tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Correct Nomenclature of the Fingers
Authors: James T. Metzger
Journal: JAMA (1965)

As often as the term "correct" is used, it is true L that many find it difficult to give a precise and clear definition of the sense in which they use it. Correctness implies a standard of reference so descriptions of the fingers are "correct" or "incorrect" according to the use to which each is put. It is acceptable for the teacher of a stringed musical instrument to exclude the thumb and number the other digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Fig 1), while at the same time, and equally acceptable, a piano teacher describes the digits, beginning with the thumb, as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (Fig 2). Unfortunately, it is not acceptable when courts of law and acts of compensation are similarly confusing, often to the point of adversely influencing employment of the handicapped.<sup>1</sup> Such ambiguity has led to a familiar difficulty in medical and paramedical
[636] THE INFLUENCE OF NUCLEOSIDE FREE HAART ON THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C WITH PEGYLATED INTERFERON/RIBAVIRIN COMBINATION TREATMENT
Authors: J.K. Rockstroh, G. Ahlenstiehl, M. Vogel, G. Klausen, T. Lutz, D. Schuermann, A. Carlebach, C. Mayr, A. Carganico, P. Buggisch, H. Klinker, C. John, I. Goelz, S. Staszewski
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Book Review Neurological Disorders: Course and treatment Edited by Thomas Brandt, Louis R. Caplan, Johannes Dichgans, H. Christoph Diener, and Christopher Kennard. 1150 pp., illustrated. San Diego, Calif., Academic Press, 1996. $139.95. 0-12-125830-0
Authors: Julio Sotelo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)
Sacral Insufficiency Fracture
Authors: RICHARD J. BAKER, ALAN SIEGEL
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

The “H” fracture, or “Honda” sign, is a well known description of the appearance of a sacral insufficiency fracture on skeletal scintigraphy. A case of a sacral insufficiency fracture involving only one side of the sacrum with MRI correlation is presented. The bone scan abnormality has the appearance of half of an “H.”
Respect: a journalist's guide
Authors: J. O. Drife
Journal: BMJ (2002)

According to a recent poll of radio listeners, doctors are the most respected profession in the United Kingdom. The least respected are MPs, estate agents, government ministers, lawyers, and—fifth from bottom—journalists.

Doctors are not ones to gloat or to advise those 12 000 Today listeners to get a life. Instead, our hearts go out to the poor journalists, who have put so much effort into advising everyone else how to do their jobs …
Preliminary Note ON THE CLINICAL ASPECTS AND DIAGNOSIS OF PARATYPHOID FEVER
Authors: J. A. Torrens, T. H. Whittington
Journal: BMJ (1915)

