tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is skin ageing in the elderly caused by sun exposure or smoking?
Authors: W-C. Leung, I. Harvey
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

There is little clear evidence of a strong association between cumulative sun exposure and skin wrinkling. Contradictory findings also exist on the association between facial wrinkling and smoking status.To identify the significant determinants of skin wrinkling in a cohort of older subjects and to assess whether skin wrinkling can be used as an objective measure of cumulative sun exposure.This study was carried out in the South Glamorgan health district, Wales, U.K., between 1988 and 1991. A random sample of 792 older subjects (60 years and over) was obtained from the Health Authority register of patients registered with general practitioners. A range of phenotypic and environmental data was collected during a home visit by interview and examination by an experienced dermatology research fellow. Skin wrinkling/ageing was assessed by examining the face, neck and dorsum of the hand and scored on a 10-point ordinal scale. Cumulative sun exposure was assessed by asking subjects to estimate their average outdoor time during each of three periods of adult life. This measure showed acceptable repeatability (r = 0.64 for estimates obtained 1.4 years apart).The response rate was 71% and the mean age of participants was 71 years. The mean +/- SD skin ageing score was 5.5 +/- 1.5. In multiple logistic regression models only age and daily cigarette consumption were significantly associated with skin ageing. Cumulative sun exposure was significant on univariable analysis but this effect was removed by adjusting for age. Smoking 20 cigarettes per day was equivalent in effect to almost 10 years of chronological ageing.Smoking is an important determinant of macroscopic skin ageing/wrinkling in older subjects. This evidence suggests that skin ageing does not clearly provide an objective measure of cumulative ultraviolet exposure, and caution should be exercised before it is used in this way. The association between smoking and wrinkling provides important information for potential use in education campaigns to reduce smoking prevalence among young people.
In-depth cDNA Library Sequencing Provides Quantitative Gene Expression Profiling in Cancer Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Wanling Yang, Dingge Ying, Yu-Lung Lau
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2009)

Abstract Quantitative gene expression analysis plays an important role in identifying differentially expressed genes in various pathological states, gene expression regulation and co-regulation, shedding light on gene functions. Although microarray is widely used as a powerful tool in this regard, it is suboptimal quantitatively and unable to detect unknown gene variants. Here we demonstrated effective detection of differential expression and co-regulation of certain genes by expressed sequence tag analysis using a selected subset of cDNA libraries. We discussed the issues of sequencing depth and library preparation, and propose that increased sequencing depth and improved preparation procedures may allow detection of many expression features for less abundant gene variants. With the reduction of sequencing cost and the emerging of new generation sequencing technology, in-depth sequencing of cDNA pools or libraries may represent a better and powerful tool in gene expression profiling and cancer biomarker detection. We also propose using sequence-specific subtraction to remove hundreds of the most abundant housekeeping genes to increase sequencing depth without affecting relative expression ratio of other genes, as transcripts from as few as 300 most abundantly expressed genes constitute about 20% of the total transcriptome. In-depth sequencing also represents a unique advantage of detecting unknown forms of transcripts, such as alternative splicing variants, fusion genes, and regulatory RNAs, as well as detecting mutations and polymorphisms that may play important roles in disease pathogenesis.
Case in Dental Practice
Authors: A. Parker
Journal: BMJ (1874)

