tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Influenza and the Rates of Hospitalization for Respiratory Disease among Infants and Young Children
Authors: Héctor S. Izurieta, William W. Thompson, Piotr Kramarz, David K. Shay, Robert L. Davis, Frank DeStefano, Steven Black, Henry Shinefield, Keiji Fukuda
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

Young children may be at increased risk for serious complications from influenzavirus infection. However, in population-based studies it has been difficult to separate the effects of influenzavirus from those of respiratory syncytial virus. Respiratory syncytial virus often circulates with influenzaviruses and is the most frequent cause of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. We studied the rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory disease among infants and children during periods when the circulation of influenzaviruses predominated over the circulation of respiratory syncytial virus.
Local authorities' scrutiny committees must consider financial issues if they want to reject health service changes
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Local authority scrutiny committees that oppose changes in NHS services will not be obliged to provide their own financially sustainable alternatives, the Department of Health has conceded.

The idea was part of a consultation into how scrutiny of health services should be carried out in the newly reformed NHS in England. But it was strongly opposed by respondents to the consultation, who argued that it would require a depth of clinical and financial knowledge that most members of scrutiny committees would not have. “The government accepts this argument and will not pursue this proposal,” the health department said in its response to the consultation.1

However, this concession will not allow the scrutiny …
Interaction between Asthma and Lung Function Growth in Early Life
Authors: Hans Bisgaard, Signe M. Jensen, Klaus Bønnelykke
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

The causal direction between asthma and lung function deficit is unknown, but important for the focus of preventive measures and research into the origins of asthma.To analyze the interaction between lung function development and asthma from birth to 7 years of age.The Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood is a prospective clinical study of a birth cohort of 411 at-risk children. Spirometry was completed in 403 (98%) neonates and again by age 7 in 317 children (77%).Neonatal spirometry and bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was measured during sedation by forced flow-volume measurements. Asthma was diagnosed prospectively from daily diary cards and clinic visits every 6 months. Children with asthma by age 7 (14%) already had a significant airflow deficit as neonates (forced expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity second in neonates reduced by 0.34 z score by 1 mo; P = 0.03). This deficit progressed significantly during early childhood (forced expiratory flow at 0.5 seconds in neonates at age 7 reduced by 0.82 z score by age 7; P < 0.0001), suggesting that approximately 40% of the airflow deficit associated with asthma is present at birth, whereas 60% develops with clinical disease. Environmental tobacco exposure, but not allergic sensitization, also hampered airflow growth. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in the neonates was associated with the development of asthma (P = 0.01).Children developing asthma by age 7 had a lung function deficit and increased bronchial responsiveness as neonates. This lung function deficit progressed to age 7. Therefore, research into the origins and prevention of asthma should consider early life before and after birth.
Who Was First?
Authors: Eddy D. Palmer
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Probably the commonest error to be found in the case report throughout the literature is the claim of precedence: ie, "this is the third reported case of..."; "the association of these three lesions has not previously been emphasized in the literature." The report by Chodak and Passaro (239:225, 1978) is a case in point (<i>Gastroenterology</i>12:879-883, 1949), although the error is not important. The point is that an author can<i>never</i>tell how many cases of any entity have previously been reported: no amount of library research will permit more than a rough guess. If the point he is making has to do with an intangible, such as an approach to therapy, there is no way even to look it up for precedence. If an author is to do the minimum to locate previously published cases of, for example, a specific pathological entity (to make it easy),
Critical Life Changes
Authors: Töres Theorell
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1992)

This review of ideas presented in life event research presents a psychological and a sociological research tradition. Physiological recordings of endocrine factors have been utilized in studies of life events both in the study of natural course (bereavement and accidents, for instance) and in the laboratory during talk about critical life events. Recently, several programmes have been started for improving people's life event tolerance. However, 'eventlessness' has also been observed to be a possible disease-provoking factor.
THE URINARY EXCRETION AND BIOLOGIC DECAY PERIODS OF RADIOMERCURY LABELING A MERCURIAL DIURETIC IN NORMAL AND DISEASED MAN 1
Authors: George Burch, Thorpe Ray, Sam Threefoot, Frank J. Kelly, Arthur Svedberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1950)

Eighty-three hospitalized subjects were studied.The diuretic was administered intravenously and intramuscu- larly to normal human subjects and to subjects with con- gestive heart failure.
Mental Health Technology: An Approach to the Manpower Problem
Authors: PAUL JAY FINK, HERBERT ZEROF
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

The authors describe a program for the education of middle-echelon mental health personnel. They include descriptions of the educational objectives, recruitment problems, and curriculum. The program, which leads to a bachelor of science degree, trains students to be skilled in specific areas of psychiatric therapy with a high level of responsibility for patient care.
Undiagnosed Abdominal Pain
Authors: D. Calvert
Journal: BMJ (1970)

