tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal PET Imaging of Muscular Inflammation Using<sup> 18</sup>F-DPA-714 and <sup>18</sup>F-Alfatide II and Differentiation with Tumors
Authors: Chenxi Wu, Xuyi Yue, Lixin Lang, Dale O. Kiesewetter, Fang Li, Zhaohui Zhu, Gang Niu, Xiaoyuan Chen
Journal: Theranostics (2014)

(18)F-DPA-714 is a PET tracer that recognizes macrophage translocator protein (TSPO), and (18)F-Alfatide II ((18)F-AlF-NOTA-E[PEG4-c(RGDfk)]2) is specific for integrin αvβ3. This study aims to apply these two tracers for longitudinal PET imaging of muscular inflammation, and evaluate the value of (18)F-DPA-714 in differentiating inflammation from tumor.RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells were used for cell uptake analysis of (18)F-DPA-714. A mouse hind limb muscular inflammation model was established by intramuscular injection of turpentine oil. For the inflammation model, PET imaging was performed at different days using (18)F-DPA-714 and (18)F-Alfatide II. The specificity of the imaging probes was tested by co- or pre-injection of PK11195 or unlabeled RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptide. PET imaging using (18)F-DPA-714 was performed in A549, HT29, U87MG, INS-1, and 4T1 xenograft models. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate infiltrated macrophages and angiogenesis in inflammation and/or tumors.Uptake of (18)F-DPA-714 in RAW264.7 cells was 45.5% at 1 h after incubation, and could be blocked by PK11195. PET imaging showed increased (18)F-DPA-714 and (18)F-Alfatide II uptake at inflammatory muscles. Peak uptake of (18)F-DPA-714 was seen on day 6 (4.02 ± 0.64 %ID/g), and peak uptake of (18)F-Alfatide II was shown on day 12 (1.87 ± 0.35 %ID/g) at 1 h p.i.. Tracer uptakes could be inhibited by PK11195 for (18)F-DPA-714 or cold RGD for (18)F-Alfatide II. Moreover, macrophage depletion with liposomal clodronate also reduced the local accumulation of both tracers. A549, HT29, U87MG, INS-1, and 4T1 tumor uptakes of (18)F-DPA-714 (0.46 ± 0.28, 0.91 ± 0.08, 1.69 ± 0.67, 1.13 ± 0.33, 1.22 ± 0.55 %ID/g at 1 h p.i., respectively) were significantly lower than inflammation uptake (All P < 0.05).PET imaging using (18)F-DPA-714 as a TSPO targeting tracer could evaluate the dynamics of macrophage activation and infiltration in different stages of inflammatory diseases. The concomitant longitudinal PET imaging with both (18)F-DPA-714 and (18)F-Alfatide II matched the causal relationship between macrophage infiltration and angiogenesis. Moreover, we found (18)F-DPA-714 uptake in several types of tumors is significantly lower than that in inflammatory muscles, suggesting (18)F-DPA-714 PET has the potential for better differentiation of tumor and non-tumor inflammation.
Rate of RhD sensitisation before and after implementation of a community based antenatal prophylaxis programme
Authors: S. Mayne, J. H Parker, T. A Harden, S. D Dodds, J. A Beale
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Despite published guidelines in the United Kingdom for the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin to pregnant women at risk of sensitisation to RhD, 1 maternal sensitisation is still between 1% and 1.5%. 2 RhD sensitisation could be reduced by routine antenatal prophylaxis with anti-D immunoglobulin. 3 4 We retrospectively surveyed routine prophylaxis with anti-D immunoglobulin in pregnant women within a community based system of care.
Infants of Mothers With Megaloblastic Anemia Due to Folate Deficiency
Authors: Jack A. Pritchard, Daniel E. Scott, Peggy J. Whalley, Raymond F. Haling
Journal: JAMA (1970)

