tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A SARCOMA OF THE FOWL TRANSMISSIBLE BY AN AGENT SEPARABLE FROM THE TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Peyton Rous
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1911)

A transmissible sarcoma of the chicken has been under observation in this laboratory for the past fourteen months, 1 and it has assumed of late a special interest because of its extreme malignancy and a tendency to wide-spread metastasis3 In a careful study of the growth, tests have been made to determine whether it can be transmitted by a filtrate free of the tumor cells.Attempts to so transmit rat, mouse, and dog tumors have never succeeded; and it was supposed that the sarcoma of the fowl would not differ from them in this regard, since it is a typical neoplasm.On the contrary, small quantities of a cell-free filtrate have sufficed to transmit the growth to susceptible fowls.EXPERIMENTS.
Adenosine regulates a chloride channel via protein kinase C and a G protein in a rabbit cortical collecting duct cell line.
Authors: E M Schwiebert, K H Karlson, P A Friedman, P Dietl, W S Spielman, B A Stanton
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

We examined the regulation by adenosine of a 305-pS chloride (Cl-) channel in the apical membrane of a continuous cell line derived from rabbit cortical collecting duct (RCCT-28A) using the patch clamp technique. Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors by N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) activated the channel in cell-attached patches. Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate and 1-oleoyl 2-acetylglycerol, activators of protein kinase C (PKC), mimicked the effect of CHA, whereas the PKC inhibitor H7 blocked the action of CHA. Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors also increased the production of diacylglycerol, an activator of PKC. Exogenous PKC added to the cytoplasmic face of inside-out patches also stimulated the Cl- channel. Alkaline phosphatase reversed PKC activation. These results show that stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors activates a 305-pS Cl-channel in the apical membrane by a phosphorylation-dependent pathway involving PKC. In previous studies, we showed that the protein G alpha i-3 activated the 305-pS Cl- channel (Schwiebert et al. 1990. J. Biol. Chem. 265:7725-7728). We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that PKC activates the channel by a G protein-dependent pathway. In inside-out patches, pertussis toxin blocked PKC activation of the channel. In contrast, H7 did not prevent G protein activation of the channel. We conclude that adenosine activates a 305-pS Cl- channel in the apical membrane of RCCT-28A cells by a membrane-delimited pathway involving an A1 adenosine receptor, phospholipase C, diacylglycerol, PKC, and a G protein. Because we have shown, in previous studies, that this Cl- channel participates in the regulatory volume decrease subsequent to cell swelling, adenosine release during ischemic cell swelling may activate the Cl-channel and restore cell volume.
NHS must adopt a culture of "zero tolerance" for patient harm, Francis report says
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The NHS must be transformed into a patient centred culture with “zero tolerance” for patient harm and criminal sanctions for failure to provide safe care, a landmark report into one of the health service’s biggest scandals has recommended.1

The public inquiry into Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust found failures at every level up to and including the Department of Health, which together allowed “terrible and unnecessary suffering” by patients to go undetected for years.

The trust, which ran Stafford and Cannock Chase hospitals, was intent on meeting targets set by the NHS and qualifying for the status of foundation trust, focusing on corporate governance and financial control. But patient safety and care were ignored, and there were nearly 500 excess deaths between 2005 and 2008, although signs that should have raised concerns were present years before.

Patients “were failed by a system which ignored the warning signs of poor care and put corporate self interest and cost control ahead of patients and their safety,” said inquiry chairman Robert Francis QC.

“There was an institutional culture in which the business of the system was put ahead of the priority that should have been given to the protection of patients and the maintenance of public trust in the service.”

