tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Conference on FDA-Regulated Products and Pregnant Women
Authors: Stuart L. Nightingale
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Clinical Management of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Bacteremia
Authors: Thomas L. Holland, Christopher Arnold, Vance G. Fowler
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Several management strategies may improve outcomes in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.To review evidence of management strategies for S. aureus bacteremia to determine whether transesophageal echocardiography is necessary in all adult cases and what is the optimal antibiotic therapy for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteremia.A PubMed search from inception through May 2014 was performed to identify studies addressing the role of transesophageal echocardiography in S. aureus bacteremia. A second search of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from January 1990 through May 2014 was performed to find studies addressing antibiotic treatment for MRSA bacteremia. Studies reporting outcomes from antibiotic therapy for MRSA bacteremia were included. All searches, which were limited to English and focused on adults, were augmented by review of bibliographic references from included studies. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system with consensus of independent evaluations by at least 2 of the authors.In 9 studies with a total of 4050 patients, use of transesophageal echocardiography was associated with higher rates of a diagnosis of endocarditis (14%-28%) compared with transthoracic echocardiography (2%-15%). In 4 studies, clinical or transthoracic echocardiography findings did not predict subsequent transesophageal echocardiography findings of endocarditis. Five studies identified clinical or transthoracic echocardiography characteristics associated with low risk of endocarditis (negative predictive values from 93% to 100%). Characteristics associated with a low risk of endocarditis include absence of a permanent intracardiac device, sterile follow-up blood cultures within 4 days after the initial set, no hemodialysis dependence, nosocomial acquisition of S. aureus bacteremia, absence of secondary foci of infection, and no clinical signs of infective endocarditis. Of 81 studies of antibiotic therapy for MRSA bacteremia, only 1 high-quality trial was identified. In that study of 246 patients with S. aureus bacteremia, daptomycin was not inferior to vancomycin or an antistaphylococcal penicillin, each in combination with low-dose, short-course gentamicin (clinical success rate, 44.2% [53/120] vs 41.7% [48/115]; absolute difference, 2.4% [95% CI, -10.2% to 15.1%]).All adult patients with S. aureus bacteremia should undergo echocardiography. Characteristics of low-risk patients with S. aureus bacteremia for whom transesophageal echocardiography can be safely avoided have been identified. Vancomycin and daptomycin are the first-line antibiotic choices for MRSA bacteremia. Well-designed studies to address the management of S. aureus bacteremia are needed.
Incidence of Cancer in Immunosuppression
Authors: THOMAS F. SELLERS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 November 1971Incidence of Cancer in ImmunosuppressionTHOMAS F. SELLERS JR., M.D.THOMAS F. SELLERS JR., M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-75-5-809_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The recent editorial, "Cancer in the Immunosuppressed Patient," by Dr. John L. Fahey (Ann Intern Med 75:310-312, 1971) points out well the possible adverse effect immunosuppression may have in lowering a patient's defenses against malignant tumors.An additional important point should be made. The editorial cites several references comparing the incidence of certain neoplasms in immunosuppressed patients with the occurrence of such tumors in the general population. At the end of the editorial Dr. Fahey discusses the need for appropriate control populations because of "evidence that certain autoimmune diseases are associated with a high incidence of lymphoma... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1971Volume 75, Issue 5Page: 809-809KeywordsAutoimmune diseasesCancer immunotherapyLymphomaMalignant tumors Issue Published: 1 November 1971 PDF downloadLoading ...
Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Two Prospective Cohort Studies in Women
Authors: An Pan, Eva S. Schernhammer, Qi Sun, Frank B. Hu
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Rotating night shift work disrupts circadian rhythms and has been associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and glucose dysregulation. However, its association with type 2 diabetes remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate this association in two cohorts of US women.We followed 69,269 women aged 42-67 in Nurses' Health Study I (NHS I, 1988-2008), and 107,915 women aged 25-42 in NHS II (1989-2007) without diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Participants were asked how long they had worked rotating night shifts (defined as at least three nights/month in addition to days and evenings in that month) at baseline. This information was updated every 2-4 years in NHS II. Self-reported type 2 diabetes was confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire. We documented 6,165 (NHS I) and 3,961 (NHS II) incident type 2 diabetes cases during the 18-20 years of follow-up. In the Cox proportional models adjusted for diabetes risk factors, duration of shift work was monotonically associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in both cohorts. Compared with women who reported no shift work, the pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for participants with 1-2, 3-9, 10-19, and ≥20 years of shift work were 1.05 (1.00-1.11), 1.20 (1.14-1.26), 1.40 (1.30-1.51), and 1.58 (1.43-1.74, p-value for trend <0.001), respectively. Further adjustment for updated body mass index attenuated the association, and the pooled hazard ratios were 1.03 (0.98-1.08), 1.06 (1.01-1.11), 1.10 (1.02-1.18), and 1.24 (1.13-1.37, p-value for trend <0.001).Our results suggest that an extended period of rotating night shift work is associated with a modestly increased risk of type 2 diabetes in women, which appears to be partly mediated through body weight. Proper screening and intervention strategies in rotating night shift workers are needed for prevention of diabetes.
Facial Sweating after Food: A New Sign of Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: P. J. Watkins
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Facial sweating during eating (gustatory sweating) has been observed for the first time in a group of diabetics, and is considered to be a feature of the autonomic neuropathy which affected them all. The sweating, which was sometimes very severe, was produced by many foodstuffs, cheese being the most powerful stimulus. Atropine inhibited sweating stimulated by eating cheese, and oral anticholinergic drugs effectively eliminated the symptoms. These bizarre symptoms are probably due to abnormal nerve regeneration occurring as a consequence of the spontaneous autonomic neuropathy.
Genetic Disruption of KEAP1/CUL3 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex Components is a Key Mechanism of NF-KappaB Pathway Activation in Lung Cancer
Authors: Kelsie L. Thu, Larissa A. Pikor, Raj Chari, Ian M. Wilson, Calum E. MacAulay, John C. English, Ming-Sound Tsao, Adi F. Gazdar, Stephen Lam, Wan L. Lam, William W. Lockwood
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
HIV is detected in child thought to have been cured
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

