tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia Induces Aortic Hypertrophic Growth, Left Ventricular Dysfunction, and Sympathetic Hyperinnervation of Peripheral Arteries in the Chick Embryo
Authors: E.V. Rouwet, A.N. Tintu, M.W.M. Schellings, M. van Bilsen, E. Lutgens, L. Hofstra, D.W. Slaaf, G. Ramsay, F.A.C. le Noble
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Low birth weight is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, later in life. This suggests that antenatal insults program for fetal adaptations of the circulatory system. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of mild hypoxia on cardiac function, blood pressure control, and arterial structure and function in near-term chick embryos.Chick embryos were incubated under normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (15% O2) conditions and evaluated at incubation day 19 by use of histological techniques, isolated heart preparations, and in vivo measurements of sympathetic arterial tone and systemic hemodynamics. Chronic hypoxia caused a 33% increase in mortality and an 11% reduction in body weight in surviving embryos. The lumen of the ascending aorta in hypoxic embryos was 23% smaller. Left ventricular systolic pressure was 22% lower, and heart weight/body weight ratio was 14% higher. In resistance arteries of hypoxic embryos, in vivo baseline tone was 23% higher, norepinephrine sensitivity was similar, and norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves increased 2-fold, indicating sympathetic hyperinnervation. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were similar under resting conditions, but chronically hypoxic embryos failed to maintain blood pressure during acute stress.This study indicates that mild hypoxia during embryonic development induces alterations in cardiac and vascular function and structure and affects hemodynamic regulation. These findings reveal that antenatal insults have profound effects on the control and design of the circulatory system that are already established at birth and may program for hypertension and heart failure at a later age.
Remarks on Cases of Effusion into the Peritoneum, Analogous to Cases of Latent Pleurisy
Authors: G. Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1876)

BRITISH MEDICAL 7OURNAL.minous.The pulse ranged from 90 to ioo, and the temperature 1~~~~f&~~~TY~~~f rom 99 to 101 deg.The following draught was ordlered to be taken REMVARKSA three timcs a day.ON BR Potasste acetatis 3 ss ; tinct.digitalis r'ixv; aquce ad j CASES OF EFFUSION INTO TIlE PERITONEUM, On June 28th, six days after her admission, the abdIomen was undi-.ANALOGOUS TO CASESOFLTN minished in size, the measurement round the umibilicuis being 42,q A N. OF LATENT ~~~~i n c h i e s; and, at my visit, the house-surgeon, MTr.Ground, performedi PLEURISY.*paracenitesis, and drew off one hundred andI twenty-four ouinces of clea-r
Efficacy of BCG Vaccine in the Prevention of Tuberculosis
Authors: Graham A. Colditz
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To quantify the efficacy of BCG vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). <h3>Data Sources.</h3> —MEDLINE with index terms<i>BCG vaccine, tuberculosis</i>, and<i>human</i>. Experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, among others, provided lists of all known studies. <h3>Study Selection.</h3> —A total of 1264 articles or abstracts were reviewed for details on BCG vaccination, concurrent vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, and TB outcome; 70 articles were reviewed in depth for method of vaccine allocation used to create comparable groups, equal surveillance and follow-up for recipient and concurrent control groups, and outcome measures of TB cases and/or deaths. Fourteen prospective trials and 12 case-control studies were included in the analysis. <h3>Data Extraction.</h3> —We recorded study design, age range of study population, number of patients enrolled, efficacy of vaccine, and items to assess the potential for bias in study design and diagnosis. At least two readers independently extracted data and evaluated validity. <h3>Data Synthesis.</h3> —The relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) of TB provided the measure of vaccine efficacy that we analyzed. The protective effect was then computed by 1 —RR or 1 —OR. A random-effects model estimated a weighted average RR or OR from those provided by the trials or case-control studies. In the trials, the RR of TB was 0.49 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.34 to 0.70) for vaccine recipients compared with nonrecipients (protective effect of 51%). In the case-control studies, the OR for TB was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.64), or a 50% protective effect. Seven trials reporting tuberculous deaths showed a protective effect from BCG vaccine of 71% (RR, 0.29; 95% Cl, 0.16 to 0.53), and five studies reporting on meningitis showed a protective effect from BCG vaccine of 64% (OR, 0.36; 95% Cl, 0.18 to 0.70). Geographic latitude of the study site and study validity score explained 66% of the heterogeneity among trials in a random-effects regression model. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —On average, BCG vaccine significantly reduces the risk of TB by 50%. Protection is observed across many populations, study designs, and forms of TB. Age at vaccination did not enhance predictiveness of BCG efficacy. Protection against tuberculous death, meningitis, and disseminated disease is higher than for total TB cases, although this result may reflect reduced error in disease classification rather than greater BCG efficacy. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;271:698-702)
934 CORD BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS CAN BE A SOURCE OF HEPATOCYTE AND KUPFER CELL RESTORATION AFTER PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY IN RATS
Authors: I.M. Gazizov, D.I. Andreeva, M.S. Kaligin, A.V. Tabanakova, A.A. Gumerova, A.P. Kiassov
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Serum studies of leucocyte elastase in acute and chronic lung diseases.
Authors: R A Stockley, K Ohlsson
Journal: Thorax (1982)

