tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1022: TNFα-induced apoptosis is reduced, but inflammation is increased by combined exposure with common food additive carrageenan
Authors: Sumit Bhattacharyya, Pradeep K. Dudeja, Joanne Kramer Tobacman
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a homotrimeric, pleiotropic cytokine, mediates both apoptosis and inflammation. Following exposure to TNF-α, activation of caspases leads to apoptotic cell death and stimulation of an inflammatory cascade through the non-canonical pathway of NF-κB activation leads to increased nuclear RelB and p52. In contrast, the common food additive carrageenan (CGN), which contains sulfated galactose residues, stimulates inflammation through both the canonical and non-canonical pathways of NF-κB activation. CGN-induced inflammation utilizes B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (BCL)-10 to activate a pathway of innate immunity that is initiated by interaction with toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. CGN also stimulates inflammation through a reactive oxygen species-mediated pathway. In a series of cell-based experiments, colonic epithelial cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts were treated with TNF-α and CGN, in order to simulate the possible effects of exposure to dietary CGN in the setting of TNF-α-mediated effects. Marked increase in secretion of Interleukin (IL)-8 occurred, attributable to synergistic effects on phospho-NIK in the non-canonical pathway. TNF-α induced the ubiquitination of TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-2 which interacts with NFκB-inducing kinase (NIK), and CGN induced phosphorylation of BCL10, which is required for NIK-phosphorylation. These results suggest that TNF-α and CGN in combination act to increase NIK phosphorylation, thereby increasing activation of the non-canonical pathway of NF-κB activation. In contrast, the apoptotic effects of TNF-α, including activation of caspase-8 and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP)-1 fragmentation, were markedly reduced in the presence of CGN. CGN exposure caused reduction in Fas by cDNA microarray and by ELISA. The study results demonstrate that exposure to CGN drives TNF-α stimulated cells toward inflammation, rather than toward apoptotic cell death. The findings suggest that CGN exposure may compromise the effectiveness of anti-TNF-α therapy. Average consumption of CGN in the typical Western diet is reported to be 250 mg/day, in contrast to therapeutic glycosides, such as digoxin that are prescribed in doses of ∼0.1 mg/day. Ingestion of CGN-containing foods has the potential to both inhibit the pro-apoptotic effect and to increase the pro-inflammatory effect of TNF-α and may contribute to malignant transformation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1022. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1022
Why behavior should matter to linguists
Authors: A. Charles Catania
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Jackendoff's Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution has many points of similarity with Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, though the former emphasizes structure whereas the latter emphasizes function. The parallels are explored in the context of a selectionist account of behavior in general and of verbal behavior in particular. Part of the argument is that behavior drives evolution and therefore also drives brain organization. Another concerns itself with the nature of explanation. Recent experimental developments in behavior analysis are reviewed as potential contributions to an understanding of language that incorporates its functional as well as structural dimensions.
Retinopathy of prematurity: understanding ischemic retinal vasculopathies at an extreme of life
Authors: Przemyslaw Sapieha, Jean-Sebastien Joyal, José Carlos Rivera, Elsa Kermorvant-Duchemin, Florian Sennlaub, Pierre Hardy, Pierre Lachapelle, Sylvain Chemtob
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a major complication of preterm birth. It encompasses a spectrum of pathologies that affect vision, from mild disease that resolves spontaneously to severe disease that causes retinal detachment and subsequent blindness. The pathologies are characterized by an arrest in normal retinal vascular development associated with microvascular degeneration. The resulting ischemia and retinal hypoxia lead to excessive abnormal compensatory blood vessel growth. However, this neovascularization can lead to fibrous scar formation and culminate in retinal detachment. Present therapeutic modalities to limit the adverse consequences of aberrant neovascularization are invasive and/or tissue-destructive. In this Review, we discuss current concepts on retinal microvascular degeneration, neovascularization, and available treatments, as well as present future perspectives toward more profound elucidation of the pathogenesis of ROP.
Disseminated cytomegalovirus infection. Molecular analysis of virus and leukocyte interactions in viremia.
