tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
β blockers for patients at risk of cardiac events during non-cardiac surgery
Authors: Stephen Bolsin, Mark Colson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Even if we restrict our focus to the small group of young people that the protocols are designed to protect-those at risk of harm-it is still not clear that these changes will be effective.Following the introduction of mandatory reporting in the US and some parts of Australia, it remains unclear whether it has improved services to young people.Such rules have increased the number of reports to social services, but there is no clear evidence on whether vulnerable young people are getting the help they need.Indeed, the increase in workload may even have prevented social workers from dealing with genuine cases of abuse. 11 Protecting young people sometimes makes it necessary to disclose information without their consent.But a blanket demand for mandatory reporting is too blunt an instrument and will prevent many young people from seeking help in the first place.It is difficult to see how these protocols can do anything but harm the interests of some of the most vulnerable people in our society, precisely those young people they are designed to protect.
Whether noise exposure causes stroke or hypertension is still not known
Authors: H. A. Kolstad, Z. A. Stokholm, A. M. Hansen, K. L. Christensen, J. P. Bonde
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Studies on health risks of occupational noise exposure may help in the interpretation of Hansell and colleagues’ findings of increased risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease with higher levels of aircraft noise in the community.1

Recently, we followed up 100 000 blue collar industrial workers, and although we had sufficient power, we found no increase in risk of stroke or hypertension at noise exposure above 80 dB(A) on normal working days.2 3 Unlike Hansell and colleagues’ study, …
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Implications for Treatment and Tumor Biology
Authors: Pasi A. Jänne, Jeffrey A. Engelman, Bruce E. Johnson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, despite its almost universal presence in NSCLC tumors, therapeutic inhibition of EGFR has resulted in significant tumor regressions in only 10% to 20% of patients. Several investigations over the last 12 months have uncovered somatic mutations in EGFR that underlie the sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors. NSCLC tumors and cell lines with EGFR mutations are exquisitely sensitive to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), erlotinib and gefitinib, and are biologically distinct from other forms of NSCLC. Somatic mutations in EGFR are found more frequently in patients with adenocarcinomas, nonsmokers, patients of Asian ethnicity, and in females. EGFR mutation detection is now becoming clinically available and is being incorporated into clinical treatment decisions and into the design of future clinical trials. Mutations in K-ras, a mediator of EGFR signaling, are mutually exclusive with EGFR mutations, and are associated with resistance to EGFR TKIs. In addition, secondary mutations, conferring resistance to EGFR TKIs, in patients with primary EGFR mutations once sensitive to EGFR TKIs, are beginning to be identified. The frequency of EGFR mutations, their impact on NSCLC biology, clinical treatment, and clinical trial design, as well as methods and limitations for mutation detection, will be reviewed.
RET-Rearranged Lung Adenocarcinomas with Lymphangitic Spread, Psammoma Bodies, and Clinical Responses to Cabozantinib
Authors: Sanjay Mukhopadhyay, Nathan A. Pennell, Siraj M. Ali, Jeffrey S. Ross, Patrick C. Ma, Vamsidhar Velcheti
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
NEW AND IMPORTANT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT. THE GLYCERO-ACID PHOSPHATE—A BRAIN AND NERVE TISSUE CHEMICAL FOOD.
Authors: EDWARD C. MANN
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Member Medical Society of the County of New York; Member Brooklyn Pathological Society; Honorary Member Medical Section Imperial University of Kharkof, Russia; Medical Superintendent Sunnyside Private Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System and Mind, Inebriety and the Opium Habit. Preventive medicine or the prevention of disease is the highest art of the physician. The prevention of nervous and mental disease in the nineteenth century, which requires of professional and business men such an enormous expenditure of nervous force, is to be accomplished only by the most careful attention to the due nutrition, stimulation and repose of the brain. A study of the physiology of the nervous system teaches us that nervous force is generated in or by the vesicular neurine and that the tubular or fibrous neurine conducts it. The normal activity of the vesicular neurine of the brain is the occasion of all our mental capabilities and powers.
Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone by Isolated Rat Kupffer Cells and Hepatocytes
Authors: Gino V. Segre, Archibald S. Perkins, Lee A. Witters, John T. Potts
