tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of PAF-induced Gas Exchange Defects by Beta-adrenergic Agonists in Mild Asthma Is Not Due to Bronchodilation
Authors: ORLANDO DÍAZ, JOAN A. BARBERÁ, RAMÓN MARRADES, K. FAN CHUNG, JOSEP ROCA, ROBERT RODRIGUEZ-ROISIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Salbutamol inhibits neutropenia, increased airway resistance, and gas exchange abnormalities provoked by platelet-activating factor (PAF) challenge in normal persons. To further explore the intriguing dissociation between spirometric abnormalities and gas exchange defects shown in patients with asthma, we investigated whether the salbutamol-induced improvement in gas exchange disturbances after PAF is the result of bronchodilation by comparing this effect with that of ipratropium bromide. We hypothesized that ipratropium bromide, an anticholinergic agent without vascular effects, should block PAF-induced bronchoconstriction but not interfere with its systemic, neutropenic, and gas exchange effects. We studied eight nonsmokers with mild asthma (26 ± 2.0 SE yr of age) who, prior to PAF challenge (18 μ g), inhaled either ipratropium bromide (80 μ g) or salbutamol (300 μ g) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion 1 wk apart. Peripheral blood neutrophils, respiratory system resistance (Rrs), arterial blood gases and ventilation-perfusion (V˙ a/Q˙) inequalities were measured 5, 15, and 45 min after PAF. Compared with pretreatment with salbutamol, ipratropium bromide also blocked the increase of respiratory system resistance (Rrs) but did not prevent facial flushing and neutropenia (p < 0.03) at 5 min nor the decrease of PaO2 (p = 0.08 and 0.05), the increase of aaPo 2 (p < 0.02 each), and the deterioration of V˙ a/Q˙ relationships (p < 0.05 each) at 5 and 15 min, respectively. This functional pattern was similar to that observed previously in normal subjects and in nonpremedicated asthmatic patients after PAF, with return to baseline values at 45 min. By contrast, salbutamol blocked PAF-induced increased Rrs, in addition to all the other PAF-induced abnormalities. These findings indicate that, in patients with mild asthma, salbutamol inhibits PAF- induced neutropenia and gas exchange abnormalities by mechanisms involving other than airway smooth muscle narrowing, possibly by acting on both the bronchial and pulmonary circulations. Dı́az O, Barberà JA, Marrades R, Chung KF, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R. Inhibition of PAF-induced gas exchange defects by beta-adrenergic agonists in mild asthma is not due to bronchodilation.
Neonatal septicaemia due to group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus.
Authors: R Y Cartwright
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Patients, methods, and resultsWomen attending a group of general practitioners because of minor symptoms were asked if they suffered from the premenstrual syndrome, and if so whether they would take part in a trial of treatment.Those who agreed completed a standardised menstrual questionnaire2 asking about the occurrence of premenstrual irritability, depression, anxiety, headaches, and on 30 July
Vascular access in patients receiving hemodialysis
Authors: N. Qureshi
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To the Editor.  —The increasing use of arteriovenous (AV) grafts compared with fistulas in the United States reported by Dr Hirth and colleagues 1 is all the more surprising given the increased availability of a dialysis catheter with the subcutaneous tunnel (Perm catheter, Quinton, Seattle, Wash). Fistulas generally require 6 to 12 weeks to mature, which is 3 to 4 times longer than grafts. 2 Dialysis is needed during the interim, especially among the late-referred patients. A tunneled catheter is preferable for longer-term temporary access. The increased availability of this type of catheter between 1986 and 1990 would presumably have allowed the permanent access more time to mature and, hence, would have favored arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement over AV graft placement.  In addition, Hirth et al 1 mention that in Japan 100% of patients newly treated with hemodialysis receive a fistula as their first method of access. Is there a
The Shrinking Heart in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

