tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Daily intake of copper from drinking water among young children in Sweden.
Authors: R Pettersson, F Rasmussen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

Copper is an essential trace element that may cause intoxication if intake becomes excessive. Young children are at risk of intoxication because of high consumption of drinking water and immature copper metabolism. The aims of this prospective study were to estimate concentrations of copper in drinking water, volumes of drinking water consumed by children, and children's daily intake of copper. Concentrations of copper in unflushed drinking water were analyzed for 1,178 children living in Uppsala and Malmö, Sweden, and concentrations and amounts of copper consumed from drinking water were estimated for 430 of these children, 9-21 months of age. The study children were from Swedish families, were not enrolled in publicly provided day care, and were not breast-fed more than three times a day. In the initial population, the 10th percentile for copper concentration in unflushed drinking water was 0.17 mg/L, the median was 0.72 mg/L, and the 90th percentile was 2.11 mg/L. In the subpopulation of 430 children, the 10th percentile for daily intake of copper from drinking water was 0.03 mg/L, the median was 0.32 mg/L, and the 90th percentile was 1.07 mg/L. The median daily intake of copper from drinking water was higher in Uppsala, at 0.46 mg, than in Malmö, at 0.26 mg. For groups of children whose families took part in a later prospective diary study, the copper concentration in consumed water could, to some extent, be predicted from the concentration of copper in unflushed drinking water. The lowest concentrations of copper in drinking water were found in households with old water-pipe systems and in those living in detached houses. A large proportion of the young children satisfied their daily requirement of copper solely from drinking water. About 10% of the children had a copper intake above the level recommended by the World Health Organization.
Joseph Lister, 1827-1912.
Authors: Z. Cope
Journal: BMJ (1967)

The first published account of the application of the new system to operation wounds appeared in an article entitled " The Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery " in the British Medical 7ournal of 10 August that same year.These contrihutions opened a campaign that was destined to revolu- tionize surgery.Joseph Lister's education and upbringing prepared him for a life of scientific research.Born on 5 April 1827 at Upton, then near but now in London, he was the son of Joseph Jackson Lister, a prosperous city merchant whose spare time was devoted to study and research, especially optical research, in which he distinguished himself by discovering the best method of correct- ing chromatic aberration; for this and other work he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.The family were devout members of the Society of Friends, and Joseph was brought up to regard useful work almost as a sacred duty.At two private schools he had a good grounding in the classics, modern languages, mathematics, and natural history.Even as a schoolboy he performed some dissections, and at an early age he expressed a wish to become a surgeon.Owing to the religious tests he was not able to go to either Oxford or Cambridge University, but he was trained at Uni- versity College, London, and took his B.A. at London University in 1847.He then had an attack of smallpox that left him in a depressed state and compelled him to take a long holiday.His father wrote him a letter of encouragement saying: " It is indeed a mistake to believe thyself required to bear burthens on account of the states of others, whilst in fact thou hast to suspend even the pursuit of
Selective Uptake of the Synthetic Amino Terminal Fragment of Bovine Parathyroid Hormone by Isolated Perfused Bone
Authors: Kevin J. Martin, Jeffrey J. Freitag, Mary B. Conrades, Keith A. Hruska, Saulo Klahr, Eduardo Slatopolsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Studies from our laboratory have shown that the metabolic clearance rate of carboxy terminal immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) can be accounted for by extraction of i-PTH by liver and kidney. In contrast, there was no demonstrable hepatic uptake of the synthetic amino terminal bovine PTH fragment (syn b-PTH 1-34) and the kidney accounted for only 45% of the metabolic clearance rate of amino terminal i-PTH. This suggested that another major site, presumably bone, played a role in the metabolism of syn b-PTH 1-34. Extraction of i-PTH by isolated perfused bone was studied during infusion of purified bovine PTH (b-PTH) 1-84 or syn b-PTH 1-34. In five studies during infusion of syn b-PTH 1-34 the arteriovenous difference for i-PTH across bone was 36%. In contrast, no significant uptake of carboxy terminal i-PTH was observed in nine studies during infusion of b-PTH 1-84. In addition, when H2O2-oxidized (biologically inactive) syn b-PTH 1-34 was used no arteriovenous difference was observed. These findings correlated with the ability of these PTH preparations to stimulate cyclic AMP production by the perfused bone. Syn b-PTH 1-34 increased cyclic AMP production at perfusate PTH concentrations of 1-5 ng/ml, whereas b-PTH 1-84 evoked only a minimal response at concentrations of 10-20 ng/ml. We conclude that bone is a major site of metabolism of the amino terminal PTH fragment, syn b-PTH 1-34. In addition, these data suggest that cleavage of the intact hormone, with the production of amino terminal PTH fragments by peripheral organs (liver and kidney), may play a major role in the regulation of PTH effects on bone.
