tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chronic Bronchitis: Method of Cigarette Smoking
Authors: J. Rimington
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Male volunteers for mass radiography examination, aged 40 or more, were questioned about their sputum production, smoking habits, and, when applicable, their method of smoking cigarettes.Of 5,438 cigarette smokers 460 (8.4%) smoked their cigarettes without removing the cigarette from the mouth between puffs ("drooping" cigarette smokers) whereas the rest smoked in the normal manner.Persons who admitted to producing sputum from their chests on most days of the year or on most days for at least three months of the year for a minimum of two years were classified as chronic bronchitics in the absence of other causative disease.The rate of chronic bronchitis among the "drooping" cigarette smokers (41.5%) was considerably greater than that among those smoking cigarettes in the normal manner (33.6%). The same pattern was maintained when age and cigarette consumption were standardized, though "drooping" cigarette smokers had a slight bias towards plain as distinct from filter cigarettes and towards a lower social class this was not sufficient to account for the excess of chronic bronchitis among those using this method of smoking.
Clinical Manifestations of the Unperforated Aortic Sinus Aneurysm
Authors: ISRAEL STEINBERG, NATHANIEL FINBY
Journal: Circulation (1956)

There are no diagnostic features for the recognition of unperforated aortic sinus aneurysms except for a grade 3 to 4 cardiac murmur. Linear or massive calcifications in the intracardiac portion of the root of the aorta continuous with the linear calcifications of the ascending aorta sometimes occurs in syphilitic aortic sinus aneurysms. Accordingly, a high index of suspicion and angiocardiography are advocated in order to establish the diagnosis during life. Surgical repair of a localized congenital aortic sinus aneurysm through the right atrial approach seems feasible if there are no serious complicating aortic or cardiac lesions. The diffuse unruptured aneurysmal congenital and syphilitic aortic sinus aneurysms are better left alone. If rupture occurs, surgical repair, even though heroic, should be attempted.
Physiological and anthropometric parameters that describe a rugby union team.
Authors: P. J. Maud
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1983)

The purpose of this study was to describe the anthropometric and physiological parameters that apply to a USA amateur rugby union club team. Fifteen players who were members of the club's first team were evaluated for body composition, muscular strength, power and endurance, flexibility, anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, and cardio-respiratory function shortly after completion of the regular season. Means for some of the variables measured include: age, 29 yr; height, 180 cm; weight, 84 kg; lean body weight, 74 kg; body fat, 12%, endurance sit-ups, 50/min; vertical jump height, 51 cm; anaerobic power output, 132 m.kg.s-1 (1.32 kw); anaerobic capacity, 2247 m.kp/40s (22.5 kJ); maximum heart rate, 186 beats/min; maximum ventilation, 175 l/min-1; maximum respiratory quotient 1.23; and maximum oxygen uptake, 56.6 ml.kg-1 min-1. In comparison with other rugby players studied these players had higher maximum oxygen uptake values, were similar in endurance sit-up and vertical jump ability, exhibited less upper body strength, and the forwards had lower body fat percentages. They were generally within the range of scores found to describe the aerobic and anaerobic fitness, and body composition of other élite amateur and professional intermittent sport athletes.
Book Review Genetic Disorders of Human Sexual Development By Leonard Pinsky, Robert P. Erickson, and R. Neil Schimke. 410 pp., illustrated. New York, Oxford University Press, 1999. $85. 0-29-510907-4
Authors: Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts, Niels E. Skakkebaek
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)
REMOVAL OF SKIN SUTURES
Authors: Paul J. Schneider
Journal: JAMA (1953)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In reference to "Easy Removal of Skin Sutures" (<i>J. A. M. A.</i><b>152</b>:1231 [July 25] 1953), a very similar method for skin suture removal was described in 1951. The reference is "A Simple Technic for Removal of Fine Interrupted Skin Sutures" (Hovnanian, A. P.:<i>Plast. &amp; Reconstruct.</i><i>Surg.</i><b>8</b>:407, 1951).