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Data from several laboratories indicate that hepatic mechanisms may have a distinctive role in the metabolism of intact hormone after secretion, a process that accounts, at least partly, for the heterogeneity of circulating parathyroid hormone. Accordingly, we studied the proteolysis of intact hormone by isolated rat Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Kupffer cells (106 cells/ml) and hepatocytes (107 cells/ml) were incubated with unlabeled and 125I-labeled bovine parathyroid hormone at 37°C for periods ranging up to 2 h. When incubated with Kupffer cells, intact hormone disappeared with a t½ of 12±4 min. Radio-immunoassays using sequence-specific antisera showed that the dominant hormonal fragments recovered in the medium have an apparent molecular weight of ∼6,000, lack amino-terminal antigenic determinants, and react in assays that specifically recognize determinants in the carboxy-terminal portion of the intact hormone. Amino-terminal fragments also were detected in high concentrations, particularly after short incubation periods. Radioiodinated fragments resulting from incubation of 125I-labeled bovine parathyroid hormone with Kupffer cells had the same apparent size as fragments derived from the metabolism of unlabeled, intact hormone; when analyzed by Edman degradation, positions 34 and 37 of the intact hormone sequence were the amino-terminal amino acids of these dominant carboxy-terminal fragments. Hepatocytes did not hydrolyze the hormone. Thus, metabolism of parathyroid hormone by Kupffer cells results in the appearance of fragments in the media that are immunochemically indistinguishable from, and chemically identical with, those found in plasma when intact hormone is injected intravenously. This indicates that the proteolysis observed in vitro accurately reflects the metabolism of the hormone in vivo. The detection of amino-terminal fragments in concentrations nearly equal to those of carboxy-terminal fragments indicates that cleavage of intact hormone is, initially, by an endopeptidase(s).
Fatigue of cholestasis and the serotoninergic neurotransmitter system in the rat
Authors: Turgay Çelik, M. Zafer Gören, Kubilay Çınar, Hakan Gürdal, F. Oğuz Önder, Akif Tan, Berna Terzioğlu, A. Mithat Bozdayı, Hakan Bozkaya, Özden Uzunalimoğlu, Cihan Yurdaydin
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Fatigue associated with cholestasis may impair health-related quality of life. The pathogenesis of this symptom is largely unknown, but it has been suggested that central serotoninergic neurotransmission may be implicated and that serotonin 1A receptor agonists may yield improvement. The aim of this study was to study the central serotoninergic system, specifically the serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor–mediated pathway of serotoninergic neurotransmission, in a bile duct resection rat model of cholestasis. Fatigue was assessed in the forced swim test in sham and bile duct–resected rats. The serotonin behavioral syndrome, which includes hyperlocomotion, was assessed in both groups of rats after escalating doses of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy(di-n-propylamine)tetralin (8-OH DPAT). 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor densities were explored in four brain regions using a receptor-binding assay. Extracellular 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured via in vivo brain dialysis. Bile duct–resected rats spent more time floating in the forced swim test, and 8-OH DPAT decreased floating time in cholestatic rats (P < .01). Dose–response curves created with 8-OH DPAT for the serotonin behavioral syndrome were similar in bile duct–resected and sham-operated rats. 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor densities in most brain regions and extracellular serotonin levels were similar in both groups of rats. In conclusion, 5-HT1A receptor agonist–induced amelioration of fatigue in cholestatic rats may be nonspecific and not linked to reversal of the pathophysiology of fatigue associated with cholestasis; however, these data do not exclude a potential role of the central serotoninergic system in the evolution of fatigue. (HEPATOLOGY 2005.)
A Growing Role for Gender Analysis in Air Pollution Epidemiology
Authors: Jane E. Clougherty
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Epidemiologic studies of air pollution effects on respiratory health report significant modification by sex, although results are not uniform. Importantly, it remains unclear whether modifications are attributable to socially derived gendered exposures, to sex-linked physiological differences, or to some interplay thereof. Gender analysis, which aims to disaggregate social from biological differences between males and females, may help to elucidate these possible sources of effect modification.A PubMed literature search was performed in July 2009, using the terms "respiratory" and any of "sex" or "gender" or "men and women" or "boys and girls" and either "PM2.5" (particulate matter <or= 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) or "NO2" (nitrogen dioxide). I reviewed the identified studies, and others cited therein, to summarize current evidence of effect modification, with attention to authors' interpretation of observed differences. Owing to broad differences in exposure mixes, outcomes, and analytic techniques, with few studies examining any given combination thereof, meta-analysis was not deemed appropriate at this time.More studies of adults report stronger effects among women, particularly for older persons or where using residential exposure assessment. Studies of children suggest stronger effects among boys in early life and among girls in later childhood.The qualitative review describes possible sources of difference in air pollution response between women and men, which may vary by life stage, coexposures, hormonal status, or other factors. The sources of observed effect modifications remain unclear, although gender analytic approaches may help to disentangle gender and sex differences in pollution response. A framework for incorporating gender analysis into environmental epidemiology is offered, along with several potentially useful methods from gender analysis.
Ankylosing spondylitis: a chronic inflammatory disease with iron overload in granulocytes and platelets.
Authors: N Feltelius, U Lindh, P Venge, R Hallgren
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1986)

