tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Individuals With and Without Diabetes Mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Sarah Rosner Preis, Michael J. Pencina, Shih-Jen Hwang, Ralph B. D'Agostino, Peter J. Savage, Daniel Levy, Caroline S. Fox
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Individuals with diabetes mellitus are at 2- to 3-fold increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) relative to those without diabetes. Our objective was to examine CVD risk factor level changes among individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus from 1970 to 2005 in the Framingham Heart Study. Methods and Results— We included 4195 participants (3990 with no diabetes and 205 with diabetes) 50 years of age and 3495 participants (3178 with no diabetes and 317 with diabetes) 60 years of age. Contemporaneous CVD risk factor levels were measured; linear regression models were used to assess the interaction between diabetes status and calendar year on CVD risk factor levels. Among 50-year-olds without diabetes mellitus, there was an increase in body mass index of 0.39 kg/m 2 per 10 years, whereas for those with diabetes, there was an increase of 2.52 kg/m 2 ( P value for the diabetes-by–calendar year interaction [ P for interaction] &lt;0.001). For low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the mean decrease was −7.43 mg/dL per decade (nondiabetes) and −15.5 mg/dL for diabetes ( P for interaction=0.002). For systolic blood pressure, the mean decrease was −3.35 mm Hg per decade (nondiabetes) and −3.50 mm Hg for diabetes ( P for interaction=0.97). The direction of the trends for those with diabetes relative to those without diabetes was similar for 60-year-olds. Conclusions— Compared with individuals without diabetes mellitus, individuals with diabetes experienced a greater increase in body mass index, a greater decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a similar magnitude of decline in systolic blood pressure. Individuals with diabetes mellitus have not experienced the necessary declines in CVD risk factors to overcome their increased risk of CVD. Further efforts are needed to aggressively control CVD risk factors among individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Follow‐up examinations including sequential bone marrow biopsies in essential thrombocythemia (ET): A retrospective clinicopathological study of 120 patients
Authors: Juergen Thiele, Hans Michael Kvasnicka, Annette Schmitt‐Graeff, Rudolph Zankovich, Volker Diehl
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia (ET) has been usually established by regarding the criteria of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group. Accordingly, a retrospective clinicopathological study was performed on 120 patients with a follow-up ranging between 5 and 13 years and repeated bone marrow trephine examinations. Following the new WHO classification, at presentation patients revealed three distinctive patterns of bone marrow (BM) features: (true) ET in 43 patients, prefibrotic idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) in 50 patients, and early IMF in 27 patients. Heterogeneity of morphological features was associated with correspondingly expressed laboratory data. Contrasting initial and early IMF, patients with true ET displayed an about 80% probability to lack splenomegaly, anemia, and increase in the LDH and LAP values and also failed to show any myeloblasts or erythroblasts on the peripheral blood films. Follow-up examinations including sequential BM biopsies (mean interval 39 +/- 31 months) disclosed that of the 43 patients with true ET only one developed an increase in reticulin. On the other hand, 65 of 77 patients with prefibrotic and early IMF evolved into overt myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis. Moreover, survival analysis demonstrated significant differences in our patients. A neglectable proportion of life loss according to a sex- and age-matched general population was found in true ET (less than 11%) opposed to IMF without or mild fibrosis (range 21% to 32%).
Introduction of Germany's electronic health cards is delayed
Authors: Annette Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Germany's nationwide introduction of the electronic health card, the Gesundheitskarte, has fallen far behind schedule, the health minister announced last week.