Brain Death and Live Birth
Authors: Mark Siegler
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In this issue of<i>JAMA</i>, Dillon and colleagues (p 1089) describe two extraordinary cases. Both involved young pregnant, women who experienced profound neurological deterioration culminating in a clinical determination that they were both "catastrophically ill," with one patient meeting rigorous criteria of brain death. In both instances, the physicians responsible for these patients had to decide what their new obligations to them were. They had also to determine their obligations to the developing fetuses, whose chances for survival depended on the continuation of maternal circulation. These cases test our understanding of the nature and goals of medicine, of the responsibility of physicians, and even of the meaning of life and death. The authors should be praised for their clinical skills in successfully maintaining maternal circulation in case 2. They should also be commended for identifying the profound clinical-ethical quandaries, for resolving them according to their best clinical judgment, and, finally,
Obituaries and tributes should be put on to worldwide web
Authors: D. J Aaron, R. E Laporte
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Goals and methods of audit should be reappraised Pragmatic methods need to be developed EDrrOR,-We agree with R A Fulton that audit in the NHS should be urgently reappraised.'The government white paper's definition of audit has been regurgitated ad nauseam as if repetition of the words "systematic" and "critical" can imprint those characteristics on an ill conceived, badly directed audit programme that has produced little of benefit to patients and doctors.Audit was initially held to be of value in assessing medical practice against local stand-
Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Keyvan Karkouti, Duminda N. Wijeysundera, Terrence M. Yau, Jeannie L. Callum, Davy C. Cheng, Mark Crowther, Jean-Yves Dupuis, Stephen E. Fremes, Blaine Kent, Claude Laflamme, Andre Lamy, Jean-Francois Legare, C. David Mazer, Stuart A. McCluskey, Fraser D. Rubens, Corey Sawchuk, W. Scott Beattie
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is a major health issue. Lacking effective therapies, risk factor modification may offer a means of preventing this complication. The objective of the present study was to identify and determine the prognostic importance of such risk factors. Methods and Results— Data from a multicenter cohort of 3500 adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery at 7 hospitals during 2004 were analyzed (using multivariable logistic regression modeling) to determine the independent relationships between 3 thresholds of AKI (&gt;25%, &gt;50%, and &gt;75% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate within 1 week of surgery or need for postoperative dialysis) with death rates, as well as to identify modifiable risk factors for AKI. The 3 thresholds of AKI occurred in 24% (n=829), 7% (n=228), and 3% (n=119) of the cohort, respectively. All 3 thresholds were independently associated with a &gt;4-fold increase in the odds of death and could be predicted with several perioperative variables, including preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump use, urgent surgery, and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass. In particular, 3 potentially modifiable variables were also independently and strongly associated with AKI. These were preoperative anemia, perioperative red blood cell transfusions, and surgical reexploration. Conclusions— AKI after cardiac surgery is highly prevalent and prognostically important. Therapies aimed at mitigating preoperative anemia, perioperative red blood cell transfusions, and surgical reexploration may offer protection against this complication.