Studies on the Mechanism of Sodium Excretion during Drug-induced Vasodilatation in the Dog
Authors: Stephen Z. Fadem, Guillermo Hernandez-Llamas, Ram V. Patak, Steven G. Rosenblatt, Meyer D. Lifschitz, Jay H. Stein
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

The administration of vasodilating agents such as bradykinin and acetylcholine cause an increase in urinary sodium excretion. Yet the mechanisms involved in this natriuretic effect are not clear. Recent studies with another renal vasodilator, secretin have shown this drug also causes a profound increase in renal blood flow but without major changes in sodium excretion. To attempt to delineate the basis of this difference in sodium excretion with these drugs, the renal functional effects of secretin and bradykinin were compared at an equivalent vasodilating dose. Bradykinin increased renal blood flow from 222 to 342 ml/min, urine volume from 0.2 to 1.2 ml/min, and urine sodium excretion from 28 to 115 mueq/min. Urine osmolality fell from 1,230 to 401 mosmol/kg. Secretin caused a comparable increase in renal blood flow (216 to 325 ml/min) while changes in urine flow, sodium excretion, and urine osmolality were significantly less. In further studies papillary plasma flow was estimated using the albumin accumulation technique. Control papillary plasma flow was 29 ml/min per 100 g. Bradykinin increased urinary sodium excretion 108 mueq/min and decreased urinary osmolality from 1,254 to 516 mosmol/kg in association with a rise in papillary plasma flow to 62 ml/min per 100 g. Urine sodium excretion, urinary osmolality, and urine flow rate, as well as papillary plasma flow rate (32 ml/min per 100 g) were unchanged from control when secretin was administered. Studies with acetylcholine were qualitatively similar to those of bradykinin. Renal blood flow increased from 150 to 248 ml/min, urinary sodium excretion increased from 20 to 243 mueq/min, urinary osmolality decreased from 1,237 to 411 mosmol/kg and papillary plasma flow increased from 39 to 52 ml/min per 100 g. It is suggested that the natriuretic effect of some vasodilators is due, at least in part, to alterations in medullary hemodynamics, as evidenced by the increase in papillary plasma flow seen with bradykinin and acetylcholine, but not secretin.
The taccalonolides are a novel class of microtubule stabilizers that circumvent clinically relevant taxane resistance mechanisms.
Authors: AL Risinger, EM Jackson, LA Polin, GL Helms, PA Joe, RF Luduena, SL Mooberry
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #2142 The taccalonolides are a novel class of microtubule stabilizing agents isolated from the tropical plant Tacca chantrieri. Their unique structure and inability to directly bind to or stabilize tubulin in vitro strongly suggest that the taccalonolides cause microtubule stabilization through a distinct mechanism of action. The ability of four taccalonolides, A, E, B and N, to circumvent multidrug resistance mechanisms associated with taxane resistance was studied. The four taccalonolides were able to overcome multidrug resistance mediated by expression of the P-glycoprotein ATP-binding cassette drug transporter in vitro. Furthermore, the taccalonolides A and E were highly active against tumors in a P-glycoprotein expressing Mam17/ADR murine model of breast cancer that is resistant to both doxorubicin and paclitaxel. In addition to P-glycoprotein, the expression of the βIII isotype of tubulin has also been linked with taxane treatment failure. HeLa cells expressing high levels of βIII-tubulin were resistant to paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilone B and vinblastine. Interestingly, these βIII-tubulin expressing cells were more sensitive to each of the four taccalonolides than the parental cell line. These data demonstrate that the taccalonolides have advantages over the taxanes in clinically relevant drug resistant cell lines and tumor models. Therefore, the taccalonolides represent a novel family of microtubule stabilizing agents with clinical potential. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2142.
Alpha B-crystallin in cardiac tissue. Association with actin and desmin filaments.
