tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Residential Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution during Pregnancy and Anthropometric Measures at Birth in a Multicenter Cohort in Spain
Authors: Marisa Estarlich, Ferran Ballester, Inmaculada Aguilera, Ana Fernández-Somoano, Aitana Lertxundi, Sabrina Llop, Carmen Freire, Adonina Tardón, Mikel Basterrechea, Jordi Sunyer, Carmen Iñiguez
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

A growing body of research suggests that prenatal exposure to air pollution may be harmful to fetal development. We assessed the association between exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and anthropometric measures at birth in four areas within the Spanish Children's Health and Environment (INMA) mother and child cohort study.Exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and benzene was estimated for the residence of each woman (n = 2,337) for each trimester and for the entire pregnancy. Outcomes included birth weight, length, and head circumference. The association between residential outdoor air pollution exposure and birth outcomes was assessed with linear regression models controlled for potential confounders. We also performed sensitivity analyses for the subset of women who spent more time at home during pregnancy. Finally, we performed a combined analysis with meta-analysis techniques.In the combined analysis, an increase of 10 µg/m3 in NO2 exposure during pregnancy was associated with a decrease in birth length of -0.9 mm [95% confidence interval (CI), -1.8 to -0.1 mm]. For the subset of women who spent ≥ 15 hr/day at home, the association was stronger (-0.16 mm; 95% CI, -0.27 to -0.04). For this same subset of women, a reduction of 22 g in birth weight was associated with each 10-µg/m3 increase in NO2 exposure in the second trimester (95% CI, -45.3 to 1.9). We observed no significant relationship between benzene levels and birth outcomes.NO2 exposure was associated with reductions in both length and weight at birth. This association was clearer for the subset of women who spent more time at home.
A Phase I Safety and Pharmacokinetic Study of the Death Receptor 5 Agonistic Antibody PRO95780 in Patients with Advanced Malignancies
Authors: D. Ross Camidge, Roy S. Herbst, Michael S. Gordon, S. Gail Eckhardt, Razelle Kurzrock, Blythe Durbin, Josephine Ing, Tanyifor M. Tohnya, Jason Sager, Avi Ashkenazi, Gordon Bray, David Mendelson
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Purpose: PRO95780 is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that triggers the extrinsic apoptosis pathway through death receptor 5. This first-in-human study assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and any early evidence of efficacy of PRO95780 in patients with advanced malignancies. Experimental Design: Target concentrations were predicted to occur at 10 mg/kg. Patients received up to eight cycles of PRO95780 i.v. using a 3+3 dose escalation design at 1 to 20 mg/kg every 14 days (every 28 days in cycle 1; stage 1), with cohort expansion at either the maximum tolerated dose or 10 mg/kg, whichever was lower (stage 2). Patients were evaluated for response every other cycle. Results: The maximum tolerated dose was not reached within this study. Four (8%) of 50 patients reported adverse events of greater than grade 2 at least possibly related to PRO95780, including 2 patients with reversible grade 3 transaminase elevation. The mean terminal half-life was 8.8 to 19.3 days, with dose-dependent increases in exposure (peak plasma concentration and area under the concentration) across 1 to 15 mg/kg. Most patients treated with 10 mg/kg or above achieved trough concentration above the target efficacious concentration at day 15 with moderate accumulation after multiple doses. No objective responses occurred, although three minor responses were observed in patients with colorectal and granulosa cell ovarian cancers (each treated with 4 mg/kg) and chondrosarcoma (10 mg/kg). Conclusions: PRO95780 is safe and well tolerated at doses up to 20 mg/kg. Evidence of activity was noted in several different tumor types at 4 and 10 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic analysis supports a dosing regimen of 10 to 15 mg/kg every 2 to 3 weeks. Clin Cancer Res; 16(4); 1256–63
Acute Abdominal Pain in Children
Authors: G. D. F. McFadden
Journal: BMJ (1967)

jaundice and possibly cholangitis may develop.Classically, the resultant tempera- ture is a remittent fever of over 1000 F.(37.7' C.), preceded by rigors, sometimes called Charcot's fever.However, this is in fact rare, as in many cases that were studied the temperature rose only to 99' F. (37.20 C.), but even this small rise was of diagnostic significance.This may be modified by anti- biotics.In neoplastic obstruction, however, no foreign bodies are present in the duct, and the lumen is completely occluded by extrinsic compression.Probably for these reasons
Code of Ethics.