Immunoreactive leucocyte elastase was measured in the serum of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. No evidence was found to demonstrate the release of this enzyme in the pulmonary circulation. However the average serum concentrations (573 . 0 micrograms/l; SD +/- 261 . 0) were higher (2p less than 0 . 001) in this group of patients than in age matched control subjects (355 . 2 micrograms/l; SD +/- 274 . 8). Further studies confirmed this finding but patients with other active lung diseases had similarly increased leucocyte elastase concentration in the serum. This suggests that a raised serum leucocyte elastase concentration is a feature of active lung diseases and not a feature of obstructive bronchitis alone.
Yttrium-90 Microspheres: A Review of Its Emerging Clinical Indications
Authors: Natthida Khajornjiraphan, Nyein Aye Thu, Pierce Kah Hoe Chow
Journal: Liver Cancer (2014)

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Many patients with liver malignancies are not candidates for resection, and systemic therapies are often not effective. Radioembolization (RE) is an alternative treatment for this group of patients. The safety and efficacy of RE with yttrium 90 (Y90) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or metastatic colon cancer to the liver have been proven in several studies. However, fewer studies have focussed on the safety and efficacy of RE with Y90 in other extrahepatic primary and secondary liver cancers. The effect on outcomes of concomitant use of Y90 with a systemic therapy is still currently under investigation. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Summary: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A review of the published data on the use of RE as stand-alone, concomitant or sequential with other treatment modalities in HCC and other primary and secondary liver cancer is reported here. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Key message: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;RE for the treatment of HCC and other extrahepatic, primary and secondary liver cancer has reasonable efficacy and acceptable toxicities. Definitive studies to establish the role of RE in the treatment of such malignancies are warranted.
DENTAL EDUCATION. A FEW SUGGESTIONS AS TO NEEDED IMPROVEMENTS.Read before the Chicago Dental Club, December 28, 1891.
Authors: JOHN S. MARSHALL
Journal: JAMA (1892)

