tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A novel surface antigen expressed by a subset of human CD3- CD16+ natural killer cells. Role in cell activation and regulation of cytolytic function.
Authors: A Moretta, G Tambussi, C Bottino, G Tripodi, A Merli, E Ciccone, G Pantaleo, L Moretta
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

The GL183 mAb was obtained by immunizing BALB/c mice with the E57 clone (CD7+CD2+CD3-CD16+CD56+) derived from human peripheral blood NK cells. In human peripheral blood, GL183-reactive cells ranged between 2 and 12% (mean 6.5%) in 10 different donors. Double fluorescence and FACS analysis showed that GL183+ cells were consistently included in the CD56+ or CD16+ cell populations. Moreover, since only a fraction of CD56+ or CD16+ cells (approximately 40%) coexpressed GL183 surface antigen, reactivity with GL183 mAb appears to define two subsets within the CD3- lymphocyte population expressing NK cell markers. Although, the majority of GL183+ cells were CD3-, approximately 1% expressed CD3 surface antigens. As shown by clonal analysis, these infrequent CD3+GL183+ cells coexpressed CD56 and CD16 antigens. Cloning of CD3-GL183+ or CD3-GL183- cell populations under limiting dilution conditions yielded clonal progenies that maintained their original surface phenotype. Therefore, expression or lack of expression of GL183 surface antigens represents a stable phenotypic property of a subset of human CD3- NK cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments and two-dimensional PAGE analysis indicated that GL183-reactive molecules were represented in different clones either by a single 58-kD chain or, more frequently, by two chains of approximately 55 and approximately 58 kD, respectively. Analysis of GL183+ or GL183- NK clones for their ability to lyse human (IGROV I) or murine (P815) tumor target cells indicated that GL183- clones were, on average, fivefold more efficient in inducing target cell lysis. GL183+ and GL183- clones produced comparable levels of TNF-alpha in response to PHA plus PMA or anti-CD16 mAb plus PMA. Importantly, production of TNF-alpha was also induced by stimulation of GL183+ clones with GL183 mAb plus PMA. These data indicated that GL183 antigen could mediate cell triggering. This concept was confirmed by the analysis of Ca2+ mobilization, as GL183 mAb induced (in GL183+ clones) increments of [Ca2+]i comparable with those induced by PHA. Moreover, GL183 mAb, or its F(ab')2 fragments, strongly enhanced the cytolytic activity of GL183+ clones against a panel of human tumor target cells, including U937, Raji, IGROV I, M14, and A549. In contrast, GL183 mAb, but not the F(ab')2 fragments, sharply inhibited the cytolytic activity of the same clones against P815, M12, and P3U1 murine target cells. In this case, the effect of GL183 mAb (inhibition) was opposite that of PHA or of stimulatory anti-CD2 or anti-CD16 mAbs, which consistently enhanced the target cell lysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Calcifediol in Chronic Renal Insufficiency
Authors: Anthony W. Norman
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The reader who is not highly familiar with the recent developments concerning vitamin D and its various active forms may be misled by certain comments made (235: 164, 1976) by Teitelbaum and associates. First, the major reason for the interest in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D<sub>3</sub>[1,25 {OH}<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>]) and 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-hydroxy-vitamin D<sub>3</sub>[1α {OH} D<sub>3</sub>]) arises not because of "antirachitic properties of vitamin D in uremia," but because of discoveries that these compounds bypass the necessity for 1-hydroxylation in the kidney.<sup>1,2</sup>Thus, the kidney is the only known organ capable of converting 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub>to 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>, the most active, naturally occurring form of vitamin D; also, 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>may account for all biologic actions heretofore ascribed to vitamin D itself. Moreover, a characteristic of renal osteodystrophy is a resistance to treatment
THE DIGESTION HEMOCLASIS TEST IN THE STUDY OF HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Fernand Widal
Journal: JAMA (1925)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, Oct. 4, 1924, G. M. Piersol and H. L. Bockus published a paper on "Comparative Studies in Liver Function by Some of the Later Methods." We were surprised to see that the description they give of the digestion hemoclasis test does not tally with the description we gave in 1920. They describe the test as follows: A test known as Widal's hemoclastic crisis test has been based on this proteopexic dysfunction. A leukocyte count, and blood pressure and pulse readings are taken on the fasting stomach. The same procedure is repeated one and two hours after the patient has taken 200 c.c. of milk. In the presence of liver impairment, there should occur a drop in the white cell count and a decrease in the blood pressure and pulse readings one or two hours after the milk has been ingested. Had the authors perused
Neurological and Ophthalmic Disorders in Children of Very Low Birth Weight
Authors: A. D. McDonald
Journal: BMJ (1962)

