tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
US Legal Principles and Confidentiality of the Peer Review Process
Authors: Debra M. Parrish
Journal: JAMA (2002)

When drawn into other parties' litigation or investigations, journals often receive requests or subpoenas for confidential peer review documents. We describe reasons for such requests and reasons that journals resist producing confidential documents, ways that journals respond, and steps that journals can take to minimize third-party breaches of journals' confidential processes. We discuss legal principles on which resistance may be based in the United States, including the journalist's privilege, the scholar's privilege, the burdensomeness of response, and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which protect against attempts to obtain expert opinion testimony without compensation. Illustrative cases are described in which courts affirmed the confidentiality of peer review conducted by journals.
68Ga-DOTANOC PET-CT Demonstrating In Vivo Somatostatin Receptor Expression in Idiopathic Gynecomastia
Authors: Varun Singh Dhull, Punit Sharma, Suhas Singla, Abhinav Singhal, Chandrasekhar Bal, Rakesh Kumar
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Gynecomastia is abnormal enlargement of the male breasts due to the excess growth of glandular component. A 65-year-old man with medullary carcinoma of thyroid underwent (68)Ga-DOTANOC PET-CT for somatostatin receptor (SSTR) scintigraphy. Extensive nodal, bone, and bone marrow disease was seen. Interestingly, increased (68)Ga-DOTANOC uptake was also noted in bilateral enlarged mammary glands (gynecomastia). Although SSTR types 1 and 3 have been identified in the normal female breast, no report exists regarding SSTR expression in gynecomastia.
Sexual and reproductive health: what about boys and men?
Authors: G. Yamey
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Boys and men have been left out in our efforts to improve sexual and reproductive health. A national survey of family planning clinics by the Family Planning Association showed that young men are much less likely than women to access sexual health services.1 The United Kingdom government is currently assessing the feasibility of a screening programme for Chlamydia trachomatis . Its two pilot studies are focusing on women, but some argue that this “calls into question our ability and commitment adequately to address the sexual health needs of heterosexual men.”2 Why should we turn our attention to men? And how can we foster men's responsibility towards sexual and reproductive health? These questions were considered recently at the fifth seminar of the European Society of Contraception in Amsterdam and several proposals made.

Objections were raised to focusing on men's needs, including the concern that this may jeopardise reproductive …
TREATMENT AFTER IRRADIATION WITH ROENTGEN RAY
Authors: JOSEPH K. NARAT
Journal: JAMA (1922)

In the vast literature devoted to the so-called deep roentgen-ray therapy of malignant diseases, or the new short wave length roentgen-ray therapy, the technic of the application of the roentgen rays is described with the greatest exactness; but very little attention is paid to the after-treatment. Nobody will deny the importance of the postoperative treatment in cases in which a surgical procedure has been applied. This after-treatment has to deal chiefly with the prevention of postoperative shock and the promotion of conditions favoring the healing of the wound. A roentgen-ray treatment produces frequently more intensive physiologic changes than an operation, and the action of the rays is so prolonged that the patient has to be watched carefully over a considerable period of time. Often there are no visible symptoms immediately after the roentgen-ray treatment, and the undesirable changes appear gradually, even though they might be of such a degree as
Semifactual: Byrne's account of even-if
Authors: Simon J. Handley, Aidan Feeney
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Byrne's approach to the semifactual conditional captures the reasoning data. However, we argue that it does not account for the processes or principles by which people arrive at representations of even-if conditionals, upon which their reasoning is said to be based. Drawing upon recent work on the suppositional conditional we present such an account.
First Needle-Exchange Program Approved; Other Cities Await Results
Authors: Chris Anne Raymond
Journal: JAMA (1988)

