tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Book: A Philosophical Disease: Bioethics, Culture and Identity
Authors: J. Harris
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Carl Elliott Routledge, £12.99, pp 256 ISBN 0 415 91940 1 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> Bioethics needs philosophers with medical experience, and even more it needs philosophers who can write well and interestingly about bioethics without oversimplifying the issues. Elliott scores on both counts: he deploys considerable philosophical erudition and an ability to combine literary and philosophical sources to help us understand the dilemmas of modern medicine. In doing so, he certainly celebrates complexity. He fails, however, to be persuasive on either of his other main theses—that we have much to learn from Wittgenstein about bioethics and that general suspicion of theoretical approaches to bioethics is warranted. … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators and Antihormonal Resistance in Breast Cancer
Authors: V. Craig Jordan, Bert W. O'Malley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Selective estrogen-receptor (ER) modulators (SERMs) are synthetic nonsteroidal compounds that switch on and switch off target sites throughout the body. Tamoxifen, the pioneering SERM, blocks estrogen action by binding to the ER in breast cancers. Tamoxifen has been used ubiquitously in clinical practice during the last 30 years for the treatment of breast cancer and is currently available to reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk women. Raloxifene maintains bone density (estrogen-like effect) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women, but at the same time reduces the incidence of breast cancer in both high- and low-risk (osteoporotic) postmenopausal women. Unlike tamoxifen, raloxifene does not increase the incidence of endometrial cancer. Clearly, the simple ER model of estrogen action can no longer be used to explain SERM action at different sites around the body. Instead, a new model has evolved on the basis of the discovery of protein partners that modulate estrogen action at distinct target sites. Coactivators are the principal players that assemble a complex of functional proteins around the ligand ER complex to initiate transcription of a target gene at its promoter site. A promiscuous SERM ER complex creates a stimulatory signal in growth factor receptor-rich breast or endometrial cancer cells. These events cause drug-resistant, SERM-stimulated growth. The sometimes surprising pharmacology of SERMs has resulted in a growing interest in the development of new selective medicines for other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. This will allow the precise treatment of diseases that was previously considered impossible.
Prospects for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Richard S. Blumberg
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that manifests as ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Both these clinical entities result from interrelated genetic and environmental factors that may be channeled through an abnormality in mucosal immune function, possibly due to dysregulated or excessive T helper cell (T(H))1 (Crohn disease) or T(H)2 (ulcerative colitis) responses. This article reviews current knowledge of the role of immune factors in inflammatory bowel disease and the potential therapeutic strategies that target the pathways of T(H)1- or T(H)2-induced inflammation.
THE DRY METHOD IN INTRA-UTERINE SURGERY.
Authors: EDWIN WALKER
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Last year I read before this society a paper on the abuse of water in surgery (American Medical Association Journal, No. 26, 1896). Some of the disadvantages of its excessive use in both septic and aseptic cases was pointed out. It was urged also, that outside of hospitals, where we have to rely on unskilled help to prepare the water, it is often used from vessels improperly cared for, and is often the source of infection. On the other hand, there is no longer a doubt that ideal asepsis may be attained by the dry method. The action of the water, though it be pure and sterile, exercises an unfavorable influence on healthy tissues, while antiseptic solutions often injure them and markedly reduce their ability to resist infection. It is practically settled, that septic wounds can not be rendered aseptic by any washing, or the use of antiseptics, no matter
Polyvinyl chloride pneumoconiosis.
Authors: A Arnaud, P P Pommier de Santi, L Garbe, H Payan, J Charpin
Journal: Thorax (1978)

