tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a system using oral mucosal transudate for HIV-1 antibody screening and confirmatory testing. OraSure HIV Clinical Trials Group
Authors: D. Gallo
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To determine accuracy of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody testing system using a device to collect and stabilize oral mucosal transudate (OMT), a fluid with increased levels of IgG; an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) screening test optimized for OMT; and a Western blot confirmatory test designed for use with OMT.The OMT specimens were tested by EIA and, if indicated, confirmatory Western blot according to a standard testing algorithm. The OMT results were compared with true HIV status as determined by serum testing and/or clinical diagnosis.Specimens from 3570 subjects (2382 at low risk, 698 at high risk, 242 with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS], and 248 "nonspecificity" [persons with diseases associated with an increased frequency of false-positive results in HIV testing]) were collected at 11 geographically diverse sites (including blood banks, public health clinics, general medical clinics, HIV clinics, sexually transmitted disease clinics, and a hemophilia center) in the United States.Overall accuracy of testing OMT for HIV-1 antibodies compared with true HIV-1 antibody status; sensitivity and specificity of OMT EIA and Western blot.Sensitivity of OMT EIA testing in 673 true-positive subjects was 99.9% (672/673). The OMT Western blot results in the 673 true-positive subjects were positive in 665 and indeterminate in 8. The EIA followed by Western blot (if EIA was repeatedly reactive) yielded a negative result in 99.9% (2893/2897) of OMT samples from true negatives and an indeterminate result in 4. The OMT testing system provided the correct result or would trigger appropriate follow-up testing in 3569 (>99.9%) of 3570 cases.HIV-1 antibody testing of OMT samples is a highly accurate alternative to serum testing.
Screening for leukemia- and clone-specific markers at birth in children with T-cell precursor ALL suggests a predominantly postnatal origin
Authors: Susanna Fischer, Georg Mann, Marianne Konrad, Markus Metzler, Georg Ebetsberger, Neil Jones, Bertrand Nadel, Olaf Bodamer, Oskar A. Haas, Klaus Schmitt, E. Renate Panzer-Grümayer
Journal: Blood (2007)
Trial is needed of ACE inhibitors plus beta blockers in survivors of myocardial infarction
Authors: F. A McAlister
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR—Mehta and Eagle have provided an overview of secondary prevention in survivors of myocardial infarction.1 As well as striving to increase the use of efficacious treatments in these patients, we must be aware of the potential for polypharmacy (and its effects on patient compliance and healthcare costs).

Clinical trials have established that aspirin, β blockers, statins, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are all associated with survival benefits when tested individually in survivors of myocardial infarction, but we need more information on the incremental benefits (and costs) when several (or all …
A STUDY OF QUANTITATIVE CHANGES OF THE SHOPE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS AT THE SITE OF INOCULATION IN THE SKIN OF THE COTTONTAIL AND DOMESTIC RABBIT
Authors: Thorolf Packalén
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1941)

