tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Permselectivity of of the glomerular capillary wall. Studies of experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat using neutral dextran.
Authors: R L Chang, W M Deen, C R Robertson, C M Bennett, R J Glassock, B M Brenner, J L Troy, I F Ueki, B Rasmussen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Polydisperse [3h] dextran was infused into eight Munich-Wistar rats in the early autologous phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN), thereby permitting direct measurements of pressures and flows in surface glomeruli and fractional clearances for dextrans [(U/P) dextran/(U/P) inulin] ranging in radius from 18 to 42 A. Despite glomerular injury, evidenced morphologically and by a marked reduction in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, the glomerular filtration rate remained normal because of a compensating increase in the mean net ultrafiltration pressure. In NSN rats, as in normal controls, inulin was found to permeate the glomerular capillary wall without measurable restriction, and dextrans were shown to be neither secreted nor reabsorbed. For dextran radii of 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, and 42 A, (U/P) dextran/(U/P) inulin in NSN and control rats, respectively, averaged 0.90 vs. 0.99, 0.81 vs. 0.97, 0.63 vs. 0.83, 0.38 vs 0.55, 0.20 vs. 0.30, 0.08 vs. 0.11, and 0.02 vs. 0.03. Using a theory based on macromolecular transport through pores, the results indicate that in NSN rats, effective pore radius is the same as in controls, approximately 50 A. In NSN, however, the ratio of total pore surface area to pore length, a measure of the number of pores, is reduced to approximately 1/3 that of control, probably due to a reduction in capillary surface area. These results suggest that proteinuria in glomerular disease is not due simply to increases in effective pore radius or number of pores, as previously believed. Using a second theoretical approach, based on the Kedem-Katchalsky flux equations, dextran permeability across glomerular capillaries was found to be slightly lower, and reflection coefficient slightly higher in NSN than in control rats.
Association of angiotensinogen gene T235 variant with progression of immunoglobin A nephropathy in Caucasian patients.
Authors: Y Pei, J Scholey, K Thai, M Suzuki, D Cattran
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Genetic variability in the renin-angiotensin system may modify renal responses to injury and disease progression. We examined whether the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene, and the A1166--> C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene may be associated with disease progression in 168 Caucasian patients with IgA nephropathy. All patients had serial measurements of their creatinine clearance, proteinuria, and blood pressure (mean+/-SD) with a follow-up of 6.1+/-4.7 yr. The genotype frequencies for each gene were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and were similar to those of 100 Caucasian control subjects. We examined two primary outcomes: (a) the rate of deterioration of Ccr, and (b) the maximal level of proteinuria. We found that patients with the AGT MT (n = 79) and TT (n = 29) genotypes had a faster rate of deterioration of Ccr than those with the MM (n = 60) genotype (i.e., median values, -6.6 and -6.2 vs. -3. 0 ml/min/yr, respectively; P = 0.01 by Kruskal-Wallis test). Similarly, patients with AGT MT and TT genotypes had higher maximal values of proteinuria than those with the MM genotype (i.e., median values, 2.5 and 3.5 vs. 2.0 g/d, respectively; P < 0.02 by Kruskal-Wallis test). Neither the ACE insertion/deletion nor angiotensin II type I A1166--> C gene polymorphism was associated with disease progression or proteinuria in univariate analysis. Multivariant analysis, however, detected an interaction between the AGT and ACE gene polymorphisms with the presence of ACE/DD polymorphism adversely affecting disease progression only in patients with the AGT/MM genotype (P = 0.008). Neither of these gene polymorphisms was associated with systemic hypertension. Our results suggest that polymorphisms at the AGT and ACE gene loci are important markers for predicting progression to chronic renal failure in Caucasian patients with IgA nephropathy.
Brain Abscess
Authors: H. Thomas Ballantine, James C. White
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

BRAIN abscesses have consistently taxed the judgment and technical skill of the medical profession. The diagnosis is often difficult, leading at times to an unfortunate delay in operative intervention. Before the advent of present-day antibacterial therapy, early operation performed for a nonencapsulated abscess led almost certainly to the death of the patient. Yet to wait hopefully for encapsulation and reduction in the virulence of the infecting organism meant running a grave risk that the patient would succumb either to rupture of the abscess into the cerebrospinal-fluid pathways or to the effects of increased intracranial pressure secondary to this septic, expanding, . . .
