tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ETIOLOGY OF MUMPS
Authors: Claud D. Johnson, Ernest W. Goodpasture
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1934)

1. From four out of six specimens of saliva from six cases of mumps in the early stages of the disease, a filterable cytotropic virus has been obtained which induces in M. rhesus monkeys, following inoculation of the parotid glands through Stensen's duct, an acute, non-suppurative parotitis analogous to mumps. 2. This virus has not been found in normal saliva, nor does it correspond to any known virus with which we are familiar. 3. The virus is free of demonstrable microorganisms including spirochetes. 4. It is judged that this virus is the causative agent of mumps.
Expression of Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes in Different Lung Compartments of Smokers and Nonsmokers
Authors: Thomas Thum, Veit J. Erpenbeck, Julia Moeller, Jens M. Hohlfeld, Norbert Krug, Jürgen Borlak
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) play an important role in the defense against inhaled toxicants, and expression of CYP enzymes may differ among various lung cells and tissue compartments.
Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro and in vivo studies with emphasis on staphylococcal--leukocyte interaction.
Authors: G L Mandell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

Since oxygen-free polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) cannot kill Staphylococcus aureus normally, the usual mechanisms for PMN bactericidal activity probably involve hydrogen peroxide or superoxide. Catalase can destroy hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide dismutase breaks down superoxide. Experiments were performed to study the influence of these enzymes (which are found in staphylococci) on virulence for mice or on leukocyte-bacterial interaction. 15 staphylococcal strains were injected i.p. into mice to quantitate virulence. There was good correlation between staphylococcal catalase activity and mouse lethality (r equals 0.88) but no correlation between staphylococcal superoxide dismutase activity and mouse lethality (r equals 0.14). Exogenous catalase (10,000 U/ml) increased the virulence of low-catalase staphylococci, but exogenous superoxide dismutase (200 mug/ml) did not alter the virulence of staphyloccal strains. C14=labeled high-catalase or low-catalase staphylococci were ingested equally well by PMN, with or without the addition of exogenous catalase. A high-catalase staphylococcal strain was killed relatively poorly by PMN, and addition of exogenous catalase (but not superoxide dismutase) decreased the ability of PMN to kill a low-catalase strain. Iodination of bacterial proteins by PMN is related to hydrogen peroxide, and a high-catalase staphylococcal strain was iodinated only 63% as much as a low-catalase strain. Addition of exogenous catalase decreased iodination of the low-catalase strain by 23%. These findings suggest that staphylococcal catalase protects intraphagocytic microbes by destroying hydrogen peroxide produced by the phagocyte. Thus, catalase may be a significant staphylococcal virulence factor.
Impact of hand washing on bacteraemia rates
Authors: Y. Friedmann, M. Gravenor, O. Bodger, M. Temple
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Stone and colleagues’ results are consistent with mathematical models of hospital transmission of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).1 This can be shown using Cooper and colleagues’ model, whereby transmission within hospital is described by an effective contact rate parameter between susceptible and infectious people. Improved hygiene conditions reduce the probability that contact between people results …
ABC of arterial and venous disease: Secondary prevention of transient ischaemic attack and stroke
Authors: K. R Lees
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Stroke or transient ischaemic attack is common and likely to be fatal or cause serious disability.A second stroke will not necessarily be of the same type as the initial event, although haemorrhages tend to recur.Patients with previous stroke commonly succumb to other vascular events, in particular myocardial infarction.Effective secondary prevention depends on giving attention to all modifiable risk factors for stroke as well as treating the causes of the initial stroke.Four questions should be answered:
Hodgkin Disease in the Sinonasal Region Detected by FDG PET
Authors: Juan C. Batlle, Hongming Zhuang, Scott Potenta, Rakesh Kumar, Abass Alavi
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

