tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HIV, Stigma, and Rates of Infection: Absence of Evidence
Authors: Mark Seielstad
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

s PLoS Medicine, Daniel Reidpath and Kit Yee Chan challenge the widely cited link between HIV-related stigma and the spread of the epidemic [1].This is an important question, given the heavy emphasis on stigma in policies of the World Health Organization, the Joint United Programme on HIV/AIDS, and other public health institutions, but in making their argument Reidpath and Chan misrepresent the connections that other authors have made between stigma and viral transmission, ignore evidence that does suggest an association, and propose a model of their own for which they offer no evidence.HIV infection establishes itself fi rst in certain high-risk groups-men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, sex workers, mobile populations-and only later moves into the general population.In the early stages of the epidemic, stigma facilitates transmission within high-risk groups, because these already marginalized groups receive little attention from policy makers and the health-care community and are further discriminated against when they are identifi ed with HIV and AIDS [2].Stigma also prevents or makes it more diffi cult for members of high-risk groups to access preventive services, including HIV antibody testing [3].Reidpath and Chan distort this dynamic by describing a model in which stigma leads to fear which leads to unsafe behavior.We know of no one who suggests that stigma causes sex between men or intravenous drug use.Instead, there is evidence that HIV-related stigma makes it diffi cult for people to take actions to reduce their risks; for example, by accessing HIV education [4], exchanging needles [5], and negotiating condom use [6].Stigma may even lead women who know they are HIV positive to breast-feed their infants rather than arouse suspicion of their serostatus through formula feeding [7].This undoubtedly increases the risk of vertical viral transmission.Reidpath and Chan go on to propose that stigma may actually "slow the spread of infection from those [highrisk] groups to the general population."Although there is a plausible logic to this suggestion, there is no evidence for it.Even if stigma does reduce the opportunities that marginalized groups have to transmit HIV to the broader population, this would have little effect on the dynamics of a generalized epidemic.While they recognize that stigma presents a barrier to the treatment and care of people living with HIV, Reidpath and Chan fail to recognize the association this may have with increased transmission.HIV-related stigma discourages people from disclosing their status, entering care, and adhering to antiretroviral regimens, all of which represent missed opportunities for prevention.Around the world HIV capitalizes on and reinforces social stigma and discrimination, especially the low status of women.Defeating the epidemic requires an honest examination of all these phenomena and interventions that target both the virus itself and its widespread social impacts.
Under the Influence? Drugs and the American Work Force
Authors: Craig Zwerling
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Commissioned by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the Committee on Drug Use in the Workplace of the National Research Council and of the Institute of Medicine prepared this book to assess the scope of drug use by the workforce, the impact of drug use on work performance, and the effectiveness of drug intervention programs.  The committee noted that in the United States, about 24 million urine drug tests are performed annually—18 million by NIDA-certified laboratories, 6 million by noncertified laboratories. Assuming a cost per test of $50 (including laboratory fees, collection site costs, medical review officer costs, and quality control costs, but excluding costs to recruit replacement workers, costs of treatment, and costs of workers' time for the test), the committee estimated that we spend about $1.2 billion per year on drug testing. Such substantial expenditures justify careful attention to the following questions: How prevalent is drug use
Effects of increased adrenomedullary activity and taurine in young patients with borderline hypertension.
Authors: T Fujita, K Ando, H Noda, Y Ito, Y Sato
Journal: Circulation (1987)