A 53-year-old man, who had been exposed for 23 years to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the bagging area of a vinyl chloride polymerisation plant, presented with a diffuse micronodular infiltrate on his chest radiograph. Light microscopy of lung obtained by drill biopsy showed a diffuse infiltration with histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells, with some collagen formation. Ultrastructural studies showed foreign particles in the macrophages, which were identical with PVC powder viewed under the electron microscope. Incubation of PVC powder with human lung macrophages in vitro showed that the macrophages englufed the powder to give a similar ultrastructural appearance.
Reversible airflow limitation in adults with respiratory infection
Authors: H Melbye, J Kongerud, L Vorland
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of airflow limitation and the frequency of significant reversibility in respiratory infections in adults without known asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We also wanted to study the association between airflow limitation and aetiological agents diagnosed by serological analyses. Spirometry was performed in 574 adult general practice patients with upper or lower respiratory tract infection, and follow-up measurement was obtained in 429 of them. In the latter group, we also obtained paired sera for analysis of anti-bodies against respiratory viruses, chlamydial and mycoplasmal agents. Median forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in all patients included was 90% of predicted; significantly lower in patients with an established diagnosis of asthma or COPD, compared to those without, 77 and 91% predicted, respectively. Among the patients without known asthma or COPD there was a strong association between low FEV1 and the symptoms cough and dyspnoea. Both acute-phase and follow-up FEV1 was measured in 395 of the patients without known asthma or COPD, and a significant increase in median value from 92 to 96% was registered. A reversibility of FEV1 of &gt; 15% was measured in 23% of the 395 patients, uninfluenced by anti-asthma treatment in the great majority. Patients with an established viral, mycoplasmal or chlamydial infection had a significantly lower FEV1 at entry and a greater reversibility, compared to those without such aetiological diagnosis. We conclude that reversible obstruction was particularly common in the patients diagnosed as having acute bronchitis, but that it was found in the patients patients diagnosed as having upper respiratory tract infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CONVULSIVE SHOCK THERAPY IN PATIENTS OVER SEVENTY YEARS OF AGE WITH AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
Authors: C. B. WILBUR, A. FORTES
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1947)

Experience with a group of 30 patients all past 70 shows that convulsive shock therapy is well tolerated by the aged. Convulsive shock therapy in the aged can be made more safe if curare modification of the convulsion is utilized. The organic defects and diseases of old age are not necessarily contraindications for curare electroshock therapy. Follow-up studies show that half of this group of patients obtained sustained recoveries or sufficient recovery to remain functional in society. Evaluation and retreatment of relapses suggest that prompt treatment of recurrences will produce an early remission and prevent prolonged hospitalization. No conclusions can be drawn regarding the death rate in this group.
Antioxidants and the Prevention of Preeclampsia — Unresolved Issues
Authors: Arun Jeyabalan, Steve N. Caritis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific, multisystem disorder that can have considerable adverse effects on the mother and the fetus. In developing countries, preeclampsia is a major cause of death among pregnant women.1 In the United States, 15 percent of premature births and their attendant complications are attributable to preeclampsia.2 Thus, numerous strategies intended to prevent preeclampsia — such as the use of antiplatelet agents and supplementation with calcium — have been studied, but without success.3,4 More recently, antioxidants have been proposed as a potential preventive strategy on the basis of data suggesting that endothelial dysfunction is fundamental to the development . . .
An in vitro model of differentiation of memory B cells into plasmablasts and plasma cells including detailed phenotypic and molecular characterization
Authors: Michel Jourdan, Anouk Caraux, John De Vos, Geneviève Fiol, Marion Larroque, Chantal Cognot, Caroline Bret, Christophe Duperray, Dirk Hose, Bernard Klein
Journal: Blood (2009)
Outbreak of Smallpox in a Hospital
Authors: Hartwin A. Schulze
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