Abstract 1447: Investigating susceptibility to sporadic osteosarcoma by genome-wide copy number analysis
Authors: Rinnat M. Porat, Ivan Pasic, Adan Shlien, Nalan Gokgoz, Irene Andrulis, Jay S. Wunder, David Malkin
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Constitutional copy-number variants (CNVs) frequently overlap genomic regions that contain genes associated with cancer. In addition, copy number alterations (CNAs) in tumors often coincide with sites of CNVs and may arise through progression of CNVs. Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common human bone malignancy, can arise in familial or sporadic forms. While germline mutations of tumor suppressor genes have been implicated in a minority of OS cases, little is known about genetic changes that contribute to the etiology of sporadic OS. Using high-resolution SNP/CNV arrays, we observed a higher global germline CNV frequency in patients with sporadic OS compared to healthy controls. Given the early age of onset and the extensive constitutional CNVs, we hypothesize that these genomic alterations are linked to susceptibility to OS. Here we investigate whether specific constitutional CNVs are related to susceptibility to sporadic OS and whether OS tumor CNAs arise via progression of constitutional CNVs in these patients. Blood derived DNA samples from patients with sporadic OS with wild-type germline p53 sequence and gene dosage were selected for analysis on Affymetrix GW6.0 arrays with paired pre-therapy tumor biopsies. Initial results from a discovery set of samples (n=43 pairs) reveal a copy number loss at 1q43, in a region that overlaps several genes that have a role in bone formation, microtubules and cytoskeletal organization. This loss was present in 43% of the blood-derived DNA samples and 44% of the tumor-derived samples, whereas this variant was noted in only 1.2% of controls. Furthermore, the germline 1q43 deletion correlates with poor survival of the OS patients (p=0.04, Long Rank). Analysis of an independent validation set (n=32 pairs) is currently underway to confirm the initial finding and further characterize specific constitutional CNVs among sporadic OS patients. The findings of this study will open new avenues for the discovery of novel loci implicated in susceptibility to OS with potential for improved diagnostic and prognostic options as well as further insight into disease pathogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1447. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1447
A review on phospholipids and their main applications in drug delivery systems
Authors: Jing Li, Xuling Wang, Ting Zhang, Chunling Wang, Zhenjun Huang, Xiang Luo, Yihui Deng
Journal: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2014)

Phospholipids have the characteristics of excellent biocompatibility and a especial amphiphilicity. These unique properties make phospholipids most appropriate to be employed as important pharmaceutical excipients and they have a very wide range of applications in drug delivery systems. The aim of this review is to summarize phospholipids and some of their related applications in drug delivery systems, and highlight the relationship between the properties and applications, and the effect of the species of phospholipids on the efficiency of drug delivery. We refer to some relevant literatures, starting from the structures, main sources and properties of phospholipids to introduce their applications in drug delivery systems. The present article focuses on introducing five types of carriers based on phospholipids, including liposomes, intravenous lipid emulsions, micelles, drug-phospholipids complexes and cochleates.
THE VALUE OF ROENTGEN RAYS AND BENZENE IN THE TREATMENT OF POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
Authors: SAMUEL H. HURWITZ
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The treatment of that form of polycythemia associated with splenomegaly and chronic cyanosis has not, up to the present time, been entirely successful. In the absence of any exact knowledge concerning the pathology of polycythemia vera, therapeutists have been unable to attack the disease at its source. The treatment has, for the most part, been symptomatic, and the available therapeutic measures have been directed chiefly to the reduction in the number of circulating red blood corpuscles. Such efforts have been well directed, because it seems not unlikely that many of the symptoms of the disease—the headache, vertigo, cyanosis and dyspnea—are in great part attributable to the mechanical stasis in the circulation due to the polyglobulism. And whereas, the therapeutic agents employed have not resulted in permanent cures, they have been effective in reducing the number of circulating erythrocytes, and on this account they merit the attention that has been accorded
England and Wales introduce new system for medical negligence claims
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The biggest changes this century to the way medical negligence claims in England and Wales are dealt with came into effect this week. In cases of serious adverse outcomes, patients will be entitled for the first time to an explanation of what happened. New procedures to encourage openness, the early release of medical notes, and early settlement should revolutionise a system which up until now has been plagued by high costs, delays, and mistrust. …