Hodgkin disease rarely involves the sinonasal region. The authors present such a case demonstrated by FDG PET imaging and confirmed by biopsy and subsequent pathologic examination.
Abstract 5565: Quantitative proteomics identifies phosphorylation targets, modulators and pathway signatures of oncogenic RAS-mediated MAPK signaling in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Putty-Reddy Sudhir, Chia-Lang Hsu, Yi-Ting Wang, Ting-Yi Sung, Wen-Lian Hsu, Yu-Ju Chen, Ueng-Cheng Yang, Jeou-Yuan Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Functional phosphoproteomics is applied to gain the molecular insights into oncogenic RAS-mediated signaling pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. By means of immobilized metal affinity chromatography, mass spectrometry and a robust label-free quantitative system, we compared the phosphorylation profiles of five cell lines including immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) (wt KRAS), 3KTR (KRASG12V-transfected HBECs), A549 (KRASG12D), H322 (amplified KRAS), and H1299 (NRASQ61K). This resulted in the quantification of 1508 phosphorylation events and detection of regulated events across the cell lines. NetworKIN analysis of 2-fold regulated events (n=77) induced by oncogenic RAS in HBECs revealed 20 novel site-specific phosphorylation targets of MAP kinases. By browsing through STRING database, we identified 44 known substrates of MAP kinases in the interactome of phosphoproteins in this study. Further analysis of the site-specific upstream kinases of regulated phosphorylation events revealed the significant increase in basal kinases such as PAK, AKT/PKB and PKA in H1299 (large cell carcinoma) relative to A549 and H322 (adenocarcinoma). This increase in basal kinases may in-turn modulate the output of RAS-mediated MAPK signaling in large cell carcinoma cells (H1299). Supporting these results, majority of the regulated phosphorylation events (n=77) including MAPK, identified in HBECs expressing oncogenic RAS, were also differentially regulated in A549 and H322 but not in H1299. Further, inferring pathway signatures by integrating expression data of phosphorylation profiles to pathway interaction database, revealed the activation of MAPK signaling in 3KTR, A549 and H322 but not in H1299, whereas the activation of AKT and inactivation of mTOR signaling in H1299. Taken together, we demonstrate the phosphorylation targets, molecular regulation, and pathway activity signatures of onogenic RAS-mediated MAPK signaling in lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the method introduced here to infer the pathway signatures is adaptable for future studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5565.
New Data on Prostate-Cancer Mortality after PSA Screening
Authors: Anthony B. Miller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

After 11 years of follow-up in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC), Schröder et al.1 report in this issue of the Journal that there has been little change in the apparent benefit of screening men for levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), as compared with an earlier report.2 Both studies showed a relative reduction of 21% in the rate of death from prostate cancer in the screening group, as compared with the control group. This reduction was achieved after considerable use of resources: in order to prevent one death from prostate cancer at 11 years of follow-up, . . .
Abstract 4598: Identification of driver genes in hepatocellular carcinoma by exome sequencing.
Authors: Sean P. Cleary, William R. Jeck, Xiaobei Zhao, Sara R. Selitsky, Gleb L. Savich, Ting-Xu Tan, Michael C. Wu, Gad Getz, Michael S. Lawrence, Joel S. Parker, Jinyu Li, Scott Powers, Hyeja Kim, Sandra E. Fischer, Maha Guindi, Anand Ghanekar, Derek Y. Chiang
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Genetic alterations in specific driver genes lead to disruption of cellular pathways and are critical events in the instigation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. As a prerequisite for individualized cancer treatment, we sought to characterize the landscape of recurrent somatic mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma. We performed whole exome sequencing on 87 hepatocellular carcinomas and matched normal adjacent tissues to an average coverage of 59x. The overall mutation rate was roughly 2.5 mutations per Mb, with a median of 45 non-synonymous mutations that altered the amino acid sequence (range 2 to 381). We found recurrent mutations in several genes with high transcript levels: TP53 (20%), CTNNB1 (15%), IGSF3 (9%) and KEAP1 (8%). Significantly affected gene families include the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing family, calcium channel subunits, and histone methyltransferases. In particular, the MLL family of methyltransferases for histone H3 lysine 4 were mutated in 20% of tumors. Clinical data demonstrated significantly decreased disease-free survival in tumors with p53 mutations (p=0.006) and a trend was observed towards higher rates of recurrence and shorter disease free survival among MLL mutation carriers. The NFE2L2-KEAP1 and MLL pathways are recurrently mutated in multiple cohorts of hepatocellular carcinoma. The elucidation of genetic changes in HCC will enhance our understanding of hepatocarcinogenesis and influence disease prognosis and therapy. Citation Format: Sean P. Cleary, William R. Jeck, Xiaobei Zhao, Sara R. Selitsky, Gleb L. Savich, Ting-Xu Tan, Michael C. Wu, Gad Getz, Michael S. Lawrence, Joel S. Parker, Jinyu Li, Scott Powers, Hyeja Kim, Sandra E. Fischer, Maha Guindi, Anand Ghanekar, Derek Y. Chiang. Identification of driver genes in hepatocellular carcinoma by exome sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4598. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4598
Gross Hematopyuria Presenting As a First Symptom Due to the Bladder Infiltration of Extranodal Burkitt's Lymphoma
Authors: Hideaki Fujiwara, Jun Odawara, Brian Hayama, Yoko Takanashi, Kan-ichi Iwama, Masayuki Yamakura, Masami Takeuchi, Kosei Matsue
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)
P74 Experiences of a simulated pleural biopsy training course for respiratory registrars in a high tuberculosis incidence region of the UK
Authors: WM Ricketts, M Farrugia, J Goldring, T O'Shaughnessy, M Sheaff, DT McLeod
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction and Objectives</h3> Last year we presented data highlighting the on-going role for Abrams pleural biopsy in areas with high tuberculosis incidence (1). Feedback reiterated on-going need, but highlighted concerns regarding the attainment of trainee competence at this infrequently performed procedure. We organised and evaluated a half day training course using a well validated porcine-resin model at a regional registrar training day (2). <h3>Methods</h3> All attendees (18) underwent a practical training session on pleural biopsy using Abrams and Tru-Cut biopsy needles. Feedback forms were completed and perceived success documented, all samples obtained underwent histological assessment by a specialist respiratory Consultant Histopathologist. <h3>Results</h3> Previous experience was limited (median 0.5 prior biopsies performed, range 0–50). On Likert scales (range 1–5) mean confidence improved (1.86, SD 1.21 to 3.83, SD 0.51; p &lt; 0.0001) and the session was deemed useful (mean score 4.5, SD 0.4) with 13/14 (92.9%) trainees who answered stating the session would change their practice. A mean of 4.56 samples (SD 1.42) were obtained per trainee. Sixty-nine of seventy-six samples (90.8%) were perceived to have been successful by the operator, microscopic evidence of mesothelial lined pleura was obtained in nine samples (11.8%) with connective tissue suggestive of possible pleura obtained in a further 25 (33%) (κ = 0.013; poor correlation); real time observation by a training partner suggested a 91.9% success rate (κ = 0.584; moderate correlation). There was no increase in accuracy with increased sampling. Despite encouragement only four participants attempted the Tru-Cut method. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The session was popular and significantly improved trainee confidence. However, histological biopsy success rate and macroscopic correlation was poor. This is most likely related to difficulty in biopsying non-diseased pleura and possibly differences between macroscopic appearances of porcine and human pleura or inexperienced trainees’ inability to recognise pleura macroscopically. Experience was low even in a high-incidence region, suggesting simulated pleural biopsy training may be a useful adjunct. <h3>References</h3> Brown J <i>et al</i>. Abrams-Needle Pleural Biopsy Remains a Useful Investigation in Suspected Pleural Tuberculosis. <i>Thorax</i> 2012;67(Suppl 2):A113–A113. Naicker TR <i>et al.</i> Validation of a novel resin-porcine thorax model for chest drain insertion training. <i>Clinical medicine</i> 2012;12:49–52.
One Step Closer to a CMV Vaccine
Authors: Cornelia L. Dekker, Ann M. Arvin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

