclerosis and T cells mediating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
Authors: M Allegretta, R J Albertini, M D Howell, L R Smith, R Martin, H F McFarland, S Sriram, S Brostoff, L Steinman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

The selection of T cell clones with mutations in the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene has been used to isolate T cells reactive to myelin basic protein (MBP) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). These T cell clones are activated in vivo, and are not found in healthy individuals. The third complementarity determining regions (CDR3) of the T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains are the putative contact sites for peptide fragments of MBP bound in the groove of the HLA molecule. The TCR V gene usage and CDR3s of these MBP-reactive hprt-T cell clones are homologous to TCRs from other T cells relevant to MS, including T cells causing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and T cells found in brain lesions and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients. In vivo activated MBP-reactive T cells in MS patients may be critical in the pathogenesis of MS.
Ultrasonographic Abnormalities of the Pancreas in IDDM and NIDDM Patients
Authors: Maria E R Silva, Denise P Vezozzo, Mileni J M Ursich, Dalva M Rocha, Giovanni G Cerri, Bernardo L Wajchenberg
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

Objective— To evaluate the relationship between the type and duration of diabetes and pancreas size by ultrasonography. Research Design and Methods— Pancreas images of 40 IDDM and 36 NIDDM patients with 0.3–34 yr of disease were compared with those of 60 normal healthy control subjects. Results— The diameters ± SD of the head, body, and tail of the pancreas in IDDM patients (1.9 ± 0.3; 0.9 ± 0.2; and 1.4 ± 0.2 cm, respectively) were smaller than in NIDDM patients (2.7 ± 0.4; 1.2 ± 0.3; and 1.8 ± 0.4 cm, respectively) and control group subjects (2.4 ± 0.4; 1.1 ± 0.3; and 1.8 ± 0.4 cm, respectively). The pancreatic shrinkage in IDDM patients was clearly evident after 10 yr of the disease. NIDDM patients and control subjects had similar pancreatic dimensions, except for a greater body thickness in NIDDM patients with &amp;gt;10 yr of disease (1.2 ± 0.4 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 cm). These results were not related to differences in age, sex, and body size. Pancreas image was hypoechogenic in 72.5% of IDDM patients and hyperechogenic in 83.3% of NIDDM patients. Conclusions— Smaller pancreases in IDDM patients in comparison with NIDDM patients and control subjects were clearly demonstrated only after 10 yr of disease. Patients with NIDDM were not affected by pancreatic dimensions, except for a greater body thickness after 10 yr of disease. Pancreatic echogenicity increased with age.
The prevalence of common skin conditions in Australian school students: 3. Acne vulgaris
Authors: None Kilkenny, None Merlin, None Plunkett, None Marks
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

The prevalence, severity and disability related to facial acne (comprising acne on the head and neck) was assessed in a randomized sample of 2491 students (aged 4-18 years) from schools throughout the State of Victoria in Australia. Students were diagnosed clinically by a dermatologist or dermatology registrar. The overall prevalence (including 4-7 year olds) was 36.1% (95% confidence intervals, CI 24.7-47.5), ranging from 27.7% (95% CI 20.6-34.8) in 10-12 year olds to 93.3% (95% CI 89.6-96.9) in 16-18 year olds. It was less prevalent among boys aged 10-12 years than girls of the same age; however, between the ages of 16 and 18 years, boys were more likely than girls to have acne. Moderate to severe acne was present in 17% of students (24% boys, 11% girls). Comedones, papules and pustules were the most common manifestations of acne, with one in four students aged 16-18 years having acne scars. Twelve per cent of students reported a high Acne Disability Index score. This tended to correlate with clinical severity, although there was some individual variation in perception of disability. Seventy per cent of those found to have acne on examination had indicated in the questionnaire that they had acne. Of those, 65% had sought treatment, a substantial proportion of which (varying with who gave the advice) was classified as being likely to have no beneficial effect. This is the first population-based prevalence study on clinically confirmed acne published from Australia. The results show that acne is a common problem. They suggest the need for education programmes in schools to ensure that adolescents understand their disease, and know what treatments are available and from whom they should seek advice.
Kaposi's Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus — The High Cost of Viral Survival
Authors: Ethel Cesarman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