lividly blue, the eyeballs turned upward, and to all appearance the man was moribund.We ripped his shirt open all the way down, and told ourselves off for duty; viz., two at the patient's arms for Silvester's method of artificial respiration (relieving guard); one at the feet (affording counter-resistance); one to admit fresh air; one to turn the face on the left side, hold the tongue forward, and wipe the mouth; one to spank the face and walls of the chest with a cold wvet towel.Artificial respiration was kept up at the rate of twenty-six per minute.In five minutes he drew a natural inspiration and opened his eyes, and half a minute afterNvards he laughed at the joke of a student labelling his hat "Poison"; i. e., "not to be taken".He had inhaled chloroform in the New York Infirmary in I870.There was no cardiac lesion.REMARKS.-I.This is a trifling operation, it may be said, for an operating theatre: yet our being able to readily fall in at work was con- ducive to success, and economised the distress of fellow-sufferers.2.The recovery from the effects of chloroform-inhalation was rapid.We worked the pump-handles sharply, that fresh air might quickly replace the vapour of choloroform in the respiratory area.Our time-table records that chloroform-inhalation began at 12 o'clock; the operation began at 12.5 r.l.; it was completed, the man was moribund, and artificial respiration was commenced at 12.8 P.m.; artificial respira-
Late renal failure due to prostatic outflow obstruction: a preventable disease.
Authors: S. H. Sacks, S. A. Aparicio, A. Bevan, D. O. Oliver, E. J. Will, A. M. Davison
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Nineteen patients presenting with late renal failure due to prostatic outflow obstruction (mean age 68.7 years; mean serum creatinine concentration 1158 mumol/l) were identified from the admission records of two renal units. As late renal failure secondary to prostatic enlargement is preventable case records were analysed retrospectively in an attempt to identify aspects of management in which preventive efforts might be of value. Delays in referral were common, with a mean of 2.8 years between the onset of prostatic symptoms and time of referral, six patients being referred who had had symptoms for more than three years. Four of five patients who had had a prostatectomy were known to be in renal failure at the time of operation but were not referred until 2-13 years later, when prostatic symptoms had recurred and there was evidence of progressive nephropathy with dilatation of the upper urinary tract. Two patients died on admission and eight (47% of survivors) required long term dialysis, most patients (80%) requiring some dialysis support during the initial period. These findings suggest that progressive nephropathy caused by prostatic outflow obstruction might, in part, be averted by more adequate screening of renal function in men with untreated prostatism and closer follow up of patients with uraemia at the time of prostatectomy.
Conjunctival provocation test: high clinical reproducibility but little local temperature change
Authors: M. Rimås, P. M. Gustafsson, N.‐I. M. Kjellman, B. Bjöorkstéen
Journal: Allergy (1992)

Ten atopic and five healthy individuals participated in eight conjunctival provocation tests (CPT) in an effort to improve the CPT procedure. Results were evaluated by thermography and the use of conventional criteria under various conditions. Due to considerable spontaneous variability and change in temperature already after instillation of diluent, thermography was not sensitive enough to identify positive CPT results. The precision of the CPT was within one 10‐log step in all tests and in all patients. Itching appeared before erythema in 83% of subjects and within 5–8 min after instillation of the allergen. This was true also when only one eye was used for the CPT. We therefore conclude that the CPT procedure can be used in one eye every 5–8 min when indicated in clinical routine and that it is a safe, precise method.
Fourth-Order Blood Pressure Waves
Authors: Gilbert C. Carroll
Journal: JAMA (1990)

A critically ill 80-year-old man had blood pressure waves with a period of about 30 minutes. These blood pressure oscillations, lasting longer than 18 hours, were accompanied by oscillations in heart rate, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood. No discernible variations in external conditions caused the oscillations. Oscillations with such long periods heretofore have not been reported. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1990;263:856-857)
The Accident Prone — The Doctor and His Telephone — Overheard in the Train
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

THOUGH it is doubtless true that human error has always been the cause of accidents, the ever-increasing mechanization of this modern age has greatly reduced the margin of safety.Every year about 700,000 employed persons make claims on the Ministry of National Insurance because of accidents sustained at work; every year the toll of the roads seems to increase, and every year there are individual disasters on land and sea or in the air that serve as reminders of the hazards of modern life. It is fashionable to try to identify accident-prone persons, and the unfortunate man to whom "it . . .
Myocardial protection with mild hypothermia
Authors: R. Tissier, B. Ghaleh, M. V. Cohen, J. M. Downey, A. Berdeaux
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

