tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Learning from low income countries: Experience in low income countries should count towards specialist registrar training
Authors: Peter D O Davies
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Learning from low income countries Experience in low income countries should count towards specialist registrar trainingEditor-Richards and Tumwine ask for discussion on the subject of poor countries making the best teachers. 1When will the postgraduate tutors and royal colleges recognise that medical experience in developing countries should be counted towards specialist registrar training?I recently spoke to a specialist registrar whose 12 months in the main teaching hospital in Malawi counted for nothing towards his training.As a specialist registrar training in chest medicine, he will have seen more tuberculosis than most chest physicians working in provincial England will see in a lifetime.This is particularly frustrating as the numbers of cases of tuberculosis are rising progressively in the United Kingdom, and training in the diagnosis and management of this disease needs to be improved as much as possible.
Computer Programs to Support Clinical Decision Making
Authors: William Ulwelling
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Shortliffe's otherwise thorough discussion of computer programs that support clinical decision making<sup>1</sup>contains a significant omission in that it fails to discuss diagnostic programs in psychiatry. Psychiatric problems are more common than most of the disease entities discussed in the article and are routinely diagnosed and treated by most physicians. In particular, I have been using a computerized version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule of the National Institute of Mental Health to obtain a<i>DSM-III</i>diagnosis. I have used this expert system for about 75 patients in my private psychiatry practice over the past two years. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule is a structured psychiatric interview developed at the National Institute of Mental Health. The computer-administered and computer-scored Diagnostic Interview Schedule was developed at the University of Wisconsin under the direction of John H. Grist, MD, and Marjory H. Klein, PhD. A recently published study<sup>2</sup>showed
Changes in monophasic action potential duration during the first hour of regional myocardial ischaemia in the anaesthetised pig
Authors: S G DILLY, M. J LAB
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1987)

Journal Article Changes in monophasic action potential duration during the first hour of regional myocardial ischaemia in the anaesthetised pig Get access S G DILLY, S G DILLY From the Department of Physiology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MAX J LAB MAX J LAB From the Department of Physiology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 21, Issue 12, December 1987, Pages 908–915, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/21.12.908 Published: 01 December 1987 Article history Received: 04 June 1986 Accepted: 02 June 1987 Published: 01 December 1987
SD-1029 Inhibits Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Nuclear Translocation
Authors: Zhenfeng Duan, James E. Bradner, Edward Greenberg, Ross Levine, Rosemary Foster, Jennifer Mahoney, Michael V. Seiden
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) proteins have important roles in cancer cell survival and proliferation. Recent studies show that aberrant Stat3 activation promotes tumor growth and survival in several human cancers, and thus, presents an attractive pathway for the development of targeted anticancer therapy. Stat3 is a DNA-binding transcription factor, and thus, its function depends on cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation. To discover novel inhibitors of the Stat3 signaling pathway, we designed a cell-based screening assay capable of identifying compounds that inhibit Stat3 nuclear translocation and activity. Experimental Design: Cell-based fluorescence microscope screening and quantitative measurement of enhanced green fluorescent protein–Stat3 nuclear translocation assays were used to identify novel Stat3 inhibitors. The effects of identified Stat3 inhibitors on Janus kinase (Jak), Stat3 expression, and activation were determined by Western blotting and kinase in vitro autophosphorylation assay. The effects of identified Stat3 inhibitors on cell growth was evaluated by cell proliferation assay and apoptosis assay. Results: Among the National Cancer Institute Diversity set, a 2,000-member library of bioactive small molecules, we identified SD-1029 as a micromolar inhibitor of IL-6 or oncostatin-induced Stat3 nuclear translocation. Biochemical analysis shows that SD-1029 inhibits tyrosyl phosphorylation of Stat3 implicating SD-1029 as an inhibitor of Jak. Further analysis shows that this compound inhibits tyrosyl phosphorylation of the Jak2 isoenzyme. The antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-XL and survivin, target proteins of activated Stat3, are down-regulated by SD-1029 resulting in the induction of apoptosis in several human breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. SD-1029 also enhances apoptosis induced by paclitaxel in ovarian cancer cells. Conclusions: These results show that SD-1029 directly abrogates the Jak-Stat3 signaling pathway in human cancer cells expressing constitutively active Stat, and add to the growing literature that validates this pathway as a viable target for further drug development. Finally, SD-1029 may represent a suitable prototype for structural optimization and exploration as a therapeutic lead.
Observations vs Statistics
Authors: Ted Feldman
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent editorial<sup>1</sup>it is stated that "many papers submitted for publication in<i>JAMA</i>are rejected as a direct result of statistical evaluation. If a study has not been designed and conducted in a manner such that the investigator's hypotheses can be tested by the selected methodological approach, then no statistical revisions will suffice to correct this basic flaw.... Support for publication can be given only to well-designed studies that incorporate sound research methods." Some statistically "sound" experiments are flawed by unsound logic, while many of the great studies in medicine have come from careful observation without the benefit of statistical analysis. Dr Vaisrub does not discuss observational studies such as Withering's description of the clinical use of digitalis,<sup>2</sup>Prinzmetal and co-workers'<sup>3</sup>recognition of coronary spasm, and the recent description of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)<sup>4</sup>(these being only a few among many classic
Death Due to Migration of the Ball From an Aortic-Valve Prosthesis
Authors: Arthur Krosnick
Journal: JAMA (1965)

