tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prepregnant Weight in Relation to Risk of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Martha M. Werler
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To examine the relation between prepregnant weight and the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs).Data were collected from 1988 to 1994 in a case-control surveillance program of birth defects.Study subjects were ascertained at tertiary care centers and birth hospitals in the greater metropolitan areas of Boston, Mass, and Philadelphia, Pa, and in southeastern Ontario.Cases were 604 fetuses or infants with an NTD identified within 6 months of delivery. Controls were 1658 fetuses or infants with other major malformations identified within 6 months of delivery. For 1992 to 1994, there were 93 control infants without major malformations.Relative risk of NTDs in infants or fetuses for different maternal weights.Relative to women who weighed 50 to 59 kg, risk of NTDs increased from 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 2.9) for women weighing 80 to 89 kg to 4.0 (95% CI, 1.6 to 9.9) for women weighing 110 kg or more. When women were classified according to daily intake above or below the recommended level of 400 micrograms of folate, approximate threefold increases in risk were estimated for the heaviest weights in both groups. Intakes of 400 micrograms of folate or more reduced risk of NTDs by 40% among women weighing less than 70 kg, but no risk reduction was observed among heavier women.The risk of NTDs increased with increasing prepregnant weight, independent of the effects of folate intake.
Effect of Alcohol Intake on Symptomatic Peripheral in Diabetic Men
Authors: David K McCulloch, Ian W Campbell, Robin J Prescott, Basil F Clarke
Journal: Diabetes Care (1980)

In a group of 541 white diabetic men aged 20--59 yr attending one clinic it was found that 91 (15%) drank heavily, while a further 39 (7%) had frank alcoholism. The prevalence of symptomatic peripheral neuropathy was much higher in the 120 men who drank excessively. It is considered important, therefore, when treating diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy not to assume that the diabetes itself is the cause in all cases. The alcoholic intake of the patient should be ascertained and, if excessive, it should be pointed out to the patient that this may well be the predominant factor causing symptoms.
Gut Dysbiosis Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization and Allergic Airway Inflammation via Fungi-Induced PGE2
Authors: Yun-Gi Kim, Kankanam Gamage Sanath Udayanga, Naoya Totsuka, Jason B. Weinberg, Gabriel Núñez, Akira Shibuya
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2014)
Abstract 2367A: Understanding the role of stem-like tumor cells in mouse models of high-grade gliomas
Authors: Lindy E. Barrett, Robert Benezra
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract High-grade gliomas (WHO grade III-IV) are typified by poor therapeutic response and rapid lethality. Since the discovery of glioma cells with properties reminiscent of neural stem cells, there has been a great deal of interest in understanding their contributes to tumor growth and therapeutic resistance. Self-renewal is the defining characteristic of both normal and cancer stem cells, and it has been hypothesized that glioma cells with self-renewal capacity contribute disproportionately to tumor growth compared to other, more differentiated lineages. However, analyses are complicated by the lack of reliable markers to definitively identify and functionally characterize each distinct cell lineage. In the normal neurogenic niche, ID (Inhibitor of DNA-binding) genes regulate self-renewal and multipotency of adult neural stem cells. Here, using mouse models of high-grade glioma driven by PDGF- or mutKRAS, we show that high Id1 expression (Id1high) identifies self-renewing, multipotent tumor cells. By contrast, low Id1 expression (Id1low) identifies progenitor-like cells with proliferative potential but limited self-renewal capacity. While Id1high cells generate tumors upon orthotopic transplantation, Id1low cells do so with shorter latency and higher penetrance. Further, eliminating tumor cell self-renewal through targeted deletion of ID genes has modest effects on overall survival, while knockdown of the bHLH transcription factor, Olig2, within the Id1low population, results in a significant survival benefit. Together, these data highlight an important distinction between self-renewal capacity and tumor growth potential in two mouse models of gliomagenesis, underscoring the importance of non-stem cell lineages in disease progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2367A. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2367A
Inability of solvent‐detergent (S‐D) treated factor VIII concentrate to inactivate parvoviruses and non‐lipid enveloped non‐a, non‐b hepatitis virus in factor VIII concentrate: Advantages to using sterilizing 100°c dry heat treatment
Authors: A. I. Rubinstein, D. B. Rubinstein
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1990)
Waldenstr�m's macroglobulinemia in young African-American adults
Authors: Shabbir Ahmed, Muhammad S. Shurafa, Carter R. Bishop, Mary Varterasian
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1999)