Authors: R L Saltzman, M R Quirk, M C Jordan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Viremia is a hallmark of disseminated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease. Using conventional virus culture and a subgenomic cloned CMV DNA probe to detect viral DNA within leukocytes, we studied the virus-cell interactions involved in immunocompromised patients with viremic CMV infection. CMV was recovered by culture in 17/17 samples enriched for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Viral DNA was detected by dot-blot hybridization in 16/17 (94%). In contrast, samples enriched for mononuclear cells yielded infectious CMV in culture in only 7/15 (47%) instances; nonetheless, viral DNA was present in 16/17 samples probed. The quantity of CMV DNA in polymorphonuclear cells was significantly greater than in mononuclear leukocytes (mean 13.1 vs. 9.1 estimated viral genome equivalents per 100 cells, respectively), and CMV was always recovered from these cells regardless of the amount of viral DNA present. Yet, when the amounts of CMV DNA were virtually identical in granulocytes and mononuclear cells (6.3 and 7.1 genomic equivalents, respectively) collected simultaneously, infectious CMV could not be recovered from mononuclear cells. Although several interpretations are possible, these data are consistent with the view that CMV exists within granulocytes in a mature infectious form during viremia. The virus interactions with mononuclear cells appear to be more complex, particularly in those cells that contain CMV DNA but do not yield infectious virus.
Pyloric incompetence in chronic non-specific lung disease
Authors: M. Beeley, P. Grech
Journal: Gut (1971)

Of 19 patients with chronic non-specific lung disease, chosen without reference to dyspeptic symptoms, 17 (89%) exhibited duodenogastric reflux of barium indicating pyloric incompetence. In the one patient who proved to have a gastric ulcer the amount of reflux diminished when the ulcer healed. The degree of pyloric incompetence was not found to be related to the severity of arterial blood gas or pH disturbance or to the presence of right heart failure. All patients who exhibited reflux had evidence of obstructive airways disease and most were receiving bronchodilators.We believe that reflux of detergent bile into the stomach may explain the high incidence of dyspepsia and acute gastric ulceration in chronic non-specific lung disease.
THE EXISTENCE OF CARDIAC MYOFIBROBLASTS CO-LOCALIZED WITH CARDIAC STEM CELLS IN REMODELED HUMAN ATRIAL TISSUES OF VALVULAR HEART DISEASE WITH OR WITHOUT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Authors: Jae Hyung Park, Sak Lee, Han Ki Park, Jeung Min Kim, Sook Kyoung Kim, Chun Hwang, Jeong-Wook Seo, Byung Chul Jang, Hui-Nam Pak
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Effects of Aortopulmonary Collaterals on Cerebral Cooling and Cerebral Metabolic Recovery After Circulatory Arrest
Authors: Paul M. Kirshbom, Lynne A. Skaryak, Louis R. DiBernardo, Frank H. Kern, William J. Greeley, J. William Gaynor, Ross M. Ungerleider
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Aortopulmonary collaterals (APC) have been associated with an increased risk of choreoathetosis after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). To study the effects of APC on cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism before and after DHCA, a piglet model was developed.Protocol 1: Eight 4- to 6-week-old piglets underwent placement of a left subclavian-to-main pulmonary artery shunt. Control shunts (n = 4) were ligated, APC shunts (n = 4) were left patent. All animals were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cooled in identical fashion for 20 minutes. Temperature probes were placed in the nasopharynx, cortex, and deep brain. Control animals achieved significantly lower temperatures in all three areas by the end of cooling (17.5 degrees C versus 20.1 degrees C, 19.0 degrees C versus 22.3 degrees C, and 17.5 degrees C versus 21.0 degrees C, respectively, P < .005). Protocol 2: Six control and six APC animals were instrumented as described. All were placed on CPB, cooled to 18 degrees C, arrested for 90 minutes, and rewarmed to 37 degrees C. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with radioactive microspheres while warm on CPB, after cooling, and after rewarming. Arterial and sagittal sinus blood gases and CBF were used to calculate the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2). Both CBF and CMRO2 were significantly higher after rewarming to 37 degrees C in control versus APC animals (28 +/- 3 versus 14 +/- 2 mL/100 g per minute and 1.72 +/- 0.21 versus 1.04 +/- 0.14 mL O2/100 g per minute, respectively, P < .05).APC decrease the rate of cerebral cooling on CPB and even if temperature is controlled result in increased cerebral metabolic derangement after DHCA. Patients with such collaterals may need additional measures to optimize cerebral protection.
