tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Changes in gallbladder bile composition and crystal detection time in morbidly obese subjects after bariatric surgery†
Authors: Ulf Gustafsson, Lisbet Benthin, Lars Granström, Albert K. Groen, Staffan Sahlin, Curt Einarsson
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms of development of cholesterol crystals and gallstones during weight reduction in obese subjects. Twenty-five morbidly obese, gallstone-free subjects underwent vertical-banded gastroplasty. Gallbladder bile was collected at the time of the operation via needle aspiration and 1.1–7.3 months after the operation via ultrasound-guided transhepatic puncture of the gallbladder. The mean weight loss was 17 kg. Two patients developed gallstones and 10 patients displayed cholesterol crystals in their bile. In patients with a follow-up time of less than 2 months (n = 13), cholesterol saturation increased from 90% to 114% but tended to decrease in the patients with a follow-up time of more than 2 months. The extraction of the concanavalin-A–binding fraction from gallbladder bile obtained after weight reduction in 7 patients prolonged crystallization detection time from 6 to 10 days. The hexosamine concentration, a marker for mucin, was increased by about 100% in bile obtained in 6 of 7 patients after weight reduction. In conclusion, the results indicate that crystallization-promoting compounds (mucin) are of great importance in the development of cholesterol crystals and gallstones in obese subjects during weight reduction, probably because of defective gallbladder emptying. (HEPATOLOGY 2005.)
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Remediation Therapy in Patients with a Severe or Enduring Eating Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Alexandra E. Dingemans, Unna N. Danner, Judith M. Donker, Jiska J. Aardoom, Floor van Meer, Karin Tobias, Annemarie A. van Elburg, Eric F. van Furth
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2013)

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Individuals with eating disorders show deficits in neuropsychological functioning which might preexist and underlie the etiology of the eating disorders and influence relapse. Deficits in cognitive flexibility, i.e. set-shifting and central coherence, might perpetuate the symptoms. Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) was developed to improve cognitive flexibility, thereby increasing the likelihood of improved outcome. The focus of CRT is on &lt;i&gt;how&lt;/i&gt; patients think, rather than on &lt;i&gt;what&lt;/i&gt; patients think. The present study investigated the effectiveness of CRT for patients with a severe or enduring eating disorder by means of a randomized controlled trial comparing intensive treatment as usual (TAU) to CRT plus TAU. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Eighty-two patients were randomly assigned to CRT plus TAU (n = 41) or TAU alone (n = 41). Outcome measures were set-shifting, central coherence, eating disorder and general psychopathology, motivation, quality of life and self-esteem. Assessments were performed at baseline (n = 82) and after 6 weeks (T1; n = 75) and 6 months (T2; n = 67). Data were analyzed by means of linear mixed model analyses. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Patients who received CRT in addition to TAU improved significantly more with regard to eating disorder-related quality of life at the end of treatment (T1) and eating disorder psychopathology at follow-up (T2), compared to those who received TAU only. Moreover, moderator analyses revealed that patients with poor baseline set-shifting abilities benefited more from CRT than patients with no deficits in set-shifting abilities at baseline; the quality of life of the former group was higher than that of the latter at follow-up. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; CRT seems to be promising in enhancing the effectiveness of concurrent treatment.
Hospital Life in Enlightenment Scotland: Care and Teaching at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Authors: W. F. Bynum
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Medical historians have traditionally concentrated their attention on what physicians said instead of what they did, placing a premium on medical theory at the expense of medical practice. Even historians of medical institutions, such as hospitals and societies, have been content to accept at face value official statements of the goals and achievements of these establishments. Recently, however, historians have been attempting to look more broadly and to probe more deeply: to uncover for instance, the nuances of ordinary medical practice of the past, to take more seriously the variety of individuals offering medical care or advice, and to examine physician-patient' encounters from the patient's perspective. Guenter Risse's book offers a splendid example of how rewarding this newer perspective can be, for it presents an indepth analysis of life and death in one of the most famous medical institutions of its time, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland. Even the
The Oregon migrant farmworker community: an evolving model for participatory research.
Authors: L A McCauley, M Beltran, J Phillips, M Lasarev, D Sticker
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Migrant farmworker communities present distinct challenges that require new approaches for community participation in research. In the State of Oregon an agency that advocates for the migrant farmworker community has collaborated successfully with university researchers to implement a research program directed to reducing pesticide exposures among the children of migrant farmworkers. The research process has included both qualitative research methods with members of the community and quantitative approaches to measure pesticide dust residues in homes, biomarkers of pesticide exposure, and effects on health. A committee of university and community stakeholders advises the research. Evaluative processes have been initiated to assess the effectiveness of the participatory model used in this project. The components of the preliminary process evaluation and results are presented. Evaluative data show that researchers and community members differ on perceptions of community involvement and the extent to which communication problems have been resolved between the two groups. Suggestions for improved community involvement and communication are given.
The bronchial response to cold air challenge: evidence for different mechanisms in normal and asthmatic subjects.
Authors: R W Heaton, A F Henderson, B J Gray, J F Costello
Journal: Thorax (1983)