In patients with emphysema, the cardiac silhouette on the radiograph is typically long and narrow. The common explanation for this finding is the altered, more vertical position of the heart in the thoracic cavity. The study by Barr et al. in this issue of the Journal provides an alternative explanation for this radiographic finding: a decreased left ventricular volume.1 The question of whether left ventricular volume is normal in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been discussed for many years.2 In the 1980s and 1990s, several techniques became available to accurately measure ventricular volumes and cardiac function in patients with . . .
Acute Idiopathic Porphyria
Authors: G. Discombe, J. L. D'Silva
Journal: BMJ (1945)

used was a synthetic product, and the maximum benefit of the protective substances may be obtained only when given in the form of natural foods.SumnuryWhen comparing two groups of women for a period extending from the later months of pregnancy until six months after delivery, one of the groups being supplied with supplements of ascorbic acid, it was found that there was a deficiency of vitamin C, as measured by saturation tests, in both groups; the deficiency was naturally greater in the group without the supplements.The incidence of suppurative mastitis in both groups taken as a whole was very high.When approximately 250 expectant mothers were followed up over a period of six months following delivery it was found that 25 % suffered from breast abscess.It is to be noted that, with few exceptions, these patients were delivered in hospital.There was no reduction in the incidence of mastitis in the group receiving the supplements or in those who gave evidence of a satisfactory intake as judged by saturation tests.
Bedside haematology: new facility in general practice.
Authors: J M Longmore
Journal: BMJ (1983)

A technique has been developed for performing rapid white cell counts and differential white cell counts at the bedside which uses a pocket McArthur microscope and a development of Field9s staining technique. A fixed volume thick film technique is used for the total white cell count that uses the minimum of equipment, all of which is disposable. In a study of samples from 88 patients using the thick film technique and standard laboratory techniques the thick film counts fell within 1.1 X 10(9)/1 (mean) of the standard laboratory count. This compares with a value of 1.0 X 10(9)/1 (mean) for within laboratory variability, using different electronic counters on the same specimen.
The use of a near-infrared RNA fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for imaging living cells assisted by the macrocyclic molecule CB7
Authors: Zhiyong Li, Shiguo Sun, Zhigang Yang, Si Zhang, Hua Zhang, Mingming Hu, Jianfang Cao, Jingyun Wang, Fengyu Liu, Fengling Song, Jiangli Fan, Xiaojun Peng
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Gemfibrozil To Prevent Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Christopher M. Rembold
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters1 November 1998Gemfibrozil To Prevent Myocardial InfarctionChristopher M. Rembold, MDChristopher M. Rembold, MDUniversity of Virginia Health Sciences Center; Charlottesville, VA 22908Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study [1] demonstrated that pravastatin prevented myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death in asymptomatic men with high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Since publication of this and other trials, statins have become the primary antidyslipidemic agents prescribed in the United States despite the proven benefit of gemfibrozil and niacin. For example, the Helsinki Heart Study (HHS) showed that gemfibrozil prevented myocardial infarction in asymptomatic men at high risk for coronary artery disease [2].I reanalyzed the West of Scotland study and HHS with the number needed to treat (NNT) concept. The latter ...References1. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, Macfarlane PW, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333:1301-7. Google Scholar2. Manninen V, Elo O, Frick MH, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P, et al. Lipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. JAMA. 1988; 260:641-51. Google Scholar3. Rembold CM. A number needed to treat (NNT) analysis of the prevention of myocardial infarction and death by dyslipidemic therapy. J Fam Prac. 1996; 42:577-86. Google Scholar4. Frick MH, Syvanne M, Nieminen MS, Kauma H, Majahalme S, Viranen V, et al. Prevention of the angiographic progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Lopid Coronary Angiography Trial (LOCAT) Study Group. Circulation. 1997; 96:2137-43. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Virginia Health Sciences Center; Charlottesville, VA 22908 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1998Volume 129, Issue 9Page: 750KeywordsAbsolute risk reductionCholesterolCoronary artery bypass graftingHigh density lipoproteinLow density lipoproteinMyocardial infarctionNiacinNumber needed to treatStable coronary artery diseaseStatins Issue Published: 1 November 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Use of 18F labelled fluorocarbon-11 to investigate the fate of inhaled fluorocarbons in man and in the rat
Authors: F. M. Williams, G. H. Draffan, C. T. Dollery, J. C. Clark, A. J. Palmer, P. Vernon
Journal: Thorax (1974)