By excising after varying intervals the site of inoculation of the rabbit skin injected intracutaneously with the Shope papilloma virus and titrating its virus content, it has been shown that demonstrable active virus disappears from the skin within approximately 24 hours. The disappearance of most of the virus within such a short time as 15 to 60 minutes makes a transportation of virus from the site of inoculation as a responsible factor unlikely. The rate of disappearance seems to be the same both in the domestic and in the cottontail rabbit.
ARTERIOVENOUS PULMONARY FISTULA
Authors: Benjamin Gasul
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Your editorial inThe Journalof Jan. 12, 1952, on arteriovenous pulmonary fistula states, "A constant radiological finding is that of one or more nonprogressive pulmonary lesions that are seen as round masses, and which on fluoroscopic examination may be seen to pulsate." We are reporting two cases in which pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysm were looked for ante mortem with x-ray and fluoroscopy and were not seen. The lesions may be so situated that these methods fail to reveal the lesion and they are brought out only by angiography.
Cantharidin-induced acantholysis in Darier's disease: does acantholysis initiate dyskeratosis?
Authors: J.A. YELL, S.M. BURGE, D. DEAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Summary We have examined the action of cantharidin on the skin of patients with Darier's disease, and used immunohistological techniques to determine the distribution of desmosomal components, keratin intermediate filaments, and proteases in cantharidin-induced blisters. Cantharidin induced acantho- lysis, but the presence of acantholysis did not trigger the development of the characteristic warty, dyskeratotic papules in patients with Darier's disease. The distribution of desmosomal components. keratins and proteases within the acantholytic keratinocytes in the cantharidin-induced blisters was similar to that previously found in acantholytic cells within lesions of Darier's disease: peripheral staining for extracellular desmosomal components was reduced: some desmosomal components were detected diffusely in the acantholytic cells: basal cell keratin markers were expressed by some suprabasal acantholytic cells, and plasminogen was detected in association with acantholytic cells. Cleavage of desmosomes did not reveal the underlying abnormality in Darier's disease.
Combination of broad molecular screening and cytogenetic analysis for genetic risk assignment and diagnosis in patients with acute leukemia
Authors: S Meyer-Monard, V Parlier, J Passweg, D Mühlematter, U Hess, M Bargetzi, T Kühne, C Cabrol, A Gratwohl, M Jotterand, A Tichelli
Journal: Leukemia (2006)
Acute Respiratory Failure after Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Authors: WISSAM CHATILA, SATOSHI FURUKAWA, GERARD J. CRINER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

In this study, we characterized patients who developed respiratory failure postoperatively after lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). We retrospectively reviewed the records of 72 patients who underwent LVRS from February 1995 to February 1998, examining perioperative variables and complications. Twenty-one patients (29%) developed postoperative respiratory failure, five due to hypoxemia, nine due to hypercapnia, and seven secondary to hemodynamic instability. The hospital mortality was 33% among patients who developed respiratory failure. No preoperative clinical or physiologic variable (including percent ideal body weight, serum albumin, prednisone use, lung function, maximal O(2) uptake on exercise testing, 6-min walk distance, and hemodynamic parameters) was predictive of postoperative respiratory failure. Patients who developed respiratory failure were older (63 +/- 7 versus 57 +/- 8 yr, p = 0.01), had longer anesthesia time (188 +/- 96 versus 127 +/- 56 min, p = 0.001), had a higher incidence of coronary artery disease (40% versus 10%, p = 0.001) and performance of concomitant surgical procedures during the LVRS operation (40% versus 2%, p < 0.001) compared with those without respiratory failure. All patients who underwent simultaneous surgery, which were mostly for cardiac disease, developed respiratory failure. Risk factor analysis confirmed that older patients and those undergoing cardiac surgery combined with LVRS are at increased risk for postoperative respiratory failure.
Genome screen for asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness: Interactions with passive smoke exposure
Authors: Deborah A. Meyers, Dirkje S. Postma, O. Colin Stine, Gerard H. Koppelman, Elizabeth J. Ampleford, Hajo Jongepier, Timothy D. Howard, Eugene R. Bleecker
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)
Law is introduced in US Congress to give access to details of clinical trials
Authors: Bob Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Public access to information on clinical trials and their outcomes would become universal and unfettered in the United States under a proposed law that was introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate earlier this month.

The Fair Access to Clinical Trials Act would require registration of all human clinical trials involving drugs, “biologics” (blood products, vaccines, gene therapy tissue, and so on), and medical devices at an online database operated by the National Institutes of Health (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/).