There is supporting evidence that bradyarrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation are the cause of most of the early deaths following infarction.In order to reduce this very high prehospital mortality, it is suggested that the general practitioner should visit the patient as soon as possible, cutting down the admission delay, and that he should try to treat not only pain and dysrhythmias, but also left ventricular failure with digoxin and frusemide if it is severe, or with frusemide alone if it is mild.The accompanying letter should contain information about the medical history of the patient, and the treatment given to the patient at home, with drugs, dosage, route of administration, and the exact time given.
Relative significance of endothelium and internal elastic lamina in regulating the entry of macromolecules into arteries in vivo.
Authors: M S Penn, G M Saidel, G M Chisolm
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

A role for the internal elastic lamina (IEL), which separates the intima and media of an artery wall, as a restrictive barrier to macromolecular movement has been suggested in atherosclerotic lesion development or restenosis during angioplasty. The permeability coefficient of the IEL, however, has never been quantified in unperturbed vessels in vivo. Using a newly developed technique, we measured the concentration distributions in both intima and media of cationic (pI approximately 8.5) and anionic (pI approximately 6.3) isozymes of the 44-kD macromolecule horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Two mathematical models of arterial wall transport differing in their resolution of the intima were required to simulate the concentration distribution data and to estimate the parameters of interest. Optimal estimates of the permeability coefficients of the endothelium (PE) and IEL (PIEL) to HRP were determined by the best least-squares fit of the two models to experimental data. These estimates (anionic: PE = 0.050 +/- 0.021 microns/min, PIEL = 0.146 +/- 0.082 microns/min, n = 8; cationic: PE = 0.034 +/- 0.018 microns/min, PIEL = 0.110 +/- 0.047 microns/min, n = 8) indicate that the IEL is responsible for approximately 25% (anionic, 26 +/- 9%; cationic, 25 +/- 13%) of the resistance to HRP transport from the blood into the arterial media. Although both parameters were less for the cationic preparation, the differences were not significant, and the relative role of the IEL was similar for both molecules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
"SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF THE POSTERIOR CLINOIDS"
Authors: C. W. Perkins
Journal: JAMA (1928)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I have noted with interest the article on "Spontaneous Fracture of the Posterior Clinoids" (The Journal, February 11, p. 457). The illustration demonstrates the posterior and anterior clinoid processes of the sella turcica accurately, thereby showing excellent x-ray technic; frequently, as the result of poor technic, distortions of the pituitary fossa are observed which on further study prove to be a normal sella turcica. I have been interested in the study of this region from the roentgenologic point of view for twelve years and have noted many false readings of what appeared to be normal pituitary fossae. The roentgenogram shown in this article impresses me and I feel fairly certain that the distortion of the posterior clinoid process of this patient is a hyperostosis adjoining the posterior clinoid, rather than a fracture as stated. Hyperostosis is not an unusual observation in irritations due to pathologic changes of
Delayed Dominant-Negative TNF Gene Therapy Halts Progressive Loss of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Ashley S Harms, Christopher J Barnum, Kelly A Ruhn, Steve Varghese, Isaac Treviño, Armin Blesch, Malú G Tansey
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder typified by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Recent evidence indicates that neuroinflammation may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD, particularly tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We have previously shown that soluble TNF (solTNF) is required to mediate robust degeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or lipopolysaccharide. What remains unknown is whether TNF inhibition can attenuate the delayed and progressive phase of neurodegeneration. To test this, rats were injected in the SNpc with lentivirus encoding dominant-negative TNF (lenti-DN-TNF) 2 weeks after receiving a 6-OHDA lesion. Remarkably, when examined 5 weeks after the initial 6-OHDA lesion, no further loss of nigral DA neurons was observed. Lenti-DN-TNF also attenuated microglial activation. Together, these data suggest that TNF is likely a critical mediator of nigral DA neuron death during the delayed and progressive phase of neurodegeneration, and that microglia may be the principal cell type involved. These promising findings provide compelling reasons to perform DN-TNF gene transfer studies in nonhuman primates with the long-term goal of using it in the clinic to prevent the delayed and progressive degeneration of DA neurons that gives rise to motor symptoms in PD.
Small increases in the urinary excretion of glutathione S-transferase A1 and P1 after cardiac surgery are not associated with clinically relevant renal injury
Authors: Jos J. A. Eijkenboom, Lucas T. G. J. van Eijk, Peter Pickkers, Wilbert H. M. Peters, Jack F. M. Wetzels, Hans G. van der Hoeven
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2005)
Propranolol in renal failure.
Authors: P Franzen, A Pasternack
Journal: BMJ (1972)

staff are often heavily committed the day before an operating day and that by "ad- mitting" a patient two to three days before they come into hospital the week's work load can be more conveniently staggered.However, this local advantage does not justify the concept of preadmission clinics in general.We think that a more efficient use of hos- pital facilities would result from planned admissions with a short waiting list.It is then possible to do simple screening tests in the primary outpatient consultation clinic and to practise outpatient surgery in suit- able cases.-Weare, etc.,
MicroRNA-155 and macrophages: a fatty liaison
Authors: P. Hartmann, A. Schober, C. Weber
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

This editorial refers to ‘Elevated microRNA-155 promotes foam cell formation by targeting HBP1 in atherogenesis’ by F.-J. Tian et al. , pp. 100–110, this issue. 

