tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine against Acute Otitis Media
Authors: Juhani Eskola, Terhi Kilpi, Arto Palmu, Jukka Jokinen, Mervi Eerola, Jaason Haapakoski, Elja Herva, Aino Takala, Helena Käyhty, Pekka Karma, Robert Kohberger, Stephen Lockhart, George Siber, P. Helena Mäkelä
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Ear infections are a common cause of illness during the first two years of life. New conjugate vaccines may be able to prevent a substantial portion of cases of acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.We enrolled 1662 infants in a randomized, double-blind efficacy trial of a heptavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in which the carrier protein is the nontoxic diphtheria-toxin analogue CRM197. The children received either the study vaccine or a hepatitis B vaccine as a control at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months of age. The clinical diagnosis of acute otitis media was based on predefined criteria, and the bacteriologic diagnosis was based on a culture of middle-ear fluid obtained by myringotomy.Of the children who were enrolled, 95.1 percent completed the trial. With the pneumococcal vaccine, there were more local reactions than with the hepatitis B vaccine but fewer than with the combined whole-cell diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine that was administered simultaneously. There were 2596 episodes of acute otitis media during the follow-up period between 6.5 and 24 months of age. The vaccine reduced the number of episodes of acute otitis media from any cause by 6 percent (95 percent confidence interval, -4 to 16 percent [the negative number indicates a possible increase in the number of episodes]), culture-confirmed pneumococcal episodes by 34 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 21 to 45 percent), and the number of episodes due to the serotypes contained in the vaccine by 57 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 44 to 67 percent). The number of episodes attributed to serotypes that are cross-reactive with those in the vaccine was reduced by 51 percent, whereas the number of episodes due to all other serotypes increased by 33 percent.The heptavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine is safe and efficacious in the prevention of acute otitis media caused by the serotypes included in the vaccine.
Aging and Warfarin Therapy
Authors: Dennis Mungall, Richard White
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Letters15 November 1992Aging and Warfarin TherapyDennis Mungall, PharmD, Richard White, MDDennis Mungall, PharmD, Richard White, MDAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-117-10-878 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors: Gurwitz and coworkers (1) purport to show that the anticoagulant response to warfarin increases with age due to an "increased sensitivity" to warfarin; however, the ratio of warfarin dose to prothrombin time response used by the authors as the principal measure of sensitivity does not allow the differentiation of pharmacokinetic variability from pharmacologic sensitivity. In a prospective study of 88 chronically treated outpatients, we showed that age does not alter the pharmacodynamic response to warfarin (2).The study by Shepard and coworkers (3), cited in dismissing a change in warfarin pharmacokinetics with age, was limited by a...References1. Gurwitz J, Avorn J, Ross-Degnan D, Choodnovskiy I, and Ansell J. Aging and the anticoagulant response to warfarin therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:901-4. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Murray B, Coleman R, McWarters D, Ludden T, and Mungall D. Pharmacodynamics of warfarin at steady state. Therapeutic Drug Monit. 1987;9:1-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Sheparid A, Hewick D, Moreland T, and Stevenson I. Age as a determinant of sensitivity to warfarin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1977;4:315-20. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Robinson C, Mungall D, and Poon M. Quantitation of plasma warfarin concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography. Therapeutic Drug Monit. 1981;3:287-90. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Mungall D, Ludden T, Marshall J, Hawkins D, Talbert R, and Crawford M. Population pharmacokinetics of racemic warfarin in adult patients. J Pharmacok and Biopharm. 1985;13:213-26. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. Gurwitz J, Avorn J, Ross-Degnan D, Choodnovskiy I, and Ansell J. Aging and the anticoagulant response to warfarin therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:901-4. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Shepherd A, Hewick D, Moreland T, and Stevenson I. Age as a determinant of sensitivity to warfarin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1977;4:315-20. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Mungall D, Ludden T, Marshall J, Hawkins D, Talbert R, and Crawford M. Population pharmacokinetics of racemic warfarin in adult patients. J Pharmacok Biopharm. 1985;13:213-27. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Murray B, Coleman R, McWaters D, Ludden T, and Mungall D. Pharmacodynamics of warfarin at steady state. Ther Drug Monit. 1987;9:1-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Dennis Mungall, PharmD; Richard White, MD PreviousarticleNextarticle
Should Epileptics Scuba Dive?
