tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Colonic Perforation
Authors: Manash K. Ghose
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
UK radiation workers have higher than normal cancer risk but lower overall death rate
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Radiation workers’ risk of developing a range of cancers rises with increasing exposure to ionising radiation, a UK study has found. The study confirms previous findings but also shows that this group benefits from a “healthy worker effect,” with a lower overall death rate than in the general population.

The study looked at cancer incidence and mortality in 174 541 people in the National Registry for Radiation Workers, which was set up in 1976 to assess the effects of protracted exposure to low dose radiation in the workplace. They include workers at nuclear power stations, people working with atomic weapons and medical isotopes, and researchers working with radioactive materials.

The latest results show that the incidence and mortality from leukaemia (apart from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) and all other malignant neoplasms apart …
Comparison of Glargine Insulin Versus Rosiglitazone Addition in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetic Patients on Metformin Plus Sulfonylurea
Authors: Curtis Triplitt, Leonard Glass, Yoshiniro Miyazaki, Estela Wajcberg, Amalia Gastaldelli, Elena De Filippis, Eugenio Cersosimo, Ralph A. DeFronzo
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—We sought to examine the mechanisms by which the addition of glargine insulin or rosiglitazone improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetic subjects poorly controlled on maximally effective doses of metformin plus sulfonylurea. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Subjects (aged 47 ± 11 years, BMI 31 ± 5 kg/m2, HbA1c [A1C] 9.4 ± 1.3%) received bedtime glargine insulin (titrated based on the fasting plasma glucose [FPG], n = 10) or rosiglitazone (4 mg twice daily, n = 10). At baseline and after 4 months, A1C was measured and an oral glucose tolerance test and a 3-h euglycemic insulin (80 mU/m2 per min) clamp with [3-3H]glucose were performed. RESULTS—A1C and FPG decreased similarly in the glargine insulin (9.1 ± 0.4 to 7.6 ± 0.3% and 212 ± 14 to 139 ± 5 mg/dl, respectively, both P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and rosiglitazone (9.4 ± 0.3 to 7.6 ± 0.4% and 223 ± 14 to 160 ± 19 mg/dl, respectively, both P &amp;lt; 0.005) groups. After 4 months, endogenous glucose production (EGP) declined similarly with glargine insulin (2.27 ± 0.10 to 1.73 ± 0.12 mg · kg−1 · min−1, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and rosiglitazone (2.21 ± 0.12 to 1.88 ± 0.12 mg · kg−1 · min−1, P = 0.01). The hepatic insulin resistance index declined in the rosiglitazone group (32 ± 3 to 21 ± 1 mg · kg−1 · min−1 × μU/ml, P = 0.03 vs. baseline and P &amp;lt; 0.05 vs. glargine insulin) and did not change in the glargine group (22 ± 5 to 20 ± 3 mg · kg−1 · min−1 × μU/ml, P = NS). At 4 months, glargine insulin (3.6 ± 0.5 to 4.2 ± 0.4 mg · kg−1 · min−1, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and rosiglitazone (2.7 ± 0.3 to 3.8 ± 0.3 mg · kg−1 · min−1, P &amp;lt; 0.0005) increased Rd, but the increment was greater in the rosiglitazone group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure was reduced only by rosiglitazone (P &amp;lt; 0.01). CONCLUSIONS—Triple therapy with glargine insulin or rosiglitazone similarly reduced A1C, primarily by suppressing basal EGP (hepatic). Glargine insulin reduced basal EGP by increasing plasma insulin levels, while rosiglitazone decreased basal hepatic glucose production by improving hepatic insulin sensitivity.
CEREBRAL SIGNS AND SIMULATIONS IN PNEUMONIA.Read before the Forty-eighth Annual Session Wisconsin State Medical Society.
Authors: J. R. BARNETT
Journal: JAMA (1894)

