tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
S136 An observational cohort study to determine the safety, efficacy and outcome of the early initiation of pressure support ventilation during mechanical ventilation: Abstract S136 Table 1.
Authors: G Glover, B Connolly, S Di Gangi, L Ayers, M Terblanche, R Beale, N Hart
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Identifying the earliest time for initiation of weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) is important. Weaning trials and guidelines apply screening criteria which have not been validated and which may actually delay weaning from MV if too prescriptive. This study aimed to observe physician-led utilisation of pressure support ventilation (PSV), referenced to four screening criteria commonly reported in weaning trials (PaO<sub>2</sub>:FiO<sub>2</sub> ≥26.3kPa, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) ≤5cmH<sub>2</sub>O, Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) &gt;-3 and cardiovascular stability (HR &lt;120, MAP &gt;65mmHg and no inopressor support)), hypothesising that these criteria would not predict ability to sustain a PSV trial for 24hours. <h3>Method</h3> Prospective observational cohort study of adult patients receiving MV in a thirty-bed ICU in a university hospital. Routine post-operative patients were excluded. Logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with PSV failure. Outcome is reported according to adherence to the screening criteria. <h3>Results</h3> 209 patients were included (mean ± SD age 62.6 ± 15.9years, M:F 115:94, APACHE II 16.7 ± 6.1, 48% medical, 20% elective surgical, 32% emergency surgical admissions). Median (IQR) time to initiate PSV was 11.0 (5.0–22.0)hours, and duration of weaning to extubation was 43.0 (13.0–121.5)hours. PSV weaning was initiated despite significant hypoxia (PaO<sub>2</sub>:FiO<sub>2</sub> 35.8 ± 15.9kPa), moderate PEEP levels (7.5 ± 2.5cmH<sub>2</sub>O), deep sedation (44% RASS≤-3) and cardiovascular instability (48.8%) (Table 1). At PSV initiation, 85% of patients violated at least one screening criterion, yet 74.6% of patients remained stable for 24 hours. Logistic regression identified no association between individual screening criteria and PSV failure. Failure to sustain a PSV trial was associated with ventilation &gt;7 days (RR = 2.12 [1.33, 3.38] p = 0.002) and ICU mortality (RR = 2.94 [1.46, 5.94] p = 0.002). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Physician-led PSV weaning was often initiated early before patients fulfilled conventional screening criteria. Despite this, PSV trials were well tolerated in the majority with active weaning in pressure support subsequently achieved. Individual screening criteria were not associated with PSV failure. Of clinical significance, failure to sustain a PSV trial could be an early indicator of prolonged mechanical ventilation and ICU mortality, and predictive characteristics of this warrant further investigation. Application of screening criteria, as reported in weaning literature, may delay initiation of weaning in some patients.
Low-dosage oral progestogen.
Authors: W. P. Black
Journal: BMJ (1968)

economic strata and are often residents of rural areas.Diet lacks high-class proteins and consists mostly of cereals and a small quantity of pulses.Very low levels of total serum proteins and albumin are noted in hospitalized patients.The presumptive evidence of pro- tein malnutrition and deprivation is strong, unlike the cryptogenic types in Britain.Less than a quarter of patients give a his- tory of jaundice.Presuming that all jaundice in the past is due to infectious hepatitis, the actual percentage may be much less, as pallor of anaemia due to ankylostomiasis is often wrongly described as icterus by these patients, as they are not good witnesses of their past events.Further, infectious hepatitis is more common in cities, but cirrhotics are mostly drawn from villages.It is therefore likely that viral hepatitis may be of even lesser importance in causation of cirrhosis in India than in England.A majority of patients, 55 to 75%, show a post-necrotic pattern of hepatic tissue.-Iam, etc.,
Extending the psycho-historical framework to understand artistic production
Authors: Aaron Kozbelt, Justin Ostrofsky
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract We discuss how the psycho-historical framework can be profitably applied to artistic production, facilitating a synthesis of perception-based and knowledge-based perspectives on realistic observational drawing. We note that artists' technical knowledge itself constitutes a major component of an artwork's historical context, and that links between artistic practice and psychological theory may yet yield conclusions in line with universalist perspectives.
A Phase I Study of Enzastaurin Combined with Pemetrexed in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Chiharu Tanai, Nobuyuki Yamamoto, Yuichiro Ohe, Toshiaki Takahashi, Hideo Kunitoh, Haruyasu Murakami, Noboru Yamamoto, Yukiko Nakamura, Hiroshi Nokihara, Takehito Shukuya, John R. Baldwin, Minori Koshiji, Tomohide Tamura
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
Down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta receptors I and II is seen in lesional but not non-lesional psoriatic epidermis
Authors: None Leivo, None Leivo, None Kariniemi, None Keski-Oja, None Virtanen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

Transforming growth factor-beta s (TGF-beta s) are a family of growth factors with inhibitory effects on epithelial cell proliferation. Their effects are mediated by two interacting receptors, of which type I (T beta R-I) mediates signal transduction after interaction with type II (T beta R-II) carrying the TGF-beta ligand. We have studied the expression of T beta R-I and T beta R-II in psoriatic and normal human skin by using polyclonal rabbit antisera and immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an intense immunoreactivity for both receptors in the basal and often also suprabasal layer of normal and non-lesional psoriatic epidermis. In contrast, all psoriatic lesions studied lacked detectable immunoreactivity of either receptor in the epidermis. The results suggest that lack of TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition by down-regulation of TGF-beta receptor expression may play an important part in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
A Two-Pronged Mechanism for HIV-1 Nef-Mediated Endocytosis of Immune Costimulatory Molecules CD80 and CD86
Authors: Ashutosh Chaudhry, Suman Ranjan Das, Shahid Jameel, Anna George, Vineeta Bal, Satyajit Mayor, Satyajit Rath
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2007)

The Nef protein of HIV-1 mediates immune evasion by relocating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the immune costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 away from the monocytic cell surface. We describe a two-pronged mechanism by which Nef removes CD80 and CD86 from the cell surface. While MHCI, CD80, and CD86 are all internalized via a dynamin-independent pathway, the endocytic mechanism used for costimulatory molecules is distinct from MHCI relocation. Nef expression results in the activation and actin-dependent translocation of Src kinase to the cell periphery. At the cell surface, Src promotes Rac activation via TIAM, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac. Nef also binds to the cytosolic tails of CD80 and CD86, triggering their endocytosis via Rac-based actin polymerization. These data reveal the use of an unusual molecular mechanism triggered in the host cell by HIV to affect its viral immune evasion strategy and suggest approaches for its subversion.
Long-Term Outcomes of 50 Cases of Limited-Resection Trial for Pulmonary Ground-Glass Opacity Nodules
Authors: Masayuki Nakao, Junji Yoshida, Koichi Goto, Genichiro Ishii, Akikazu Kawase, Keiju Aokage, Tomoyuki Hishida, Mitsuyo Nishimura, Kanji Nagai
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
The Endothelin A Receptor Mediates Fibrocyte Differentiation in Chronic Obstructive Asthma. The Involvement of Connective Tissue Growth Factor
Authors: Chih-Ming Weng, Bing-Chang Chen, Chun-Hua Wang, Po-Hao Feng, Meng-Jung Lee, Chien-Da Huang, Han-Pin Kuo, Chien-Huang Lin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Rationale: Fibrocytes possess increased differentiability into α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+ myofibroblasts in chronic obstructive asthma (COA) and contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induces matrix-associated gene expression through the ETA receptor (ETAR) and promotes fibroblast differentiation. However, the mechanism of fibrocyte differentiation remains unclear.Objectives: To define the roles of the ETAR and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in fibrocytes in the development of fibrosis in COA.Methods: Blood nonadherent non-T (NANT) cells were isolated, and fibrocytes expressing CD45, collagen I, CTGF, ETAR, or α-SMA were identified by flow cytometry.Measurements and Main Results: We showed the accumulation of fibrocytes in bronchial walls and overexpression of CTGF in fibrocytes from patients with COA. After being cultured, CTGF was increased in fibrocytes from patients with COA, but not from those of normal participants or patients with asthma without obstruction. Serum levels of ET-1 and the expression of the ETAR in fibrocytes were significantly higher in patients with COA compared with normal participants and patients with asthma without obstruction. Treatment with the ETAR antagonist (BQ123), but not ETBR antagonist (BQ788), reduced the expression of CTGF and α-SMA in fibrocytes and fibrocyte differentiation in patients with COA. Furthermore, treatment with BQ123 or an anti-CTGF antibody attenuated α-SMA expression induced by ET-1 in fibrocytes from normal participants.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the ETAR pathway is vital for CTGF expression, which results in fibrocyte differentiation in COA, and suggests that an ETAR antagonist may be a potential antifibrotic agent in preventing the development of fibrosis in patients with COA.
Consumer advertising influences doctors' prescribing, study finds
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Drug advertising that is aimed directly at consumers can have important effects on treatment decisions. This is the conclusion of new research that tested doctors' responses to specially briefed patients who were sent to their clinics.