Authors: R. L. Meckelnburg
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The Professional Advisory Board of the Epilepsy Foundation of America is rightfully concerned about epileptics leading full lives.<sup>1</sup>However, their admonition that they should be allowed to scuba dive is woefully misdirected. The hyper-baric environment creates a radically new milieu for the epileptic diver, for example, constant acidosis due to carbon dioxide retention, the presence of "silent bubbles" on "safe" dives, and a host of metabolic changes known and unknown. The most important point, however, is that the epileptic diver puts his diving buddies at mortal risk when he decides he is going to dive. Diving with a buddy is always taught today and the underwater rescue of a convulsing buddy is almost always unsuccessful and often results in a double death. Even if the stricken diver can be retrieved to the dive boat, immediate helicopter evacuation is necessary due to the risk of air embolism,
Highly Conductive Stretchable and Biocompatible Electrode–Hydrogel Hybrids for Advanced Tissue Engineering
Authors: Masato Sasaki, Bijoy Chandapillai Karikkineth, Kuniaki Nagamine, Hirokazu Kaji, Keiichi Torimitsu, Matsuhiko Nishizawa
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014)

Hydrogel‐based, molecular permeable electronic devices are considered to be promising for electrical stimulation and recording of living tissues, either in vivo or in vitro. This study reports the fabrication of the first hydrogel‐based devices that remain highly electrically conductive under substantial stretch and bending. Using a simple technique involving a combination of chemical polymerization and electropolymerization of poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), a tight bonding of a conductive composite of PEDOT and polyurethane (PU) to an elastic double‐network hydrogel is achieved to make fully organic PEDOT/PU–hydrogel hybrids. Their response to repeated bending, mechanical stretching, hydration‐dessication cycles, storage in aqueous condition for up to 6 months, and autoclaving is assessed, demonstrating excellent stability, without any mechanical or electrical damage. The hybrids exhibit a high electrical conductivity of up to 120 S cm −1 at 100% elongation. The adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of neural and muscle cells cultured on these hybrids are demonstrated, as well as the fabrication of 3D hybrids, advancing the field of tissue engineering with integrated electronics.
The Migratory Needle Story.
Authors: J. M. Postle
Journal: JAMA (1906)

DeKalb, Ill., Nov. 22, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Your article on the "Migratory Needle" has just been noted. In one case, to my positive knowledge, a needle lay within the pericardial membrane and parallel to the heart, in a slaughtered beef. I had the specimen in my office for years. In another case the needle had transfixed the apex of the heart of a chicken, which, when killed, showed no sign of interference with the heart or the condition of the fowl. Nearly one-half the length of the needle had passed transversely through the apex of the heart. Reference can be given to those who made the discovery. In both instances the needles had doubtless been swallowed and had penetrated the tissues until they occupied the position as found.