Authors: W. W. Parker
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<h3>To the Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association:</h3><h3>Dear Sir:</h3> —Having been invited by the chairman of the committee charged with the duty of recommending to the next meeting of the Association certain changes in our Code of Ethics, I beg leave briefly to state my objections to one word of change. I have been living up to this Code since its adoption; attended the first meeting of the Association in New York and have never had any trouble with a doctor in good standing in forty-five years. In my annual address as president of the State Society I urged that body to purchase 500 copies of the Code for the use of the members, and as president lately of our city society I urged the same measure. These resolutions were laid on the table till it is known whether the Association will make any change in
Neutrophil mucosal involvement is accompanied by enhanced local production of interleukin-8 in ulcerative colitis.
Authors: Y Raab, B Gerdin, S Ahlstedt, R Hallgren
Journal: Gut (1993)

The concentration of myeloperoxidase, a neutrophil granule constituent, was measured in the perfusion fluid from sigmoid and rectal segments in patients with ulcerative colitis. The concentrations of myeloperoxidase were increased severalfold in the patients with ulcerative colitis compared with healthy controls pointing to an enhanced neutrophil activity. The release of myeloperoxidase correlated to an enhanced local release of the neutrophil activating peptide interleukin-8 (IL-8). Increased values of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) were also found during intestinal perfusion of the patients and correlated with those of IL-8. The results obtained are compatible with the hypothesis that local mucosal recruitment/activation of neutrophils in ulcerative colitis is mediated by an enhanced IL-8 synthesis. TNF-alpha may be one relevant factor as a stimulus to IL-8 synthesis.
Serum Protein Changes in Thermal Trauma. I. Electrophoretic Analysis at pH 8.6
Authors: Gerard F. Lanchantin, Ruth Edwards Deadrick
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1958)

It is a well established fact that the circulating proteins of the human are profoundly affected by surgical, accidental and combat trauma.The medical literature on this topic emphasizes the remarkable quantitative and qualitative changes in intracellular and extracellular protein constituents occurring after and in response to injury.Funda- mental information concerning these metabolic alterations as well as shifts in body water and electrolytes are of paramount importance in the development of basic concepts of treatment.This study concerns itself with the quantitative changes in the serum electrophoretic pattern of patients who had sustained a thermal injury.Al- though there is a large body of literature pertain- ing to the alterations in the various serum elec- trophoretic protein components in human disease (1-4), there are relatively few reports dealing with postsurgical experiences (5, 6) and thermal trauma (7, 8).METHODS AND MATERIALS I. Laboratory methods.A. Collection of specimens.Blood was obtained by venipuncture of the antecubital fossa of normal individuals and from the most accessible site in burned patients.In six of the cases studied, specimens were obtained within seven hours following injury.Otherwise, all blood samples were collected in the fasting state every other day postburn and no specimens were obtained immediately after a blood transfusion or surgical procedure.All chemical and electrophoretic analyses were performed on nonhemolyzed serum.Blister bleb fluid was collected by needle aspiration and analyzed following coagulation.B. Analysis of serum total protein.Serum protein was measured by the Biuret method of Wolfson and Cohn (9).C. Moving-boundary electrophoresis.In preliminary studies, some of which will be mentioned herein, sera were analyzed by moving-boundary electrophoresis at pH 8.6 in the Tiselius Apparatus according to methods
Perihepatitis and Salpingitis
Authors: Mark Scott Smith