We have identified five African-American patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) diagnosed at a young age (ages 35, 38, 38, 40, 51; 4 males, 1 female). All had a history of intravenous heroin abuse and four also used cocaine. Their manner of presentation and clinical course were typical. Three of three patients tested for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) were positive and three of three patients tested were HIV negative. The potential relationship between intravenous drug abuse and/or HCV to development of WM in this group of young patients is provocative, especially since a polyclonal increase in serum IgM is commonly seen in chronic intravenous heroin addicts. More recently, the contribution of HCV is being evaluated in lymphoproliferative disorders. Although WM is typically a disease of older people, it should also be considered in the differential in a young patient with a suggestive clinical picture. Am. J. Hematol. 60:229–230, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Patients in a Persistent Vegetative State — A Dutch Perspective
Authors: Inez de Beaufort
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

He is 31 years old now — Henk-Jan, the son of Gerard and Ineke Stinissen. He is the son Ineke Stinissen never knew. In 1974, as the result of a dramatic medical error that occurred during emergency cesarean delivery, she was left in a persistent vegetative state. Through most of Henk-Jan's life, his mother's condition and treatment have been matters of an emotionally fraught public controversy. In 1985, his father sought publicity — in a television program called "How Long Should Dying Last?" — for his view that his wife's artificial nutrition and hydration should be stopped. In 1987, he . . .
Polymorphisms in the Sialic Acid-binding Immunoglobulin-like lectin 8 (SIGLEC8) Gene Are Associated with Asthma in Two Populations.
Authors: K. Shimizu, P. Gao, S. Konno, L. Zhou, S.A. Hudson, M. Nishimura, K.A. Barnes, B.S. Bochner
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
147 ROLE OF HIF-1 AND CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IX IN THE INDUCTION OF THE LATE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HEPATOCYTE PRECONDITIONING
Authors: E. Alchera, L. Tacchini, C. Imarisio, C. Dal Ponte, C. De Ponti, E. Gammella, G. Cairo, E. Albano, R. Carini
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells Can Undergo Somatic Hypermutation and Intraclonal Immunoglobulin VHDJH Gene Diversification
Authors: Carmela Gurrieri, Peter McGuire, Hong Zan, Xiao-Jie Yan, Andrea Cerutti, Emilia Albesiano, Steven L. Allen, Vincent Vinciguerra, Kanti R. Rai, Manlio Ferrarini, Paolo Casali, Nicholas Chiorazzi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) arises from the clonal expansion of a CD5+ B lymphocyte that is thought not to undergo intraclonal diversification. Using VHDJH cDNA single strand conformation polymorphism analyses, we detected intraclonal mobility variants in 11 of 18 CLL cases. cDNA sequence analyses indicated that these variants represented unique point-mutations (1–35/patient). In nine cases, these mutations were unique to individual submembers of the CLL clone, although in two cases they occurred in a large percentage of the clonal submembers and genealogical trees could be identified. The diversification process responsible for these changes led to single nucleotide changes that favored transitions over transversions, but did not target A nucleotides and did not have the replacement/silent nucleotide change characteristics of antigen-selected B cells. Intraclonal diversification did not correlate with the original mutational load of an individual CLL case in that diversification was as frequent in CLL cells with little or no somatic mutations as in those with considerable mutations. Finally, CLL B cells that did not exhibit intraclonal diversification in vivo could be induced to mutate their VHDJH genes in vitro after stimulation. These data indicate that a somatic mutation mechanism remains functional in CLL cells and could play a role in the evolution of the clone.
Coated Plaquenil Tablets: Potential Risk for Children?-Reply
Authors: Steven J. Stravinski
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The film coating of Plaquenil was added to increase the likelihood of compliance among patients who might find the bitter quinine taste objectionable, and might even discontinue therapy due to the unpleasant taste. The coating is tasteless and dissolves quite rapidly, so that if the tablet is sucked or kept in the mouth, the bitter taste becomes apparent very quickly. We join all members of the health care community in their concern that medicines be kept away from children and that they are properly labeled and stored. Plaquenil is sold in bottles that bear the following warning: "TO PHARMACIST: Children are especially sensitive to this medication. These tablets should be kept out of their reach. Be sure to attach the accompanying warning sticker when dispensing." The accompanying stickers read: "KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN." Plaquenil, like all other medicines and a great number of household items,
Role of GTPases in control of microvascular permeability
Authors: V. Spindler, N. Schlegel, J. Waschke
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