It is probable that the various papers on the different inflammatory diseases of the lungs, to be presented by this Committee, will take into account the cerebral complications and counterfeits often present, as well as other more frequent, if less serious, complications; and perhaps so fully that anything more would be superfluous. Still, the relative frequency and importance of these cerebral manifestations, grown more frequent and more important since the Russian influenza added its baleful quota to the list of human ills, gives good reason for something of repetition. Indeed, when different writers discuss the subdivisions of lung inflammations practically, that is from the standpoint of bedside observation, there will be much of repetition all through, for at the bedside we find few of those distinct entities which the text-books delight to photograph and catalogue, but instead, a mixture of conditions which baffle rather than invite either delineation or classification.
227. Functionalized Multi-Block Co-Polymers of Short Length Linear Polyethylenimines for Safe and Efficient Gene Transfer
Authors: Gregory Slobodkin, Majed Matar, Angela Ramsey, Jason Fewell, Elaine Brunhoeber, Khursheed Anwer
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Higher molecular weight polyethylenimines can transfect cells with greater efficiency than lower molecular weight polyethylenimines, but this gene transfer efficiency is generally associated with considerable cytotoxicity not observed when using lower molecular weight polyethylenimines. To overcome this obstacle we have cross-linked low molecular weight polyethylenimines via biodegradable linkage to create a biodegradable multi-block copolymer (|[ge]|7.5 kDa) that expresses significantly higher transfection activity as compared to the monomer block. The cross-linked multi-block copolymer exhibited 80-fold enhancement in transfection activity over the monomer without significant increase in cytotoxicity. Covalent attachment of a lipid moiety to the biodegradable polymer further enhanced the transfection activity and improved its serum stability. The transfection activity of the biodegradable multi-block lipopolymer was equal or higher than that of 25 kDa polyethylenimine while the cytotoxicity was significantly lower. DNA complexation with the biodegradable lipopolymer led to the formation of nanoparticles of less than 150 nm particle size and positive zeta potential. The extent of DNA condensation and transfection activity of the biodegradable lipopolymer was dependent on polymer to DNA ratio. High transfection activity of the biodegradable multi-block lipopolymer was demonstrated in numerous monolayer and suspension cell cultures using reporter and therapeutic genes. The gene transfer efficiency of the biodegradable multi-block copolymer was 70-90%. A direct comparison of the transfection activity of biodegradable multi-block lipopolymer with that of several commercially available transfection reagents was carried out.
270. The RheoSwitch® Therapeutic System Precisely Regulates IL-2 Expression in Melanoma Cells and Supports Survival of NK Cells at the Tumor Site
Authors: Anand K. Katakam, Qin Yang, Steve Goding, Prasanna Kumar, Per H. Basse
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Some gene therapy approaches will require the therapeutic gene to be expressed in a regulated fashion so that the precise amount of the gene product can be delivered in the appropriate tissues at the desired time and for the desired duration. We have developed the RheoSwitch|[reg]| Therapeutic System (RTS) that can be precisely controlled by an orally active synthetic small molecule ligand (Activator Drug) for regulated expression of therapeutic genes. The RTS consists of two component proteins that heterodimerize to create a functional inducible transcription factor complex. The ligand- binding component is the DEF domain of a mutant ecdysone receptor that is fused to a Gal4 DNA binding domain. The second component is the EF domain of a chimeric RXR that is fused to the VP16 activation domain. These proteins, constitutively expressed under a ubiquitous or tissue-specific promoter, can induce in vivo gene expression from a responsive promoter in the presence of a potent ligand.
Thalidomide given to women in Brazil
Authors: J Rocha
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Thalidomide is being widely used in Brazil to treat people with leprosy - including women of childbearing age. Government doctors say that the use of the drug is strictly controlled but members of an association of thalidomide victims say that many women of childbearing age could be taking the drug, especially in remote areas, where leprosy is most prevalent.

