tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Acute and chronic leukemias in adults
Authors: R. Borson, V. Loeb
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1994)

The progression in understanding the biology of leukemia represents a remarkable bridging of clinical and laboratory science, which has provided much critical knowledge necessary for the design of curative protocols. Drs. Rachel Borson and Virgil Loeb, Jr., of the Division of Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Medicine at the Washington School of Medicine in St. Louis note advances that have led to increased survival in the present and research that holds even greater promise for the future.
Aortic Size Assessment by Noncontrast Cardiac Computed Tomography: Normal Limits by Age, Gender, and Body Surface Area
Authors: Arik Wolak, Heidi Gransar, Louise E.J. Thomson, John D. Friedman, Rory Hachamovitch, Ariel Gutstein, Leslee J. Shaw, Donna Polk, Nathan D. Wong, Rola Saouaf, Sean W. Hayes, Alan Rozanski, Piotr J. Slomka, Guido Germano, Daniel S. Berman
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2008)
Cross sectional survey of parents' experience and views of the postmortem examination
Authors: J. Rankin
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To describe parents9 experience and views of the postmortem examination after the loss of a baby. <b>Design:</b> Cross sectional survey. <b>Setting:</b> Hospital with a dedicated bereavement counselling service, Newcastle upon Tyne. <b>Participants:</b> 258 women who had attended a bereavement counselling service at the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, on at least one occasion after losing a baby during pregnancy or infancy, between October 1996 and October 2000. <b>Method:</b> Self completion postal questionnaire incorporating fixed choice and open ended questions. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Number of respondents who were asked if they would agree to a postmortem examination of their baby, and number who agreed to a postmortem examination; reasons for agreeing and not agreeing to a postmortem examination; quality of explanation received; number who regretted their decision to give or withhold consent for a postmortem examination. <b>Results:</b> 166 (64%) respondents completed the questionnaire. Of these, 148 (89%) had been asked to agree to a postmortem examination on their baby and 120/148 of these respondents (81%) agreed, most of whom recognised benefits resulting from the examination. 101/117 (86%) respondents believed the findings had been explained appropriately. Nine (7%) of the 120 respondents who had agreed to a postmortem examination regretted their decision. Of the respondents who refused an examination, four (14%) had regrets about their decision. <b>Discussion:</b> Parents viewed the postmortem examination as a useful and necessary tool in helping to discover the reasons why their baby had died. Simplifying the language used to explain findings may further raise parents9 understanding of the value of the postmortem examination and ensure that they are satisfied with it. Medical staff involved in consent for postmortem examinations should be fully trained in how to ask for parental consent, the postmortem examination procedure, and how to explain the findings. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Current literature relates mainly to health professionals9 views of the postmortem examination The perceived benefits of having a postmortem examination relate mainly to improving understanding of the circumstances leading to the death of the baby <h3>What this study adds</h3> Every family should be offered the opportunity for a postmortem examination The benefits and limitations of the postmortem examination should be explained so that expectations of the outcome are appropriate Medical concepts and terminology should be fully explained during follow up and families given the opportunity to ask questions at a later date if necessary
Modulation of the responses of human osteoblast-like cells to physiologic mechanical strains by biomaterial surfaces
Authors: Fabrice Di Palma, Alain Guignandon, Annette Chamson, Marie-Hélène Lafage-Proust, Norbert Laroche, Sylvie Peyroche, Laurence Vico, Aline Rattner
Journal: Biomaterials (2004)
Selling sickness: the pharmaceutical industry and disease mongering * Commentary: Medicalisation of risk factors
Authors: R. Moynihan
Journal: BMJ (2002)

# Selling sickness: the pharmaceutical industry and disease mongering {#article-title-2}

A lot of money can be made from healthy people who believe they are sick. Pharmaceutical companies sponsor diseases and promote them to prescribers and consumers. Ray Moynihan, Iona Heath, and David Henry give examples of “disease mongering” and suggest how to prevent the growth of this practice

There's a lot of money to be made from telling healthy people they're sick. Some forms of medicalising ordinary life may now be better described as disease mongering: widening the boundaries of treatable illness in order to expand markets for those who sell and deliver treatments. 1 2 Pharmaceutical companies are actively involved in sponsoring the definition of diseases and promoting them to both prescribers and consumers. The social construction of illness is being replaced by the corporate construction of disease.

Whereas some aspects of medicalisation are the subject of ongoing debate, the mechanics of corporate backed disease mongering, and its impact on public consciousness, medical practice, human health, and national budgets, have attracted limited critical scrutiny.