PTH-109 Management Of Bile Acid Malabsorption (bam) With Low Fat Dietary Interventions
Authors: L Watson, A Lalji, S Bodla, J Andreyev, C Shaw
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> BAM is the unrecognised cause for loose stool for 500,000 people in the UK. It is increasingly recognised as a potential cause of distressing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms after cancer treatment. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of low fat dietary interventions in the management of BAM. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients with new onset GI symptoms after cancer treatment and a 7 day 23-selena-25-homochololytaurine (SeHCAT) scan &lt;20%, were included in a prospective service evaluation. Patients were advised on a low fat dietary intervention by a Registered Dietitian, which aimed to provide 20% of total energy from fat. Patients rated their GI symptoms using a 10 point numerical rating scale, and completed 7 day dietary diaries, before and after dietary intervention. The dietary diaries were analysed using the dietplan6 dietary analysis programme. Significance of changes in symptom scores were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, change in dietary fat intake using a paired t-test. <h3>Results</h3> 40 patients (20 male, 20 female) with a median age 61 (range 22–90) years were recruited. The cancer diagnoses were GI (28%), gynaecological (30%), urological (30%) and other (12%). 7.5% had borderline BAM (15–20% 7 day retention), 25% mild BAM (10–15% retention), 17.5% moderate (5–10% retention) and 50% severe (&lt;5% retention). 62.5% of patients were taking a bile acid sequestrant. Symptoms reported were urgency (83%), bloating (43%), increased frequency (43%), lack of control (40%), abdominal pain (38%), nocturnal defaecation (28%), incomplete evacuation (25%) and greasy/pale stools (23%). After dietary intervention, the mean scores for all symptoms decreased. There was a significant reduction in mean ratings for urgency, bloating, lack of control, bowel frequency (p = &lt;0.01), flatulence, abdominal pain, greasy/pale stool and abdominal gurgling (p = &lt;0.05). Mean dietary fat intake reduced from 62.3 g of fat before dietary intervention to 42.2 g of fat after intervention (p = &lt;0.01). There was no statistically significant change in dietary fibre intake. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The use of low fat dietary interventions in patients with a SeHCAT scan &lt;20% leads to clinically important improvement in GI symptoms and should be widely used. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Travellers' diarrhea. Consider enteral immunotherapy.
Authors: P Heaton
Journal: BMJ (1993)

water including that for brushing teeth; avoided milk, cheese, yoghurt, and uncooked vegetables; reduced meat and alcohol consumption; peeled all fruits; ate at the more "hygienic" expensive restaurants, where they wiped dishes and cutlery with their own dishcloth.Unsurprisingly, they endured episodes of thirst and hunger, and expense, to comply.One of them developed infectious hepatitis, bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, and repeated episodes of non-specific diarrhoea.The other developed life threatening bacillary dysentery, giardiasis, two episodes of diarrhoea, and loose stools which persisted for 30 months after returning to Britain.A diet free of pathogens can rarely be achieved while travelling, particularly on a low budget trip to a developing country.Travellers need a balanced view of the costs and benefits of advice about the prevention of traveller's diarrhoea.Scientific advice should not rest solely on descrip- tive epidemiological studies and the principles of hygiene derived from the microbiology laboratory.Randomised controlled trials of field interventions are needed to assess efficacy in the main groups of travellers, by destination.
Partial Gastrectomy for Carcinoma Thirty-Five Years Ago
Authors: Fred B. Lund
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1945)

SOME of you may have noticed that there is a war in progress, as a result of which we are restricted in gasoline. Therefore, in order to go to Boston last winter, I embarked on the Worcester bus. A Joseph Dawson, who was a fellow passenger and whom I have asked to appear before you today, recognized me and asked me whether I remembered him. I had to confess I did not, when he told me that I had operated on him for removal of carcinoma of the stomach thirty-five years before. I then remembered him very well, because I . . .
