tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Errors in Lung Cancer Mortality Statistics
Authors: Edward F. Skinner
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Mortality rates for lung cancer are misleading due to factors which also lead to many errors in other mortality statistics. Most deaths in the United States are not followed by an autopsy. The death may occur in the home, or the family may refuse autopsy permission in the hospital. The diagnosis in these cases is at best an educated guess, and the fashions as well as the nomenclature change from one generation to the other. For example, deaths attributed to acute indigestion later become deaths from appendicitis. Grippe becomes influenza, and now "virus" infections, and "bronchogenic carcinoma" are popular. Even when an autopsy is done the diagnosis is not entirely accurate. If the autopsy is done at night or on a weekend or a holiday, it may be performed by a resident or even a medical student, and the pathologist only sees tissues the following day to
Alterations of the Frank orthogonal scalar leads induced by anaphylactic shock in the rabbit
Authors: J. BOLAND, J. TROQUET, J. P. BLEUS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1976)

Journal Article Alterations of the Frank orthogonal scalar leads induced by anaphylactic shock in the rabbit Get access J. BOLAND, J. BOLAND From the Institut L. Fredericq 17, Place Delcour, 4000 Liège, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. TROQUET, J. TROQUET From the Institut L. Fredericq 17, Place Delcour, 4000 Liège, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. P. BLEUS J. P. BLEUS From the Institut L. Fredericq 17, Place Delcour, 4000 Liège, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 10, Issue 4, July 1976, Pages 474–481, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/10.4.474 Published: 01 July 1976
Treatment of Gonorrhea
Authors: H. Hunter Handsfield
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The major conclusions drawn by Neumann and Baecker (<b>219</b>:471, 1972)—that tetracycline and its derivatives are as effective as penicillin and are currently the drugs of choice in the treatment of acute uncomplicated gonorrhea, and that penicillin should be "saved" for more serious infections—are not supported by the data presented. The follow-up of only 35% of this small series is insufficient to allow meaningful interpretation of the treatment results. It is impossible to determine how many nonreturnees missed their appointments because of symptomatic cure, and how many missed because lack of improvement or early relapse led them to seek care at another facility. Also important is the well-documented conversion of symptomatic urethritis to an asymptomatic but still communicable carrier state by suboptimal treatment.<sup>1</sup>Some of the returnees were not examined with use of cultures and the method of obtaining the urethral cultures in asymptomatic patients is
The genetics of pyoderma gangrenosum and implications for treatment: a systematic review
Authors: E.M. DeFilippis, S.R. Feldman, W.W. Huang
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by painful skin ulcerations for which treatment can be challenging. The genetic basis of PG may provide a better understanding of the disease and new targets for treatment. We systematically reviewed the published literature regarding the syndromes and genetic mutations associated with PG. A literature search was performed through the clinical queries PubMed (National Library of Medicine) database and the Cochrane database. The studies were assessed and then categorized as relating to syndromes or specific gene mutations. Two hundred and eight articles were identified, describing 823 cases of PG. A total of 537 (65·2%) cases were associated with inflammatory bowel disease, 133 (16·1%) with polyarthritis and 103 (12·5%) with haematological disorders. Thirty‐one cases of pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne, and its variants, were identified. Two patients had mutations in MTHFR and two had mutations in JAK2. Fourteen (1·7%) cases were familial. PG responded to different treatments depending on the setting. For example, treatment with B vitamins improved PG in cases of mutations in MTHFR, whereas patients with myelodysplastic syndrome improved with thalidomide treatment. PG can occur in isolation, associated with systemic disease or as part of various syndromes. Different genetic causes may be best treated with particular treatments. Understanding its genetic basis can help elucidate new potential targets for drug development.
Ectopic pregnancy with oral contraceptive use has been overlooked
Authors: W. L Larimore
Journal: BMJ (2000)

EDITOR—In their review of ectopic pregnancy, Tay et al report that previous female sterilisation and current use of an intrauterine contraceptive device are risk factors only when patients with ectopic pregnancy are compared with pregnant controls and not with non-pregnant women.1 However, we published a review on the effects of oral contraceptives after fertilisation, in which we reviewed data indicating that the ratio of extrauterine to intrauterine pregnancies is increased for women taking combined oral contraceptives and progestogen only pills, …
The Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations, vol 7: Respiratory System
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1980)