HIV has been detected in the blood of a child who was thought to have been cured of the infection after being started on a triple drug antiretroviral regimen shortly after birth, US health officials said last week.

The girl, known as the “Mississippi baby,” had been born prematurely in 2010 to an HIV infected mother whose infection had not been diagnosed until the time of delivery. The mother had received no prenatal care, and the infant was born prematurely at 35 weeks of gestation.1

Blood testing of the newborn baby detected both HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear …
788-4 Does Low Level Training Increase Peak Aerobic Capacity in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure?
Authors: Laura Demopoulos, Rachel Bijou, Icilma Fergus, Marco Gentilucci, Leslie Panzarino, Margaret Jones, Marie Galvao, Edmund H. Sonnenblick, Thierry H. LeJemtel
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Europe in transition: HIV risk environment in Hungary is different from that in Russia and west Balkan states
Authors: József Rácz
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Time to wake up to cancer's tollEditor-As exemplified by your theme issue on Africa of 1 October, cancer has remained comparatively neglected in Africa although increasingly prevalent: 70% of people with cancer live in the economically developing world, where by 2020 the annual death toll is predicted to reach 20 million. 1 In sub-Saharan Africa measures to prevent cancer emphasised in the developed world-such as smoking cessation and screening-are not nationally adopted.One third of African cancers are preventable, but the influence of tobacco companies with mass media advertising and high crop payments is real.Traditional cancers, such as gastric and hepatocellular carcinoma, and newer cancers, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and AIDS related Kaposi's sarcoma, are increasing in incidence. 2 3 Patients' expectations for oncological treatment are low in Africa.Lack of money, or a concern not to place their family in debt, prevents many from seeking medical help. 4 Lack of awareness of predisposing factors, warning symptoms or signs of cancer, or treatment options mean that patients present late.Cost and difficulty of travel over rough terrain also discourage service use.After diagnosis patients may tend to look for peace of mind and spiritual comfort rather than a physical cure.In Africa disease modifying cancer treatment and basic control of symptoms are largely absent.Even when analgesia is available, patients with cancer may experience severe and inadequately managed pain, as health professionals underprescribe strong analgesics, fearing drug dependency. 5 Individual sub-Saharan countries cannot tackle the challenges of cancer in isolation.A new, cooperative approach and research base are being advocated for preventing, treating, and palliating cancer to bridge the gap between developed and developing nations.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION IN YOUNG MALE ADULTS
Authors: ROBERT STERLING PALMER
Journal: JAMA (1930)

