tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A MEMORABLE PATIENT
Authors: M. Dudley
Journal: BMJ (1995)

I was working as a member of a British Red Cross team in a refugee camp on the Thai-Kampuchean border. At two in the morning we awoke to the rasping sound of crunching gravel as a vehicle sped up to the front of the bamboo built hospital. A brief exchange of frenetic voices ensued.

She was in her early 20s, with her ragged clothing caked in mud and blood. A landmine had blown off her lower legs. No one knew how many hours she had lain suffering before she was rescued. The armed men, who had picked her up and dropped her …
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS
Authors: Harold J. Harris
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The article "Diagnostic Criteria for Human Brucellosis" inThe Journal, June 28, 1952, page 805, a report of the Committee on Public Health Aspects of Brucellosis, National Research Council, includes various undocumented statements concerning diagnosis and one concerning treatment that require refutation. As a member of the Expert Panel on Brucellosis of the World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, I would like to point out that these statements are in conflict with the recommendations made by the panel (WHO Technical Report Series no. 37, Geneva, 1951). Among the statements in question are: (1) that the complement fixation reaction "is not recommended for routine use," (2) that the opsonocytophagic reaction "is not recommended for use," (3) that the intradermal test "should be abandoned," and (4) that the members of the committee "do not subscribe to the treatment of brucellosis with Brucella antigens."
Activation of the lectin DC-SIGN induces an immature dendritic cell phenotype triggering Rho-GTPase activity required for HIV-1 replication
Authors: Ashleigh Hodges, Katherine Sharrocks, Mariola Edelmann, Dilair Baban, Arnaud Moris, Olivier Schwartz, Hal Drakesmith, Kay Davies, Benedikt Kessler, Andrew McMichael, Alison Simmons
Journal: Nature Immunology (2007)
Bilirubin, Gallstones, and Mendelian Randomization
Authors: Mitchell H. Katz
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Gallstonedisease causes a substantialhealthandeconomicburden in theUnited States andother developed countries.More than 6millionmen and 14millionwomen aged 20 to 74 years in the United States have gallbladder disease.1 Approximately 650 000 to 700 000 cholecystectomies are performed annually in the United States, and the costs associated with the symptoms and complications of gallstones are estimated to be $6.5 billion per year.2 Known risk factors for gallbladder disease includeobesity, recentweight loss, age, hormoneuse, parity, lack of exercise, and alcohol use. We found the article by Stender et al interesting clinically andmethodologically.First, usingobservationaldataandmultivariable analysis to adjust for a variety of known risk factors for gallbladder disease, the authors demonstrate that an elevated plasma bilirubin level is associatedwith a greater likelihood of symptomatic gallbladder disease. Second, using a technique referred to as mendelian randomization, the authors took advantage of the random assortment of genes that occurs during gamete formation. Theydemonstrate that a genetic variant that is associated with increased plasma bilirubin levels is associatedwith an increased likelihood of symptomatic gallstone disease. Because the exposure (the genetic variant) is random, the genetic analysis increases the likelihoodthat the relationshipbetweenplasmabilirubinandsymptomatic gallstone disease is causal. As the human genome is increasingly defined, it is likely that mendelian randomization can become a valuable tool to help confirm or refute whether relationships between other risk factors and diseases are causal.
Increased dietary sodium is independently associated with greater mortality among prevalent hemodialysis patients
Authors: Finnian R. Mc Causland, Sushrut S. Waikar, Steven M. Brunelli
Journal: Kidney International (2012)

