tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hanover bans e-cigarette use in civic offices amid calls for better safety data
Authors: N. Stafford
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Health authorities in Germany are warning of potential risks to health from electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), with a top official at the German Cancer Research Centre in Heidelberg calling it one of the major new health issues currently facing Germany and the rest of Europe.

Martina Potschke-Langer, head of the centre’s cancer prevention unit, told the BMJ that e-cigarettes usually contain nicotine and other potentially harmful substances. But unlike medical products that contain nicotine, such as chewing gum and patches used to help cigarette smokers quit, which can be bought only in pharmacies, e-cigarettes can be sold over the internet or in tobacco kiosks and other shops. Current information on the health effects of e-cigarettes is dangerously meagre for a product already on the market, she said, adding that research efforts need to be greatly intensified to provide a foundation on which to base regulatory decisions.

“E-cigarettes are one of the most …
The Health Care System—Maligned or Malignant?
Authors: CHARLES E. LEWIS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Certain factors related to problems in the delivery of health care are discussed, followed by a description of a new prepayment program providing health care for children of students at UCLA and a discussion of the relationship of the university to the community surrounding it. An analogy is made between the several steps in the process of providing care and a series of biochemical reactions. Problems of gaining entry into the system (becoming a patient), use of screening tests, follow-up of abnormal results, establishment of a definitive diagnosis, and prescription of treatment are all reviewed. The last step in the cycle is patient compliance with the recommendations or prescribed treatment. It is pointed out that the system "processes" the problems of individuals and that the output or end results are changes in the patient's health status. It is impossible to alter any one of the elements of the "system"—manpower, financing methods, organization of care, and expectations of patients—without producing an effect on each of the other elements. Specific examples are given of studies indicating the workings of each of the subsystems, such as patient compliance. The prepayment plan for pediatric care for dependents of students and other efforts in the community are presented as examples of activities that have impact on all parts of the system.
Abstract 3154: Sequencing of the small RNA transcriptome in cytologically normal bronchial airway epithelium of smokers with and without lung cancer
Authors: Joshua D. Campbell, Lingqi Luo, Ji Xiao, Gang Liu, Yuriy Aleksyev, David Elashoff, Steven M. Dubinett, Marc E. Lenburg, Avrum Spira
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Introduction: Based on the concept that cigarette smoke creates a molecular field of injury in epithelial cells throughout the respiratory tract, we have previously shown that mRNA expression differences in cytologically normal airway epithelial cells in patients with and without lung cancer can serve as a clinically-relevant lung cancer biomarker. MicroRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that can each regulate the expression of hundreds of target genes and can be reliably detected in clinical samples with variable quality. The goal of this study is to generate a microRNA biomarker in the airway epithelium of smokers for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Methods: Cytologically-normal bronchial airway epithelial cells were collected via brushings of the mainstem bronchus of smokers undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy for suspicion of lung cancer (n=128). Subjects were followed after their bronchoscopy until a final diagnosis of lung cancer (n=75) or an alternate benign diagnosis (n=53) was made. The small RNA transcriptome (&amp;lt;40 nucleotides) was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 with multiplexing (8 samples/lane). Reads were aligned to hg19 using Bowtie allowing up to 3 mismatches and 10 locations to the genome. Linear models were used to associate expression profiles with disease-related phenotypes while controlling for differences in the total number of reads and other clinical covariates. Results: An average of 10.6 million reads was sequenced per sample with 77% of these reads having at least one alignment to the human genome. In addition, 75% of the aligned reads mapped to known microRNA precursors. 508 novel microRNA precursors were predicted using the miRDeep algorithm. 362 mature microRNAs were considered consistently expressed (Median Absolute Deviation &amp;gt; 20). 98 of these microRNAs were differentially expressed between current and former smokers and 56 microRNAs differentially expressed in the airway epithelium of smokers with and without lung cancer (p&amp;lt;0.05; 18 expected by chance at this threshold). Conclusions: We have sequenced the small RNA transcriptome in the cytologically-normal proximal airway epithelium of smokers and have identified microRNA expression profiles associated with smoking status and/or a final diagnosis of lung cancer. In the future, a microRNA biomarker will be developed on these samples using procedures outlined in the MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC)-II project and tested on an independent cohort in order to confirm their ability to serve as an early diagnostic tool for lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3154. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3154
Medical students' electives
Authors: F G Simpson
Journal: BMJ (1989)

depend on valproate for optimal control of their seizures throughout the childbearing years.5It is clearly of enormous importance that women with primary generalised epilepsies are differentiated from those with partial epilepsy, who will be best managed with carbamazepine.They are a group requiring specific counselling of the small risks of valproate to any pregnancy and needing screening of any pregnancy for neural tube defects within the first trimester.Patients themselves can probably best decide whether they wish to take the most effective drug and accept a small risk of neural tube defect or to take a less optimal drug that might be somewhat safer in pregnancy.