It has been fully demonstrated that heart disease is the commonest cause of disability and death in the United States<sup>1</sup>and that a large proportion of heart disease is associated with hypertension. Moreover, the course is often so long and relatively benign as to be considered in some aspects a natural phenomenon of age for certain strains of the human family.<sup>2</sup>Heredity, constitutional inferiority and the stress of modern life<sup>3</sup>are frequently mentioned as important etiologic factors. It is probable that certain families are subject to cardiovascular disease and it appears that this tendency may be recognized fairly early in life. In view of these considerations it is necessary to attack the problem of essential hypertension at the earliest manifestation, variously termed the vasomotor, spastic or functional stage, or what might be called the youthful type of hypertension. Furthermore, individuals with the youthful type of hypertension need
BRCA1 methylation contributes to the triple-negative breast cancer phenotype.
Authors: C Nwachukwu, TA Grushko, J Xu, A Khramtsov, OI Olopade
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #4050 Triple-negative breast cancers are tumors characterized by their lack of hormone receptors (ER and PR) and HER2. They are the most aggressive form and account for 10–17% of all breast carcinomas. A subgroup of triple negative tumors with a basal-like phenotype share morphological features and similar gene expression profiles with tumors from BRCA1 mutation carriers. It has recently been shown that inactivation of BRCA1 in breast epithelial stem cells restricts subsequent progenitor cells to a basal cell phenotype and promotes expansion of ER negative cells (Liu et al 2008, PNAS). While mechanisms of BRCA1 inactivation in sporadic tumors are not completely elucidated, methylation of the BRCA1 promoter is one important mechanism that contributes to loss of BRCA1 expression in sporadic breast cancer. We hypothesize that inactivation of BRCA1 by epigenetic mechanisms such as promoter methylation contributes to the triple negative phenotype.&amp;#x2028; Materials and Methods: Using a combination of methylation specific PCR and Immunohistochemistry, 120 primary breast cancers were analyzed for methylation of the BRCA1 promoter and protein expression of ER, PR and HER2. All tumors with negative staining for ER, PR and HER2 were classified as triple negative and all others were classified as non triple-negative.&amp;#x2028; Results: We were able to classify 111 of the 120 (%) tumors by IHC. We found that 30 out of 111 (27%) tumors were ER, PR, and HER2 negative (triple negative). BRCA1 methylation was detected in 14 out of 30 (47%) triple negative tumors, compared with 10 out of 81 (12%) other tumor phenotypes (p&amp;lt;0.001).&amp;#x2028; Conclusion: These data suggest that BRCA1 inactivation by mutation or methylation may in part drive breast tumor progression toward the triple negative phenotype. Ongoing work will evaluate epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression in triple negative breast cancers&amp;#x2028; This abstract is supported by Breast Cancer Research Foundation and the Lee Jeans Entertainment Industry Fund. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4050.
Large Medicaid Practices and Medicaid Mills
Authors: Janet B. Mitchell
Journal: JAMA (1980)

There is growing concern that large Medicaid practices (LMPs) may be "Medicaid mills" in which low-quality care is provided. Based on survey data, this study sought to determine whether physicians who treat a disproportionate number of Medicaid patients are in fact operating mills. While practices with at least 30% Medicaid patients are a minority of all practices (15.8%), nearly 60% of all Medicaid patients receive care there. There is no evidence that LMPs can be characterized as Medicaid mills. Visit lengths are shorter in LMPs, but only by two minutes. Nor is there any widespread abuse of ancillary services, skimping on auxiliary staff, or excessive incomes. The LMP physicians, however, do tend to be older, to be trained in foreign medical schools, and to have fewer credentials, such as board certification.
Biological and antigenic similarities of murine interferon-gamma and macrophage-activating factor.
Authors: L P Svedersky, C V Benton, W H Berger, E Rinderknecht, R N Harkins, M A Palladino
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

Murine peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) treated with murine recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) (greater than 99% estimated purity), or concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cell supernatants developed tumoricidal properties (macrophage activation factor [MAF] activity). MAF activity was found to occur with treatments of 10 U/ml IFN-gamma, and at levels as low as 1 U/ml IFN-gamma if a second signal (5 ng/ml endotoxin) was present in the MAF assay. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) alone at these levels failed to induce MAF; induction of MAF was observed at 1,000-fold greater levels. The ability of IFN-gamma to stimulate murine PEC was species specific. Various sources of materials that displayed MAF activity, including supernatants from interleukin 2-dependent cloned cytotoxic murine T lymphocyte lines that did not display detectable antiviral activity, were neutralized by antibody raised and affinity purified against recombinant IFN-gamma. Thus, IFN-gamma, although never detectable by antiviral assays, appears to be present in many lymphokine preparations and has potent macrophage activation capability.
India's health assurance plan will offer free medicines, diagnostics, insurance, and traditional medicine
Authors: G. Mudur
Journal: BMJ (2014)

India’s health ministry has pledged to expand healthcare insurance to cover all citizens and make available 80 essential drugs—including 30 selected from traditional or alternative systems of medicine—to be free of cost through government clinics across the country.