AS predicted (<i>JAMA</i>1988;259:329-332), some intravenous (IV) drug users in New York City will begin receiving sterile needles and syringes from city health workers sometime this spring, after health officials received special approval from State Health Commissioner David Axelrod, MD, to dispense them. It is believed to be the first such program in the United States. The needle-exchange idea has been proposed for some time as one approach to slowing the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but, until now, state law has prohibited possession of needles without a prescription. As recently as December, a private foundation that publicized its plan to distribute needles and syringes was threatened with legal sanctions. However, under the provisions of the state's public health laws, the commissioner has the authority to permit individuals or groups to possess needles without a prescription if he deems it of benefit for the public health. According to Faith
Horizontal Gene Transfer of Glycosyl Hydrolases of the Rumen Fungi
Authors: S. Garcia-Vallvé, A. Romeu, J. Palau
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

By combining analyses of G + C content and patterns of codon usage and constructing phylogenetic trees, we describe the gene transfer of an endoglucanase (celA) from the rumen bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes to the rumen fungi Orpinomyces joyonii. The strong similarity between different glycosyl hydrolases of rumen fungi and bacteria suggests that most, if not all, of the glycosyl hydrolases of rumen fungi that play an important role in the degradation of cellulose and other plant polysaccharides were acquired by horizontal gene transfer events. This acquisition allows fungi to establish a habitat within a new environmental niche: the rumen of the herbivorous mammals for which cellulose and plant hemicellulose constitute the main raw nutritive substrate.
Diagnostic value of fluorescent antibodies.
Authors: C. E. Taylor, A. H. Tomlinson
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Diagnostic Value of Fluorescent AntibodiesSnI,--In your leading article on the diag- nostic value of fluorescent antibodies (18 November, p. 375) you lay a very necessary emphasis on the need for " a commercially available supply of reliable, standardized pre- parations of fluorescent antibodies."Fletcher drew attention in your columns to this need in 1964.'A provisional specification for
Clinical commissioning groups will be forced to contract support services to large commercial organisations, says BMA
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Government plans outlining how support services will be provided to clinical commissioning groups when they take on responsibility for commissioning the lion’s share of NHS services will give large private companies “an in built advantage” and make it very difficult for these new commissioners to employ their own staff or contract to local organisations, the BMA has warned.

The Department of Health has sent out draft guidance to various health organisations outlining how clinical commissioning groups should function from 2013, including how technical and “back office” functions, currently provided by primary care trust clusters, should be provided long term.

Developing commissioning support: Towards service excellence says “business intelligence” such as collecting and organising data, “major clinical …
The Physiologic and Clinical Similarity Between Primary Amyloid of the Heart and Constrictive Pericarditis
Authors: ROLF M. GUNNAR, ROBERT F. DILLON, RICHARD J. WALLYN, EDWARD I. ELISBERG
Journal: Circulation (1955)

When primary amyloid infiltrates the myocardium, there is a loss of distensibility and a resistance to contraction similar to that seen in constrictive pericarditis. The clinical similarity between these two entities has been noted previously on only a few occasions and only one previous case of amyloid has had catheterization studies. A case of amyloid of the heart is presented with catheterization studies and the reasons for the clinical and physiologic similarity to constrictive pericarditis are discussed.
Government Is in No Rush to Study Thousands of Veterans Who Received Nasal Radiation Therapy
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1995)