   ![][1] 

Patients asking for a specific drug, such as one of those in the direct to consumer advertisements shown above, are more likely to leave with a prescription than those patients who don't ask for a drug

Dr Richard Kravitz of the University of California's Department of Internal Medicine and colleagues created six standardised …

 [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
A Three-Stage Algorithm to Make Toxicologically Relevant Activity Calls from Quantitative High Throughput Screening Data
Authors: Keith R Shockley
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Background: The ability of a substance to induce a toxicological response is better understood by analyzing the response profile over a broad range of concentrations than at a single concentration. In vitro quantitative high throughput screening (qHTS) assays are multiple-concentration experiments with an important role in the National Toxicology Program’s (NTP) efforts to advance toxicology from a predominantly observational science at the level of disease-specific models to a more predictive science based on broad inclusion of biological observations.Objective: We developed a systematic approach to classify substances from large-scale concentration–​response data into statistically supported, toxicologically relevant activity categories.Methods: The first stage of the approach finds active substances with robust concentration–response profiles within the tested concentration range. The second stage finds substances with activity at the lowest tested concentration not captured in the first stage. The third and final stage separates statistically significant (but not robustly statistically significant) profiles from responses that lack statistically compelling support (i.e., “inactives”). The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated with simulated qHTS data sets.Results: The proposed approach performed well for 14-point-concentration–response curves with typical levels of residual error (σ ≤ 25%) or when maximal response (|RMAX|) was &gt; 25% of the positive control response. The approach also worked well in most cases for smaller sample sizes when |RMAX| ≥ 50%, even with as few as four data points.Conclusions: The three-stage classification algorithm performed better than one-stage classification approaches based on overall F-tests, t-tests, or linear regression.
Adrenal Scanning: Usefulness in Adrenal Hyperfunction
Authors: HEINZ W. WAHNER, ROBERT C. NORTHCUTT, ROBERT M. SALASSA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1977)

Adrenal scans performed with 131I-19-iodocholesterol in 36 patients with adrenal hyperfunction and in 10 patients with normal adrenal function were studied to evaluate the contribution of the adrenal scan in the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal disease. In patients with Cushing's syndrome and primary aldosteronism, the scan localized the disease accurately. In patients with primary aldosteronism, the dexamethasonemodified scan was superior in tumor localization and in differentiating between bilateral hyperplasia and unilateral tumor. False-negative and false-positive scans were rarely encountered. No uptake or very little uptake was noted in adrenocortical carcinomas. Adrenal scanning with 131I-19-iodocholesterol can supplant adrenal vein catheterization and adrenal venous blood sampling for lesion localization in most patients with primary aldosteronism or with Cushing's syndrome primarily because of its noninvasive nature.
Delayed Hazards of Radon Irradiation
Authors: Mortimer R. Camiel
Journal: JAMA (1972)

To the Editor.—  The communication Radiation Dermatitis Secondary to Radon Needles ( 218 :88, 1971) was read with interest. The thrust of the article is correct, ie, that serious degenerative skin changes may occur after radiation therapy, including radon therapy, and that a possible sequel to this is malignant degeneration. For accuracy, however, the following require elaboration: (1) a-Radiation from radon is completely absorbed by the wall of the container in which it is inserted. To use a sensitive αcounter over a patient's face for the detection of residual a-radiation is an exercise in futility since no α-radiation will be detected. (2) While it is true that radon is a pure a-emitter, the therapeutic usefulness of radon does not lie in its emission of a-rays, but rather in the emission of β-and γ-rays by its descendent decomposition products, one of which, lead 210 (radium D), is long-lived. For each millicurie of
ACUTE ARTICULAR RHEUMATISM—ITS ETIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY.
Authors: DAVID RIESMAN
Journal: JAMA (1900)

With the exception of a small and gradually lessening number, modern writers consider acute articular rheumatism an infectious disease. The nervous origin of rheumatic arthritis, proclaimed by the elder J. K. Mitchell<sup>1</sup>in 1831, and defended by Charcot, and more recently by Friedländer<sup>2</sup>, who places the primary lesion in the medulla oblongata, has been abandoned. More tenacious is the lactic acid theory of Prout, Todd, Fuller, Richardson, and others, according to which rheumatism is dependent on an excess of lactic acid in the blood. I need not bring forth any arguments against this theory. As Maclagan<sup>3</sup>says, the advocates of the lactic acid theory have taken one of the phenomena of the disease and raised it from its normal and subordinate position as a symptom to the rank and dignity of an exciting cause. Edwards,<sup>4</sup>Eisemann, and lately Haig,<sup>5</sup>have modified the acid theory, and replaced
The agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis resides in an endosomal compartment.
Authors: P Webster, J W IJdo, L M Chicoine, E Fikrig
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