Recent studies showed that taurine, a sulphonic amino acid, could decrease blood pressure and increase sympathoadrenal tone in DoCA-salt-treated hypertensive rats. To determine whether taurine exerts its antihypertensive action in man in a similar fashion, we studied the effect of oral administration of taurine (6 g for 7 days) on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in 19 young patients with borderline hypertension in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion. Systolic blood pressure in the 10 patients who were treated with taurine decreased by 9.0 +/- 2.9 mm Hg (mean +/- SE; p less than .05 by paired t test), compared with a 2.7 +/- 2.3 mm Hg decrease (NS) in the nine patients treated with placebo and diastolic blood pressure in the taurine-treated patients decreased by 4.1 +/- 1.7 mm Hg (p less than .05) compared with 1.2 +/- 3.0 mm Hg (NS) in the placebo-treated subjects. In the patients receiving taurine plasma epinephrine (E) decreased significantly, with a negligible decrease in plasma norepinephrine (NE). The effect of taurine on plasma catecholamines and the response of plasma E after the stimulation with glucagon was also studied in 12 borderline hypertensive and nine age-matched normotensive subjects. Basal plasma E was significantly higher in borderline hypertensive than in normal subjects, but basal plasma NE did not differ in the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SEQUENTIAL LEFT ANTERIOR OBLIQUE AND ANTERIOR EXERCISE EQUILBRIUM RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY
Authors: Jock M. Gutmon, Alan Rozanski, Nancy L. Pontaleo, Ronald D. Levy, Jamshid Maddahi, H. J.C. Swan, Alan D. Waxman, Daniel S. Berman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

Gutmon, Jock M.; Rozanski, Alan; Pontaleo, Nancy L.; Levy, Ronald D.; Maddahi, Jamshid; Swan, H. J.C.; Waxman, Alan D.; Berman, Daniel S. Author Information
Abstract 2639: RanGAP1·SUMO1 hyperphosphorylation (RGSH) and mitotic arrest by ON 01910.Na, okadaic acid or tubulin agents
Authors: Irina Oussenko, James F. Holland, E. Premkumar Reddy, Takao Ohnuma
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: RanGAP1·SUMO1 is phosphorylated before nuclear envelope breakdown when cells enter mitosis. Previous work from our laboratory showed that a new anticancer antimitotic agent, ON 01910.Na (abbreviated 1910), a benzyl styryl sulfone analog, induced RGSH in all four human tumor cell lines tested. RGSH was not observed in the presence of 1911, inactive analog of 1910. However, RGSH was observed in the presence of tubulin depolymerizing agent nocodazole. Tubulin polymerization assay revealed that, unlike nocodazole, neither 1910 nor 1911 had effects on tubulin polymerization in vitro. In this study, we examined whether other tubulin agents induce RGSH and whether known mitotic phosphatases are involved. METHODS and RESULTS: We used two cell lines, MOLT-3 ALL and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines. We examined RGSH in the presence of known tubulin toxins including paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, colchicine and nocodazole at a concentration of 1 µM in 4 h and 24 h. Doxorubicin and camptothecin served as negative controls. Following treatment with drugs, cells were analyzed by Western blotting. Drug concentrations that inhibited cell growth by 50% (IC50) or 90% (IC90) were determined in 3-day drug exposure experiments. All tubulin agents in the study were capable of inducing RGSH after 4h and 24 h exposure in both cell lines. The drug-induced RGSH was inhibited by caffeine, an ATM and ATR kinase inhibitor, and roscovitine, a Cdk kinase inhibitor. Okadaic acid (OA), known primarily as PP1 and PP2A phosphatase inhibitor, was also found to be capable of RGSH, therefore making it plausible by analogy that 1910 is RanGAP1·SUMO1 phosphatase inhibitor. The concentrations of 1910, OA or tubulin agents sufficient to elicit RGSH in 24 h, also caused 50 to 90% growth inhibition, respectively. 1910, as well as all tubulin agents in the study, induced phosphorylation of the phosphatase Cdc25C (aka “mitotic” Cdc25C) and down-regulation of interphase form of Cdc25C. CONCLUSION: 1910 and selected tubulin agents caused RGSH at IC50 – IC90 concentrations. Similar to tubulin agents, 1910 produced Cdc25C phosphorylation and down-regulation of its interphase form. OA inhibition of PP1 phosphatase and activation of RGSH suggest that 1910 could also serve as a phosphatase inhibitor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2639. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2639
Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
A NEW CLAMP FOR VAGINAL HYSTERECTOMY.
Authors: R. G. Hendricks
Journal: JAMA (1926)