In this issue of the Journal, Pass and colleagues describe the results of a phase 2 trial of a vaccine containing recombinant cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein B subunit antigen combined with MF59 adjuvant for the prevention of CMV infection in seronegative women of childbearing age.1 The primary end point was the time to CMV infection in the women. Their report of 50% vaccine efficacy (95% confidence interval, 7 to 73) is a promising development in the long search for an effective vaccine to protect against congenital CMV infection.CMV was first recognized as a cause of birth defects when the evaluation . . .
Dermatology and Dentistry Subcommittee of the 2012 International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Clinical Consensus Conference
Authors: June K. Robinson
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

Joyce M. C. Teng, MD, PhD; Edward W. Cowen, MD, MHSc; Mari Wataya-Kaneda, MD, PhD; Elizabeth S. Gosnell, DMD; Patricia M. Witman, MD; Adelaide A. Hebert, MD; Greg Mlynarczyk, DDS; Keyoumars Soltani, MD; Thomas N. Darling, MD, PhD
CLINICAL USES OF SCTZ–A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: KIRPAL SINGH
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

Owing to the small number of cases treated so far, no firm conclusions can be drawn. The drug when administered intravenously produces sleep very rapidly which lasts for a few minutes only, thus necessitating frequent injections or recourse to an intravenous drip. The quantity required at one time varies from 100 to 160 c. c. In uncooperative cases when it is difficult to administer the drug, it can be injected after giving an ECT. Phlebitis appears to be a common complication and was met with in 5 cases. Further controlled trials are indicated.
General practitioners are victims too
Authors: C. Manning
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Having just completed a series of eight meetings with some 500general practitioners from around the country, I cannot believe the huge disparity between the espoused values of those who do not work as general practitioners and the near desperation of many who do.