Inflammatory mediators increase vascular permeability primarily by formation of intercellular gaps between endothelial cells of post-capillary venules. Under these conditions, endothelial cell-cell contacts such as adherens and tight junctions open to allow paracellular fluid passage. Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) from the ras superfamily, primarily Rho GTPases (RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42) or Rap1 are known to regulate cell adhesion, in part by reorganization of the junction-associated cortical actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we will discuss the role of small GTPases for the maintenance of microvascular barrier functions under resting conditions as well as under conditions of increased permeability and their involvement in signalling pathways downstream of both barrier-stabilizing and inflammatory mediators. Rac1 and Cdc42 are the main GTPases required for barrier maintenance and stabilization, whereas RhoA negatively regulates barrier properties under both resting and inflammatory conditions. For Rac1 and RhoA, contrary functions under certain conditions have also been described. However, Rac1-mediated barrier destabilization in microvascular endothelium appears to be largely restricted to conditions of enhanced endothelial cell migration and thus to be more closely related to angiogenesis rather than to inflammation. Recent studies revealed that cAMP signalling, which is well known to be barrier protective, enhances barrier functions in part via Rap1-mediated activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 as well as by inhibition of RhoA. Moreover, barrier-stabilizing mediators directly activate Rac1 and Cdc42 or increase cAMP levels. On the other hand, several barrier-disruptive components appear to increase permeability by reduced formation of cAMP, leading to both inactivation of Rac1 and activation of RhoA.
Recent developments in obstetrics
Authors: A. H Shennan
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Two of the most challenging areas in antenatal care are prematurity and pre-eclampsia. Between them they affect one in 10 of all pregnant women, and their prevalence is static. Until recently management options have been limited. Improved understanding of the basic pathophysiology is changing this.

This article describes those advances that have made an impact on the management of prematurity and pre-eclampsia. Another major concern in obstetrics is the rising number of interventions, particularly caesarean sections, without obvious benefit to mother or baby. Recent research has highlighted several simple but effective strategies that could help influence this trend. These include management of previous caesarean sections and breech presentation and more appropriate use of fetal monitoring and epidurals in labour; knowledge of these will be valuable to any clinician who comes into contact with pregnant women. The articles selected are from relevant searches in English from Pubmed and the Cochrane Collaboration, as well as the author's own experience through research and reviewing.

The current structure of antenatal care developed around detecting pre-eclampsia. The detection of hypertension and proteinuria, the defining signs of this syndrome, is the key aim of frequent surveillance in pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia occurs in about 3% of pregnant women and results in around 100 000 maternal deaths per year worldwide. The fetus is also affected, directly through placental insufficiency and indirectly through iatrogenic delivery; this accounts for 25% of all infants with a very low birth weight (< 1500 g). The onset and course of pre-eclampsia are unpredictable, and it therefore results in enormous use of health resources. Accurate prediction and targeted preventive measures would have enormous benefit.

### Prediction

Many biochemical substances, principally of placental and endothelial origin, increase in pre-eclampsia. However, their predictive value to detect susceptible women before clinical presentation is poor. As the disorder originates in the …
Pacemaker current exists in ventricular myocytes.
Authors: H Yu, F Chang, I S Cohen
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

I(f), the "cardiac pacemaker current," is a nonselective cation channel activated on hyperpolarization in primary and secondary pacemaker regions of the mammalian heart. The cardiac pacing rate can be modulated by shifting the activation of I(f) to more positive (faster pacing) or more negative (slower pacing) voltages. We report for the first time the presence of this pacemaker current in ventricular myocytes. The potential importance of this observation to the mechanism of differentiation of nonpacing regions in the heart is discussed.
Determining Baseline and Adaptation Periods in Stress Research
Authors: Patricia L. Dobkin, Chantal Létourneau, Claude Breault
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1994)

Investigations pertaining to psychophysiological stress responses typically employ a preexperimental 'baseline' period. The appropriateness of this methodology was examined in two studies using heart rate (HR) measures. In study 1, HR decreased significantly from the beginning to the end of a 15-min adaptation period, suggesting that the optimal length for a prestress adaptation period must be at least 15 min for HR when a stressor is anticipated. Study 2 compared the customary prestress 'baseline' measure to four other possible candidates: two recovery periods between stressor presentations, a postexperimental time period, and a recording taken on a different day when no stressors were presented. The prestress measure was significantly higher than recovery and postexperimental measures. The postexperimental measure was retained as the best option for the computation of a baseline score. These studies highlight the factors pertinent to the selection of a suitable time frame for a baseline measure.
Activation of the neutrophil myeloperoxidase-H2O2 system by synovial fluid isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: H L Nurcombe, R C Bucknall, S W Edwards
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1991)