This clamp is designed to meet the following requirements: (1) safety; (2) ease of application; (3) minimum of weight and bulk, and (4) ease of removal. Ordinary hemostatic forceps are readily applied but have the added danger of letting loose at the clasp and must therefore be tied or otherwise secured during the time they are left in postion. From four to six handles protruding from the vagina are heavy, bulky and difficult to loosen and open up without pain to the patient. The advantages of the new forceps lie in the principle of the screw, which permits any given amount of pressure to be applied to the jaws, and it is proof against slipping or otherwise letting loose after it has once been placed in position. The blades are 2 inches in length and so angulated as to facilitate application to the broad
Inhibition of Niemann-Pick-type C1-like1 by ezetimibe activates autophagy in human hepatocytes and reduces mutant α1-antitrypsin Z deposition
Authors: Takeshi Yamamura, Yuki Ohsaki, Michitaka Suzuki, Yuki Shinohara, Tsuyako Tatematsu, Jinglei Cheng, Masato Okada, Naoki Ohmiya, Yoshiki Hirooka, Hidemi Goto, Toyoshi Fujimoto
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Autophagy can degrade aggregate-prone proteins, but excessive autophagy can have adverse effects. It would be beneficial if autophagy could be enhanced in a cell type-specific manner, but this has been difficult because the basic mechanism of autophagy is common. In the present study we found that inhibition of Niemann-Pick-type C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) by ezetimibe activates autophagy only in hepatocytes and small intestinal epithelia, but not in other cells. Ezetimibe induced accumulation of free cholesterol in the late endosome/lysosome and increased partitioning of a Ragulator component, LAMTOR1, in rafts. The latter change led to down-regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)C1 activity by decreasing mTOR recruitment to the late endosome/lysosome and activated autophagy. A primary effect of ezetimibe was found to be a decrease of free cholesterol in the plasma membrane, because all the results caused by ezetimibe were suppressed by supplementation of cholesterol as a methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex. By enhancing autophagy in human primary hepatocytes with ezetimibe, insoluble mutant α1-antitrypsin Z was reduced significantly.Inhibition of NPC1L1 by ezetimibe activates autophagy in human hepatocytes by modulating cholesterol homeostasis. Ezetimibe may be used to ameliorate liver degeneration in α1-antitrypsin deficiency.
Angiographic and hemodynamic correlates of low-dose positive dobutamine stress echocardiography
Authors: Rajdeep S. Gaitonde, Nisha Tung, Naveen Sharma, Jo Mahenthiran, Irmina Gradus-Pizlo, Masoor Kamalesh, Harvey Feigenbaum, Stephen G. Sawada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Gwilym Penrose Hosking
Authors: Emma-Jane Hosking, Suzie Mitchell
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Gwilym Penrose Hosking was attracted to paediatric neurology partly because of a desire to work in multiprofessional teams. During his first consultant post at the Ryegate Centre in Sheffield he pioneered new models of care. He travelled extensively to the developing world to evaluate services for children with disabilities and set up education programmes for colleagues. 

In …
CTLs respond with activation and granule secretion when serving as targets for T-cell recognition
Authors: Oren Milstein, David Hagin, Assaf Lask, Shlomit Reich-Zeliger, Elias Shezen, Eran Ophir, Yaki Eidelstein, Ran Afik, Yaron E. Antebi, Michael L. Dustin, Yair Reisner
Journal: Blood (2010)
THE EFFECT OF BILATERAL SUPRARENALECTOMY IN ADULT ALBINO RATS ON THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA
Authors: J. Marmorston-Gottesman, David Perla
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1932)