<i>Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Club</i>: The question which has been chosen as the topic for discussion this evening is, to my mind, one of great interest and of vital importance to the future of dentistry. The facilities for general education provided by a State or a Nation, indicate the degree of its intelligence and civilization. Education and civilization go hand in hand, while error and superstition are driven into oblivion before the light of truth and knowledge. As there can be no question of greater importance to a State than the education of its people, so there can be no question of graver moment to a profession, than the education of the young men who are to enter its ranks. This is an age of progression; an age of intense earnestness; an age of high ideals. In every department of life this is made manifest. From the most
Effect of titanium carbide coating on the osseointegration response in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Marina Brama, Nicholas Rhodes, John Hunt, Andrea Ricci, Roberto Teghil, Silvia Migliaccio, Carlo Della Rocca, Silvia Leccisotti, Attilio Lioi, Marta Scandurra, Giovanni De Maria, Daniela Ferro, Fanrong Pu, Gianluca Panzini, Laura Politi, Roberto Scandurra
Journal: Biomaterials (2006)
Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia
Authors: Kaycee M. Sink, Karen F. Holden, Kristine Yaffe
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia are common and associated with poor outcomes for patients and caregivers. Although nonpharmacological interventions should be the first line of treatment, a wide variety of pharmacological agents are used in the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms; therefore, concise, current, evidence-based recommendations are needed.To evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia.A systematic review of English-language articles published from 1966 to July 2004 using MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and a manual search of bibliographies was conducted. Inclusion criteria were double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or meta-analyses of any drug therapy for patients with dementia that included neuropsychiatric outcomes. Trials reporting only depression outcomes were excluded. Data on the inclusion criteria, patients, methods, results, and quality of each study were independently abstracted. Twenty-nine articles met inclusion criteria.For typical antipsychotics, 2 meta-analyses and 2 RCTs were included. Generally, no difference among specific agents was found, efficacy was small at best, and adverse effects were common. Six RCTs with atypical antipsychotics were included; results showed modest, statistically significant efficacy of olanzapine and risperidone, with minimal adverse effects at lower doses. Atypical antipsychotics are associated with an increased risk of stroke. There have been no RCTs designed to directly compare the efficacy of typical and atypical antipsychotics. Five trials of antidepressants were included; results showed no efficacy for treating neuropsychiatric symptoms other than depression, with the exception of 1 study of citalopram. For mood stabilizers, 3 RCTs investigating valproate showed no efficacy. Two small RCTs of carbamazepine had conflicting results. Two meta-analyses and 6 RCTs of cholinesterase inhibitors generally showed small, although statistically significant, efficacy. Two RCTs of memantine also had conflicting results for treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms.Pharmacological therapies are not particularly effective for management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Of the agents reviewed, the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and olanzapine currently have the best evidence for efficacy. However, the effects are modest and further complicated by an increased risk of stroke. Additional trials of cholinesterase inhibitors enrolling patients with high levels of neuropsychiatric symptoms may be warranted.
Skiagraphy of the Chest
Authors: G. Jessel
Journal: BMJ (1938)

with physical training the inevitable question arises as to whether meat is an essential constituent.There is no scientific evidence to show that meat is essential.The breakdown of the protein-containing tissues, particularly of muscle, during the performance of muscle work, pro- vided there is an adequate supply of fat and carbohydrate or, in other words, of the energy-giving foodstuffs, is negligible.Yet if one examines the great majority of
Signs of β-Cell Autoimmunity in Nondiabetic Schoolchildren
Authors: Anita Kondrashova, Hanna Viskari, Petri Kulmala, Anatolij Romanov, Jorma Ilonen, Heikki Hyöty, Mikael Knip
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—We sought to study the prevalence of autoantibodies to various islet cell antigens in the background population of two neighboring countries with a sixfold difference in the incidence of type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Serum samples were obtained from 3,652 nondiabetic schoolchildren in Finland and from 1,988 schoolchildren in the adjacent Karelian Republic of Russia. The Karelian children were divided into three groups (Finns/Karelians, Russians, and others) based on the ethnic background of their mother. The samples were analyzed for islet cell antibodies (ICAs), insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), GAD antibodies (GADAs), and the tyrosine phosphatase-like insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2A) protein and HLA class II genotypes. RESULTS—The frequency of ICAs, IAAs, and GADAs did not differ significantly between the Karelian (3.5, 0.6, and 0.9%, respectively) and Finnish children (2.8, 0.9, and 0.5%, respectively). Similarly, the frequency of multiple (≥2) autoantibodies was similar in both countries (0.5 vs. 0.6%). The frequency of IA-2A was, however, four times higher in Finland (0.6 vs. 0.15% in Russian Karelia; P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in autoantibody prevalence among the three ethnic groups in Russian Karelia. There was a falling frequency of GADAs and of positivity for multiple autoantibodies along with decreasing HLA-conferred disease susceptibility among the Finnish schoolchildren. CONCLUSIONS—These data indicate that β-cell autoimmunity among schoolchildren is as frequent in Russian Karelia as in Finland, although the incidence of clinical type 1 diabetes is six times higher in Finland. However, in contrast to this general trend, IA-2As were more common in Finland. Since IA-2As usually appear late in the preclinical process, this suggests that progressive β-cell autoimmunity is more rare in Russian Karelia.
Waiting time for first outpatient appointment.
Authors: H T Davies, I K Crombie, W A Macrae
Journal: BMJ (1993)