Abstract P5-12-01: A comparison of hormone receptor status in black women born in the U.S., West Africa, East Africa and the Caribbean - A SEER analysis
Authors: BM Haynes, JJ Ruterbusch, MA Simon, ML Cote
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Breast cancer is the leading cancer diagnosed among women in the United States (U.S.) and is second only to lung for cancer-related deaths in women. Although white women have a higher incidence of breast cancer, African American (AA) women with breast cancer have higher breast cancer related mortality and have a lower five year survival (73.8%) compared to their white counterparts (81.6%). AA women are also diagnosed at a younger age, with 30-40% of AA women diagnosed under 50, compared to 20% of whites, and are more likely to present with more estrogen receptor negative/progesterone receptor negative (ER-/PR-) tumors than whites (42% vs. 29% respectively). Other studies suggest these disparities extend to black African women and white European women. The aim of this study is to determine whether breast cancer characteristics seen in U.S. born black women are comparable to African born black women and to provide additional insight on the role of race and genetic ancestry in breast cancer. Methods: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data (SEER 18 Registries) was used to examine hormone receptor (HR) status among 30,003 black women, born in the U.S. (28,838), West Africa (167), East Africa (183), or the Caribbean (815), diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer from 2000 through 2009. Chi-square tests were used to determine whether clinical variables differed by ethnic group. Proportional incidence ratios (PIR) and 95% confidences intervals (CI) were calculated to estimate excess risk of ER-/PR- tumors between the populations. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in axillary lymph node, stage, histologic type, or surgical treatment at presentation by ethnic group. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of ER-/PR- receptor status comparing US blacks to black women born in West Africa (p-value = 0.16, PIR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.56-1.05), however women from East Africa and the Caribbean were less likely to have ER-/PR- breast cancers compared with US born blacks. (PIR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35-0.74, p &amp;lt; 0.0001 PIR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73-0.97, p&amp;lt; 0.01 respectively). The crude overall 5-year survival rate of West African, East African and Caribbean born black women was significantly higher than those born in the U.S. (75.7%, p = 0.023, 85.9% p &amp;lt;0.0001, 84.0% p&amp;lt;0.0001, 65.3% respectively). Discussion: Our results agree with historical data showing that many AA women have ancestral origins in West Africa and provides additional evidence supporting the role of ancestral genetics in breast cancer susceptability. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-12-01.
Abstract 585: <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> A1-R targets quiescent cancer cells.
Authors: Shuya Yano, Yong Zhang, Fuminari Uehara, Yukihiko Hiroshima, Shinji Miwa, Robert M. Hoffman, Ming Zhao
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Quiescent cancer cells are resistant to cytotoxic agents which target only proliferating cancer cells. The cell-cycle phase of each cancer cell in real time was imaged using a fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI). With FUCCI, quiescent cancer cells express mKusabira-Orange fluorescent protein (red) and proliferating cells express mAzami-Green fluorescent protein (green). FUCCI-labeled cancer cells in monolayer culture and tumor spheres were treated with Salmonella typhimurium A1-R. Time-lapse confocal imaging showed that A1-R encircled and invaded quiescent cancer cells in monolayer culture, thereby eliminating them. Cancer cells in tumor spheres in serum-free culture become and remain quiescent. A1-R infected and killed quiescent cancer cells in tumor spheres. In contrast, cytotoxic agents did not kill quiescent cancer cells in tumor spheres. A1-R infection of FUCCI-expressing subcutaneous tumors growing in nude mice resulted in killing quiescent cancer cells resistant to cytotoxic agents. This study demonstrates that A1-R can kill quiescent cancer cells and suggests a new therapeutic paradigm potentially more effective than current therapeutics which are ineffective against quiescent cancer cells. Citation Format: Shuya Yano, Yong Zhang, Fuminari Uehara, Yukihiko Hiroshima, Shinji Miwa, Robert M. Hoffman, Ming Zhao. Salmonella typhimurium A1-R targets quiescent cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 585. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-585
Age-associated changes in beta-adrenergic modulation on rat cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.
Authors: R P Xiao, H A Spurgeon, F O'Connor, E G Lakatta
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Previous studies have demonstrated that the ability of beta-adrenergic receptor (beta AR) stimulation to increase cardiac contractility declines with aging. In the present study, the control mechanisms of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, including calcium current (ICa), cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai2+) transient and contraction in response to beta AR stimulation were investigated in ventricular myocytes isolated from rat hearts of a broad age range (2, 6-8, and 24 mo). While the baseline contractile performance and the Cai2+ transient did not differ markedly among cells from hearts of all age groups, the responses of the Cai2+ transient and contraction to beta-adrenergic stimulation by norepinephrine (NE) diminished with aging: the threshold concentration and the ED50 increased in rank order with aging; the maximum responses of contraction and Cai2+ transient decreased with aging. Furthermore, the efficacy of beta AR stimulation to increase ICa was significantly reduced with aging, and the diminished responses of the contraction and Cai2+ transient amplitudes to NE were proportional to the reductions in the ICa response. These findings suggest that the observed age-associated reduction in beta AR modulation of the cardiac contraction is, in part at least, due to a deficit in modulation of Cai2+, particularly the activity of L-type calcium channels.