Normal adult Wistar rats (non-carrier stock) are readily infected with Bartonella muris and develop a severe anemia if large amounts of infecting material are used. The normal adult rat of Wistar stock possesses a relatively high natural resistance to spontaneous infection with this organism. Bilateral suprarenalectomy in Wistar rats lowers the natural resistance to a subsequent infection with Bartonella muris. This procedure does not alter the type of tissue response to the virus but lowers the natural resistance of the rat to toxic effects of the infection. The acquired immunity to Bartonella muris conferred by a first infection is not broken down by subsequent suprarenalectomy. The mechanisms of acquired and natural resistance are dependent on different physiological processes in the organism and are not merely quantitative variations of the same process as is generally assumed.
ANTIGENIC VARIANTS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS (PR8 STRAIN)
Authors: Paul Gerber, Clayton G. Loosli, Dorothy Hamre
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

Antigenically different strains of mouse-adapted PR8 influenza A virus have been produced by 17 serial passages of the virus in the lungs of mice immunized with the homologous agent. Comparative serological tests show that the variant strains share antigenic components with the parent strain but the dominant antigen is different. By means of antibody absorption it was shown that the "new" antigenic component of the variant was already present in minor amounts up to the eighth passage and thereafter gained prominence with continued passage in vaccinated mice. Groups of mice vaccinated with either the PR8-S or T(21) virus and having comparable antibody titers showed no growth of virus in the lungs following aid-borne challenge with homologous strains. On the other hand, following heterologous air-borne challenge no deaths occurred, but virus grew in the lungs of both groups of vaccinated mice. Almost unrestricted virus multiplication took place in the lungs of mice vaccinated with the parent strain and challenged with the PR8-T(21) virus which resulted in extensive consolidation. Less virus grew in the lungs of the mice vaccinated with the variant strains and challenged with the PR8-S virus. In these animals only microscopic evidence of changes due to virus growth in the lungs was observed. The successful serial passage of PR8 influenza A virus in immunized animals was dependent on the initial selection of mice with uniformly low H.I. antibody titers as determined on tail blood, and the intranasal instillation of sufficient virus to favor the survival of those virus particles least related to the antibodies present. The epidemiological implications of these observations are discussed briefly.
Rationing Lung Transplants — Procedural Fairness in Allocation and Appeals
Authors: Keren Ladin, Douglas W. Hanto
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

Interview with Dr. Keren Ladin on fairness in the allocation of lung transplants for children. (14:03)Download In two recent cases of pediatric candidates for lung transplants, emergency legal injunctions claimed that lung-allocation policy is arbitrary and capricious. Appeals to list children for adult organs have merit, but lawsuits exacerbate inequities and undercut public trust.
Housing Mobility and Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: David C. Norris
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Dr Kessler and colleagues1 reported that, at follow-up 10 to 15 years later, boys from households that received housing vouchers in the Moving to Opportunity Demonstration experienced 12-month prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at several times the rate of boys from control households. Part of the explanation for this intriguing finding may lie in a phenomenon described in the Birmingham Youth Violence Study, in which “high levels of community violence exposure attenuated the relationships between home and school violence and adjustment, perhaps reflecting desensitization to violence or a process whereby community levels of violence establish ‘norms’ that affect the interpretation and impact of violence in other settings.”2
One Hundred Years of American Internal Medicine
Authors: PAUL B. BEESON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

The term internal medicine began to be used by German writers in the late 19th century to designate a branch of practice incorporating the growing understanding of morbid anatomy, microbiology, physiology, and biochemistry. American practitioners of internal medicine began to take a respected place in world medicine toward the close of the 19th century. Noteworthy changes followed World War M, owing to allocation of large sums of money for biomedical research by governments, philanthropic organizations, and the pharmaceutical industry. Clinical problems in this period shifted in preponderance from acute infections to the chronic diseases that accompany aging. Complex diagnostic procedures, together with a diversity of therapeutic choices, created need for full-time teachers and clinical investigators in medical schools, as well as for subspecialists in practice. The pendulum may have swung too far toward specialization, and in the future a substantial proportion of practitioners of internal medicine will still continue to serve as generalist physicians.
MUTUAL RELATIONS OF THE RAILWAY SURGEON AND THE NEUROLOGIST.
Authors: J. T. ESKRIDGE
Journal: JAMA (1898)

