tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ascorbic Acid Supplements and Kidney Stone Risk—Reply
Authors: Hans-Göran Tiselius, Agneta Åkesson, Laura D. K. Thomas
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Internal Medicine HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal
Plan B, Reproductive Rights, and Physician Activism
Authors: Rebekah E. Gee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Last year, I gave one of my patients a prescription for emergency contraception. When she presented it at a Wal-Mart pharmacy, she was turned away empty-handed. This mother of three, struggling to pay her bills, routinely shopped for groceries and diapers at Wal-Mart. She felt humiliated and judged by the pharmacist, and her access to needed medication was delayed. Through her experience, I became aware of Wal-Mart's refusal to stock Plan B (levonorgestrel).The refusal by individual pharmacists to fill prescriptions is a contentious issue, and state laws governing such acts vary. But Wal-Mart was running the only national pharmacy . . .
Liquid-Based Cytology vs Conventional Cytology in Detecting Cervical Cancer
Authors: Mona Saraiya
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Hand Washing, a Key Anti-Flu Strategy, Often Neglected by Health Care Workers
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
DIACHYLON OR DUTY: A CALL TO ACTION
Authors: T. Oliver
Journal: BMJ (1913)

DIACHYLON OR DUTY.[ Tz Bm i r99JUNIC 7, 191-1 I'MzmoA "99im method of treatment.The conditions under which it may become so are being investigated.The endeavour must be to procure a substance, tadi6-active or not, which, when introduced into -the general circulation, will influence morbid processes in the tissues.It may be possible to use a substance which when treated locally by radium, x rays, or other agents capable of exciting the secondary radiations of such substances, will benefit the tissues.The best we have yet been able to do has been by local stim,ulation to produce secondary radiations from the tissues, blood, and lymph in the deposits of cancer.When the secondary radiation value of these tissues is better known, and when we know which particular radiation acting upon them will give us their maximum value, then we may hope to improve our results. CONCLUSIONS.1.In all cases of early cancer the operative method is undoubtedly the best; it is quicker, safer, and offers the best prospect of cure.2. Radium is a useful adjunct to the treatment of all cases, first as a prophylactic after operation, and, failing Dperation, the next best method we possess.It must, however, be stated that x rays are in selected cases quite as useful as radium.3. In patients who refuse operation, or are for other reasons not suitable for operation, radium is a useful remedy.4. In inoperable cases radium may help to render the case operable; and, failing that, is undoubtedly useful as a palliative measure.
Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South
Authors: Dorothy Nelkin
Journal: JAMA (1995)

The visibility of contemporary research in genetics has revived interest in the history of the eugenics movement. Edward J. Larson, in<i>Sex, Race, and Science</i>, focuses on eugenics in America's Deep South. The eugenic reforms during the early part of the century followed advances in biology indicating that human heredity could be manipulated through selected breeding. But reforms were mainly driven by social forces: concerns about purifying the Caucasian race and restricting the propagation of those deemed eugenically unfit and responsible for social problems. The movement, championed by a professional elite and based on the authority of science, advocated reforms through eugenic marriage restrictions and compulsory sterilization. "control of human reproduction as a solution to pressing economic and social problems and a means of controlling the future." Analyzing eugenic reforms in the context of state policies, Larson's detailed and interesting study suggests that the movement did not necessarily follow the
Opioids for chronic musculoskeletal pain
Authors: K. M. Dunn, E. M. Hay
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Lack of evidence of benefit and the potential for harm should caution against their use

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is common. Up to half the adult population has chronic pain at any one time, and two thirds of these have musculoskeletal problems.1 Chronic musculoskeletal conditions are persistent, debilitating, often characterised by substantial pain, but are non-fatal. In the United Kingdom, this equates to as many as 16 million adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain, around five million of whom will seek healthcare advice. Similar proportions of the population are affected in other developed countries. 