The Medical Research CouLncil in an investigation of oxygen therapy and retrolental fibroplasia studied over a thousand infants weighing not more than 4 lb.(1,800 g.) at birth (Report, 1955).The sample comprised all infants of this weight born between October 1, 1951, and May 31, 1953, and admitted to one of the 19* premature-baby units participating in the survey.A questionary was completed for each infant which included antenatal particulars and details of labour, delivery, the infant's condition in the early weeks of life, oxygen therapy, and other treatment given.This sample of children of very low birth weight was regarded as suitable for a study of the relationship between characteristics and events before and around the time of birth and 'neturological and ophthalmic disorders evident later.The prevalence of these disorders found in a survey of the children is described in this first report. MethodThe subjects of the survey, which was started in March, 1959, were all the children originally studied by the Medical Research Courncil who had survived to the age of 6 months; they numbered 1,128.Principal school medical officers arranged for school health visitors to complete for each child a standard questionary designed to detect nervous, visual, and hearing disorders.The health visitor was asked to inquire from the mother the age at which the child first walked unsupported and made small sentences, and about any history of convulsions, and from the teacher about the child's progress at school.She was also asked to see the child and to note any abnormality of gait, manual dexterity, speech, vision, and hearing.If the health visitor recorded any evidence of disorder reports were sought from specialists, school medical officers, and general practitioners.In an attempt to avoid missing minor degrees of cerebral palsy I examined two groups of children: those reported not to have walked alone until after their second birthday, and those in whom any abnormality of gait or manual dexterity had been noted.Furthermore, in order to study the clinical features of cerebral palsy in the sample, I examined as many as possible of the children found with or suspected to have this disorder.Letters were sent, if an address was obtainable, to the parents of children who had emigrated asking similar questions to those included in the health visitors' questionary.If information could not be obtained from *The report on the M.R.C. Survey was based on 17 of the 19 premature-baby units in which the investigation was undertaken.the parents, inquiries were made from relatives, and
THE INDUCTION OF RHEUMATIC-LIKE CARDIAC LESIONS IN RABBITS BY REPEATED FOCAL INFECTIONS WITH GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: George E. Murphy, Homer F. Swift
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1950)

Cardiac lesions like those characteristic of rheumatic fever in man have been induced in a small portion of rabbits that were subjected to successive focal infections with group A streptococci of several serological types. Fresh myocardial interstitial granulomata so induced bear striking resemblance to Aschoff bodies, the histologic hallmarks of human active rheumatic fever; and the fresh and healed lesions found in the cardiac valves, endocardia, epicardia, blood vessels, and aortae of some of these rabbits are homologous with those characteristic of rheumatic fever in man. These experimental myocardial and vascular lesions and those of human rheumatic fever differ in several important respects from the lesions of experimental and human serum disease.
Timing of Onset of Antidepressant Response With Fluoxetine Treatment
Authors: Andrew A. Nierenberg, Amy H. Farabaugh, Jonathan E. Alpert, Johanna Gordon, John J. Worthington, Jerrold F. Rosenbaum, Maurizio Fava
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the time until onset of antidepressant response with fluoxetine treatment. METHOD: The authors evaluated 182 outpatients with major depression who had a sustained acute response to fluoxetine treatment. The outpatients received 8 weeks of treatment with 20 mg/day of fluoxetine and were assessed biweekly with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The onset of response was defined as a 30% decrease in score on the Hamilton depression scale that persisted and led to a 50% decrease by week 8. The Kaplan-Meier product limit and Cox regression analysis were used to model the relationship between relevant variables and time until onset of response. RESULTS: The authors found that at weeks 2, 4, and 6, the probabilities of having an onset of response (for responders) were 55.5%, 24.7%, and 9.3%, respectively. The cumulative probabilities of onset of response at each time point were 55.5%, 80.2%, and 89.5%. Neither demographics nor clinical characteristics of depression predicted time until initial response. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that more than half of eventual responders to fluoxetine treatment at 8 weeks start to respond by week 2; over 75% start to respond by week 4. Conversely, the lack of onset of response at 4–6 weeks was associated with about a 73%–88% chance that patients would not have an onset of response by 8 weeks.
The Prevention of Thromboembolic Complications in Myocardial Infarction by Anticoagulant Therapy
Authors: HELEN I. GLUECK, HENRY W. RYDER, PHILIP WASSERMAN
Journal: Circulation (1956)

Autopsy records of 151 patients dying of acute myocardial infarction, in a large private hospital, were reviewed. Half of the patients received anticoagulant therapy. Hemorrhage was not a significant cause of death in Dicumarol-treated patients. Embolic complications, often undiagnosed clinically, were of common occurrence. Adequate anticoagulant therapy effectively reduced, not only the total number of emboli, but also the number of serious or fatal emboli. In this role, anticoagulants serve a useful purpose in the treatment of myocardial infarction.
Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders at the DNA Level
Authors: Stylianos E. Antonarakis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