Authors: F Bennardini, A Wrzosek, M Chiesi
Journal: Circulation Research (1992)

alpha B-Crystallin is a 20-kd peptide highly homologous to the small heat-shock proteins. This protein forms soluble homomultimeric complexes (M(r), 300-700 kd) and is very abundant in cardiac muscle cells. In vitro experiments (affinity column chromatography and binding studies with isolated proteins) have shown that alpha B-crystallin interacts directly with actin and, in particular, with desmin filaments. The immunocytochemical localization of alpha B-crystallin within the cardiomyocytes showed that the protein is distributed exclusively in the central region of the I bands (Z lines), where desmin is localized. In vitro studies have further shown that the binding affinity of alpha B-crystallin to actin and desmin filaments increases considerably at slightly acidic pH (6.5) or after a heat treatment (45 degrees C). Moreover, alpha B-crystallin was found to prevent effectively the tendency of actin filaments to form aggregates (i.e., paracrystals) at acidic pH. These in vitro data suggest a protective role of alpha B-crystallin during stress conditions such as ischemia of the heart. Crystallin could prevent the aggregation of filaments, which might occur during the acidification of the cytosol and lead eventually to irreversible structural damage.
Thyroid Function and Hyperfunction During Gestation
Authors: GERARD N. BURROW
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1993)

FOLLOWING implantation, a series of hormonal and metabolic events occur that help to shield the fetus from unfavorable changes in the maternal environment. From an endocrine standpoint these changes are controlled by steroid production in the fetal adrenals and gonads and in the placenta, as well as polypeptide hormones produced by the fetal pituitary and placenta. There is a constant hormonal interplay among fetus, mother, and placenta during pregnancy. Human CG (hCG) concentrations rapidly increase ensuring a supply of progesterone necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy before placental production is assured. These endocrine changes, including chorionic somatomammotropin production, also alter fuel metabolism, perhaps ensuring substrate for fetal growth (1). Serum PRL levels increase as do levels of CRH as a result of pituitary and hypothalamic stimulation (2). Maternal blood volume increases by 40% above nonpregnant values due to hormonal changes and venous distension that occurs when the vascular capacity of the uterus is increased. As a consequence, serum proteins, like albumin, undergo a relative decrease. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate are all increased in the pregnant woman, and systemic resistance is decreased (3). In the kidney of the pregnant woman, renal blood flow increases and the glomerular filtration rate may be increased by as much as 50% (4).
Comparison of Clinical Outcomes in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Between Children and Young Adult Patients
Authors: Sang Soo Kim, Seong-Jang Kim, In Joo Kim,, Bo Hyun Kim, Yun Kyung Jeon, Yong-Ki Kim
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate differences between children and young adult patients in presentation, clinical course, and outcome of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 61 children and young adults (50 female and 11 male; aged <25 years) with DTC who were treated with radioiodine (RI) and followed up between June 2002 and May 2010. All patients had undergone total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection if enlarged lymph nodes were present and had been referred for initial radioiodine ablation. Recurrence-free survival was evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier method.At diagnosis, extrathyroidal extension of DTC was more prevalent and mean tumor size was bigger in children than in young adults (P = 0.045 and P = 0.002, respectively). However, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups with regard to the presence of lymph node or distant metastases (P = 0.885 and P = 1.000, respectively). During follow-up, the recurrence in the thyroid bed or cervical lymph nodes occurred in 6 children (20.7%) and in 3 young adults (9.4%; P = 0.323). The recurrence-free survival rate was similar in children and in young adults (log-rank test, χ1 = 2.424, P = 0.120).Our result shows that, although the presentation of DTC at the time of diagnosis was more aggressive in children, intensive management elicited a similar clinical outcome in children and in young adults.