<b>Williams, Faith M., Draffan, G. H., Dollery, C. T., Clark, J. C., Palmer, A. J., and Vernon, P. (1974).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>29</b>, 99-103. <b>Use of <sup>18</sup>F labelled fluorocarbon-11 to investigate the fate of inhaled fluorocarbons in man and in the rat.</b> The distribution and elimination of <sup>18</sup>F labelled fluorocarbon-11 has been followed in a group of rats killed after air breathing following six minutes9 exposure to <sup>18</sup>F fluorocarbon-11. Whole body and individual organ count rates were measured. In four volunteers the fate of <sup>18</sup>F labelled fluorocarbon-11 was followed by both whole body counting and gamma camera measurement of the activity in the lung and mouth region after inhalation from a specially loaded aerosol dispenser. In the rat there was a high initial level in high blood flow organs and in the adrenals and fat: the level in blood and high blood flow organs fell rapidly. Elimination from fat was slow but the adrenal level had fallen within one hour. The fall in whole body count rate was similar to that in fat. In man, the fall in lung concentration was consistent with rapid uptake into tissues followed by slow elimination; the whole body count rate curve also indicated slow elimination. There was no evidence of deposition of droplets of fluorocarbon in the mouth region after use of the aerosol.
Effective intravenous cyclosporin therapy in a patient with severe Crohn's disease on parenteral nutrition.
Authors: B F Allam, J E Tillman, T J Thomson, F T Crossling, L M Gilbert
Journal: Gut (1987)

We report a patient with severe Crohn9s disease and the short bowel syndrome on parenteral feeding who was not responding to conventional therapy and underwent treatment with cyclosporin (CyA) given initially intravenously and subsequently orally in each of two courses. Plasma drug concentrations were largely kept within the therapeutic range but wide variability was observed on oral therapy. Improvement both clinically and by objective assessment, was observed on intravenous CyA therapy, but was not sustained when the drug was given orally for several months. None of the side effects observed resisted treatment or was severe enough to warrant discontinuation of therapy. These findings suggest that there may be a place for intravenous CyA therapy in patients with severe Crohn9s disease who do not respond to conventional therapy or to oral treatment with CyA.
Lack of mature B cells in nude mice with X-linked immune deficiency.
Authors: H H Wortis, L Burkly, D Hughes, S Roschelle, G Waneck
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

Mice were bred that simultaneously expressed the mutations nude and x-linked immune deficiency (xid). These doubly deficient animals had less than 10% of normal serum immunoglobulin levels. Their spleen cells did not respond to thymus-independent antigens in vitro nor did they respond to lipopolysaccharide. There was a virtual absence of cells with surface mu, kappa, or lambda 1, as detected by fluorescence. Sections of lymphoid organs revealed an absence of primary B cell follicles. Taken together, these results indicate a lack of mature B cells in nude xid mice. The possibility is considered that mature B cells belong to two subpopulations representing two lineages, one controlled by alleles at the xid locus and the other by alleles at the nude locus.
Delayed maturation of Hering-Breuer inflation reflex activity in preterm infants.
Authors: J Stocks, C Dezateux, A F Hoo, P S Rabbette, K Costeloe, A Wade
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