EXTRAORDINARY progress in the understanding of the structure and function of human genes has been made in the past 25 years. Techniques have been developed for the manipulation and study of genes in both normal and abnormal states. Many of these achievements have been extremely important to medicine, and they have led to the diagnosis of basic defects at the DNA level and the understanding of the biochemical mechanisms of several diseases.Most of the progress has related to disorders due to a defect in a single gene. In this category of genetic diseases, there is clear Mendelian inheritance of . . .
Patterns of Abdominal Fat Distribution
Authors: Karla M. Pou, Joseph M. Massaro, Udo Hoffmann, Kathrin Lieb, Ramachandran S. Vasan, Christopher J. O'Donnell, Caroline S. Fox
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

The prevalence of abdominal obesity exceeds that of general obesity. We sought to determine the prevalence of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral obesity and to characterize the different patterns of fat distribution in a community-based sample.Participants from the Framingham Heart Study (n = 3,348, 48% women, mean age 52 years) underwent multidetector computed tomography; subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes were assessed. Sex-specific high SAT and VAT definitions were based on 90th percentile cut points from a healthy referent sample. Metabolic risk factors were examined in subgroups with elevated SAT and VAT.The prevalence of high SAT was 30% (women) and 31% (men) and that for high VAT was 44% (women) and 42% (men). Overall, 27.8% of the sample was discordant for high SAT and high VAT: 19.9% had SAT less than but VAT equal to or greater than the 90th percentile, and 7.9% had SAT greater than but VAT less than the 90th percentile. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher among women and men with SAT less than the 90th percentile and high VAT than in those with high SAT but VAT less than the 90th percentile, despite lower BMI and waist circumference. Findings were similar for hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol.Nearly one-third of our sample has abdominal subcutaneous obesity, and >40% have visceral obesity. Clinical measures of BMI and waist circumference may misclassify individuals in terms of VAT and metabolic risk.
Does the protective effect of neonatal BCG correlate with vaccine-induced tuberculin reaction?
Authors: F A al-Kassimi, M S al-Hajjaj, I O al-Orainey, E A Bamgboye
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

A case-control study was conducted in Saudi Arabia, where the same strain of BCG has been used and surveys had shown that up to 88% of vaccinated children remain tuberculin negative. Active cases were obtained by surveying the seven tuberculosis centers in 1 yr. Control subjects were obtained from a nationwide survey of normal individuals. Vaccination in both groups was ascertained by history and BCG scar. Relative risk of contracting active tuberculosis in the vaccinated versus unvaccinated and protection was calculated. Protection was as follows: age group 5 to 14 yr, 82% (55 to 93%); age group 15 to 24 yr, 67% (55 to 77%); and age group 25 to 34 yr, 20% (-6 to 37%). We document the uninterrupted record of protection by BCG administered in the neonatal period and discuss the significance of vaccination timing. We concur with other studies that protection lapsed after about 20 yr. More importantly, this is the first large study that documents a lack of tuberculin sensitivity despite protection. This challenges the view that sensitization is essential for protection and supports the "two-pathway" theory that BCG vaccination could trigger either protective (Lister type) or antagonistic (tuberculin or Koch type) reactions and that the most protective vaccines would have little tuberculin-sensitizing effect because the two pathways are competitive.
Elevation of specific immunoglobulin A antibodies to both allergen and bacterial antigen in induced sputum from asthmatics
Authors: DH Nahm, HY Kim, HS Park
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1998)

The antigenic specificity and pathogenetic significance of immunoglobulins in airway secretion from asthmatic patients have not been established. Elevated levels of B-cells and immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibodies have been reported in sputum of asthmatics and these levels correlated with the eosinophil counts and levels of degranulated cytotoxic proteins from eosinophils. This study aimed to investigate the antigen specificity and possible pathogenetic significance of antibodies in airway secretion from asthmatic patients. Specific IgA and IgG antibodies to both allergen (Dermatophagoides farinae) and bacterial antigen (capsular polysaccharide antigen from Streptococcus pneumoniae) were measured in sputum from 16 atopic asthmatic patients sensitized to D. farinae and 12 nonatopic, nonasthmatic controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sputum was induced by inhalation of hypertonic saline. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels in sputum from asthmatic patients were measured by the Pharmacia CAP system. Levels of IgA to both D. farinae and S. pneumoniae and IgG to D. farinae in the sputum from asthmatic patients were significantly higher than those from controls (p&lt;0.005). No significant difference was found in the levels of IgG to S. pneumoniae between the two groups. In asthmatic patients, there were significant correlations between IgA to D. farinae and S. pneumoniae (r=0.76, p=0.003). Sputum ECP levels correlated significantly with IgA to D. farinae (r=0.55, p=0.03) and S. pneumoniae (r=0.56, p=0.03) and IgG to D. farinae (r=0.52, p=0.04), but not with IgG to S. pneumoniae in asthmatic patients. In conclusion, specific immunoglobulin A antibodies to both allergen and bacterial antigen were elevated in induced sputum from atopic asthmatics and their possible involvement in eosinophil degranulation was suggested.
Validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing.
Authors: L H Bruner, G J Carr, R D Curren, M Chamberlain
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Before nonanimal toxicity tests may be officially accepted by regulatory agencies, it is generally agreed that the validity of the new methods must be demonstrated in an independent, scientifically sound validation program. Validation has been defined as the demonstration of the reliability and relevance of a test method for a particular purpose. This paper provides a brief review of the development of the theoretical aspects of the validation process and updates current thinking about objectively testing the performance of an alternative method in a validation study. Validation of alternative methods for eye irritation testing is a specific example illustrating important concepts. Although discussion focuses on the validation of alternative methods intended to replace current in vivo toxicity tests, the procedures can be used to assess the performance of alternative methods intended for other uses.
THE TREATMENT OF HAY FEVER.Special Discussion before the Section of Laryngology and Otology Pan-American Medical Congress, Washington, September, 1893.
Authors: D. Bryson Delavan
Journal: JAMA (1893)

