tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Imperial Tobacco plans to deny link between smoking and lung cancer
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Imperial Tobacco, one of Britain's biggest cigarette manufacturers, is planning to deny a proved link between smoking and lung cancer in the Scottish Court of Session, where it is fighting a damages claim from a former smoker. It is the first such case in the United Kingdom to reach the stage of a full hearing.

Margaret McTear, the widow of Alfred McTear, who died of lung cancer aged 48 in 1993, is suing Imperial Tobacco for £500 000 ($830 000; €710 000). Mr McTear lodged the claim shortly before his death.

The court heard the transcript of an interview that Mr McTear gave to his lawyer a week …
Cystatin C is not a better estimator of GFR than plasma creatinine in the general population
Authors: Bjørn O. Eriksen, Ulla D. Mathisen, Toralf Melsom, Ole C. Ingebretsen, Trond G. Jenssen, Inger Njølstad, Marit D. Solbu, Ingrid Toft
Journal: Kidney International (2010)
Lead toxicity: from overt to subclinical to subtle health effects.
Authors: R A Goyer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Although the toxicity of lead was recognized centuries ago, concern was restricted to overt symptoms: colic, encephalopathy, anemia, or renal disease. Two major reasons for lack of progress in restricting toxicity were that interest was limited to occupational exposures and there was lack of awareness of specific biochemical or metabolic effects. Identification of subclinical effects has been possible the last 15 or 20 years because of the development of sensitive measures to detect cognitive and behavioral changes that are not apparent clinically and because of methods to measure the reduced activity of heme enzymes. This progress was driven by basic and clinical research that resulted in a better understanding of cellular toxicology. The new awareness prompted the lowering of acceptable occupational exposures, as measured by blood lead from 80 to 40 to 60 micrograms/dL range, and the establishment of maximum recommended exposures in children to a blood lead level of 25 micrograms/dL. Lowering the lead content in gasoline has been accomplished by a nearly 50% decrease in average blood levels of persons in the United States (NHANES II data). Current research implicates lead as a contributing etiologic factor in a number of common diseases affecting large portions of the population such as subtle cognitive and neurological deficits, hypertension, congenital malformations, immunotoxicity, and deficits in growth and development. For each of these disorders there may be multiple etiologic factors; the scientific challenge is to develop sensitive methodology to detect the specific role of lead. Other potential subtle health effects include the influence of small amounts of lead on cell proliferation and lead as a cofactor in carcinogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Defective Synthesis of Triglycerides from C_14 Acetate in the Well Controlled Stable Diabetic.
Authors: A. R. Hennes
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1961)

s1 May 1961Defective Synthesis of Triglycerides from C14 Acetate in the Well Controlled Stable Diabetic.A. R. Hennes, M.D.A. R. Hennes, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-54-5-1044_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptWe have previously reported data in a stable adult diabetic suggesting defective lipid synthesis from 1-C14 acetate even when the diabetes is well controlled with insulin.The present report confirms these findings in studies done with 1-C14acetate in five stable adult diabetics. All were controlled with long-acting insulin and had normal fasting blood sugars and plasma lipid values at the time of the study. All received a diet containing at least 250 gm. of carbohydrate per day and total calories were adjusted so that weight was relatively constant for from five to seven days prior to each study. Patients... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1961Volume 54, Issue 5Page: 1044-1045KeywordsBlood plasmaBlood sugarCarbohydratesDietInsulinLipidsResearch designType 2 diabetes ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1961 PDF downloadLoading ...
Mortality Among Hispanics-Reply
Authors: Paul Sorlie
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We would like to clarify and emphasize several aspects of our article on mortality among Hispanics. Analysis was performed using only the white population in this study, ie, the Hispanic, non-Hispanic, foreign-born, and native-born groups were included as white. Data were inadequate to analyze for other racial groups. Missed deaths because of relocation back to the country of birth is not likely to be an explanation for the results for several reasons. Deaths in Puerto Rico are part of the National Death Index. Mortality among US-born Hispanics was lower than US-born non-Hispanics. Lower mortality was observed in Hispanics for both short-term and long-term follow-up. We did not attribute the lower mortality in Hispanics to a healthy migrant effect, but clearly stated that research needs to be done to determine the reasons for the lower mortality. Both behavioral and biological factors should be considered. The proportion in our sample
Foreign Body in the Ear.
Authors: CUNDELL JULER
Journal: JAMA (1898)

times past, before we became so civilized, supposed to be for footmen only.The advent of this horrid means of locomotion is an instance in which the inventive genius of man has overtoppled itself, or at least he has invented a machine that causes a great many individuals to be overtoppled.Here in Seattle, bicycle riders pay a license and are permitted by law to ride on the side¬ walks, so footmen step aside as they whiz by or take the chances of suddenly converting the momentum of one of these machines and its rider into heat, light and electricity.
Endothelin-1 expression in airway epithelial cells
Authors: J.‐d Aubert, Ph Leuenberger, L Juillerat‐jeanneret
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