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I read with interest the article "Perihepatitis Associated With Salpingitis in Adolescents" (240:1253, 1978) by Iris F. Litt, MD, and Micheal I. Cohen, MD. I have two comments. Eschenbach and Holmes' have noted a 31% incidence of right upper quadrant tenderness in acute pelvic inflammatory disease, implying that the perihepatitis is far from uncommon. The initial symptom (which may be in either the right or left upper quadrants)2 may often be overlooked with the moderately severe lower abdominal pain characteristic of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Endocervical cultures have clearly been shown to have no correlation with tubal or peritoneal isolates.<sup>3-5</sup>
MAMMOSCINTIGRAPHY AND BREAST CANCER
Authors: J. Villanueva-Mever, M. H. Leonard, E. Briscoe, F. Cesani, S. Ali, M. Hove, D. Cowan
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Villanueva-Mever, J.; Leonard, M. H. Jr.; Briscoe, E.; Cesani, F.; Ali, S.; Hove, M.; Cowan, D. Author Information
Epidemiology and Course of Disease in Childhood Uveitis
Authors: Janine A. Smith, Friederike Mackensen, H. Nida Sen, Julie F. Leigh, Angela S. Watkins, Dmitry Pyatetsky, Howard H. Tessler, Robert B. Nussenblatt, James T. Rosenbaum, George F. Reed, Susan Vitale, Justine R. Smith, Debra A. Goldstein
Journal: Ophthalmology (2009)
Importance of dissolution process on systemic availability of drugs delivered by colon delivery system
Authors: Tomohiro Takaya, Kiyoshi Niwa, Motoki Muraoka, Ikuo Ogita, Noriko Nagai, Ryo-ichi Yano, Go Kimura, Yukako Yoshikawa, Hiroshi Yoshikawa, Kanji Takada
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (1998)
Mortality in Adults With and Without Diabetes in a National Cohort of the U.S. Population, 1971–1993
Authors: Ken Gu, Catherine C Cowie, Maureen I Harris
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE To examine 22-year mortality (1971–1993), causes of death, life expectancy, and survival in a national sample of diabetic and nondiabetic adults according to age, sex, and race. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A representative national cohort of 14,374 adults aged 25–74 years was identified in 1971–1975 in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Diabetes was ascertained by medical history interview. The cohort was followed for mortality through 1992–1993, with verification of vital status for 96.2% (n = 13,830). Causes of death were determined from death certificates. RESULTS Diabetic subjects comprised 5.1% of the cohort and accounted for 10.6% of the deaths. Mortality for diabetic subjects increased from 12.4 per 1,000 person-years for those aged 25–44 years at baseline to 89.7 per 1,000 person-years for those aged 65–74 years. The age-adjusted mortality rate was 57% higher for diabetic men than for diabetic women; the rate was 27% higher for diabetic non-Hispanic blacks than for diabetic non-Hispanic whites. Mortality rates were highest for insulin-treated subjects and for those with ≥15 years' duration of diabetes. Diabetes was listed on the death certificate as the underlying cause of death for only 7.7% of diabetic men and 13.4% of diabetic women. Considering multiple causes of death, heart disease was listed the most frequently and was present on 69.5% of death certificates of people with diabetes. Death rates were higher for diabetic than for nondiabetic subjects in all age, sex, and race groups. The relative risk of death (diabetic versus nondiabetic subjects) declined with age from a value of 3.6 for those aged 25–44 years at baseline to 1.5 for those aged 65–74 years. The relative risk was elevated in diabetic subjects for all major causes of death except malignant neoplasms. Survival of diabetic subjects was lower than that of nondiabetic subjects in all age, sex, and race groups. Median life expectancy was 8 years lower for diabetic adults aged 55–64 years and 4 years lower for those aged 65–74 years. CONCLUSIONS In this representative national sample of adults, mortality rates were higher for diabetic men than for diabetic women and for diabetic blacks than for diabetic whites. The study confirms the substantially higher risk of death, lower survival, and lower life expectancy of diabetic adults compared with nondiabetic adults.
