tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Transforming growth factor alpha protection against drug-induced injury to the rat gastric mucosa in vivo.
Authors: M Romano, W H Polk, J A Awad, C L Arteaga, L B Nanney, M J Wargovich, E R Kraus, C R Boland, R J Coffey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

This study was designed to determine whether transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) protects rat gastric mucosa against ethanol- and aspirin-induced injury. Systemic administration of TGF alpha dose-dependently decreased 100% ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury; a dose of 50 micrograms/kg delivered intraperitoneally 15 min before ethanol decreased macroscopic mucosal injury by > 90%. At the microscopic level, TGF alpha prevented deep gastric necrotic lesions and reduced disruption of surface epithelium. Pretreatment with orogastric TGF alpha (200 micrograms/kg) only partially (40%) decreased macroscopic ethanol damage. Intraperitoneal administration of TGF alpha at a dose of 10 micrograms/kg, which does not significantly inhibit gastric acid secretion, decreased aspirin-induced macroscopic damage by > 80%. TGF alpha protection does not seem to be mediated by prostaglandin, glutathione, or ornithine decarboxylase-related events, as evidenced by lack of influence of the inhibition of their production. Pretreatment with the sulfhydryl blocking agent N-ethylmaleimide partially abolished (40%) the protective effect of TGF alpha. In addition, systemic administration of TGF alpha resulted in a two-fold increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 and in a time- and dose-dependent increase in levels of immunoreactive insoluble gastric mucin; these events occurred in a time frame consistent with their participation in the protective effect of TGF alpha.
Testing for AIDS: More Problems With Predictive Values
Authors: R. S. Wallis
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent letter, Dr Kanter<sup>1</sup>commented on the article "Status Report on the AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome"2; he particularly addressed the question of the predictive value of a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III antibody. While I agree with the thrust of the letter, it appears to contain two mathematical errors. The correct predictive values for the three assays (Abbott Laboratories, Electro-Nucleonics, Inc, and Litton Bionetics) should be 32%, 11%, and 20%, respectively (not 32%, 89%, and 80% as stated). The full contingency table is shown in the Figure.
Detection of Aortoarterial Graft Infections by Leukocyte Scintigraphy
Authors: DOUGLAS G. WILSON, JAMES E. SEABOLD, LIONEL M. LIEBERMAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1983)

Infections of aortoarterial prostheses are serious, difficult to detect, and difficult to treat. Scintigraphy with indium–111 labeled autologous leukocytes is an accurate noninvasive method of assessing the presence and extent of such an infection. In three cases of aorto-arterial bypass graft infections, the leukocyte study was successful in establishing the diagnosis and in assessing the extent of infection. Other noninvasive diagnostic techniques are useful, but all have serious limitations. The leukocyte study alone appears to be free of likely sources of error.
Use of mechanistic data in assessing human risks from exposure to particles.
Authors: R O McClellan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

The ultimate goal of toxicologic investigations of both natural and man-made fibrous and nonfibrous particles is to provide essential input for the assessment of potential human risks from exposure to these materials. The development of risk assessment procedures for airborne particles has evolved over the years. The earliest assessments for naturally occurring materials used direct human observations and incorporated safety factors to arrive at allowable human exposures. More recently, there has been a need to assess the potential risk associated with production and use of certain man-made materials for which human data are not available or are inadequate. For these materials, it has been necessary to assess human risks using data obtained from studies conducted in laboratory animals and with cells or tissues. During the last several decades, it has been suggested that data on the mechanisms by which particles cause disease could be used to reduce the uncertainty in estimates of human risks of particle exposures. This article provides comments on the use of mechanistic data in the risk assessment process and suggestions for increasing the successful development and use of mechanistic data in risk assessments conducted in the future.
High incidence of meningeal leukemia in lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Tapan K. Saikia, Boman Dhabhar, R. S. Iyer, Gauri Nanjangud, R. Gopal, Chandrika N. Nair, Kanchan S. Nadkarni, M. S. Ashokkumar, Subodh R. Dhond, Suresh H. Advani
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1993)

Fifteen patients with lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (LyBC-CML) and five patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia converting to Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (ALL Ph + CML) were followed. Seven of 15 (46.7%) LyBC-CML patients developed meningeal leukemia within a median period of 6 months (range 2-11 months), while there was no medullary relapse. Five of these responded well to triple intrathecal therapy. In the ALL Ph + CML patients, in spite of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis with IT MTX and 18 Gy cranial radiation, two of five patients (40%) experienced meningeal leukemia, one isolated and the other with medullary relapse. The data confirm that LyBC-CML patients experience a high incidence of meningeal leukemia. The role of CNS prophylaxis is not very clear, but its use may delay development and reduce morbidity due to CNS disease.
Twenty-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial Comparing Total Mastectomy, Lumpectomy, and Lumpectomy plus Irradiation for the Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer
Authors: Bernard Fisher, Stewart Anderson, John Bryant, Richard G. Margolese, Melvin Deutsch, Edwin R. Fisher, Jong-Hyeon Jeong, Norman Wolmark
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