It has been almost 10 years and 2000 articles since the publication of the article identifying the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, a virus appropriately called Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or, more recently, human herpesvirus 8. In addition to Kaposi's sarcoma, the virus is associated with several lymphoproliferative disorders, including certain malignant lymphomas and multicentric Castleman's disease. Purported associations with other diseases, such as with multiple myeloma, have now largely been disproved. In this issue of the Journal, Cool et al. (pages 1113–1122) report the presence of KSHV in the lungs of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension.Evolution has . . .
New Manual Helps Assess Mental Health of People With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2007)

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Antenatal screening for cystic fibrosis
Authors: N. J Wald, D. J H Brock, J. E Haddow, R. A Doherty
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,—Zosia H Miedzybrodzka and colleagues' claim that stepwise screening for cystic fibrosis is better than couple screening is unjustified.1 Antenatal screening for cystic fibrosis should minimise the number of women identified as being at high risk for a given proportion of affected pregnancies detected and should ensure that a diagnostic test is available for everyone defined as being at high risk. Stepwise screening …
Abstract 1985: Vitronectin expression in primary lung cancers
Authors: Lina M. Salazar-Pelaez, Ivan Martinez-Forero
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Rationale Vitronectin (Vn) plays a role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during tumorigenesis. Vn is present in human bronchial submucosal glands and it is secreted by A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. However, whether Vn is differentially expressed in tissues of primary lung cancer has not been explored. Methods Lung tissue from 22 primary lung carcinoma and 36 non-lung cancer subjects were obtained from fibrobronchoscopy. Sections were analyzed by histo- immunohistochemical methods. The total area occupied by ECM, surface and gland epithelium, as well as the percentage area occupied by Vn at each of these localizations were measured. Chi-square, t-student, U-Mann Whitney and ANOVA tests were used in group comparisons. Statistical significance was tested at P&amp;lt;0.05. Results Vn expression was observed in bronchial glandular and surface epithelium, as well as in ECM . In total, the average area of ECM, surface or glandular epithelium was 0.289mm2 (± 0.032), 0.043mm2 (±0.009), 0.084mm2 (±0.031), respectively. The percentage area occupied by Vn in ECM, surface or glandular epithelium, was 4.899 (±1.186), 7.279 (±1.623), 3.285 (±1.038), respectively; with not significant statistical differences between lung cancer and non-cancer subjects or within different types of primary lung cancer (Table 1). Conclusion There were no statistically significant differences in Vn expression between lung cancer and non-cancer subjects, or within primary lung carcinomas. Demographic characteristics and measurement comparisons of subjects studiedConditionNon-cancer(n=36)Cancer(n=22)PAge (Years)59.810(+/- 13.556)65.790(+/- 10.648)0.074Sex*0.752Male18 (50.0%)11 (50.0%)Female18 (50.0%)11 (50.0%)ECM area (mm2)0.311(+/- 0.204)0.424(+/- 0.246)0.059Area occupied by Vn in ECM (percentage)2.894(+/- 2.717)3.584(+/- 3.220)0.384Surface epithelium area (mm2)0.221(+/- 0.678)0.052(+/- 0.023)0.398Area occupied by Vn in surface epithelium (percentage)5.583(+/- 3.939)6.478(+/- 7.757)0.662Gland epithelium area (mm2)0.142(+/- 0.129)0.086(+/- 0.079)0.389Area occupied by Vn in glandular epithelium (percentage)4.151(+/- 2.810)1.424(+/- 0.505)0.200 Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Lina M. Salazar-Pelaez, Ivan Martinez-Forero. Vitronectin expression in primary lung cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1985. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1985