Treatments are available for people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Analgesic drugs and physiotherapy, for example, can reduce pain in many people. The effects are often short lived, however, and the scope for preventing or alleviating long term pain is limited. Patients and clinicians continue to search for treatment that is safe and effective and alleviates short …
Toll-like receptor-4 agonist in post-haemorrhage pneumonia: role of dendritic and natural killer cells
Authors: Antoine Roquilly, Alexis Broquet, Cedric Jacqueline, Laetitia Gautreau, Jean Pierre Segain, Pierre de Coppet, Jocelyne Caillon, Frédéric Altare, Regis Josien, Karim Asehnoune
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Haemorrhage-induced immunosuppression has been linked to nosocomial infections. We assessed the impact of monophosphoryl lipid A, a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon-biased Toll-like receptor-4 agonist currently used as a vaccine adjuvant in humans, on post-haemorrhage susceptibility to infection. We used a mouse model of post-haemorrhage pneumonia induced by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Monophosphoryl lipid A was administered intravenously after haemorrhage and before pneumonia onset. Haemorrhage altered survival rate, increased lung damage (neutrophil accumulation, oedema and cytokine release) and altered the functions of dendritic and natural killer cells. Here, we show that monophosphoryl lipid A decreased systemic dissemination of S. aureus and dampened inflammatory lung lesions. Monophosphoryl lipid A partially restored the capacity for antigen presentation and the transcriptional activity in dendritic cells. Monophosphoryl lipid A did not restore the interferon-γ mRNA but prevented interleukin-10 mRNA overexpression in natural killer cells compared with untreated mice. Ex vivo monophosphoryl lipid A-stimulated dendritic cells or natural killer cells harvested from haemorrhaged animals were adoptively transferred into mice undergoing post-haemorrhage pneumonia. Stimulated dendritic cells (but not stimulated natural killer cells) improved the survival rate compared with mice left untreated. In vivo depletion of natural killer cells decreased survival rate of monophosphoryl lipid A-treated mice. Dendritic and natural killer cells are critically involved in the beneficial effects of monophosphoryl lipid A within post-haemorrhage pneumonia.
Abstract 4668: Genetic effects and modifiers of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on survival in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Hongmei Zeng, Herbert Yu, Lingeng Lu, Dhanpat Jain, Mark S. Kidd, M Wasif Saif, Stephen J. Chanock, Patricia Hartge, Harvey A. Risch
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Purpose: Germline genetic variation may affect clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Using an existing genome-wide association study (GWAS) data set, we applied a candidate-gene approach to evaluate the effect of putative markers on survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. We also examined gene-radiotherapy and gene-chemotherapy interactions, aiming to explain inter-individual differences in treatment outcomes. Patients, Materials and Methods: In total, 211 patients with pancreatic cancer were identified and recruited between February 2005 and June 2008 in a population-based study and followed through June 2010, an average follow-up of 3.4 years. Sixty-four candidate genes associated with cancer survival or treatment response were selected from existing publications. Genotype information was obtained from a previous GWAS analysis of the study subjects. The main effect of genetic variation and gene-specific treatment interactions on overall survival were examined by proportional hazards regression models. Results: Fourteen genes showed evidence of association with pancreatic cancer survival. Among these, rs1760217, located at the DPYD gene, rs17091162 at SERPINA3 and rs2231164 at ABCG2 had the lowest P-values of 10−4.60, 0.0013 and 0.0023, respectively. We also observed that two genes, RRM1 and IQGAP2, had significant interactions with radiotherapy in association with survival, and two others, TYMS and MET, showed evidence of interaction with the chemotherapeutic agents 5-FU and erlotinib, respectively. Conclusions: Our study revealed significant associations between germline genetic polymorphisms and overall survival in pancreatic cancer, as well as survival interactions between various genes and radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4668. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4668
Sleep Disruption due to Hospital Noises
Authors: Orfeu M. Buxton, Jeffrey M. Ellenbogen, Wei Wang, Andy Carballeira, Shawn O'Connor, Dan Cooper, Ankit J. Gordhandas, Scott M. McKinney, Jo M. Solet
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Background: Sleep plays a critical role in maintaining health and well-being; however, patients who are hospitalized are frequently exposed to noise that can disrupt sleep. Efforts to attenuate hospital noise have been limited by incomplete information on the interaction between sounds and sleep physiology. Objective: To determine profiles of acoustic disruption of sleep by examining the cortical (encephalographic) arousal responses during sleep to typical hospital noises by sound level and type and sleep stage. Design: 3-day polysomnographic study. Setting: Sound-attenuated sleep laboratory. Participants: Volunteer sample of 12 healthy participants. Intervention: Baseline (sham) night followed by 2 intervention nights with controlled presentation of 14 sounds that are common in hospitals (for example, voice, intravenous alarm, phone, ice machine, outside traffic, and helicopter). The sounds were administered at calibrated, increasing decibel levels (40 to 70 dBA [decibels, adjusted for the range of normal hearing]) during specific sleep stages. Measurements: Encephalographic arousals, by using established criteria, during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep stages 2 and 3. Results: Sound presentations yielded arousal response curves that varied because of sound level and type and sleep stage. Electronic sounds were more arousing than other sounds, including human voices, and there were large differences in responses by sound type. As expected, sounds in NREM stage 3 were less likely to cause arousals than sounds in NREM stage 2; unexpectedly, the probability of arousal to sounds presented in REM sleep varied less by sound type than when presented in NREM sleep and caused a greater and more sustained elevation of instantaneous heart rate. Limitations: The study included only 12 participants. Results for these healthy persons may underestimate the effects of noise on sleep in patients who are hospitalized. Conclusion: Sounds during sleep influence both cortical brain activity and cardiovascular function. This study systematically quantifies the disruptive capacity of a range of hospital sounds on sleep, providing evidence that is essential to improving the acoustic environments of new and existing health care facilities to enable the highest quality of care. Primary Funding Source: Academy of Architecture for Health, Facilities Guidelines Institute, and The Center for Health Design.
Exercise after stroke
Authors: G. Mead
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Is beneficial but how best to increase physical activity is unknown 

