tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PART 2.—BIOCHEMICAL
Authors: J. DAWSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1948)

Journal Article PART 2.—BIOCHEMICAL Get access J. DAWSON, M.Sc., M.B., Ch.B. J. DAWSON, M.Sc., M.B., Ch.B. Lecturer in Biochemistry, university of Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 60, Issue 5, 1 May 1948, Pages 164–168, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1948.tb11017.x Published: 01 May 1948
The promotion of bone regeneration by nanofibrous hydroxyapatite/chitosan scaffolds by effects on integrin-BMP/Smad signaling pathway in BMSCs
Authors: Huanhuan Liu, Hongju Peng, Yan Wu, Can Zhang, Youzhi Cai, Guowei Xu, Qin Li, Xiao Chen, Junfeng Ji, Yanzhong Zhang, Hong Wei OuYang
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Changing prescription software to favour generics could save Australia pound40m a year
Authors: B. Burton
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A requirement by the Australian government that the default in doctors' software be set to prescribe generic drugs has sparked opposition from the largest pharmaceutical industry body and doctors' groups.

The existing software—which is sponsored by the manufacturers of brand name drugs—automatically ticks the “not for substitution” box. From 1 February a prescription must not be prepared by software with the default stating that generic drugs cannot be substituted for a brand name drug.

Doctors will be able to select brand name drugs but they will have to uncheck the default box. …
Reperfusion Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Richard A Lange, L David Hillis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Coronary arterial occlusion due to thrombosis is the cause of most cases of myocardial infarction accompanied by ST-segment elevation. Rapid restoration of blood flow to jeopardized myocardium limits necrosis and reduces mortality. This can be accomplished medically, with a thrombolytic agent, or mechanically, with so-called primary balloon angioplasty or stenting (see figure). Each method has its advantages and limitations.Thrombolytic therapy is widely available and effective, but its use is sometimes associated with bleeding complications. In 10 to 15 percent of patients who receive a thrombolytic agent, clot lysis is not achieved. Only half the patients in whom antegrade coronary . . .
A starting point for structure function relationships in the canine pulmonary veins
Authors: B Kwak
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

See article by Verheule et al. [6] (pages 727–738) in this issue. 

The recent demonstration of the effectiveness of catheter ablation of the pulmonary veins as a curative treatment for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) has prompted efforts to examine in detail the sleeves of atrial myocardium encasing their left atrial ends [1]. Multi-electrode catheter mapping of spontaneous episodes of AF in patients show that the majority (>90%) of paroxysms begin with earliest activation at the ostium or within the pulmonary veins [2]. Consistent initiation of paroxysms of AF from tissue in this region reinforces the probability of distinctive structural or functional characteristics being responsible for such anatomical localization.

Activation mapping within the confines of the pulmonary veins is limited by their diameter (about 15–17 mm), complex branching structure as well as the limitations of access through a transseptal puncture. A preformed loop shaped multi-electrode catheter positioned orthogonal to the venous long axis, at the relevant ostium or within the vein, provides a slice of circumferential activation [3], while the integration of an additional longitudinal mapping ability e.g. with a basket catheter provides the maximal currently and clinically possible mapping coverage of the vein. Nevertheless, this leaves unmapped territory in the first order branches. Though decremental conduction, spontaneous activity as well as exit block have been documented within the veins or at their junction with the left atrium using the above catheters [2,4], there is limited detail about the electrophysiology of this region. A recent report described basket catheter mapping of a tachycardia originating in the superior vena cava—a thoracic vein with a structure similar to the pulmonary veins [5]. Activation compatible with a physically small circus movement reentry circuit (based on nonuniform anisotropy) was found to be confined to the myocardial sleeve of the superior … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +41-22-382-7238; fax: +41-22-382-7245 brenda.kwakchanson{at}medecine.unige.ch
Remarks on ENDOMETRIOSIS AND ENDOMETRIOMATA
Authors: D. Dougal
Journal: BMJ (1931)