IN attempting to describe the diseases known as para..typlhoid fever, it must be remembered that it is only within quite recent years that any considerable amount of work hias been done on tlle subject; that very little lhas beenl ptublished in thlis connexion, and that any statements iow made are largely thie result of impressions received whliile observing soIme tlree or fouir hundred cases of para- typhoid fever in.lospita, and may require muodification whlen tlho material is mlore fully investigated and scientifically collated at tlle end of the war.Paratyplhoid fever is a disease cautsed by one of two bacilli, and is tlherefore kniiown as "p para A' " or para B," according to the particular orgainism present in any case.Botlh these bacilli resemble very closely tlhe Bacillus i?1Plho8u8 in tlheir morplhology and general cultural cliaracteristics, but in their bellaviour witlh specific imiiimunie scrumis and in their reactions on certain nutrient imiedia they differ so markedlly from the B. ly/phoSu8 and also froii eaclh otlher that there can be no doubt that thev ti'e specific micro-organismis and not varieties of' the B. tqphesus which lhave becomiie modlified by environmenlt.In 1898 N. B. Gwynnle cultivated a 'paracolon, bacillus" fromll tlle blood of a patient "presenting all the clinical features of typlhoid fever," and this seem-ns to be the first instanec of the definite diagnosis of a case of paratyplhoid fever.Tlhis case showed throuthout negative agglultina- tion reactions witlh the B. tIlphosts, buit the various speci- miiens of serum were kept and,-wer.efoundto give definite uggldutination witlh the organism.isolatedfroml the blood..' 1Iany cases of "paracolon" and paratyphoid infections lhave beeni dlescribed since then, and also cases of iinfections by otlher bacilli tupposed to be closely allied to these.Solmle C -ermdnn writers lhave contendod that fo'od poisoni- ingg.and paratyplhoid B inifections-are identical, and others hiave-cet-tainL-y 'confusecd 'the i-tKo diseases -'in their dc- scriptious.-Rainbridge and O'BrieIl, iu 1911, slhowed tllat two distinct organisms lhad beeni described undler tllc title of BCic4lluis pvaratyp7eosns B. Bainbride, ill hiis.Milroy lectures of 1912, clearly showed that -meat and food poisoning are due to B. suip2atifce or B. enterililis, whlich are Conveyed to man in and can be recovered from infected food1stuffs, whereas paratyphoid fevci is duei, and duie only, to 6me of the paratyphioid organisms--that is to say, para A (oi para B. Thie samiie wv-riter also showed thlat thiese last
Emergency Liver Transplantation for Fulminant Hepatitis
Authors: HENRI BISMUTH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Orthotopic liver transplantation was done in 17 patients with fulminant hepatitis. The cause of the liver disease was infection with hepatitis B virus, or co-infection with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus, or infection with hepatitis A virus in 6 patients; drug hepatotoxicity in 5; and indeterminate in 6. Grafts from incompatible blood groups, steatotic grafts, or reduced-size grafts were used in 5, 4, and 4 patients, respectively. Of the 17 patients, 5 died: 2 of early liver failure due to the poor quality of the graft, 1 presumably of accidentally transmitted acute infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, and 2 of decerebration occurring during or immediately after surgery. The 12 other patients were alive 2 to 15 months after transplantation.
Chronic exposure to free fatty acid reduces pancreatic beta cell insulin content by increasing basal insulin secretion that is not compensated for by a corresponding increase in proinsulin biosynthesis translation.
Authors: L C Bollheimer, R H Skelly, M W Chester, J D McGarry, C J Rhodes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

The pancreatic beta cell normally maintains a stable balance among insulin secretion, insulin production, and insulin degradation to keep optimal intracellular stores of the hormone. Elevated levels of FFA markedly enhance insulin secretion; however, the effects of FFA on insulin production and intracellular stores remain unclear. In this study, twofold elevation in total circulating FFA effected by infusion of lard oil and heparin into rats for 6 h under normoglycemic conditions resulted in a marked elevation of circulating insulin levels evident after 4 h, and a 30% decrease in pancreatic insulin content after a 6-h infusion in vivo. Adding 125 muM oleate to isolated rat pancreatic islets cultured with 5.6 mM glucose caused a 50% fall in their insulin content over 24 h, coupled with a marked enhancement of basal insulin secretion. Both effects of fatty acid were blocked by somatostatin. In contrast to the stimulatory effects of oleate on insulin secretion, glucose-induced proinsulin biosynthesis was inhibited by oleate up to 24 h, but was unaffected thereafter. This result was in spite of a two- to threefold oleate-induced increase in preproinsulin mRNA levels, underscoring the importance of translational regulation of proinsulin biosynthesis in maintaining beta cell insulin stores. Collectively, these results suggest that chronically elevated FFA contribute to beta cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of NIDDM by significantly increasing the basal rate of insulin secretion. This increase in turn results in a decrease in the beta cell's intracellular stores that cannot be offset by commensurate FFA induction of proinsulin biosynthesis.
Predictors of Renal Allograft Histologic Damage Progression
Authors: Fernanda Ortiz, Timo Paavonen, Tom To[Combining Diaeresis]rnroth, Petri Koskinen, Patrik Finne, Kaija Salmela, Lauri Kyllo[Combining Diaeresis]nen, Carola Gro[Combining Diaeresis]nhagen-Riska, Eero Honkanen
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2005)