Dr Cerson Fernando, national coordinator of the Ministry …
UN appoints official to combat threat from avian flu
Authors: Paul Ress
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Recordings were made from myenteric neurons of the guinea-pig ileum during reflexes evoked by mechanical stimulation of the mucosa. Impaled neurons were injected with dye (Lucifer yellow or biocytin), and their shapes were determined. All neurons were 5–12 mm from the stimulus, a brush stroke that deformed the mucosal villi. Neurons were classified as S-neurons or AH-neurons (Hirst et al., 1974). About 40% of S-neurons oral to a stimulus responded with bursts of fast EPSPs (average frequency, 15–40 Hz); these neurons were in ascending reflex pathways. About 60% of S-neurons anal to a stimulus responded with similar bursts of fast EPSPs or slow depolarizations; these neurons were in descending pathways. Only 2 of 48 AH-neurons responded, both in descending pathways. Most S-neurons in either ascending or descending pathways received inputs from at least 2 or 3 other neurons. Action potentials evoked during a response averaged 3–10 Hz in frequency, with occasional bursts at up to 100 Hz. The speed of conduction along the reflex pathways was about 0.5 m/sec. All S-neurons were uniaxonal, but they differed in size, dendritic morphology, and projections. The axons of S- neurons injected with biocytin were followed up to 7 mm within the myenteric plexus. Three S-neurons projected to the tertiary plexus and were probably longitudinal muscle motor neurons; 2 of these were in descending pathways. Five S-neurons projected along the intestine and had varicose collaterals in some ganglia. These neurons were probably interneurons; 3 were descending and 2 ascending, and all responded in the appropriate reflex pathway. Many S-neurons had short axons that entered the circular muscle and were probably circular muscle motor neurons. Others projected several millimeters along the intestine before entering the circular muscle or fading beyond detection. From this study, we have been able to deduce the circuits mediating ascending and descending mucosa-to-muscle reflexes. It is concluded that AH-neurons are primary sensory neurons and S-neurons are interneurons and muscle motor neurons in the circuits.
Striatal Delivery of rAAV-hAADC to Rats with Preexisting Immunity to AAV
Authors: Laura M Sanftner, Brian M Suzuki, Mohammad M Doroudchi, Lan Feng, Alan McClelland, John R Forsayeth, Janet Cunningham
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

We tested the hypotheses that initial immunization of rats with rAAV might limit subsequent transduction by rAAV-hAADC when stereotaxically infused into the striatum and that the level of inhibition would correlate with AAV neutralizing antibody titers. Immunohistochemical detection of AADC and analysis by stereology revealed that the control group (no immunization) had the greatest volume of distribution of AADC (20.32 +/- 2.03 mm3) (+/-SD). There was a 58% decrease in spread (8.46 +/- 3.67 mm3, P < 0.008) in the high-dose immunization group (5 x 10(10) vg rAAV-null). Transduction weakly correlated with preexisting titer levels of neutralizing antibody at the time of intrastriatal rAAV-hAADC infusion. Only rats with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:1208 +/- 332 had significantly decreased AADC transgene expression compared to the unimmunized control group. Immunohistochemistry on serial sections for inflammatory markers including GFAP, CD11b, CD4, and CD8a revealed normal morphology and no cellular infiltration, suggesting little immune reaction in the CNS. We conclude that rAAV vectors can transduce brain tissue in the context of preexisting immunity, but that efficiency of transduction declines significantly in the presence of very high titers of neutralizing antibodies. These results have important implications for gene therapy for CNS disorders.
Constitutive activation of 5-lipoxygenase in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Authors: J Wilborn, M Bailie, M Coffey, M Burdick, R Strieter, M Peters-Golden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disorder characterized by inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Leukotrienes (LTs) are pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic mediators derived from the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. They are thought to play a role in a number of disease processes, but have received relatively little attention in investigations into the pathogenesis of IPF. In this study, we measured the levels of immunoreactive LTs B(4) and C(4) in homogenates of lung tissue obtained from patients with newly diagnosed, untreated IPF, as compared to levels measured in homogenates of uninvolved nonfibrotic lung tissue from patients undergoing resectional surgery for bronchogenic carcinoma. Compared to homogenates on nonfibrotic control lung, homogenates from IPF patients contained 15-fold more LTB(4) and 5-fold more LTC(4). IPF homogenate levels of LTB(4) were significantly correlated with histologic indices of both inflammation (r=0.861) and fibrosis (r=0.926). Activation of 5-LO is known from in vitro studies to be associated with localization of the enzyme at the nuclear membrane. Immunohistochemical staining for 5-LO protein in alveolar macrophages (AMs) demonstrated that such an "activated" localization pattern was significantly more frequent in IPF lung (19.2+/-3.3% of cells) than in control lung (9.3+/-0.9%); this localization pattern was rarely seen (3.2%) in sections from a truly normal transplant donor lung. Consistent with these data, AMs obtained from IPF patients by bronchoalveolar lavage, purified by adherence, and cultured in the absence of a stimulus for 16 h elaborated significantly greater amounts of LTB(4) and LTC(4) than did control AMs obtained from normal volunteers. These data indicate that the 5-LO pathway is constitutively activated in the lungs of patients with IPF, and the AM represents at least one cellular source of LT overproduction in this disorder. We speculate that LTs participate in the pathogenesis of IPF, and their overproduction in this disorder may be amenable to specific pharmacotherapy.
Case of Hydrocephaloid Disease
Authors: C. W. Graham
Journal: BMJ (1858)

