tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CELL WALL MUCOPEPTIDE OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Jiři Rotta, Blahoslav Bednář
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1969)

Several of the toxic properties of streptococcal mucopeptide have been studied in detail. Intravenous injection of as little as 1 µg of mucopeptide, solubilized by ultrasonic treatment, elicits a reproducible febrile response. Rabbits which are made tolerant to Escherichia coli endotoxin are only partially tolerant to the subsequent injection of streptococcal mucopeptide. Soluble mucopeptide was successfully employed to prepare and provoke the localized Shwartzman reaction. Intravenous injection of 80 µg of solubilized mucopeptide leads to diffuse cellular infiltration as well as focal areas of myocardial necrosis, surrounded by inflammatory cells.
Selective contribution of two types of carotid sinus baroreceptors to the control of blood pressure.
Authors: J L Seagard, F A Hopp, H A Drummond, D M Van Wynsberghe
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

This study was performed to determine if selective elimination of afferent input from two different types of previously described baroreceptors altered the ability of the dog to regulate blood pressure (BP), examining specifically if there was differential loss of baroreceptor control of tonic levels of baseline pressure versus dynamic changes in pressure. In the first series of experiments in this study, anodal block of the carotid sinus nerve was used to selectively block afferent input in a sequence from large-diameter A-fiber carotid baroreceptors (mostly type I) to smaller A-fiber and nonmyelinated C-fiber baroreceptors (mostly type II). In the second series of experiments, anesthetic block of the carotid sinus nerve with bupivacaine was used to selectively eliminate afferent input in reverse order from anodal block, first blocking input from baroreceptors with small afferent fibers and then additionally eliminating input from the larger-diameter A-fiber baroreceptors. The effects of selective elimination of each baroreceptor type were determined by monitoring baseline BP during constant carotid sinus pressure (CSP) perfusion of a vascularly isolated carotid sinus (tonic control) and obtaining baroreflex sensitivity (slope) during ramp pressure stimulations of the carotid sinus (dynamic control) under various blocking conditions. Low levels of anodal block significantly attenuated baroreflex sensitivity (-0.84 +/- 0.11 versus -0.63 +/- 0.10 mm Hg BP/mm Hg CSP) at levels of block that had no effect on tonic baseline BP (158.41 +/- 9.5 versus 160.7 +/- 9.5 mm Hg BP). In contrast, low levels of bupivacaine block produced significant increases in tonic BP (158.8 +/- 6.4 versus 169.0 +/- 6.5 mm Hg BP), whereas there was no effect on dynamic baroreflex sensitivity (-0.85 +/- 0.08 versus -0.73 +/- 0.08 mm Hg BP/mm Hg CSP). Thus, blocking large A-fiber baroreceptors resulted in significant decreases in baroreflex sensitivity without changes in baseline levels of BP, indicating primarily an attenuation in dynamic baroreflex regulation. Blocking of smaller A-fiber and unmyelinated C-fiber baroreceptors resulted in smaller decreases in baroreflex sensitivity and significant elevations in baseline BP, indicating a loss of tonic control of pressure. These results suggest that the two types of baroreceptors contribute differently to the regulation of blood pressure.
Abstract 3536: The biphasic mechanism of TNF-alpha mediated modulation of mdr1 expression and chemosensitization of colon cancer cells is linked to the NFkappaB pathway
Authors: Wolfgang Walther, Lisa Bauer, Jutta Aumann, Ulrike Stein
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one major cause for cancer chemotherapy failure. Therefore, numerous overcoming strategies have been tested for tumor chemosensitization. Among these, persistent action of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) showed great potential for downregulation of MDR-associated genes, particularly for the ABC-transporter P-glycoprotein Pgp, encoded by the mdr1 gene. These cytokine-mediated effects are still under controversial discussion, since transient action of TNF was shown to increase mdr1 expression, whereas persistent TNF action reduces mdr1 expression. Key mediator for this is the transcription factor NFkappaB/p65. This factor is acting via binding to NFkappaB/p65 consensus sequences within the mdr1 promoter. To determine the cellular mechanisms of TNF mediated modulation of mdr1 expression, we analyzed transient and persistent effects in regard to biphasic NFkappaB signaling in colon carcinoma cells. The mdr1 overexpressing, multidrug resistant human HCT15 colon carcinoma cells were treated for transient 30 to 120 min or long-term, 24 to 96 h incubations with TNF. The TNF mediated modulation of mdr1 expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western-blot. Involvement of TNF-receptor I