That the general surgeon and the neurologist should work together in the advancement of cerebral and spinal surgery is accepted by the best men of the profession. That the professional relations of the railway surgeon and of the neurologist should be more comprehensive and extend to nearly all cases of railway injury has not, to my knowledge, been generally recognized by the chief surgeons of the great railway systems. A brief abstract from the reports of two cases of alleged railway injury will aid in bringing this subject before the Association for discussion: <h3>Case 1.</h3> —J. R., in 1889, while climbing down from his upper berth in a Pullman sleeping car, was thrown to the opposite side of the car by some accident which caused the engine and one or two cars to jump the track. He was not rendered unconscious nor did he appear to be greatly injured. He
Frequency- and orientation-dependent effects of mexiletine and quinidine on conduction in the intact dog heart.
Authors: A K Bajaj, H A Kopelman, J P Wikswo, F Cassidy, R L Woosley, D M Roden
Journal: Circulation (1987)

Myocardial conduction depends on the magnitude of the fast inward sodium current as well as on cardiac fiber orientation, with more rapid propagation along myocardial fibers than across them. Although antiarrhythmic drugs depress the sodium current in a frequency-dependent fashion in vitro, their effects on conduction in the intact ventricle have been less well studied. We therefore evaluated the frequency- and orientation-dependent actions of mexiletine, quinidine, and their combination on epicardial conduction in 24 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. These interventions were chosen because the time constant of recovery from sodium-channel blockade by mexiletine in vitro is shorter than that from blockade by quinidine, and because we have previously shown that the combination of these drugs is often clinically effective when single-agent therapy fails. An electrode array that permitted measurement of conduction times in multiple orientations over short segments of epicardium without contamination by rapid Purkinje fiber propagation or by latency or virtual cathode effects at the stimulus site was developed for these studies. In all animals, the atrioventricular node was destroyed by injection of formalin to permit measurements over a wide range of cycle lengths (250 to 1500 msec). In the absence of drugs, conduction in any direction was frequency independent. In the presence of mexiletine, however, frequency-dependent increases in conduction times were found at cycle lengths of 600 msec or less; these changes were significantly greater in orientations for which baseline conduction was rapid. Quinidine, on the other hand, increased conduction times at all tested cycle lengths without significant orientation-dependent effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Operative Parathyroid Arteriography for Location of Parathyroid Tumour
Authors: R. E. Steiner, R. Fraser, I. Aird
Journal: BMJ (1956)

100 ml.), but these two groups are not strictly comparable, since the folic acid cases were usually more anaemic before treatment and could not be observed over preliminary con- trol periods.The addition of folic acid to treatment did not seem to alter the subsequent course in two of the trial cases, while in four others who were followed long enough blood counts reached normal values on vitamin B12 (with added iron in two).Very poor results followed treatment with vitamin B12 in all three cases seen during pregnancy.From Table I it is seen that total proteins and serum albumin levels were lowest in these three cases, so that, besides pregnancy, protein malnutrition might be a factor inhibiting response to treatment.This seems unlikely from my experience with folic acid series.In six cases, four treated with folic acid at term and two post partum, serum albumin was less than 3 g.per 100 ml. (range 1.6 to 2.8 g.), and in three of these the total protein was less than 6 g.; yet five re- sponded well, including one with only 4.9 g. total protein and 2.5 g. albumin.A similar distinction between cases trea.edbefore and after delivery is found by analysing the details of the trial reported by Moore et al.Ten of their 12 post-partum cases tesponded to the large doses they used, but in some there 'were only small increments in Hb in the first two weeks.