tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
On a New Form of Stethoscope in its Relations to the Theory and Practice of Auscultation
Authors: W. H. Spencer
Journal: BMJ (1874)

LAENNEC, in iSi6, applied a well-know-n acoustic fact to the investiga- tion of intrathoracic disease.He placed one end of a quire of aper, rolled very tight, against the chest of a patient, and placed his owNni car against the otlher eid ; he heard, as he himself expresses it, the beating of the heart much more clearly than if he had applied his ear directly to the chest.That experiment marked the dawn of auscultation.Tlhence the development of the nesv method of physical exploration wN as rapid and vigorotus, so that, inl not much more than fifty years, a science of physical signs, abstract and applied, has grown up and reaclhed tolerably voluminous dimiensionis.Laennec applied a principle by means of an instrumenit and, thouglh his apprehension of the principle wN-as imlper- fect and his original mode of applying it was rude, both principle and mode remaini at this day, the one only more clearly apprehended, the other, in all essential features, vel-y much what Laennec anid his con- teml)oraries left it.The lprinciple w,vas conceived by Laennec as a property of miiatter wihereby it conducts sounds * stated in the language of mooderni science, it is, that sonorous Xsibrations are transmitted through an elastic medium, under certain circumstances, with little or no loss of initenisity.The original mode of applying the principle w-as modified by Laennicc himself, then by Piorry, and, in later times, by a
Microfluidics: Microfluidic Strategies for Design and Assembly of Microfibers and Nanofibers with Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 1/2015)
Authors: Michael A. Daniele, Darryl A. Boyd, André A. Adams, Frances S. Ligler
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)

Recent applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have highlighted the utility of microfluidic fiber fabrication. On page 11 M. A. Daniele and team show how this process uses microflow shaping to generate a core-sheath profile, which can be subsequently solidified into microfibers of various shapes and chemistries, providing the capability to incorporate and organize both fragile biomolecules and cell-cultures within individual fibers and bioactive textiles.
Effect of L-arginine on coronary endothelial function in cardiac transplant recipients. Relation to vessel wall morphology.
Authors: H Drexler, T A Fischell, F J Pinto, A Chenzbraun, J Botas, J P Cooke, E L Alderman
Journal: Circulation (1994)

Coronary endothelial vasodilator dysfunction is a common finding in cardiac transplant recipients and may represent an early marker for the development of intimal thickening and graft atherosclerosis. The present study tested the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction precedes intimal thickening and that administration of L-arginine, the precursor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, improves endothelial vasodilator function of coronary conduit and resistance vessels if given at an early stage of graft atherosclerosis.Acetylcholine (10(-6), 10(-5), 10(-4) mol/L) was infused into the left anterior descending or circumflex artery and repeated after intravenous infusion of L-arginine (10 mg.kg-1.min-1 over 20 minutes) in 18 cardiac transplant recipients. Epicardial responses were evaluated by quantitative angiography, and the microcirculation was studied by determination of coronary blood flow with a Doppler flow velocity wire. Intimal thickening was assessed by intravascular ultrasound (n = 14). In epicardial coronary arteries, acetylcholine tended to elicit vasoconstriction. Epicardial coronary vasoconstriction elicited by acetylcholine was attenuated by infusion of L-arginine (10(-4) mol/L, -6.8% versus -2.8%; P < .01); this beneficial effect was observed predominantly in patients with normal intravascular ultrasound characteristics. In coronary resistance vessels, acetylcholine induced vasodilation, reflected by increases in coronary blood flow. The acetylcholine-induced increase in blood flow was significantly enhanced with L-arginine (at a dose of 10(-4) mol/L, + 121% versus 176%; before versus after L-arginine, P < .002).The coronary vasculature of cardiac transplant recipients exhibits a generalized endothelial dysfunction of conduit and resistance vessels. L-Arginine improves endothelial dysfunction of both coronary microvasculature and epicardial coronary arteries. The reversibility of epicardial endothelial dysfunction by L-arginine is more likely in vessels with normal wall morphology.
Lumbar Sympathectomy for Peripheral Arteriosclerosis
Authors: FELIX L. PEARL, LEONARD D. ROSENMAN
Journal: Circulation (1951)

