tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD CULTURES IN PNEUMONIA
Authors: J. E. McCLELLAND
Journal: JAMA (1918)

That many cases of pneumonia have an associated septicemia has long been known. The relation between the degree of septicemia and the severity of the disease has also been studied and appreciated. In fact, the statement has been made that "in the more severe cases a true septicemia is usually present, and this always occurs in the cases ending fatally." I have had no opportunity to make any review of the literature on this subject. I desire merely to give a brief report on the experience at this base hospital in order that the results may be compared with those obtained at the other camps and to urge the advisability and importance of taking blood cultures as a routine in all cases of pneumonia among the soldiers. The information thus gained is of great value in prognosis and serves as a helpful guide to the specific therapy in the Type
Book Review Abnormalities in Puberty: Scientific and Clinical Advances (Endocrine Development. Vol. 8.) Edited by Henriette A. Delemarre-van de Waal. 181 pp., illustrated. Basel, Switzerland, Karger, 2005. $149.25. 3-8055-7867-9
Authors: Dennis M. Styne
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)
GMC will develop single exam for all medical graduates wishing to practise in UK
Authors: Abi Rimmer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The General Medical Council has said that it will develop a single examination for all medical graduates wishing to practise in the United Kingdom.

If introduced, the national licensing examination will apply to all UK medical graduates and will also replace the current entrance examination for international medical graduates, the Professional & Linguistics Assessment Board (PLAB) test. It will be the first time that UK and overseas graduates will be submitted to the same national exam to achieve GMC registration.

Earlier this year two research papers concluded that the pass mark for the PLAB test needed to be raised, to ensure …
Left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: Physiological considerations of surgical correction
Authors: J. Somerville, D. N. Ross
Journal: Thorax (1970)

A 13-year-old boy with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery has been studied before and after anastomosis of the artery to the aorta, using a saphenous vein graft. There was suggestive evidence of improved left ventricular function following operation. The presence of associated mitral regurgitation is suspected from the auscultatory findings.
Sepsis Alters the Megakaryocyte–Platelet Transcriptional Axis Resulting in Granzyme B–mediated Lymphotoxicity
Authors: Robert J. Freishtat, JoAnne Natale, Angela S. Benton, Joanna Cohen, Matthew Sharron, Andrew A. Wiles, Wai-Man Ngor, Bahar Mojgani, Margaret Bradbury, Andrew Degnan, Reecha Sachdeva, Lindsay M. DeBiase, Svetlana Ghimbovschi, Matthew Chow, Clarice Bunag, Ervand Kristosturyan, Eric P. Hoffman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