To try to ascertain the effects of severe maternal folate deficiency on the products of conception, we investigated the fate of 86 infants of women with folate deficiency so severe as to cause overt megaloblastic anemia. Perinatal mortality, fetal malformation, birthweight, prematurity, and neonatal hemoglobin concentration were very similar to those of the general obstetric population cared for at the same institution. Therefore, it appears very unlikely that intensive public health measures focused on providing folicacid supplementation to eradicate all suspicions of maternal folate deficiency would have a dramatic effect on reducing pregnancy wasteage.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy During Pregnancy
Authors: Daniel S. Seidman
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Benowitz<sup>1</sup>recently suggested in an intriguing report submitted to the Food and Drug Administration Drugs of Abuse Advisory Committee that nicotine replacement therapy may provide a beneficial aid for pregnant women wishing to cease smoking. In this report, it is stated that "smoking does not appear to increase the risk of teratogenicity." We acknowledge that studies on the independent association of maternal smoking and the occurrence of congenital anomalies have yielded conflicting results.<sup>2,3</sup>However, nicotine has been associated with a teratogenic effect on the developing embryo for over three decades.<sup>4</sup>Current studies on rat embryos in culture<sup>5</sup>and on fetuses of pregnant mice<sup>6</sup>continue to support the contention that nicotine acts as a teratogen. We therefore believe that the issue of whether nicotine leads to congenital abnormalities remains uncertain. Altering maternal smoking behavior is one of the major goals of antenatal care,
The Utility of Lens Culinaris Agglutinin-Reactive α-Fetoprotein in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Evaluation in a United States Referral Population
Authors: Apinya Leerapun, Sri V. Suravarapu, John P. Bida, Raynell J. Clark, Elizabeth L. Sanders, Teresa A. Mettler, Linda M. Stadheim, Ileana Aderca, Catherine D. Moser, David M. Nagorney, Nicholas F. LaRusso, Piet C. de Groen, K.V. Narayanan Menon, Konstantinos N. Lazaridis, Gregory J. Gores, Michael R. Charlton, Rosebud O. Roberts, Terry M. Therneau, Jerry A. Katzmann, Lewis R. Roberts
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2007)
2009 ACCF/AHA Focused Update on Perioperative Beta Blockade
Authors: Kirsten E. Fleischmann, Joshua A. Beckman, Christopher E. Buller, Hugh Calkins, Lee A. Fleisher, William K. Freeman, James B. Froehlich, Edward K. Kasper, Judy R. Kersten, John F. Robb, R. James Valentine
Journal: Circulation (2009)
β-Adrenergic Agonists for Preterm Labor
Authors: K. J. Leveno, F. G. Cunningham
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

The infant mortality rate has become a benchmark in measuring progress toward U.S. health objectives. Approximately 40,000 infants die in the United States each year before reaching their first birthday. The overwhelming risk factor for infant mortality is low birth weight; indeed, two thirds of all infants who die before the age of one year weigh less than 2500 g at birth.1 During the 1980s there was a steady increase in the incidence of preterm delivery,2 the most important cause of low birth weight. Clearly, national strategies aimed at reducing infant mortality must include efforts to prevent preterm birth.On . . .
The Gamma Knife-Reply
Authors: L. Dade Lunsford
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Kjellberg has extensive experience (more than 2200 patients) using a variation of the radiosurgery technique for the treatment of intracranial AVMs and brain tumors. The first gamma unit was constructed by Lars Leksell in 1965 to provide neurosurgeons with a simple and practical tool to treat previously unresectable brain lesions. By then Leksell had determined that the cyclotron-generated proton beam was too cumbersome and inefficient. Larsson et al<sup>1</sup>have detailed the advantages of the irradiation of small structures through the intact skull using the gamma unit. Experience with the gamma unit now extends to more than 2500 patients at four centers worldwide. Our experience using the Pittsburgh gamma unit offers further evidence to support the results already reported using older-generation gamma units. We believe that complication rates must be defined to include not only unwanted, delayed radiation-induced brain injury but, in the case of AVM, rebleeding.
The General-Adaptation-Syndrome
Authors: Hans Selye
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1951)