ciples, or carrying with it some contamination, which has either been generated within the body, or received into it from without -is not already present.It is well known that the peliod when local diseases, undoubtedly of constitutional origin, arise, is very different in different persons and different constitutions, and that in many instances the constitutional affection long remains smoulderinig and unheeded, till some external cause, perhaps one which wouldl have proven a trifle in ordinary cir-
Management of bleeding varices in the elderly.
Authors: S. W. Hosking, N. C. Bird, A. G. Johnson, D. R. Triger
Journal: BMJ (1989)

In 207 consecutive patients the outcome of bleeding varices was compared in those aged under 65 (n = 146) and those aged over 65 (n = 61). All patients were seen during seven years and were treated by active initial and maintenance sclerotherapy. Alcoholic cirrhosis was commoner in younger patients (68 (47%) v 12 (20%] and cryptogenic cirrhosis commoner in older patients (21 (34%) v 19 (13%]. Mortality due to the first bleed was dependent on the severity of liver disease and was unrelated to age. Survival corrected for age (life table analysis) was 65% at one year and 60% at two years for both groups of patients. It is concluded that patients should not be denied active treatment for bleeding varices on the basis of age alone. In order to obtain optimum results early endoscopy and sclerotherapy is essential.
Squamous-cell carcinoma of the duodenum as a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: S. von Delius, C. Lersch, B. Neu, W. Huber, F. Eckel, H. Pitzl, F. Fend, J. Gaa, R. Schmid
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Figure 1 A 75-year-old woman was admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic examination showed an ulcerated tumor in the posterior part of the duodenal bulb, with infiltration of the pylorus and an impression of the posterior gastric wall (Video 1).
Post-operative Staphylococcal Enterocolitis During Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: B. J. Fowler
Journal: BMJ (1955)