This is the seventh volume of the Ciba collection of medical illustrations, a series with which most physicians are familiar. As do other volumes in the series, it features the superb medical illustrations of Dr Frank Netter. If there is a negative side to the publication, it is that the beauty and clarity of the illustrations detract one's attention from the text. This, if it occurs, is unfortunate, because the text is as good as the pictures and often is even more informative. This volume on the lung was written by an outstanding group of contributors and would serve as a fine general textbook on pulmonary medicine. My chief criticism of this book is that many of the drawings are unnecessary and contribute little or nothing to an understanding of the subject matter. The illustrations I question are for the most part those that are meant to illustrate the clinical
ABC of diabetes. Treatment.
Authors: P J Watkins
Journal: BMJ (1982)

KING-DIABETIC DEPARTMENT polyunsaturated fats is probably desirable, although the debate continues.KNSCOLG HOSPITAL DIET High-fibre diets are of value and may help to reduce blood glucose concentrations if enough fibre is taken.Bran, All Bran, wholemeal bread, DO NOT EAT OR DRINK: and beans have a relatively high fibre content, and are therefore Sugar or glucose in any form and do not use sugar in your cooking.recommended, but foodstuffs with really high fibre content, such as Jam, marmalade, honey, syrup or lemon curd.Sweets or chocolates.guar gum, are unpalatcable.Cakes and sweet biscuits.For some elderly patients it is enough simply to eliminate all forms of Tinned Fruit.elelitisipyfrsoLucozade, Ribena, Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, lemonade and other sugar from the diet.Their blood glucose concentrations then fall and fizzy drinks.Apart from these foods and drinks, you may eat and drink symptoms resolve.Optimal control may not be needed or even desirable, anything else, just as you did before you were diabetic.and it is best to interfere as little as possible with a patient's usual way of You may use artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin, Sweetex, Hermesetas.Saxin, but NOT Sucron and any sugar free drinks life.Dietary advice for these patients can be presented on a postcard.including Squashes and Slimline range.KCH 335 Diets for insulin-dependent patients Artificial sweetners Ingredients Saccharin tablets Sodium saccharin Hermesetas Sodium saccharin Sweet 'n' Low powder Lactose, saccharin, cream of tartar Sweetex liquid Saccharin, propylene glycol glycerine Sweetex powder Sorbitol, saccharin Sionon powder Sorbitol,saccharin Sorbitol powder Sorbitol Dietade fructose crystals FructoseSugarlite and sucrose powders contain sugar and should not be used by diabetics The calore content of fructose and sorbitol is signiticant and they should be avoided by overweight patients.
SOME CHEMICAL BLOOD CHANGES IN CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM
Authors: FRANKLIN R. NUZUM
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The effects of alcohol on the organism have for a long time been a matter of pathologic and anatomic study. Comparatively little work has been done on the chemical changes that occur. The early chemical changes are the stepping stones to the gross changes in the brain and other tissues that are recognized as the result of chronic alcoholism. Many problems concerning alcoholism must therefore be solved by chemical studies. Of the marked pathologic changes in chronic alcoholism, especially in the instances in which delirium tremens supervenes, a gross edema in the brain is often noted. In addition to the edema of the meninges, the brain tissue of persons dying of delirium tremens has been found to have a markedly increased hydration capacity.<sup>1</sup>The explanation of this phenomenon was thought to be an acidosis. As a further substantiation of this, the brain substance of persons dying of uremia, a
The Role of Radionuclide Lung Scanning in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: HALCOTT T. HADEN, JAMES A. LONG
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1977)

The proper role of the lung scan in diagnosis of pulmonary embolus is still not clearly defined. Fortyfour consecutive cases of suspected pulmonary embolus were reviewed in order to determine the current use of the lung scan. Results showed that the scan was not being used optimally and that the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus was based usually on non-specific clinical and scan findings. Revised guidelines for scan use have been developed. Perfusion scans are classified as normal, high probability, low probability, or indeterminate, based on scan and radiograph findings. Subsequent steps are determined by the results of the perfusion scan. A normal scan effectively excludes embolus. A high probability perfusion scan coupled with a normal ventilation scan, in an appropriate clinical setting, is adequate basis for treatment of embolus. Other scan findings are non-specific and indicate a need for further studies to establish a diagnosis.
Cost-effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in adults with mild-to-moderate asthma: Results from the Asthma Policy Model
Authors: A.David Paltiel, Anne L. Fuhlbrigge, Barrett T. Kitch, Bengt Liljas, Scott T. Weiss, Peter J. Neumann, Karen M. Kuntz
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2001)
Cholinergic Mechanisms in Affective Disorders
Authors: Solomon H. Snyder
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Strong evidence of a genetic vulnerability for the development of major forms of affective disorder suggests that manic and depressive symptoms are caused by specific biochemical abnormalities. Clues for particular chemical lesions have come mostly from the known effects of mood-altering drugs on neurotransmitters. Much current thinking favors a biogenicamine hypothesis, based on findings that antidepressant drugs all facilitate the synaptic activities of amines such as norepinephrine and serotonin, whether by inhibiting their neuronal-uptake inactivation, preventing their metabolic degradation, or other means. In a substantial number of patients, reserpine, which depletes the brain of its amine content, elicits a depressive . . .
Cellulitis after hip surgery: long-term follow-up of seven cases
Authors: E.M. STUDER-SACHSENBERG, Ph. RUFFIEUX, J.-H. SAURAT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