Dietary sodium is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, hypervolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients; hence, sodium restriction is almost universally recommended. Since the evidence upon which to base these assumptions is limited, we undertook a post-hoc analysis of 1770 patients in the Hemodialysis Study with available dietary, clinical, and laboratory information. Within this cohort, 772 were men, 1113 black, and 786 diabetic, with a mean age of 58 years and a median dietary sodium intake of 2080 mg/day. After case-mix adjustment, linear regression modeling found that higher dietary sodium was associated with a greater ultrafiltration requirement, caloric and protein intake; sodium to calorie intake ratio was associated with a greater ultrafiltration requirement; and sodium to potassium ratio was associated with higher serum sodium. No indices were associated with the pre-dialysis systolic blood pressure. Cox regression modeling found that higher baseline dietary sodium and the ratio of sodium to calorie or potassium were each independently associated with greater all-cause mortality. No association between a prescribed dietary sodium restriction and mortality were found. Thus, higher reported dietary sodium intake is independently associated with greater mortality among prevalent hemodialysis patients. Randomized trials will be necessary to determine whether dietary sodium restriction improves survival.
Responses of GLUT4-Deficient Hearts to Ischemia Underscore the Importance of Glycolysis
Authors: Rong Tian, E. Dale Abel
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —The ischemic heart is dependent on glycolysis for ATP generation, and therapies that increase glucose utilization during ischemia improve survival. Myocardial ischemia results in the translocation of the glucose transporter proteins GLUT1 and GLUT4 to the sarcolemma. The increased glucose entry via these transporters contributes to enhanced glycolysis during ischemia. Methods and Results —To determine the role of GLUT4 in mediating increased glycolytic flux during ischemia, hearts from mice with cardiac-selective GLUT4 deficiency (G4H−/−) were subjected to global low-flow ischemia. During normal perfusion, hearts from fed G4H−/− mice showed increased GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake, higher concentrations of glycogen and phosphocreatine, but delayed recovery after ischemia. When these compensatory changes were eliminated by a 20-hour fast, G4H−/− hearts exhibited depressed glucose utilization during ischemia and developed profound and irreversible systolic and diastolic dysfunction associated with accelerated ATP depletion during ischemia and diminished regeneration of high-energy phosphate compounds on reperfusion. Conclusions —GLUT4 is an important mediator of enhanced glycolysis during ischemia and represents an important protective mechanism against ischemic injury.
Assessing Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides by Biomonitoring in Epidemiologic Studies of Birth Outcomes
Authors: Larry L. Needham
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

For epidemiologic studies that evaluate the relation between potential exposures to environmental chemicals and adverse outcomes, accurate assessments of exposures and health outcomes are needed. Three prospective cohort studies recently evaluated the relation between exposure, as assessed by biomonitoring, of pregnant women to organophosphorus pesticides and several birth outcomes. Here these three studies are compared in terms of the exposure scenarios and exposure assessments. The primary focus is on the exposure assessments, all of which employ biomonitoring but use different approaches, which may contribute to the different findings. These approaches and how they may contribute to different relations between exposure and birth outcomes are examined.
Human Dendritic Cells Induce the Differentiation of Interleukin-21-Producing T Follicular Helper-like Cells through Interleukin-12
Authors: Nathalie Schmitt, Rimpei Morita, Laure Bourdery, Salah Eddine Bentebibel, Sandra M. Zurawski, Jacques Banchereau, Hideki Ueno
Journal: Immunity (2009)
The Campaign Against Ague
Authors: H. E. Durham
Journal: BMJ (1901)