Mild hypothermia, 32–35°C, is very potent at reducing myocardial infarct size in rabbits, dogs, sheep, pigs, and rats. The benefit is directly related to reduction in normothermic ischaemic time, supporting the relevance of early and rapid cooling. The cardioprotective effect of mild hypothermia is not limited to its recognized reduction of infarct size, but also results in conservation of post-ischaemic contractile function, prevention of no-reflow or microvascular obstruction, and ultimately attenuation of left ventricular remodelling. The mechanism of the anti-infarct effect does not appear to be related to diminished energy utilization and metabolic preservation, but rather to survival signalling that involves either the extracellular signal-regulated kinases and/or the Akt/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Initial clinical trials of hypothermia in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were disappointing, probably because cooling was too slow to shorten normothermic ischaemic time appreciably. New approaches to more rapid cooling have recently been described and may soon be available for clinical use. Alternatively, it may be possible to pharmacologically mimic the protection provided by cooling soon after the onset of ischaemia with an activator of mild hypothermia signalling, e.g. extracellular signal-regulated kinase activator, that could be given by emergency medical personnel. Finally, the protection afforded by cooling can be added to that of pre- and post-conditioning because their mechanisms differ. Thus, myocardial salvage might be greatly increased by rapidly cooling patients as soon as possible and then giving a pharmacological post-conditioning agent immediately prior to reperfusion.
958-94 Neurohormonal and Hemodynamic Effects of SDZ WAG 994 a Novel Selective A 1 Adenosine-receptor Agonist in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Carl J. Pepine, Inder S. Anand, Barry D. Bertolet, Robert J. Bryg, Pramod K. Mohanty, Kanu Chatterjee, Nardev S. Khurmi, Jay N. Cohn
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Oxidized Lipid-Driven Chemokine Receptor Switch, CCR2 to CX3CR1, Mediates Adhesion of Human Macrophages to Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Through a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ–Dependent Pathway
Authors: Jana Barlic, Yuan Zhang, John F. Foley, Philip M. Murphy
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Recent genetic data in mouse and humans suggest that the chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 are involved in atherogenesis; however, detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been fully delineated.Here, we show that oxidized linoleic acid metabolites, which are components of oxidized LDL found in large amounts in atherosclerotic plaque, were able to specifically induce differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages with decreased expression of CCR2, confirming a previous report, and increased expression of CX3CR1. These macrophages acquired the ability to adhere to coronary artery smooth muscle cells. The adhesion was mediated directly and predominantly by CX3CR1. Reciprocal effects of these lipids on CCR2 and CX3CR1 expression were mediated by the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma, and targeting the PPARgamma gene with sRNAi dramatically reduced macrophage adhesion to coronary artery smooth muscle cells.These data suggest that in atherogenesis oxidized lipid-driven activation of macrophage PPARgamma in the intima may result in a proadhesive chemokine receptor switch-CCR2 off, CX3CR1 on-causing cessation of CCR2-dependent migration and activation of CX3CR1-dependent retention mechanisms, which together promote macrophage accumulation in vessel wall. Our results may explain at the molecular and cell biology levels the genetic link between CX3CR1 and atherosclerosis. Moreover, they identify macrophage binding to coronary artery smooth muscle cells as the first primary cell setting in which CX3CR1 functions as the major adhesion system.
Autonomic Modulation of the Cardiovascular System during Sleep
Authors: Giuseppe Mancia
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

There are several reasons for the growth of interest in the effect of sleep on the cardiovascular system. Because about one third of human life is spent sleeping, a description of the cardiovascular changes accompanying sleep is necessary for a thorough definition of the hemodynamic profile of everyday life. A more thorough understanding of the cardiac, vascular, and humoral effects of sleep may clarify why some cardiovascular events occur less often, and others more often, during sleep than during wakefulness1,2. Because it arises from events within the central nervous system,3 mammalian sleep serves as a model for studying . . .
Can children with a psychiatric disorder be treated in a general ward?
Authors: A Kolind, J Maratos
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Because admission to a regional child and adolescent psychiatric unit is often fraught with difficulties children with psychiatric disorders were admitted to a general children's ward. Over the four years (1980-4) 24 patients accounted for 31 admissions. Of these, five had feeding disorders (anorexia, bulimia), seven neuroses, three psychoses, four elimination disorders, and five other diagnoses. All the children were later discharged to their homes, most having appreciably improved. Because of the proximity of the hospital to the child's natural environment work with the families and schools was not interrupted by the admission. The results of this approach are encouraging and could have implications for future planning of services for this category of patients.
A CASE OF PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG
Authors: G. S. Haynes, J. F. Gaskell
Journal: BMJ (1922)