We have previously shown that the strength of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (HBIR) diminishes between 2 and 12 mo of age in full-term babies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the onset of this decline had commenced by 3 to 4 mo of age in healthy full-term infants and whether preterm delivery influences the pattern of maturation. Serial measurements of HBIR activity using the end-inspiratory occlusion technique were made in 25 preterm and 27 full-term infants at matched postnatal and postconceptional ages during the first 6 mo of life. Although similar levels of reflex activity were observed at birth (mean +/- SD of 101.2% +/- 42.4% in preterm, and 101.0% +/- 33.9% in full-term infants), by 40 wk postconceptional age (PCA) (i.e., term equivalent) HBIR activity (mean +/- SD) had increased to 121.7% +/- 51.2% in preterm infants, which was significantly greater than that in full-term infants of similar PCA (95% CI of difference: 0.2; 41.2%). By 15 wk postnatal age (PNA), HBIR activity had decreased to 68.8% +/- 26.6% in full-term infants, but remained significantly higher in those delivered prematurely (87.8% +/- 32.7%). However, when measurements were repeated at approximately 4 mo after the expected rather than actual date of delivery, these differences were no longer evident (95% CI difference preterm-full-term: -21.2; 3.8%). This study suggests that important transitions in respiratory control mechanisms occur between 8 and 15 wk PNA in full-term infants and that these changes are delayed in preterm infants.
IgG and IgM autoantiidiotype antibodies against antibody to HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Miren Zuriñe Ibarra, Ignacio Mora, Juan Antonio Quiroga, Javier Bartolomé, Faustino La Banda, Juan Carlos Porres, Vicente Carreño
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

Antibody directed against HBsAg carries idiotypic determinants that may induce an autoantiidiotype antibody response. We describe a solid-phase radioimmunoassay which allows specific detection of either IgG or IgM antibody to antibody directed against HBsAg. Among 138 chronic hepatitis B virus carriers, IgG autoantiidiotype was detected in 98 (71%) and IgM autoantiidiotype in 10 (80%). The autoantiidiotype reaction was blocked with antibody directed against HBsAg after removal of immune complexes by polyethylene glycol precipitation. The prevalence and levels of both classes of autoantiidiotype antibodies were highest in patients with hepatitis B virus DNA or HBeAg in serum. During follow-up, patients who lost hepatitis B virus DNA and HBeAg from serum had lower titers of autoantiidiotype and were less likely to have autoantiidiotype than patients who persisted in having hepatitis B virus DNA and HBeAg in serum. Thus, the presence and titer of autoantiidiotype correlated with serologic evidence of active viral replication in chronic hepatitis B. These findings suggest that the antibody directed against HBsAg response may play a role in modulating viral replication in chronic hepatitis B.
Sir Bruce Fraser on "The doctor and the administrator".
Authors: B. Fraser
Journal: BMJ (1968)

The most productive screening method is clearly information from the heroin users themselves.However, for this to be a feasible method a community-centred treatment unit is needed.Without such a unit and a nucleus of local users in treatment we would not have been able to exploit this method effectively.Each screening method on its own has a limited value.In order to detect the maximum-number of early cases all of them should be used concurrently.A built-in check on the informa- tion obtained is provided if this procedure is followed.If we were to recommend one technique that would give the maximum information for an initial assessment of the extent of heroin use in a given population, we should suggest the com- bined use of jaundice and casualty (amphetamine) surveys.These are simple to carry out, they allow the investigator to estimate the time of the occurrence in his population, and they provide independent and objective medical indicators of heroin use in young people. SummaryA survey to estimate the prevalence of heroin abuse in young people in Crawley New Town showed that 8.50 per thousand boys and girls and 14.75 per thousand boys in the age group 15-20 were " confirmed " users.Five methods of population screening were used.Each has been evaluated in terms of its efficiency as an early detector of heroin abuse.Normal channels of referral to the psychiatrist for treatment of heroin abuse are shown to be inefficient, and it appears that more patients could be brought into treatment earlier by using the screening methods described.It is suggested that hepatitis and amphetamine overdoses in young people are useful early indicators of possible heroin abuse.
Potentiation of Anticoagulants
Authors: J. D. Eddy, J. Mackinnon
Journal: BMJ (1967)