<h3>SUMMARY</h3> Pancreatic β-cells couple nutrient metabolism with appropriate insulin secretion. Here, we show that pyruvate kinase (PK), which converts ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into ATP and pyruvate, underlies β-cell sensing of both glycolytic and mitochondrial fuels. PK present at the plasma membrane is sufficient to close K<sub>ATP</sub> channels and initiate calcium influx. Small-molecule PK activators increase β-cell oscillation frequency and potently amplify insulin secretion. By cyclically depriving mitochondria of ADP, PK restricts oxidative phosphorylation in favor of the mitochondrial PEP cycle with no net impact on glucose oxidation. Our findings support a compartmentalized model of β-cell metabolism in which PK locally generates the ATP/ADP threshold required for insulin secretion, and identify a potential therapeutic route for diabetes based on PK activation that would not be predicted by the β-cell consensus model. <h3>GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT</h3> The consensus model for β-cell glucose sensing supports a dominant role for OxPhos. This model doesn’t fully explain the observed metabolic and electrophysiologic oscillations associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Lewandowski <i>et al</i>. challenge this model by mechanistically connecting the anaplerotic PEP cycle to the electrically silent triggering phase, and OxPhos to the electrically active secretory phase. Here, the allosteric recruitment of pyruvate kinase directs metabolic traffic between the two cycles and identifies potential therapeutic strategies for diabetes based on pharmacologic pyruvate kinase activation. <h3>HIGHLIGHTS</h3> Compartmentalized pyruvate kinase (PK) activity underlies β-cell fuel sensing Membrane-associated PK closes K<sub>ATP</sub> channels and controls calcium influx By lowering ADP, PK toggles mitochondria between OxPhos and PEP biosynthesis Pharmacologic PK activation increases oscillatory frequency and amplifies secretion
Phospholipids and bile acids as diffusional carriers of Na+ across nonpolar media
Authors: Luigi Accatino, Patricia Gavilan
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

Phospholipids and bile acids, by virtue of their amphiphilic properties, can interact in nonpolar media forming “inverted” structures (micelles) which presumably have an hydrophilic core and might act as diffusional carriers (ionophores) of electrolytes across low dielectric constant media or lipid membranes. The Na + ionophoretic capability of various purified phospholipids and the modulating effects of bile acids and phospatidylcholine was examined by: (a) measurement of 22 Na + partition into the organic phase (chloroform) of a two-phase system and (b) direct measurement of the translocation of 22 Na + across a bulk chloroform phase separating two aqueous phases in a Pressman cell. All phospholipids tested, except for phosphatidylcholine, showed ionophoretic capability for Na + at micromolar concentrations. Cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine were the most efficient Na + carriers, comparable with monensin, an established Na + ionophore. In contrast, cholic acid as well as other bile acids demonstrated only marginal or no Na + ionophoretic capability. However, hydroxylated bile acids (particularly cholic acid), sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100, which can induce and stabilize inverted structures in lipid membranes, were able to increase 5- to 8-fold the phospholipid-mediated Na + transport. Interaction of cardiolipin with Na + in the chloroform phase followed a rectangular hyperbolic function with an apparent K d within the physiological Na + concentration range (16.9 ± 5.1 m M ). Addition of cholic acid to the cardiolipin-containing organic phase resulted in a 10-fold increase of maximal Na + uptake and no change in apparent K d . The effect of cholic acid on both cardiolipin-mediated Na + partition and Na + translocation across the chloroform phase showed a marked dependence on pH, being greater at pH 7.4. On the other hand, phosphatidylcholine, which is reported to stabilize phospholipid bilayers and to inhibit formation of inverted structures, inhibited Na + cardiolipin interactions. Cholic acid addition completely prevented the inhibitory effect of phosphatidylcholine. This study permits us to establish that the acidic phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine can act as efficient Na + ionophores in this in vitro system, at physiological Na + concentrations and with kinetics comparable to those of systems involved in Na + transport (e.g. Na + /H + antiports) in liver surface membrane and other biomembranes. Modulation by bile acids (stimulation) and phosphatidylcholine (inhibition) of cardiolipin-mediated Na + transport suggests that the underlying mechanism probably involves inverted-mixed micelle formation in the organic phase. The possibility exists that the Na + ionophoretic properties of acidic phospholipids are relevant to the bile secretory process.
Empirical evidence for constraints on colour categorisation
Authors: Jules Davidoff, Debi Roberson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