A relapse case of acute necrotizing esophagitis
Authors: K. Tanaka, H. Toyoda, Y. Hamada, M. Aoki, R. Kosaka, T. Noda, M. Katsurahara, M. Nakamura, K. Ninomiya, H. Inoue, I. Imoto, Y. Takei
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Acute necrotizing esophagitis (ANE) is a severe form of acute esophagitis that appears dark black in color ("black esophagus") at endoscopy due to mucosal necrosis [1]. ANE is an uncommon condition of unknown etiology. Grudell et al. reported that among 52 cases of ANE, seven cases involved massive gastroesophageal reflux [2]. As gastroesophageal reflux is one of the proposed causes of ANE [3] [4], treatment generally includes administration of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI).
Quantification of the initial decline of serum hepatitis c virus RNA and response to interferon alfa
Authors: Stefan Zeuzem, Jung-Hun Lee, Alexa Franke, Brigitte Rüster, Otto Prümmer, Günter Herrmann, Kurt W. Roth
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Although several virus- and host-related predictive factors for the response to interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) have been defined in patients with chronic hepatitis C, no pretreatment parameter can definitely predict the response to antiviral treatment. Assessment of the initial response by quantification of serum hepatitis C virus RNA before and 4 weeks after initiation of therapy may be a clinically applicable and reliable parameter to predict long-term response. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to test the predictive value of a decline in HCV RNA of at least 3 log in the first 4 weeks of treatment (deltaHCV RNA) in patients treated with 3 x 10(6) units of recombinant IFN-alpha2a (rIFN-alpha2a) three times per week subcutaneously and to compare deltaHCV RNA with other established predictive factors, such as HCV genotype and pretreatment viremia. Serum HCV RNA was measured by a validated quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Geno/subtyping of HCV was performed by direct sequencing of the nonstructural (NS) 5B region of PCR-amplified isolates and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. Stable HCV RNA levels (deltaHCV RNA < or = 1 log) within the first 4 weeks of IFN-alpha treatment were present in 42 of 70 patients. A decline in HCV RNA levels between 1 to 3 log and more than 3 log was observed in 9 (13%) and 19 patients (27%), respectively. In 21 of 70 patients (30%), HCV RNA was not detectable at the end of 12 months' treatment. Three of 26 patients (11%) with a pretreatment viremia of < or = 10(6) copies/mL (all HCV subtype 3a) and 6 of 44 patients (14%) with a pretreatment viremia of > 10(6) copies/mL (HCV subtypes 1b, 2a, 2c, 3a [two patients], and 4) achieved a virological sustained response to interferon-alpha2a treatment. All patients with a virological sustained response had an initial deltaHCV RNA of more than 3 log. In a stepwise discriminant-function analysis, the initial deltaHCV RNA was confirmed as the strongest predictor of virological sustained response (P < .0001). In conclusion, the data of the present study suggest that IFN-alpha treatment can be terminated after 4 weeks in patients with a decrease in HCV RNA levels of less than 3 log, when apparent HCV eradication is considered the therapeutic target. The predictive value of deltaHCV RNA clearly exceeds the significance of HCV genotype and pretreatment viremia as predictors of successful IFN-alpha treatment.
Screening for glaucoma.
Authors: G Pincherle
Journal: BMJ (1972)

days may be useful.If the flap necroses it must be removed early as described, but in favourable cases the flap will survive and grafting will be avoided.Spontaneous heal- ing will occur under a Viscopaste bandage with the patient ambulant.I cannot under- stand why Mr. David uses the medial aspect of the thigh as a donor site.The postero- lateral aspect is muwh safer to use, but in the elderly the deltoid region is even better as it allows early ambulation.-Iam, etc.,
Neuropsychiatry at an R.A.F. Centre
Authors: S. I. Ballard, H. G. Miller
Journal: BMJ (1944)

JOURNAL concentration of sulphonamide has been reached.Remember that the sulphonamides, far from constituting a panaeea for all infections, may be actually deleterious and even dangerous, and aJs a general rule their use should be discontinued promptly in cases which show no constitutional improvement or fall of temperature in 48 hours.Penicitlin.-It seerns certain that in its effects against sepsis due to certain organisms penicillin far surpasses all other anti- septics.It is non-toxic to the patient, and one can assert con- fidently that its future use is likely to be extensive and very successful.Its action is most dramatic on the staphylococcus and gonococcus, and it is not without effect, especially in combination with sulphathiazole, on most streptococci, meningo- cocci, and some types of pneumococci, as well as the clostridia of gas gangrene, B. tetani, and anthrax and other Gram-positive bacilli.It has, however, no potency against, and is indeed apparently destroyed by, the Gram-negative bacilli of the B. coli-tvlphosus group.It is obvious from this fact that the drug can be used only in close association with a bacteriologist unless discredit is to ensue.Furthermore, from the surgeon's point of view it would appear that its use will entail a drastic revision of surgery of wounds; for penicillin acts at its best in a puddle of pus, and in cases in which it is applied locally- the most economical and satisfactory way of using it in wound surgery-it seems that drainage will have to be avoided.