Lumbar sympathectomy as treatment for obliterative arteriosclerosis of the legs has developed in accordance with better understanding of the physiology of the collateral circulation. Its importance is demonstrated by the results observed in 44 extremities followed postoperatively up to 14 years. The indications for sympathectomy and method of case selection are discussed at length. As experience has broadened, more advanced cases have been operated on, and good results have been obtained.
Personal healthcare budgets: what can England learn from the Netherlands?
Authors: E. v. Ginneken, P. P. Groenewegen, M. McKee
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The English Department of Health proposes to allow people who need continuing care to purchase the services and equipment they think are most appropriate through personal budgets. Yet the Netherlands, which has had a similar system, is in the process of restricting it in the light of problems that have arisen. <b>Ewout van Ginneken</b>, <b>Peter P Groenewegen</b>, and<b> Martin McKee</b> examine what has gone wrong and how England could avoid the same mistakes
Using mathematical models to understand the time dependence of the growth of ductal carcinoma in situ.
Authors: ME Edgerton, Y Chuang, PT Macklin, S Sanga, J Kim, G Tamaiuolo, W Yang, A Broom, K Do, V Cristini
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #1165 Background: Models of cancer growth have been developed that predict tumor size and growth dynamics for invasive tumors. However, it has been difficult to model ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) because of the constraints introduced by its containment within the duct system.&amp;#x2028; Materials and Methods: We have developed a spherical model of growth of solid type DCIS using chemical engineering models of reaction and diffusion in porous media to represent the spread of DCIS in the duct systems. The model predicts tumor diameter based on four input parameters: the ratio of the apoptosis rate to the proliferation rate (A), the diffusion penetration length for nutrient to sustain the tumor growth (L), the volume fraction that tumor cells occupied within the involved breast tissue (V), and the time taken for a cell to complete mitosis(T). We have estimated L, V, and T from the literature, and then back-calcuated A for a range of diameters. We have used these four parameters as inputs and studied the time dependence of the evolution of DCIS.&amp;#x2028; Results: We have found that the range of the values of A that we determined are within an adeqaute physiological range based on rates of proliferation and apoptosis taken from the literature. Using the model, the time to reach at least 95% of the maximum size ranges from less than 30 days for DCIS measuring 0.5 cm to almost 80 days for DCIS measuring 6 cm in diameter.&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Discussion: There has been little understanding of how long it takes for DCIS to grow, and whether it reaches a steady state size. Our simulations show that DCIS can grow to sizes as large as 6 cm in less than 3 months if it has the correct properties, including a high proliferation rate relative to the apoptosis rate and appropriate access to nutrients. This finding may help to explain why many cases of DCIS are not diagnosed before they progress to invasive carcinoma. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 1165.
Psychological Stress and Neuroendocrine Function in Humans: The Last Two Decades of Research
Authors: M. Biondi, A. Picardi
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1999)