DESPITE LARGE gaps in the knowledge of the risks of head and neck cancers from ionizing radiation, federal authorities are in no rush to conduct an epidemiologic study of a large cohort of US veterans and others who were treated with nasopharyngeal radium irradiation from 1943 until the mid 1960s. Some authorities estimate that during this period tens of thousands of servicemen and hundreds of thousands of children and other civilians received high doses of radiation from radium capsules inserted into their nasal passages to shrink adenoid and lymphoid tissues. On August 29,1994, in response to an increasing number of requests for a federal study by some scientists and veterans, the US Senate Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Regulation held a hearing on the effects of nasopharyngeal radium treatments. To collect information to help determine what, if any, public health assessments are needed for populations who were exposed to
Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is associated with somatically hypermutated immunoglobulin variable genes and frequent use of VH1-69 and VH4-59 segments
Authors: M. Perez, A. Pacchiarotti, M. Frontani, E. Pescarmona, E. Caprini, G.A. Lombardo, G. Russo, T. Faraggiana
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Background Accurate assessment of the somatic mutational status of clonal immunoglobulin variable region (IgV) genes is relevant in elucidating tumour cell origin in B-cell lymphoma; virgin B cells bear unmutated IgV genes, while germinal centre and postfollicular B cells carry mutated IgV genes. Furthermore, biases in the IgV repertoire and distribution pattern of somatic mutations indicate a possible antigen role in the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies. Objectives This work investigates the cellular origin and antigenic selection in primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (PCBCL). Methods We analysed the nucleotide sequence of clonal IgV heavy-chain gene (IgVH) rearrangements in 51 cases of PCBCL (25 follicle centre, 19 marginal zone and seven diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg-type) and compared IgVH sequences with their closest germline segment in the GenBank database. Molecular data were then correlated with histopathological features. Results We showed that all but one of the 51 IgVH sequences analysed exhibited extensive somatic hypermutations. The detected mutation rate ranged from 1·6% to 21%, with a median rate of 9·8% and was independent of PCBCL histotype. Calculation of antigen-selection pressure showed that 39% of the mutated IgVH genes displayed a number of replacement mutations and silent mutations in a pattern consistent with antigenic selection. Furthermore, two segments, VH1-69 (12%) and VH4-59 (14%), were preferentially used in our case series. Conclusions Data indicate that neoplastic B cells of PBCBL have experienced germinal centre reaction and also suggest that the involvement of IgVH genes is not entirely random in PCBCL and that common antigen epitopes could be pathologically relevant in cutaneous lymphomagenesis.
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in Merkel cell carcinoma: A study of 270 scans in 97 patients at the Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center
Authors: Elena B Hawryluk, Kevin N O'Regan, Niall Sheehy, Ye Guo, Andrew Dorosario, Christopher G Sakellis, Heather A Jacene, Linda C Wang
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2012)
Breast Cancer: How to Mishandle Misconduct
Authors: Drummond Rennie
Journal: JAMA (1994)