Patients’ voices were not heard, local GPs failed to raise concerns, primary care trusts did not have the tools to ensure the quality of the services they were buying, the strategic health authority defended trusts rather than …
Equal synthesis of α- and β-globin chains in erythroid precursors in heterozygous β-thalassemia
Authors: Yuet Wai Kan, David G. Nathan, Harvey F. Lodish
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

In patients with heterozygous beta-thalassemia, the beta/alpha synthetic ratio in marrow erythroid cells incubated in vitro is 1, whereas in reticulocytes the ratio is 0.5. These ratios reflect the equal synthesis of the two chains on the polyribosomes of the bone marrow and unequal synthesis on the polyribosomes of the peripheral blood reticulocytes. alpha- and beta-chain synthesis is also equal in marrow cells in vivo. Equal synthesis is probably due both to a decrease in alpha-chain synthesis and an increase in beta-chain synthesis in bone marrow erythroid cells and may contribute to the absence of overt hemolysis due to excess alpha-globin chain accumulation in heterozygous beta-thalassemia.
Volume reflex in diabetes
Authors: K Patel
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

After examining various components of the volume reflex in different models of diabetic rats, it is clear that the neural component of the volume reflex is altered in the early stage of diabetes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved in the neural component need to be examined further in diabetes. In terms of the humoral component of the effector limb of the volume reflex, the actions of ANF within the kidney appear to contribute to the altered volume reflex in diabetes. Results of our preliminary studies suggest that intrarenal factors may also contribute to the blunted renal excretory responses to acute VE in early diabetes. Finally, the present review has outlined the major abnormalities in the volume reflex in diabetes and the gaps in our knowledge of the various components of the volume reflex in diabetes.
Diarrhoea and duodenal disease
Authors: Jennifer A Nielsen, James J Weber, Donna J Lager
Journal: Gut (2014)

A 27-year-old Caucasian male presented with a one-month history of diarrhoea, severe abdominal cramping, heartburn and weight loss. The symptoms began right after breakfast in the morning and continued with 3–4 watery stools throughout the day, but none during the night. Spicy foods, alcoholic beverages and excessive water intake seemed to exacerbate the pain, but soda seemed to alleviate it. The patient denied use of antibiotics, antispasmodics, or antihypertensive drugs, and drank minimal milk. The patient denied any recent international travel or contact with diapers or ill persons but confirmed that the symptoms started about a week after a river trip. There was no known family history of GI disease. …
Circadian Variation of Glucose, Insulin, and Free Fatty Acids During Long-term Use of Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: A. N. Rigas, A. H. Bittles, D. R. Hadden, D. A. D. Montgomery
Journal: BMJ (1968)