Sepsis-related mortality results in part from immunodeficiency secondary to profound lymphoid apoptosis. The biological mechanisms responsible are not understood.Because recent evidence shows that platelets are involved in microvascular inflammation and that they accumulate in lymphoid microvasculature in sepsis, we hypothesized a direct role for platelets in sepsis-related lymphoid apoptosis.We studied megakaryocytes and platelets from a murine-induced sepsis model, with validation in septic children, which showed induction of the cytotoxic serine protease granzyme B.Platelets from septic mice induced marked apoptosis of healthy splenocytes ex vivo. Platelets from septic granzyme B null (-/-) mice showed no lymphotoxicity.Our findings establish a conceptual advance in sepsis: Septic megakaryocytes produce platelets with acutely altered mRNA profiles, and these platelets mediate lymphotoxicity via granzyme B. Given the contribution of lymphoid apoptosis to sepsis-related mortality, modulation of platelet granzyme B becomes an important new target for investigation and therapy.
L-Ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure
Authors: Christopher Rose, Adrianna Michalak, K. V. Rao, Günter Quack, Gerald Kircheis, Roger F. Butterworth
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Brain edema sufficient to cause intracranial hypertension and brain herniation remains a major cause of mortality in acute liver failure (ALF). Studies in experimental animal models of ALF suggest a role for ammonia in the pathogenesis of both encephalopathy and brain edema in this condition. As part of a series of studies to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of ammonia-lowering agents, groups of rats with ALF caused by hepatic devascularization were treated with l -ornithine- l -aspartate (OA), an agent shown previously to be effective in reducing blood ammonia concentrations in both experimental and human chronic liver failure. Treatment of rats in ALF with infusions of OA (0.33 g/kg/h, intravenously) resulted in normalization of plasma ammonia concentrations and in a significant delay in onset of severe encephalopathy. More importantly, brain water content was significantly reduced in OA-treated rats with ALF. These protective effects of OA were accompanied by increased plasma concentrations of several amino acids including glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine, and alanine, as well as the branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Increased availability of glutamate following OA treatment provides the substrate for the major ammonia-removal mechanism (glutamine synthetase). Plasma (but not cerebrospinal fluid) glutamine concentrations were increased 2-fold ( P &lt; .02) in OA-treated rats, consistent with increased muscle glutamine synthesis. Direct measurement of glutamine synthetase activities revealed a 2-fold increase following OA treatment. These findings demonstrate a significant ammonia-lowering effect of OA together with a protective effect on the development of encephalopathy and brain edema in this model of ALF.
Differential Expression of Voltage-Gated K <sup>+</sup> Channel Genes in Left Ventricular Remodeled Myocardium After Experimental Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Madhavi Gidh-Jain, Boyu Huang, Praveer Jain, Nabil El-Sherif
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with hypertrophy of noninfarcted myocardium and electrophysiological alterations. We have recently shown that post-MI hypertrophied LV myocytes have prolonged action potential duration (APD) and generate triggered activity from early afterdepolarizations. The prolonged APD was attributed to decreased density of the two outward K + currents, I to-fast (I to-f ) and I to-slow (I to-s ), rather than changes in the density and/or kinetics of the L-type Ca 2+ current. The changes in ionic current density may be related to alterations in the expression and levels of ion channel proteins. To test this hypothesis, rats underwent either left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation (post-MI group [n=10]) or sham surgery (sham group [n=10]). Three weeks later, transcripts from the noninfarcted LV myocardium in the post-MI group (n=6) and LV myocardium of the sham group (n=6) were analyzed by RNase protection assay. Expressions of five K + channel subunit mRNAs (Kv1.2, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, and Kv4.2) reported in the rat ventricle were analyzed. Compared with the sham group, expressions of Kv1.4, Kv2.1 (putative I to-s ), and Kv4.2 (putative I to-f ) channel subunit mRNAs were significantly decreased by 60% ( P &lt;.03), 54% ( P &lt;.005), and 53% ( P &lt;.002), respectively, in the post-MI group. There was no significant change in the Kv1.2 and Kv1.5 mRNA levels. Western blotting demonstrated a similar decrease in the Kv2.1 and Kv4.2 immunoreactive protein levels (43% [ P &lt;.03] and 67% [ P &lt;.003], respectively [n=4]) and no significant change in Kv1.5 immunoreactive protein level. Our results strongly correlate with the electrophysiological findings in this model and show that transcriptional regulation in the post-MI remodeled rat LV is distinct for each voltage-gated K + channel subunit. These findings provide, at least in part, the molecular basis for the electrophysiological alterations observed in this model.
The New American Heart Association Classification
Authors: Samuel Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Class was introduced by Servitus Tullius in the second century AD to designate the six categories into which the Romans had been divided for purposes of taxation. The term has since dissociated itself from taxes, but like taxes (and death), classification became one of life's eternal certitudes. Everybody and everything is classifiable.  Although inescapable, classifications are not immutable. They change, adapting to changing concepts and newly acquired insights. Old criteria are discarded to be replaced by new ones that are better suited to available knowledge and altering needs. Such a change in criteria has been recently effected by the American Heart Association in the seventh edition of the Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis of Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels , written by the Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association.  Unlike the old Functional and Therapeutic classification, the new Cardiac Status and Prognosis classification is based not on
Circulating Immune Complexes in Pulmonary Eosinophilic Granuloma
Authors: TALMADGE E. KING
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

We analyzed serum from six patients with pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma for the presence of circulating immune complexes. These levels were correlated with the pulmonary histopathology and immunofluorescence findings. Levels of circulating immune complexes were elevated in five subjects. All of the subjects had an active cellular histology. Immunofluorescent studies showed granular deposits of IgG and complement (C3) in alveolar walls and blood vessels in all five patients. One subject had no detectable circulating immune complexes and showed a predominantly fibrotic pattern by light microscopy. In addition, immunofluorescence in this patient also showed no immunoglobulin or complement deposition within the lung tissue. These findings show that circulating immune complexlike activity is present in patients with cellular disease and suggest that their formation or deposition, or both, may contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma.
Phase 1/2 study of lumiliximab combined with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: John C. Byrd, Thomas J. Kipps, Ian W. Flinn, Januaro Castro, Thomas S. Lin, William Wierda, Nyla Heerema, James Woodworth, Steve Hughes, Shabnam Tangri, Sarah Harris, Dee Wynne, Arturo Molina, Bryan Leigh, Susan O'Brien
Journal: Blood (2009)
Healthcare regulator is investigated over role to protect patients
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2011)

An urgent investigation by the Department of Health for England into alleged failings at the health and care services watchdog has cast doubts over the organisation’s ability to protect patients from unsafe practices.

The department will report its findings into the functioning of the Care Quality Commission in the New Year. The need for the investigation indicates that Andrew Lansley, the health secretary, may be considering restructuring the body that oversees the NHS.

