tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B virus infection of tupaia hepatocytes<i>in vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>
Authors: E Walter, R Keist, B Niederöst, I Pult, H E Blum
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

For the systematic analysis of various clinical and molecular aspects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, an experimental small animal system of HBV infection would be a great advance. The susceptibility to HBV infection, therefore, of hepatocytes from the tree shrew species tupaia belangeri was studied in vitro and in vivo . Primary hepatocytes isolated from livers of tupaias can be reproducibly infected with HBV. In vitro infection results in viral DNA and RNA synthesis in hepatocytes and secretion hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) into culture medium. Tupaias can also be infected with HBV in vivo , resulting in viral DNA replication and gene expression in tupaia livers. Similar to acute, self–limited hepatitis B in humans HBsAg is rapidly cleared from serum, followed by seroconversion to anti–HBe and anti–HBs. These data clearly tht HBV is infectious to tupaia hepatocytes in vitro and transiently in vivo . Tupaias, therefore, may become a useful model for the experimental analysis of various molecular and clinical aspects of HBV infection, including the significance of HBV quasispecies, the steps involved in hepatocarcinogenesis as well as the evaluation of various antiviral strategies.
Serologic Tests in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cryptococcosis
Authors: Morris A. Gordon
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Cases are reviewed with particular emphasis on predisposing factors and diagnostic signs in cryptococcosis and stressing diagnostic serology. The latex slide agglutination test for cryptococcal antigen is found to be sensitive and specific as a diagnostic tool and valuable as a prognostic indicator. Its value is maximized when it is used in conjunction with an agglutination test for cryptococcal antibody, since there appears to be an inverse relationship between the two, so that antibody may be found in cases in which the test for antigen is negative.
OFSTED style ratings for hospitals are not specific enough for patient procedures, Francis says
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Rating hospitals in the same way that the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services, and Skills (OFSTED) rates schools—an idea proposed by health secretary Jeremy Hunt—“may help” but doesn’t go far enough, Robert Francis QC told the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) conference on 15 May. 

The lukewarm response by the author of the highly critical report into Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust was echoed by David Prior, Hunt’s own appointment as chair of the Care Quality Commission.

“OFSTED ratings of overall hospital performance are not enough,” Francis said. “If I’m going into hospital for a treatment, I want to know how it performs at that particular procedure.” Prior said: “A rating of a hospital as an institution has a value but it’s limited. You also need a specialist rating for individual services. That’s more likely to …
'Essential Components Now in Place' for Clinical Testing of Cancer Vaccine Strategies, Experts Say
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1995)

ACCORDING to experts at the Cancer Research Institute's "Cancer Vaccines 1994" symposium, held in New York, NY, medicine is entering a "new era of immunologically based treatments for cancer." The conference was the first in a planned series of biennial meetings on cancer vaccines. "We anticipate that this symposium will become the major forum for reporting on vaccine research and will help foster development of the first effective therapeutic cancer vaccine," said Jill O'Donnell-Tormey, PhD, executive director of the New York—based Cancer Research Institute, a nonprofit organization that supports research in cancer immunology. The institute is establishing a cancer vaccine trial registry to serve as a centralized source of information for the scientific and clinical communities about all ongoing vaccine trials. The registry will track progress in the field and maintain status reports on the various trials. Now that researchers are defining the structure of tumor peptides that are recognized
Comprehensive and detailed analysis of pulmonary veins, left atrial appendage, and their interrelations with gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and 3-D navigation view analysis
Authors: Lars M. Lickfett, Ritsushi Kato, Henry Halperin, Stephen Solomon, Tim Dickfeld, Khurram Nasir, Glenn Meininger, Richard Wu, Charles Leng, Georg Juang, Kevin Donahue, Gordon Tomaselli, Ronald Berger, Hugh Calkins
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Hazards of Rearing Children in Foreign Countries
Authors: SIDNEY L. WERKMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1972)