Endothelin-1 expression in airway epithelial cellsTo the Editors:The paper "Erythromycin and clarithromycin attenuate cytokine-induced endothelin-1 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells" by TAKIZAWA et al. [1], recently published in the Journal, provides interesting perspectives on pharmacological modulation of endothelin (ET)-1 expression in human airways, and in the bronchial epithelium in particular.However, a few points from these data need to be clarified.Immunoreactive ET-1 measured under basal conditions is clearly detectable in both primary bronchial cells and BEAS-2B cells according to table 2 in this article (units not defined, presumably pg .mL -1 or pg .48 h -1 ).It has previously been shown that serum-exposed bronchial cells, but not undifferentiated basal cells release ET-1 [2].Although not explicit in the Materials and methods section, it appears that both primary and BEAS-2B cells analysed by TAKIZAWA et al.[1] were exposed to serum-containing medium, otherwise ET-1 would have been barely detectable.This point may be clinically relevant in bronchial asthma where the epithelial layer, normally exposed to low amount of serum-derived proteins, is repeatedly flooded with massive extravasation from the mucosal blood vessels [3].This mechanism might, indeed explain the increased ET-1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic patients, as measured by several authors, better than induction by pharmacological doses of pro-inflammatory cytokines.We similarly interpret the discordance between the data from TAKIZAWA et al.[1] and our own results using the same cell line [4] concerning the modulation of ET-1 expression by dexamethasone.Presumably, serum exposure and squamous differentiation of BEAS-2B cells induces the responsiveness to corticosteroids of the ET-1 gene.It is interesting to note that conflicting results on corticosteroidinduced expression of neutral endopeptidase, the main ET-1-degrading enzyme, have also been observed in BEAS-2B cells [5, 6].Finally, it would be interesting to know whether experiments with incubation periods shorter or longer than 48 h give comparable results, since the half-life of the ET-1 peptide in culture supernatants is approximately 24 h.
Hepatic oxygen and glucose metabolism in the fetal lamb. Response to hypoxia.
Authors: J Bristow, A M Rudolph, J Itskovitz, R Barnes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

Although the fetal liver is an active metabolic organ, its oxygen and glucose requirements have not previously been described. We measured hepatic blood flows and the oxygen and glucose differences across the liver in 12 late gestation fetal lambs in utero. Four animals were studied at least 1 wk postsurgically and again 2-5 d later to assess daily variations in hepatic blood flow and metabolism (group I). A second group of eight animals was studied 3-5 d postsurgically during a control period and during acute fetal hypoxia (group II). Under control conditions total hepatic blood flow averaged 400 ml/min per 100 g in both groups, and 75-80% was of umbilical origin. Liver blood flow and oxygen consumption were usually similar during repeated measurements, but in one animal varied considerably. During periods of normoxia, oxygen consumption for both the right and left lobes of liver was 4 ml/min per 100 g. Oxygen consumption of the whole liver accounted for 20% of total fetal oxygen consumption. This was achieved with oxygen extraction of 10-15%, so that hepatic venous blood was well oxygenated and provided an important source of oxygen for other fetal tissues. Under control conditions we could demonstrate no net hepatic uptake or release of glucose suggesting that the liver ultimately utilizes another carbon source to support its oxidative metabolism. During acute hypoxia total liver blood flow and its umbilical venous contribution both fell by 20%. Blood flow to the right lobe of the liver fell twice as much as that to the left lobe. Hepatic oxygen consumption was linearly related to oxygen delivery during the control and hypoxic periods. Consequently, right hepatic oxygen uptake fell by 45% whereas left hepatic oxygen uptake was unchanged, suggesting a functional difference between the lobes. During hypoxia glucose was released from both liver lobes; 6 mg/min per 100 g for the right lobe and 9 mg/min per 100 g for the left lobe. Total hepatic release of glucose was estimated to nearly equal umbilical uptake, so that 45% of the glucose available to fetal tissues was of hepatic origin. We conclude that the fetal liver responds to acute hypoxia by reducing its own oxygen consumption and releasing glucose to facilitate anaerobic metabolism.
THE BEARING OF CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGIC FACTS ON GASTRO-INTESTINAL SURGERY
Authors: J. SHELTON HORSLEY
Journal: JAMA (1935)