The composition of cytoplasmic vacuoles containing the agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (HGE) was studied to investigate how this pathogen exists within infected host cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the HGE organism resides in a membrane-bound compartment within HL-60 cells: early forms of the HGE agent have a round reticular appearance while later structures are small and dense. Vacuoles containing HGE bacteria incorporated endocytosed colloidal gold particles, suggesting that they are part of the endocytic pathway. Antibodies directed to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor labeled vacuole membranes. Antibodies to the transferrin receptor and to the lysosomal membrane glycoprotein LAMP 1 did not. Moreover, 3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-3'-amino-N-methyldipropylamine, which normally accumulates in compartments with low pH, was not present inside these vacuoles. These results suggest that vacuoles containing the agent of HGE fail to mature into phagolysosomes. We conclude that the agent of HGE appears to enter and modify part of the endocytic pathway.
Nerve growth factor and its receptor system in psoriasis - reply from author
Authors: H.A. Bull
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Journal Article Nerve growth factor and its receptor system in psoriasis – reply from author Get access H.A. Bull H.A. Bull Department of Visual Science, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11–43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, U.K. E‐mail: helen.bull@ucl.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 143, Issue 1, 1 July 2000, Page 200, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03618.x Published: 01 July 2000
Doppler color flow “proximal isovelocity surface area” method for estimating volume flow rate: Effects of orifice shape and machine factors
Authors: Toshinori Utsunomiya, Toshio Ogawa, Rajen Doshi, Dharmendra Patel, Maureen Quan, Walter L. Henry, Julius M. Gardin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Abstract 4612: Cell-type dependent responses to selenium and knockdown of SBP2
Authors: Jin Li, Milind B. Suraokar, Dimitra Tsavachidou, David G. Menter, Jeri Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Selenium is a trace element essential for human health. Evidence from previous epidemiologic studies and clinical trials suggested that selenium is associated with prostate cancer prevention, but its failure in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) to reduce prostate cancer incidence diminished its promise. The question of whether some patients could benefit from selenium supplementation while others might not demands a clearer understanding of selenium's mechanisms of action. One of the ways in which selenium acts as a chemopreventive agent is through incorporation into selenoproteins, which are antioxidant enzymes required to maintain redox homeostasis; however, selenoproteins’ large number and redundant functions make analyzing their effects on cellular functions difficult. Therefore, we recently targeted selenocysteine insertion sequence-binding protein 2 (SBP2), required for selenoprotein synthesis; knocked down SBP2 expression in different cell lines; and examined the effect on cell survival, cell cycle, and cell survival pathways. We found that knocking down SBP2 resulted in apoptosis in NIH/3T3 and HEK-293 cells, especially in the presence of H2O2. Interestingly abrogation of SBP2 function affected the level of p21 protein in a cell type-specific manner. Additionally, sodium selenite or seleno-methionine treatment led to distinct changes in p21 and p53 protein status in HEK-293, LNCaP, and DU145 cells. Molecular effects induced by knocking down SBP2 were cell-type dependent. Further studies involving a combinational approach are expected to contribute to understanding how selenium and selenoproteins mediate chemopreventive effects in prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4612. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4612
Effect of intestinal surgery on the risk of urinary stone formation.
Authors: C P Bambach, W G Robertson, M Peacock, G L Hill
Journal: Gut (1981)

The prevalence of urinary stone disease in 426 patients who had undergone bowel surgery at the General Infirmary at Leeds from 1958 to 1978 was found by postal questionnaire to be 9.4%. The risk of urinary stone formation was determined from the composition of 24 hour urines from 61 unselected patients, in whom intestinal resections had been performed. There were 27 patients with an ileostomy, 17 patients with an ileostomy and a small bowel resection, and 17 patients with a small bowel resection, or bypass, and an intact colon. Of this group of 61 patients, 9.8% gave a history of urinary stones after surgery. Compared with normal control subjects ileostomy patients had significantly lower urinary pH and volume, higher concentrations of calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, and increased risk of forming uric acid and calcium stones: a small bowel resection combined with an ileostomy increased the ileostomy output, lowered the urinary volume further, and reduced urinary calcium excretion. The concentration of urinary oxalate increased and the risk of both uric acid and calcium stones was high. Patients with small bowel resection and intact colon had hyperoxaluria and an increased risk of calcium stones despite a low urinary calcium. There was no increased risk of uric acid stones in this sub-group. It is concluded that the risk of forming urinary stones after this type of surgery is considerable. The follow-up of patients with ileostomies and with small bowel resections should include an assessment of faecal losses and urinary composition to identify the patients who have a high risk of forming urinary stones.
Intensive insulin therapy improved glycemic control more than oral hypoglycemic agents in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
Authors: Eugene C. Corbett
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Source Citation Weng J, Li Y, Xu W, et al. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on β-cell function and glycaemic control in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a multicentre randomised parallel-group trial. Lancet. 2008;371:1753-60. 18502299