Within many disease categories informal alliances have emerged, comprising drug company staff, doctors, and consumer groups. Ostensibly engaged in raising public awareness about underdiagnosed and undertreated problems, these alliances tend to promote a view of their particular condition as widespread, serious, and treatable. Because these “disease awareness” campaigns are commonly linked to companies' marketing strategies, they operate to expand markets for new pharmaceutical products. Alternative approaches—emphasising the self limiting or relatively benign natural history of a problem, or the importance of personal coping strategies—are played down or ignored. As the late medical writer Lynn Payer observed, disease mongers “gnaw away at our self-confidence.”2

Although some sponsored professionals or consumers may act independently and all concerned may have honourable motives, in many cases the formula is the same: groups and/or campaigns are orchestrated, funded, and …
The effects of 48 weeks of rosiglitazone on hepatocyte mitochondria in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Stephen H. Caldwell, James T. Patrie, Elizabeth M. Brunt, Jan A. Redick, Christine A. Davis, Sang H. Park, Brent A. Neuschwander-Tetri
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand, reduces disease activity in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a disease associated with hepatocyte mitochondrial crystalline inclusions that are not seen in animal models of NASH. In human and animal studies of adipose tissue, thiazolidinediones may induce mitochondrial biogenesis and associated morphological changes. To determine if rosiglitazone alters the hepatocyte mitochondrial morphology in human NASH, we prospectively and systematically examined liver biopsies from human subjects with NASH before and after 48 weeks of rosiglitazone by transmission electron microscopy. Twenty patients (body mass index = 34 +/- 7) were studied. Four coded sections from each of 20 pretherapy biopsies and each of 20 posttherapy biopsies were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The total hepatocyte mitochondria and crystal-containing mitochondria were counted, and semiquantitative scoring was performed for macrosteatosis, microsteatosis, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, apoptosis, Mallory bodies, and hepatocyte enlargement. The total mitochondria count was unchanged after therapy, but there was a significant increase in crystal-containing mitochondria from 4.0% (95% confidence interval = 1.8-8.8) to 7.2% (95% confidence interval = 3.9-12.6; odds ratio = 1.80; P = 0.04) after the treatment with rosiglitazone. Macrosteatosis (P < 0.001) and Mallory bodies (P = 0.05) significantly decreased, but no change was evident in microsteatosis, cellular enlargement, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, or apoptosis.Rosiglitazone therapy of NASH is associated with increased crystalline inclusions in hepatocyte mitochondria. Whether these are adaptive or pathological remains unknown, and further studies are warranted to assess hepatic mitochondrial function during thiazolidinedione therapy for NASH.
Risks of Online Direct-to-Consumer Tumor Markers for Cancer Screening
Authors: Kimberly M. Lovett, Bryan A. Liang, Timothy K. Mackey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