Mezlocillin-induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Vishwanath Gharpure
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 October 1993Mezlocillin-induced ThrombocytopeniaVishwanath Gharpure, MD, Bernadette O'Connell, MD, and Charles A. Schiffer, MDVishwanath Gharpure, MDSearch for more papers by this author, Bernadette O'Connell, MDSearch for more papers by this author, and Charles A. Schiffer, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-8-199310150-00025 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:We describe a patient who developed thrombocytopenia after receiving mezlocillin; the condition reversed after mezlocillin therapy was discontinued. Mezlocillin-associated antiplatelet antibodies were present in vitro.A 70-year-old man was admitted with generalized seizures. The initial laboratory evaluation showed normal blood counts (platelet count, 303 109/L) and normal coagulation studies. Dilantin therapy was started and a left parietal hemorrhage was diagnosed. Nine days later, a left lower lobe pneumonia developed that was treated with gentamicin and ceftriaxone. On day 19, because of persistent fever, this antibiotic treatment was discontinued and mezlocillin therapy was started. The platelet count on ...References1. Rachel JM, Summers TC, Sinor LT, Plapp FV. Use of a solid phase red blood cell adherence method for pretransfusion platelet compatibility testing. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988; 90:63-8. Google Scholar2. O'Connell BA, Lee EJ, Rothko K, Hussein MA, Schiffer CA. Selection of histocompatible apheresis platelet donors by cross-matching random donor platelet concentrates. Blood. 1992; 79:527-31. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Vishwanath Gharpure, MD; Bernadette O'Connell, MD; Charles A. Schiffer, MDAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byBeta-lactam antibioticsPenicillinsANTIBACTERIAL DRUGSBeta-lactam antibioticsPenicillinsAllergy to antibacterials: the problem with beta-lactams and sulfonamidesPenicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactam antibioticsMezlocillin 15 October 1993Volume 119, Issue 8Page: 862KeywordsAntibodiesBlood countsDrugsHemorrhagePartial thromboplastin timePhosphate buffered salinePlateletsPneumoniaProthrombin timeResearch laboratories ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 October 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Effect of a Novel Financial Incentive Program on Operating Room Efficiency
Authors: Thomas M. Scalea, Darlene Carco, Melissa Reece, Yvette L. Fouche, Andrew N. Pollak, Sushruta S. Nagarkatti
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

IMPORTANCEOperating room (OR) turnaround times (TATs) and on-time first-case starts (FCSs) are commonly used measures of OR efficiency.Prolonged TATs and late FCSs occur frequently at academic medical centers.OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that establishing a financial incentive program (FIP) for OR teams would improve efficiency, leading to decreased TATs and improved on-time FCSs.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective study to evaluate the effect of an FIP on OR efficiency between March 1, 2013, and December 31, 2013, at a freestanding academic trauma hospital.Participants were all OR team members and included anesthesiologists, certified registered nurse anesthetists, nurses, and technicians.INTERVENTIONS Operating room efficiency awareness education was conducted before FIP implementation beginning in February 2013.Each eligible OR team member achieving a TAT of 60 minutes or less or an on-time FCS was awarded 1 point.Reports listing individual performances were posted.Pay bonuses were awarded for achieving 1 of 3 progressive point totals in any month.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcomes were TAT, which was defined as "wheels out" to "wheels in," and on-time FCS, which was defined as "wheels in" within 6 minutes of the scheduled start time.RESULTS Before FIP implementation, the mean TAT varied between 77 and 83 minutes, with only 18% to 26% of TATs being 60 minutes or less; on-time FCSs averaged 29% to 34%.After FIP implementation, on-time FCSs improved from 31% to 64% (P < .001),and TATs of 60 minutes or less increased from 24% to 52% (P < .001).The cost of a 2-month FIP was $8340.We saved 13 minutes per TAT, for an estimated savings of $177 000.We estimate an additional savings of $33 000 for on-time FCSs, for a total hospital savings of $210 000. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEA novel FIP improved OR efficiency.Given the small amount of money involved, it seems unlikely that financial incentives were solely responsible.Effectively communicating the importance of TATs and on-time FCSs and publishing individual results more likely increased staff awareness.Teamwork created by linking assignment of points to a team result likely contributed to success.
MILK SEDIMENTS OR DIRTY MILK IN RELATION TO DISEASE.