A health department spokesperson said, “It is essential that the health and care regulator, the CQC, is performing to the highest possible standards. We are currently carrying out a review of the CQC’s …
Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia and Autoimmune Disease in a Family
Authors: WILLIAM A. BLATTNER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

We diagnosed Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia in a father and three offspring. Clinical and subclinical autoimmune disorders occurred excessively in the family. The HLA haplotype A2, B8, DRw3 was detected in all patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and all but one family member with autoimmune manifestations. A lod score [log odds] of 4.86 favors linkage to the HLA complex of a gene predisposing to lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disorders. Associated with this HLA haplotype were the B-cell alloantigens Ia-172 and 350, previously reported in patients with the lymphoma-prone sicca syndrome.
British Medical Association Ninety-Fourth Annual Meeting, Nottingham, 1926
Authors: R. G. Hogarth
Journal: BMJ (1926)

My first duty to-night is strictly personal.It is to express nmy heartfelt appreciation of the great honoiur conferred upon me.To be President of the British Medical Associa- tion is-I hope I speak without bias-to be tlle President of the -finest professional association in the world.I can truthfully add that nlo one in the fast leiigtheninig linle of my predecessors in office has entered upon the duties of the Presidency with a greater realizationi of hiis own iniadequacy to fulfil them as they miglht
Impact of alcohol on the histological and clinical progression of Hepatitis C infection
Authors: Thelma E. Wiley, Mary McCarthy, Lama Breidi, Monica McCarthy, Thomas J. Layden
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

In patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), 20% to 30% will progress to cirrhosis in over two to three decades. Viral and host factors that are important in the clinical and histologic progression of HCV infection are not entirely certain. It has been suggested that liver disease is worse in alcoholics infected with HCV. In the present retrospective study, we examined the effect of moderate alcohol intake on the histologic and clinical progression of HCV infection and assessed whether other variables such as gender, length of exposure, mode of exposure, HCV RNA levels, and ferritin levels also independently impacted disease progression. Liver biopsies were analyzed for the degree of fibrosis, presence of cirrhosis, and histologic activity by using the Histologic Activity Index of Knodell. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether their alcohol intake was significant or not significant. Significant alcohol intake was defined as > 40 g alcohol/day in women and > 60 g of alcohol/day in men for > 5 years. Groups were further divided based on the decades of exposure to HCV. There was no difference in the age or length of exposure to HCV in the alcohol and the alcohol-free group. HCV RNA serum levels, ferritin levels, and viral genotypes were similar in both groups. There was a two- to threefold greater risk of liver cirrhosis and decompensated liver disease in the alcohol group. Also, the rate to which subjects developed cirrhosis was faster in the alcohol group with 58% being cirrhotic by the second decade as opposed to 10% being cirrhotic in the nonalcohol group by the second decade. The histologic and clinical acceleration of liver disease was independent of the mode of exposure or sex. In summary, alcohol intake is an independent risk factor in the clinical and histologic progression of HCV infection.
Quantitative analysis of segmental wall motion throughout systole and diastole in the normal human left ventricle.
Authors: S C Klausner, T J Blair, W F Bulawa, G M Jeppson, R L Jensen, P D Clayton
Journal: Circulation (1982)

We traced left ventricular contours, frame-by-frame throughout systole and diastole, of normal sinus beats from 30 degrees right anterior oblique ventriculograms from 32 normal patients. We separated both systole and diastole into 19 equal time intervals each and calculated regional lengths (R), normalized by both end-diastole length and relative time interval (T) in systole and diastole and diastole, for the middle inferior wall, distal inferior wall, apex, distal anterior wall, middle anterior wall, and proximal anterior wall. We also computed the relative velocities of R, delta R/ delta T, over each quarter of systole and diastole. Comparing systole with diastole, we found significant differences between paired values of R at all regions except the distal inferior wall, but these differences were not the same between regions. Between regions, mean R and delta R/ delta T values were significantly different as early as the first quarter of systole. Within a region, there were significant differences between mean R and delta R/ delta T values over intervals as short as one-fourth of systole or diastole. Thus, there is no homogeneity between regions in normal wall motion in both systole and diastole. This normal lack of homogeneity has important clinical implications for identifying abnormal wall motion in individual patients from ventriculographic measurements, and for using the information present in the diastole portion of the ventriculogram to characterize normal segmental function.
Management of severe rubella encephalitis requiring intensive care unit admission
Authors: Mabrouk Bahloul, Anis Chaari, Rania Ammar, Fatma Medhioub, Imen Chabchoub, Hela Karray, Lamia Berrajah, Hassen Dammak, Chokri Ben Hamida, Hedi Chelly, Mounir Bouaziz
Journal: Journal of Infection (2012)
Synthetic phospholipid vesicles containing a purified viral antigen and cell membrane proteins stimulate the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Authors: D Loh, A H Ross, A H Hale, D Baltimore, H N Eisen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