Overseas living complicates the tasks of child rearing in unique ways. Some complications may result in overt psychiatric disorders, others in character distortions of varying degrees. Many of them can be avoided, minimized, or resolved through anticipation, open discussion, informed planning, and decisive action. Issues of recurring clinical importance include unusual child-rearing practices, problems with caretakers, aberrant sexuality, fears, and alienation.
A PARTICULATE BODY ASSOCIATED WITH EPITHELIAL CELLS CULTURED FROM MAMMARY CARCINOMAS OF MICE OF A MILK-FACTOR STRAIN
Authors: Keith R. Porter, H. P. Thompson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

Epithelial cells from spontaneous and transplanted mammary adenocarcinomas developing in high-tumor strain C(3)H mice have been grown in vitro and studied with the electron microscope. In preparations from three out of six tumors, an unusual particulate body has been found associated with the cells. The particles appear to have a spherical shape and a double structure consisting of a dense center and less dense outer zone. The diameter of the central dense portion is fairly uniform from particle to particle, averaging approximately 75 mmicro, whereas the outside, whole particle diameter is more variable and averages about 130 mmicro. From the micrographs it would appear that these peculiar virus-like bodies are situated chiefly in the ectoplasmic portion of the cell. They may occur singly, in pairs, or in clumps of varying sizes. Cells containing great numbers of the particles show signs of degeneration, and cell fragments are frequently encountered with many particles on them. So far, the particles have been found only in association with the epithelial cells of the cultures. They are apparently not derived from the culture media. All in all the findings are consonant with the view that the particles represent the milk agent. Further evidence for or against this assumption is being sought from a study of cells from normal tissue and tumors demonstrated to be agent-free.
Integrative Genomics Analysis Reveals Silencing of β-Adrenergic Signaling by Polycomb in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Jindan Yu, Qi Cao, Rohit Mehra, Bharathi Laxman, Jianjun Yu, Scott A. Tomlins, Chad J. Creighton, Saravana M. Dhanasekaran, Ronglai Shen, Guoan Chen, David S. Morris, Victor E. Marquez, Rajal B. Shah, Debashis Ghosh, Sooryanarayana Varambally, Arul M. Chinnaiyan
Journal: Cancer Cell (2007)
Methotrexate Therapy for P vivax Malaria
Authors: Robert Ferone
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent article by Sheehy and Dempsey on "Methotrexate Therapy for<i>Plasmodium vivax</i>Malaria" (<b>214:</b>109-114, 1970) contains statements concerning our present knowledge of the actions of folic acid antagonists in malaria which are deficient in content and misleading. The authors' claim that "only recently" has pyrimethamine been recognized as a folic acid antagonist is incorrect, in light of the many publications dating back to 1952 on the antifolate activity of this drug and of other similar compounds.<sup>1</sup>Since that time the loci of action of pyrimethamine in plasmodia has been demonstrated to be inhibition of the dihydrofolate reductase of the parasite. This has been clearly shown in<i>P berghei</i>,<sup>2</sup><i>P lophurae</i>,<sup>3</sup>and<i>P knowlesi</i>.<sup>4</sup>In<i>P berghei</i>, the drug binds to the enzyme from the parasite 2,000-fold more tightly than it binds to the enzyme from the host erythrocyte. Trimethoprim, cycloguanil, and
Infection Caused by<i>Streptobacillus moniliformis</i>
Authors: Lawrence Kilham
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1947)

INFECTION due to Streptobacillus moniliformis is often characterized by fever, a migrating polyarthritis, a skin rash and a relapsing course. A preceding history of rat bite within ten days is frequent. In a few reported cases, however, no source of infection could be established.1 , 2 Place, Sutton and Willner3 described an outbreak occurring in Haverhill, Massachusetts, following the ingestion of raw milk. Organisms isolated from 11 of 13 patients in this epidemic were extensively studied by Parker and Hudson,4 who described them as a new species, Haverhillia multiformis. Unknown to them at the time, however, Levaditi and his associates1 had isolated . . .
Transient Myopia Due to Tetracycline
Authors: Thomas S. Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1963)