IN 1961, Starr and Edwards reported their first clinical experience with a ball-valve prosthesis as a replacement for the mitral valve.<sup>1</sup>In 1963, these authors and their colleagues described their initial experience with a similar device for complete replacement of the aortic valve.<sup>2</sup>The literature on the subject suggests that hundreds of diseased aortic valves have been replaced by the Starr-Edwards ball-valve aortic prosthesis in the past 20 months. In a number of instances multiple valves have been replaced.<sup>3,4</sup>The authors have uniformly been interested in the late follow-up results, but none to date has reported migration of the ball from its metal cage. This report will describe such a complication. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 56-year-old male truck driver was admitted to the Lower Bucks County Hospital, Bristol, Pa, with acute failure of the left ventricle. He had the harsh systolic aortic murmur and thrill and
Capillary Fragility Studies in Diabetes
Authors: A. Hart, H. Cohen
Journal: BMJ (1969)

A new method for the measurement of capillary fragility based on the time of appearance of petechiae under standardized conditions has been used to study 88 non-diabetics and 211 patients attending a diabetic clinic. In the former the capillary fragility increased with age. In the diabetic group 78 out of 195 patients had complications, and in all age groups these latter patients had more fragile capillaries. In general the capillary fragility was greater in patients taking insulin than in those taking antidiabetic tablets or on diet alone, and in the first group capillary fragility was greatest in those receiving more than 50 units daily and least in those receiving less than 25 units daily. Capillary fragility measurement by this method may be of value in assessment, prognosis, and studying the response to treatment in diabetes.
The Caduceus Motif and The Guinea Worm
Authors: W. Kintzen
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Boyd describes the mode of removal of this worm, and at the end of his chapter states; "It has been suggested that these worms were the<i>fiery serpents</i>which afflicted the children of Israel, and that Moses was the first in history to demonstrate the classical method of removal by winding the<i>serpent</i>on a rod, gradually drawing it out." I was taught, in addition, that the word "Aesculap" or "Asklepios" can with some stretch of the imagination be considered to have had its origin from two stems, one being "aska" (Ascaris), and the other "Klepto" meaning steal. These explanations, whether true or not, have the charm of labelling the physician, through his symbol, a "worm taker."
Positive Epicardial Fat Pad Sign Without Pericardial Effusion-Reply
Authors: Edward W. Carsky
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Drs Engle and Upham, in their conclusion, state that a positive EFPS may be present not only with a pericardial effusion but also with pericardial thickening. We agree; however, the sign is more commonly seen with pericardial fluid than with thickening. We agree that the EFPS is positive in the patient described, and we can only speculate as to why the echocardiogram is negative for pericardial fluid. Considering the patient's clinical findings, it seems most likely that he had uremic pericarditis. The history of chronic renal failure and the presence of a friction rub in January 1981 when the EFPS was positive and also three months earlier support the diagnosis of uremic pericarditis. In uremic pericarditis there is fibrinous exudate that often results in adhesions between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. This can cause fluid to be loculated and, if it is loculated anteriorly, a
Fructose-1,6 diphosphate as a protective agent for experimental ischemic acute renal failure
Authors: N. Antunes, C.A. Martinusso, C.M. Takiya, A.J.R. da Silva, J.F.R. de Ornellas, P.R. Elias, M. Leite, L.R. Cardoso
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
Antidiuretic Principle in Tuberculous Lung Tissue of a Patient with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Hyponatremia
Authors: HELMUTH VORHERR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