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and the most common cause of severe disability in the United Kingdom. Low levels of physical activity substantially increase the risk of a first ever ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke.1 Although data about the association between physical activity and recurrent stroke are lacking, it is biologically plausible that physical activity after stroke might improve the profile of vascular risk factors and so reduce the risk of recurrent stroke and other vascular events.2 In the linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.b2810), Boysen and colleagues report a randomised controlled trial of repeated encouragement and advice aimed at increasing physical activity after stroke.3 

Levels of physical activity in community dwelling adults with mild motor impairment after stroke are about half those of healthy older people.4 Physical fitness (including aerobic fitness, muscle strength, and muscle power) is substantially lower in people after stroke than in age matched controls.5 Physical fitness …
Mucus and surfactant synthesis and secretion by cultured hamster respiratory cells.
Authors: J B Baseman, N S Hayes, W E Goldman, A M Collier
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1980)

Procedures for the selective isolation and cultivation in monolayer of respiratory cells have been developed. This technique requires repeated protease treatment and gradient centrifugation of hamster tracheal or lung tissues and permits the establishment of proliferating cultures of epithelial cells with biologic specialization. Mucus synthesis was monitored in cultured tracheal cells by incorporation of 3H-labeled N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and 14C-serine into glycoprotein as determined by trichloroacetic acid precipitation of growth medium followed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. For comparative purposes tracheal explants and several established cell lines were also examined. Synthesis and secretion of the glycoprotein macromolecule by tracheal cell monolayers appeared to be regulated by vitamin A since its addition to the culture medium significantly increased both the number of cell-associated granules and glycoprotein secretion. Lung-originated cell cultures were grown to confluence and radio-labeled with 3H-choline in serum-free medium for 24 hr to examine surfactant synthesis. Cell monolayers and growth medium were then extracted by the Folch method, and total radioactive phosphatidylcholine as well as disaturated phosphatidylcholine were determined by thin-layer chromatography and alumina gel fractionation of osmium tetroxide-reactive phospholipid, respectively. Data indicate that these cultures have a marked ability to synthesize and secrete surfactant when compared to other established cell lines. In addition, naturally transformed cells that arose during passage and senescence of the primary cultures were analyzed for their biosynthetic capabilities.
Clinical Diagnostic Process: An Analysis
Authors: D. J. Leaper, P. W. Gill, J. R. Staniland, J. C. Horrocks, F. T. de Dombal
Journal: BMJ (1973)