It is just ten years since J. A. Sampson read his epoch-making paper on perforating haemorrhagic cysts of the ovary,1 and a sufficient interval has now elapsed to enable us to take stock of the position and assign these endometriomatous tumours to their proper place in gynaecological pathology and practice. This is easier to-day, because the novelty and glamour surrounding these tumours has largely disappeared, and the more adventurous spirits in gynaecology are turning their attention to other problems. I cannot pretend to discuss the subject adequately in the time at my disposal, but I will endeavour to place before you the principal etiologica!, pathological, and clinical features, reinforcing them as far as I can by statistics from a series of 137 cases operated on by myself during the past five years. By endometriosis is meant the pathological state brought about when fragments of endometrium leave their proper situation in the uterus and implant themselves in neighbouring tissues, and by endometriomata the tumours which develop if conditions are favourable for the growth of these implants. In my opinion the vast majority of endometriomata arise in this way, but possibly a small number may be derived from M?llerian rests. An endometrioma is therefore a tumour containing endometrial elements, or, at any rate, elements which look and behave like endometrium. Gland tubules in a richly cellular stroma are the histol?gica! criteria, but there may also be present a variable quantity of effused blood, cystic spaces lined by columnar or flattened epithelium and containing tarry blood, or hyperplasia of the muscular or fibrous tissue of the organs invaded. Physiologically these endometrial elements betray their origin by passing through the various phases of the menstrual cycle, includ ing that of menstrual haemorrhage, and by undergoing a decidual change during pregnancy, though the latter, of course, is not specific to endometrium, but found constantly in the ovaries, and frequently in the peritoneal covering of the other pelvic organs.
Power considerations in studies of reproductive effects of vinyl chloride and some structural analogs.
Authors: M Hatch, J Kline, Z Stein
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1981)

We review the evidence examining the relation of reproductive function and exposure to vinyl chloride and selected structural analogs. Investigation of these compounds for possible reproductive effects has focused on paternal exposure, a much less well studied route than maternal exposure. Drawing on animal models, we discuss what is known about the possible reproductive consequences of exposure to the father as well as to the mother. In evaluating the studies of reproductive outcome in relation to vinyl chloride or analogs, we consider what biologic model may have been tested and whether there was statistical power to detect moderate increases in risk. Parameters influencing statistical power are reviewed, and recommended sample sizes are set out which would insure sufficient power, in future studies, to detect adverse effects.
Adenosine-Induced Coronary Vasodilatation During Transesophageal Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: Rita F. Redberg, Youri Sobol, Tony M. Chou, Mary Malloy, Shantha Kumar, Eli Botvinick, John Kane
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Less invasive methods are replacing traditional invasive means of measuring coronary flow reserve (CFR). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is becoming a useful tool for evaluation of coronary artery disease and has recently been used to measure CFR. This has always been done using dipyridamole, but adenosine has a greater vasodilator potency and more favorable kinetics than dipyridamole. This study was done to evaluate the hypothesis that adenosine is safe, rapid, and accurate in measuring coronary blood flow reserve by TEE Doppler. Methods and Results Forty-nine patients who had recently undergone angiography had a transesophageal echocardiogram with visualization of the coronary arteries and measurement of blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) during adenosine infusion of 0.14 mg/kg per minute. Angiograms were analyzed by quantitative coronary angiography, and significant stenosis was defined as &gt;70% lumenal diameter narrowing. Thirty-nine of the 49 patients did not have a significant LAD stenosis (group 1); the remainder had significant disease (group 2). Good spectral Doppler recordings of blood flow velocity in the LAD were obtained in 41 of 46 patients (89%). There were no significant differences in baseline coronary blood flow velocities between the two groups. Hyperemic to baseline flow ratios were significantly higher in patients without significant LAD stenosis for peak (2.83±1.04 versus 1.78±0.36) and mean (2.68±0.96 versus 1.75±0.39) diastolic velocity. A CFR ratio &gt;2.1 had a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 79%, a positive predictive value of 46%, and a negative predictive value of 96% for the absence of critical LAD stenosis. The infusion was well tolerated. It had to be prematurely terminated in only 3 patients (6.5%), and they were asymptomatic. No patient experienced chest pain, palpitations, or flushing. Intraobserver and interobserver variabilities were low, and reproducibility of data was good (&lt;4%). Conclusions Adenosine Doppler TEE is an effective, rapid, safe, and superior means of measuring CFR ratio. This method is convenient for serial measurements of CFR as well as in clinical settings such as evaluation of syndrome X, cardiomyopathy, and aortic regurgitation.
Time-action profile of the long-acting insulin analog insulin glargine (HOE901) in comparison with those of NPH insulin and placebo.
Authors: L Heinemann, R Linkeschova, K Rave, B Hompesch, M Sedlak, T Heise
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