Radical Nephrectomy with and without Lymph Node Dissection: Preliminary Results of the EORTC Randomized Phase III Protocol 30881
Authors: Jan H.M. Blom, Hein van Poppel, Jean M. Marechal, Didier Jacqmin, Richard Sylvester, Fritz H. Schr&ouml;der, Linda de Prijck
Journal: European Urology (1999)
Sclerotherapy for male alcoholic cirrhotic patients who have bled from esophageal varices: Results of a randomized, multicenter clinical trial
Authors: Pamela Hartigan
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Sclerotherapy and sham–sclerotherapy were compared in male alcoholic patients with cirrhosis and bleeding esophageal varices. The prospective, singleblind, randomized clinical trial of 5 yr duration entered 253 male alcoholic patients at 12 Veterans Affairs medical centers. Patients were either actively bleeding from esophageal varices at randomization or they had a history of such bleeding. They were treated by endoscopy with sham–sclerotherapy or endoscopy with sclerotherapy at randomization, 4 to 6 days, 9 to 11 days, 1 mo, 3 mo and every 3 mo for 2 yr and followed for the remainder of the study period. of the patients randomized, 131 were assigned to sham–therapy and 122 were assigned to sclerotherapy. At entry the two patient groups were comparable. The upper gastrointestinal rebleeding rates during the study were 101 and 66 per 100 person years of follow–up in sham–therapy and sclerotherapy, respectively (rate ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.22; p = 0.01). A significantly higher number of episodes were attributable to esophageal varices in the shamtherapy group (112 vs. 52; p = 0.005). Seventy–four sham–therapy patients (56%) and 77 sclerotherapy patients (63%) died (p = 0.54; relative risk, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.66 to 1.25). The mean transfusion requirement was higher in the sham–therapy group (16.0 units vs. 9.4 units; p = 0.002) and more patients in this group required shunt surgery (18 vs. 5; p = 0.005). We conclude that sclerotherapy reduces the rate of rebleeding from varices, the transfusion requirement, and the need for shunt surgery, but has no long–term effect on survival. (Hepatology 1994;20:618-625).
Lactosylceramide in inflammatory bowel disease: a biochemical study.
Authors: C R Stevens, V G Oberholzer, J A Walker-Smith, A D Phillips
Journal: Gut (1988)

A simple technique for isolating lipids from small pieces of tissue was applied to mucosal biopsies and samples of resected intestine from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scanning densitometry of two dimensional chromatograms showed increased concentrations of the membrane associated glycosphingolipid lactosylceramide in Crohn9s disease, on comparison with ulcerative colitis (p less than 0.01), or controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates either that normal glycosphingolipid metabolism is altered, or that a novel source of lactosylceramide is present in the inflamed mucosa of patients with Crohn9s disease.
Inhibition of Mitochondrial Translation as a Therapeutic Strategy for Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Marko Škrtić, Shrivani Sriskanthadevan, Bozhena Jhas, Marinella Gebbia, Xiaoming Wang, Zezhou Wang, Rose Hurren, Yulia Jitkova, Marcela Gronda, Neil Maclean, Courteney K. Lai, Yanina Eberhard, Justyna Bartoszko, Paul Spagnuolo, Angela C. Rutledge, Alessandro Datti, Troy Ketela, Jason Moffat, Brian H. Robinson, Jessie H. Cameron, Jeffery Wrana, Connie J. Eaves, Mark D. Minden, Jean C.Y. Wang, John E. Dick, Keith Humphries, Corey Nislow, Guri Giaever, Aaron D. Schimmer
Journal: Cancer Cell (2011)
OUTBREAK OF PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS, TAIWAN
Authors: RobertJ. Kim-Farley, Paul Lichfield, WalterA. Orenstein, KennethJ. Bart, George Rutherford, Shu-Tao Hsu, LawrenceB. Schonberger, Kung-Jong Lui, Chau-Ching Lin
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
Upregulation of Interleukin 8 by Oxygen-deprived Cells in Glioblastoma Suggests a Role in Leukocyte Activation, Chemotaxis, and Angiogenesis
Authors: Isabelle Desbaillets, Annie-Claire Diserens, Nicolas de Tribolet, Marie-France Hamou, Erwin G.  Van Meir