respects: completeness of relief achieved, relief of anorexia and lassitude, and relief of symptoms following abdominal or pelvic irradiation.All these are the most resistant to relief.Only by the detailed analysis of such criteria in large series of cases will the value of drugs in radiation sickness be clarified.-Iam, etc.,
Postoperative Thromboembolic Disease
Authors: James C. Breneman
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Postoperative thromboembolic (TE) disease is regarded as a major unsolved surgical hazard. Prediction of risk is possible by the application of a TE formula preoperatively. This formula has been developed by comparing two series of cases: (1) surgical patients that became afflicted with TE disease and (2) surgical patients (having the same operations) that had no TE complications. Several factors were important. These included age, weight, preoperative and postoperative immobilization, anesthesia, clotting factors, and previous operations. By giving numerical values to these factors and substituting them in the suggested formula, the likelihood of TE disease can be determined. If this is calculated preoperatively, it can show whether or not the contemplated operation might be followed by a dangerous or even fatal complication. A practical form which simplifies preoperative calculation of the risk for each surgical candidate has been devised. Methods are suggested to reduce these risks.
Aggressive Versus Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Hypercholesterolemic Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Paolo Raggi, Michael Davidson, Tracy Q. Callister, Francine K. Welty, Gloria A. Bachmann, Harvey Hecht, John A. Rumberger
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Women have been underrepresented in statin trials, and few data exist on the effectiveness and safety of statins in this gender. We used sequential electron-beam tomography (EBT) scanning to quantify changes in coronary artery calcium (CAC) as a measure of atherosclerosis burden in patients treated with statins. Methods and Results— In a double-blind, multicenter trial, we randomized 615 hyperlipidemic, postmenopausal women to intensive (atorvastatin 80 mg/d) and moderate (pravastatin 40 mg/d) lipid-lowering therapy. Patients also submitted to 2 EBT scans at a 12-month interval (mean interval 344±55 days) to measure percent change in total and single-artery calcium volume score (CVS) from baseline. Of the 615 randomized women, 475 completed the study. Mean±SD percent LDL reductions were 46.6%±19.9% and 24.5%±18.5 in the intensive and moderate treatment arms, respectively ( P &lt;0.0001), and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III LDL goal was reached in 85.3% and 58.8% of women, respectively ( P &lt;0.0001). The total CVS% change was similar in the 2 treatment groups (median 15.1% and 14.3%, respectively; P =NS), and single-artery CVS% changes and absolute changes were also similar ( P =NS). In both arms, there was a trend toward a greater CVS progression in patients with prior cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, whereas hormone replacement therapy had no effect on progression. Conclusions— In postmenopausal women, intensive statin therapy for 1 year caused a greater LDL reduction than moderate therapy but did not result in less progression of coronary calcification. The limitations of this study (too short a follow-up period and the absence of a placebo group) precluded determination of whether progression of CVS was slowed in both arms or neither arm compared with the natural history of the disease.
Intestinal Uptake of Tc-99m MDP In a Patient With Vipoma Syndrome
Authors: IREM BERNAY, M SAHIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Vipoma syndrome, or the diarrheogenic syndrome, is often caused by a pancreatic Islet cell tumor or a retroperitoneal neural tumor and is mainly characterized by watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria. Vasoactive Intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is generally the mediator in most cases. Intestinal uptake of Tc-99m MDP in a 32-year-old man with Vipoma syndrome is reported. He had normal calcium and phosphate levels. Multiple intestinal biopsies revealed no metastatic calcifications, necrosis, or amyloidosis, but only diffuse intestinal edema and an 80-centimeter-long Ischemic segment in the ileum. A synthetic somatostatin analog that was administered to the patient can also be the reason for the intestinal concentration of Tc-99m MDP in this case. To our knowledge, Intestinal accumulation of a bone agent in the Vipoma syndrome has not been described.