With the concept of the general-adaptation-syndrome (G-A-S), we have attempted to integrate a number of seemingly quite unrelated observations into a single unified biologic system. The literature concerning this field has become so voluminous that it would be impossible to survey it within the frame of this brief synopsis. Since, on the other hand, it would be unadvisable and misleading to select a few references at random for discussion here, the reader is referred to the bibliography given in our recent monograph con­ cerning this subject (1) upon which the present review is based. Some of the more recent references by the author which may be accessible to many physi­ cians are listed at the end of the chapter. By way of an historic introduction, one might mention, among the many earlier observations pertaining to this  field, the work of Claude Bernard, who showed how important it is to maintain the constancy of the milieu interieur, Cannon's concept of homeostasis, Frank Hartmann's general tissue hormone theory of the corticoids, Dustin's observations on the caryoclastic poisons, the post-operative disease, the curative action of fever, foreign proteins, and of other non-specific therapeutic agents, the nephrotoxic sera of Masugi and the Goldblatt clamp for the produc­ tion of experimental renal hypertension. At first sight, it would seem that all these observations have little in common and that there is no reason to attempt their integration into a uni­ fied system of physiologic and pathologic events. Yet, the above-mentioned monograph (l)-and indeed most of the author's research work-has been devoted to the construction of bridges between these and many additional facts since they were thought to be interconnected in nature. Through the compre�ension of their unity, we hoped to learn how to use them better for the understanding of life and the treatment of disease. The keynote of this unification was the tenet that all living organisms can respond to stress as such and that, in this respect, the basic reaction pattern is always the same irrespective of the agent used to produce stress. We called this response the General-Adaptation-Syndrome (G-A-S), and its derailments, the Diseases of Adaptation. Anything that causes stress endangers life unless it is met by adequate adaptive responses; conversely, anything that endangers life causes stress and adaptive responses. Adaptability and resistance to stress are fundamental prerequisites for life and every vital organ and function participates in them. In order to present a wen-proportioned outline of the G-A-S, it is necessary, therefore, to peruse every branch of physiology, biochemistry, pathologic
Effect of transfusion materials on rouleaux formation and sedimentation rate of erythrocytes.
Authors: A J Salsbury
Journal: BMJ (1967)

accuracy and reproducibility (mean error -10 %, standard deviation +36%).Blood loss of the order of 400 to 500 ml.can be measured with greater reproducibility (-12%, ±26%).However, blood loss of the order of 700 to 3,000 ml.computed from consecutive whole-body counts over periods of time ranging from 1 to 97 days can be measured with sufficient accuracy and reproducibility (-0.2%, ±14%) to be of use in the quantitative assessment of blood loss in patients with hypo- chromic anaemia, over periods of up to three months.Although a whole-body counter has previously been applied to clinical problems of blood loss (Price et al., 1964), the
Childhood cancer and power lines: What do the data mean?
Authors: Nick Day, Tim Eden, Patricia McKinney, Eve Roman, Jill Simpson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Editor—Draper et al used distance of mother's home from high voltage overhead transmission lines (predominantly 275 kV and 400 kV) at the time of her child's birth as a proxy for her child's subsequent exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields (reviewed by Ahlbom et al).1 2 As they acknowledge, this is a crude estimate since, in contrast to other reports,2 no household measurements were taken, no data on more prevalent …
Role of granulocyte oxygen products in damage of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in vitro.
Authors: J W Kazura, P de Brito, J Rabbege, M Aikawa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

The objectives of this study were to describe the ultrastructure of granulocyte-Schistosoma mansoni egg interaction and to determine the role of reduced oxygen products as effectors of cell-mediated damage to the parasite target. Granulocytes attached to the parasites and closely applied their plasma membranes to the microspicules of the egg shell 30 min after mixing in the presence of immune serum. By 4 h, the egg shell was fractured and granulocyte pseudopodia extended toward the underlying miracidium. Granulocyte attachment to eggs resulted in release of O2- (0.30-0.52 nmol/min per 2 X 10(6) cells) and accumulation of H2O2 (0.14-0.15 nmol/min) in the presence of antibody or complement. Granulocytes reduced egg tricarboxylic-acid cycle activity and hatching by 28.3 +/- 0.9 and 35.2 +/- 2.8%, respectively (cell-egg ratio of 1,000: 1). Exogenous superoxide dismutase (10 micrograms/ml) inhibited granulocyte toxicity for egg metabolic activity (3.0 +/- 2.1% reduction in acetate metabolism vs. 28.3 +/- 0.9% decrease in controls without superoxide dismutase, P less than 0.0005) and hatching (12.5 +/- 1.8% reduction, P less than 0.0005), whereas catalase and heparin had no effect. Inhibitors of myeloperoxidase (1 mM azide, cyanide, and methimazole) augmented granulocyte-mediated toxicity of egg tricarboxylic-acid cycle activity (44-58% reduction in activity vs. 31 and 35% reduction in controls), suggesting that H2O2 released from cells was degraded before reaching the target miracidium. Oxidants generated by acetaldehyde (2 mM)-xanthine oxidase (10 mU/ml) also decreased egg metabolic activity and hatching by 62.0 +/- 9.0 and 38.7 +/- 7.3%, respectively. Egg damage by the cell-free system was partially prevented by superoxide dismutase (26.5 +/- 4.2% reduction in egg tricarboxylic-acid activity) and completely blocked by catalase (0% reduction in activity). These data suggest that granulocyte-mediated toxicity for S. mansoni eggs is dependent on release of O2- or related molecules. These oxygen products, unlike H2O2, may readily reach the target miracidium where they may be converted to H2O2 or other microbicidal effector molecules.
Hemolytic Anemia Due to Antibodies to Penicillin
Authors: Margaret Lai
Journal: JAMA (1966)