OBJECTIVE: To study the pharmacodynamic properties of the subcutaneously injected long-acting insulin analog HOE901 (30 microg/ml zinc) in comparison with those of NPH insulin and placebo. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this single-center double-blind euglycemic glucose clamp study, 15 healthy male volunteers (aged 27 +/- 4 years, BMI 22.2 +/- 1.8 kg/m2) received single subcutaneous injections of 0.4 U/kg body wt of HOE901, NPH insulin, or placebo on 3 study days in a randomized order. The necessary glucose infusion rates (GIRs) to keep blood glucose concentrations constant at 5.0 mmol/l were determined over a 30-h period after administration. RESULTS: The injection of HOE901 did not induce the pronounced peak in metabolic activity observed with NPH insulin (GIRmax 5.3 +/- 1.1 vs. 7.7 +/- 1.3 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) (P &amp;lt; 0.05); after an initial rise, metabolic activity was rather constant over the study period. This lack of peak was confirmed by a lower glucose consumption in the first 4 h after injection (area under the curve from 0 to 4 h [AUC(0-4 h)] 1.02 +/- 0.34 vs. 1.48 +/- 0.34 g/kg) (P &amp;lt; 0.001) with HOE901, as compared with NPH insulin. In this single-dose study, the metabolic effect measured over a period of 30 h was lower with HOE901 than with NPH insulin (AUC(0-30 h) 7.93 +/- 1.82 vs. 9.24 +/- 1.29 g/kg) (P &amp;lt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the soluble long-acting insulin analog HOE901 induces a smoother metabolic effect than NPH insulin, from which a better substitution of basal insulin requirements may follow.
Do Socially Deprived Urban Areas Have Lesser Supplies of Cancer Care Services?
Authors: Elizabeth B. Lamont, Yulei He, S.V. Subramanian, Alan M. Zaslavsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

Purpose Area social deprivation is associated with unfavorable health outcomes of residents across the full clinical course of cancer from the stage at diagnosis through survival. We sought to determine whether area social factors are associated with the area health care supply. Patients and Methods We studied the area supply of health services required for the provision of guideline-recommended care for patients with breast cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) in each of the following three distinct clinical domains: screening, treatment, and post-treatment surveillance. We characterized area social factors in 3,096 urban zip code tabulation areas by using Census Bureau data and the health care supply in the corresponding 465 hospital service areas by using American Hospital Association, American Medical Association, and US Food and Drug Administration data. In two-level hierarchical models, we assessed associations between social factors and the supply of health services across areas. Results We found no clear associations between area social factors and the supply of health services essential to the provision of guideline recommended breast cancer and CRC care in urban areas. The measures of health service included the supply of physicians who facilitate screening, treatment, and post-treatment care and the supply of facilities required for the same services. Conclusion Because we found that the supply of types of health care required for the provision of guideline-recommended cancer care for patients with breast cancer and CRC did not vary with markers of area socioeconomic disadvantage, it is possible that previously reported unfavorable breast cancer and CRC outcomes among individuals living in impoverished areas may have occurred despite an apparent adequate area health care supply.
Microevolutionary Divergence Pattern of the Segmentation Gene hunchback in Drosophila
Authors: D. Tautz, L. Nigro
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