This paper reviews experimental contributions published in the last two decades and exploring the effect of emotional stress on neuroendocrine function in healthy humans. Laboratory studies allow standardization of the stressor and better control for known confounding factors. Commonly used stressors are mental arithmetics, speech tasks, the Stroop test, videogame playing, films or videotapes and interviews. Little is known about the generalizability of laboratory results, with some studies suggesting great caution in extrapolating data to real-life stress conditions. Another strategy is studying the psychoendocrine reaction to real-life stressors, such as bereavement or anticipated loss, academic examinations, everyday work and parachute jumping. The effects of different stressors on neuroendocrine axes are reviewed, as well as the influence of gender, age, personality, coping style, social support, biological and nonbiological interventions. The subjective perception of the situation is probably a main determinant of the psychoendocrine response pattern. In fact, marked variability in individual responses to a variety of stressors has frequently been observed. Evidently, the ‘objective’ characteristics of a given event are not the only determinants of reaction to the event itself. According to a constructivistic perspective, every given stressor has a strictly personal and idiosyncratic meaning and loses its ‘objective’ characteristics. Of course, biological factors may also play a part. In any case, it is mandatory to overcome a rigid dichotomy between psychological and biological processes. Dualistic conceptions which imply a determination of the physical by the psychological or vice versa should give place to a systemic conception, which implies mutual, circular interactions.
A Novel Anticancer Gold(III) Dithiocarbamate Compound Inhibits the Activity of a Purified 20S Proteasome and 26S Proteasome in Human Breast Cancer Cell Cultures and Xenografts
Authors: Vesna Milacic, Di Chen, Luca Ronconi, Kristin R. Landis-Piwowar, Dolores Fregona, Q. Ping Dou
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Although cisplatin has been used for decades to treat human cancer, some toxic side effects and resistance are observed. It has been suggested that gold(III) complexes, containing metal centers isoelectronic and isostructural to cisplatin, are promising anticancer drugs. Gold(III) dithiocarbamate complexes were shown to exhibit in vitro cytotoxicity, comparable with and even greater than cisplatin; however, the involved mechanism of action remained unknown. Because we previously reported that copper(II) dithiocarbamates are potent proteasome inhibitors, we hypothesized that gold(III) dithiocarbamate complexes could suppress tumor growth via direct inhibition of the proteasome activity. Here, for the first time, we report that a synthetic gold(III) dithiocarbamate (compound 2) potently inhibits the activity of a purified rabbit 20S proteasome and 26S proteasome in intact highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, resulting in the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and the proteasome target protein p27 and induction of apoptosis. The compound 2–mediated proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction were completely blocked by addition of a reducing agent DTT or N-acetyl-l-cysteine, showing that process of oxidation is required for proteasome inhibition by compound 2. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast tumor–bearing nude mice with compound 2 resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth, associated with proteasome inhibition and massive apoptosis induction in vivo. Our findings reveal the proteasome as a primary target for gold(III) dithiocarbamates and support the idea for their potential use as anticancer therapeutics. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10478-86)
Strategy for intention to treat analysis in randomised trials with missing outcome data
Authors: I. R. White, N. J. Horton, J. Carpenter, r. i. m. a. s. statistics, S. J. Pocock
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Loss to follow-up is often hard to avoid in randomised trials. This article suggests a framework for intention to treat analysis that depends on making plausible assumptions about the missing data and including all participants in sensitivity analyses
New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: the epidemic that never was
Authors: G. A Venters
Journal: BMJ (2001)

In 1996 a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was described and tentatively linked to bovine spongiform encephalopathy as a possible cause.1 Since then a number of studies have been undertaken in an attempt to confirm ingestion of the prion that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy as the cause of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. What was initially a speculation has now evolved into orthodoxy among the medical profession in the United Kingdom if not the whole of Europe, although in the United States the question of causality remains more open.2

Epidemiologists use certain criteria to assess the likelihood of a link between cause and effect for disease. When these criteria are applied to the case for new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease being caused by the bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion the evidence seems weak. Such study also raises the question of whether this is a new disease, as the hypothesis of the infectivity of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion to humans and the novelty of the condition are inextricably linked. In this paper I examine the evidence for a causal link between new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion and argue in favour of the alternative hypotheses that the variant is not caused by the prion and is not new.