Kimberly M. Lovett, Kaiser Permanente; University of California San Diego School of Medicine; and Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law, San Diego, CA Bryan A. Liang, University of California San Diego School of Medicine; and Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law, San Diego, CA Timothy K. Mackey, University of California San Diego School of Medicine; San Diego State University; and Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law, San Diego, CA See related article in J Oncol Pract doi: 10.1200/JOP.2011.000513
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-B–Deficient Mice Display an Atrial Conduction Defect
Authors: Karin Aase, Gabriel von Euler, Xuri Li, Annica Pontén, Peter Thorén, Renhai Cao, Yihai Cao, Birgitta Olofsson, Samuel Gebre-Medhin, Milos Pekny, Kari Alitalo, Christer Betsholtz, Ulf Eriksson
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors are essential regulators of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in both embryos and adults. One of the factors with a still unknown physiological function is VEGF-B, which is expressed in many tissues, including the heart. Methods and Results Mice carrying a targeted deletion in the VEGF-B gene were developed. In VEGF-B −/− animals, no gross abnormalities were observed in organs that normally show high expression of VEGF-B, such as the heart, muscle, and kidney. Analysis of heart function by ECG showed that adult VEGF-B −/− mice have an atrial conduction abnormality characterized by a prolonged PQ interval. VEGF- or basic fibroblast growth factor–induced corneal angiogenesis was similar in normal and VEGF-B −/− mice. Conclusions VEGF-B seems to be required for normal heart function in adult animals but is not required for proper development of the cardiovascular system either during development or for angiogenesis in adults.
Abstract 2542: Evidence for large somatic structural events detected as autosomal genetic mosaicism in GWAS data.
Authors: Mitchell J. Machiela, Weiyin Zhou, Meredith Yeager, Kevin Jacobs, Sonja Berndt, Qing Lan, Nathaniel Rothman, Sharon Savage, Phil R. Taylor, Immaculata deVivo, Robert N. Hoover, Margaret A. Tucker, Stephen J. Chanock
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Recent evidence indicates human mosaic abnormalities may be more common than previously expected. We performed an analysis on blood and buccal DNA of 30,918 individuals from a collection of 54 cancer-related studies using a modified mosaic alteration detection algorithm on renormalized B-allele frequencies and log2 relative probe intensity ratios from commercially available Illumina SNP microarray chips. 391 autosomal abnormalities &amp;gt;2Mb in size were detected in 232 (0.75%) individuals. The distribution includes copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity constituting 192 (49%) events, copy gains 85 (22%) events, and copy losses 102 (26%) events. There was no difference between blood and buccal sources of DNA. An overall analysis by age confirmed our earlier finding (p=8.93e-07), which was also observed in controls (p=0.0086). Similarly, an overall analysis by sex confirmed mosaic abnormalities are more frequent in males than females (p=0.0016); and this association was also observed in a control-only analysis (p=0.0019). Two or more distinct autosomal events were observed in 43 individuals. Comparable to earlier studies, the most common events were 4q copy neutral loss of heterozygosity, 9q copy neutral loss of heterozygosity, 13q14 deletion and 20q deletion. 13q14 deletion was observed in cancer-free controls and individuals with epithelial cancers. Cancer specific analyses for bladder, endometrium, stomach, lung (in nonsmoking women from Asia), osteosarcoma, and prostate cancer revealed no significant association with risk for cancer. These results replicate the prevalence and age/sex relationships from our previous findings in an analysis of 57,853 individuals and further suggest the importance of studying mosaic abnormalities in the general human population. The findings underscore the importance of thorough characterization of germline DNA in parallel with somatic characterization. Our results provide further support for age-related genomic senescence and could represent the tip of the iceberg for smaller somatic events. Citation Format: Mitchell J. Machiela, Weiyin Zhou, Meredith Yeager, Kevin Jacobs, Sonja Berndt, Qing Lan, Nathaniel Rothman, Sharon Savage, Phil R. Taylor, Immaculata deVivo, National Cancer Institute Detectable Clonal Mosaicism Consortium, Robert N. Hoover, Margaret A. Tucker, Stephen J. Chanock. Evidence for large somatic structural events detected as autosomal genetic mosaicism in GWAS data. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2542. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2542
Presence of circulating Her-2 reactive CD8 T cells is associated with a lower frequency of MDSCs and better survival in elderly breast cancer patients
Authors: Jithendra Kini Bailur, Brigitte Gueckel, Graham Pawelec, Evelyna Derhovanessian
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. The risk of breast cancer has increased dramatically recently and a higher number of elderly women are being diagnosed with the disease. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been implicated in breast cancer
Treatment of Mustard Gas Skin Lesions
Authors: D. C. Sinclair
Journal: BMJ (1949)

On the basis of clinical observations Chiesman (1944) and Davis (1944) published some general remarks on the treatment of skin burns caused by mustard gas.However, no study of the results of treatment under field conditions has appeared since the reports of the 1914-18 war casualties (Soltau and Elliott, 1923).The present paper deals with the treatment of a series of men exposed to mustard gas in the Tropics while living under an approximation to field conditions.Material and Methods Between 1943 and 1945 observations were made on 438 healthy young men exposed to mustard gas under tropical conditions-320 were exposed to mustard vapour and 118 to contamination by liquid mustard.Dressings were changed daily, and no attempt was made to maintain strict asepsis.The materials and methods used for treatment were purposely restricted to those readily available to any medical officer in the field.All applications were made on gauze or plain surgical lint and were kept in place by a bandage, since adhesive plaster did not adhere properly 'tnd gave rise to local irritation.The lesions treated ranged from small superficial abrasion-like areas to large deep ulcers.Of the vapour cases 75 suffered nothing more than an erythema, and in only 154 of the remaining 245 did breaches of the con- tinuity of the skin develop (Table I).Raw surfaces occurred TABLE I.-Lesions Available for Treatment Volunteers Regional Raw Surfaces Type of No. No. of Case No.No.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Digitalis Toxicity
Authors: William A. Sodeman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

The special problem posed by digitoxin and some of the other purified glycosides should not be interpreted as indicating a difference in basic action of this drug. All digitalis preparations have similar action, and all produce toxicity if given in adequate doses. Some preparations do pose special problems in toxicity. Digitoxin, for example, has the property of fastening itself onto blood proteins and circulates in the blood for long periods. Digitoxin and the leaf, both having a long period of dissipation, are frequent causes of intoxication. This property leads to difficulty when overdosage occurs, for the drug cannot be destroyed . . .
Airborne arsenic exposure and excretion of methylated arsenic compounds.
Authors: T J Smith, E A Crecelius, J C Reading
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