At the end of January 1994,<i>JAMA</i>accepted an article by Lee-Feldstein et al<sup>1</sup>on various prognostic factors related to survival of patients with breast cancer. These authors examined differences in operative approaches to breast cancer between types of hospitals and how mortality varied. Their data support the use of breast-conserving operations, a practice which they note is based largely on six randomized trials
Retinoids. Structure-function relationship in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis in vitro.
Authors: A Tobler, M I Dawson, H P Koeffler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Retinoids were studied both to identify what skeletal components are important in the modulation of normal and leukemic human myeloid clonal proliferation and differentiation in vitro and to elucidate the mechanism by which retinoids modulate proliferation of hematopoietic cells. Retinoids with a derivatized terminal carboxyl group were significantly less active than all-trans-retinoic acid, and those with the addition of two methyl groups to the cyclohexenyl ring of retinoic acid or substitution of its beta-cyclogeranylidene group with a 1,1,3,3-5-indanyl ring system were markedly more active than all-trans-retinoic acid. Five of the retinoids strongly inhibited clonal growth of the HL-60 and KG-1 human leukemic cell lines (50% inhibition in the range of 3 X 10(-10)-1 X 10(-8) M) and markedly stimulated normal human myeloid colony formation (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells [GM-CFC] 150% stimulation in the range of 3 X 10(-9)-3 X 10(-8) M). Further studies suggested that: Common structural requirements of the retinoids were important in the modulation of both normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. The retinoids were able to inhibit leukemic proliferation without induction of differentiation of the neoplastic cells. Studies on normal human GM-CFC suggested that the retinoids did not act by themselves as a colony-stimulating factor (CSF), or by stimulating accessory cells to produce CSF, but either required earlier progenitor cells to become GM-CFC or enhanced the sensitivity of GM-CFC to the action of CSF.
Francisco León y Blanco
Authors: G. G. Liddle
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The recent article by Kuhn and others records experimental transmission of the treponematosis pinta to chimpanzees, with some degree of success (<b>206</b>:829, 1968). The second reference is to an article by "Blanco, F.L.," and it is sad that American writers (and editors) will so carelessly refer to a man by his matronymic, instead of his patronymic, which in this case was León. He was Dr. León to all who knew him, Dr. León Blanco formally, or on state occasion, but never Dr. Blanco. The reference should have been to "Leon Blanco, F." The "y" is commonly omitted by Spanish Americans, and the loss of the accent trivial, but omission of the patronymic in favor of the matronymic would to many a Spaniard imply illegitimacy. Of course, no such inference would be risked here, but it would seem possible that the correct "Leon Blanco" should have been
Consequences of atom bombings in dispute
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Some Japanese civilians from Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been studied regularly by medical scientists since the atomic bombs were dropped during World War II. But a National Research Council (NRC) panel has recently decided it would be impractical at this late date to begin a similar radiation-exposure study on American occupation troops who were stationed in or near those cities shortly after the bombings. Impinging on this is a recent report on a follow-up study of children born to Japanese survivors of the bombings. James V. Neel, MD, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, William J. Schull, PhD, University of Texas, Houston, and statistician Masanori Otake, Hiroshima, write that so far they have found "no clearly statistically significant effects of parental exposures," such as increases in untoward pregnancy outcomes, deaths of live-born children, or sex chromosome aneuploidy or certain mutations in offspring (<i>Science</i>1981;213:1205, 1220-1227). Thus, this study to date suggests
Epithelial IL-33 and TSLP Elicit Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses to Mediate Ozone-Induced Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Qi Yang, Moyar Q. Ge, Stephanie Kubala, Zhilong Jiang, Imre G. Redai, Monica Soni, Bei Chen, Noam A. Cohen, Avinash Bhandoola, Angela Haczku
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
Colonic bacterial proteases to IgA1 and sIgA in patients with ulcerative colitis.
Authors: G D Barr, M J Hudson, J D Priddle, D P Jewell
Journal: Gut (1987)

The colonic faecal and mucosal associated bacterial populations of five patients with ulcerative colitis and four control patients were studied in detail to assess their ability to produce IgA1-proteases. A total of 330 bacterial strains were isolated from the patients with ulcerative colitis and IgA1-protease activity was unable to be reliably shown in any. It is therefore unlikely that such enzyme production by colonic bacteria plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.
Population Screening in the Age of Genomic Medicine
Authors: Muin J. Khoury, Linda L. McCabe, Edward R.B. McCabe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Newborns are now routinely screened for the presence of a number of inherited diseases. In these cases, early diagnosis allows treatment to be instituted before there are irreversible adverse consequences. However, as outlined in this installment in the Genomic Medicine series, clinical benefit can be derived from screening adults as well — not only for the genes associated with classic inherited conditions, such as cystic fibrosis and Tay–Sachs disease, but also for genes that are better considered risk factors for complex diseases, such as factor V Leiden and mutations associated with hereditary hemochromatosis.
Enteroglucagon and experimental intestinal carcinogenesis in the rat.
Authors: A P Savage, J L Matthews, M A Ghatei, T Cooke, S R Bloom
Journal: Gut (1987)