The cellular stores of iron in granulocytes and platelets isolated from 29 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were measured by the nuclear microprobe technique. The mean iron content in polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) was 32 (SD 3) micrograms/g dry weight and in platelets 11 (2.6) micrograms/g dry weight. Corresponding values for age and sex matched healthy controls were 5.2 (1.9) and 4.6 (0.8) micrograms/g (p less than 0.001). Significant correlations were found in the patient group between (PMN) iron and the circulating levels of transferrin, total iron, and lactoferrin (p less than 0.05). PMN iron was not related to serum ferritin. Platelet iron correlated with transferrin (p less than 0.01) but not with the other iron binding proteins. Significant relationships were also found between the PMN iron stores and the inflammatory activity defined by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the immunoglobulins A and G. These data further illustrate the altered iron kinetics in chronic inflammatory disease and record the fact that the redistribution of iron associated with the inflammatory process also includes granulocytes and platelets.
Longitudinal variation in hepatitis C virus (HCV) viraemia and early course of HCV infection after liver transplantation for HCV cirrhosis: the role of different immunosuppressive regimens
Authors: G V Papatheodoridis, S G R G Barton, D Andrew, G Clewley, S Davies, A P Dhillon, G Dusheiko, B Davidson, K Rolles, A K Burroughs
Journal: Gut (1999)

BACKGROUND The role of the type of immunosuppression in the natural history of post-transplant hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is unclear. AIMS To evaluate the fluctuation of HCV viraemia and the early course of infection, and their relation to the type of immunosuppression in HCV transplant patients. METHODS In 47 HCV transplant patients, serum HCV RNA levels were determined pretransplant and at one and two weeks, and three and 12 months after transplant. Initial immunosuppression was triple (cyclosporin, azathioprine, prednisolone) in 31, double (cyclosporin, prednisolone) in five, and single (cyclosporin or tacrolimus) in 11 patients. Prednisolone was withdrawn at a median of six months. RESULTS At three months, HCV RNA levels were higher in patients with single than with triple or double initial therapy. At 12 months, HCV RNA levels correlated only with duration of prednisolone treatment and were relatively higher in patients with triple compared with single initial immunosuppression. A higher necroinflammatory activity at 12 months post-transplant was found in patients with post-transplant acute hepatitis compared with those without. Extent of fibrosis at 12 months was associated with the 12 month HCV RNA level and occurrence of post-transplant acute hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS HCV RNA levels at three months after transplant are higher in patients treated with single initial immunosuppressive therapy, but at 12 months are higher in patients with longer duration of steroid treatment. HCV viraemia at 12 months seems to be particularly important, as its levels are strongly correlated with the severity of fibrosis.
The Physician as Writer
Authors: Richard Selzer
Journal: JAMA (1986)