ANTIBODIES to penicillin in the sera of patients receiving this drug therapeutically were first described and characterized by Ley et al in 1958.<sup>1</sup>Such antibodies have been reported to occur with an incidence of 29%<sup>2</sup>and 30.5%<sup>3</sup>in the sera of patients with penicillin hypersensitivity and from 1% to 4%<sup>1,2,4</sup>in random sera. Penicillin antibodies are detected by their affinity for red blood cells.<sup>1</sup> Despite the relatively high incidence of untoward reactions to penicillin, and the even more frequent occurrence of penicillin antibody development,<sup>2,3</sup>very few cases have been reported<sup>5-9</sup>in which acquired hemolytic anemia was associated with penicillin antibodies. The case reported here demonstrates hemolytic anemia in a patient receiving massive doses of intravenously administered penicillin. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 42-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of fever, sore throat, cough, and malaise that developed nine days earlier and
Biochemical evidence of a chronic abnormality in platelet and vascular function in healthy individuals who smoke cigarettes.
Authors: J Nowak, J J Murray, J A Oates, G A FitzGerald
Journal: Circulation (1987)

To study the effects of increasing age on outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 684 patients who underwent CABG from 1980 to 1985 were entered into a noncurrent prospective study. Patients were matched by date of operation and placed into three groups according to age: (1) 70 and older, (2) 55 to 69, or (3) less than 55. In addition to intraoperative and postoperative data collected on all patients, follow-up was obtained on 97% of the patients at a mean of 30 +/- 16 months. Older patients were more often female (p less than .002), and white (p less than .001) and had more preexisting cerebrovascular disease (p less than .0001), peripheral vascular disease (p less than .001), unstable angina (p less than .0001), and longer mean bypass pump times (p less than .001). Older patients had a higher hospital mortality (9.3% vs 2.2%), suffered more complications, including stroke, wound infection, reoperation for bleeding, need for intropic drug support, and prolonged ventilation, and had longer mean postoperative hospital stays (14 vs 9 days, p less than .0001). After discharge, mortality rates were similar in all groups, as was recurrence of symptoms and degree of rehabilitation. While patient age at operation significantly influenced hospital mortality and morbidity, this appeared to be a consequence of the greater frequency of risk factors in patients over 70 years of age. In addition, late follow-up failed to demonstrate any significant differences based on age alone in survival or functional status among patients undergoing CABG.
Mammalian Somatic Hybrids and Human Gene Mapping
Authors: RAJU S. KUCHERLAPATI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Somatic cell hybridization, as an aid in the study of human map, has made large strides during the past several years. Rodent-human hybrids are readily obtained, and selective systems are available to select hybrid cells to the exclusion of parental cells. Various species-specific genetic markers can be studied in the hybrids, and correlation of the expression of these markers with each other and with specific human chromosomes retained allows synteny analysis and chromosome assignment. Methods to determine the relative order of genes and their regional localization are also available. Using these methods, more than 60 human genes have been assigned to 22 human chromosomes.
Short-term Results after Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Compared to Open Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Anna Wallerstedt, Stavros I. Tyritzis, Thordis Thorsteinsdottir, Stefan Carlsson, Johan Stranne, Ove Gustafsson, Jonas Hugosson, Anders Bjartell, Ulrica Wilderäng, N. Peter Wiklund, Gunnar Steineck, Eva Haglind
Journal: European Urology (2014)
ABSCESS FROM SWALLOWED TOOTHPICK
Authors: Donald C. Durman
Journal: JAMA (1930)