Barbiturate (Soneryl) Poisoning. The Value of Picrotoxin in Treatment
Authors: G. M. Slot
Journal: BMJ (1940)

USE OF THIERSCH SKIN GRAFTMED [CJORNAL 849 dressing, which can be discarded in a week.It should heal without scar.Very often the donor sites are subsequently reversed.Though theoretically a Thiersch graft should contain no hair follicles, hair is often noted on grafted areas, especially if large.Hair growth may be very undesirable in certain regions, especially with inlay grafts.The inner aspect of the arm is the most useful non-hairy donor site.Recipient Region A study of the results in relation to the region grafted reveals that these are uniformly better in regions to which absolute fixation and firm pressure are easily appliedfor example, the forehead, the upper face, and non- articular regions of the limbs.Otherwise there is no indication that grafts "take " better on some regions than on others.It seems that the local blood supply does not markedly affect the primary "take" of a Thiersch graft.The subsequent behaviour and stability of a graft are, however, greatly influenced by the local blood supply.A graft may " take " well on the area of a large chronic ulcer. of the leg, only to break down again when walking is resumed.Thiersch grafts on the sites of old x-ray burns with their poor local vascularity often prove uinstable and develop areas of breakdown and ulceration.
INDIA INK IN THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF YEAST CELLS
Authors: Fred D. Weidman
Journal: JAMA (1924)

We came upon this method of study during an attempt to demonstrate in cultures the same invisible and unstainable mucinoid coating on<i>Torula histolytica</i><sup>1</sup>that we saw in tissue, and which was only inferred to be there on account of the halo which appeared between the yeast cells and the surrounding tissue. For demonstrating the coating by the ink method, one must work fast because the ink dries rapidly. A loopful of India ink is placed on a glass slide, and a loopful of the solid (or pasty) culture material is quickly emulsified in it. A large coverslip is quickly applied and pressed gently, to make the emulsion spread over as great an area as possible. The drop must be small; othewise, too thick a film will result and the halo effect will be obscured. It is better that there shall be insufficient fluid to quite fill the space
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening to Identify Spinal and Paraspinal Infections Associated With Injections of Contaminated Methylprednisolone Acetate
Authors: Anurag N. Malani, David M. Vandenberg, Bonita Singal, Michael Kasotakis, Spencer Koch, Varsha Moudgal, Rajasekhar Jagarlamudi, Anupama Neelakanta, Michael H. Otto, Lakshmi Halasyamani, Rami Kaakaji, Carol A. Kauffman
Journal: JAMA (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3>Injection of contaminated methylprednisolone has resulted in an unprecedented nationwide outbreak of Exserohilum rostratum fungal infections, manifested initially as meningitis and/or basilar stroke. Insidious onset of spinal or paraspinal infection at the injection site has been increasingly reported and is occurring months after receipt of injection with the contaminated drug. The clinical findings are often subtle and similar to those that led the patient to undergo the methylprednisolone injection.<h3>Objective</h3>To determine if patients who had not presented for medical care but who had received contaminated methylprednisolone developed spinal or paraspinal infection at the injection site using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening.<h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3>There were 172 patients who had received an injection of contaminated methylprednisolone from a highly contaminated lot (No. 06292012@26) at a pain facility but had not presented for medical care related to adverse effects after the injection. Screening MRI was performed between November 9, 2012, and April 30, 2013.<h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3>Number of persons identified with previously undiagnosed spinal or paraspinal infection.<h3>Results</h3>Of the 172 patients screened, MRI was abnormal in 36 (21%), showing epidural or paraspinal abscess or phlegmon, arachnoiditis, spinal osteomyelitis or diskitis, or moderate to severe epidural, paraspinal, or intradural enhancement. Of the 115 patients asked about new or worsening back or neck pain, lower extremity weakness, or radiculopathy symptoms, 35 (30%) had at least 1 symptom. Thirty-five of the 36 patients with abnormal MRIs met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) case definition for probable (17 patients) or confirmed (18 patients) fungal spinal or paraspinal infection. All 35 patients were treated with antifungal agents (voriconazole, with or without liposomal amphotericin B), and 24 required surgical debridement. At the time of surgery, 17 of 24 patients (71%), including 5 patients who denied having symptoms, had laboratory evidence of fungal infection.<h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3>Among patients who underwent screening MRI to look for infection at the site of injection of contaminated methylprednisolone, 21% had an abnormal MRI, and all but one met CDC criteria for probable or confirmed fungal spinal or paraspinal infection. Screening MRI led to identification of patients who had minimal or no symptoms of spinal or paraspinal infection and allowed early initiation of medical and surgical treatment.