AMONG THE NUMEROUS drugs reported to be causative factors in transient myopia are the sulfonamides, 1 acetazolamide (Diamox), 2 ethoxzolamide (Cardrase), 3 and autonomic blocking agents. 4 The antibiotics per se have not been incriminated in transient myopia, though they have been in other visual phenomena. 5-7 It is the purpose of this paper to present a well-documented case of acute transient myopia associated with the administration of tetracycline and to discuss the possible causes of this form of myopia.  Report of a Case  A 35-year-old woman, who first consulted me on Sept 1, 1960, described her vision as completely gone except right in front of my nose. She related that three times previously she had experienced similar impairment of vision. On June 29, 1959, she had been hospitalized because of tenderness over both kidneys, of 3 weeks' duration. When the patient was examined at that time, tenderness over the
MUC1 in Macrophage: Contributions to Cigarette Smoke–Induced Lung Cancer
Authors: Xiuling Xu, Mabel T. Padilla, Bilan Li, Alexandria Wells, Kosuke Kato, Carmen Tellez, Steven A. Belinsky, Kwang Chul Kim, Yong Lin
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Expression of the pro-oncogenic mucin MUC1 is elevated by inflammation in airway epithelial cells, but the contributions of MUC1 to the development of lung cancer are uncertain. In this study, we developed our finding that cigarette smoke increases Muc1 expression in mouse lung macrophages, where we hypothesized MUC1 may contribute to cigarette smoke-induced transformation of bronchial epithelial cells. In human macrophages, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) strongly induced MUC1 expression through a mechanism involving the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ. CSE-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation was also required for MUC1 expression, but it had little effect on MUC1 transcription. RNA interference-mediated attenuation of MUC1 suppressed CSE-induced secretion of TNF-α from macrophages, by suppressing the activity of the TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE), arguing that MUC1 is required for CSE-induced and TACE-mediated TNF-α secretion. Similarly, MUC1 blockade after CSE induction through suppression of PPAR-γ or ERK inhibited TACE activity and TNF-α secretion. Conditioned media from CSE-treated macrophages induced MUC1 expression and potentiated CSE-induced transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells in a TNF-α-dependent manner. Together, our results identify a signaling pathway involving PPAR-γ, ERK, and MUC1 for TNF-α secretion induced by CSE from macrophages. Furthermore, our results show how MUC1 contributes to smoking-induced lung cancers that are driven by inflammatory signals from macrophages.
Experts point out pitfalls of using patient reported outcomes to guide NHS care
Authors: R. Bhumbra
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Experts have sounded a warning bell over the use of reports of patients’ experiences of NHS care to judge how well hospitals are performing and to decide the flow of funding.

When they were launched by the government in April 2009, patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) were billed simply as a means of capturing information on how patients believed that their NHS care had benefited them. However, as the patient agenda has expanded, policy makers are looking to the data—currently collected for hip and knee replacements, groin hernia surgery, and varicose vein surgery—to assess performance of providers, commissioning, treatments, and even individual doctors, said speakers at a meeting at the healthcare think tank the King’s Fund in London on 22 November.

David Beard, director of the Orthopaedic Surgery and Interventional Trials Unit at Oxford University, is a supporter of PROMs. However, he cautioned, “As we are using patient reported outcomes more we [must] understand that …
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET UPON NECROSIS CAUSED BY HEPATIC AND RENAL POISONS
Authors: Eugene L. Opie, Leland B. Alford
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1915)