In 1976, we initiated a randomized trial to determine whether lumpectomy with or without radiation therapy was as effective as total mastectomy for the treatment of invasive breast cancer.
The Role of the Interleukin-1–Receptor Antagonist in Blocking Inflammation Mediated by Interleukin-1
Authors: C A Dinarello
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

Approaches involving the blockade of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are entering mainstream clinical medicine: antibodies against TNF-α and soluble receptors for TNF-α are being used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. A large number of preclinical studies form the scientific basis for these anticytokine-based therapies. In experiments in animals in which a disease involving several cytokines has been induced, administration of neutralizing antibodies or the use of other means to block the biologic activity of a specific cytokine attenuates the effects of the disease or halts its progression.A novel approach to . . .
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins in Serum and Other Biological Fluids: Regulation and Functions*
Authors: Sujatha Rajaram, David J. Baylink, Subburaman Mohan
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1997)

I. Introduction II.Characteristics of the IGFBPs III.Target Cell Actions of the IGFBPs A. To modulate IGF actions B. To facilitate storage of IGFs in extracellular matrices C. To exert IGF
The alternative transcript of CD79b is overexpressed in B-CLL and inhibits signaling for apoptosis
Authors: Mark S. Cragg, H. T. Claude Chan, Mathew D. Fox, Alison Tutt, Aimée Smith, David G. Oscier, Terry J. Hamblin, Martin J. Glennie
Journal: Blood (2002)

Abstract The B-cell receptor (BCR) for antigen is composed of surface immunoglobulin (sIg), which provides antigen specificity, and a noncovalently associated signaling unit, the CD79a/b heterodimer. Defects in CD79 can influence both BCR expression and signaling and may explain why cells from certain malignancies, such as B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), often express diminished and inactive BCR. Recently, an alternative transcript of CD79b (ΔCD79b) has been reported that is up-regulated in B-CLL and may explain this diminished BCR expression. Here we assess the expression of ΔCD79b in B-CLL and other lymphoid malignancies and investigate its function. High relative expression of ΔCD79b was confirmed in most cases of B-CLL and found in 6 of 6 cases of splenic lymphomas with villous lymphocytes (SLVLs) and hairy cell leukemia. In a range of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, expression of ΔCD79b was relatively low but correlated inversely with the ability of the BCR to signal apoptosis when cross-linked by antibody (Ab). Interestingly, when Ramos-EHRB cells, which express low ΔCD79b, were transfected with this transcript, they were transformed from being sensitive to anti-Fcμ–induced apoptosis to being highly resistant. Although ΔCD79b was expressed as protein, its overexpression did not reduce the level of cell surface BCR. Finally, we showed that the inhibitory activity of ΔCD79b depended on an intact leader sequence to ensure endoplasmic reticulum (ER) trafficking and a functional signaling immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic tail. These results point to ΔCD79b being a powerful modulator of BCR signaling that may play an important role in normal and malignant B cells.
Evaluation of central commands: Toward a theoretical basis for rehabilitation
Authors: Elena V. Biryukova, Alexandrez A. Frolov, Yves Burnod, Agnès Roby-Brami
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract The commentary focuses on the need for motor control modeling as a rationale for rehabilitation. We give examples in a bimanual unloading task and examine the potential consequences for recovery in patients with cerebral lesions. Hierarchical models of motor control lead to a distinction between “task optimization” and “motor optimization” and to a qualifier on Latash &amp; Anson's “hands-off” position.
On the Role of CD4+ T Cells in the CD8+ T-Cell Response Elicited by Recombinant Adenovirus Vaccines
Authors: Teng Chih Yang, James Millar, Timothy Groves, Wenzhong Zhou, Natalie Grinshtein, Robin Parsons, Carole Evelegh, Zhou Xing, Yonghong Wan, Jonathan Bramson
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