Patients who have-a mechanical obstruction nearing com- pletion suffer from attacks of spasmodic colicky pain with slhort intervals of relief.If this fits in with tlle time' factor the presen,ce of obstruction slhould be suspected.Visible coils of gut are almost diagnostic of obstruction, and' if peristalsis is eitlher visible or audible the diagnosis is no longer in doubt.Vonmiting is a late sign of obstruction.It means that tlle distension has reached the upper coils of gut, It is matter for congratulation if the diagnosis is made'and thle second operation performed before thie patient lhas vomited.Lastly, tlhough the results of an enema and the passage of flatus are strong negative evidence that obstruction is not complete, they are not absolutely so.The worst post- appendix obstruction I ever operated on had had a "good result" tlhat.morning.In this case the small gut was so distended that it blew out and burst like a bicycle tyre when the abdomen was opened.Post-operative Peritoneal lInfection.Repeated dark vomits, distension, liccough, and marked toxaemia, are evidence that the patient, as a wlhole, and his peritoneum in particular, are failing to cope with the virulence or numbers of the organism.Further operation holds out little prospect of doing any aood.There is no one collection of pus that can be effectively drained.Tlle gut is friable and will not bear tle gentlest lhandling, and stitclhes will not hold if it is torn.The only chance for suclh patients, and it is a slender one, lies in absolute rest, morphine, and rectal or subcutaneous salines with glucose.Remittent pyrexia should lead to examination of the abdomen, digital examination of tlle rectum, and examination of the bases of the lungs.If a residual abscess is diagnosed it is well to wait a little and watch progress unless the patient is going downhill.The majority get smaller and finally resolve.If the abscess gets bigger or the patient deteriorates it must be drained in the appropriate manner.It is best not to await rupture into the rectum or vagina.Such cases do better if deliberately and adequately drained.
Excessive Doses of Drugs
Authors: Thomas E. Finucane, Robert M. D'Alessandri
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Baum et al<sup>1</sup>describe an increase in "overall drug use" as a result of both increasing numbers of prescriptions and increasing prescription size (number of tablets, capsules, or other units). We wish to point out another dimension of "overall use" and to suggest that the prescribed dosage of drug, when inappropriately high, may entail unnecessary morbidity. Hydrochlorothiazide is noted by the authors to be the most prescribed drug substance in the United States. The November 1983<i>FDA Drug Bulletin</i>recommends 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide or its equivalent as the<i>maximum</i>dose of diuretic for treatment of hypertension. Blaschke and Melvin<sup>2</sup>state that "small doses of thiazide (eg, 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide or its equivalent) will produce little change in plasma electrolytes but have about as much anti-hypertensive action as do much larger doses." Kaplan<sup>3</sup>emphasizes the dangers of hypokalemia and recommends the equivalent of
The Ethics of a Cottage Industry in an Age of Community and Research Medicine
Authors: Paul Ramsey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Abstract Concepts promoted under the egis of community or of research medicine expose the physician to new moral dilemmas. Thus, community medicine, which endorses the goals of social as well as physical and mental well-being, finds warrants for abortion in economic need, population control or simply individualistic voluntarism. But the medical profession must define its own ethic, independent of that of the general culture, and must identify its own moral obligations in deciding whether termination of pregnancy justifies killing of the fetus. In research medicine, a potential conflict exists between a physician's fidelity to the patient-subject and his scientific mission to find the cure of disease. The principle of "informed consent," used to mitigate the conflict, would be more effective if it were regarded as a doctor–patient partnership to promote medical care and progress.
Skin diseases that may mimic child abuse
Authors: G.B. Colver, D.W.S. Harris, M.J. Tidman
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Journal Article Skin diseases that may mimic child abuse Get access G.B. Colver, G.B. Colver University Department of Dermatology, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH3 9YW Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.W.S. Harris, D.W.S. Harris University Department of Dermatology, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH3 9YW Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.J. Tidman M.J. Tidman University Department of Dermatology, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH3 9YW Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 123, Issue 1, 1 July 1990, Page 129, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01835.x Published: 01 July 1990
Which Extremity?-Reply
Authors: Bernard M. Patten
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr. Montero is correct that the electromyographic (EMG) findings were in the extensor digitorum brevis muscles of the lower extremity. The finding of EMG abnormalities in distal muscles in a patient with proximal muscle weakness illustrates again that EMG and clinical findings may not always correlate. The upper extremities were involved in the patient's generalized neuromuscular disease, but not enough, evidently, to cause wringing hands. In fact, because of her failure to respond to any treatment, most of the hand wringing was done by her physicians.
Risk of Kava Hepatotoxicity and the FDA Consumer Advisory
Authors: Rolf Teschke, Johannes Schulze
Journal: JAMA (2010)

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Total population survey of the frequency and severity of asthma in 17 year old boys in an urban area in Israel.
Authors: I Auerbach, C Springer, S Godfrey
Journal: Thorax (1993)

There is evidence that the prevalence of asthma in children and young people is increasing.An examination of a total population (35,170) of 17 year old Jewish boys of one seaside urban area in Israel was undertaken during two years, 1986 and 1990, by trained respiratory physicians in a regional recruiting office of the Israel Defence Forces. All boys who had ever been diagnosed as having asthma or symptoms that could have been due to asthma underwent a further examination by respiratory physicians that included spirometry at rest. A test to evaluate exercise induced asthma was performed on a treadmill in 88% of the boys.Lifetime prevalence (asthma in the past or at present) increased from 7.9% in 1986 to 9.6% in 1990. Point prevalence (current asthma) increased from 5.0% to 5.9%. The prevalence of current asthma increased in all degrees of severity (mild disease from 3.3% to 3.7%, moderate disease from 1.7% to 2.2%, and severe disease from 0.03% to 0.04%). By the age of 17, 77.4% of boys who had suffered from asthma had no or only very mild symptoms.It is considered that the measured increase in prevalence of asthma from 1986 to 1990 reflects a true increase among the Jewish Israeli population.