The objective of this study was to analyze factors that are involved in the progression of renal allograft damage in the first 6 mo after transplantation. Donor and 6-mo protocol biopsies of 83 patients who received a renal transplant were classified using the Chronic Allograft Damage Index (CADI). Histologic changes were compared and correlated to clinical parameters at transplantation, at 6 mo, and annually over 2 yr. All CADI components increased significantly in the 6-mo posttransplantation period, except chronic vascular changes and the percentage of glomerulosclerosis. Total cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol at the time of biopsy correlated positively with mesangial matrix increase, and HDL cholesterol correlated negatively with vascular intima increase. High BP at biopsy was associated with tubular atrophy. Diastolic BP at biopsy correlated with 6-mo CADI (CADI-6). Patients with diastolic BP > or =85 mmHg at biopsy had a higher difference between CADI score in protocol biopsies and CADI score in donor biopsies (DeltaCADI) and higher creatinine at 1 and 2 yr. CADI in donor biopsies (CADI-0) >1 was more frequently found in older (odds ratio [OR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.14) and nontraumatic dead donors (OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.13 to 13.33). CADI-6 >3 was more frequently found in those with CADI-0 >1 (OR, 3.82; 95% CI, 1.19 to 12.21), older donors (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.10), and number of AB mismatches (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.09 to 5.10). CADI-0, CADI-6, and DeltaCADI correlated significantly with serum creatinine at hospital discharge, at 6 mo, and at 2 yr. DeltaCADI was affected by initial percentage of glomerulosclerosis (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.19) and creatinine at hospital discharge (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.02). Donor-related as well as nonimmunologic factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, are associated with increased risk for renal allograft damage progression.
Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard?
Authors: Christopher G. Jones
Journal: Periodontology 2000 (1997)

After 20 years of use by the dental profession, chlorhexidine is recognized as the gold standard against which other antiplaque and gingivitis agents are measured. Chlorhexidine's antiplaque effect is a result of the dicationic nature of the chlorhexidine molecule, which affords the agent the property of persistence of antimicrobial effect at the tooth surface, through both bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. Although other antiplaque agents may show either purely immediate effect, or limited persistence, the degree of chlorhexidine's persistence of effect at the tooth surface is the basis of its clinical efficacy. Similarly, the cationic nature of the chlorhexidine molecule is the basis of the most common side effect associated with the use of the agent--extrinsic tooth staining. Such tooth staining seems to be the result of a local precipitation reaction between tooth-bound chlorhexidine and chromogens found within foodstuffs and beverages. The cationic nature of the chlorhexidine molecule also means that the activity of the agent is rapidly reduced in the presence of anionic agents, specifically those found within certain types of toothpaste; thus care is required when using normal toothbrushing alongside chlorhexidine. By understanding how the chemical properties of the chlorhexidine molecule can explain the plethora of clinical efficacy and safety data, the use of chlorhexidine can be optimally aimed towards the patient groups who would most benefit from the superior therapeutic effect of the agent. Specifically, chlorhexidine would seem to be of most value to patients in whom the ability to perform adequate oral hygiene procedures has been compromised. In these individuals the delivery of the correct dose of chlorhexidine to the tooth surface can be optimized through the judicial use of the several different chlorhexidine formulations now available. Thus, by understanding the properties and limitations of the chlorhexidine molecule, the dental profession can ensure that the efficacy of the agent is maximized, and the side effects associated with the agent are minimized, allowing chlorhexidine to rightly remain the gold standard against which other antiplaque agents are measured.
Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stroma Cells Act as Pericyte-like Migratory Vehicles in Experimental Gliomas
Authors: Daniel Bexell, Salina Gunnarsson, Ariane Tormin, Anna Darabi, David Gisselsson, Laurent Roybon, Stefan Scheding, Johan Bengzon
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

Bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs) have emerged as cellular vectors for gene therapy of solid cancers. We implanted enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing rat MSCs directly into rat malignant gliomas to address their migratory capacity, phenotype, and effects on tumor neovascularization and animal survival. A single intratumoral injection of MSCs infiltrated the majority of invasive glioma extensions (72 +/- 14%) and a substantial fraction of distant tumor microsatellites (32 +/- 6%). MSC migration was highly specific for tumor tissue. Grafted MSCs integrated into tumor vessel walls and expressed pericyte markers alpha-smooth muscle actin, neuron-glia 2, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta but not endothelial cell markers. The pericyte marker expression profile and perivascular location of grafted MSCs indicate that these cells act as pericytes within tumors. MSC grafting did not influence tumor microvessel density or survival of tumor-bearing animals. The antiangiogenic drug Sunitinib markedly reduced the numbers of grafted MSCs migrating within tumors. We found no MSCs within gliomas following intravenous (i.v.) injections. Thus, MSCs should be administered by intratumoral implantations rather than by i.v. injections. Intratumorally grafted pericyte-like MSCs might represent a particularly well-suited vector system for delivering molecules to affect tumor angiogenesis and for targeting cancer stem cells within the perivascular niche.
Data protection, health care, and the new European directive
Authors: M F Smith
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Last summer a directive on data protection was agreed by the European Union's Council of Ministers and is now in force in all member states.1 Although it confirms the general principles already established by the United Kingdom's Data Protection Act of 1984,2 it has particular implications for health care information. It provides for the collection and processing of sensitive personal information for health care purposes and of epidemiological, public health, and scientific data for research. Its biggest impact, however, will be its extension of data protection to manually held records containing personal information.

The directive has to be implemented for computer based data systems within three years. The United Kingdom's effective Data Protection Act enforcement programme has ensured that health care computer based systems which have achieved compliance in Britain should have little difficulty complying with the directive. Like the existing act, the …
Routine episiotomy should be abandoned
Authors: J. M Belizan, G. Carroli
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR—In their editorial Maduma-Butshe et al discussed the need to abandon the routine use of episiotomy in developing countries.1

View this table:

Episiotomy rates in one hospital in Rosario, Argentina, before, during, and after episiotomy trial.2 Values are percentages (proportions)



The use of episiotomy is a paradigmatic example of the many interventions that are introduced into clinical …
Allergic Skin Disorders and Mastocytosis
Authors: Richard F. Horan
Journal: JAMA (1992)

THIS CHAPTER reviews the common and uncommon immunologically mediated diseases of the skin. Newer information concerning the pathogenesis of these diseases, reviewed herein, promises to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. <h3>URTICARIA AND ANGIOEDEMA</h3> Urticaria consists of blanchable, erythematous, edematous papules and plaques, usually pruritic, ranging from 1 to 2 mm to several centimeters in diameter, often with serpiginous borders. Individual lesions are transient, infrequently persisting. longer than 24 to 48 hours. Characterized by well-demarcated swelling of deeper skin structures and subcutis (with a predilection for palms, soles, and periorbital-perioral areas), angioedema may present as nonpitting edema. The overlying skin appears normal and is nonpruritic; a burning discomfort may occur. <h3>Incidence</h3> Urticaria and angioedema are common.<sup>1,2</sup>The incidence in the general population is approximately 15%. Women are more frequently afflicted, and onset may occur at any age, with peak incidence in the second through fourth decades of
Skin cancer and photoprotection in people of color: A review and recommendations for physicians and the public
Authors: Oma N. Agbai, Kesha Buster, Miguel Sanchez, Claudia Hernandez, Roopal V. Kundu, Melvin Chiu, Wendy E. Roberts, Zoe D. Draelos, Reva Bhushan, Susan C. Taylor, Henry W. Lim
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2014)
L-Dopa in Parkinsonism and the Influence of Previous Thalamotomy
Authors: R. C. Hughes, J. G. Polgar, D. Weightman, J. N. Walton
Journal: BMJ (1971)