A substantial but prudent investment of finances is therefore essential to provide a safe service in which the clinical needs of patients are held to be primary.It is not acceptable that patients with diagnostic problems in headache, cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal tumours, pain, epilepsy, space occupying lesions, and dementia-to choose limited examples- should be kept waiting for skilled professional diagnosis, investigation, sympathetic management, and treatment.Waiting times in one specialty do not correlate with waiting times in others.The slogan "reduction of waiting lists" as applied to elective surgery or outpatient appointments is simplistic and may have no relevance to actual or imminent medical needs of patients and their families.Rectification of this unbalanced approach is overdue and should be brought to the attention of management and to politicians who reorganise the health service.We
The c-kit Ligand, Stem Cell Factor, Can Enhance Innate Immunity Through Effects on Mast Cells
Authors: Marcus Maurer, Bernd Echtenacher, Lothar Hültner, George Kollias, Daniela N. Männel, Keith E. Langley, Stephen J. Galli
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

Mast cells are thought to contribute significantly to the pathology and mortality associated with anaphylaxis and other allergic disorders. However, studies using genetically mast cell–deficient WBB6F1-KitW/KitW-v and congenic wild-type (WBB6F1-+/+) mice indicate that mast cells can also promote health, by participating in natural immune responses to bacterial infection. We previously reported that repetitive administration of the c-kit ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), can increase mast cell numbers in normal mice in vivo. In vitro studies have indicated that SCF can also modulate mast cell effector function. We now report that treatment with SCF can significantly improve the survival of normal C57BL/6 mice in a model of acute bacterial peritonitis, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Experiments in mast cell–reconstituted WBB6F1-KitW/KitW-v mice indicate that this effect of SCF treatment reflects, at least in part, the actions of SCF on mast cells. Repetitive administration of SCF also can enhance survival in mice that genetically lack tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, demonstrating that the ability of SCF treatment to improve survival after CLP does not solely reflect effects of SCF on mast cell– dependent (or –independent) production of TNF-α. These findings identify c-kit and mast cells as potential therapeutic targets for enhancing innate immune responses.
Rich Liver Diet in the Treatment of Anemias With Reports of Cases
Authors: T. P. MURDOCK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1927)