#### Summary points

The causal link between the bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is open to question

Assessment of the evidence against relevant epidemiological criteria reveals the weakness of the case for a link

The rate of growth in the number of cases is very much less than would be expected from a foodborne source

The rate of growth is consistent with a previously misdiagnosed but extremely rare disease being found—this could have resulted from the improved ascertainment of all possible cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease that has been …
The detection of bacterial DNA in blood of rats with CCl4-induced cirrhosis with ascites represents episodes of bacterial translocation
Authors: Carlos Guarner, José M. González-Navajas, Elisabet Sánchez, Germán Soriando, Rubén Francés, Maite Chiva, Pedro Zapater, Susana Benlloch, Carlos Muñoz, Sonia Pascual, Joaquín Balanzó, Miguel Pérez-Mateo, José Such
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Bacterial DNA (bactDNA) is present in blood and ascitic fluid (AF) in a third of patients with cirrhosis and ascites, but whether this phenomenon represents episodes of bacterial translocation (BT), strictly considered when culture of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) are positive, remains unknown. This study assessed the relationship between bactDNA detection in biological fluids and MLNs and went on to investigate the local and systemic inflammatory status according to its presence. Cirrhosis was induced in rats by ingestion of CCL4. A subgroup of five animals with cirrhosis received norfloxacin (5 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. MLNs and ascitic and pleural fluids were collected at laparotomy and cultured; samples were collected for identification of bactDNA and measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO). BactDNA was detected in MLNs in 12 of 19 animals (63.1%), corresponding in seven cases to culture-positive MLNs, and in five to culture-negative MLNs. BactDNA was detected in biological fluids in 11 of 19 animals (57.9%), and in all cases the same bacteria spp. detected in samples was present in MLNs. BactDNA was not detected in any biological sample from animals receiving norfloxacin. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, and NO were similar in culture-positive and culture-negative/bactDNA-positive samples, and significantly higher than those observed in animals with culture-negative/bactDNA-negative MLNs, animals with cirrhosis that were receiving norfloxacin, and controls. In conclusion, the presence of bactDNA in biological fluids in rats with cirrhosis constitutes a marker of BT, and it is associated with a marked inflammatory response, independent of the result of the culture.
Immunological Impairment and Susceptibility to Infection After Splenectomy
Authors: Vilas V. Likhite
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Asplenic patients or those who have undergone splenectomy are prone to overwhelming and often fatal sepsis, which is sometimes associated with disseminated intravascular coagulopathies. Although several pathogens are involved, the most common organism found in these subjects is the pneumococcus, and the infections respond poorly to antibiotic therapy. (<i>JAMA</i>236:1376-1377, 1976)
Abstract A43: Therapeutic efficacy of antitumor monoclonal antibodies combined with chemotherapy depends on innate immunity and NK1.1- innate lymphoid cells.
Authors: Marina Moskalenko, Michael Pan, Daigo Hashimoto, Arthur Mortha, Sebastian G. Bernardo, Marylene Leboeuf, Alan Houghton, Jedd Wolchok, Steven Burakoff, Miriam Merad, Yvonne M. Saenger
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Combination regimens incorporating chemotherapy and anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies are in wide clinical use but mechanisms of action are unknown. A better mechanistic understanding would enhance clinical protocols. We treated established melanomas with cyclophosphamide (CY) in combination with an antibody targeting tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), a melanoma differentiation antigen. Therapeutic activity is immune mediated as Fc gamma receptors are required for efficacy. Immune responses can be innate or adaptive and, using Rag 1-/- mice deficient in B and T lymphocytes, we find that the innate immune system is sufficient for tumor clearance. Classic effector cells of the innate immune system include lymphocytes, of which the largest population is NK1.1+ natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. NK cells, surprisingly, are not critical as depletion of NK1.1+ cells did not significantly impair anti-tumor effect. In contrast, elimination of non-classical NK1.1- innate lymphocytes, through deletion of the Interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor common gamma chain required for their development, or depletion via antibody targeting pan lymphocyte marker Thy1.2 in Rag 1-/- mice, impairs efficacy of combination therapy. Non-classical NK1.1-Thy1.2+ innate lymphocytes have been implicated in leukocyte infiltration into tissues. We find that depletion of Thy1.2+ cells diminishes entry of Thy 1.2- leukocytes into melanomas treated with chemotherapy and alters the phenotype of infiltrating myeloid cells. Thus, our data highlights a novel role for non-classical innate lymphocytes in the treatment of solid malignancies with monoclonal antibody and chemotherapy. Citation Format: Marina Moskalenko, Michael Pan, Daigo Hashimoto, Arthur Mortha, Sebastian G. Bernardo, Marylene Leboeuf, Alan Houghton, Jedd Wolchok, Steven Burakoff, Miriam Merad, Yvonne M. Saenger. Therapeutic efficacy of antitumor monoclonal antibodies combined with chemotherapy depends on innate immunity and NK1.1- innate lymphoid cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A43.
THE BIOASSAY OF ANDROGEN, ANTI-ANDROGEN AND OTHER HORMONES ON THE SEBACEOUS GLAND
Authors: SAM SHUSTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