OSTEOMALACIA IN NEUROFIBROMATOSIS DITISHL 1313particularly sensitive to these small doses (Bauer and Marble, 1932).On the other hand, the immediate and considerable improvement in calcium and phosphorus balance on massive doses of calciferol indicates that osteomalacia is present but " resistant" to doses of calciferol which would cure other types of the disease than resistant rickets.It has been shown by Bauer, Marble, and Claflin (1932) that normal subjects on large doses of calciferol will show a prompt improvement in absorption of calcium and phosphorus, but, unlike osteomalacics, there is an equally great increase in urinary, calcium and phosphorus, so that the calcium and phosphorus balance is not improved.In our case the marked improvement in calcium and phosphorus balance on high doses of calciferol confirms that the patient was suffering from osteomalacia.The histological criterion of active osteomalacia is the presence of excessive osteoid disposed as wide bands of palely staining tissue on the surface of both compact and trabecular bone.In the present case, although evidence of osteomalacia had been clear, the absence of this histological feature at the time of biopsy after three months of high dosage with vitamin D indicates that remineralization of osteoid had been effected. SummaryMetabolic balance studies on a case of von Reckling- hausen's neurofibromatosis with osteomalacia is presented.The association of the two diseases is noted, and proved cases previously mentioned in the literature are quoted.The aetiology of the osteomalacia is shown to be a renal tubular defect, presumably congenital, which brings it into the group of diseases usually known as resistant rickets.Bone biopsy showejd that there is osteoporosis as well as osteomalacia.The cystic appearance of bone is due to combined osteoporosis with deep indentation of bone by mucoid fibrous tissue originating from the periosteum.There was no histological evidence of osteo- malacia at the time of biopsy, presumably as a result of treatment.We wish to thank Dr. James Dow for referring this case to us; Mr. John W. Woollen for the serum analyses and fat balances; Miss Patricia Carroll for her help in the routine chemical investigations; and the nursing staff of the metabolic unit for their care of the patient
Inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes type-III and type-IV suppress mitogenesis of rat mesangial cells.
Authors: K Matousovic, J P Grande, C C Chini, E N Chini, T P Dousa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

We studied interactions between the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway and cAMP-protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway in regulation of mitogenesis of mesangial cells (MC) determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation, with or without added EGF. Forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP strongly (by 60-70%) inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation into MC. Cilostamide, lixazinone or cilostazol selective inhibitors of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozyme PDE-III, inhibited mitogenesis to similar extent as forskolin and DBcAMP and activated in situ PKA, but without detectable increase in cAMP levels. Cilostamide and cilostazol were more than three times more effective at inhibiting mesangial mitogenesis than rolipram and denbufylline, inhibitors of isozyme PDE-IV, even though PDE-IV was two times more abundant in MC than was PDE-III. On the other hand, when incubated with forskolin, rolipram-enhanced cAMP accumulation was far greater (10-100x) than with cilostamide. EGF increased MAPK activity (+300%); PDE isozyme inhibitors which suppressed mitogenesis also inhibited MAPK. PDE isozyme inhibitors also suppressed PDGF-stimulated MC proliferation. We conclude that cAMP inhibits the mitogen-dependent MAPK-signaling pathway probably by decreasing the activity of Raf-1 due to PKA-catalyzed phosphorylation. Further, we surmise that minor increase in the cAMP pool metabolized by PDE-III is intimately related to regulation of mesangial proliferation. Thus, PDE isozyme inhibitors have the potential to suppress MC proliferation by a focused effect upon signaling pathways.
Disentangling Methodologies: The Ethics of Traditional Sampling Methodologies, Community-Based Participatory Research, and Respondent-Driven Sampling
Authors: Melissa Constantine
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2010)

Simon and Mosavel (2010) provide no contextual basis for evaluation or ethical analysis of respondent-driven sampling (RDS). In their article, “Community Members as Recruiters of Human Subjects: Et...
Commentary: penetration of asbestos through the digestive wall in rats
Authors: R. D. Pontefract
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1974)

Distribution studies on asbestos fibers administered to rats were performed with the electron microscope and were supplemented with studies involving use of tritiated and neutron-activated asbestos. Chrysotile filbers were injected into the stomach of rats, and 2–4 days later various tissues were solubilized and their fiber content studied. Fibers were isolated from the blood, spleen, omentum, and brain of the treated rats. Highest levels of orally administered fibers decreased within 24 hr in the blood, lung, and spleen; the count remained high in tissues such as the omentum and brain.
721. Measles Virus for Cancer Gene Therapy of Primary Liver Tumors
Authors: Boris R.A. Blechacz, Patrick Splinter, Greiner Suzanne, Mark J. Federspiel, Kah-Whye Peng, Nicholas F. LaRusso, Stephen J. Russell
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide, causing nearly 1 million deaths annually. Its therapy is mainly based on surgery, local-regional therapy and chemotherapy. Despite a variety of different new therapeutic approaches, its prognosis remains poor with a median survival of <10 months. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches.