tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Put Human Cloning on Hold, Say Bioethicists
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1997)

HUMAN CLONING should be put on hold—but only temporarily, the National Bioethics Commission concluded in a report issued last month. "Clearly, there is a need for further public deliberation on the serious moral concerns raised by the prospect of cloning human beings," the commission said. President Bill Clinton asked the 18-member group in February to review the legal and ethical issues surrounding cloning and report back within 90 days. The president's request was a response to the report that researchers in Scotland had succeeded in cloning a sheep (<i>Nature</i>. 1997;385:810-813). The news sparked worldwide interest and concern that the cloning of humans was just around the corner. In a letter transmitting the Bioethics Commission report to the White House, chair Harold T. Shapiro, PhD, president of Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, said there is a need for a "great deal more widespread education and deliberation" to resolve the legal and moral
Gradual Loss of T-Helper 1 Populations in Spleen of Mice During Progressive Tumor Growth
Authors: Paritosh Ghosh, Kristin L. Komschlies, Marco Cippitelli, Dan L. Longo, Jeff Subleski, Jianping Ye, Antonio Sica, Howard A. Young, Robert H. Wiltrout, Augusto C. Ochoa
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1995)

The carefully orchestrated events that result in a protective immune response are coordinated to a large extent by cytokines produced by T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) T-cell subsets, which are two arms of the immune system. Th1 cells preferentially produce interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon gamma (IFN gamma), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), resulting in a cellular response that helps to eliminate infected cells. In contrast, Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 and stimulate an antibody response that helps to prevent the cells from becoming infected. The clinical progression of several infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus, some types of parasitoses, and tuberculosis, is thought to be associated with the predominance of a Th2-type T-cell response. Recent reports have demonstrated the presence of T cells producing Th2 lymphokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of renal cell carcinoma.The purpose of this study was to investigate at the molecular level whether there was any change in the splenic T cells of mice with progressively growing tumors from a Th1 to a Th2 DNA-binding pattern or phenotype.Splenic T cells from mice bearing renal cell carcinoma or MCA-38 colon carcinoma were tested for cytokine production after in vitro activation. Nuclear extracts of splenic T cells were used for the DNA-binding assay using IFN-gamma core promoter region, the kappa B (kappa B) site from immunoglobulin gene, and the nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) site from IL-2 gene.Splenic T cells from mice bearing renal cell carcinoma or MCA-38 colon carcinoma preferentially produced Th2 cytokines (i.e., IL-4) upon activation and showed a marked decrease in Th1 cytokine (particularly IFN gamma) production compared with the production observed in normal splenic T cells. The DNA-binding assay with the IFN-gamma core promoter region confirmed the gradual decline in the nuclear transcription factors associated with the Th1 phenotype during tumor progression in both tumor models. Renal cell carcinoma-bearing mice, successfully treated with flavone-8-acetic acid and recombinant human IL-2, showed a reversion to a Th1-like pattern. In addition, nuclear extracts of T cells from tumor-bearing animals showed a Th2-type kappa B-binding pattern. Moreover, the NFAT complex present in the normal splenic T cells was lost at the later stages of tumor progression; instead, a new complex was present in mice bearing long-term tumors.T cells from tumor-bearing mice lose the Th1 phenotype with progressive tumor growth.
A cyanine-modified upconversion nanoprobe for NIR-excited imaging of endogenous hydrogen peroxide signaling in vivo
Authors: Yi Zhou, Wenbo Pei, Xiao Zhang, Wangqiao Chen, Jiansheng Wu, Cheng Yao, Ling Huang, Hua Zhang, Wei Huang, Joachim Say Chye Loo, Qichun Zhang
Journal: Biomaterials (2015)
Wnt3a Growth Factor Induces Androgen Receptor-Mediated Transcription and Enhances Cell Growth in Human Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Meletios Verras, Jeffrey Brown, Xiaomeng Li, Roel Nusse, Zijie Sun
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The Wnt signaling pathway plays a critical role in embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. However, biological roles of Wnt growth factors have not been fully characterized in prostate development and the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. In this study, we used Wnt3a-conditioned medium (Wnt3a-CM) and purified Wnt3a proteins to investigate whether there is a direct effect of Wnt3a on androgen receptor (AR)-mediated transcription and to determine its role in the growth of prostate cancer cells. We demonstrated that Wnt3a-CM either induces AR activity in the absence of androgens or enhances AR activity in the presence of low concentrations of androgens, whereas purified Wnt3a showed a pronounced effect in the presence of low concentrations of ligands. We also showed that Wnt3a-CM and the purified Wnt3a enhance the level of cytosolic and nuclear β-catenin, suggesting an involvement of β-catenin in this regulation. Moreover, treatment of LNCaP cells with Wnt3a-CM and purified Wnt3a significantly enhances cell growth in the absence of androgens. Our findings demonstrate that Wnt3a plays an important role in androgen-mediated transcription and cell growth. These results suggest a novel mechanism for the progression of prostate cancer.
"GO OR GROW" - LINKS BETWEEN CELLULAR FUNCTION, GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND GLIOMA MICROENVIRONMENT
Authors: K. Lamszus, A. Kathagen, M. Holz, A. Schulte, M. Westphal
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND: The "go or grow" hypothesis states that glioma cells either favor proliferation at the expense of migration or migration at the expense of proliferation. This dichotomy is regulated by multiple factors, including ECM components, microRNAs and transcription factors. We recently found that glucose metabolism also contributes to this dichotomy and discovered an oxygen-dependent metabolic switch between the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the preparatory phase of glycolysis in glioma stem-like cells and tissues, which is associated with distinct phenotypes. Expression of glycolysis enzymes and glycolytic flux are increased by hypoxia and associated with cell migration, whereas the PPP is favored by oxygenation and associated with proliferation (Kathagen et al., Acta Neuropathol 2013). Building on these findings, we now studied the causal regulatory involvement of glycolysis versus the PPP in migration versus proliferation. METHODS: Enzyme inhibitors and lentiviral shRNA transduction were used to modulate the expression and activity of enzymes of glycolysis and the PPP. Proliferation, migration and clonogenicity were analyzed in vitro. Tumor initiation and growth were studied in an orthotopic nude mouse model. RESULTS: We identified G6PD and ALDOC as the most strongly inversely regulated enzymes of the PPP and glycolysis, respectively. Stable knockdown of G6PD, the first and key regulatory PPP enzyme, resulted in strikingly reduced proliferation but increased migration of GS cells. Conversely, knockdown of ALDOC inhibited migration while favoring proliferation. Similar results were obtained using enzyme inhibitors. The G6PD inhibitor 6-aminonicotinamide inhibited proliferation while stimulating migration, whereas erythrose-4-phosphate, an inhibitor of the glycolysis enzyme glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase (GPI) decreased migration. 2-deoxyglucose, a hexokinase inhibitor inhibited both proliferation and migration. Knockdown of G6PD in a highly proliferative but non-invasive conventional serum-grown glioblastoma cell line resulted in prolonged survival in vivo, whereas knockdown of ALDOC shortened survival. Interestingly, GPI is also known as a secreted factor termed autocrine motility factor (AMF), which binds to the surface receptor AMFR. Hypoxia strongly increased the secretion of GPI/AMF from GS cells as well as the expression of AMFR. Recombinant human GPI/AMF stimulated the migration of GS cells even more strongly than hepatocyte growth factor, a known potent glioma cell motogen. CONCLUSIONS: By interference with key enzymes of glycolysis and the PPP we demonstrated a direct causal relevance of the two pathways for the "go or grow" behaviour of GS cells, respectively. The identification of GPI/AMF as an extraordinarily potent motogen for GS cells, explains in part the pro-migratory effect of glycolysis. SECONDARY CATEGORY: Neuropathology & Tumor Biomarkers.
Isolation, Culture and Characterization of Adult Human Hepatocytes from Surgical Liver Biopsies
Authors: Francois Ballet, Marie-Elisabeth Bouma, Shu-Ren Wang, Norma Amit, Jacqueline Marais, Recaredo Infante
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

A technique is described for isolation and culture of adult human hepatocytes from surgical liver biopsies. The mean cell yield was 1.75 X 10(7) cells per gm liver and viability averaged 80%. Hepatocytes were maintained in primary culture for about 10 days. Cell morphology and histochemical characteristics were similar to hepatocytes in vivo. Bile canaliculi were observed by electron microscopy. Intracellular albumin was demonstrated up to the 7th day of culture; albumin secretion rate was maximal (0.6 +/- 0.33 micrograms per hr per 10(6) cells) 5 days after plating. These studies demonstrate that adult human hepatocytes can be isolated from surgical biopsies with high yield, and differentiated function can be maintained for several days.
Gene expression analysis in human peripheral eosinophils by various cytokine stimuli
Authors: Shinji Kagaya, Ryoichi Hashida, Kaoru Ogawa, Masami Miyagawa, Yuji Sugita, Kenji Matsumoto, T Katsunuma, Akira Akasawa, Hirohisa Saito
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
Long term, low intensity warfarin helps against deep vein thrombosis
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Small doses of warfarin given long term can protect patients from recurrent deep vein thrombosis. A trial to discover whether low intensity warfarin was a useful preventive measure was stopped early after researchers decided that its efficacy was proved.

Because warfarin can cause unwanted and potentially dangerous bleeding, including stroke, doctors have been reluctant to give it indefinitely.

The new study, led by Paul Ridker of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, …
Can't We Improve on Advance Directives?
Authors: Kenneth J. Simcic
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Letters4 March 2008Can't We Improve on Advance Directives?Kenneth J. Simcic, MDKenneth J. Simcic, MDFrom the University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-5-200803040-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In his perspective on advance directives, Perkins (1) states what many physicians have known or suspected for a long time: Advance directives are of little or no benefit in many, if not most, end-of-life situations. This is undoubtedly why so few physicians draft advance directives for themselves.I agree that we should not completely discard advance directives, because they do have value in at least 2 situations. The first is the patient who, because of advanced age or very poor health, is absolutely certain that he or she is ready to die a natural death when the ...Reference1. Perkins HS. Controlling death: the false promise of advance directives. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:51-7. [PMID: 17606961] LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From the University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoControlling Death: The False Promise of Advance Directives Henry S. Perkins Can't We Improve on Advance Directives? Frank Carter Can't We Improve on Advance Directives? Gerlyn M. Brasic and Bernard J. Hammes Can't We Improve on Advance Directives? Henry S. Perkins Metrics 4 March 2008Volume 148, Issue 5Page: 405KeywordsConflicts of interestHealth careHeartNutritionPatient advocacy ePublished: 4 March 2008 Issue Published: 4 March 2008 CopyrightCopyright © 2008 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Various Tissues of the Rat
Authors: James C. Pierce, William R. Meeker, Richard L. Varco
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE PRIMARY SITE of the host response in the case of skin homografts has been identified as the regional lymph nodes draining the graft. This has been demonstrated by a variety of techniques: passive transfer of immunity,<sup>1</sup>gross weight,<sup>2</sup>and histologic response.<sup>2,3</sup>Similar experiments have indicated that the spleen is also a site for this response.<sup>1,3,4</sup>Although the techniques employed in these experiments have provided valuable qualitative information about the host response, none, alone or in combination with each other, provides quantitative data about the host response. All of these techniques measure the amount of response in a tissue at a given time, and yet fail to measure the rate of response of the tissue. In the present experiments the rate of nucleic acid synthesis has been utilized as a measure of the rate of tissue response while the whole organ weight has been employed
Loss of a FYN-regulated differentiation and growth arrest pathway in advanced stage neuroblastoma
Authors: Bernd Berwanger, Oliver Hartmann, Eckhard Bergmann, Sandra Bernard, Dirk Nielsen, Michael Krause, Ali Kartal, Daniel Flynn, Ruprecht Wiedemeyer, Manfred Schwab, Helmut Schäfer, Holger Christiansen, Martin Eilers
Journal: Cancer Cell (2002)
A1C and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Danielle C. Colayco, Fang Niu, Jeffrey S. McCombs, T. Craig Cheetham
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The role of aggressive glycemic control in preventing cardiovascular events is unclear. A nested case-control study design was used to evaluate the association between average A1C and cardiovascular outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Adults with type 2 diabetes were identified among members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Type 2 diabetes was identified based on ICD-9 diagnosis codes and either A1C &amp;gt;7.5% or prescriptions for hypoglycemic agents. Case subjects were defined based on nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or death attributed to cardiovascular events during a 3-year window. Four type 2 diabetes control subjects were matched to each case subject based on age, sex, and index date for the corresponding case. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio of cardiovascular events and compare three patient groups based on average A1C measured in the preindex period (≤6, &amp;gt;6–8, &amp;gt;8%). RESULTS A total of 44,628 control subjects were matched to 11,157 case subjects. Patients with an average A1C ≤6% were 20% more likely to experience a cardiovascular event than the group with an average A1C of &amp;gt;6–8% (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Patients with an average A1C &amp;gt;8% experienced a 16% increase in the likelihood of a cardiovascular event (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). We found evidence of statistical interaction with A1C category and LDL level (P = 0.0002), use of cardiovascular medications (P = 0.02), and use of antipsychotics (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High-risk patients with type 2 diabetes who achieved mean A1C levels of ≤6% or failed to decrease their A1C to &amp;lt;8% are at increased risk for cardiovascular events.
Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid and Tc-99m Tagged Red Blood Cell Methods Are Comparable for Detecting Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Clinical Practice
Authors: FABIO PONZO, HONGMING ZHUANG, FRANK M. LIU, LESTER B. LACORTE, BAHAR MOUSSAVIAN, SUNNY WANG, ABASS ALAVI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2002)

Purpose The objective of this study was to determine whether the Tc-99m red blood cells (Tc-99m RBC) method has a true advantage over the Tc-99m sulfur colloid (Tc-99m SC) technique in a busy clinical practice for detecting and localizing lower gastrointestinal bleeding sites. Methods Three hundred fifty-nine consecutive gastrointestinal bleeding studies performed during the past 4 years were reviewed retrospectively. One hundred ninety-three scans were obtained with Tc-99m SC (scan duration, 30 minutes) and 138 studies were performed after the administration of Tc-99m RBC (scan duration, 1 hour). In addition, 28 examinations with Tc-99m SC were followed immediately by Tc-99m RBC scans for a duration of several hours. The results of the two methods were analyzed and the performance of the two techniques was compared. Results Among 193 scans performed using the Tc-99m SC method, 47 (24.4%) successfully identified the location of the bleeding site, whereas in 138 scans performed using Tc-99m RBC, 38 (27.5%) were successful for this purpose. In the remaining 28 scans in which the Tc-99m SC scan was followed by the Tc-99m RBC study, only 4 (14.3%) positive bleeding sites were identified after a prolonged imaging period. Discussion The theoretical advantages of the Tc-99m RBC technique compared with the Tc-99m SC method cannot be substantiated by this study. Our findings suggest that the efficacy of these two methods is nearly equal at a practical level. Conclusion The simpler and cost-effective Tc-99m SC method is as efficient as the Tc-99m RBC method when the scanning time is limited to 1 hour and optimal imaging and interpretation schemes are used.
Magnesium free dialysis for uraemic pruritus.
Authors: A. J. Carmichael, F. Dickinson, M. I. McHugh, A. M. Martin, M. Farrow
Journal: BMJ (1988)

17 malades sous hemodialyse periodique et souffrant de prurit grave sont partages en 2 groupes. Chez 10 d'entre eux les dialyses sont continuees de facon identique mais au moyen d'un liquide depourvu de magnesium. Ce traitement fait diminuer nettement la magnesiemie, mais est sans effet sur le prurit et amene une augmentation notable de l'hormone parathyroidienne, ce qui n'est pas sans risque
Wernicke's Encephalopathy After Gastric Plication
Authors: James B. MacLean
Journal: JAMA (1982)

To the Editor.—  Haid and co-workers (1982;247:2566) described two patients with a serious neurological complication following gastric plication procedures for morbid obesity. I would like to describe a third patient to reemphasize the potential seriousness of this neurological complication, which is totally avoidable if recognized clinically early in the course of illness.  Report of a Case.—  A 24-year-old woman had gastric plication procedure for morbid obesity in late January 1982 without apparent complication. She did well postoperatively, except for mild hypertension. Three months after the procedure, rather protracted nausea and vomiting developed with documented hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic acidosis, and she was given appropriate fluid and electrolyte supplementation. She continued to have problems with vomiting for several weeks.  A urinary tract infection was treated with ampicillin; then the patient experienced photophobia complicated by double vision, vertigo, and biparietal headaches. On neurological examination, she had gaze paretic nystagmus in both horizontal and
Book Review Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense -- An Evaluation by Scientists Edited by George V. Mann. 149 pp., illustrated. London, Janus, 1993. $17.95. 1-85756-072-8 (Distributed in the U.S. by Paul and Company, Concord, Mass).
Authors: Neil J. Stone
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)
Practical approach to the diagnosis and management of thrombocytopenia associated with tirofiban treatment
Authors: Agnès Mulot, Frédéric Moulin, Anne Fohlen‐Walter, Michael Angioi, Mohammed Sghaier, Jean‐Pierre Carteaux, Thomas Lecompte, Emmanuel de Maistre
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

Abstract Anti‐GPIIb/IIIa associated thrombocytopenia has been reported in most large trials, but very little data is available regarding tirofiban. We report three cases of thrombocytopenia, most likely attributed to tirofiban (two moderate and one severe). For each patient, laboratory investigation has allowed us to exclude another cause of thrombocytopenia, particularly heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia. Platelet count recovery could be earlier with tirofiban than with abciximab. Some suggestions are proposed for practical management of these patients with persistent thrombotic risk, who are sometimes candidates for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Am. J. Hematol. 77:67–71, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significance of Spontaneous Ketonuria and Serum C-Peptide Levels in Obese Type II Diabetic Patients
Authors: Kwame Osei, James M Falko, Thomas M O'Dorisio, David R Adam, Samuel Cataland
Journal: Diabetes Care (1984)

Patients with type II diabetes mellitus (type II DM patients) are characteristically obese, hyperinsulinemic, and non-ketosis prone. Recently, we have encountered several obese type II DM patients with either diabetic ketoacidosis or significant ketonuria after insulin withdrawal. There was no evidence of infection, stress, or starvation to explain their ketonuria. Therefore, we assessed serum connecting peptide (C-peptide) response to oral glucose in 14 obese, insulin-treated type II DM patients: 6 with and 8 without episodes of spontaneous ketonuria. The group presenting with ketonuria had low to absent basal and stimulated serum C-peptide responses. The nonketonuric group had higher basal C-peptide (P &amp;lt; 0.01) concentrations that increased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.001) after oral glucose compared with those of the ketonuric group. Clinical characteristics and biochemical control were similar in both groups. Our findings confirm that obese type II diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease with variable fasting and stimulated C-peptide responses. Spontaneous ketonuria could be a feature in the clinical presentation of the patients especially in the presence of both low fasting and stimulated C-peptide levels. The significance of these findings is unclear but suggests individualization in the management of type II DM patients and cautious withdrawal of insulin therapy in such patients. Furthermore, serum C-peptide levels alone cannot be recommended to classify patients into either type I or type II diabetes mellitus.