Article1 September 1927Rich Liver Diet in the Treatment of Anemias With Reports of CasesT. P. MURDOCK, M.D., F.A.C.P.T. P. MURDOCK, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-1-3-123 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThis paper is a report of six cases of pernicious anemia, four cases of secondary anemia, one case of atypical secondary anemia, and one case of Hodgkin's Disease treated by a diet rich in liver, after the method of Minot and Murphy (1).Whipple and Robbins (2) have said: "Any person who works with standard anemia dogs, and observes the ease with which hemoglobin regeneration can be controlled by diet factors, comes to believe that many types of human anemia may be treated to advantage by diet control, rather than by other methods."Prior to the Minot and Murphy paper...Bibliography(1) MINOTMURPHY GRWP: Journal of the American Medical Association, Aug. 14, 1926, Vol. lxxxvii, p. 740. Google Scholar(2) WHIPPLEROBSCHEIT-ROBBINS GHFS: American Journal of Physiology, Jan. 1927, Vol. lxxix, p. 268. Google Scholar(3) SIMMONDSBECKERMCCOLLUM NJEEV: Journal of the American Medical Association, April 2, 1927, Vol. lxxxiii, p. 1047. CrossrefGoogle Scholar(4) MURPHYMONROEFITZ WPRTR: Journal of the American Medical Association, April 16, 1927, lxxxviii, p. 1211. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Nextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByDie Behandlung der AnämienLiver diet and reticulocyte reaction in simple anemia.1 1 September 1927Volume 1, Issue 3Page: 123-128KeywordsAnemiaDietHemoglobinHodgkin lymphomaLiverPernicious anemiaRegenerative medicine Issue Published: 1 September 1927 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Hospital
Authors: JOHN E. CONTE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (formerly HTLV-III/LAV) is transmitted by sexual contact, by blood and blood products, and perinatally. There is no evidence for casual transmission. The risk to health care workers is low but appropriate infection control precautions should be taken. Specimens should be transported to the laboratory in plastic bags labeled with an easily recognized biohazard warning. Placing patients in private rooms is unnecessary unless a patient has an additional illness that requires such an arrangement. Disinfection, sterilization, housekeeping, and waste management must be done according to recommended guidelines. Asymptomatic hospital personnel with HIV antibody can safely engage in direct patient care. Routine HIV serologic screening of personnel or patients is not recommended. Counseling and HIV antibody testing should be offered to pregnant high-risk women. Laboratories that process specimens potentially containing HIV virus should adhere to maximum containment procedures. An intensive and continuing educational program on the epidemiology of HIV infection and appropriate infection control practice is recommended.
NHS chief is confident that only 20 trusts will not achieve foundation status by 2014
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<h3>Educational aims</h3> To explain the present importance of surgery in TB management. To describe the indications for surgery. To discuss the different stages of surgery, along with important points to consider. To present examples of data from one institution to help demonstrate the issues to be considered in surgical management. <h3>Summary</h3> Surgery remains an important adjunctive method in the treatment of MDR-TB. In this article, adapted from the European Respiratory Society (ERS) School Course on “Multi-resistant tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial disease”, held at the 2004 ERS congress in Glasgow, the indications for surgical management in patients with MDR-TB are discussed, together with data from 75 patients with MDR-TB operated on in the Sureyyapasa Thoracic and Cardiovascular Diseases Teaching Hospital, Turkey, between 1993 and 2003.
Risk of Birth Defects in Australian Communities with High Levels of Brominated Disinfection By-products
Authors: Kimberley Chisholm, Angus Cook, Carol Bower, Philip Weinstein
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

By international standards, water supplies in Perth, Western Australia, contain high trihalomethane (THM) levels, particularly the brominated forms. Geographic variability in these levels provided an opportunity to examine cross-city spatial relationships between THM exposure and rates of birth defects (BDs).Our goal was to examine BD rates by exposure to THMs with a highly brominated fraction in metropolitan locations in Perth, Western Australia.We collected water samples from 47 separate locations and analyzed them for total and individual THM concentrations (micrograms per liter), including separation into brominated forms. We classified collection areas by total THM (TTHM) concentration: low (< 60 microg/L), medium (> 60 to < 130 microg/L), and high (> or = 130 microg/L). We also obtained deidentified registry-based data on total births and BDs (2000-2004 inclusive) from post codes corresponding to water sample collection sites and used binomial logistic regression to compare the frequency of BDs aggregately and separately for the TTHM exposure groups, adjusting for maternal age and socioeconomic status.Total THMs ranged from 36 to 190 microg/L. A high proportion of the THMs were brominated (on average, 92%). Women living in high-TTHM areas showed an increased risk of any BD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.48] and for the major category of any cardiovascular BD (OR = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.04-2.51), compared with women living in low-TTHM areas.Brominated forms constituted the significant fraction of THMs in all areas. Small but statistically significant increases in risks of BDs were associated with residence in areas with high THMs.