Angiotensin II associated cardiac myocyte necrosis: role of adrenal catecholamines
Authors: A. Ratajska, S. E Campbell, Y. Sun, K. T Weber
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Objective: Cardiac myocyte necrosis is associated with an endogenous increase in angiotensin II or a subpressor dose of angiotensin II. In each case, raised plasma angiotensin II, together with aldosterone, results in cardiac myocyte necrosis followed by scarring. Arterial hypertension is non-contributory. The aim of this study was to determine whether myocyte necrosis is induced directly by angiotensin II, or indirectly by catecholamines or aldosterone released from adrenal glands in response to angiotensin II. Methods: Right and left ventricular myocardium was examined over a two week period in rats receiving a subpressor yet cardiotoxic dose of angio- tensin II (150 ng·min−1·kg−1 subcutaneously) alone or together with total adrenalectomy, bilateral medullectomy, or the aldosterone receptor antagonist spironolactone (150-200 mg·d−1kg−1). Findings were compared to unoperated age/sex matched controls. Coronal sections obtained from the base, equator and apex of the heart were stained with antifibronectin antibody to detect myocyte injury, picrosirius red for fibrillar collagen, or haematoxylin and eosin. Results: In both right and left ventricles (a) fibronectin labelling was distributed within injured cardiac myocytes and adjacent interstitium of both ventricles in rats receiving angiotensin II or angiotensin II plus spironolactone; (b) fibronectin labelling of myocytes was markedly diminished or absent in the ventricles of rats with total adrenalectomy or bilateral medullectomy; and (c) there was microscopic scarring of both ventricles after two weeks of either angiotensin II or angiotensin II plus spironolactone, but not in medullectomised or adrenalectomised animals. Conclusions: In the presence of increased circulating levels of angiotensin II, bilateral medullectomy and total adrenalectomy (in contrast to spironolactone) reduced myocyte injury and scarring of the right and left ventricular myocardium, suggesting that the cytotoxic effect of angiotensin II is largely indirect and related to circulating catecholamines released by the adrenal medulla. Cardiovascular Research 1994;28:684-690
Meeting the needs of patients with learning disabilities
Authors: S. Hollins, I. Tuffrey-Wijne
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A recent inquiry highlights failings in the delivery of care to this vulnerable group

In March 2013, the Confidential Inquiry into Premature Deaths of People with Learning Disabilities reviewed the deaths of 247 people with learning disabilities over a two year period, as well as 58 comparator cases of adults without learning disabilities.1 It found that men with learning disabilities died on average 13 years earlier than men in the general population, and that this figure was 20 years for women. Overall, 22% of people with learning disabilities were under the age of 50 when they died, compared with 9% of the general population. Premature deaths in the comparator group were largely due to lifestyle factors, whereas those for people with learning disabilities were mostly due to delays or problems with investigating, diagnosing, and treating illnesses and with receiving appropriate care.