The two initiatives will be key components of a proposed Universal Health Assurance Mission that will also involve nationwide “preventive health information” campaigns to promote healthy lifestyles, the Indian health minister, Harsh Vardhan, said on Monday.

Vardhan said that the health assurance mission will also guarantee a package of select diagnostic tests in government health centres free of cost to cover common illnesses. The health ministry has not released the list of free medicines yet, but senior health officials have indicated that it will include a range of antimicrobials, analgesics, antipyretics, and drugs to treat asthma, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension.

About 310 million people among India’s population of 1.2 billion are currently covered by government or private health insurance schemes, but most insurance plans cover only tertiary healthcare services that require hospital admissions.

Public health …
Pool resources to lift children's health services out of "mediocre state"
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Health services for children in England are designed too much around the needs of organisations, buildings, and professionals rather than the people they are intended to serve, a review has found.

Children and their parents are given fourth priority when it comes to the NHS, said Ian Kennedy, an expert in health law and chairman of the Healthcare Commission 2003-9, at the launch of his review on 16 September.

To better meet the needs of children and young people the money spent on children’s health from the NHS, social services, and education budgets should be pooled and administered under a new government department for children’s wellbeing. 

An integrated system of care is needed, recommends the review, with hospital and community based doctors, nurses, health visitors, social workers, and school …
Early open mitral valve surgery following arterial embolism
Authors: J. B. Borman, G Merin, H. Romanoff, H. Milwidsky
Journal: Thorax (1970)

A report is presented of nine patients who underwent early open mitral valve surgery after arterial embolism had occurred. Five of these patients suffered an early second arterial embolism before their mitral operation, an observation which stresses the risk inherent in delay of mitral valve surgery. The demonstration of atrial thrombi in four illustrates the potential danger of closed valvotomy techniques in such cases. Advanced pathological changes and severe stenosis of the mitral valve were found in all nine patients; valve replacement had to be done in three. All nine patients are alive and well after follow-up from 6 to 42 months. No further thromboembolic events have occurred after mitral valve surgery.
SUPRAPUBIC DRAINAGE OF THE BLADDER AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PROSTATECTOMY AND AS A RELIEF OPERATION
Authors: J. B. Pike
Journal: BMJ (1910)

etc. neither pain nor swelling; tubercle bacilli found in urine.On cystoscopic examination: Dark red swollen mucous mem- brane round orifice of left ureter; urine from right, specific gravity 1020, normal; left, 1005, containing pus.Treatment: Nephrectomy, and injections of tuberculin.Result so far as known to date: Doing well (three months after operation).CASE xxii.-Female,aged 28.Family history of tubercle present; left side.Early symptoms: Frequency of micturition, etc.; neither pain nor swelling; tubercle bacilli found in urine.On cystoscopic examination: Left ureteral orifice surrounded by swollen, woolly-looking mucous membrane; patches of red- news on left sidb of bladder; urine from right, specific gravity 1020, normal; left, specific gravity 1005, containing pus.Treat- ment: Nephrectomy by Dr. John Campbell.Result so far as known to date: Doing well (two months after operation).CASE xxriI.-Female,aged 31.Family history of tubercle absent; both kidneys affected.Early symptoms: Left-sided renal colic, and frequency of micturition ; both kidneys enlarged; no tubercle bacilli found in urine.On cystoscopic examination: A large irregular ulcer at base of bladder; left ureteral orifice buried in this; right orifice just at edge of ulcer ; under CHCI3 with catheters in ureters, no urine; even after injection of indigo-carmine none could be seen flowing into bladder.Result so far as known to date: Instatu quo; had anuria for twenty-four hours after examination.CASE xxiv.-Male,aged 23.Familyhistory of tubercle present; right side; Early symptoms: Right-sided renal colic; right kidlney enlarged; tubercle bacilli was found in urine.On cysto- scopio examination: Right ureteral orifice round, red and dilated; red patches in neighbourhood; right ureter not cathe- terized-left, specific gravity under 1005, containing albumen.Treatment: Medical.Result so far as known to date: Going progressively downhill.