ON JANUARY 15, 1947, the Army Hospital at Wiesbaden, Germany, received a patient with the presumptive diagnosis of smallpox. The patient, a War Department civilian employee, was transferred by ambulance from an American dispensary at Liége, Belgium. He had become ill on January 7, with symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. Three days later a macular rash on the face and a whitish enanthem on the buccal mucosa appeared. During the next few days the rash became generalized, and at the same time it became papular and then vesicular. Ten days after the beginning of his illness he presented the . . .
Barriers to Hospice Care Among Older Patients Dying With Lung and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ellen P. McCarthy, Risa B. Burns, Roger B. Davis, Russell S. Phillips
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Purpose: To identify factors associated with hospice enrollment and length of stay in hospice among patients dying with lung or colorectal cancer. Methods: We used the Linked Medicare-Tumor Registry Database to conduct a retrospective analysis of the last year of life among Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with lung or colorectal cancer at age ≥ 66 years between January 1, 1973, and December 31, 1996, in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program who died between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 1998. Our outcomes of interest were time from cancer diagnosis to hospice enrollment and length of stay in hospice care. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to adjust for demographic and clinical information. Results: We studied elderly patients dying with lung cancer (n = 62,117) or colorectal cancer (n = 57,260). Overall, 27% of patients (n = 16,750) with lung cancer and 20% of patients (n = 11,332) with colorectal cancer received hospice care before death. Median length of stay for hospice patients with lung and colorectal cancer was 25 and 28 days, respectively. Overall, 20% of patients entered hospice within 1 week of death, whereas 6% entered more than 6 months before death. Factors associated with later hospice enrollment include being male; being of nonwhite, nonblack race; having fee-for-service insurance; and residing in a rural community. Many of these factors also were associated with shorter stays in hospice. Conclusion: Although use of hospice care has increased dramatically over time, specific patient groups, including men, patients residing in rural communities, and patients with fee-for-service insurance continue to experience delays in hospice enrollment.
Annular Pancreas— A Case Report
Authors: David J. McMahon
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> A 21-year-old man entered the hospital because abdominal pain, which had been present intermittently for two weeks, was located in the epigastrium, and usually occurred after meals. There was accompanying nausea and mild vomiting on two occasions. There had been no weight loss or melena. Two years previously an uppergastrointestinal tract x-ray series reportedly had demonstrated an active duodenal ulcer. The patient responded promptly to conservative ulcer therapy. Physical examination, routine laboratory and chest x-ray studies revealed nothing abnormal. An uppergastrointestinal tract x-ray series showed partial obstruction of the second portion of the duodenum with dilatation of the proximal part (Fig 1). An ulcer crater was not identified. At exploratory laparotomy an annular pancreas was identified which completely encircled the second portion of the duodenum (Fig 2). A side-to-side duodenoduodenostomy was performed. There was no evidence of duodenal ulcer. Two months postoperatively the patient was asymptomatic. Postoperative
The Age Threshold for Isoniazid Chemotherapy-Reply
Authors: David N. Rose
Journal: JAMA (1987)

In Reply.—  We appreciate the comments of Dr Reichman supporting the conclusions of our article. If prevention of tuberculosis with isoniazid becomes accepted practice again, clinicians will face additional questions: Who should be screened with tuberculin tests? How often? Using which methods? We are currently carrying out further research in these areas and encourage others to do the same.
An Alternative to the Laser in the Palliative Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Malignancy
Authors: Alessandro Paterlini
Journal: Endoscopy (1987)

See also: Palliative Laser Treatment of Malignant Stenoses in the Upper Gastrointestinal TractEndoscopy 1986; 18(S 1): 21-26DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1018404
Intelligence and EEG Studies in Families With Idiopathic Epilepsy
Authors: Walter E. Needham
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The intellectual functioning (intelligence quotient) of 73 patients with familial idiopathic epilepsy was compared with that of their close nonepileptic relatives, including those with epileptoid electroencephalograms and those with normal brain-wave recordings. Approximately 70% of the patients with idiopathic epilepsy who were tested scored lower than the average, ie, median IQ, of their close relatives. However, the<i>mean</i>IQ scores of the patients with epilepsy were within or near the "average" ranges, although one fourth to one third of these patients tested within the "borderline" and "defective" categories. No differences in intellectual functioning were felt to exist between nonepileptic relatives who had an epileptoid EEG and those with a normal tracing.
lodine-131 Uptake in a Patient with Thyroid Cancer and Rheumatoid Arthritis During Acupuncture Treatment
Authors: NOBUAKI OTSUKA, MASAO FUKUNAGA, KOICHI MORITA, SHIMATO ONO, KIYOHISA NAGA, MAKOTO KATAGIR, TANEKAZU HARADA, RIKUSHI MORITA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