The circadian rhythms of preprandial and postprandial blood glucose, free fatty acids, and insulin levels were measured in groups of normal and of diabetic patients controlled by diet alone or by diet with tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, or metformin. All groups showed a greater insulin release after the first meal of the day than after subsequent meals. Diabetic patients controlled for more than two years on diguanide therapy showed the closest resemblance to non-diabetic control subjects. There was no significant difference between the values for diabetic patients on long-term control with diet alone and those on short- or long-acting sulphonylurea. The circadian rhythms disappeared in obese subjects on total starvation.
EFFECT OF POSTURE ON SPLITTING OF THE SECOND HEART SOUND
Authors: William J. Breen
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Splitting of the components of the second heart sound can be a valuable sign in cardiac diagnosis. Normally, in clinical auscultation the second-sound components are split during inspiration and become single during expiration. Patients with several congenital and acquired cardiac defects show persistence of this splitting during both phases of respiration. This can be easily detected on routine auscultation. The splitting persists in both the supine and erect position. The authors have observed several cases with no cardiac disease in which splitting persists only while the patient is supine but vanishes when the patient either is sitting or standing. The authors recommend that the final evaluation of the splitting of the second sound should be done with the patient sitting or standing.
Effects of Inferior Mesenteric Vein Flow in Patients With Cirrhosis
Authors: Hitoshi Maruyama, Hidehiro Kamezaki, Takayuki Kondo, Tadashi Sekimoto, Taro Shimada, Masanori Takahashi, Hidehiro Okugawa, Osamu Yokosuka
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2013)
Holocaust Survivors’ Health Needs
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Peter J. Kahrilas
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To review the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in adults with esophageal complications (esophagitis, stricture, adenocarcinoma, or Barrett metaplasia) or extraesophageal complications (otolaryngological manifestations and asthma).Peer-reviewed publications located via MEDLINE or cross-citation.Emphasis was placed on new developments in diagnosis and therapeutics. Thus, fewer than 10% of identified citations are discussed.Controlled therapeutic trials were emphasized. The validity of pathophysiological observations and uncontrolled trials were critiqued by the author.Esophagitis is typically a chronic, recurring disorder treated with long-term antisecretory therapy, titrated to disease severity. Laparoscopic [correction of Laparascopic] antireflux surgery is an alternative strategy, but neither long-term efficacy data nor an appropriate controlled trial comparing it with proton pump inhibitor therapy exists. The main risk of esophagitis is adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett metaplasia, the incidence of which is increasing. Strong evidence suggests that both reflux-induced asthma and otolaryngological complications (subglottic stenosis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, or cancer) can occur without esophagitis. While the otolaryngological manifestations usually respond to antisecretory medications, reflux-induced asthma responds convincingly only to antireflux surgery.Although esophagitis and GERD symptoms predictably respond to antisecretory medicines, the risk of adenocarcinoma from Barrett metaplasia dictates that if heartburn is refractory to treatment, chronic (>5 years), or accompanied by dysphagia, odynophagia, or bleeding, it should be evaluated by endoscopy. Thereafter, patients with Barrett metaplasia require surveillance endoscopy to control the cancer risk. Reflux-induced asthma remains a vexing problem in the absence of either medical therapy or proven efficacy of a reliable mechanism of prospectively identifying affected patients.
Lymphoscintigraphy Chylous Ascites and Lymphocele Demonstration
Authors: DAVID C. GREGG, ROBERT G. WELLS, JOHN R. STY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

A 12-year-old girl had a gradual onset of abdominal detention. A computed tomographic study of the abdomen showed a fluid-filted peritoneal cavity without masses. The fluid was chylous in nature. A lymphoscintigram was performed to evaluate for the site of obstruction or leakage. A positive contrast radiographic pedal lymphogram is shown for comparison. The value of lymphoscintigraphy is illustrated.
The team physician
Authors: E. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The interview gives us a behind the scenes glimpse at an exciting yet uncommon career path for a physician.As a team doctor, Drezner's practice is a mixture of a "non-operative musculoskeletal specialist" and a primary care doctor.One of his major responsibilities is to evaluate players for concussions and determine suitability for play.Concussions are common among amateur and professional athletes of all ages engaged in contact sports, including football, rugby, hockey, lacrosse, and soccer.Many concussions are self limited injuries, but others may lead to cognitive and emotional problems and, when repetitive, can produce chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a degenerative condition characterized by tau deposition in the brain that leads to a progressive dementia.
Approaches to the formulation of standards for carcinogenic substances in the environment.
Authors: N Y Yanysheva, Y G Antomonov, R E Albert, B Altshuler, L Friedman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