Hailed as the world's largest health service information technology project, the card should have been introduced at the start of 2006. But the German federal minister for health, Ulla Schmidt, announced at a press conference in Berlin last week that the new card will be tested in eight regions of Germany from the end of April. The trial should then be extended to cover 100 …
Vesical Haemorrhage after Megavoltage Irradiation
Authors: D. P. R. Turner
Journal: BMJ (1961)

Four cases of persistent hemorrhage occurring after megavoltage irradiation ( approximates 5000 rad) for extensive bladder neoplasm are described. The complication after megavoltage therapy is regarded as an extremely serious condition; if it is not controlled by conservative measures within 2 to 3 weeks, total cystectomy should be considered, even if cystoscopy shows that the original tumor has almost completely disappeared. Cystoscopic diathermy is not practicable, and ligation of the internal iliac arteries is not effective. The bleeding, however, can usually be controlled by transvesical diathermy excision of the bleeding area. It is suggested that the hemorrhagic lesions induced in the bladder by irradiation may follow necrotizing arteriolitis, although this was not verified by biopsy studies. (H.H.D.)
975 SERUM INTERLEUKIN-6 AND HIGH-SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AS A PROGNOSTIC INDICATOR IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Authors: J.W. Jang, B.S. Oh, J.H. Kwon, C.D. Lee, K.W. Chung, C.S. Kay, H.S. Jung
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Toward Prediction of Efficacy of Chemotherapy: A Proof of Concept Study in Lung Cancer Patients Using [11C]docetaxel and Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Astrid A.M. van der Veldt, Mark Lubberink, Ron H.J. Mathijssen, Walter J. Loos, Gerarda J.M. Herder, Henri N. Greuter, Emile F.I. Comans, Hugo B. Rutten, Jonas Eriksson, Albert D. Windhorst, N. Harry Hendrikse, Pieter E. Postmus, Egbert F. Smit, Adriaan A. Lammertsma
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Pharmacokinetics of docetaxel can be measured in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) and a microdose of radiolabeled docetaxel ([(11)C]docetaxel). The objective of this study was to investigate whether a [(11)C]docetaxel PET microdosing study could predict tumor uptake of therapeutic doses of docetaxel.Docetaxel-naïve lung cancer patients underwent 2 [(11)C]docetaxel PET scans; one after bolus injection of [(11)C]docetaxel and another during combined infusion of [(11)C]docetaxel and a therapeutic dose of docetaxel (75 mg·m(-2)). Compartmental and spectral analyses were used to quantify [(11)C]docetaxel tumor kinetics. [(11)C]docetaxel PET measurements were used to estimate the area under the curve (AUC) of docetaxel in tumors. Tumor response was evaluated using computed tomography scans.Net rates of influx (Ki) of [(11)C]docetaxel in tumors were comparable during microdosing and therapeutic scans. [(11)C]docetaxel AUCTumor during the therapeutic scan could be predicted reliably using an impulse response function derived from the microdosing scan together with the plasma curve of [(11)C]docetaxel during the therapeutic scan. At 90 minutes, the accumulated amount of docetaxel in tumors was less than 1% of the total infused dose of docetaxel. [(11)C]docetaxel Ki derived from the microdosing scan correlated with AUCTumor of docetaxel (Spearman ρ = 0.715; P = 0.004) during the therapeutic scan and with tumor response to docetaxel therapy (Spearman ρ = -0.800; P = 0.010).Microdosing data of [(11)C]docetaxel PET can be used to predict tumor uptake of docetaxel during chemotherapy. The present study provides a framework for investigating the PET microdosing concept for radiolabeled anticancer drugs in patients.
Baleen Whale Phylogeny and a Past Extensive Radiation Event Revealed by SINE Insertion Analysis
Authors: Masato Nikaido, Healy Hamilton, Hitomi Makino, Takeshi Sasaki, Kazuhiko Takahashi, Mutsuo Goto, Naohisa Kanda, Luis A. Pastene, Norihiro Okada
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Baleen whales (suborder Mysticeti) comprise 11 extant species that are classified into four families. Although several phylogenetic hypotheses about these taxa have been proposed, their phylogenetic relationships remain confused. We addressed this problem using short interspersed repetitive element (SINE) insertion data, which now are regarded as almost ideal shared, derived characters at the molecular level. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of baleen whales by characterizing 36 informative SINE loci. One of the intriguing conclusions is that balaenopterids and eschrichtiids radiated very rapidly during a very short evolutionary period. During this period, speciation occurred in balaenopterids and eschrichtiids while newly inserted SINE loci remains polymorphic. Later on, these SINEs were sorted incompletely into each lineage. Thus, there are now inconsistencies among species regarding the presence or absence of a given SINE. This is in sharp contrast to the phylogeny of toothed whales, for which no SINE inconsistencies have been found. Furthermore, we found monophyletic groupings between humpback and fin whales as well as between (sei + Bryde's) whales and blue whales, both of which have not previously been recognized. The comprehensive SINE insertion data, together with the mitochondrial DNA phylogeny that was recently completed (Sasaki, T., M. Nikaido, H. Healy et al. 2005. Mitochondrial phylogenetics and evolution of mysticete whales. Syst. Biol. 56:77–90; Rychel, A. L., T. W. Reeder, and A. Berta. 2004. Phylogeny of mysticete whales based on mitochondrial and nuclear data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 32:892–901), provide a nearly complete picture of the evolutionary history of baleen whales.
Energy Metabolism in Human Obesity
Authors: Marshall Goldberg, Edgar S. Gordon
Journal: JAMA (1964)