or II and time-dependent analysis of NFkappaB/p65 signaling was determined by Western blot, luciferase cell signaling reporter assay and EMSA. Our studies revealed that the persistent long-term action of TNF leads to down-regulation of mdr1 at mRNA and protein level. We showed, that this effect is mediated by TNF-receptor I, which is known to trigger the NFkappaB/p65 pathway. More importantly, the persistent TNF action on the colon cancer cells abolishes TNF mediated induction of the NFkappaB/p65 signaling, associated with reduced nuclear accumulation of NFkappaB/p65 and also its impaired binding to the consensus sequence of the mdr1 promoter. This study supports the biphasic nature of TNF action and points to the contrary effects of transient or persistent action of this cytokine. It provides insights into mechanism of MDR overcoming in colon cancer and potential clues for effects associated with chronic inflammation of the intestine Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3536.
Cause-Specific Risk of Hospital Admission Related to Extreme Heat in Older Adults
Authors: Jennifer F. Bobb, Ziad Obermeyer, Yun Wang, Francesca Dominici
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Heat exposure is known to have a complex set of physiological effects on multiple organ systems, but current understanding of the health effects is mostly based on studies investigating a small number of prespecified health outcomes such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.To identify possible causes of hospital admissions during extreme heat events and to estimate their risks using historical data.Matched analysis of time series data describing daily hospital admissions of Medicare enrollees (23.7 million fee-for-service beneficiaries [aged ≥65 years] per year; 85% of all Medicare enrollees) for the period 1999 to 2010 in 1943 counties in the United States with at least 5 summers of near-complete (>95%) daily temperature data.Heat wave periods, defined as 2 or more consecutive days with temperatures exceeding the 99th percentile of county-specific daily temperatures, matched to non-heat wave periods by county and week.Daily cause-specific hospitalization rates by principal discharge diagnosis codes, grouped into 283 disease categories using a validated approach.Risks of hospitalization for fluid and electrolyte disorders, renal failure, urinary tract infection, septicemia, and heat stroke were statistically significantly higher on heat wave days relative to matched non-heat wave days, but risk of hospitalization for congestive heart failure was lower (P < .05). Relative risks for these disease groups were 1.18 (95% CI, 1.12-1.25) for fluid and electrolyte disorders, 1.14 (95% CI, 1.06-1.23) for renal failure, 1.10 (95% CI, 1.04-1.16) for urinary tract infections, 1.06 (95% CI, 1.00-1.11) for septicemia, and 2.54 (95% CI, 2.14-3.01) for heat stroke. Absolute risk differences were 0.34 (95% CI, 0.22-0.46) excess admissions per 100,000 individuals at risk for fluid and electrolyte disorders, 0.25 (95% CI, 0.12-0.39) for renal failure, 0.24 (95% CI, 0.09-0.39) for urinary tract infections, 0.21 (95% CI, 0.01-0.41) for septicemia, and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.10-0.22) for heat stroke. For fluid and electrolyte disorders and heat stroke, the risk of hospitalization increased during more intense and longer-lasting heat wave periods (P < .05). Risks were generally highest on the heat wave day but remained elevated for up to 5 subsequent days.Among older adults, periods of extreme heat were associated with increased risk of hospitalization for fluid and electrolyte disorders, renal failure, urinary tract infection, septicemia, and heat stroke. However, the absolute risk increase was small and of uncertain clinical importance.
Mandatory HIV Testing of Youth
Authors: Karen Hein
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Mandatory testing for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in American youth could be a win-win proposition if it benefited young people or society. Neither case is true. Yet mandatory HIV testing policies exist in two of the largest youth employment-training programs in the nation: the Job Corps and all branches of the military. Hundreds of thousands of adolescents under 21 years of age apply to these organizations in hopes of improving their lot in life by gaining new skills while being paid. No one applies because he or she wants an HIV test. A positive HIV test means an end to those hopes. Youths who test HIV positive are not admitted to the military, and the same was true in the Job Corps until 1989. That year, according to Job Corps officials, the policy was changed to reflect the Job Corps' ability to offer
Cocktail Party Nephrology
Authors: David S. Goldfarb
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Massachusetts and California — Two Kinds of Hospital Cost Control
Authors: David M. Kinzer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