Cellulitis of the buttock after hip surgery is rarely reported, but raises concern about possible infection of the implant. In view of this we have investigated the frequency of previous hip surgery in patients with cellulitis of the hip and/or buttock and assessed for any predisposing factors. A review was made of the case notes of all patients admitted to our department with infectious cellulitis of the hip and/or buttock between 1981 and 1995. Seven of nine patients previously had had implantation of a hip prosthesis. The interval between skin infection and surgery was 7-9 weeks in two patients and 55-520 weeks in five. No infection of the implant was evident. The assumed portals of entry were gluteal fold intertrigo, tinea pedis, psoriatic plaque and a carbuncle of the buttock. The infection was successfully treated by intravenous antibiotics and, after a follow-up of a mean 64 months, no recurrence of cellulitis has been observed and only one aseptic loosening has occurred. Infectious cellulitis of the hip or buttock following hip surgery can occur secondary to impaired lymphatic drainage, a few weeks up to several years after surgery, without there being any infection of the orthopaedic implant.
Loss of Heterozygosity of Chromosome 3p21 Is Associated with Mutant <b> <i>TP53</i> </b> and Better Patient Survival in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Carmen J. Marsit, Masayuki Hasegawa, Tomoko Hirao, Duk-Hwan Kim, Kenneth Aldape, Philip W. Hinds, John K. Wiencke, Heather H. Nelson, Karl T. Kelsey
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Allelic loss of chromosome region 3p21.3 occurs early and frequently in non–small-cell lung cancer, and numerous tumor suppressor genes at this locus may be targets of inactivation. Using an incident case series study of non–small-cell lung cancer, we sought to determine the prevalence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the 3p21.3 region and to examine the associations between this alteration and patient outcome, exposure to tobacco smoke, occupational asbestos exposure, and additional molecular alterations in these tumors. We examined LOH at 7 microsatellite markers in the chromosome 3p21.3 region, and LOH was present in at least one of the loci examined in 60% (156 of 258) of the tumors, with the prevalence of LOH at individual loci ranging from 15 to 56%. Occupational asbestos exposure and TP53 mutation were significantly associated with more extensive 3p21 LOH. In squamous cell carcinomas, measures of cumulative smoking dose were significantly lower in patients with LOH at 3p21, particularly in TP53 mutant tumors. Examining patient outcome, we found that in squamous cell carcinomas, having any LOH in this region was associated with a better overall survival (log-rank test, P &amp;lt; 0.04). Together, these results indicate that allelic loss at 3p21 can affect patient outcome, and that this loss may initially be related to carcinogen exposure, but that extension of this loss is related to TP53 mutation status and occupational asbestos exposure.
A nitric oxide donor reverses the severity of myocardial injury in rabbits fed a cholesterol-rich diet
Authors: Shiro Hoshida, Nobushige Yamashita, Junsuke Igarashi, Masashi Nishida, Masatsugu Hori, Takenobu Kamada, Tsunehiko Kuzuya, Michihiko Tada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
William Budd and typhoid fever
Authors: R. Moorhead
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2002)

William Budd (Figure 1) was an English country doctor whose observations on typhoid fever had far-reaching consequences. He was born in 1811 into a strongly medical family. His father was a doctor in North Tawton, Devon, and also a naval surgeon in the war with France in 1794; seven of the ten sons studied medicine. William was initially apprenticed to his father, and then spent four years in Paris, where he came under the influence of Pierre Louis, the anatomical pathologist and clinical investigator (and father of evidence-based medicine1). Louis took a special interest in the gastroenteritic illness known as putrid fever, and noted that the Peyer's patches of the small intestine showed inflammation and ulceration, coupled with enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes2. Budd was also impressed by the work of Bretonneau, a French country doctor who reported an outbreak of similar disease in a military school in Tours3. The students who perished in this outbreak likewise proved to have ulcerated Peyer's patches; moreover, the surviving students who were sent home communicated the disease to some of their attendants. It was his experiences in France that sparked Budd's interest in how the disease was spread4. In England the condition was commonly known as typhoid fever because of certain resemblances to typhus, although the two conditions were sometimes confused. The disease was characterized by sudden onset of fever, headache and nausea, commonly accompanied by diarrhoea or constipation. The causal bacterium, Salmonella typhi, was ultimately identified in 1880.