ABNORMALLY HIGH fasting levels of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and decreased responsiveness of this lipid fraction to various lipolytic stimuli in obese humans and animals have now been documented by several investigators.<sup>1-5</sup>Whether such alterations in FFA metabolism relate to obesity as cause or effect, however, remains speculative. We have previously reported the failure of the plasma FFA to rise significantly during periods of prolonged fasting in certain patients with longstanding, therapeutically resistant obesity.<sup>1</sup>In contrast, a normal FFA response to fasting has been observed in patients whose obesity seems clearly the result of compulsive overeating. In the present investigation, the plasma FFA response to the more potent lipid-mobilizing action of epinephrine is compared in obese subjects and normal weight controls in two separate experiments: an initial study in which plasma FFA and glucose levels were determined before and 30 minutes after epinephrine administration, and a subsequent
A New Guide Wire Papillotome for Patients with Billroth II Gastrectomy
Authors: Y. G. Wang, K. F. Binmoeller, H. Seifert, A. Maydeo, N. Soehendra
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)

Background and Study Aims: Guide wire-assisted papillotomy is a well-established technique in conventional biliary endoscopy, but has not been previously employed in Billroth II patients, due to the lack of an appropriate papillotome that can accommodate a guide wire. We therefore designed a Billroth II papillotome that can be inserted over a guide wire.
Determinants and Assessment of Cardiac Function
Authors: Eugene Braunwald
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

DefinitionsSeveral technics now available for the assessment of cardiac function will be discussed in these pages of the Journal during the next few months. The purpose of this article is to present relevant definitions and a framework for understanding these technics so that they can be applied to clinical problems in a rational manner.At the outset, it is useful to consider the distinctions between circulatory function, cardiac function and myocardial function. The circulation consists not only of the heart but also of the blood vessels and the blood contained therein. Thus, circulatory failure may occur when the function . . .
EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Jerome L. Schulman, Edwin D. Kilbourne
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1963)

An experimental model has been developed for the reproducible transmission of influenza virus infection from experimentally infected mice to uninfected cage mates. Infector mice transmit influenza virus infection most readily during the period 24 to 48 hours after initiation of their infection. This restricted period of transmission is not due to declining titers of infective virus in the nose, trachea, or lungs of infector mice after 48 hours of infection, since peak titers in these tissues are maintained for another 48 hours. A mouse-adapted strain of A2 virus was found to be more readily transmitted than the mouse-adapted CAM strain of influenza A1 virus, although the CAM strain induced higher pulmonary virus titers and more extensive lung lesions.
Influence of atrial systole on the Frank-Starling relation and the end-diastolic pressure-diameter relation of the left ventricle.
Authors: T Linderer, K Chatterjee, W W Parmley, R E Sievers, S A Glantz, J V Tyberg
Journal: Circulation (1983)