Synthetic phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) containing the purified glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and solubilized membrane proteins from cells of the appropriate H-2 haplotype elicited H-2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that lysed VSV-infected target cells. The CTL were elicited by intact liposomes, not by released components. Thus, when spleen cells from VSV-primed H-2d X H-2b hybrid mice were stimulated with liposomes having G protein + membrane proteins from cells with one of the parental H-2 haplotypes, the resulting CTL lysed only VSV-infected target cells with that parent's H-2 type. This result argues against the view that T cells in general recognize only processed antigenic fragments on macrophages. Moreover, liposomes were only effective when G protein and cell membrane proteins were included in the same vesicles. This result suggests that for effective interaction with CTL precursors the antigen (G protein) and products of the H-2 complex must be closer to each other than 600--1,000 angstrom, the diameter of the lipid vesicles used in this study.
Capacity of Diving Tank
Authors: Ronald M. Sommer
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the July 10th issue ofThe Journal, the reader from Michigan stated his 42-year-old patient with an old mitral insufficiency dives with a single scuba tank, "which enables him to stay at a depth of 90 feet for two minutes." In order to clarify this for the readers, and correct the record, it should be noted that a single tank contains 70 cu ft of air, which normally lasts 70 minutes at sea level, 33 minutes at 33 feet, 16 1/2 minutes at 66 feet, and 8 1/4 minutes at 99 feet.
Pathogen-free isolation unit -- Three years' experience
Authors: M. Schneider, L. Schwarzenberg, J. L. Amiel, A. Cattan, J. R. Schlumberger, M. Hayat, F. De Vassal, Cl. Jasmin, Cl. Rosenfeld, G. Mathe
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The results obtained during the first three years of a pathogen-free isolation unit containing five beds have shown that this type of unit can reduce the risk of infection in patients treated with intensive chemotherapy or in those who have granulocytopenia from various causes. It is suggested that treatment of cancer which involves these risks should be carried out routinely in sterile isolation units, and that it is urgent to build many more and much larger units.
Comment on: Bosi et al. Intensive Structured Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose and Glycemic Control in Noninsulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes: The PRISMA Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2887–2894
Authors: Nanne Kleefstra, Susan J.J. Logtenberg, Henk J.G. Bilo
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

With interest we read the article of Bosi et al. (1) regarding the effects of structured self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in noninsulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Malanda et al. (2) and Polonsky and Fisher (3) have quite strikingly discussed the pros and cons of SMBG in this patient group. Malanda et al. argued that, in general, SMBG does not have any (relevant) effect on glycemic control, no value in detection of hypoglycemia, no effect on quality of life, …
Hippocampal development and neural stem cell maintenance require Sox2-dependent regulation of Shh
Authors: Rebecca Favaro, Menella Valotta, Anna L M Ferri, Elisa Latorre, Jessica Mariani, Claudio Giachino, Cesare Lancini, Valentina Tosetti, Sergio Ottolenghi, Verdon Taylor, Silvia K Nicolis
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2009)
Rapid desensitization of mice with anti-FcγRIIb/FcγRIII mAb safely prevents IgG-mediated anaphylaxis
Authors: Marat V. Khodoun, Zeynep Yesim Kucuk, Richard T. Strait, Durga Krishnamurthy, Kevin Janek, Corey D. Clay, Suzanne C. Morris, Fred D. Finkelman
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Irradiation and anti–PD-L1 treatment synergistically promote antitumor immunity in mice
Authors: Liufu Deng, Hua Liang, Byron Burnette, Michael Beckett, Thomas Darga, Ralph R. Weichselbaum, Yang-Xin Fu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

High-dose ionizing irradiation (IR) results in direct tumor cell death and augments tumor-specific immunity, which enhances tumor control both locally and distantly. Unfortunately, local relapses often occur following IR treatment, indicating that IR-induced responses are inadequate to maintain antitumor immunity. Therapeutic blockade of the T cell negative regulator programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, also called B7-H1) can enhance T cell effector function when PD-L1 is expressed in chronically inflamed tissues and tumors. Here, we demonstrate that PD-L1 was upregulated in the tumor microenvironment after IR. Administration of anti-PD-L1 enhanced the efficacy of IR through a cytotoxic T cell-dependent mechanism. Concomitant with IR-mediated tumor regression, we observed that IR and anti-PD-L1 synergistically reduced the local accumulation of tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which suppress T cells and alter the tumor immune microenvironment. Furthermore, activation of cytotoxic T cells with combination therapy mediated the reduction of MDSCs in tumors through the cytotoxic actions of TNF. Our data provide evidence for a close interaction between IR, T cells, and the PD-L1/PD-1 axis and establish a basis for the rational design of combination therapy with immune modulators and radiotherapy.