A patient with thyroid carcinoma had abnormal accumulation of I-131 in the areas of both feet and hands on whole body scan. The sites of abnormal accumulation of I-131 were similar to those on bone scintigraphy. The radiographic examination of the lesions showed characteristic findings of rheumatoid arthritis, and the presence of small gold needles for acupuncture treatment was demonstrated. There were no findings of bone metastases. Although the mechanism of accumulation of I-131 in this patient is unknown, interpreters of I-131 whole body scintigraphs should keep this case in mind when acupuncture treatment has been done. The authors can only speculate on a common blood flow mechanism for enhanced HMDP and I-131 uptake in this arthritic patient who had been treated by acupuncture.
An ultrastructural study of the effect of neomycin on the colon in the human subject and in the conventional and the germ-free mouse
Authors: A. P. R. Aluwihare
Journal: Gut (1971)

An electron microscopic study of the colon of normal mice and human subjects and those treated with neomycin is reported; there is a close resemblance between the mouse and human colons. After rapid disinfection of the colon, there is epithelial cell damage due to a toxic effect of the drug, a reduction in epithelial turnover accompanying the change in flora, and an important reduction in the cellularity of the lamina propria mainly due to a reduction in inflammatory cells. The changes in the lamina propria probably represent changes in the antipathogenetic defences of the host.
Oral Psoralen and Ultraviolet-A Light (PUVA) Treatment of Psoriasis and Persistent Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
Authors: Robert S. Stern, Elissa J. Liebman, Liisa Väkevä
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1998)

Background/Methods: The treatment of psoriasis with highdose exposure to oral psoralen and ultraviolet-A light (i.e., PUVA) substantially increases the risk of cutaneous squamous cell cancer, but not of basal cell cancer, within a decade of beginning treatment. To assess the persistence of cancer risk among individuals treated with PUVA, including those who discontinued therapy long ago and those without substantial exposure to other carcinogens, we prospectively studied a cohort of 1380 patients with psoriasis who were first treated during the period from January 1, 1975, through October 1, 1976, and evaluated risk factors associated with the development of cutaneous squamous cell cancers and basal cell cancers after 1985. Results: From 1975 through 1996, 237 patients developed 1422 cutaneous squamous cell cancers. From 1986 through 1996, 135 (12.5%) of 1081 patients without a prior squamous cell cancer developed 593 such tumors. From 1975 through 1997, 247 patients developed 1042 basal cell cancers; these patients included 151 individuals with a first basal cell cancer after 1985. Among those without a squamous cell or a basal cell cancer in the first decade of the prospective study, a strong doserelated increase in the risk of squamous cell cancer was observed in the subsequent decade (adjusted relative risk [⩾337 treatments versus <100 treatments] = 8.6; 95% confidence interval = 4.9-15.2). Risk of basal cell cancer was substantially increased only in those patients exposed to very high levels of PUVA (⩾337 treatments). Conclusions: Highdose exposure to PUVA is associated with a persistent, doserelated increase in the risk of squamous cell cancer, even among patients lacking substantial exposure to other carcinogens and among patients without substantial recent exposure to PUVA. Exposure to PUVA has far less effect on the risk of basal cell cancer. The use of PUVA for psoriasis should be weighed against the increased cancer risk. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1278-84]
The Supreme Court, Privacy, and Abortion
Authors: G J Annas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