Journal Article THE BIOASSAY OF ANDROGEN, ANTI‐ANDROGEN AND OTHER HORMONES ON THE SEBACEOUS GLAND Get access SAM SHUSTER SAM SHUSTER Department of Dermatology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 82, Issue s6, 1 June 1970, Page 15, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1970.tb08000.x Published: 01 June 1970
Glucose Uptake in the Chronically Dysfunctional but Viable Myocardium
Authors: Maija Mäki, Matti Luotolahti, Pirjo Nuutila, Hidehiro Iida, Liisa-Maria Voipio-Pulkki, Ulla Ruotsalainen, Merja Haaparanta, Olof Solin, Jaakko Hartiala, Risto Härkönen, Juhani Knuuti
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background The regulation of glucose uptake in the dysfunctional but viable myocardium has not been studied previously in humans. Methods and Results Seven patients with an occluded major coronary artery but no previous infarction were studied twice with 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose positron emission tomography, once in the fasting state and once during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamping. Myocardial blood flow was measured with [ 15 O]H 2 O. The myocardial region beyond an occluded artery that showed stable wall-motion abnormality represented chronically dysfunctional but viable tissue. Six of the patients were later revascularized, and wall-motion recovery was detected in the corresponding regions, which confirmed viability. A slightly reduced myocardial blood flow was detected in the dysfunctional than in the remote myocardial regions (0.81±0.27 versus 1.02±0.23 mL·g −1 ·min −1 , P =.036). In the fasting state, glucose uptake was slightly increased in the dysfunctional regions compared with normal myocardium (15±10 versus 11±10 μmol/100 g per minute, P =.038). During insulin clamping, a striking increase in glucose uptake by insulin was obtained in both the dysfunctional and the normal regions (72±22 and 79±21 μmol/100 g per minute, respectively; P &lt;.001, fasting versus clamping). Conclusions Contrary to previous suggestions, glucose uptake can be increased strikingly by insulin in chronically dysfunctional but viable myocardium. This demonstrates that insulin control over glucose uptake is preserved in the dysfunctional myocardium and provides a rational basis for metabolic intervention.
Adult onset Still's disease and viral infections.
Authors: J M Wouters, J van der Veen, L B van de Putte, D J de Rooij
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

Several micro-organisms, especially viruses, have been associated with juvenile and adult onset Still9s disease. In the present study a search for probable triggering viral infections in five consecutive patients with early, active adult onset Still9s disease has been made. In one patient echovirus 7 was identified as a probable triggering agent. Evidence of infection with this virus was acquired by virus cultures and serological tests. In two patients the illness was probably initiated by a rubella reinfection. Both had initially high stable monospecific IgG antibody titres but no IgM antibodies to this virus. In the remaining two cases no particular triggering viral infection could be designated. Evidence of a viral infection was thus found in three of these five patients. Adult onset Still9s disease may represent a reaction pattern to certain infections.
Isolated Papillary Muscle Uptake on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Eugene C. Lin
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

The papillary muscles have characteristic locations on axial and coronal images. Papillary muscle uptake is often seen in conjunction with myocardial uptake on F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT). However, papillary muscle uptake can occasionally be seen without myocardial uptake. This appearance can mimic an intraventricular thrombus or neoplasm. Knowledge of the location of the papillary muscles on PET/CT is necessary to differentiate isolated papillary muscle uptake from disease.