A double-blind cross-over trial over 24 weeks (10 weeks on the active remedy, 4 weeks off treatment, and 10 weeks on placebo) of the effect of L-dopa on idiopathic Parkinsonism (paralysis agitans) has shown no difference in the response obtained in patients who had undergone previous stereotaxic ventrolateral thalamotomy and in those who had not. Of the 34 patients (18 men and 16 women) in the trial 18 had been operated on (nine unilateral, nine bilateral operations) and 16 had not. All patients entering the trial were taking anticholinergic drugs in stable dosage and these were continued throughout. The only factor which seemed to limit the response to treatment was pre-existing hypertension. Of 31 patients who completed the 10-week treatment period, 12 showed marked improvement, 15 moderate improvement, and 4 and mild or negligible change. It seems that previous ventrolateral thalamotomy affords some protection against the development of L-dopa-induced involuntary limb movements on the side contralateral to the operation. As found by others, maximum benefit was seen in bradykinesia and rigidity and related features but a significant reduction in tremor was also noted during treatment. Side effects (nausea, hypotension, and involuntary movements) were common but rarely limited the therapeutic response.
Asbestos bodies in routine necropsies on Tyneside: a pathological and social study.
Authors: T. Ashcroft
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Better follow-up, increased awareness of the possibility of this complication, and more complete investigation will no doubt reveal a higher incidence. SummaryThere were 8,977 first insertions of the Lippes loop ; 3,168 were inserted before the patients went home and 5,809 at the postnatal visit.The incidence of translocation was 8.7/1,000, about 15 times that reported by other investigators.The low rate of translocation reported by others is due either to unawareness of this complication or to inadequate methods of diagnosis.We wish to thank the chairman and members of the Joint University/Government I.U.C.D. Project Committee and the chair- man and members of the Singapore Family
Incorporating Recipient Choice in Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Xuanming Su, Stefanos A Zenios, Glenn M Chertow
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

Patients with methylmalonic aciduria have an excessive intramitochondrial accumulation of acylcoenzyme A compounds that may reduce the availability of free coenzyme A (CoA) for normal metabolic requirements, producing profound metabolic disturbances. Giving carnitine to a patient with methylmalonic aciduria produced an increase in hippurate excretion (an index of intramitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and CoA availability), a large increase in short chain urinary acylcarnitines, and a reduction in excretion of methylmalonate and methylcitrate. These acylcarnitines were shown by fast atom bombardment and B/E linked scan mass spectrometry to be propionylcarnitine and acetylcarnitine. Carnitine acts by removing (detoxifying) propionyl groups, thereby releasing CoA and restoring ATP biosynthesis and concentrations towards normal. L-carnitine may play a central role in maintenance of mitochondrial and cellular homoeostasis in methylmalonic aciduria and propionic acidaemia. These principles may provide an approach to the treatment of this and other disorders, inherited and acquired, in which accumulation of acyl CoA metabolites results in sequestration of free CoA, thereby perturbing metabolic homoeostasis.
Vocabulary and general intelligence
Authors: Arthur R. Jensen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Acquisition of word meanings, or vocabulary, reflects general mental ability (psychometric g) more than than do most abilities measured in test batteries. Among diverse subtests, vocabulary is especially high on indices of genetic influences. Bloom's exposition of the psychological complexities of understanding words, involving the primacy of concepts, the theory of mind, and other processes, explains vocabulary's predominant g saturation.
Opie’s Common Channel Hypothesis
Authors: T. Pohle, J. W. Konturek, W. Domschke, M. M. Lerch
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

We are grateful to Dr. Çiçek and his co-workers for commenting on our recent paper [1] and for reporting a similar case in which bile flow through the pancreatic duct had no adverse effect on the pancreas in a 54-year-old woman. As the authors indicate, this case lends further support to the hypothesis that pancreatic outflow obstruction, rather than Opie’s proposed reflux of bile into the pancreas through a common channel, is the cause of acute biliary pancreatitis.
Stimulation of pigmentation in melanoma cells by trimethylpsoralen in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: S.P. BORKOVIC, J.C. ALPER, C.J. McDONALD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

The effects of trimethylpsoralcn and 8-mcthoxypsoralen on the pigmentary characteristics of cultured murine melanoma cells were investigated in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation. Stimulation of pigmentation was assayed by gross examination of centrifuged cell pellets, light microscopy of cells, electron microscopy, a biochemical determination of cell tyrosinase activity, and a chemical determination of cell melanin content. It was found that an adequate concentration (10-5 M) of trimethylpsoralen for an adequate exposure time stimulated pigmentation in the dark, whereas 8-methoxypsoralcn in the same experimental setting did not stimulate pigmentation.