FEELINGS and opinions are strong and divided on both the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision on abortion in Roe v. Wade 1 and the Court's 1989 decision in Webster,2 which signals a retreat from Roe. Opinion polls on abortion since 1973 show that Americans are deeply ambivalent on the issue. A consistent majority believes that abortion is immoral in most cases.3 , 4 Nonetheless, overwhelming majorities believe that abortion should be available in cases of rape, incest, and severe genetic abnormality, and more than two thirds consistently say that although they believe abortion to be wrong or immoral, the ultimate decision . . .
Internal Antigens Accessible in Breast Cancer: Implications for Tumor Targeting
Authors: S. H. Dairkee, A. J. Hackett
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1988)

Journal Article Internal Antigens Accessible in Breast Cancer: Implications for Tumor Targeting Get access Shahnaz H. Dairkee, Shahnaz H. Dairkee * *Correspondence to: Dr. Shahnaz H. Dairkee, 3023 Summit St, Oakland, CA 94609. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Adeline J. Hackett Adeline J. Hackett 2Peralta Cancer Research InstituteOakland, CA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 80, Issue 15, 5 October 1988, Pages 1216–1220, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/80.15.1216 Published: 05 October 1988 Article history Received: 22 February 1988 Revision received: 22 June 1988 Accepted: 19 July 1988 Published: 05 October 1988
Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Current Concepts Regarding Pathogenesis and Management*
Authors: HENRY B. BURCH, LEONARD WARTOFSKY
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1993)

RECENT progress in the study of Graves' ophthalmopathy has been anything but stagnant. The past 20 yr have witnessed a rapid expansion in the collective understanding of basic pathophysiology, interdependence with thyroid pathology, and the effects of ocular or thyroidspecific therapy on disease course that threatens to erode the enigmatic nature of Graves' ophthalmopathy. In the past 5 yr alone, the central autoimmune target responsible for the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease, the TSH receptor, has been cloned and sequenced (1,2), and an elucidation of exact antigenic epitopes using various techniques has begun (3–6). The availability of highly sensitive TSH assays has vastly simplified the diagnosis of subclinical hyperthyroidism (7), and improvements in TSH receptor autoantibody assays (8) have enhanced the ability of the clinician to identify subtle presentations of autoimmune thyroid disease. Exciting new work has suggested a primary pathogenetic role for the retroorbital fibroblast in the development and progression of Graves' ophthalmopathy (9, 10).
What is the impact of a country-wide scale-up in antiviral therapy on the characteristics and sustained viral response rates of patients treated for hepatitis C?
Authors: Scott A. McDonald, Hamish A. Innes, Peter C. Hayes, John F. Dillon, Peter R. Mills, David J. Goldberg, Stephen Barclay, Sam Allen, Ray Fox, Andrew Fraser, Nicholas Kennedy, Diptendu Bhattacharyya, Sharon J. Hutchinson
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Genetic Counseling and the Physician
Authors: Henry T. Lynch, Gabriel M. Mulcahy, Anne J. Krush
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Genetic counseling should be an integral part of medical care when hereditary factors are either suspected or actually proven. In 1964, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Human Genetics<sup>1</sup>recommended increased training of medical personnel in medical genetics, with particular emphasis on genetic counseling. Again in 1968,<sup>2</sup>it was emphasized that "education of the general practitioner in medical genetics is most important. Teaching should be given at both the preclinical and clinical levels of medical education. It is equally important that medical genetics be dealt with in postgraduate education in refresher courses." Genetic specialty clinics are not the answer since too few exist to meet the pressing demands for counseling. Furthermore, since our approach to genetic counseling entails diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of the patient and of his relatives at genetic risk, we feel that the continuity of the overall plan will be best assured when the
Dorsalization of the Neural Tube by Xenopus Tiarin, a Novel Patterning Factor Secreted by the Flanking Nonneural Head Ectoderm
Authors: Hiroshi Tsuda, Noriaki Sasai, Mami Matsuo-Takasaki, Makoto Sakuragi, Yoshinobu Murakami, Yoshiki Sasai
Journal: Neuron (2002)