A 51-year-old white man had advanced pulmonary tuberculosis without renal or adrenal involvement, hyponatremia, and high urinary osmolality. The tuberculous lung tissue and the urine from the patient contained antidiuretic activity (assayed in rats undergoing water-ethanol diuresis) equivalent to 22 ±8 µunits/mg tissue powder and 57 ±8 µunits/ml of arginine vasopressin, respectively, and the patient's plasma did not contain detectable antidiuretic activity. It is indicated that the antidiuretic principle is either very similar or identical to arginine vasopressin. Uninvolved lung tissue from the patient, suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or culture media containing metabolites of M. tuberculosis did not have antidiuretic properties. Tuberculous lung tissue may either produce antidiuretic hormone or adsorb an inappropriately released hormone from the posterior pituitary. This is the first demonstration of a relation between antidiuretic hormone and hyponatremia in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Low Calretinin Expression and High Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio Are Poor Prognostic Factors in Patients with Malignant Mesothelioma Undergoing Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
Authors: Steven Chuan-Hao Kao, Sonja Klebe, Douglas W. Henderson, Glen Reid, Mark Chatfield, Nicola J. Armstrong, Tristan D. Yan, Janette Vardy, Stephen Clarke, Nico van Zandwijk, Brian McCaughan
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)

IntroductionSurvival after extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) is variable in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), and there are no validated prognostic factors that could be used preoperatively. We investigated the calretinin and D2-40 expression and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an index of systemic inflammation as potential preoperative prognostic factors.MethodsConsecutive patients who underwent EPP were included in this retrospective study. Potential prognostic factors such as age, gender, histological subtype, baseline laboratory parameters including NLR, and immunohistochemical staining for calretinin and D2-40 were evaluated. Overall survival (OS) from the date of surgery was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. The prognostic value of the variables was examined using Cox regression, and significant factors (p < 0.05) were entered into a multivariate model to determine their independent effect.ResultsA total of 85 patients were included: median age 58 years; 80% men; 77% epithelial and 23% biphasic MPM. The median OS was 19.7 months. The following variables were predictive of longer OS: female gender (p = 0.02), epithelial subtype (p = 0.04), low NLR (p < 0.01), and high calretinin score (p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, only NLR ≥3 (hazard ratio 1.79; 95% confidence interval: 1.04–3.07; p = 0.04) and calretinin score ≤33 versus more than 67% (hazard ratio 4.72; 95% confidence interval: 1.97–11.32; p < 0.01) remained independent predictors. The addition of calretinin score increased the explained variation by 10.1%.ConclusionsBoth low calretinin expression and high NLR were independently associated with poor prognosis in patients with MPM undergoing EPP, and the calretinin score seemed to improve the accuracy of the prognostic model.
Extreme Sensitization From Prophylactic Dose of Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: L. Simpson
Journal: JAMA (1910)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> Four years ago I administered to a young man 750 units of antidiphtheritic serum as an immunizing dose and within a few moments he was in a serious condition, suffering from dyspnea, general urticaria, rapid pulse, vomiting, etc. He recovered within twelve hours and since that time had been unable to be about horses even for a short time. The emanations from the hairy coat give him severe attacks similar in every way to hay fever, which may become bronchitis secondarily. This patient had no previous personal or family history of asthma or hay fever. How long is this susceptibility liable to continue, and if he should contract diphtheria, is there any serum that may be used?
Abstract A13: The microRNA-200 family overcomes cisplatin resistance by targeting ceramide glycosylation
Authors: Chunxiao Cai, Hassan Ashktorab, Xiaowu Pang, Yuan Zhao, Wei Sha, Yulan Liu, Xinbin Gu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 5 (CHD5) is a newly identified tumor suppressor that is frequently downregulated in a variety of human cancers. Our previous work revealed that the low expression of CHD5 in colorectal cancer is correlated with CHD5 promoter CpG island hypermethylation. In this study, we investigated the effect of microRNA-211 (miR-211)-regulated CHD5 expression on colorectal tumorigenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings: miR-211 was predicted to target CHD5 by TargetScan software analysis. A stably expressing exogenous miR-211 colorectal cancer cell line (HCT-116miR-211) was generated using lentiviral transduction and used as a model for in vitro and in vivo studies. The expression level of miR-211 in HCT-116miR-211 cells was upregulated by 16-fold compared to vector control cells (HCT-116vector). Exogenous miR-211 directly binds to the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of CHD5 mRNA, resulting in a 50% decrease in CHD5 protein level in HCT-116miR-211 cells. The levels of cell proliferation, tumor growth, and cell migration of HCT-116miR-211 cells were significantly higher than HCT-116vector cells under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, as determined using the methods of MTT, colony formation, flow cytometry, tumor xenografts, and scratch assay, respectively. In addition, we found that enforced expression of miR-211 in HCT-116 cells was able to alter p53 pathway-associated regulatory proteins, such as MDM2, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bax. Conclusion/Significance: Our results demonstrate that CHD5 is a direct target of miR-211 regulation. Enforced expression of miR-211 promotes tumor cell growth at least in part by downregulating the expression level of the CHD5 tumor suppressor. Our results provide a better understanding of the association of between miR-211-regulated CHD5 expression and CHD5 function in colorectal tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Chunxiao Cai, Hassan Ashktorab, Xiaowu Pang, Yuan Zhao, Wei Sha, Yulan Liu, Xinbin Gu. The microRNA-200 family overcomes cisplatin resistance by targeting ceramide glycosylation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A13.
CANDIDATE GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH PRECLINICAL ORGAN DAMAGE IN UNTREATED HYPERTENSION
Authors: Emmanuel Androulakis, Dimitris Tousoulis, Nikolaos Papageorgiou, Evaggelos Chatzistamatiou, Antigoni Miliou, George Moustakas, George Hatzis, Costas Tsioufis, Kostas Toutouzas, Marietta Charakida, Ioannis Kallikazaros, Christodoulos Stefanadis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Heavy drinking in middle age increases stroke risk, study of twins shows
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Drinking more than two alcoholic drinks each day in middle age is associated with a greater increase in stroke risk than traditional risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes, warns a study published in the latest edition of Stroke that followed up twins for more than 40 years.1