Diet exerts a profound influence upon the toxicity (tested in the omnivorous white rat) of certain substances, namely, chloroform, phosphorus, potassium chromate, and uranium nitrate, which cause necrosis of the parenchymatous cells of the liver or of the kidney. Susceptibility to intoxication with all of these substances is less after a diet rich in carbohydrate than after a diet consisting of meat. Carbohydrates protect the parenchymatous cells of the liver or of the kidneys from necrosis caused by any one of these substances. Chloroform is much more toxic to animals which have received a diet consisting in great part of fat than to those which have received meat. When fat is fed to the white rat fatty infiltration occurs in the centers of the hepatic lobules and in the loops of Henle of the kidney. The necrosis caused by chloroform has the same location. The solubility of chloroform in fat determines the increased susceptibility of animals which have received fat and stored it in the parenchymatous cells of the liver and kidney. Susceptibility to intoxication with phosphorus which causes fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver is not increased by a diet of fat. Necrosis caused by phosphorus occurs in the periphery of the hepatic lobule and exhibits maximum intensity in animals which have received meat. Susceptibility to intoxication with potassium chromate which causes nephritis with necrosis of the convoluted tubules of the kidney is not greater after a diet of fat than after a diet of meat. Susceptibility to intoxication with uranium nitrate which causes nephritis with advanced necrosis of renal tubules is increased by a diet of fat. The loops of Henle, in which fat is abundant after a diet of fat, are the chief site of necrosis.
Apnea With Intramuscular Colistin Therapy
Authors: Robert L. Perkins
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Apnea, attributed to sodium colistimethate therapy, occurred in a 50-year-old Negro male. Sufficient evidence now exists to confirm that colistimethate may be neurotoxic in humans. Awareness of potential colistimethate toxicity may dictate added caution in treating infections in patients with chronic debilitating diseases, chronic renal disease, hypoxic states, or those receiving muscle relaxants, adrenocorticosteroids, sedatives, narcotics, or anesthetic agents.
Dissociation of atherogenesis from aortic accumulation of lipid hydro(pero)xides in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits
Authors: Paul Witting, Knut Pettersson, Ann-Margret ϖstlund-Lindqvist, Christer Westerlund, Maria Wågberg, Roland Stocker
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Antioxidants can inhibit atherosclerosis, but it is unclear how inhibition of intimal lipid oxidation relates to atherogenesis. Here we tested the effect of probucol and its metabolite bisphenol on aortic lipid (per)oxidation and atherogenesis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits. LDL and aortas from rabbits fed probucol contained bisphenol at concentrations comparable to those in bisphenol-treated animals. Bisphenol treatment increased plasma cholesterol slightly, and plasma and aortic α-tocopherol more substantially; these parameters were unaffected by probucol. Bisphenol and probucol treatment both enhanced the resistance of circulating LDL to peroxyl radical–induced lipid peroxidation; this was due to bisphenol, not probucol. Only probucol enhanced LDL's resistance to Cu2+-induced oxidation. Both bisphenol and probucol treatment strongly inhibited aortic accumulation of hydroperoxides and hydroxides of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides [LO(O)H]. Despite this, however, probucol had a modestly significant effect on the extent of lesion formation; bisphenol had no inhibitory effect. In addition, the extent of atherosclerosis did not correlate with amounts of aortic LO(O)H present, but, as expected, it did correlate with aortic α-tocopherol and cholesterol. Together, these results suggest that aortic accumulation of LO(O)H is not required for, nor is α-tocopherol depleted during, the initiation and progression of atherogenesis in WHHL rabbits.
Drug Testing of Athletes: Test the Team's Pooled Urine
Authors: Fritz R. Dixon
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The statement by James C. Puffer, MD, head physician for the US Olympic team in Seoul, South Korea, in the December 23/30 issue of<i>JAMA</i><sup>1</sup>that it would be desirable, in his opinion, to have random testing during both training and competition periods attracted my attention. The problem of discrimination and individual rights, individual player contracts, and so on can be overcome by having all athletes, coaches, and other persons who appear on behalf of the winning team on the field or playing floor contribute a urine sample immediately after winning a competition. Portions from each sample could be mixed and the combination tested for drugs of abuse. If the sample is positive, the team loses the competition. No identifiers of individual persons are required. All individual records achieved in the game would stand. The score book would otherwise not be harmed. Yards gained, points scored,
Drug delivery from inhaler devices
Authors: H. Bisgaard
Journal: BMJ (1996)