nature of the cyst conitenits, anid the physical signs pre- sented, are features wllich tog,ether seem to form a very un- .usualclinical picture.A female child, agfled I year 8 montlhs, was-admitted to lthe Children's Infirmary, Liverpool, on January 31st.I899History.-About four months previously the mother noticed that the -abdomen was enlarged, and brought the child to the out-patient depart- ment.Slhe attended until admission.The inotes then taken record that .shewas a well-nourished child, and that lher abdomen was largely dis- tended witlh what appeared to be free fluid.There was no complaint of pain.The abdomeni measured 231 inches in circumference 2 inches above the umbilicus.The thoracic organs were lhealthy, the appetite good, the bowels irregular, the urine normal.Tlle condition was thouglt to be -probably one of tuberculous peritonitis.On March 8tlh, x899, the abdo- men was tlapped with a Southey's trocar; this remained in for forty-eight hliours, and 32 ounces of fluid were drawnl off.The fluid was of a dark- brown colour, anid contained " a little blood."The child was discharged 'from lhospital on March I7th; she was readmitted on November 2ISt, I899; the geineral healtlh had been fairlv good since leaving lhospital, but -on Novemiiber i6th she comiiplained of abdominal patn and lost lher .appetite.Tlh bowels had been loose.The circumference of theabdomen was again 231 inches.Onl December gth, a Southey's trocar was againi in- troduced and left in for thirty hours.Forty-eight ounces of a dark fluid -were removed.During the three weeks she remained in hospital at this -time tlle temperature, witlh tlle exception of one day, was not elevated:'the exception being on the niight after the,trocar was removed, when it rose to ioi.80.
Science, medicine, and the future: Functional magnetic resonance imaging in neuropsychiatry
Authors: C. Longworth, G. Honey, T. Sharma
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The ability of functional magnetic resonance imaging to provide high quality imaging of brain function without the need for radioactive tracers is rapidly making it the technique of choice for research into neuropsychiatric disorders and their treatment. The future is likely to bring a closer involvement in clinical practice, with the technique being used for early detection of dysfunction, assessing the clinical efficacy of drug treatments, and as an alternative to invasive preoperative procedures requiring localisation of function.

The development of anatomical neuroimaging enabled the in vivo visualisation of neuropathology in conditions such as stroke, facilitating differential diagnoses and early treatment. Since then scanning techniques have gone beyond structural detail to provide images relating to human brain function, and in the past decade these techniques have been joined by an impressive new imaging tool, functional magnetic resonance imaging (functional MRI). This has a spatial resolution within the millimetre scale and can capture responses in the brain occurring over a few seconds, although reconstruction and processing of the raw data commonly occur after scanning. Functional MRI is non-invasive and safe. It does not require radioactive tracer substances, unlike positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPET), and uses the brain's natural haemodynamic response to neural activity as an endogenous tracer. It can be carried out during the same session as routine magnetic resonance imaging in a clinical scanner. These features are making it increasingly popular in neuropsychiatric research.

The commonest form of functional MRI is blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) imaging.1 The BOLD signal depends on the ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated haemoglobin. In regions of neuronal activity this ratio changes as increased flow of oxygenated blood temporarily surpasses consumption, decreasing the level of paramagnetic deoxyhaemoglobin. These localised changes cause increases in magnetic resonance signal, which are used …
Take forward the polypill idea, concludes expert committee
Authors: Richard Smith
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The idea that whole populations might be treated with a polypill made up of several active drugs to prevent heart disease and stroke was generally supported at a meeting of experts organised just before Christmas by the US Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta.

They also gave general agreement that a series of trials would be needed—at least in the United States and Europe—before it would be possible to give the polypill to whole populations without any screening, as was proposed when the idea of the pill was first advanced in the BMJ by Nick Wald and Malcolm Law of London's Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine (2003;326:1419).

The polypill proposed by Professors Wald and Law in their …
Organ donation: Can the US do better?
Authors: P. H Berry
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Editorial p 1382

It was a simple statement by my doctor. “You're dying. Without a liver transplant, you will be dead in four weeks.” After contracting hepatitis B in the operating room some three years earlier, my life as a husband, father, and orthopaedic surgeon was coming to an end As depressed as I may have been when confronted with this reality, it did not match the desperation and loneliness and fear I felt when I was placed on the waiting list with thousands of other patients.

There are 66 500 patients on organ waiting lists in the United States Four thousand of them will not get the second chance that I received, and will die, not because we don't know what to do. There are simply not enough donated organs. The supply is there: some 15 000 patients with fatal head injuries last year—all potential donors—but only 5400 were actual donors.