If volume 3 of the altogether excellent journal<i>Literature and Medicine</i>does nothing more than formally introduce to the American reading public the work and personality of the Welsh doctor/poet Dannie Abse, it will have distinguished itself. Dr Abse is the foremost of that "thin red line" of living writers who happen also to be physicians. Not that the condition of physicianhood is required of one who would write of the events of the human body; but it does offer a certain perspective grounded in a specific body of knowledge. Dannie Abse has again and again proved his ability to filter the facts of medical experience through his imagination and transform them into truths. In this collection, his gift is first exhibited in two poems relating to his mother and to his own conflict in probing the mysteries that will confirm for him her illness and impending death. I am...
Helicobacter pylori Dampens Gut Epithelial Self-Renewal by Inhibiting Apoptosis, a Bacterial Strategy to Enhance Colonization of the Stomach
Authors: Hitomi Mimuro, Toshihiko Suzuki, Shigenori Nagai, Gabriele Rieder, Masato Suzuki, Takeshi Nagai, Yukihiro Fujita, Kanna Nagamatsu, Nozomi Ishijima, Shigeo Koyasu, Rainer Haas, Chihiro Sasakawa
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2007)
Statins may have fewer side effects than is claimed, meta-analysis finds
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Only a few types of side effect reported from use of statins are genuinely due to the drug itself, as almost all side effects were reported just as often with a placebo, a systematic review of randomised controlled trials has concluded.1

The findings are important, as the NHS in England is considering wider prescribing of statins. Draft guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence has recommended lowering the risk threshold for starting treatment with statins to prevent cardiovascular disease.2

Researchers from the National Heart and Lung Institute in London carried out a meta-analysis of 29 randomised controlled trials involving 83 880 patients. Overall, the …
The Scintigraphic Pattern of Renal Angiomyolipoma
Authors: PANNATHPUR JAIKISHEN, ZVI H. OSTER, HAROLD L. ATKINS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

The patterns of renal and gallium scintigraphy in a patient with renal angiomyolipoma are presented. Renal study with Tc-99m DTPA demonstrated a photopenic area in the flow and delayed images. Ga-67 citrate imaging did not show any evidence of increased activity. Although this pattern is also seen in renal cysts, scintigraphy seems to be valuable in the evaluation of angiomyolipoma. It helps differentiate it from renal carcinoma or renal abscess (which may be gallium avid), especially when the tumor is characterized by a paucity of adipose tissue and complicated by hemorrhage, in which case CT and ultrasonographic patterns are not diagnostic.
USPSTF: Primary Care Clinicians Can Help Curb Tobacco Use in Youths
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2013)