process."Finally, health promotion is only one part of general practice: it is a priority to assess the cost effectiveness and appro- priateness ofhealth promotion within the wide range ofpotential primary care activities.The latest incarnation of the policy gives general practitioners and others the opportunity to make decisions on health promotion at the local level.Will they make better use of the evidence than have successive waves of central policy makers?
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE FUTURE
Authors: S. D. Doff
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I would like to take strong exception to one of the statements made in the fine editorial, "Epidemiology of the Future," inThe Journal, Sept. 12, 1959, page 188. To say that "Mental illness is the only major public health problem that is not adequately reported" is to hide from the entire medical profession the critical need for morbidity reporting of several groups of illness which are of grave public health significance at the present time. Indeed, one of the greatest stumbling blocks to more rapid progress in subduing today's top killers is the inability to design a method acceptable to private practitioners which would ensure adequate reporting of these "noncommunicable" diseases. Surely the forces of preventive medicine will need to be directed against the public health problem of mental illness long years into the future; however, I would like to suggest moderation in assessing the public
Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Warren J. Warwick
Journal: JAMA (1977)

The number of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) receiving care from the US Cystic Fibrosis Centers has been increasing at an average rate of about 200 patients each year. A model based on the continuation of this rate of increase predicts that almost 4,000 adults will be receiving care at the centers by the end of 1985. Four other models developed are based on continuation of a steady state with two variations: a 50% reduction in mortality and universal newborn screening. These models show the boundaries of an equilibrium population to be between 24,000 and 64,000 patients, with 7,000 to 18,000 adults.
Natriuretic peptide receptor mRNAs in the rat and human heart.
Authors: D J Nunez, M C Dickson, M J Brown
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Functional studies indicate that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a member of the natriuretic peptide family, has direct effects on cardiac muscle cells. However, conventional ligand-binding studies designed to establish the presence of natriuretic peptide-binding sites in the heart have yielded conflicting results. There are discrepancies also between the latter and the receptor distribution predicted from the pattern of the mRNA transcripts localized by in situ hybridization. Here we have employed the technique of cDNA amplification with the polymerase chain reaction to confirm the presence of natriuretic peptide A, B, and C receptor mRNAs in rat and human cardiac tissue. In the rat heart, the distribution of the A and B receptor transcripts appears to be relatively homogeneous; in contrast, the C type mRNA is concentrated principally in the atria, with no difference between the left and right sides of the heart. A and B receptor DNA products were obtained after amplification of left, but not right, ventricular cDNA from the heart of a 16-yr-old male with cystic fibrosis; the yield of C receptor DNA was similar for both ventricles. If these mRNA transcripts are translated into functional receptors in the rat and human heart, ANP and the other natriuretic peptides may have direct effects on cardiac function, including regulation of natriuretic peptide release via a short feedback loop, modulation of contractility of the heart, or activation of cardiac reflexes.
Electrocardiogram after Chloroquine and Emetine
Authors: L. M. SANGHVI, B. B. MATHUR
Journal: Circulation (1965)

Electrocardiographic abnormalities have been studied after administration of chloroquine in 25 patients, of emetine in 28 patients, and of emetine and chloroquine in 28 patients. Abnormalities after chloroquine were less in severity and of shorter duration than after emetine. They were more severe, became maximum later after cessation of emetine therapy, and were much longer in duration after emetine and chloroquine than after emetine. These differences are attributed to combined effects of the two drugs. Serum potassium levels showed some decrease after antiamebic therapy, the decrease being more after emetine than after chloroquine. A case is reported in which severe abnormalities and muscular paralysis occurring after emetine and chloroquine were rapidly reversed by oral potassium administration. Administration of potassium simultaneously with emetine and chloroquine often prevented or delayed the appearance or decreased the severity of abnormalities. Subsequent potassium administration usually reversed the abnormalities except in cases in which they were present before emetine therapy. It is concluded that the abnormalities are functional in nature and not due to organic myocardial damage. It is suggested that some disturbance of potassium metabolism in the myocardium and skeletal muscles may be the cause of electrocardiographic abnormalities and emetine neuritis, respectively.