To assess the association between the putative intestinal trophic hormone enteroglucagon and the development of intestinal tumours, four groups of 20 rats underwent either jejunal transection or 20%, 50%, or 80% proximal small bowel resection. Tumours were induced with azoxymethane 10 mg/kg weekly for 12 weeks. At 26 weeks there was a promotion of colonic neoplasia from a median of 0.5 (range 0-3) per rat in the transection group to 1.0 (0-3) in the 50% resected group (p less than 0.01) but no significant promotion in the 80% resection group. In the small bowel, increasing resection resulted in a progressive promotion of tumours from a median of 1.0 (range 0-3) per rat in the transection group to 2.0 (0-5) in the 50% resection group (p less than 0.001) and 3.0 (0-11) in the 80% group (p less than 0.01). Plasma enteroglucagon was measured at 2, 16, and 26 weeks and was raised seven-fold in the 80% resected group (p less than 0.001). There was a significant correlation between enteroglucagon concentrations and number of duodenal tumours but not colonic tumours. Crypt cell production rate in the duodenum increased from 11.5 +/- 1.9 to 29.2 +/- 1.4 cells/crypt/h in the 80% resected group (p less than 0.001) and showed a close correlation with both enteroglucagon levels and tumour promotion in the small bowel. There were no changes in crypt cell production rate in the colon with resection. This study shows a close association between enteroglucagon concentrations, promotion of tumours and crypt cell production rate in the duodenum but not in the colon.
Effects on tumor immunity of anti-TGF-beta with different isoform specificities
Authors: Masaki Terabe, Faith C Robertson, Shingo Kato, Emma De Ravin, Amer Mirza, Jay A Berzofsky
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts TGF-beta has been shown to play critical roles in immune suppression that occurs in cancer patients. TGF-beta has three isoforms, TGF-beta1, 2 and 3. We and others have reported that blockade of all three isoforms enhances tumor immunosurveillance and cancer vaccine efficacy in
Depressive States: Their Aetiology and Treatment
Authors: G. Garmany
Journal: BMJ (1958)

Depression is a large subject, and the purpose of this paper is to discuss merely a few aspects of it.Some years ago a front page to the out-patient notes of psychiatric patients attending Westminster Hospital was devised which was intended to give the essential facts of the case when the patient came up on subsequent occasions.It was envisaged, of course, that the data collected might be examined, for the hospital is fortunate in having a records officer and a Powers-Samas machine; but no particular piece of research was in mind at the time.These points are mentioned since it is relevant to notice that the original observations were made without any motive save of a very general kind, and the results; being computed by a machine, should be free from the unconscious distortion that can sometimes mar such retrospective studies.Data of this kind could be produced for any psychiatric syndrome, and a study of anxiety states on somewhat similar lines has already been published (Garmany, 1956).A group of 525 consecutive cases has been chosen, comprising depressive states of all kinds.In each of these an effect of sadness would be both dominant and primary, and the series should not include, for example, anxiety states with depressive features or schizophrenia presenting with depression.At the time each patient was seen the de- pressive was classified as endogenous, reactive, or invo- lutional, and this classification is preserved in the data which follow.In considering, as we must, how the distinction was made, it may be noted that the vast majority of the assessments were made by me.It is not suggested that this fact confers upon them any quality save a relative uniformity of approach.Classification of Depression Endogenous depression, as its name suggests, is a depression coming from within, which means much the same as idiopathic and essential in other contexts -namely, that we do not know why it happens at all.Coming without apparent cause, it usually runs a self- limited course of six to nine months, and this period can be greatly shortened in the large majority of cases by electroplexy.The family history is often positive, and there is some correlation between the tendency to develop this form of depression and the possession of a pyknic habitus, of which the familiar picture of John Bull is a typical example.The well-known work of Kretschmer in this context has not been an unmixed blessing to psychiatrists, many of whom have a strong
Reversibility of Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction Due to Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity
Authors: JASBIR SAINI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Doxorubicin is a potent anticancer agent effective in a wide range of malignancies, but its use is limited by dose-dependent late cardiotoxicity. Severe doxorubicin cardiotoxicity has been associated with a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate, and until recently has been thought to be irreversible. We describe the cases of three patients with well-documented severe left ventricular dysfunction due to doxorubicin who had complete clinical recovery with return of cardiac function to normal. Because severe doxorubicin cardiotoxicity is reversible in some patients, aggressive supportive therapy is warranted.