After having agreed that standards are necessary for carcinogens that cannot be completely eliminated from the environment, two exchange groups in the U.S.S.R.-U.S. Cooperative present their different approaches to the problem. The Russian groups has recommended a benzypyrene standard of 0.1 microgram/100m3 of atmospheric air over populated regions and gives its experimental basis and theoretical rationale in the first part of this joint paper. Lifetime experiments in adult rats over a wide range of dose levels permit the determination of a largest ineffective dose level with respect the theoretical time of first tumor as well as incidence. The standard is set by extrapolation based on body weight and uses a safety factor of 10 to account for the additional susceptibility in embryogenesis and childhood. The U. S. group presents a mathematical model of time-to-tumor occurrence which permits the prediction of population incidence and life span shortening from time-to-tumor data in animals or man. It assumes the distribution of mortality-corrected time to tumor is lognormal with the nth power of time inversely proportional to dose and with dose independence of the variability of the logarithm of time to tumor. The prediction is made by combining this distribution, fitted to the data, with population mortality tables. Both groups emphasize that substantial research efforts are necessary to improve the scientific basis for setting standards.
Metastatic Neuroblastoma Confined to Distant Lymph Nodes (stage 4N) Predicts Outcome in Patients With Stage 4 Disease: A Study From the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Database
Authors: Daniel A. Morgenstern, Wendy B. London, Derek Stephens, Samuel L. Volchenboum, Barbara Hero, Andrea Di Cataldo, Akira Nakagawara, Hiroyuki Shimada, Peter F. Ambros, Katherine K. Matthay, Susan L. Cohn, Andrew D.J. Pearson, Meredith S. Irwin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Purpose The presence of distant metastases is one of the most powerful predictors of outcome in patients with neuroblastoma. However, the pattern of metastatic spread is not incorporated into current risk stratification systems. Small case series have suggested that patients with neuroblastoma who have metastatic disease limited to distant lymph nodes (4N disease) may have improved outcomes. Patients and Methods We analyzed retrospective data from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group database for patients diagnosed from 1990 to 2002. 4N patients were compared with the remaining stage 4 patients (non-4N), excluding those with missing metastatic site data. Results In all, 2,250 International Neuroblastoma Staging System stage 4 patients with complete data were identified, of whom 146 (6.5%) had 4N disease. For 4N patients, event-free survival (EFS; 5-year, 77% ± 4%) and overall survival (OS; 5-year, 85% ± 3%) were significantly better than EFS (5-year, 35% ± 1%) and OS (5-year, 42% ± 1%) for non-4N stage 4 patients (P &lt; .001). 4N patients were more likely to be younger (P &lt; .001) and have tumors with favorable characteristics, including absence of MYCN amplification (89% v 69%; P &lt; .001). In a multivariable analysis, 4N disease remained a significant predictor of outcome (hazard ratio for non-4N v 4N: 3.40 for EFS and 3.69 for OS). Within subgroups defined by age at diagnosis and tumor MYCN status, 4N disease was significantly associated with improved outcomes. Conclusion 4N represents a subgroup with better outcome than that of other patients with metastatic disease. These findings suggest that the biology and treatment response of 4N tumors differ from other stage 4 tumors, and less intensive therapy should be considered for this cohort. Future exploration of biologic factors determining the pattern of metastatic spread is warranted.
ABC of antithrombotic therapy: Antithrombotic therapy in special circumstances. I---pregnancy and cancer
Authors: B. Jilma
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Pregnancy predisposes to venous thromboembolism for several reasons. These include a change in the balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors in the blood. Any conditions that predispose a woman to thromboembolism when she is not pregnant will also predispose her to thromboembolism when she is pregnant.

#### Disorders during pregnancy for which antithrombotic therapy is commonly considered

#### Potential risks of antithrombotic therapy during pregnancy

##### Maternal disadvantages and risks

Unfractionated heparin 

Low molecular weight heparin 

Warfarin 

##### Risk to the fetus or child

Heparin 

Low molecular weight heparin 

Warfarin 

Low dose aspirin 

Generally, antithrombotic therapy started in a non-pregnant patient for a particular disorder needs to be continued during the pregnancy and in the puerperium. The use and type of antithrombotic therapy depends on the risk:benefit ratio, taking into consideration the potential harm to the mother and the fetus.

The potential risks of antithrombotic therapy during pregnancy can be divided into maternal and fetal risks, and include teratogenicity and bleeding. Unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins do not cross the placenta and are probably safe for the fetus, although bleeding at the uteroplacental junction is possible. Nevertheless, data are sparse for low molecular weight heparin, with no reliable comparative trials or convincing dose assessment.