These results are alarming but not surprising. There is a remarkable degree of coherence and agreement with the findings and recommendations arising from previous work. These include inquiries,2 3 research studies,4 5 surveys and reports published by charities and interdisciplinary advisory groups (such as the group that created the charity Mencap’s “Getting it Right” charter),6 7 8 and statements and guidance by …
Abstract 4394: Combination therapy of dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells prolong survival after the removal of tumor in gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Diaqing Gao, Yizeng Yang
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Heterogeneity of cancer cells with expression of MHC-I is a major concern for insufficiency of immunotherapy. Targeting either cancer cells with MHC-I, such as cytotoxic T cells (CTL) initiated by dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated with tumor antigens, or cells without MHC-I, such as cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK), have been believed to kill all type of cancer cells. In present study, we recruited 26 cases of gastrointestinal tract cancers registered in our center during 2005-2010 including 12 gastric cancer, 13 colorectal cancers and 1 esophagus cancer. Subjects were administrated with 1X105 unites of IL-2 for 5 days before mononuclear cells and CIKs were isolated from peripheral blood. After original tumor were removed by surgery, 1-3 dose of DCs and CIKs were perfused via peripheral veins. Our results show that 84% patient's symptoms were improved, 8 cases got relapse in 5 year after surgery, 3 were died. Total survival rates in 1, 3 years are 98%, 93.5%, while control group are only 35%, 33%. Location of tumor in gastrointestinal tract did not show significant difference in 1,3,5 years survival rate, gastric cancer (96%, 95%, 95%) and colorectal cancers (100%, 100%, 100%), but tumor free survival rate in gastric cancer (92%, 88%,88%) was lower than colorectal cancer (100%, 91%, 91%). Our results suggested that the combination of multiple approaches, particularly DC-CIK, significantly improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in gastrointestinal tract cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4394. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4394
Functional activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase closely related to the severity of heart failure
Authors: Yutaka Ishibashi, Nobuyuki Takahashi, Shuzo Ohata, Shin-ichi Inoue, Yoko Ohta, Harumi Katoh, Nobuyuki Oyake, Yo Murakami, Toshio Shimada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND MEDICINE
Authors: FRANZ ALEXANDER
Journal: JAMA (1931)

For about thirty years psychoanalysis, a theoretical concept of the personality, a precise and elaborately described method of psychologic research and a therapy of mental disturbances, has been living a peculiar, isolated existence on the borderline of medicine and of the natural sciences. This borderline existence is not due entirely to the unreceptive attitude of medicine toward psychoanalysis, for psychoanalysis itself has also been undecided as to where it belongs. Many psychoanalysts, in fact, question whether psychoanalysis should not be considered a distinctive discipline, related to medicine but essentially independent of it, just as archeology, though related to history, is nevertheless itself a self-sufficient science, or as paleontology is related to geology but is different in its methods and purpose. Even those psychoanalysts who, like myself, are convinced that, so far as psychoanalysis is a therapy, it belongs to medicine cannot overlook the fact that its subject matter, methods and
INCIDENCE AND PREDICTORS OF STENT THROMBOSIS AFTER PCI IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Yoon Seok Koh, Ik Jun Choi, Mineok Chang, Jin Jin Kim, Sungmin Lim, Minkyu Kang, Byung-Hee Hwang, Donggyu Moon, Jae Gyung Kim, Eun Ho Choo, Tae-Hun Kim, Suk Min Seo, Chan Jun Kim, Pum Joon Kim, Kiyuk Chang, Wook Sung Chung, Youngkeun Ahn, Myung Ho Jeong, Keun-Ho Park, Young Joon Hong, Doo Sun Sim, Ki-Bae Seung
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Doctors neglect their own alcohol problems as well as those of their patients
Authors: D. Brooke
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The scenario set out by Dale and Barton is the stuff of sleepless nights. Assuming that the history, examination, and investigations all confirm the suspicions of alcohol dependency syndrome, then the patient's behaviour shows that he poses a risk to the safety of others, and to himself.