William Beaumont1in 1833 made the first definite note on peristalsis of the stomach. His observations and experiments on Alexis St. Martin began in 1825. Beaumont had been treating this patient, who had a gastric fistula following a wound from a shotgun, for nearly three years before it occurred to him to use St. Martin as a laboratory animal and observe what occurred in the stomach during digestion. In the eight years between 1825 and 1833 he made 238 experiments. Among other things he noted that the time required for disposal by the stomach of a moderate meal is from three to three and a half hours. He showed that the agent of digestion in the stomach is the gastric juice, which acts as a solvent and contains free muriatic acid and some other chemical principle. The other chemical principle was demonstrated a few years later by Eberle to
Hepatitis C and liver transplantation
Authors: M BERENGUER, T L WRIGHT
Journal: Gut (1999)

Hepatitis C virus-related end-stage liver disease, alone or in combination with alcohol, has become the leading indication for liver transplantation in most transplant programs accounting for approximately half of transplants performed in European centers. The aim of this review is to analyze the factors involved in the results in different groups of patients with HCV underwent to liver transplantation. The groups involved those pretransplantation, post-transplant HCV infection, preventive early post-transplantation and with of recurrent hepatitis C.
Multisource feedback: a method of assessing surgical practice
Authors: Claudio Violato, Jocelyn Lockyer, Herta Fidler
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<i>New methods are needed for assessing surgeons9 performance across a wide range of competencies. Violato and colleagues describe the development of a programme based on feedback from medical colleagues, coworkers, and patients for the assessment of surgeons throughout Alberta, Canada</i>
mtDNA Variation Predicts Population Size in Humans and Reveals a Major Southern Asian Chapter in Human Prehistory
Authors: Q. D. Atkinson, R. D. Gray, A. J. Drummond
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

The relative timing and size of regional human population growth following our expansion from Africa remain unknown. Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity carries a legacy of our population history. Given a set of sequences, we can use coalescent theory to estimate past population size through time and draw inferences about human population history. However, recent work has challenged the validity of using mtDNA diversity to infer species population sizes. Here we use Bayesian coalescent inference methods, together with a global data set of 357 human mtDNA coding-region sequences, to infer human population sizes through time across 8 major geographic regions. Our estimates of relative population sizes show remarkable concordance with the contemporary regional distribution of humans across Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas, indicating that mtDNA diversity is a good predictor of population size in humans. Plots of population size through time show slow growth in sub-Saharan Africa beginning 143–193 kya, followed by a rapid expansion into Eurasia after the emergence of the first non-African mtDNA lineages 50–70 kya. Outside Africa, the earliest and fastest growth is inferred in Southern Asia ∼52 kya, followed by a succession of growth phases in Northern and Central Asia (∼49 kya), Australia (∼48 kya), Europe (∼42 kya), the Middle East and North Africa (∼40 kya), New Guinea (∼39 kya), the Americas (∼18 kya), and a second expansion in Europe (∼10–15 kya). Comparisons of relative regional population sizes through time suggest that between approximately 45 and 20 kya most of humanity lived in Southern Asia. These findings not only support the use of mtDNA data for estimating human population size but also provide a unique picture of human prehistory and demonstrate the importance of Southern Asia to our recent evolutionary past.
The Liver in Secondary (Early) Syphilis
Authors: Sheila Sherlock
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

When syphilis was in its heyday sophisticated investigation of patients with liver disease was in its infancy. In particular needle hepatic biopsy was introduced only in the 1940's just before syphilis received a setback with the advent of penicillin. There have therefore been few detailed accounts of hepatic histology during the various stages of syphilis. Older writers relied on autopsy findings, and so the pericellular hepatic fibrosis of congenital syphilis (the liver teeming with spirochetes) was recognized and the hobnailed, scarred appearance of the gummatous liver had always to be distinguished from a macronodular (post-necrotic) cirrhosis.1 An acute benign hepatitis . . .
A novel electrophoretic variant of human apolipoprotein E. Identification and characterization of apolipoprotein E1.
Authors: K H Weisgraber, S C Rall, T L Innerarity, R W Mahley, T Kuusi, C Ehnholm
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