To study the microevolutionary processes shaping the evolution of the segmentation gene hunchback (hb) from Drosophila melanogaster, we cloned and sequenced the gene from 12 isofemale lines representing wild-type populations of D. melanogaster, as well as from the closely related species Drosophila sechellia, Drosophila orena, and Drosophila yakuba. We find a relatively low degree of sequence variation in D. melanogaster (theta = 0.0017), which is, however, consistent with its chromosomal location in a region of low recombination. Tests of neutrality do not reject a neutral-evolution model for the whole region. However, pairwise tests with different subregions indicate that there is a relative excess of polymorphic sites in the leader and the intron. Codon usage pattern analysis shows a particularly biased codon usage in the highly conserved regions, which is in line with the hypothesis that selection on translational accuracy is the driving force behind such a bias. A comparison of the expression pattern of hb in different sibling species of D. melanogaster reveals some regulatory changes in D. yakuba, which could be interpreted as changes in the timing of secondary expression domains.
Cholestyramine Therapy for Dyslipidemia in Non–Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus: A Short-Term, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial
Authors: Abhimanyu Garg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Objective: To assess clinical efficacy and tolerability of cholestyramine therapy in patients with dyslipidemia and non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Design: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of cholestyramine (8 g twice daily) compared with placebo for a period of 6 weeks each. Setting: Metabolic Unit and the Lipid and Diabetes Clinics at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Patients: 21 patients with NIDDM that was well controlled using either glyburide or insulin therapy and with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels more than 3.36 mmol/L (130 mg/dL) and fasting plasma triglyceride levels less than 3.4 mmol/L (300 mg/dL). Measurements: During the last week of each period, for 5 consecutive days fasting plasma lipids and lipoproteins were measured, and plasma glucose levels were determined at 3, 7, and 11 a.m. and at 4 and 8 p.m. Daily urinary glucose excretion was measured for 3 days and glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations were determined on days 28 and 38 of the study periods. Results: In this short-term study, when compared with placebo, cholestyramine reduced total cholesterol by 18% (95% CI, 14% to 22%) and LDL cholesterol by 28% (CI, 21% to 35%). Although cholestyramine therapy increased plasma triglyceride levels by 13.5% (CI, 1% to 26%), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels remained unchanged. Cholestyramine therapy improved glycemic control; mean plasma glucose values were lower by 13% (CI, 5% to 21%), a median reduction in urinary glucose excretion of 0.22 g/d was observed (P < 0.001), and a tendency to lower glycosylated hemoglobin concentration was noted. The doses of glyburide and insulin did not change during the study, and body weight remained stable. Constipation was the main side effect, and two patients dropped out of the study because of cholestyramine intolerance. Conclusions: In carefully selected male patients with NIDDM and high LDL cholesterol and normal triglyceride levels, cholestyramine therapy effectively reduces LDL levels and also may improve glycemic control. The long-term efficacy of cholestyramine therapy in patients with NIDDM needs further evaluation.
Estimates of the Number of Motherless Youth Orphaned by AIDS in the United States
Authors: David Michaels
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To estimate the number of youth in the United States who have been or will be left motherless by the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic, in order to project the need for family supports, age-appropriate foster and congregate care, and mental health and social services.Orphans are defined as youth whose mothers (the usual caregiving parent) die of HIV/AIDS-related causes. A mathematical model was constructed to estimate the number of such motherless youth. Cumulative fertility rates were applied to the number of reported AIDS deaths (1981 through 1990) and projected deaths (1991 through 1995) of adult women less than 50 years old. The results were adjusted for underreporting of HIV/AIDS-related mortality, pediatric AIDS deaths, infant mortality, ethnic and racial variation in fertility, and decreased fertility associated with late-stage HIV disease. Estimates were made for the number who were children (less than 13 years of age), adolescents (13 to 17 years of age), or young adults (18 years of age or older) at the time of their mothers' death.By the end of 1995, maternal deaths caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic will have orphaned an estimated 24,600 children and 21,000 adolescents in the United States; unless the course of the epidemic changes dramatically, by the year 2000, the overall number of motherless children and adolescents will exceed 80,000. In 1991, an estimated 13% of US children and 9% of adolescents whose mothers died of all causes were children of women who died of HIV/AIDS-related diseases. These proportions will surpass 17% and 12%, respectively, by 1995. The vast majority of these motherless youth will come from poor communities of color.A large and rapidly growing number of American youth are being orphaned by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Unless increased attention and resources are devoted to this vulnerable population, a social catastrophe is unavoidable.
Government seems to have listened but not heard in reorganising public health
Authors: N. Calvert
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The government’s proposals for public health in England seem to have been put together on the back of a cigarette packet.1 The “listening exercise” was an opportunity for the flawed Healthy Lives, Healthy People to be improved,2 but advice offered by professionals has been largely ignored.3