Dr. D. Bryson Delavan, New York City.—No more formidable task can be imposed upon one than to open a discussion upon the subject of hay fever. I want, however, to draw you out on the treatment of hay fever, and I hope the discussion will be confined to the local and general treatment. There are two conflicting opinions; one is that hay fever is essentially a local condition. I think, however, there are comparatively few who entertain this idea. On the other hand it is largely conceded that however much local influences may have to do with the production of hay fever, there is broadly speaking, in the majority of cases at least, an underlying condition of some sort which tends to the production of this disease, and in so far it is necessary that we should shape our treatment accordingly. If we concede that there are general causes underlying
HIV surveillance: the value of audit.
Authors: M Hickman, J Aldous, J Porter, L Durman
Journal: BMJ (1991)

medical causes in this country is associated with HIV infection.The contribution of HIV to the smaller increase in the number of deaths due to external HIV related causes is more tenuous and requires further investigation.This could include testing for HIV in people who die of or receive medical care for these conditions.Accurate diagnosis and more complete reporting are required if the full extent of the HIV epidemic is to be identified.I thank my colleague Tim Devis, statistician, for his help in extracting mortality data.
Breakdown of blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis in heart transplant recipients
Authors: Randy W. Braith, Roger M. Mills, Christopher S. Wilcox, Gary L. Davis, Charles E. Wood
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)

Objectives. This study was designed to investigate disturbances in arterial blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis in stable heart transplant recipients. Background. Hypertension and fluid retention frequently complicate heart transplantation. Methods. Blood pressure, renal and endocrine responses to acute volume expansion were compared in 10 heart transplant recipients (57 ± 9 years old [mean ± SD]) 20 ± 5 months after transplantation, 6 liver transplant recipients receiving similar doses of cyclosporine (cyclosporine control group) and 7 normal volunteers (normal control subjects). After 3 days of a constant diet containing 87 mEq/24 h of sodium, 0.154 mol/liter saline was infused at 8 ml/kg per h for 4 h. Blood pressure and plasma vasopressin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial natiuretic peptide and renin activity levels were determined before and at 30, 60, 120 and 240 min during the infusion. Urine was collected at 2 and 4 h. Blood pressure, fluid balance hormones and renal function were monitored for 48 h after the infusion. Results. Blood pressure did not change in the two control groups but increased in the heart transplant recipients (+ 15 ± 8/8± 5 mm Hg) and remained elevated for 48 h (p ≤ 0.05). Urine flow and urinary sodium excretion increased abruptly in the control groups sufficient to account for elimination of 86 ± 9% of the sodium load by 48 h; the increases were blunted (p ≤ 0.05) and delayed in the heart transplant recipients, resulting in elimination of only 51 ± 13% of the sodium load. Saline infusion suppressed vasopressin, renin activity, angiotensin II and aldosterone in the two control groups (p ≤ 0.05) but not in the heart transplant recipients. Heart transplant recipients had elevated atrial natriuretic peptide levels at baseline (p ≤ 0.05), but relative increases during the infusion were similar to those in both control groups. Conclusions. Blood pressure in heart transplant recipients is salt sensitive. These patients have a blunted diuretic and natriuretic response to volume expansion that may be mediated by a failure to reflexly suppress fluid regulatory hormones. These defects in blood pressure and fluid homeostasis were not seen in liver transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine and therefore cannot be attributed to cyclosporine alone. Abnormal cardiorenal neuroendocrine reflexes, secondary to cardiac denervation, may contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension and fluid retention in heart transplant recipients.