It would require institutional review boards to deny a trial a stamp of approval unless it was registered in the database. And …
Primary Umbilical Neoplasm Demonstrated on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Yiyan Liu
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Primary umbilical neoplasm is very rare, even though there are scattered case reports about the umbilical metastases known as Sister Mary Joseph's nodules. A 51-year-old man presented with an umbilical mass. Surgical biopsy showed infiltrating neoplasm with glandular and focal papillary architecture. FDG PET/CT demonstrated a focus of abnormal uptake located in the umbilicus, without evidence of a primary tumor elsewhere. Further investigations with EGD, colonoscopy, and cystoscopy were all negative for a neoplasm. The whole-body FDG PET/CT is an ideal imaging modality for evaluation of an umbilical lesion, especially identification or exclusion of a primary neoplasm elsewhere.
Newer non-oral hormonal contraception
Authors: D. Bateson, K. McNamee, P. Briggs
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A 24 year old nulliparous woman asks for a repeat supply of her combined oral contraception. She mentions that she sometimes forgets to take it and asks about alternatives that don’t rely on daily pill taking. She is a non-smoker, has no contraindications to combined hormonal contraception, and had heavy menstrual bleeding before using oral contraception.

This article concentrates on the newer non-oral hormonal methods of contraception (table 1⇓):

View this table:

Table 1  
Summary of newer non-oral hormonal contraceptives





Transdermal patch (Evra). Jacek Kutyba/Dreamstime.com





Vaginal ring (NuvaRing). Permission from Family Planning NSW





Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (IUS) (Mirena). Permission from Family Planning NSW





Single rod, progestogen-only implant (Nexplanon or Implanon NXT) Permission from Family Planning NSW



User errors are more common with methods that rely on frequent activity—for example, taking a pill daily. Table 2⇓ summarises failure rates for different contraceptive methods (and for a useful counselling tool to use with patients, see the Web Extra figure on bmj.com). The efficacy of the patch (weekly activity) and the vaginal ring (monthly activity) is similar to that of the combined pill.2 An analysis of US data estimated that the combined pill has a failure rate of 0.3% for perfect use (achieved under research conditions) and 9% for typical use (which includes user error) in the first year of use.3 Long acting methods, including the progestogen-only implant and IUS, do not rely on ongoing user administration; they are thus more effective than shorter acting methods, and are sometimes referred to as “fit and forget” methods.

View this table:

Table 2 
Currently …
Health Services Research: Now More Than Ever
Authors: Clifton R. Gaus
Journal: JAMA (1995)

With the collapse of health system reform efforts in Congress, all eyes are turning to the states and the private sector for leadership in reshaping our health care system. But there remains a critical role for the federal government in health care, particularly in research. In addition to the biomedical research that results in discoveries made at the National Institutes of Health, an equally important area involves finding ways to ensure that such discoveries are translated into interventions that work for patients. Health systems research—producing and disseminating scientific and policy-relevant information about the medical effectiveness, quality, and cost of health care—is the role of the AHCPR, which Congress created in 1989. This is the only federal agency charged with studying what actually works in real-world medical care settings and how much value Americans are getting for the hundreds of billions of dollars spent on health care each year. To physicians,
Calcineurin, myocardial hypertrophy, and electrical remodeling
Authors: R Wolk
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

See article by Dong et al. [7] (pages 320–332) in this issue. 

The pathogenesis of cardiac ventricular hypertrophy (CVH), both compensated and that associated with cardiac dysfunction, has attracted a lot of attention and this field still continues to expand. This huge clinical and scientific interest is related to the fact that CVH has been identified as a powerful risk factor for total and cardiovascular mortality. Interestingly, the Framingham study also demonstrated that CVH significantly increases the risk of sudden cardiac death, both in men and in women [1]. Subsequent studies provided evidence that cardiac arrhythmias are an important mechanism contributing to the high mortality and sudden death in patients with CVH [2–4]. Not surprisingly, a lot of effort has been expended to characterize the electrophysiological phenotype and to elucidate the mechanisms of arrhythmias in CVH.

New research tools have been provided with the advent of modern molecular biology techniques. Thus it is now possible to up- or down-regulate cardiac expression of various elements of intracellular signaling pathways in order to investigate their specific role in the process of myocardial normal growth as well as pathological remodeling. One such signaling pathway (although not the only one) is calcineurin-dependent activation of intracellular transcription factors.