Employing some staff on NHS terms and conditions …
Leptin constrains acetylcholine-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islets of ob/ob mice.
Authors: N G Chen, A G Swick, D R Romsos
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Hypersecretion of insulin from the pancreas is among the earliest detectable metabolic alterations in some genetically obese animals including the ob/ob mouse and in some obesity-prone humans. Since the primary cause of obesity in the ob/ob mouse is a lack of leptin due to a mutation in the ob gene, we tested the hypothesis that leptin targets a regulatory pathway in pancreatic islets to prevent hypersecretion of insulin. Insulin secretion is regulated by changes in blood glucose, as well as by peptides from the gastrointestinal tract and neurotransmitters that activate the pancreatic islet adenylyl cyclase (e.g., glucagon-like peptide-1) and phospholipase C (PLC) (e.g., acetylcholine) signaling pathways to further potentiate glucose-induced insulin secretion. Effects of leptin on each of these regulatory pathways were thus examined. Leptin did not influence glucose or glucagon-like peptide-1-induced insulin secretion from islets of either ob/ob or lean mice, consistent with earlier findings that these regulatory pathways do not contribute to the early-onset hypersecretion of insulin from islets of ob/ob mice. However, leptin did constrain the enhanced PLC- mediated insulin secretion characteristic of islets from ob/ob mice, without influencing release from islets of lean mice. A specific enhancement in PLC-mediated insulin secretion is the earliest reported developmental alteration in insulin secretion from islets of ob/ob mice, and thus a logical target for leptin action. This action of leptin on PLC-mediated insulin secretion was dose-dependent, rapid-onset (i.e., within 3 min), and reversible. Leptin was equally effective in constraining the enhanced insulin release from islets of ob/ob mice caused by protein kinase C (PKC) activation, a downstream mediator of the PLC signal pathway. One function of leptin in control of body composition is thus to target a PKC-regulated component of the PLC-PKC signaling system within islets to prevent hypersecretion of insulin.
Critical Care Medicine The Past and Changes in the Future
Authors: Roger C. Bone
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Most recent innovations in medical sciences arose as a response to specific clinical problems. Examples include antibiotics for previously lethal pneumonia and tuberculosis. Intensive care had no such origins. The intensive care unit grew out of technological advances of the last decade. Physicians were presented with an enormous array of capabilities. In addition to the stethoscope and roentgenogram the physician could examine hemodynamics, expired air, gas contents, and respiratory physiological measurements. With previously lethal respiratory disease, the physician could intubate, ventilate, and resuscitate. An exciting new potential existed for patient care. Objective information could be obtained in real time and a trend analysis could be done. A physiological description of disease was possible that never before existed. But because intensive care medicine did not arise to fulfill a specific clinical need, such as penicillin for pneumococcal pneumonia, conditions that would clearly require the application of this advance were neither predetermined