In contrast to heparin, coumarin derivatives cross the placenta and can cause both bleeding in the fetus and teratogenicity. Coumarin derivatives can cause an embryopathy …
ADDITIONAL POINTS IN THE USE OF COCAINE MURIATE.
Authors: W. W. SEELY
Journal: JAMA (1884)

The extreme scarcity of the new anæsthetic,<i>cocaine muriate</i>, has rendered it clinically impossible for any of our observers to test its advantages and disadvantages in all directions, and hence contributions from different sources are needed to complete its history. I have had a supply from three different sources— Foucar, of New York; Parke, Davis &amp; Co., and Wilfert, of Cincinnati. That the drug thoroughly and completely anæsthetizes the conjunctiva and cornea, needs no further mention. In fact, I think it might be affirmed that it will anæsthetize any part it comes in contact with that will rapidly absorb it—aa mucous membrane in any locality, and the broken skin, and such parts as it can be brought into contact with by the hypodermic needle, as witness the case reported by Carmalt, of New Haven, in the last number of the Journal. The smarting and burning of small abrasions and cuts
EXPANSION OF TH17 CELLS AND IL-17 PRODUCTION ARE DETECTABLE IN SELECTED PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES.
Authors: Paolo Golino, Plinio Cirillo, Elena D’Aiuto, Danilo Rinaldi, Francesco Borriello, Gianfranco Abbate, Paolo Calabrò, Greta Luana D’Ascoli, Raffaele Calabrò, Raffaele De Palma
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
A study of patients attending without appointments in an urban general practice.
Authors: A Virji
Journal: BMJ (1990)

To uncover signaling system differences between T cell stimuli and T cell subsets, phosphorylation status of 18 signaling proteins at six different time points following TCR triggering and CD28/CD2 costimulation was examined in human T cell subsets by phospho-epitope–specific flow cytometry of fluorescent cell barcoded samples, thereby providing a high-resolution signaling map. Compared with effector/memory T cells, naive T cells displayed stronger activation of proximal signaling molecules after TCR triggering alone. Conversely, distal phosphorylation events, like pErk and pS6-ribosomal protein, were stronger in effector/memory subsets. CD28 costimulation specifically induced signaling necessary for proper NF-κB activation, whereas CD2 signaled more strongly to S6-ribosomal protein. Analysis of resting regulatory T cells (rTregs; CD4<sup>+</sup>CD45RA<sup>+</sup>FOXP3<sup>+</sup>) and activated regulatory T cells (actTregs; CD4<sup>+</sup>CD45RA<sup>−</sup>FOXP3<sup>++</sup>) revealed that, although rTregs had low basal, but inducible, Erk activity, actTregs displayed high basal Erk phosphorylation and little or no Akt activation. Interestingly, the use of Mek inhibitors to block Erk activation inhibited activation-dependent FOXP3 upregulation in rTregs, their transition to actTregs, and the resulting increase in suppressive capacity. In summary, our systems approach unraveled distinct differences in signaling elicited by CD28 and CD2 costimulation and between rTregs and actTregs. Blocking rTreg transition to highly suppressive actTregs by Mek inhibitors might have future therapeutic applications.
Development of a highly stable and targetable nanoliposomal formulation of topotecan
Authors: Daryl C. Drummond, Charles O. Noble, Zexiong Guo, Mark E. Hayes, Ceirin Connolly-Ingram, Bianca S. Gabriel, Byron Hann, Bin Liu, John W. Park, Keelung Hong
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2009)
NICE recommendations have had little effect on multiple sclerosis services five years on
Authors: L. Hitchen
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Nearly two thirds of patients with multiple sclerosis in England and Wales are unable to access neurological rehabilitation services, an audit shows.

The Royal College of Physicians of London and the MS Trust surveyed 1300 people with the condition, 127 acute NHS hospital trusts, 140 primary care trusts and local health boards, and seven strategic health authorities and regional offices during January and February 2008. Questions were based on guidelines for managing the illness from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).

Only 36% of patients with multiple sclerosis in England and 31% …