The inflammatory activation of lipid-loaded macrophages in the arterial intima plays a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.1 The unrestricted uptake of oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) via scavenger receptors results in the storage of cholesterol esters in lipid droplets in macrophages due to the limited efflux of free cholesterol.1 However, free cholesterol can accumulate in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which triggers ER stress and inflammatory activation. Moreover, cholesterol crystals may form and induce the activation of the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and IL-1β production.2 Nevertheless, it is still incompletely understood how cholesterol accumulation triggers inflammation in macrophages.

A distinct subset of small non-coding RNAs (miRNAs), including miR-155 and miR-146, regulates the inflammatory signalling pathways in macrophages by translational repression or degradation of their target mRNAs.3 Activation of various Toll-like receptors (TLR) induces miR-155 expression via myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88)- or toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β-dependent signalling, probably through NF-κB activation.4 Moreover, mildly oxidized LDL, which can bind to TLR4, in combination with IFN-γ induces the expression of miR-155 …
The inter-relationship between creatinine clearance, cardiac troponin T and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Ronnier J. Aviles, Arman T. Askari, E.Magnus Ohman, Kenneth W. Mahaffy, L.Kristin Newby, Peter Berger, Gang Jia, Robert M. Califf, Bertil Lindahl, Lars Wallentin, Eric J. Topol, Michael S. Lauer
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
The downs and ups of infant mortality
Authors: A. Macfarlane
Journal: BMJ (1988)

The infant mortality rate defined as mortality under 1 year after live birth rose from 9.4 to 9.6/1000 live births in England and Wales between 1985 and 1986.  No analytical details are yet available except that the infant and postneonatal (mortality over 1 month but under 1 year) components of the perinatal deaths had increased.  There were trends in recent years of a slower fall in infant mortality.  The accuracy of these data is not likely to be a question since birth and death registration figures are more reliable than most other data from the National Health Service.  Probably the increased mortality is a reflection of socioeconomic and public health factors rather than influences such as the long waiting periods for pediatric cardiac surgery or larger numbers of very tiny infants dying after prolonged intensive care.
Repeat administration of an adenovirus vector encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator to the nasal epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis.
Authors: J Zabner, B W Ramsey, D P Meeker, M L Aitken, R P Balfour, R L Gibson, J Launspach, R A Moscicki, S M Richards, T A Standaert
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Recombinant adenoviruses have shown promise as vectors for transfer of CF transmembrane conductance regulator cDNA to airway epithelia and correction of the Cl- transport defect. However, because adenovirus-mediated gene transfer is transient, use of adenovirus as a vector for treatment of CF would require repeated administration. Therefore, we evaluated repeat administration of an adenovirus vector to the nasal epithelium of patients with CF with five escalating doses of up to 10(10) infectious units. There were no detectable adverse affects. All subjects were initially seropositive but developed additional humoral immune responses. The vector partially corrected the defect in airway epithelial Cl- transport in some subjects, although there was variability between subjects and there was less correction with subsequent administration, perhaps because the immune response limited gene transfer. Future work must focus on vectors with increased efficiency and with the ability to evade host defenses.
Langerhans cells and melanocytes share similar morphologic features under in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy: A?challenge for melanoma diagnosis
Authors: Pantea Hashemi, Melissa P. Pulitzer, Alon Scope, Ivanka Kovalyshyn, Allan C. Halpern, Ashfaq A. Marghoob
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Thrombogenic Factors and Recurrent Coronary Events
Authors: Arthur J. Moss, Robert E. Goldstein, Victor J. Marder, Charles E. Sparks, David Oakes, Henry Greenberg, Harvey J. Weiss, Wojciech Zareba, Mary W. Brown, Chang-Seng Liang, Edgar Lichstein, William C. Little, John A. Gillespie, Lucy Van Voorhees, Ronald J. Krone, Monty M. Bodenheimer, Judith Hochman, Edward M. Dwyer, Rohit Arora, Frank I. Marcus, Luc F. Miller Watelet, Robert B. Case
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Thrombosis is a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of coronary disease. We hypothesized that the presence of blood factors that reflect enhanced thrombogenic activity would be associated with an increased risk of recurrent coronary events during long-term follow-up of patients who have recovered from myocardial infarction. Methods and Results —We prospectively enrolled 1045 patients 2 months after an index myocardial infarction. Baseline thrombogenic blood tests included 6 hemostatic variables ( d -dimer, fibrinogen, factor VII, factor VIIa, von Willebrand factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), 7 lipid factors [cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein (apo)A-I, and apoB], and insulin. Patients were followed up for an average of 26 months, with the primary end point being coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, whichever occurred first. The hemostatic, lipid, and insulin parameters were dichotomized into their top and the lower 3 risk quartiles and evaluated for entry into a Cox survivorship model. High levels of d -dimer (hazard ratio, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.49, 3.97) and apoB (hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.10, 3.00) and low levels of apoA-I (hazard ratio, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.10, 3.08) were independently associated with recurrent coronary events in the Cox model after adjustment for 6 relevant clinical covariates. Conclusions —Our findings indicate that a procoagulant state, as reflected in elevated levels of d -dimer, and disordered lipid transport, as indicated by low apoA-1 and high apoB levels, contribute independently to recurrent coronary events in postinfarction patients.
Cremophor Pharmacokinetics in Patients Receiving 3-, 6-, and 24-Hour Infusions of Paclitaxel
Authors: D. Rischin, L. K. Webster, M. J. Millward, B. M. Linahan, G. C. Toner, A. M. Woollett, C. G. Morton, J. F. Bishop
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996)

Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a new drug with efficacy against a variety of malignant tumors. The clinical formulation of paclitaxel contains 50% Cremophor EL, a polyethoxylated castor oil vehicle (carrier) that can reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by P-glycoprotein. Three-hour intravenous infusions of paclitaxel can yield end-of-infusion plasma Cremophor concentrations of 1 μL/mL or more, which are sufficient to reverse MDR in vitro by at least 50%. Despite extensive clinical use, the pharmacokinetics of Cremophor have not been described. We studied the pharmacokinetics of Cremophor in patients with ovarian cancer who were undergoing treatment with paclitaxel to determine whether plasma Cremophor concentrations achieved during and following 3-, 6-, and 24-hour drug infusions were similar to those shown to modulate MDR in vitro. Eleven patients with previously treated (i.e., with platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens) ovarian cancer were randomly assigned to receive one 3-hour, one 6-hour, and one 24-hour infusion of paclitaxel in varied sequences during their first three cycles of treatment with this drug. Blood samples were collected both during and following the three infusion periods, and Cremophor concentrations in these samples were measured by use of a bioassay based on the ability of Cremophor in plasma samples to reverse cellular resistance to daunorubicin in vitro. Ten patients were treated with paclitaxel at a dose level of 175 mg/m 2 , and one patient was treated at a dose level of 135 mg/m 2 . At the 175-mg/m 2 dose level, peak plasma Cremophor concentrations of 1μL/mL or more were achieved in eight of 10 patients during both the 3-hour and the 6-hour infusions; with the 24-hour infusion, only one patient achieved a peak plasma Cremophor concentration of 1μL/mL or more. The eight patients who achieved plasma Cremophor concentrations of 1 μL/mL during the 3-hour infusion were above this level 30 minutes into the infusion; the total time that the plasma concentration was greater than 1 μL/mL was 8.9 ± 5.0 hours (mean ± standard deviation; range, 4.1–5.6 hours). For the eight patients who achieved plasma Cremophor concentrations of 1 μL/mL during the 6-hour infusion, the total time that the concentration was greater than 1 μL/mL was 10.2 ± 9.0 hours (range, 0.3–21.9 hours). The patient who received paclitaxel at a dose of 135 mg/m 2 achieved a peak plasma Cremophor concentration of 1 μL/mL or more only during the 3-hour infusion. Paclitaxel infusions of 3 and 6 hours can result in sustained plasma Cremophor concentrations sufficient for substantial reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR in vitro. These plasma Cremophor concentrations are not achieved during 24-hour infusions of paclitaxel. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1297–1301]
Percutaneous Transhepatic Venous Sampling of Gastrin
Authors: Jerry V. Glowniak, Brahm Shapiro, Aaron I. Vinik, Benjamin Glaser, Norman W. Thompson, Kyung J. Cho
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

REPORTS of the preoperative localization of gastrinomas by percutaneous transhepatic venous sampling1 , 2 have been published, but the data are scanty. Successful identification of a solitary and sporadic nonfamilial gastrinoma may dictate surgical excision of the tumor rather than total gastrectomy.2 , 3 On the other hand, G-cell hyperfunction, a rare cause of hypergastrinemia and florid peptic-ulcer disease, may be confused with gastrinoma but responds to simple antrectomy and vagotomy. The value of transhepatic venous sampling in multiple endocrine neoplasia type I, in which multiple adenomatosis or tumors may occur, has not been evaluated.To assess the value of transhepatic venous sampling, we . . .