Three features are central to risk management: security, supervision, and support1. This patient may agree to notify the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency and engage with alcohol …
Postconditioning Inhibits Mitochondrial Permeability Transition
Authors: Laurent Argaud, Odile Gateau-Roesch, Olivier Raisky, Joseph Loufouat, Dominique Robert, Michel Ovize
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Brief periods of ischemia performed just at the time of reperfusion can reduce infarct size, a phenomenon called "postconditioning." After reflow, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) has been involved in lethal reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that postconditioning may modulate mPTP opening.Anesthetized open-chest rabbits underwent 30 minutes of ischemia and 4 hours of reperfusion. Control hearts underwent no additional intervention. Postconditioning consisted of 4 episodes of 1 minute of coronary occlusion and 1 minute of reperfusion performed after 1 minute of reflow after the prolonged ischemia. Preconditioning consisted of 5 minutes of ischemia and 5 minutes of reperfusion before the 30-minute ischemia. An additional group of rabbits received 5 mg/kg IV of NIM811, a specific inhibitor of the mPTP, 1 minute before reperfusion. Infarct size was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium staining. Mitochondria were isolated from the risk region myocardium, and Ca2+-induced mPTP opening was assessed by use of a potentiometric method. Postconditioning, preconditioning, and NIM811 significantly limited infarct size, which averaged 29+/-4%, 18+/-4%, and 20+/-4% of the risk region, respectively, versus 61+/-6% in controls (P< or =0.001 versus control). The Ca2+ load required to open the mPTP averaged 41+/-4, 47+/-5, and 67+/-9 micromol/L CaCl2 per mg of mitochondrial proteins in postconditioning, preconditioning, and NIM811, respectively, significantly higher than the value of 16+/-4 micromol/L per mg in controls (P< or =0.05).Postconditioning inhibits opening of the mPTP and provides a powerful antiischemic protection.
Prior starvation mitigates acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity through restoration of autophagy in affected cardiomyocytes
Authors: Tomonori Kawaguchi, Genzou Takemura, Hiromitsu Kanamori, Toshiaki Takeyama, Takatomo Watanabe, Kentaro Morishita, Atsushi Ogino, Akiko Tsujimoto, Kazuko Goto, Rumi Maruyama, Masanori Kawasaki, Atsushi Mikami, Takako Fujiwara, Hisayoshi Fujiwara, Shinya Minatoguchi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

Active autophagy has recently been reported in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity; here we investigated its pathophysiological role.Acute cardiotoxicity was induced in green fluorescent protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) transgenic mice by administering two intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg doxorubicin with a 3 day interval. A starvation group was deprived of food for 48 h before each injection to induce autophagy in advance. Doxorubicin treatment caused left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction within 6 days. Cardiomyocyte autophagy appeared to be activated in the doxorubicin group, based on LC3, p62, and cathepsin D expression, while it seemed somewhat diminished by starvation prior to doxorubicin treatment. Unexpectedly, however, myocardial ATP levels were reduced in the doxorubicin group, and this reduction was prevented by earlier starvation. Electron microscopy revealed that the autophagic process was indeed initiated in the doxorubicin group, as shown by the increased lysosomes, but was not completed, i.e. autophagolysosome formation was rare. Starvation prior to doxorubicin treatment partly restored autophagosome formation towards control levels. Autophagic flux assays in both in vivo and in vitro models confirmed that doxorubicin impairs completion of the autophagic process in cardiomyocytes. The activities of both AMP-activated protein kinase and the autophagy-initiating kinase unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) were found to be decreased by doxorubicin, and these were restored by prior starvation.Prior starvation mitigates acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity; the underlying mechanism may be, at least in part, restoration and further augmentation of myocardial autophagy, which is impaired by doxorubicin, probably through inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase and ULK1.
Therapies for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia-Reply
Authors: Ralph I. Horwitz
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We endorse research intended to evaluate the effectiveness of therapies for BPH. A randomized trial comparing TURP vs open prostatectomy, however, may be unfeasible. Many urologists—and their patients—would shun the more invasive "open" procedure for the reasons listed by Dr Mebust. Accordingly, future trials may determine how TURP compares with newer treatment modalities, but will not address the issues investigated in our article. If the "prospective" research is an observational cohort, we hope it will avoid the statistical problems of claims data by giving adequate attention to the appraisal of severity for both the prostatic ailment and the comorbid diseases.