The question of whether colour categorisation is determined by nontrivial constraints (i.e., universal neurophysiological properties of visual neurons) is an empirical issue concerning the organisation of the internal colour space. Rosch has provided psychological evidence that categories are organised around focal colours and that the organisation is universal; this commentary reconsiders that evidence.
Abstract 4237: Isoenzyme-selective HDAC activity assays.
Authors: Kevin R. Kupcho, Nathan J. Evans, Andrew L. Niles, Dan F. Lazar, Thomas A. Kirkland
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are the family of enzymes which catalyze removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues on both histone and non-histone proteins. The lysine acetylation state of histones is an important post-translational modification which affects both chromatin structure and gene transcription. Thus, by deacetylating the amino-terminal tails of histones, HDACs have a profound effect on numerous and diverse cellular functions including cell proliferation. Given this important regulatory role, as well as evidence for significant HDAC involvement in the modulation of cancer, rapid advancement has been made in the development of broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitors. Recently, there has been an increased focus on the development of isoenzyme-specific HDAC inhibitors which may lead to improved therapy, including better efficacy and reduced off target effects. To enable selective HDAC studies, we developed assays that selectively measure specific isoenzyme activities in cells, extracts, or recombinant proteins. The assays use a homogeneous luminescent approach with a single reagent addition that is amenable to HTS. Isoenzyme-selective, luminogenic acetylated peptide substrates provide the basis for HDAC isoenzyme selectivity. Peptide deacetylation is measured by exposure to developer and a luciferin detection reagent. In addition to isoenzyme specificity, the assays show approximately 100-fold or better enhanced sensitivity over fluorescence methods and the versatility necessary for both biochemical and cell-based formats. Citation Format: Kevin R. Kupcho, Nathan J. Evans, Andrew L. Niles, Dan F. Lazar, Thomas A. Kirkland. Isoenzyme-selective HDAC activity assays. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4237. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4237
Bleomycin and the skin
Authors: T. Yamamoto
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Bleomycin is frequently used as a chemotherapeutic agent to treat various kinds of malignancy. However, the cytotoxic effects of bleomycin cause a number of adverse responses, in particular in the lung and the skin. Bleomycin is used by dermatologists as a treatment for various skin cancers, recalcitrant warts, keloid and hypertrophic scars. This article discusses the use of bleomycin for various skin disorders, as well as the risk factors and cutaneous side-effects resulting from its use.
Hepatobiliary Diseases: Pathophysiology and Imaging: Edited by K Okuda, D G Mitchell, Y Itai, et al. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001, 150, pp 764. ISBN 0-632-05542-1
Authors: S P Olliff
Journal: Gut (2002)

Professor Okuda sets out the aim of this book which is to describe advances in various imaging modalities to facilitate the use of different techniques and contribute to the understanding of hepatobiliary diseases and pathophysiology. The book is edited by three Japanese professors of medicine and radiology, and one American professor of radiology who is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) specialist. The contributing authors are Asian and American with the majority from Japan. The authors include physicians, gastroenterologists, pathologists, endoscopists, and radiologists.

This book celebrates the progress in imaging over the last two decades or so such that gross pathology is now fairly well shown by accurate and non-invasive or minimally invasive imaging methods. Microscopic histological changes are incompletely shown by imaging techniques but there has also been significant progress in characterising various processes, diseases, and tumours by imaging without biopsy.