The influence of atrial systole on the left ventricular function curve (stroke volume vs end-diastolic pressure or end-diastolic diameter) and on the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure diameter relation was studied in nine anesthetized, open-chest dogs whose atrioventricular (AV) node had been completely blocked. Measurements were made during volume loading with the pericardium closed and opened and during alternate AV sequential pacing (to permit atrial contribution to ventricular filling) and AV simultaneous pacing (to prevent atrial contribution). When the pericardium was closed, withdrawal of the atrial contribution shifted the stroke-volume end-diastolic pressure relation downward, but did not shift the stroke volume-end-diastolic diameter relation, i.e., it reduced stroke volume for a given end-diastolic pressure according to a reduction in end-diastolic volume. The downward shift of the stroke volume-end-diastolic pressure relation was caused by an upward shift of the end-diastolic pressure-diameter relation, which, for a given end-diastolic pressure, resulted in a smaller end-diastolic diameter and, thus, in a smaller stroke volume. The reason for the upward shift in the end-diastolic pressure-diameter relation was that the atrium remained full and thus increased pericardial pressure by increasing pericardial volume. Opening the pericardium shifted the end-diastolic pressure-diameter relation downward and to the right, shifted the stroke volume-end-diastolic diameter relation upward and abolished the effect of withdrawal of the atrial contribution on these curves. We conclude that in the presence of an intact pericardium, atrial systole shifts the stroke volume-end-diastolic pressure relation because it shifts the end-diastolic pressure-diameter relation and it improves left ventricular performance by increasing preload.
Multiple Flexion-Stress Vertebral End-Plate Fractures An Osteogenesis Imperfecta Presentation
Authors: CLAYTON J. FRATER, I. PROVAN C. MURRAY, DANNY CALLIGEROS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

A-28 year-old woman underwent bone scintigraphy for a 7-day history of severe back pain of sudden onset. Intense linear accumulation of Tc-99m HDP was present in several lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae without vertebral body deformity. Intense uptake was also present in other thoracic vertebrae with vertebral body changes. X-rays demonstrated osteopenia and dual photon densitometry studies confirmed a significant degree of osteoporosis. Endocrine assessment identified that she and other female members of the family had osteogenesis imperfecta, Sillence type 1. This disorder should be considered in all differential diagnoses of nonobvious traumatic fractures of the vertebrae in healthy young adults.
Improving Dietary Patterns and Physical Activity Levels Among Children and Adolescents-Reply
Authors: Robert J. Garrison, Lisa M. Klesges, William B. Applegate
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Dr Garrison and colleagues point out an important conclusion that may be drawn from the CATCH findings. Obesity is epidemic in the United States.<sup>1</sup>Most agree that this is attributable to a combination of increased energy intake (food) and decreased energy expenditure (physical activity). CATCH demonstrated increases in vigorous physical activity at school and home plus lower food energy intake while maintaining essential nutrient intake. Programs such as CATCH offer methods for elementary schools to improve their students' health through increased physical activity and better eating patterns.<sup>2</sup>However, the durability and long-term effects of CATCH are still unknown. A 3-year follow-up of the CATCH cohort (with more than 4000 students) supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute is currently under way.
Strong transient expression of the type I interferon–induced MxA protein in hepatitis A but not in acute hepatitis B and C
Authors: Detlef Jakschies, Reinhardt Zachoval, Rainer Müller, Michael Manns, Klaus-Ulrich Nolte, Heinz-Kurt Hochkeppel, Michel-Andre Horisberger, Helmuth Deicher, Peter Von Wussow
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