Calcineurin is an intracellular protein phosphatase regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin and activated by micromolar calcium concentrations [5]. Calcineurin and its downstream transcriptional effector NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cell) mediate cardiac hypertrophic responses initiated by increases in cytoplasmic calcium. Overexpression of calcineurin in mice has been previously shown to lead to extensive CVH, heart failure, and sudden death [6]. In the present issue of the Journal, Dong et al. [7] present new experimental data that shed some new light on the mechanisms of sudden death and cardiac electrophysiological remodeling in mice with … 

* Present address: Mayo Foundation, St. Mary's Hospital, DO-4-350, 1216 Second St. SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA. Tel.: +1-507-255-1144; fax: +1-507-255-7070. wolk.robert{at}mayo.edu
Penicillin-Resistant Gonorrhea
Authors: Pearl Ma
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In regard to the answer to queries in the Letters toThe Journalcolumn (<b>179</b>:305 [Jan. 27] 1962), the confusion between the so called penicillin-resistant gonococci and the Mimeae tribe, may be exaggerated. The latter derives its name from the fact that it resembles the Neisseria morphologically and tinctorially and appears as in
Insult to Injury: Ethical Confusion in American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care
Authors: Jeffrey T. Berger
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2010)

Bishop and colleagues (2010) lament the misuse of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders in the United States. Certainly, the medical literature on clinical outcome...
What Percentage of Patients with Angina Pectoris Are Candidates for Bypass Grafts?
Authors: EPHRAIM GLASSMAN, FRANK C. SPENCER, DAVID A. TICE, BARBARA WEISINGER, GEORGE E. GREEN
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Of 63 patients evaluated for chest pain, 54 were found to have severe angina pectoris and major coronary arterial obstruction. Operation was considered feasible in 52 patients. Neither the angiographic demonstration of distal patent segments nor the apparent size of such segments was significant in selecting surgical candidates.
Indications for and use of inferior vena cava filters in the preoperative phase
Authors: P. Bakshi, J. Partridge, J. Dhesi
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A 66 year old man presented for preoperative assessment and optimisation before a left thoracoabdominal oesophagectomy for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (T3N2). He had undergone three cycles of chemotherapy and developed a deep vein thrombosis in the right popliteal vein. He was started on low molecular weight heparin. His medical history included deep vein thrombosis of the right leg and pulmonary embolism four years ago, myocardial infarction, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia. 

His history of venous thromboembolism and high ongoing thrombotic risk meant that lifelong anticoagulation was indicated. The need for surgery made it necessary to interrupt therapeutic anticoagulation within two months of his venous thromboembolism. Repeat Doppler scans of the right leg undertaken as part of the preoperative assessment and optimisation process showed residual thrombosis. 



### 1 How should patients with previous venous thromboembolism be managed preoperatively?

#### Short answer

Preoperative management depends on the history of venous thromboembolism, the patient’s risk profile, the type of surgery that is planned, and the patient’s renal function. All patients at risk of venous thromboembolism should be prescribed antiembolic stockings and pharmacological thromboprophylaxis unless contraindicated.

#### Long answer

The importance of thromboprophylaxis in preventing deep vein thrombosis was established more than three decades ago.1 Because deep vein thrombosis can lead to fatal pulmonary embolism—the most common preventable risk factor for inpatient mortality2—perioperative thromboprophylaxis has become the norm in at risk patients. Current National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines suggest that any patient at risk of venous thromboembolism (for example, previous venous thromboembolism, cancer surgery, age over 60 years, or serious …
Effects of High Protein Intakes on Cholesterolemia and Atherogenesis in Growing and Mature Chickens Fed High-Fat, High-Cholesterol Diets
Authors: R. PICK, J. STAMLER, L. N. KATZ, D. CENTURY, P. JOHNSON
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

Atherogenesis can be modified by the amount of protein in the diet, both in young, growing cockerels and in mature roosters and hens on high-cholesterol, high-fat diets. Protein supplementation suppresses atherosclerosis while low-protein enhances it. Any nutritionally good protein--animal or vegetable--was found to have this effect. The hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis-promoting effect of butter and egg yolk could be prevented by the simultaneous feeding of large amounts of casein or egg albumen respectively. Unlike ordinary hens, oviduct-ligated hens on high-fat, high-cholesterol diets failed to exhibit intensified hypercholesterolemia and atheroselerosis on the low-protein ration.
FUNCTIONAL AND METABOLIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Zanvil A. Cohn, Stephen I. Morse
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