Authors: GEORGE M. KOBER
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Every consumer of milk has doubtless observed the presence of more or less foreign matter at the bottom of the bottle in which it is kept; indeed, it is a matter of such common occurrence that it hardly excites our attention, and many are disposed to look on it as a matter of course. Professor Soxhlet of Munich was perhaps the first to point out that these deposits are largely made up of the excrementitious matter from the cow, which adhering to the udder of the animal, gained access to the bucket during the act of milking. If these sediments are subjected to microscopical examination we will find that they are composed of epithelial débris, hairs of the cow. organic and inorganic dust particles, excrementitious matter, vegetable fibers, bacteria, fungi and spores of every description: fully 90 per cent. of the germs are fecal bacilli—all of which is not only
A novel homozygous mutation of the EVER1/TMC6 gene in a Japanese patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Authors: S. Aochi, G. Nakanishi, N. Suzuki, N. Setsu, D. Suzuki, K. Aya, K. Iwatsuki
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Conflicts of interest: none declared. S.A. and G.N. contributed equally to this study. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV; OMIM 226400) is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by abnormal susceptibility to disease‐specific human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Patients with EV have usually presented with skin lesions resembling disseminated flat warts or pityriasis versicolor since childhood. Some of the lesions may progress to skin cancers late in life. Recently, genetic susceptibility loci for EV were mapped to chromosomes 2p21–24 and 17q25.1 Two different genes, EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8, were identified in chromosome 17q25.2 We report a woman with HPV type 12‐induced EV who carried a homozygous C→T transition at nucleotide position 220 within exon 4 of EVER1 that led to a premature translation termination. A 57‐year‐old woman presented with a 46‐year history of multiple, scaly erythematous plaques on her neck, trunk and extremities (Fig. 1a). There was consanguinity between the patient’s parents. Of her five siblings, a brother had died soon after birth, and two sisters had died of uncertain causes at the ages of 3 and 5 years. The remaining two siblings and her two daughters have been in good health. Lesional skin biopsy showed vacuolated keratinocytes with abundant basophilic cytoplasm (Fig. 1b). HPV type 12, one of the EV‐related HPV types, was detected in DNA samples extracted from the scales by using the consensus primer pair, EV3 and EV4, for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the E7 open reading frame of EV‐associated HPVs.3 Laboratory tests showed a normal full blood count with normal white blood cell differentiation. No abnormality was found in blood chemistry tests except for an elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase (393 IU L−1, normal 120–240). The CD4/CD8 ratio of circulating lymphocytes was within normal range (1·0; normal 0·9–3·2). Values of thymidine uptake by lymphocytes stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A were comparable with those of normal subjects.
Diagnostic value of QRST isointegral maps in detecting myocardial infarction complicated by bundle branch block.
Authors: H Hayashi, S Watabe, S Yabe, K Takami, S Ohsugi, M Hirai, M Mizutani, H Saito
Journal: Circulation (1989)

The clinical usefulness of QRST isointegral maps (IQRST map) for detecting myocardial infarction that was complicated by intraventricular conduction disturbances was evaluated in patients with right bundle branch block (group RBBB, 64 patients) and left bundle branch block (group LBBB, 40 patients) by comparison with the normal mean IQRST map derived from 50 normal subjects. Myocardial infarction complicated the conduction disturbances in 24 of the 64 RBBB and in 18 of the 40 LBBB patients. A correlation coefficient was used for assessing the similarity of each map pattern with the normal mean IQRST map. The difference map was made by subtracting the average normal IQRST map from each abnormal IQRST map, and those differences that were less than 2 SD from the mean were retained as a significant area. The number of leads and their sum of differences were used to represent the size of the difference map. Correlation coefficients were significantly (p less than 0.001) smaller in patients with bundle branch block complicated by myocardial infarction than in patients with conduction disturbances not complicated by myocardial infarction. A significant area emerged in the difference map in all patients with myocardial infarction complicated by conduction disturbances. The emergence of a significant area revealed high diagnostic accuracy for detecting myocardial infarction in group RBBB (89.1%). The size of a significant area in a difference map was significantly larger in cases with complicated myocardial infarction than in cases with uncomplicated myocardial infarction in either group RBBB or group LBBB (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Amoxicillin for non-severe pneumonia in young children:Admission to hospital may indicate adverse effects
Authors: Javier Borja, David Rigau
Journal: BMJ (2004)

How electronic communication is changing health care Usability is main barrier to effective electronic information systemsEditor-Jadad and Delamothe celebrate "the return of the human" to health informatics in their editorial asking what's next for electronic communication and health care. 1 The question is not whether we need to merge human centred and technology centred approaches: the question is how to do it.If electronic resources are to improve health they have to be accessible, reliable, and usable.More than 80% of websites are currently not accessible by all, including most primary care trust and healthcare charity sites. 2 And according to our unpublished in-house survey, few electronic resources are subject to the rigour we would expect of reliable, evidence based publications, and many of the high quality resources that exist are prohibitively difficult to use in everyday practice.Usability concerns whether an information system is structured so that users can get an answer to fit their purpose.The solution to this problem is user centred design. 3So why isn't it happening in health care?In spite of considerable evidence that user centred design results in cost savings downstream, and a clear need to assess the usability of information systems, 4 the perception remains that it is too expensive.A good first step is the creation of effective, free tools that help us assess the usability of electronic resources quickly, such as our LIDA tool (www.minervation.com/downloads.html).These are needed to show where the problems are in resources that already exist.Once the usability problem has been identified and defined and both users and commissioners have been educated to expect better from information technology systems, momentum will be gathered towards genuinely high quality electronic information systems.
Genetics and Variable Drug Response
Authors: Russell A. Wilke, M. Eileen Dolan
Journal: JAMA (2011)

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