Cromolyn Treatment of Asthma
Authors: David A. Mathison, John J. Condemi, Frank W. Lovejoy, John H. Vaughan
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Cromolyn sodium, a specific inhibitor of mediator release induced by antigen-antibody interaction, was studied for corticosteroid sparing effect and clinical usefulness in a double-blind double-crossover, and in a subsequent open trial in 30 corticosteroid-dependent adults with severe perennial asthma. Of 29 patients completing the trials, 19 had corticosteroid dose reduction while receiving cromolyn in the double-blind trial, and 22 had corticosteroid dose reduction in the open trial. Cromolyn was judged to be clinically useful for corticosteroid sparing effect or symptomatic improvement, however, in only ten patients. Corticosteroid sparing effect and clinical usefulness were noted in all types of asthmatics studied. One patient noted increased asthma following inhalation of either cromolyn or placebo and did not complete the trial; no adverse effects of cromolyn per se were noted.
Textbook of Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Richard J. Bonforte
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Because cystic fibrosis is the most common chronic genetic disease of whites and widely recognized as having protean manifestations, all physicians should be fully aware of its clinical spectrum. Awareness is particularly important if early and accurate diagnoses are to be made and appropriate treatments instituted. Physicians who specialize in the care of persons with cystic fibrosis are quite familiar with the wide expanse of literature available on the topic. Unfortunately, despite excellent periodic reviews and update articles, there really has not been any major reference source collating the diversity of information. Dr Lloyd-Still's book fulfills this need.  Although there are 27 contributors to this text, Lloyd-Still is directly responsible for writing eight of the book's 23 chapters. It can be assumed, therefore, that much of the total material directly reflects the author's particular approach to the management of the disease and its complications. While this could have presented some
Sulphonamide Prophylaxis in Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: G. S. Kilpatrick, P. D. Oldham
Journal: BMJ (1954)

MMDICAIL JOURNAL aggressive treatment of the disorder over the years is a most important factor in their prevention or postponement.I believe that to obtain good control diabetic diets should not usually contain much more than 200 g. of carbohydrate; that patients should be initially trained in the hard school of food-weighing, for it is only in that way that they learn to appreciate quantities; and that they should report regu- larly to a diabetic clinic to be assessed as regards symptoms, weight, glycosuria, and occasionally blood-sugar concentration, and, depending on the findings, to have their insulin dosage and diet suitably altered, for it is most exceptional to encounter a well-controlled diabetic who has been made entirely responsible for his own treatment.
ROLE OF SDF-1α/CXCR4 AXIS TO THE CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ISCHEMIC POST-CONDITIONING IN ISOLATED RAT HEART
Authors: Jeong-Su Kim, Ju-Hyun Park, Kook-Jin Chun, Young-Ho Jang, June-Hong Kim, Yong-Hyun Park, Jun Kim, Chang-Bae Sohn, Sang-Hyun Lee, Kyeong-Won Yun, Jin-Hee Choi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Abstract P2-07-04: HER2 overexpressing breast cancers are more frequent in carriers of TP53 DNA-binding domain mutations than in carriers of oligomerization-site mutations
Authors: M Fitarelli-Kiehl, J Giacomazzi, P Santos-Silva, P Ashton-Prolla
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Germline TP53 mutations are associated with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by predisposition to multiple early-onset cancers including breast cancer (BC), the most prevalent tumor among women. The majority of germline TP53 mutations are missense substitutions clustered within the DNA-binding domain of the gene that disrupt the structure and function of the protein. Recently, the germline mutation p.R337H (c.1010G&amp;gt;A), lying in the oligomerization domain of p53, was reported at a high frequency in Southern and Southeastern Brazil. This mutation appears to result in a more subtle defect in the protein, which becomes functionally deficient only under particular conditions and specific tissues. Recent reports suggest that BC are HER2-postive in a high proportion (63-83%) of TP53 mutation carriers. Histopathologic features of breast cancers among carriers of oligomerization domain mutations have not been reported. Our objective was to analize HER2 status in breast cancers from carriers of germline TP53 mutations, both in the DNA-binding and oligomerization domains. We retrospectively reviewed the immunohistochemistry data of breast cancers from 64 carriers of TP53 p.R337H and 6 carriers of nonfunctional germline TP53 mutations (p.G245S, p.R273H, p.G244D or c.672+1G&amp;gt;T). All patients were recruited from the cancer genetics clinic at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. Germline TP53 mutations were identified by Sanger sequencing of the entire coding sequence and flanking intronic regions. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using standard procedures. HER2 expression was assessed using a 0 to 3+ scale according the ASCO-CAP Guidelines. All of the six patients with nonfunctional TP53 mutations showed strong (3+) HER2 staining by IHC in their breast tumors. In the group of p.R337H carriers, 23.4% showed significant HER2 overexpression (3+), 21.9% presented ambiguous HER2 results (2+), and 54.7% showed weak or no HER2 expression (1+ or 0). Thus, HER2 overexpressing breast cancers were more frequent in carriers of TP53 nonfunctional (DNA binding domain) mutations (p≤0.001) than in those carrying the oligomerization domain mutation. Preliminary results from this study suggest that germline mutations in different domains of the TP53 gene may predispose to breast cancer through different mechanisms. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-07-04.
Diagnosis by Deduction: Reprise
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Two errors marred an earlier editorial (235:1884, 1976) about the importance of deductive reasoning as a means to accurate diagnosis. The first error occurred in the note about constrictive pericarditis where the term "small, quiet heart" appeared. A discerning reader promptly called attention to the fact that a roentgenogram often shows an enlarged cardiac silhouette in cases of cardiac compression. (Thank goodness for readers who write letters that keep editors humble!) The second was an error of omission. The editorial failed to emphasize that rapidly advancing therapeutic methods have increased the importance of diagnosis by deduction. For example, during medicine's present era, early diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis has changed from an interesting, though futile, intellectual exercise to a question of life or death. In recognition of the latter point, Spencer,<sup>1</sup>in his presidential address to the 1976 meeting of the International Cardiovascular Society, chose the topic "Deductive Reasoning in
Twelve-Year Remission of Polycythemia Vera Following Hodgkin's Disease and Chemotherapy
Authors: D. C. Stolinsky
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1981)

Polycythemia vera is a condition characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells, and in many cases of leukocytes and platelets as well, in the absence of hypoxia or other known inciting factors. The association of polycythemia vera and acute leukemia is well known, but the author is unaware of prior reports of polycythemia vera and Hodgkin's disease concurrent in the same patient.
Stability of Specialty Preferences Among Medical School Graduates
Authors: Marcel E. Salive
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To the Editor.—  The article by Babbott et al 1 points out the substantial effects that medical schools have on specialty selection. While many will focus on the shift out of the primary care specialties, the most alarming shifts occurred in the field of public health. While 290 people indicated a preference for public health as premedical students, only 18 senior students indicated such a preference, a 94% drop. Moreover, the field had the lowest rate of stable preferences, 1%. Unfortunately, the authors do not comment on these results, which shed light on some of the current problems in preventive medicine and public health.  Why is there such a mass turning away from public health as a career choice during medical school? One possibility is that students who believe in the value of preventive efforts to promote health are turned off from this as a career by the process of
Sensory Function at Diagnosis and in Early Stages of NIDDM in Patients Detected Through Screening
Authors: Jay M Sosenko, Marta Kato, Ramon Soto, Ronald B Goldberg
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

Objective We studied whether sensory function abnormalities are present at diagnosis and whether they develop in the early stages of non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Research Design and Methods Quantitative assessments of vibration sensitivity at the hallux and index fingers, and thermal sensitivity at the hallux were performed at screening (2-h oral glucose tolerance tests) for diabetes in 364 individuals. Twenty-five subjects diagnosed with NIDDM and 25 matched nondiabetic subjects were restudied after an interval of 12–41 mo. Results When those with NIDDM (n = 41) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (n = 38) were compared with nondiabetic subjects, there were no significant differences in sensory function indices. However, the vibration threshold and HbA1c were related among those found to be hyperglycemic (IGT and NIDDM combined P &amp;lt; 0.05; NIDDM alone P &amp;lt; 0.05). Among diabetic subjects, the vibration threshold and interaction term of height and Hba1c were positively related in a multiple regression analysis (P &amp;lt; 0.01). There were increments in all sensory thresholds in diabetic patients at follow-up (P &amp;lt; 0.05 for all). Increments were smaller in control subjects. Conclusions These data suggest that although sensory function tends to be normal at diagnosis in NIDDM patients, there appears to be a diminution in sensory function as the disease progresses. An interaction between metabolic factors and height may influence sensory function early in the course of NIDDM.