The phagocytosis and intracellular destruction of bacteria by rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes has been studied in vitro under defined conditions. The efficient and continuing ingestion of bacteria was dependent upon (a) opsonic factors present in fresh rabbit serum as well as upon, (b) the availability of an adequate supply of glucose in the medium. The effects of selected enzymatic inhibitors on the metabolic and functional activities of the leucocytes was investigated. Cyanide which inhibited oxygen consumption had no effect on the ingestion or inactivation of bacteria, Iodoacetate and arsenite which blocked glycolysis produced a marked inhibition in particle ingestion. 2,4-Dinitrophenol which stimulated both oxygen consumption and glycolysis, depressed phagocytosis after a 1 hour latent period. It was concluded that phagocytosis was an energy-requiring process in which glycolysis served as the most important source of energy. Leucocytes which were ingesting heat-killed bacteria exhibited increases in oxygen consumption, glucose utilization, and lactic acid synthesis. The effect of particle ingestion on glycogen metabolism was characterized by an initial period of glycogenolysis followed by an enhanced rate of glycogen synthesis. Leucocytes which had previously ingested heat-killed bacteria also demonstrated increased rates of phagocytosis.
CHARACTER OF STUDENT AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Authors: Weston D. Gardner
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> "What sort of men are coming up in our ranks?" This question must occasionally come to the physician's mind as the years since his entry into practice slip by. Only a fraction of American physicians can witness the education of the next generation of practitioners. Many doctors work with interns and residents in community hospitals, but a considerable number do not encounter the profession's recruits until there is a new arrival in town or conversations occur at meetings. With the present concern over the moral fiber of youth and reports of disturbing influences on university students, it is reasonable to wonder about the men and women we are training to succeed us in times of social and economic challenge. Those who are engaged in the tasks of medical education are spared the fears of the general public. Medical students in general have already faced the major postadolescent
Abstract LB-148: Inflammatory cytokines alter the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to endocrine treatments
Authors: Joshua D. Stender, Irida Kastrati, Maayan Yakir, Jonna Frasor, Christopher K. Glass
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract In breast cancer, infiltration of macrophages establishes an inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which can foster an extremely aggressive and therapy resistant tumor. Although inflammatory cytokines are known to modulate the transcriptional potential of estrogens and contribute to an endocrine-resistant state in cell-based model systems, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. We have used the human breast cancer cell-line MCF-7, an estrogen receptor α(ERα) positive and inflammatory cytokine sensitive cell line, to define the global impact inflammatory cytokines on the ERα cistrome and ERα-dependent transcriptional activity using next-generation sequencing methods. IL-1β and TNFα treatments establish an ERα cistrome that substantially overlaps with the E2-dependent ERα cistrome and results in ERα-dependent, ligand-independent activation of gene expression. Cytokine stimulation of MCF-7 cells results in phosphorylation of ERα at S305 which drives the ligand-independent activation of ERα. Pharmacological inhibition of IKKα/β blocks cytokine-dependent S305 phosphorylation, inhibits the cytokine-dependent ERα cistome, and abolishes cytokine-dependent gene activation. Additionally, S305 phosphorylation by cytokine treatments blocks the ability of tamoxifen to inhibit the expression of a subset of E2-dependent target genes and mutation of S305 to alanine restores tamoxifen sensitivity in the presence of IL-1β or TNFα. Collectively, these results provide molecular details dictating how inflammatory cytokines activate the transcriptional potential of ERα and drive an endocrine-resistant state in human breast cancer cells. In addition, they highlight the potential for anti-inflammatory therapies to be utilized in the treatment of patients with tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Citation Format: Joshua D. Stender, Irida Kastrati, Maayan Yakir, Jonna Frasor, Christopher K. Glass. Inflammatory cytokines alter the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to endocrine treatments. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-148. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-148