First void urine samples were collected from copper smelter workers exposed to inorganic arsenic and from unexposed controls. Arsenic compounds (As (III), As (V), methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) in these samples were analyzed by selective volatilization as arsines with determination of arsenic by plasma excitation emission spectrometry. On the day preceding the urine sample collection a breathing zone measurement was made of respirable arsenic particulates for each subject. It was found that all of the subjects, including the controls excreted arsenic primarily as methylated species. Approximately 50% of the total arsenic was excreted as dimethylarsinic acid and 20% as methylarsonic acid. Slight differences in the proportion of various arsenic compounds were observed with varying levels of inorganic arsenic exposure. Amounts of arsenic species were all closely correlated with each other and with exposure. Irrespirable particulate exposures were measured on a subset of high exposure workers. Irrespirable arsenic was found to be more closely correlated with excretion of arsenic compounds than was respirable arsenic.
Abstract 532: Evaluation of the role of miRNA-4728-3p, a miRNA located in an intron of HER2 gene, in breast cancer stem cells
Authors: Juliana Laino do Val Carneiro, Diana Noronha Nunes, Emmanuel Dias-Neto
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to tumor metastasis, chemotherapy resistance, and are highly tumorigenic when injected into immunodeficient mice. High levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) are characteristic of stem cells and allow the isolation of subpopulations of CSCs, including those derived from breast cancer. HER2+ tumors, which are more aggressive than tumors with no amplification of this oncogene, are enriched in CSCs, a finding that suggests the participation of this oncogene in the generation and maintenance of CSCs. miR-4728-3p is a poorly investigated miRNA, which is located inside an intron of HER2. Its expression is increased in HER2+ tumors and cell lines, but its role in CSC formation and tumor behavior has not been investigated. Aim: to contribute to the better understanding of the role of miRNA-4728-3p in the biology of CSCs in HER2+ breast cancer cell lines. Methods: miR-4728-3p levels were evaluated in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, BT-474 and SKBR3 grown in adherent conditions and in conditions that favor the formation of mammospheres for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Overexpression of miR-4728-3p was performed using lentiviral transduction with plasmids for the overexpression of this miRNA. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze ALDH1 expression in adherent cells and cells derived from mammospheres and also in cells overexpressing miRNA-4728-3p. Results: Mammospheres in culture for 7 days showed high levels of ALDH1 for all cells lines evaluated. The overexpression of miR-4728-3p induced a significant increment (&amp;gt;10-fold) of ALDH1+ subpopulations in MCF-7 and SKBR3, reinforcing its possible role in the biology of CSCs. Conclusion: HER2-amplification is an event that intrinsically leads to the amplification of miR-4728-3p. The effects of the amplification of this oncogene and this miRNA have to be evaluated together as both may have important consequences for tumor behavior and CSC formation. This increased expression of ALDH1 after miR-4728-3p overexpression suggest the importance of this miRNA in the biology of CSC formation. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Juliana Laino do Val Carneiro, Diana Noronha Nunes, Emmanuel Dias-Neto. Evaluation of the role of miRNA-4728-3p, a miRNA located in an intron of HER2 gene, in breast cancer stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 532. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-532
The transcription factor BATF controls the global regulators of class-switch recombination in both B cells and T cells
Authors: Wataru Ise, Masako Kohyama, Barbara U Schraml, Tingting Zhang, Bjoern Schwer, Uttiya Basu, Frederick W Alt, Jun Tang, Eugene M Oltz, Theresa L Murphy, Kenneth M Murphy
Journal: Nature Immunology (2011)
Purkinje Cell-Specific Knockout of the Protein Phosphatase PP2B Impairs Potentiation and Cerebellar Motor Learning
Authors: M. Schonewille, A. Belmeguenai, S.K. Koekkoek, S.H. Houtman, H.J. Boele, B.J. van Beugen, Z. Gao, A. Badura, G. Ohtsuki, W.E. Amerika, E. Hosy, F.E. Hoebeek, Y. Elgersma, C. Hansel, C.I. De Zeeuw
Journal: Neuron (2010)
Single-Visit Oral Cholecystography
Authors: H. Joachim Burhenne, William G. Obata
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

ROUTINE oral cholecystography consists of one-day application of 3 g (6 tablets) of iopanoic acid.* Twenty-five to 30 per cent of these patients, however, require another dose of 3 g of contrast medium on the following day because of poor or no visualization of the gallbladder. The rationale for repeat study is based on well documented clinical observations. Two out of three patients with inadequate opacification on the first day will show adequate opacification on the second day.1 2 3 Important economic considerations are apparent, if it is realized that about two million patients undergo oral cholecystography in the United States each . . .
Immune reactivity now the focus of research on multiple sclerosis
Authors: W. Check
Journal: JAMA (1978)

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