Neuberger talks about patients not being consulted over the services offered.1 No one ever consulted most general practitioners about the 1990contract or primary care groups—these issues are decided at the …
Benefits of Hybrid SPECT/CT for 111In-Oxine- and Tc-99m-Hexamethylpropylene Amine Oxime-Labeled Leukocyte Imaging
Authors: Mehdi Djekidel, Richard K. J. Brown, Morand Piert
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Background: This retrospective study assessed the effect of the addition of SPECT/CT imaging on the diagnostic accuracy of labeled leukocyte scintigraphy. Methods: Leukocyte scans of 134 patients performed between December 2005and December 2009 were reviewed. All patients underwent whole-body planar and SPECT/CT imaging with either 111In-oxine- or Tc-99m-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO)-labeled leukocytes. Leukocyte imaging identified a total of 221 lesions. Based on additional diagnostic tests and clinical follow-up, a final diagnosis was established in 115 patients. Results: A total of 113 focal lesions with an established final diagnosis were detected on imaging in bone (n = 43), soft-tissues (n = 34), vascular grafts (n = 19), and other surgical implants (n = 17), whereas 26 scans resulted negative. Overall, leukocyte scanning including SPECT/CT yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 87.5%, 85.3%, 83.6%, and 88.9%, respectively. As compared to planar imaging and SPECT, SPECT/CT imaging significantly increased the number of correctly identified lesion locations and improved overall reader confidence in 77 (68%) and 71 (63%) of 113 focal lesions, respectively (P < 0.001). Significant differences in scan accuracy were neither observed between 111In-oxine- or Tc-99m-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime-labeled leukocyte studies, nor between scans obtained with or without antibiotic treatment. Conclusions: Hybrid SPECT/CT leukocyte imaging has incremental value over planar imaging with SPECT because of improved diagnostic accuracy of lesion identification and reader confidence.
Comparison of Surfactant and Perfluorochemical Liquid Enhanced Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer in Normal Rat Lung
Authors: Daniel J. Weiss, Gökhan M. Mutlu, Laura Bonneau, Michael Mendez, Ying Wang, Vidas Dumasius, Phillip Factor
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2002)

<h2>Abstract</h2> Both surfactant- and perfluorochemical (PFC)-based vehicles enhance adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in the lung. To compare the relative effects of surfactant and PFC liquid, we infected orotracheally intubated Sprague-Dawley rats with 4×10<sup>9</sup> pfu of an E1a<sup>−</sup>/E3<sup>−</sup> adenovirus expressing either an <i>Escherichia coli lacZ</i> (Ad<i>lacZ</i>) mini-gene or no cDNA (Adnull). Surfactant-mediated delivery was achieved via instillation of four, 200-μl aliquots of virus suspended in a 50% surfactant (Survanta) vehicle over a 15-minute period. PFC rats received virus in 100 μl of saline followed by instillation of the PFC liquid FC-75 (10 cc/kg body weight) over a 2- to 3- minute period. Lungs were collected 3 days later for measurement of β-galactosidase (β-gal) expression and indices of inflammation. Both PFC liquid and surfactant-based vehicles produced widespread β-gal expression and increased total β-gal activity over that observed with instillation of vector alone. Both vehicles comparably increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), total cell counts, neutrophils, total protein, and IFN<sub>γ</sub>. FC-75 was also associated with increased BALF IL1β. In conclusion, surfactant and FC-75 are similarly effective vehicles for adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to the lung.
The Influence of Changes in pH of the Perfusion Fluid on the Occurrence of the Calcium Paradox in the Isolated Rat Heart
Authors: K. Bielecki
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1969)

During Langendorff perfusion of isolated rat hearts the minimum duration of the calcium-free perfusion period, after which reperfusion with calcium evokes the "calcium paradox", is influenced by changes in pH of the perfusion fluid. This time interval is prolonged by a decreased pH and shortened by an increased pH.
Sexual Dysfunction Associated With Thioridazine Hydrochloride
Authors: Richard I. Shader
Journal: JAMA (1964)

A DECADE OF psychiatric treatment has been marked by the advent and increased usage of numerous psychopharmacological agents. Throughout this period the search has continued to aid in the development of effective agents which have minimal side effects. Thioridazine hydrochoride (Mellaril) has received wide acceptance as an effective phenothiazine with a relatively low incidence of side effects.<sup>1</sup>However, there have been sporadic reports<sup>2-6</sup>during the past three years of an unusual side effect occurring in male patients taking thioridazine hydrochloride. The capacity for sexual excitation, with concomitant erection and orgasm, was intact, but without apparent evidence of ejaculation and emission of semen. This side effect has not been reported in normal subjects, and it was not observed in the author's experience with six normal males taking thioridazine hydrochloride.<sup>7</sup>(This is not a statistically significant absence.) It has not been reported for other phenothiazines, but it has been
Severe Digital Ischemia
Authors: Rafael S Cires, Susana V Maya
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

A 56-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus complicated by retinopathy and mild nephropathy and managed with glyburide (glibenclamide) and metformin reported having abdominal pain and fever for the past 48 hours. On admission she was short of breath, hypotensive, and in shock. Her white-cell count was 25,900 per cubic millimeter and she had disseminated intravascular coagulation. She was treated with mechanical ventilation, blood products, hemodynamic support with dopamine and norepinephrine, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. The next day cyanosis developed in three fingers of the right hand (Panels A and B) and in five toes of the right foot (Panels C and . . .