THE ROLE OF THE KIDNEY IN ERYTHROPOIESIS*
Authors: Jean-Pierre Naets
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1960)

The pathogenesis of anemia in chronic and acute renal insufficiency has not yet been fully understood.Emerson and Burrows (1) and Chaplin and Mollison (2), using the Ashby tech- nic, have shown the decreased red cell survival in chronic and acute nephritis.Later other workers (3-6) noted the same defect, and Muirhead and co-workers (7, 8) studying nephrectomized rab- bits and dogs pointed out a hemolytic picture.Loge, Lange and Moore (9) in 1950, using radio- active iron, observed a reduced uptake in the red cells of uremic patients; these findings were con- firmed by others using Fe59 with high specificity (4-6, 10).This reduction of the erythropoietic function was also demonstrated by the depletion of erythroblasts from the marrow in uremic pa- tients (6, 11, 12) and by the severe erythroblasto- penia commonly associated with acute renal failure (6, 13).These observations show that uremic anemia results from a double mechanism: a short red cell survival and a depression of erythropoiesis.It was postulated without evidence that toxic products resulting from renal failure impaired mar- row red cell production.This view was supported by in vitro experiments; Sacchetti (14) observed reduction of mitosis and Markson and Rennie ( 15) reported inhibition of erythroblast maturation after adding uremic plasma to marrow culture.Recently Jacobson, Goldwasser, Fried and Plzak (16) showed the absence of erythropoietic factor response in hypoxic nephrectomized rats and assumed that the kidney was the source of an erythropoietic factor.In preliminary notes (17-19) we reported that bilateral nephrectomy of dogs abolished erythropoiesis while bilateral ureter ligation did not im- pair this function despite the same elevation in blood urea nitrogen and the same degree of mal- nutrition.Details of these experiments and fur- ther data are described in this paper.
The Use and Abuse of Practice Profiles
Authors: Jerome P. Kassirer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Once upon a time doctors had nearly complete professional autonomy. If they completed their training, were licensed by the state, and were certified by a professional board, they were assured the respect and trust of the public, and virtually no one kept track of their professional performance. What a difference a few decades make! Today, doctors' everyday decisions are regularly scrutinized, monitored, and regulated, and their judgments about individual patients can be overturned by nameless employees of third-party payers. Many physicians are concerned that recent approaches to quality control, such as practice guidelines and appropriateness studies, will regiment them even . . .
Humoral control of airway tone.
Authors: N. C. Thomson, K. D. Dagg, S. G. Ramsay
Journal: Thorax (1996)

Publisher Summary   Circulating hormones and vasoactive peptides play a minor role in the physiological regulation of airway tone in normal individuals. Adrenaline is the only hormone known to influence bronchomotor tone, and it is only during strenuous exercise that concentrations are elevated sufficiently to cause bronchodilation. Circulating hormones play a more important role in the regulation of airway tone in diseased states of the airways, such as asthma, and possibly in other disorders, such as cor pulmonale, congestive cardiac failure, respiratory failure, and thyroid diseases. Circulating adrenaline has a role in the maintenance of resting airway tone in asthma, particularly in those patients in whom resting airway caliber is already reduced. The elevated adrenaline and atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations achieved after vigorous exercise may act to counteract exercise-induced asthma. Airway tone and reactivity are influenced by oxygen levels, although the precise effects of oxygen tension on airway function in health and airway disease are not clearly established.