An analysis of observations made during 1,307 diagnoses by a total of 28 clinicians (503 diagnoses in real life, and 804 on simulated patients) concerned primarily the interview of patients suffering from abdominal pain. Interviews ranged from 10 to 35 questions, and from “stereotyped” procedures, in which identical (and often irrelevant) questions were asked to each patient, to “adaptive” interviews, in which specific relevant questions were put to each patient. Senior clinicians tended to ask fewer, more relevant questions than their junior counterparts; and urgent cases were dealt with in a more adaptive fashion than routine cases in outpatients. Disappointingly, there was considerable difference between real-life and simulated situations. From these results it is suggested (a) that the “diagnostic process” does not exist, (b) that any automated diagnostic system must be flexible to accommodate the wishes of a variety of clinicians, and (c) that studies based on artificial clinical situations should be treated with extreme caution.
Quantitative Doppler blood flow measurement method and in vivo calibration
Authors: M CHAUVEAU, B LEVY, J F DESSANGES, E SAVIN, O BAILLIART, J P MARTINEAUD
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1985)

Femoral blood flow (FBF) was measured in seven dogs, simultaneously with both an electromagnetic perivascular probe and a transcutaneous range gated Doppler velocimeter. Measurements were made in basal conditions and during intraarterial infusions of noradrenaline (10 to 400 ng·kg−1min−1) and isoprenaline (10 to 400 ng·kg−1·min−1) thus allowing comparisons of ultrasonic (DBF) and electromagnetic (EMBF) blood flow at 91 different blood flow rates ranging from 5 to 300 cm3·min−1.
Drug Safety Reform at the FDA — Pendulum Swing or Systematic Improvement?
Authors: Mark McClellan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Major legislation on drug safety is almost certain to be enacted before fall, as Congress reauthorizes the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA). Dr. Mark McClellan writes that this represents an opportunity to implement a more systematic approach to improving drug safety and effective use, if some challenges can be overcome. Jerry Avorn and Mark McClellan debate the reauthorization of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, the effect of user fees on drug safety, and ways of improving post-marketing surveillance. Jerry Avorn is a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. Mark McClellan is a visiting senior fellow at the AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, Washington, DC, and a former commissioner of the FDA.
Impaired Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor II Signaling in a Transforming Growth Factor-β–Dependent Mouse Model of Pulmonary Hypertension and in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Adrian J. Gilbane, Emma Derrett-Smith, Sarah L. Trinder, Robert B. Good, Andrew Pearce, Christopher P. Denton, Alan M. Holmes
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

Up to 10% of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This risk persists throughout the disease and is time dependent, suggesting that SSc is a susceptibility factor. Outcome for SSc-PAH is poor compared with heritable or idiopathic forms, despite clinical and pathological similarities. Although susceptibility in heritable PAH and idiopathic PAH is strongly associated with gene mutations leading to reduced expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) II, these mutations have not been observed in SSc-PAH.To explore BMPRII expression and function in a mouse model of SSc (TβRIIΔk-fib) that is susceptible to developing pulmonary hypertension and in SSc lung.BMPRII and downstream signaling pathways were profiled in lung tissue and fibroblasts from the TβRIIΔk-fib model, which develops pulmonary vasculopathy with pulmonary hypertension that is exacerbated by SU5416. Complementary studies examined SSc or control lung tissue and fibroblasts.Our study shows reduced BMPRII, impaired signaling, and altered receptor turnover activity in a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-dependent mouse model of SSc-PAH. Similarly, a significant reduction in BMPRII expression is observed in SSc lung tissue and fibroblasts. Increased proteasomal degradation of BMPRII appears to underlie this and may result from heightened TGF-β activity.We found reduced BMPRII protein in patients with SSc-PAH and a relevant mouse model associated with increased proteasomal degradation of BMPRII. Collectively, these results suggest that impaired BMP signaling, resulting from TGF-β-dependent increased receptor degradation, may promote PAH susceptibility in SSc and provide a unifying mechanism across different forms of PAH.