We have investigated the role of CD4+ T cells in the development of the CD8+ T-cell response after immunization with recombinant adenovirus (rAd). In the absence of CD4+ T cells, the "unhelped" CD8+ T-cell population exhibited a reduction in primary expansion and long-term survival that appeared to be due to inadequate priming of naïve T cells. There were few functional or phenotypic differences between the helped and unhelped CD8+ T-cell populations with the exception of O-glycosylated CD43, a marker of effector cells, which was augmented on the unhelped CD8+ T-cell population. In some cases, the unhelped CD8+ T-cell population exhibited reduced ability to control virus infection; however, this appeared to be a function of the reduced frequency of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Most notably, the unhelped CD8+ T-cell population exhibited no defect in secondary expansion. These results provide insight into the role of CD4+ T cells during the primary CD8+ T-cell response generated by rAd vaccines and identify potential benefits and issues that must be considered when using adenovirus vaccines under conditions where CD4+ T-cell function may be limiting, such as vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus patients. We have investigated the role of CD4+ T cells in the development of the CD8+ T-cell response after immunization with recombinant adenovirus (rAd). In the absence of CD4+ T cells, the "unhelped" CD8+ T-cell population exhibited a reduction in primary expansion and long-term survival that appeared to be due to inadequate priming of naïve T cells. There were few functional or phenotypic differences between the helped and unhelped CD8+ T-cell populations with the exception of O-glycosylated CD43, a marker of effector cells, which was augmented on the unhelped CD8+ T-cell population. In some cases, the unhelped CD8+ T-cell population exhibited reduced ability to control virus infection; however, this appeared to be a function of the reduced frequency of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Most notably, the unhelped CD8+ T-cell population exhibited no defect in secondary expansion. These results provide insight into the role of CD4+ T cells during the primary CD8+ T-cell response generated by rAd vaccines and identify potential benefits and issues that must be considered when using adenovirus vaccines under conditions where CD4+ T-cell function may be limiting, such as vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus patients.
Gastric mucosa after partial gastrectomy.
Authors: B M Pulimood, A Knudsen, N F Coghill
Journal: Gut (1976)

A partial gastrectomy of Billroth I or II type was performed in a series of 146 patients with peptic ulcer. Gastric biopsy was carried out two years later and the histology of the specimens compared with that of the body mucosa at the time of operation. In 138 patients without body atrophic gastritis (AG) before operation this condition was found in 74 (54%) two years after (46% of DU patients and 73% of GU patients). Those with antral or pyloric canal ulcers were particularly liable to develop AG (81%). Apart from site of ulcer various other factors possibly associated with the development of AG were examined: no positive correlations were found with the possible exception of anaemia. Gastric parietal cell antibodies were not found in any patient with AG tested. The cause of gastritis after partial gastrectomy and its possible relationship with gastric carcinoma are discussed.
Reduced glucocorticoid binding affinity in asthma is related to ongoing allergic inflammation.
Authors: J D Spahn, D Y Leung, W Surs, R J Harbeck, S Nimmagadda, S J Szefler
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Recent studies indicate that chronic asthma is associated with a spectrum of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) binding abnormalities that are cytokine-inducible. These GCR abnormalities may contribute to poor asthma control and failure to respond to glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether GCR defects are associated with poorly controlled asthma, and whether diminished GCR binding is reversible following a course of GC therapy. We enrolled 12 patients with poorly controlled asthma characterized by nocturnal awakening with cough or wheezing, AM FEV1 < 70%, or FEV1 variability of > 25% requiring a short course of high dose GC therapy. GCR binding affinity was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using a radioligand binding assay before and after the GC course. Spirometry, serum cortisol, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels were also performed before and after the GC course. At baseline, all subjects had airflow obstruction that significantly improved (median FEV1 increased from 65.0% to 89.5% of predicted, median FEV1/FVC ratio increased from 0.60 to 0.72) with therapy. A diminished GCR binding affinity at baseline was noted with an elevated median dissociation constant (Kd) of 29.0 nM (interquartile range at the 25th and 75th percentile [IQ] of 22.3 and 44.5 nM) compared with normal controls (Kd 8.0 nM [IQ 7.0, 9.2]). Following the GC course, a significant decrease in the Kd was seen. Serum ECP and sIL-2R levels at baseline were elevated, with serum ECP demonstrating a significant reduction following the GC course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Proinflammatory cytokines regulate tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases and disintegrin metalloproteinase in cardiac cells
Authors: Y Li
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are downregulated in the failing human heart. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that cytokines might be involved in the regulation of TIMPs in cardiac cells.Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat ventricular cells were exposed to 100 units/ml tumor necrosis factor-alpha and/or 5 ng/ml interleukin-1 beta. The mRNA and protein expression of TIMPs-1-4 and disintegrin metalloproteinase was analyzed using Northern blot, ELISA and/or Western blot, respectively. Proteolytic activity and extracellular matrix degradation and turnover were determined using gelatin zymography and pulse-chase experiments.The TIMP-1 mRNA was upregulated in cardiac cells, while TIMP-1 protein levels were unchanged in myocytes but downregulated in non-myocytes. The TIMP-2 expression did not change with the cytokine treatment. TIMP-3 was downregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in cardiac cells. TIMP-4 protein was transiently increased and then returned to control level. In contrast, disintegrin metalloproteinase mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated in those cells. The gelatinolytic activity and extracellular matrix protein degradation were significantly increased.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta regulate the expression of TIMPs and disintegrin metalloproteinase, which may in turn contribute to the increased matrix degradation in cardiac cells. Since heart failure in humans is characterized by both re-expression of myocardial cytokines and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, those in vitro results suggest a potential role for those cytokines in the regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling and therefore in the transition to the end-stage heart failure phenotype.
Results of the Bacteriological Examination of 1,000 Cases of Suspected Diphtheria
Authors: R. T. Hewlett, H. Nolan
Journal: BMJ (1896)