Researchers followed up all 11 644 same sex twins listed in the Swedish Twin Registry who were born from 1886 to …
DRESSING FOR LABORATORY TABLES
Authors: Samuel Lowenthal
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In blackening table tops, a good deal of time is lost and the laboratory appears upset for several days. The following mixture is readily prepared from the solutions kept in stock for other purposes, gives excellent results, and saves a lot of time: This is applied with a brush, and allowed to dry for two hours. A second coat is applied, which is allowed to dry over night. With the aid of a hot laundry iron or an electric plate, paraffin of a high melting point is dissolved on the table. Oxidation takes place as the bubbling paraffin is absorbed by the wood. Excess of paraffin is removed with a cloth saturated with xylene, and the table is ready for use. Soft wood and oak give the same results.
Death from airways obstruction: accuracy of certification in Northern Ireland.
Authors: E T Smyth, S C Wright, A E Evans, D G Sinnamon, J MacMahon
Journal: Thorax (1996)

BACKGROUND: Studies of mortality from asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have relied on death certification or registration for case finding. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of death certification and registration in asthma and COPD. METHODS: All death certificates in Northern Ireland for 1987 where asthma or COPD (defined as International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision (ICD9) 490, 491, 492, 496) were listed in part I or part II were identified. The following certificates were then selected for further investigation: those mentioning asthma for all ages, those mentioning COPD for ages less than 56 years, and a 50% sample of those mentioning COPD aged 56-75 years. For these selected deaths the general practitioners9 case notes, hospital records, and necropsy findings were reviewed. Questionnaires detailing the clinical history and circumstances of death were completed by the general practitioner by post and by a close relative or associate of the deceased (doctor administered) if, after initial investigation, the death was likely to be due to COPD or asthma. A panel of two respiratory physicians reviewed each death and, using clinical diagnostic criteria, assessed the accuracy of the registered cause of death. RESULTS: Of 50 registered asthma deaths 43 were confirmed as being due to asthma. In nine registered deaths from COPD in cases aged less than 56 years one was confirmed as COPD, two as asthma, and six as other respiratory conditions. Of 105 registered deaths from COPD in cases aged 56-75, 42 were confirmed as COPD, 27 as asthma, eight as other respiratory conditions, and 28 as other causes. Although few errors in registration were found, 21% of certificates mentioning asthma and 38% of certificates mentioning COPD but not asthma in part I were subject to variable application of the classification rules by the registering officers. For all deaths under 75 years of age in Northern Ireland in 1987 where either asthma or COPD was mentioned anywhere on the death certificate, the estimated sensitivity and specificity of the registered cause of death in predicting the "true" cause of death were 29% and 98.6% for asthma and 69% and 70% for COPD. CONCLUSIONS: In a population of subjects where asthma or COPD was mentioned anywhere on the death certificate, the registered cause of death is a relatively poor indicator of the "true" cause of death for both asthma and COPD. Variation occurred in the application of death classification rules by registration officers. Many deaths certified and registered as COPD could have been called asthma using current standards of clinical diagnosis. In studies investigating risk factors for deaths from asthma, case finding should consider deaths registered as COPD.
Analysis of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis after Intravenous Anisoylated Plasminogen Streptokinase Activator Complex or Heparin in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: J. Renkin, C. Col-De Beys, E. Lavenne-Pardonge, H. Pintens, J. Col
Journal: Drugs (1987)