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Efficacy and Safety/Toxicity Study of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus JX-594 in Two Immunocompetent Animal Models of Glioma
Authors: XueQing Lun, Jennifer Chan, Hongyuan Zhou, Beichen Sun, John JP Kelly, Owen Owen Stechishin, John C Bell, Kelley Parato, Kang Hu, Dominique Vaillant, Jiahu Wang, Ta-Chiang Liu, Caroline Breitbach, David Kirn, Donna L Senger, Peter A Forsyth
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the oncolytic potential of the recombinant, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing vaccinia virus (VV) JX-594 in experimental malignant glioma (MGs) in vitro and in immunocompetent rodent models. We have found that JX-594 killed all MG cell lines tested in vitro. Intratumoral (i.t.) administration of JX-594 significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival in rats-bearing RG2 intracranial (i.c.) tumors and mice-bearing GL261 brain tumors. Combination therapy with JX-594 and rapamycin significantly increased viral replication and further prolonged survival in both immunocompetent i.c. MG models with several animals considered "cured" (three out of seven rats >120 days, terminated experiment). JX-594 infected and killed brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) from patient samples grown ex vivo, and did so more efficiently than other oncolytic viruses MYXV, Reovirus type-3, and VSV(ΔM51). Additional safety/toxicity studies in nontumor-bearing rodents treated with a supratherapeutic dose of JX-594 demonstrated GM-CSF-dependent inflammation and necrosis. These results suggest that i.c. administered JX-594 triggers a predictable GM-CSF-mediated inflammation in murine models. Before proceeding to clinical trials, JX-594 should be evaluated in the brains of nonhuman primates and optimized for the viral doses, delivery routes as well as the combination agents (e.g., mTOR inhibitors).
Surgical Emphysema during General Anaesthesia
Authors: N. R. Barrett, D. Thomas
Journal: BMJ (1944)

air-raid warden, who told me that several of the dead found by his rescue party had been suffocated by dust-the mouth, nose, and throat being completely blocked, while no other injuries were visible.E. Oil.-The last physical agent we encounterod was oil, and the only problem was to clean the victim up in the midst of a heavy rush of casualties.The gas-decontamination chamber provided a satisfactory answer.TABLE VI.-Non-suirgical (132 Cases)
Cervical Discography: Is Surgery Necessary?-Reply
Authors: Charles D. Magill
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  The follow-up evaluation was very inadequate. Increased symptoms above or below the operated space will develop two to ten years after the fusion. Most followups reported in the literature have been made in less than two years, even those reported by Robinson et al ( J Bone Joint Surg 44A:1569, 1962).  It is true that cervical syndromes are quite common and that symptoms can probably be well relieved by intradisk injection of lidocaine. However, it is also true that very few patients in this group will require surgery if they follow conservative principles already well established by Ruth Jackson. 1
A case of hepatomegaly
Authors: D. Thavarajah, S. Attavar, J. Menon
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A 27 year old man from Turkey presented with sudden onset epigastric pain that woke him from sleep. He had no other symptoms. On examination he had right upper quadrant abdominal tenderness and a palpable hepatomegaly of 10 cm below the right subcostal margin. Blood results showed a white cell count of 12.6×109 cells/l and C reactive protein of 366 μg/ml, and liver function was normal. Fig 1 Ultrasound scan (top) and computed tomograms
"Asymptomatic" Type I Dysgammaglobulinemia in Siblings
Authors: John R. Durant, Joel W. Eisner, Ernest M. Tassoni, Richard V. Smalley
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

A family with type I dysgammaglobulinemia is presented in which a brother and sister were affected. These patients differ from those previously reported to have type I dysgammaglobulinemia on a congenital basis in that no antibody deficiency syndrome has appeared to date. Both, however, complained of frequent minor respiratory infections, perhaps as the result of absent secretion of respiratory immunoglobulin (Ig) A. This is the first time a family has been definitely proved to have more than one member affected. One of these was subjected to considerable immunologic testing, and some differences from expected normal behavior were demonstrated. It is postulated that there are at least two genetic mechanisms that can result in type I dysgammaglobulinemia. Both of these are probably autosomal recessive traits and closely related but obviously are genetically distinct from classic agammaglobulinemia. One form results in a decrease in the rate of synthesis of specific heavy chains (alpha and gamma) and a compensatory increase of competent IgM, thus usually preventing an antibody deficiency syndrome. Such patients may, however, develop infections or other immunologic complications as a result of having to rely on only one type of antibody. The other form is manifested by an additional failure to produce competent antibody molecules and results in an antibody deficiency state.