THE following paper is an analysis of the records of the bac- teriological examination of specimens from i,ooo consecutive cases of suspected diphtlheria, forwarded by medical officers of health and practitioniers from all parts of the kingdom to this Institute for diagnosis.We shall endeavour to give a summary of tile results obtained and to draw attention to any points of special interest noted by us inthe course of the work.TRANSMISSION OF THE SPECIMENS.The membrane or secretion has been forwarded in a variety
Complex Ventricular Ectopy
Authors: ZUBAIR UL HASSAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Letters and Corrections1 June 1980Complex Ventricular EctopyZUBAIR UL HASSAN, M.B., WILLIAM E. STEINKE, M.D.ZUBAIR UL HASSAN, M.B.Search for more papers by this author, WILLIAM E. STEINKE, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-92-6-867 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Kennedy and colleagues (1) conclude in their article in the February issue that "the majority of apparently healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricuar ectopy do not have covert noncritical or significant coronary artery disease, and [our study] supports a conservative approach to the management of such persons".Selective bias due to the presence of coronary-disease risk factors in 20 of their 25 patients was properly acknowledged. However, further delineation reveals a subgroup of 13 men older than 40 years of age that includes all six cases of significant coronary artery disease and all five with noncritical...Reference1. KENNEDYPESCARMONABOUCHARDGOLDBERG HJRR. Coronary artery status of apparently healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy. Ann Intern Med. 1980:92(Part 1):179-85. LinkGoogle Scholar1. KENNEDYPESCARMONABOUCHARDGOLDBERG HJRR. Coronary artery status of apparently healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy. Ann Intern. Med. 1980: 92(Part 1):179-85. LinkGoogle Scholar2. HAMBY R. Primary myocardial disease. Am J Cardiol. 1970;25:625-34. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. KENNEDYUNDERHILL HS. Frequent and complex ventricular ectopy in apparently healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1976;38:141-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. HAMBY R. Primary myocardial disease. Am J Cardiol. 1970;25:625-34. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: McGuire Veteran's Administration Medical Center Richmond, VA 23249 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1980Volume 92, Issue 6Page: 867-868KeywordsMedical risk factorsStable coronary artery disease Issue Published: 1 June 1980 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Detoxication Mechanisms: The Metabolism and Detoxication of Drugs, Toxic Substances and Other Organic Compounds
Authors: Bernard E. Conley
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This is the second edition of a widely accepted textbook devoted to a review of the metabolism and detoxification of drugs, toxic substances, and other organic compounds. The rapid increase in our knowledge of the fate of chemical agents in animal organisms is reflected in the increased size of this revised text. The marked increase in the use of synthetic organic chemicals in all spheres of human activity has produced a concomitant increase in the biologic knowledge of organic compounds foreign to the human body. In the postwar years, knowledge has been acquired about some aspect of the metabolism of most major groups of synthetic organic chemicals. However, the large number of organic chemical compounds now available (approximately 600,000) offers an unlimited field of research on the effects of these agents on plant and animal metabolism. The introductory chapter is devoted to general remarks about biochemical reactions of synthetic organic
Smoking Cessation and Risk of Stroke in Women
Authors: David L. Chin
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —The study by Kawachi et al 1 provides support for the promotion of smoking cessation and for counseling young people to refrain from smoking in the first place.  Tables 3 and 4 appear to show a protective effect of an earlier age at starting to smoke and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. This trend does not seem to be addressed by the authors. Perhaps the ischemic stroke—causing mechanisms associated with smoking that were postulated by the authors might tend to increase the risk of ischemic stroke while decreasing the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.
891-4 The effects of enhanced external counterpulsation on myocardial perfusion in patients with stable angina: A single-blind multicenter pilot study
Authors: Andrew D Michaels, Ajit Raisinghani, Ozlem Soran, Paul-Andre de Lame, Michele L Lemaire, Paul Kligfield, Denny D Watson, George Beller
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Phase I trial of active specific immunotherapy with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with autologous irradiated tumor stem cells in hepatitis B positive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Michael Bayer, Xiaojin Wang, Chengwei Chen, Xiaosong Chen, Qingchun Fu, Jia He, William Cao, Craig Fredrickson, Jessica Cannon, Andrew Cornforth, Gabriel Nistor, Robert Dillman
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Active or chronic infections may be barriers to successful vaccines, and patients with hepatitis typically are excluded from clinical trials testing therapeutic anticancer vaccines. One concern is vaccines may exacerbate the underlying infection. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)