The human MxA protein is a new specific marker for type I interferon activity both in vitro and in vivo. In the study presented here, this interferon-induced marker, as well as the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetases, was measured in circulating mononuclear cells from 21 patients with acute hepatitis A, 20 patients with acute hepatitis B and 14 patients with acute hepatitis C for determination of the activation of the interferon system in these viral diseases. In acute hepatitis A a strong expression (10 of 10 patients) of the MxA protein and the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells was observed during the first 2 wk after onset of clinical symptoms. In this period the MxA protein concentrations reached levels similar to those measured in patients treated with up to 5 x 10(6) IU interferon-alpha three times a week. Beyond wk 3, in eight of eight patients with hepatitis A no increased MxA protein levels were found. In contrast, peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from patients with acute hepatitis B contained either no measurable MxA protein or only slightly higher levels of the MxA protein, as did those of most patients (12 of 14) with acute hepatitis C. The MxA protein levels of both hepatitis B and C patients were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those found in hepatitis A patients. Furthermore, sera from 6 of 10 patients with hepatitis A, but none of 10 patients with acute hepatitis B and C, contained measurable MxA protein. This serum MxA protein may originate from interferon-exposed and subsequently damaged liver cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas
Authors: Antonio Sica, Alberto Mantovani
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. In response to IFNs, Toll-like receptor engagement, or IL-4/IL-13 signaling, macrophages undergo M1 (classical) or M2 (alternative) activation, which represent extremes of a continuum in a universe of activation states. Progress has now been made in defining the signaling pathways, transcriptional networks, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying M1-M2 or M2-like polarized activation. Functional skewing of mononuclear phagocytes occurs in vivo under physiological conditions (e.g., ontogenesis and pregnancy) and in pathology (allergic and chronic inflammation, tissue repair, infection, and cancer). However, in selected preclinical and clinical conditions, coexistence of cells in different activation states and unique or mixed phenotypes have been observed, a reflection of dynamic changes and complex tissue-derived signals. The identification of mechanisms and molecules associated with macrophage plasticity and polarized activation provides a basis for macrophage-centered diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Contrasting effects of unmodified and time-release forms of niacin on lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic subjects: Clues to mechanism of action of niacin
Authors: Robert H. Knopp, Janice Ginsberg, John J. Albers, Colette Hoff, James T. Ogilvie, G.Russell Warnick, Elizabeth Burrows, Barbara Retzlaff, Margaret Poole
Journal: Metabolism (1985)
Restraint of babies in cars.
Authors: K Penry-Jones, D R Boswell, R Tongue
Journal: BMJ (1986)

When all results were considered together the urine tube immunoassay (Model) gave 100% sensitivity and specificity as well as 100% predictive values for normal and abnormal results.The serum tube enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, while showing 100% sensitivity, was less specific, and the dipsticks were intermediate in value.
Short-term Supplementation Therapy Does Not Affect Elastin Degradation in Severe α<sub>1</sub>-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Authors: DANIEL J. GOTTLIEB, MAURIZIO LUISETTI, PHILLIP J. STONE, LUIGI ALLEGRA, JEAN M. CANTEY-KISER, CARLO GRASSI, GORDON L. SNIDER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

We evaluated the ability of intravenous supplementation therapy with α1-antitrypsin (AAT) to reduce the rate of urinary excretion of desmosine (DES), a specific marker of elastin degradation, in eight men and four women with emphysema due to severe, congenital deficiency of AAT (range 17–69 mg/dl). Nine were former cigarette smokers, two were current smokers, and one reported never smoking; their mean age was 54 (SD 12) yr and their mean FEV1 was 41 (18%) of predicted. Urinary DES was measured by isotope dilution and HPLC. Prior to the start of AAT supplementation, mean DES excretion was 13.0 (5.0) μ g/g creatinine, 73% higher than in healthy nonsmokers. During 8 wk of supplementation therapy, mean urinary DES excretion was 13.0 (5.9) μ g/g creatinine, unchanged from the baseline period (p = 0.85 by repeated measures ANOVA). We conclude that baseline levels of elastin degradation in emphysematous patients with severe AAT deficiency were abnormally high and that 8 wk of AAT supplementation therapy did not appreciably reduce the rate of elastin degradation. These findings raise the possibilities that protective levels of AAT in the lungs are insufficient or that elastin degradation in the lungs of these subjects is not dependent upon neutrophil elastase at this time.