> There are 66 500 patients on organ waiting lists in the United States 

For almost 13 years, as a patient and as a doctor, I have had …
LIVER IN THE TREATMENT OF HEMERALOPIA
Authors: Arthur M. Yudkin
Journal: JAMA (1927)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —A recent correspondent (Dr. Charles J. Mehlmann,The Journal, September 24, p. 1078) has called attention to the recommendation of the use of liver in the treatment of hemeralopia (night blindness) in Ernst Fuchs' Lehrbuch der Augenheilkunde (edition 12, 1910, pp. 661-662). The implication is that this represents one of the early recommendations of this type of dietotherapy. It may be of interest to point out that references to a similar procedure are given in Pliny's writings. I am indebted to one of my university colleagues for the following translations from Pliny: He is speaking of she goats: They say, too, that they can see at night just as well as by day, and that in consequence those who are called "night blind" regain their sharpness of sight in twilight if they eat the liver of a she goat.—Nat. Hist.<b>8</b>: 50 (76) 203. They say that
P117Co-expressed cardiac connexins: dependence on the Cx43:Cx40 ratio in regulating the gap junction channel make-up and electrical properties.
Authors: S Chaigne, S Dupuis, M Constantin, T Desplantez
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Gap junction channels (GJC) ensure the direct electrical and chemical cell-to-cell communication. In the heart their biophysical electrical properties are considered as a key factor for regulating the impulse propagation through the cardiac network and ensuring the coordinated atrial and ventricular contractions. GJC are made of connexins Cx43, Cx40, Cx45 and Cx30.2 that display distinct specific expression patterns in the differentiated cardiac myocytes and conduction system. The connexins dysfunction and remodeling, i.e. altered expression and localization, are believed to be a major source of cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of this study is to investigate the distinct contribution of Cx40 and Cx43 in the GJC make-up and electrical properties in function of the healthy and diseased changes of levels of expression. Rat Liver Epithelial (RLE) cells that express Cx43 and stably transfected to co-express Cx40 at accurate Cx43:Cx40 ratios of 0.5, 1 and 2, are used. Dual voltage clamp recordings on cell pairs are performed to determine the electrical properties of GJC at each ratio. Compared to single Cx43 expression, we observed that a high ratio Cx43:Cx40 decreases the electrical coupling whereas lower Cx43:Cx40 ratio increase the coupling. Interestingly, induction of Cx40 expression decreases the voltage dependence and the kinetics of deactivation of GJC: the higher the induction of Cx40, the stronger the effects. Preliminary experiments that investigate the kinetics of recovery from deactivation show that Cx40 induction slows or accelerates the recovery in function of the level of induction and the Vj amplitude. Single channel recordings are under investigation to correlate the electrical properties to the GJC composition. Our results suggest a distinct GJC make-up, electrical properties and function that depends on the Cx43:Cx40 ratio. These findings will improve our understanding on the regulation of the gap junction channels make-up by Cx43 and Cx40, and how this is translated into specific conduction velocities of the cardiac impulse propagation in the healthy and diseased heart.
Missed Diagnoses in Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: S. Yalamarthi, P. Witherspoon, D. McCole, C. Auld
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