Consumer choices and the American health care system
Authors: L. A. Danto
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To the Editor.  —Dr Reiser's 1 article,   and the Reform of American Health Care, is the best to date in your series on Caring for the Uninsured and Underinsured.  Although I believe his confidence in our patients' potential as health care consumers is optimistic and I wonder about the need for vouchers, the section on Social and Professional Roles in Creating Consumer Competence is timely to say the very least. For me, the concept of clinical practice guidelines, mainly intended to provide practitioners with the best approach to [diagnosing and] treating particular illnesses, 2 is central to the resolution of our medical care crisis. It is surprising that guidelines such as these have never really been established by the medical profession; the result has been that there is too much divergence in medical practice from one town to the next, one hospital to another, and even from one
Conflicts of interest may bias research into sugary drinks and obesity
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Studies whose authors have some links to the food industry are five times as likely to report no association between consuming sugary drinks and weight gain than studies whose authors report no such conflict of interest, new research shows.1

Researchers from the University of Navarra in Spain identified 17 published systematic reviews (with 18 conclusions) that examined the association between …
COMPARISON OF THE LAO VIEW WITH THE GEOMETRIC MEAN METHOD FOR ATTENUATION COMPENSATION OF SOLID BASTRIC EMPTYING STUDIES
Authors: F. H. Faney, H. A. Ziessman, M. J. Collen, D. F. Eggli
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Quantitation of solid gastric emptying is compromised by variable attenuation of eaitted photons by overlying tissue as the activity aoves from the posterior fundus to the more anterior gastric antrum. The geometric mean (GM) method, considered the standard attenuation compensation technique, requires both ant. and post. views. We investigated the use of the LAO projection as an alternative technique for attenuation compensation which allows continuous acquisition from a single view. We acquired ant., LAO and post, views with the patient standing for 1 a every 15 a for 90 a. These data were decay corrected and the GM of the counts from the post, and ant. views were determined. Least squares fits of the ant., LAO, and GM time activity curves were obtained and the percent emptying at 60 a (% gastric emptying) was calculated. In 21 patients, the % GE values using the LAO view were found to be highly correlated with those from the GM (+/-0.95 and SEE=4.39%) with a mean difference 0.83 (+/-0.94) % that was not significantly different from 0. The % gastric emptying values from the ant. view alone were overestinated by 7.0%. In 10 patients, acquiring the LAO view with the patient sitting did not significantly affect these results. In conclusion, acquisition of solid gastric emptying studies in the LAO projection is an accurate technique for attenuation compensation.
Gastric Ulcer
Authors: Claude E. Welch, Arthur W. Allen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

GASTRIC ulcer has been recognized as a clinical entity for many years. However, it is so closely related to duodenal ulcer on the one hand and gastric cancer on the other that various authorities tend to emphasize either the benign or the malignant aspect to the exclusion of the other. Obviously, in the former case, gastric ulcer would become a minor subdivision of peptic ulcer, and the surgical treatment would consist of control of the complications. In the latter, gastric ulcers are regarded as actually malignant, or so similar to gastric cancer that all should be operated on and the . . .