We saw the case reported here about a year ago, but did not report it because we felt that it could be of only local interest. A recent editorial<sup>1</sup>has indicated to us a greater interest in this and similar conditions and therefore we report the case in detail. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> A woman, aged 48, first came to one of us with a complaint of pain in the left side of the abdomen. The family history was negative. The past personal history threw light on the complaint. The patient was the mother of several children, all born normally and all living and well. There had been no miscarriages. The menstrual history had been normal, with the menopause occurring three years before. Since then there had been no show of blood and no leukorrhea. The gastro-intestinal history was normal, except for some constipation and occasional bleeding hemorrhoids. Otherwise there had
Abstract 3188: Discovery and validation of non-invasive biomarkers for benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer
Authors: Adam S. Curatolo, Roopali Roy, Andrej Jedinak, Kevin Loughlin, Michael Meyers, Towia A. Libermann, Simon Dillon, Manoj Bhasin, Marsha A. Moses
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Although the PSA test is successfully used to determine how well a prostate cancer patient is responding to therapy, it cannot reliably distinguish between the presence of prostate cancer and benign prostate diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis. These conditions and early prostate cancer can all result in low to moderate levels of PSA in the blood. The absence of sensitive and specific biomarkers that can distinguish between benign conditions and prostate cancer often leaves patients and their doctors with little recourse than to utilize invasive approaches to diagnose prostate cancer that can result in harmful and undesirable side effects. With the goal of identifying and validating non-invasive biomarkers that can distinguish between neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease of the prostate, we have utilized iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) as our technique of choice to sensitively and accurately identify and quantify proteins that are differentially present in the urine of men with BPH and prostate cancer. This approach resulted in the identification of 26 proteins that were differentially expressed at a significant level, with high confidence, in urines obtained from men from each of the two groups of interest. These proteins represent a number of functional categories including cell assembly and organization, cell signaling, cell morphology, carbohydrate metabolism, cellular growth and proliferation, lipid metabolism, androgen and estrogen metabolism and DNA replication, recombination and repair, among others. Validation of ten proteins with the greatest differential expression between the two groups has been completed. Immunoblot analyses have confirmed the significant differential presence of these proteins in a larger number of patient samples analyzed thus far. Large scale validation studies are ongoing. These data suggest that the ability to non-invasively monitor the levels of these proteins in the urine of patients with uninformative PSA levels has the potential to provide clinically relevant information for reliable diagnosis of BPH and prostate cancer. These proteins may also serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of men with BPH and prostate cancer. (Supported by The Ellison Foundation) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3188. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3188
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Barrett's Esophagus
Authors: H. Koop
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common clinical problem. More frequent and extended acidic reflux episodes are characteristic of GERD, although substantial (nonacid) reflux per se is also observed in control individuals. Helicobacter pylori may protect some people from reflux disease, but others do not experience deterioration of GERD as a result of H. pylori eradication, for reasons so far unknown. Medical treatment, preferably with proton-pump inhibitors, is well established and is also recommended in endoscopy-negative forms of the disease, although the efficacy is less marked in comparison with erosive esophagitis. Surgery has emerged as an alternative to medical therapy, but the long-term results do not now appear to be as promising as was initially claimed. A number of new endoscopic techniques for the treatment of GERD have been developed, but the future for these is unclear. Barrett's esophagus develops in some patients with GERD for unknown reasons, and surveillance should be carried out in these patients due to the risk of subsequent malignant transformation. Several new approaches have been developed for detecting premalignant conditions, but these need to be investigated further. Ablative techniques are still under intensive investigation, and appear to be promising, at least in a subset of patients, although they are not devoid of major complications. Whether antireflux therapy, irrespective of the method used, can slow down the development of cancer is still an intriguing and clinically important question.