Synovial fluid isolated from 16 patients with rheumatoid arthritis activated luminol dependent chemiluminescence in bloodstream neutrophils, and the maximal activity stimulated varied over a 50-fold range. In contrast, these same fluids only activated a much lower range (two- to threefold) of maximal rates of lucigenin dependent chemiluminescence and cytochrome c reduction, two assays which only measure oxidant secretion which is independent of myeloperoxidase. Over 95% of the luminol dependent chemiluminescence activated by all samples was inhibited by azide (indicating its dependence upon myeloperoxidase), but anti-(myeloperoxidase) IgG (which specifically inhibits only the extracellular activity of this enzyme) only inhibited the response stimulated by some samples: those fluids which activated the highest luminol dependent chemiluminescence also stimulated the greatest activity of an extracellular myeloperoxidase-H2O2 system. A clear correlation was shown to exist between the activity of myeloperoxidase already present in the fluids (after its secretion from neutrophils in situ within the rheumatoid joint) and the ability of the fluid to activate luminol dependent chemiluminescence. It is concluded, therefore, that all synovial fluid samples tested possess almost equivalent levels of a factor(s) which activated O2-/H2O2 secretion and that the variations in the measured activity of the extracellular myeloperoxidase-H2O2 system are dependent upon the level of degranulation which had occurred within the joint.
Exogenous nitric oxide causes overexpression of TGF-β1 and overproduction of extracellular matrix in human coronary smooth muscle cells
Authors: A Schmidt
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a major signalling molecule in the vascular system enhancing vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation and vasodilation. NO donors are the most frequently and repeatedly used drugs for relief from angina pectoris.We investigated the effects of the synthetic NO donor DETA/NO on cultured human coronary smooth muscle cells.Cells exposed to 100 microM DETA/NO for 48-72 h were channeled into a cell cycle-arrested hypertrophic growth status associated with overexpression of TGF-beta(1) on both the protein and mRNA levels. Increased TGF-beta(1) transcription and translation were associated with enhanced synthesis of extracellular matrix components including the collagen types I and III as shown by immunocytochemistry and enhanced incorporation of [3H]proline. Higher incorporation of [35S]sulfate into chondroitin/dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate containing proteoglycans was observed in DETA/NO treated cells than in controls. The ratio of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate to heparan sulfate did not change significantly.Our results suggest a dual function of the overexpressed TGF-beta(1). Overexpressed TGF-beta(1) could stabilize the fibrous cap overlaying atherosclerotic plaques due to the accumulation of extracellular matrix components. However, the findings could also support a proatherogenic role of TGF-beta(1) resulting from the overexpression of LDL-binding proteoglycans.
Morphological Changes in Brains of Boxers
Authors: Peter W. Lampert
Journal: JAMA (1984)

THE COUNCIL of the American Medical Association recently issued a report on brain damage in boxers.<sup>1</sup>Better medical supervision and stricter regulations to control this dangerous sport were recommended. Similar calls for actions are usually heard whenever the news media get excited about a fatal knockout in the ring. We agree with the Council's recommendations but question the logic of proposing regulations aimed at preventing injury when the purpose of boxing is to inflict injury. The public enjoys paying for the spectacle, and for this reason boxers will continue battering each other with damaging force. Professional boxers are capable of delivering blows with forces that may exceed 100 gravity.<sup>2</sup>Such blows applied to the movable head cause the soft brain to glide and swirl within the skull, tearing vessels and nerve fibers. A variety of factors—notably the direction, intensity, velocity, and number of blows—determine the location, type, and
Adrenal Failure in Bronchial Asthma
Authors: A. O. Robson
Journal: BMJ (1973)

be traced.Thus the work of Bernstein and others in Britain and America on the importance of early language stimulation, with which we are fully familiar, is not applicable to the present group of children.May we suggest that all of us who are genuinely concerned with language develop- ment in young children join together in tackling this important problem rather than widening divisions of opinion by criticizing large-scale screening procedures in a national survey which, though inevitably crude, did produce useful information hitherto unavail- able.-Weare, etc.
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Purpura Fulminans
Authors: JOHN H. HOLLINGSWORTH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

A patient with rapidly advancing ecchymoses, gangrene of the skin, hemolytic anemia, and intravascular coagulation after reduction of a rectal prolapse is presented. The hematologic abnormalities returned to normal after large doses of corticosteroids were used, but extensive cutaneous gangrene proved fatal. Pathologic examination revealed no evidence of hyaline thrombi suggestive of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and the patient was thought to represent an unusually extensive case of purpura fulminans associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.
Hepatitis After Exposure to Halothane
Authors: FRANKLIN M. KLION
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Clinical records and histologic specimens of liver from 42 patients with hepatitis after exposures to halothane showed clinical and pathologic features helpful in differentiating hepatitis from other causes of jaundice in the postoperative period. Fever and jaundice were temporally related to operation. Peripheral eosinophilia was common, and splenomegaly was unusual. Light-microscopic examination showed the hallmarks of viral hepatitis. Although steatosis, granuloma formation, and eosinophils in the inflammatory exudate were noted frequently, these additional findings were not diagnostic. Sera of six patients examined contained antimitochondrial antibodies, and electron microscopic studies in two cases showed mitochondrial abnormalities not found in viral hepatitis. Because of the clinical features and some of the histologic findings the lesion was considered a hypersensitivity reaction differing from shock. The presence of circulating antibodies supports this finding. The majority of patients developed hepatitis after repeated exposure to the anesthetic agent. None had evidence of preexisting liver disease. The recognition of the mild or early stages of the hepatitic reaction is important to prevent subsequent administration of halothane.