A few studies have been published on cancers missed at previous endoscopy, but detailed analyses of the causes for failure were lacking. The aims of our study were to determine the incidence of and causes for failure to detect oesophageal and gastric cancers after referral of patients to a surgical endoscopy unit.Out of a consecutive series of 305 patients diagnosed with oesophageal and gastric cancers, we retrospectively identified patients who had undergone an endoscopy within 3 years before the diagnosis. The timing of previous endoscopies, indications for endoscopy, endoscopic findings and the number of biopsy specimens taken were recorded. Missed diagnoses were categorized as either definitely or possibly missed and the reasons for failure were documented.Of the 305 patients, 30 (9.8 %) had undergone a minimum of one endoscopy within the previous 3 years, 20 (67 %) of these within the previous 1 year. Sinister symptoms were present at the time of previous endoscopies in 75 % of patients with oesophageal cancer (n = 16) and in 57.2 % of patients with gastric cancer (n = 14). In 56 % of the patients with oesophageal cancers the initial diagnosis was oesophagitis or benign stricture; in 71.4 % of the patients with gastric cancers the initial diagnosis was gastritis, ulcer or "suspicious lesion". Among those patients with a definitely missed diagnosis (7.2 %), endoscopist errors accounted for the majority of failures (73 %) and the remainder were due to pathologist errors (27 %).Missed cancers were a frequent finding in patients with oesophageal and gastric cancer who had undergone previous endoscopy, and errors by the endoscopists accounted for the majority of missed lesions. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying signs of early cancers and of having a low threshold for performing multiple biopsies of any suspicious-looking lesion.
Fracture of a covered self-expanding antireflux stent in two patients with distal esophageal carcinoma
Authors: M. Wiedmann, F. Heller, M. Zeitz, J. Mössner
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Endoscopic insertion of esophageal self-expandable antireflux metal stents is a widely used procedure. The implantation is usually regarded as safe, with a low rate of complications. Here we report two cases of spontaneous fracture of Hanaro (M. I. Tech Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea) antireflux stents.
Health and Healing in Eighteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Guenter B. Risse
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Medical history has shifted focus from the accomplishments of great doctors and nurses to a closer examination of the cultural context in which all health-related activities necessarily take place. The view "from below" prominently involves patients and their families as well as less formal healing networks populated by individuals often branded as opportunistic quacks or magicians. This form of cultural history is difficult to research and write. It requires extensive archival research and an open mind, ready to jettison some of the most cherished preconceptions held by contemporary practitioners of the craft. Lindemann's study centers on the north German duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbuttel during the 18th century, but her conclusions address broader issues in European and medical history. Her multiple sources are mostly individual narratives of illness and healing, collected for bureaucratic reasons from parish records, case histories, and investigations of quacks. In a reflection of corporate mentality derived from the
549 EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AND HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1A SIMULTANEOUS DEREGULATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA BASED ON TISSUE MICROARRAYS AND QUANTITATIVE PROTEIN ANALYSIS
Authors: E. Tsiambas, L. Manaios, K. Papanikolopoulos, D.N. Rigopoulos, D. Tsounis, A. Karameris, E. Patsouris, S.P. Dourakis
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Cimetidine Treatment in Hyper-IgM Hypogammaglobulinemia
Authors: G. Ciboddo, F. Crosti, G. Di Lucca, M. Bellone
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Recently, Mayer et al<sup>1</sup>suggested that hyper-IgM hypogammaglobulinemia might be due to a defect in control of the isotype switch by a specific T-lymphocyte helper cell subpopulation. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 33-year-old woman with a clinical history of recurrent respiratory tract infections, cervical suppurative lymphadenitis, and ear drainage came under our observation for hypogammaglobulinemia. On admission she was in good health; results of physical examination and laboratory tests were normal, except for serum immunoglobulin values, which showed the typical pattern of hyper-IgM hypogammaglobulinemia. We found the same immunodeficiency in a living 28-yearold brother; two other brothers had died at the ages of 18 months and 10 years, respectively, from overwhelming infections. The patient's parents, a living 32-year-old brother, and her children (a 5 1/2-year-old girl and a 2 1/2-year-old boy) showed normal immunoglobulin values. <h3>Comment.—</h3> The inheritance in this family resembles that of the
Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis Associated with Pancreatitis in a Child
Authors: Stanley E. Sneider
Journal: JAMA (1962)

A BDOMINAL PAIN in the child, especially recurrent pain, is often a perplexing problem. Conway found a cause for chronic abdominal pain in only 5% of a series of 243 infants and children. Upper abdominal pain in adults, and especially when on the right side, suggests cholecystitis as one of the main differential diagnoses. Because primary gallbladder disease is rare in childhood, its diagnosis usually follows surgical intervention. When jaundice is present, hepatitis is often the presumptive consideration. The following case, in which the preoperative diagnosis of cholelithiasis, with probable choledocholithiasis and pancreatitis was correctly made, is presented as another reminder of this rare cause of abdominal pain in children.  Report of a Case  A 10-year-old white girl, weighing 135 lb. (61.3 kg.), was first admitted to the Baptist Hospital on Dec. 25, 1961, with sharp, lower abdominal pain, mainly on the right, accompanied by nausea and vomiting of 12