The two recent descriptions in the Journal of the health-care cost-control systems in Massachusetts1 and California2 support the observation that the country is being pulled in two opposite directions at once, as frantic efforts are made to control ever-rising health-care expenditures.The two states have long presented sharp contrasts in the organization and sponsorship of their health services and in their patterns of medical practice. Now they are taking different approaches to the problem of controlling health-care expenses.The contrast in the two approaches could hardly be more extreme, as evidenced by the two Journal descriptions. The California approach incorporates . . .
Asthma Mortality Rate Raises Questions, Emphasizes Need to Determine Facts of Situation
Authors: Timothy F. Kirn
Journal: JAMA (1988)

IS IT NO longer true that "the asthmatic pants into old age," as Sir William Osler himself maintained? Some epidemiologists are worried that asthma mortality rates are increasing. The major concern is that the pollutants poured into the atmosphere every day may be aggravating the condition of asthmatics, leading to an increased number of deaths. The rise has been reported consistently by countries with good epidemiologic surveillance, says Robert Goldstein, MD, PhD, chief of the Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology Branch of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Md. During the 1960s, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand reported increases in deaths attributed to asthma. For years previously, those countries had experienced relatively stable asthma mortality rates. So had Denmark and Sweden, which reported a steady, progressive rise later, starting around 1975. <h3>Noted Four Years Ago</h3> In the United States, the increase was first noted in 1984.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTERIAL LOAD AND LV CONCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY ASSESSED WITH MRI
Authors: Julio A. Chirinos, Prithvi Shiva-Kumar, Rahul Chandrashekhar, Philip Haines, Amin Vakilipour, Hassam Saif, Walter Witschey, Nirzari Pandya, Patrick Segers, Victor Ferrari, Scott Akers
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme: finding the gaps
Authors: Prasanta Raghab Mohapatra, Manoj K Panigrahi, Sourin Bhuniya
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2014)

The study by Clasen and colleagues1Clasen T Boisson S Routray P et al.Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial.Lancet Glob Health. 2014; 2: e645-e653Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (346) Google Scholar does not have enough evidence for the effectiveness of the sanitation programme, but denotes the clear message that the health benefits might not be assumed only by construction of latrines. We doctors, having grown up in villages of Odisha, are aware of the practice of many people using latrines initially and then moving to a nearby pond to clean their anal orifice with their hand. These practices lead to contaminate water, hands, and soil. Poor adherence to toilet use at home can also be attributed to the traditional habit of defecating in the open air while visiting field crops. Many children aged 6–18 months defecate on the floor and then take their contaminated fingers to their mouth. Transformation of sanitation-related knowledge into routine practice is hindered by traditional mindsets and the absence of awareness and an attitude to learn. Poverty has been described as a barrier to following safe hygiene practices.2Barrett R Randle J Hand hygiene practices: nursing students' perceptions.J Clin Nurs. 2008; 17: 1851-1857Crossref PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar Regular use of footwear is equally important for the prevention of soil-transmitted helminth infection. Personal and domestic hygiene practices are difficult to improve without upgrading basic amenities, such as water supply, waste water disposal, and solid waste management.3Nath KJ Home hygiene and environmental sanitation: a country situation analysis for India.Int J Env Health Res. 2003; 13: S19-S28Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar Health education could be a very promising approach to improve awareness and encourage the adoption of good hygienic practice. The integration of health education and practice to fill the gaps of understanding of what works and what does not work is needed. We also need to keep focused on the important task of winning the battle for rural sanitation. Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trialIncreased latrine coverage is generally believed to be effective for reducing exposure to faecal pathogens and preventing disease; however, our results show that this outcome cannot be assumed. As efforts to improve sanitation are being undertaken worldwide, approaches should not only meet international coverage targets, but should also be implemented in a way that achieves uptake, reduces exposure, and delivers genuine health gains. Full-Text PDF Open Access
Tougher penalties, including imprisonment, are urged for misuse of personal data
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Criminal sanctions, including imprisonment, should be brought in for people who misuse personal health data, the UK Nuffield Council on Bioethics has recommended in a new report.1

Arguing that greater reassurance on data security is needed to achieve the wholehearted support of the public for “big data” projects, the report says that existing legislation needs to be strengthened to make misuse a criminal offence, whether or not such misuse causes demonstrable harm to individuals. At present the Data Protection Act provides grounds for an action under civil but not criminal law.