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Leukocyte infiltration and necrosis are two biological phenomena associated with the development of neovascularization during the malignant progression of human astrocytoma. Here, we demonstrate expression of interleukin (IL)-8, a cytokine with chemotactic and angiogenic properties, and of IL-8–binding receptors in astrocytoma. IL-8 expression is first observed in low grade astrocytoma in perivascular tumor areas expressing inflammatory cytokines. In glioblastoma, it further localizes to oxygen-deprived cells surrounding necrosis. Hypoxic/anoxic insults on glioblastoma cells in vitro using anaerobic chamber systems or within spheroids developing central necrosis induced an increase in IL-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression. mRNA for IL-8–binding chemokine receptors CXCR1, CXCR2, and the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) were found in all astrocytoma grades by reverse transcription/PCR analysis. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry localized DARC expression on normal brain and tumor microvascular cells and CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression to infiltrating leukocytes. These results support a model where IL-8 expression is initiated early in astrocytoma development through induction by inflammatory stimuli and later in tumor progression increases due to reduced microenvironmental oxygen pressure. Augmented IL-8 would directly and/or indirectly promote angiogenesis by binding to DARC and by inducing leukocyte infiltration and activation by binding to CXCR1 and CXCR2.
Canadian Cancer Care: Organizational Models
Authors: JAMES J. RUSTHOVEN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Canadian cancer care has evolved under systems of provincial and federal fiscal control and aims to optimize the management of patients within each province. In Manitoba, patients are initially assessed at one centre but can subsequently receive chemotherapy at an outreach centre closer to home. In British Columbia, two outreach mechanisms exist: consultative clinics provide consultative and follow-up care by radiotherapists and medical oncologists who travel to outreach centres, and community-based regional oncologists provide diagnostic and treatment services in small communities. In Ontario, peripheral clinics are staffed by oncologists from the two provincial cancer institutions, but efforts have been made to find newer outreach models that will better serve certain communities in that province. Two basic models of cancer care organization in the community presently exist in Canada: one stresses the extension of resources outward to the community from major cancer centres, and the other stresses the support of already established resources in the community. Efforts to coordinate these activities are being initiated.
PDGFR Signaling Blockade in Marrow Stroma Impairs Lung Cancer Bone Metastasis
Authors: Raúl Catena, Diego Luis-Ravelo, Iker Antón, Carolina Zandueta, Pablo Salazar-Colocho, Leyre Larzábal, Alfonso Calvo, Fernando Lecanda
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Bone microenvironment and cell-cell interactions are crucial for the initiation and development of metastasis. By means of a pharmacologic approach, using the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib, we tested the relevance of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) axis in the bone marrow (BM) stromal compartment for the initiation and development of lung cancer metastasis to bone. PDGFRβ was found to be the main tyrosine kinase target of sunitinib expressed in BM stromal ST-2 and MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells. In contrast, no expression of sunitinib-targeted receptors was found in A549M1 and low levels in H460M5 lung cancer metastatic cells. Incubation of ST-2 and human BM endothelial cells with sunitinib led to potent cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, sunitinib induced a robust proapoptotic effect in vivo on BM stromal PDGFRβ(+) cells and produced extensive disruption of tissue architecture and vessel leakage in the BM cavity. Pretreatment of ST-2 cells with sunitinib also hindered heterotypic adhesion to lung cancer cell lines. These effects were correlated with changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix molecules in both stromal and tumor cells. Pretreatment of mice with sunitinib before intracardiac inoculation of A549M1 or H460M5 cells caused marked inhibition of tumor cells homing to bone, whereas no effect was found when tumor cells were pretreated before inoculation. Treatment with sunitinib dramatically increased overall survival and prevented tumor colonization but not bone lesions, whereas combination with zoledronic acid resulted in marked reduction of osteolytic lesions and osseous tumor burden. Thus, disruption of the PDGFR axis in the BM stroma alters heterotypic tumor-stromal and tumor-matrix interactions, thereby preventing efficient engagement required for bone homing and osseous colonization. These results support the notion that concomitant targeting of the tumor and stromal compartment is a more effective approach for blocking bone metastasis.