The first section entitled “progress in imaging” considers computed tomography (CT), MRI, and developments in ultrasound. …
Thermolabile defect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in coronary artery disease.
Authors: S S Kang, E L Passen, N Ruggie, P W Wong, H Sora
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND To determine whether or not a moderate genetic defect of homocysteine metabolism is associated with the development of coronary artery disease, we studied the prevalence of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, which is probably the most common genetic defect of homocysteine metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Three hundred thirty-nine subjects who underwent coronary angiography were classified into three groups: (1) patients with severe coronary artery stenosis (&gt; or = 70% occlusion in one or more coronary arteries or &gt; or = 50% occlusion in the left main coronary artery), (2) patients with mild to moderate coronary artery stenosis (&lt; 70% occlusion in one or more coronary arteries or &lt; 50% occlusion in the left main coronary artery), and (3) patients with non-coronary heart disease or noncardiac chest pain (nonstenotic coronary arteries). The thermolability of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was prospectively determined in all subjects. Plasma homocyst(e)ine levels were then measured in those with thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease were thereafter ascertained by chart review of all subjects. The prevalence of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was 18.1% in group 1, 13.4% in group 2, and 7.9% in group 3. There was a significant difference between the prevalence of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in groups 1 and 3 (P &lt; .04). All individuals with thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase irrespective of their clinical grouping had higher plasma homocyst(e)ine levels than normal (group 1, 14.86 +/- 5.85; group 2, 15.36 +/- 5.70; group 3, 13.39 +/- 3.80; normal, 8.50 +/- 2.8 nmol/mL). Nonetheless, there was no statistically significant difference in the plasma homocyst(e)ine concentrations of these patients with or without coronary artery stenosis. Using discriminant function analysis, thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was predictive of angiographically proven coronary artery stenosis. The traditional risk factors--age, sex, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension--were not significantly associated with the presence of thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. CONCLUSIONS Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and is unrelated to other risk factors.
Services for the Elderly
Authors: R. E. Irvine
Journal: BMJ (1965)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background</h3> Household Air Pollution (HAP) from solid fuel use (SFU) may have impacts on children’s health in low-resources countries. Despite these potential health effects, SFU is still highly prevalent in Bangladesh. <h3>Objectives</h3> This study was conducted to assess the associations between SFU and early childhood development index (ECDI) among under-five children in Bangladesh and explore the potential effect modification by sex and urbanicity. <h3>Materials and methods</h3> This cross-sectional study used Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019, a nationally representative survey data collected by UNICEF from all 64 districts in Bangladesh. The ECDI consisted of ten different items across four developmental domains: literacy-numeracy, physical, social-emotional development, and learning skills in the early years of life (36 to 59 months). A total of 9,395 children aged 36 to 59 months were included in this analysis. We used multilevel Poisson regression models with a robust variance where SFU was a proxy indicator for HAP exposure. <h3>Results</h3> Children exposed to SFU were 1.47 times more likely to be not developmentally on track (95% CI: 1.25, 1.73; &lt;0.001<b>)</b> compared to children with no SFU exposure. Two sub-domains explained these associations, SFU was significantly associated with socio-emotional development (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.36; p=0.035), and learning-cognitive development (PR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.39, 2.60; p&lt;0.001). Associations between SFU and ECDI were not significantly different (p-difference=0.210) between girls (PR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.31, 2.07) and boys (PR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.65). Likewise, urbanicity did not modify the associations between SFU and ECDI outcomes. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Bangladeshi children aged 36-59 months exposed to SFU exhibited delays in childhood development compared to unexposed children. Public health policies should promote a better early life environment for younger children to meet their developmental milestones by reducing the high burden of HAP exposure in low-resource settings where most disadvantaged kids struggle to reach their full developmental potentials.
A characteristic eruption associated with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy after pretreatment with recombinant interleukin-1α
Authors: Ronald Prussick, Thomas D Horn, Wyndham H Wilson, Maria C Turner
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1996)

Patients who received recombinant interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) before chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation had a characteristic intertriginous cutaneous eruption that has not previously been described.Our aim was to document these skin changes and to determine whether IL-1 alpha as a sole agent caused recognizable changes in the skin.A prospective study of the skin changes in eight patients was performed. We characterized the clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of the patient's skin after IL-1 alpha infusions and after chemotherapy.No specific clinical or histologic changes were seen immediately after IL-1 alpha infusions. Immunohistochemical studies showed significant upregulation of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) expression. Within 1 day of the initiation of chemotherapy (ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide), a cutaneous eruption consisting of mucositis and varying degrees of erythema progressing to painful erosions in body folds and under adhesive tape developed in all patients. Histologic features were consistent with a chemotherapeutic effect on the epidermis as well as eccrine and apocrine glands. Expression of keratinocyte intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and HLA-DR as well as of ELAM-1 on dermal endothelial cells was increased. The perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate consisted mainly of CD4+ T cells.High-dose chemotherapy with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide resulted in a characteristic cutaneous eruption that is consistent with a toxic reaction to chemotherapeutic agents. Its accentuation in skin folds and under taped areas suggests that eccrine excretion of the drugs or a toxic metabolite is an important contributing factor. IL-1 alpha may induce the expression of ELAM-1 but does not cause a cutaneous eruption.