A new apolipoprotein E (apo E) phenotype has been demonstrated in a Finnish hypertriglyceridemic subject (R.M.). At the time of this study, R.M.'s plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels were 1,021 and 230 mg/dl, respectively. The subject's apo E isoelectric focusing pattern was characterized by two major bands, one in the E3 position and the other in the E1 position. Normally the E1 position is occupied by sialylated derivatives of apo E4, E3, or E2. The E1 band of subject R.M. is not a sialylated form, however, because it was not affected by neuraminidase digestion. The identity of the E1 variant as a genetically determined structure was established by amino acid and partial sequence analyses, confirming that the variant is an example of a previously uncharacterized apo E phenotype, E3/1. Both cysteamine modification and amino acid analysis demonstrated that this variant contains two cysteine residues per mole. Sequence analysis of two cyanogen bromide fragments and one tryptic fragment of the apo E3/1 showed that it differs from E2(Arg158----Cys) at residue 127, where an aspartic acid residue is substituted for glycine. This single amino acid interchange is sufficient to account for the one-charge difference observed on isoelectric focusing gels between E2(Arg158----Cys) and the E1 variant. The variant has been designated E1 (Gly127----Asp, Arg158----Cys). When compared with apo E3, the E1 variant demonstrated reduced ability to compete with 125I-LDL for binding to LDL (apo B,E) receptors on cultured fibroblasts (approximately 4% of the amount of binding of apo E3). This defective binding is similar to that of E2-(Arg158----Cys). Therefore, the binding defect of the variant is probably due to the presence of cysteine at residue 158, rather than aspartic acid at residue 127. In contrast, the apo E3 isoform from this subject demonstrated normal binding activity, indicating that it has a normal structure. In family studies, the vertical transmission of the apo E1 variant has been established. It is not yet clear, however, if the hypertriglyceridemia observed in the proband is associated with the presence of the E1(Gly127----Asp, Arg158----Cys) variant.
Demonstration of a Vesicorectal Fistula by Technetium-99m MDP Imaging
Authors: SHIGERU KOSUDA, MASAZUMI ISHIKAWA, ETSUO KUNIEDA, ATSUSHI KUBO, SHOZO HASHIMOTO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Uptake of Tc-99m MDP was seen in the upper and leftsided abdomen of a woman with recurrent cervical cancer. A subsequent excretory urogram using contrast media revealed a vesicorectal fistula.
The Practicing Physician's Approach to Headache
Authors: Robert S. Kunkel
Journal: JAMA (1974)

As the title of this book implies, it has been written for the practicing physician rather than the specialist in neurology. It could also be well used in medical schools and postgraduate training programs. Our young physicians are taught very little in their training years about this most common malady. This book is not meant to present a thorough and complete discussion of the subject of headache, but was written to be of assistance to the family physician or internist who is confronted daily by patients complaining of headache. Such patients are all too often brushed off with a diagnosis of tension or sinus headache and given some pills. As one will see from reading this book, there are many specific types of headache that can be recognized and specifically treated with good results. The authors rightly point out that the vast majority of patients with headache have no demonstrable
Intestinal Obstruction Diagnosed by Cholescintigraphy
Authors: JAMES CROTTY, SHIV M. GUPTA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

Radionuclide cholescintigraphy provides useful information about the dynamics of bile flow through the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and intestines. Besides helping to diagnose acute cholecystitis, it may provide other meaningful information to effectively alter the patient's management. Preoperative diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was made on routine cholescintigraphy and was proved subsequently at surgery.
WHAT ARE THE REGULATORY FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH LOW SYSTEMIC PERFUSION FINDINGS EVALUATED BY PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN ACUTE DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE?
Authors: Hiroyuki Takahama, Hiroyuki Yokoyama, Kenichi Sekiguchi, Hideaki Kanzaki, Kazuhiko Hashimura, Yoichi Goto, Hiroshi Nonogi, Masafumi Kitakaze
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Neutrophil function in gram-negative rod bacteremia. The interaction between phagocytic cells, infecting organisms, and humoral factors.
Authors: R J Weinstein, L S Young
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

To assess the phagocytic and bactericidal function of neutrophils in the acute stages of gram-negative rod bacteremia, cells from 30 nonleukopenic patients were studied in a test system utilizing plasma obtained simultaneously with culture-positive blood, the autologous infecting strain, and two laboratory test strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results were compared to those obtained with normal neutrophils and plasma. Patient and control plasma were simultaneously tested with each source of phagocytic cells to localize any abnormalities. Four patients had a defect against their infecting strain, 33% of the inoculum phagocytized and killed versus 80% by controls. In these cases differences were localized to the patients' plasma, as normal plasma tested with patients' cells reversed the defect. Thus, four patients had impaired opsonization when compared to normal controls, but we also observed that 11 of 30 bacteremic isolates, all Escherichia coli, showed absolute or relative resistance to phagocytosis in the patient and control assay system. No intrinsic granulocyte killing abnormalities were noted. There was poor correlation between results obtained with infecting strains compared to laboratory test organisms. We conclude that in patients without evidence of an inherited neutrophil bactericidal disorder, recurrent infection, or treatment with cytotoxic drugs, intrinsic bactericidal defects are uncommon at the onset of gram-negative bacteremia, and impaired opsonization is the most commonly encountered cause of neutrophil dysfunction.