SELECTIVE COLLAPSE IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: NATHAN BARLOW
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Selective collapse is a term that the late Dr. Thompson and I first used to denote the behavior of involved parts of the lung under partial pneumothorax, spontaneous or artificial. Further study by physical signs, necropsy, and especially by stereoroentgenograms, showed the same behavior of inflamed or irritated regions of the lung in all cases of tuberculosis. It constitutes a general principle, the knowledge of which not only explains the action of partial pneumothorax, but is of value in the general treatment of tuberculosis. The precise explanation has not been conclusively demonstrated. A few plausible theories are discussed in the article on selective collapse in our monograph.<sup>1</sup>Sewall<sup>2</sup>cites references to a discussion of the action of this principle in bronchial irritation and obstruction nearly a hundred years ago. The principle of selective collapse is manifested in a series of phenomena that may be described thus: (<i>a</i>) If
Physiological Profile of National-Class National Collegiate Athletic Association Fencers
Authors: Lauren B. Vander, Barry A. Franklin, David Wrisley, Joanne Scherf, Aladar A. Kogler, Melvyn Rubenfire
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Selected physiological characteristics of seven national-class fencers (1983 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I champions) were studied and the results compared with those for normal persons and athletes of similar age. Evaluation included maximal oxygen uptake during arm and leg ergometry, serum lipids, body composition, and standard spirometry. Maximal oxygen uptake during arm work (34.2 mL X kg-1 X min-1) was 68% of that observed during leg work (50.2 mL X kg-1 X min-1). Mean serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels were 68.5, 187, and 54.5 mg/dL, respectively. Hydrostatically determined percent body fat averaged 12.2%. Results of pulmonary function studies were normal. The aerobic capacity of National Collegiate Athletic Association fencers is only slightly higher than active men of comparable age, and substantially lower than world-class endurance athletes. These data suggest that success in fencing may depend more on technique, speed, and agility as opposed to a high aerobic capacity and low percent body fatness.
Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: C. Rollhauser, D. E. Fleischer
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The etiological role and the relative risk of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in association with other clinical factors are the focus of several papers published in the last year. Data from studies that evaluate the interaction of NSAIDs with Helicobacter pylori suggest that there is a clear role for eradication in aspirin-related bleeding. Although the benefit of H. pylori eradication in nonaspirin NSAID-related bleeding is being debated, they should both be eliminated given their relative contribution to the causation of peptic ulcer hemorrhage. The search for reliable and accurate tools to predict outcomes after NVUGIB continues. Recent important contributions in this area of research are the use of a clinical prediction guide to identify patients who are likely to require endoscopic intervention, and the use of Doppler ultrasound examination of the ulcer base to predict rebleeding. The role of antisecretory therapy in the setting of acute NVUGIB has been revisited in two meta-analyses and one randomized, placebo-controlled trial of omeprazole as an adjunct to endoscopic intervention. Until more definitive data are available, it appears that the effect of acid-decreasing medications is more important when endoscopic therapy is not provided than when effective endoscopic intervention is instituted. With regard to therapeutic endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding, the few randomized trials that have been published in full form in the last year focus on the use of mechanical methods of hemostasis for peptic ulcer bleeding and other etiologies such as Mallory-Weiss tears and Dieulafoy lesions.
Further evidence linking bacterial infection and upper G.I. Bleeding in cirrhosis. Results from a large multicentric prospective survey in Argentina
Authors: J. Benavides, N.C. Fernandez, L.A. Colombato, F. Bessone, G. Botto, J. Curciarello, J. Daruich, E. Fassio, G. Herrera Babot, A. Jmelnitzky, C. Milutin, F. Palazzo, H. Rubio, R. Terg, J. Vilar, J. Vorobioff, A. Wulfson
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)