Reflex Inhibition of Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor Activity at a Peripheral Locus
Authors: Gerard Lincoln Gebber, Lloyd Beck
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

Section of the lumbar sympathetic chain just proximal to a stimulating electrode most often results in a large increase in the neurogenic constrictor response to stimulation. The increase could not be accounted for by removal of sympathetic discharge present before section, or by an increase in vascular sensitivity to either exogenous or neurogenically released adrenergic amine. The increased neurogenic constriction is attributed to the removal of an inhibition present before nerve section. The inhibitory fibers are distributed over the classic sympathetic outflow and take origin at least in part at a supraspinal level. The inhibition is lost or markedly reduced by hypotension, spinal cord section, spinal anesthesia, section of the preganglionic sympathetics, or by section of the sinus and vagus nerves. The inhibition, lost by sinus and vagus nerve section or by induction of hypotension, can be restored by stimulation of the central ends of the cut nerves and by replacement of blood, respectively. It is concluded that the conventional pressoreceptor reflexes act to inhibit vasoconstrictor tone, at least in part, at a site in the vasoconstrictor pathway peripheral to the spinal cord.
Tumor-Derived Osteopontin Reprograms Normal Mammary Fibroblasts to Promote Inflammation and Tumor Growth in Breast Cancer
Authors: Yoray Sharon, Yael Raz, Noam Cohen, Amir Ben-Shmuel, Hila Schwartz, Tamar Geiger, Neta Erez
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Breast tumors are characterized by an extensive desmoplastic stroma, abundantly populated by fibroblasts. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) support tumorigenesis by stimulating angiogenesis, cancer cell proliferation, and invasion. CAF also orchestrate tumor-promoting inflammation in multiple tumor types, including breast cancer. However, the mechanisms through which normal tissue fibroblasts are reprogrammed to tumor-promoting CAFs are mainly obscure. Here, we show that mammary fibroblasts can be educated by breast cancer cells to become activated to a proinflammatory state that supports malignant progression. Proteomic analysis of breast cancer cell-secreted factors identified the secreted proinflammatory mediator osteopontin, which has been implicated in inflammation, tumor progression, and metastasis. Osteopontin was highly secreted by mouse and human breast cancer cells, and tumor cell-secreted osteopontin activated a CAF phenotypes in normal mammary fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo. Osteopontin was sufficient to induce fibroblast reprogramming and neutralizing antibodies against osteopontin-blocked fibroblast activation induced by tumor cells. The ability of secreted osteopontin to activate mammary fibroblasts relied upon its known receptors CD44 and αVβ3 integrin. Strikingly, osteopontin silencing in tumor cells in vivo attenuated stromal activation and inhibited tumor growth. Our findings establish a critical functional role for paracrine signaling by tumor-derived osteopontin in reprograming normal fibroblasts into tumor-promoting CAFs.
PRURITUS ANI ET VULVAE DUE TO ALLERGY
Authors: Albert H. Rowe
Journal: JAMA (1949)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> My experience corroborates the statement of Dr. H. Hailey (Pruritus Ani et Vulvae,The Journal, March 26, p. 837) that eczema due to allergy is the common cause of pruritus ani et vulvae. Favoring atopic allergy in many cases is the associated eczema in other areas of the skin and of other manifestations of allergy in a varying number of these sufferers. The familial predisposition to eczema even in the vulval and anal tissues and to other allergic manifestations as noted by Dr. Hailey is confirmed. I and many experienced allergists, however, disagree with the statement that "cutaneous tests for allergy have no legitimate place in the diagnosis and treatment of eczema and the practice will probably be discontinued in the near future." It is true that I have long reported the fallibility of the skin test with regard to both positive and negative reactions, both by