The report says that current data projects have the potential to generate new knowledge, improve medical practice, increase service efficiency, and drive innovation. These projects include …
A PRACTICAL OZONE INHALER.
Authors: W. SCHEPPEGRELL
Journal: JAMA (1898)

In the October issue of theJournalthere is described "A Scientific Ozone Inhaler," by Dr. Cyrus Edson of New York City. Ozone is a useful remedial agent, which has been used to advantage in many pathologic conditions, but the apparatus described is not a conservative method of generating this gas, as but a small portion of electric energy is utilized for this purpose. It compares with the<i>scientific</i>method of generating ozone very much as the heating capacity of a single steam-pipe does with that of a modern steam radiator. The most economical and practical method of generating ozone is by means of the ozonizer first described by Siemens, and which I have used in the treatment of diseases of the nose, throat and ear for some years, and described in the<i>Journal of Laryngology</i>, London, July, 1987.
"MEDICAL EDUCATION; PAST AND PRESENT"
Authors: Walter C. Alvarez
Journal: JAMA (1923)

To the Editor:  —While agreeing with most of the views expressed by Dr. Witherspoon (The Journal, April 28, p. 1191), I think some comment should be made in regard to his third objection to the employment of full-time teachers:  There is no place in the actual practice of medicine for sustained medical research. It is condemned by law, and, according to all moral standards, is a reprehensible practice. No man employs a physician to advance science at his expense and risk. No man would knowingly tolerate it. If a student is taught to do research work on his patients in the university hospital and is complimented on something great or small in connection with it, he might become convinced that that was a proper or permissible course—convinced, in a word, that the patient is only a sort of advanced laboratory animal. Could he then reasonably be expected to disgorge his
A few lessons about drugs and gun crime
Authors: Ademola Odunfa
Journal: BMJ (2007)

I arrived in Jamaica in April 1990 after landing a job at the Ministry of National Security in Kingston. I was there to boost the ministry's pathology staff because of the country's high murder rate. Jamaica has been variously described as the most violent or dangerous place on earth, although it also has one of the highest numbers of churches per square mile.

With our young family of five my wife and I were received warmly by staff. Most of my medical training had taken place in Nigeria, but we quickly settled into our new surroundings, and the work began in earnest.

Kingston is a highly volatile city of about one million inhabitants. The notorious downtown area is a place you don't visit after 6 pm unless you are armed, ready to battle for your life, or both. Murder here was seen as just one of those things, and nobody really batted an eyelid. The only thing the relatives asked you after a …
Selective Portal Hypertension with Isolated Duodenojejunal Varices
Authors: Howard Rosen, William Silen, Morris Simon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

EXTRAHEPATIC obstruction of the portal venous system almost always involves primarily the portal vein, although extension of the process to the superior mesenteric vein has been observed. Thus, the uncommon occurrence of duodenal and jejunal varices has previously been described only in association with esophageal and gastric varices.1 2 3 4 In the case reported below, bleeding was from isolated jejunal varices caused by obstruction of the superior mesenteric vein in the presence of normal portal and splenic veins, a circumstance never previously recorded. The correct preoperative diagnosis was suggested on the basis of the history, radiographic appearance of the jejunum and previous . . .
Secretory IgA in Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: D. B. Kaufman, R. Katz, R. M. McIntosh
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Secretory IgA, measured by radial immunodiffusion, was compared in the urine of children with chronic and recurrent non-obstructive urinary tract infections with that in normal children. IgA, IgG, and IgM were also measured. Absent and low levels of IgA(s) were found in both groups; however, the mean levels of IgA(s) were significantly higher in the infected group compared with normals—3·3 to 0·78 mg./24 hours, respectively. Secretory IgA was found to be locally produced in the bladder. It is suggested that IgA(s) levels reflect an antibody response to infection.
Sustaining Primary Health Care
Authors: V. S. Raleigh
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Anne LaFond Earthscan, £13.95, pp 218 ISBN 1 85383 202 2

Although notable health gains have been achieved in developing countries by improving preventive and curative care, most developing countries are still unable to provide sustainable and affordable quality health care for the majority of their populations. Health care interventions are often short lived, and health gains transient, because national governments cannot afford to maintain the recurrent costs of such interventions. Reconciling short term “quick fixes” with building long term local capabilities for delivering health care--and the financial mechanisms to sustain them--is a goal that has eluded most developing countries, particularly the poorest ones. Foreign assistance has all too often exacerbated these tensions rather than easing them.

In Sustaining Primary Health …
Prevalence of challenge-proven IgE-mediated food allergy using population-based sampling and predetermined challenge criteria in infants
Authors: Nicholas J. Osborne, Jennifer J. Koplin, Pamela E. Martin, Lyle C. Gurrin, Adrian J. Lowe, Melanie C. Matheson, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, Melissa Wake, Mimi L.K. Tang, Shyamali C. Dharmage, Katrina J. Allen
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)