Anatomy for Surgeons
Authors: John E. Skandalakis
Journal: JAMA (1983)

There is no question in my mind that<i>Anatomy for Surgeons</i>, volume 1, third edition, is a classic anatomic reference book, enriched, however, with clinical applied and surgical anatomy, something that the resident in surgery and the practicing surgeon need very much. The correlation of the anatomic entities with surgical procedures of the head and neck is more than obvious. The book of 551 well-presented pages is divided into nine chapters, as in the first edition. The numerous figures are clear and anatomically correct. Since 1954, this book has become a useful tool for students, residents, and practicing surgeons. To me, it has become a bible. As the author states in the preface, anatomy does not change. We do agree, however, that anatomic philosophy changes with the applications of new techniques and new procedures. Dr Hollinshead, a true clinical anatomist, emphasizes the anatomic entities related to surgery. The book is
Fish Oil vs Olive Oil for Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation—Reply
Authors: Dariush Mozaffarian, Roberto Marchioli
Journal: JAMA (2013)

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853. Persistent Expression of Single Chain Antibodies Mediated by AAV5 and AAVrh.10 Vectors
Authors: Julie L. Boyer, Jeffrey Howard, Neil R. Hackett, Robert G. Pergolizzi, James M. Wilson, Ronald G. Crystal
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Top of pageAbstract
Passive transfer of immunity with monoclonal antibodies is an effective strategy to augment host defenses, but it is a challenge to maintain effective antibody levels due to the short half-life of the antibodies and the consequent requirement for repetitive administration once every 1 to 4 wk. We have recently demonstrated (Kasuya et al. Molecular Therapy 2005; 11:237-244) the efficiency of an adenovirus (Ad)-based gene transfer vector in delivering single chain antibodies, but while effective, the protective immunity lasted only 2 wk secondary to the immune responses against the Ad vector. To refine the technology to provide a longer duration of antibody expression, we tested the hypothesis that a gene encoding a single chain antibody delivered by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors would exhibit sustained antibody expression in the serum of experimental animals. To test this hypothesis, the gene encoding a cobratoxin-specific single chain antibody was cloned into two vectors, one based on an AAV serotype 5 vector (AAV5|[alpha]|CTX) and one based on the non-human primate AAV serotype rh.10 (AAVrh.10|[alpha]|CTX). The expression cassette in these vectors consists of (5' to 3'): the chicken |[beta]|-actin promoter; an Ig|[kappa]| secretion signal to direct expression into the extracellular space; the cDNA sequence corresponding to the anti-cobratoxin single chain antibody, including a human constant |[kappa]| (C|[kappa]|) domain; and the SV40 poly A signal. The expression of the antibody from both vectors was confirmed by Western analysis of infected cell supernatants. Groups of 5 BALB/c mice received a dose of 1011 particle units (pu) by the intrapleural route. Mice that received AAV5|[alpha]|CTX had serum Ig|[kappa]| titers that reached a peak of 102 at 4 wk. These levels remained stable through an 8 wk observation period. For mice that received 1011 pu of the AAVrh.10|[alpha]|CTX, the anti-human Ig|[kappa]| titer rose from undetectable levels at wk 0 to 9|[times]|102 at 4 wk, a level 9-fold higher levels than that for the AAV5-based vector. These levels also remained stable through the 8 wk observation period. These data demonstrate that it is possible to achieve sustained expression of antibodies using AAV-based vectors, and that AAVrh.10-based vectors provide a higher efficiency of antibody gene expression compared to AAV5-based vectors when administered by the intrapleural route. This strategy should prove useful in applications requiring persistent augmentation of host defenses with monoclonal antibodies.
Location of Adenomas Missed by Optical Colonoscopy
Authors: Perry J. Pickhardt, Pamela A. Nugent, Pauline A. Mysliwiec, J. Richard Choi, William R. Schindler
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Background: Previous estimates of the adenoma miss rate with optical colonoscopy (OC) are hindered by the use of OC as its own reference standard. Objective: To evaluate the frequency and characteristics of colorectal neoplasms that are missed prospectively on OC by using virtual colonoscopy (VC) as a separate reference standard. Design: Prospective, multicenter screening trial. Setting: 3 medical centers. Participants: 1233 asymptomatic adults who underwent same-day VC and OC. Measurements: Colorectal neoplasms (adenomatous polyps) missed at OC before VC results were unblinded. Results: Fourteen (93.3%) of 15 nonrectal neoplasms were located on a fold; 10 (71.4%) of these were located on the backside of a fold. Five (83.3%) of 6 rectal lesions were located within 10 cm of the anal verge. Limitations: Estimation of the OC miss rate depended on polyp detection on both VC and second-look OC and therefore underestimates the true OC miss rate, particularly for smaller polyps. Conclusions: Most clinically significant adenomas missed prospectively on OC are located behind a fold or near the anal verge. The 12% OC miss rate for large adenomas (≥ 10 mm) when state-of-the-art 3-dimensional VC is used as a separate reference standard is increased from the previous 0% to 6% estimates derived by using OC as its own reference standard.