Figure 1

Portrait of William Budd (J B Black, London, 1867). Reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Medicine
Oral Solutions for Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement-Reply
Authors: William H. Meroney
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>In Reply to Reply.—</h3> I thank Dr Westerman for his response and I don't disagree with it; however, at his suggestion, I offer a short addendum. Although, as he stated, the armed forces studies of heat stress have no direct application to GI tract disease, the armed forces also have done the following extensive, pioneering studies of GI tract diseases themselves, and some of these studies formed the basis for the very procedures under discussion. For example, a device for the nonsurgical biopsy of the intestinal mucosa, invented by Crosby and Kugler,<sup>1</sup>described 25 years ago made a histological assessment of the conditions of patients with various GI tract diseases possible. This approach proved critically important in cholera, which was described previously in pathology texts as having necrotic and presumably nonabsorptive intestinal mucosa. Intravenous (IV) fluids were used when available, but the amounts and types required could not be
Medical Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy: A Consensus Statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes
Authors: Vincent Woo
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

The evidence-based Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA) 2008 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of diabetes in Canada (1) differ from the consensus statement by Nathan et al. (2), although both were published virtually at the same time. The consensus statement, which represents the authors’ collective analysis, evaluation, and opinion, is said not to represent official association opinion, yet it is listed as a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. In contrast, the CDA clinical practice guidelines do represent the CDA's official position. The CDA clinical practice guidelines follow the AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation) instrument (3) and have a standardized evidence-based approach to …
Resistance to Abstinence Only
Authors: Brian Vastag
Journal: JAMA (2002)

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Diabetes and Accident Insurance: A 3-year follow-up of 7,599 insured diabetic individuals
Authors: Bent Mathiesen, Knut Borch-Johnsen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

Individuals with diabetes pay increased premiums and experience limited coverage when taking out accident insurance, despite the lack of scientific support for this practice. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether diabetic individuals have an increased risk of accident or an increased risk of permanent disability after an accident, compared with two nondiabetic groups.All diabetic members of the Danish Diabetes Association were given free accident insurance for a 3-year period. Based on informed consent, they were also asked to participate in a follow-up study, comparing accident rates in diabetic individuals with a nondiabetic group. A total of 7,599 diabetic members accepted. The control groups were 1) individuals with a leisure-time insurance in the same company (individual issue) and 2) members of full-time group-based insurance (bank employees) in the same company.The risk of accidents was 0.7 per 1,000 person-years in the diabetic group, compared with 4.5 per 1,000 person-years in the first and 5.5 per 1,000 person-years in the second nondiabetic control group (P < 0.001). The degree of permanent injury did not differ between the diabetic and the nondiabetic group.The risk of accidents and permanent disability is not increased in diabetic individuals. Thus, diabetic individuals should be offered accident insurance at a standard premium without limited coverage.
The Gene Encoding Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and the Risk of Human Stroke
Authors: Speranza Rubattu, Paul Ridker, Meir J. Stampfer, Massimo Volpe, Charles H. Hennekens, Klaus Lindpaintner
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Recent evidence from an animal model of stroke, the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat, implicated the gene encoding atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) as a possible candidate contributing to the likelihood of experiencing a stroke. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of ANP in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular accidents in humans. Methods and Results —We investigated 2 previously known markers at ANP , G1837A and T2238C , for their possible association with the occurrence of stroke. This was the largest matched case-controlled sample studied thus far; the sample was drawn from a large prospective study (the Physician’s Health Study). When assuming a dominant mode of inheritance, a statistically significant positive association was observed for the 1837A allele, indicating an odds ratio of 1.64 (95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 2.65) for stroke. This observation led to the discovery of a new molecular variant in exon 1, G664A, which was responsible for a valine-to-methionine substitution in the proANP peptide. This mutation, which was in linkage disequilibrium with the G1837A marker, was associated with the occurrence of stroke (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 3.19; P =0.01). Conclusions —Our findings suggest that molecular variants of the ANP gene may represent an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular accidents in humans. The strong parallelism to the experimental data obtained in the stroke-prone animal model provides assurance for the relevance of our observation.