Circumsporozoite proteins of human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
Authors: E H Nardin, V Nussenzweig, R S Nussenzweig, W E Collins, K T Harinasuta, P Tapchaisri, Y Chomcharn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against sporozoites of two species of malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The antibodies reacted with polypeptides (circumsporozoite proteins) that are uniformly distributed over the entire surface of sporozoites, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence and by the circumsporozoite precipitin reaction. The epitopes recognized by the monoclonal antibodies were expressed on sporozoites from different geographical isolates of the homologous species but were not detected on sporozoites of heterologous species nor on blood forms of the parasite. The monoclonal antibody to P. falciparum specifically immunoprecipitated two polypeptides of apparent 67,000 mol wt (Pf67) and 58,000 mol wt (Pf58) from extracts of [35S]methionine-labeled P. falciparum sporozoites. Similarly, the anti-P. vivax monoclonal immunoprecipitated two proteins of 51,000 mol wt (Pv51) and 45,000 mol wt (Pv45) from extracts of metabolically labeled P. vivax sporozoites. The extracts were also reacted with the serum of human volunteers successfully vaccinated with sporozoites of either P. vivax or P. falciparum. The patterns of immunoprecipitation were almost identical to those obtained with the corresponding monoclonal antibodies. The circumsporozoite proteins of P. falciparum and P. vivax play a role in immune protection. Incubation of the appropriate monoclonal antibody with viable sporozoites of the homologous species significantly reduced parasite infectivity, as determined by sporozoite neutralization assays carried out in splenectomized chimpanzees.
Characterization of Opiate-mediated Responses of the Feline Ileum and Ileocecal Sphincter
Authors: Ann Ouyang, Carole J. Clain, William J. Snape, Sidney Cohen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

Although opioid peptides have been demonstrated immunohistochemically in the feline intestine, the action of these peptides is unknown. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the distal ileal and ileocecal sphincter (ICS) responses to morphine sulfate (MS), methionine enkephalin (ME) and leucine enkephalin (LE); (b) to determine the mechanism by which exogenous opiates mediate these responses; (c) to determine the type of receptor involved in mediating these responses and (d) to ascertain whether endogenous opiate-mediated responses may be vagally induced. The ICS responded to all three opiate agonists with tonic and phasic contractions, the latter being associated with increased spike activity. The EDmax for ICS pressure response was 1 μg/kg for ME, 5 μg/kg for LE, and 150 μg/kg for MS. The distal ileum responded with increased spike activity and phasic contractions. The EDmax for the ileal motility index response was 1.0 × 10−1 μg/kg for ME, 1 μg/kg for LE, and 150 μg/kg for MS. Thus, both sites demonstrated similar dose-response relationships, both responding to at least 100 times lower doses of enkephalins than MS. The ICS contraction preceded ileal contractions. The ileal and ICS response was not antagonized by atropine, hexamethonium, phentolamine, propranolol, cinanserin, or tetrodotoxin. Naloxone, 600 μg/kg, antagonized the response to the enkephalins while 10 μg/kg antagonized the response to MS. Higher doses of the specific-receptor agonist SKF 10047 and κ-receptor agonist ketocyclazocine were required before a contractile response was elicited. Electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus induced ICS contraction and a fall in blood pressure. The ICS contractile response but not the blood pressure response was inhibited by naloxone 1 mg/kg. These data indicate: (a) tonic and phasic ICS contraction followed by ileal contraction may be mediated through δ-type opiate receptors located in the muscle membrane and (b) opiate-mediated ICS contraction may be induced during vagal stimulation.
544 PREVALENCE OF CIRRHOTIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND INFLUENCE IN OUTCOME OF LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: F. Habersetzer, I. Enache, S. Doutreleau, M.-L. Woehl-Jaegle, P. Di Marco, A. Charloux, M. Oswald-Mammosser
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)