tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Special susceptibility of the child to certain radiation-induced cancers.
Authors: R W Miller
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

The carcinogenic effects of exposure to ionizing radiation vary markedly with age, as revealed by studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors and of Marshall Islanders exposed to fallout from U.S. nuclear weapons tests in the South Pacific in 1954. An increase in cancers of adulthood after intrauterine exposure, as reported in 1988, has not been sustained. After childhood exposure, increases in leukemia, breast cancer, and thyroid cancer are well established. The carcinogenic effects of radiation on the young have been reported after intrauterine exposures and after exposures during childhood. Cancers with short latent periods such as leukemia occur during childhood, but those with long latent periods such as breast cancer occur in adulthood.
Reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period: mechanism by which a short-long-short cardiac sequence facilitates the induction of reentry.
Authors: N el-Sherif, W B Gough, M Restivo
Journal: Circulation (1991)

The electrophysiological mechanism by which a short-long-short stimulated cardiac sequence facilitates the induction of ventricular tachyarrhythmia was investigated in dogs 4 days after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In these dogs, reentry develops in the surviving electrophysiologically abnormal epicardial layer that overlies the infarct zone when premature stimulation results in a critically long arc of functional conduction block. The activation wavefront circulates around both ends of the arc, coalesces, and conducts slowly distal to the arc before reactivating sites proximal to the arc to initiate a figure-eight reentrant circuit. Epicardial isochronal activation maps and effective refractory periods (ERPs) were determined during three different stimulation protocols: A, a basic train of eight beats at a cycle length of 300 msec followed by a single premature stimulus (S2); B, a basic train of eight beats at a cycle length of 300 msec with abrupt lengthening of the last cycle of the train before S2 to 600 msec; C, a basic train of eight beats at a cycle length of 600 msec followed by S2. Protocol B was found to result in a differential lengthening of ERP at adjacent sites within the border of the epicardial ischemic zone, whereas protocols A and C induced, respectively, comparable shortening and lengthening of ERPs at the same sites. The differential lengthening of ERPs at adjacent sites resulted in an increased dispersion of refractoriness so that a premature stimulus induced functional conduction block between those sites. The development of a longer arc of conduction block and, hence, a longer reentrant pathway as well as slower conduction of the circulating wavefront during protocol B allowed more time for refractoriness to expire proximal to the arc and for the circulating wavefront to reexcite those sites to initiate reentry. The lengthening of ERP, associated with a single long cycle (protocol B), ranged from 44% to 79% of the total increase in ERP after a series of eight long cycles (protocol C). Epicardial sites with longer ERPs located close to the center of the ischemic zone showed more lengthening of refractoriness during protocol B compared with more normal sites near the border of the ischemic zone. This strongly suggests that the increased dispersion of refractoriness during protocol B is caused by the shorter memory of ischemic myocardium to the cumulative effects of preceding cycle lengths.
Early maternal hypothyroxinemia alters histogenesis and cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture of the progeny
Authors: Rosalía Lavado-Autric, Eva Ausó, José Victor García-Velasco, María del Carmen Arufe, Francisco Escobar del Rey, Pere Berbel, Gabriella Morreale de Escobar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Epidemiological studies from both iodine-sufficient and -deficient human populations strongly suggest that early maternal hypothyroxinemia (i.e., low circulating free thyroxine before onset of fetal thyroid function at midgestation) increases the risk of neurodevelopmental deficits of the fetus, whether or not the mother is clinically hypothyroid. Rat dams on a low iodine intake are hypothyroxinemic without being clinically hypothyroid because, as occurs in pregnant women, their circulating 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine level is usually normal. We studied cell migration and cytoarchitecture in the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus of the 40-day-old progeny of the iodine-deficient dams and found a significant proportion of cells at locations that were aberrant or inappropriate with respect to their birth date. Most of these cells were neurons, as assessed by single- and double-label immunostaining. The cytoarchitecture of the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus was also affected, layering was blurred, and, in the cortex, normal barrels were not formed. We believe that this is the first direct evidence of an alteration in fetal brain histogenesis and cytoarchitecture that could only be related to early maternal hypothyroxinemia. This condition may be 150-200 times more common than congenital hypothyroidism and ought to be prevented both by mass screening of free thyroxine in early pregnancy and by early iodine supplementation to avoid iodine deficiency, however mild.
The Avoidance of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: James P. McGough
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  A recent editorial 1 commented on risk factors involved in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The argument was made that cervical cancer has many of the attributes of a venereally transmitted disease, and that the important risk factors all relate to degree of sexual activity.  A glance at the specific risk factors mentioned, however, reveals that they consist in early sexual   pregnancies,  sexual partners, early age at first pregnancy or first marriage, promiscuity, and exposure to a high-risk male sexual partner.  I suggest that these risk factors cannot be simply equated with degree of sexual activity, that nothing but a judgmental tone is added by using the term promiscuity when multiple sexual partners would have sufficed, and that understanding the disease and helping its victims are in no way furthered by the editorial's title, CIN or Not to Sin.
Hepatitis C virus E2 and CD81 interaction may be associated with altered trafficking of dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Jacob Nattermann, Henning Zimmermann, Agathe Iwan, Marie von Lilienfeld‐Toal, Ludger Leifeld, Hans Dieter Nischalke, Bettina Langhans, Tilman Sauerbruch, Ulrich Spengler
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Dendritic cells (DC) are crucially involved in the induction of immune responses; however, reports on DC functions in chronic hepatitis C are controversial. Function of DC includes proper cell trafficking between sites of infection and lympho-cellular compartments. Thus, we analyzed DC compartmentalization and changes in DC migration in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. We found significantly lower numbers of circulating BDCA1+ and BDCA2+ DC in HCV(+) patients (n = 20) than in healthy controls (n = 12) (P < .05). Analyzing liver samples from HCV(+) patients (n = 15), HCV(-) controls (n = 15), and disease controls (n = 10), we demonstrated chronic hepatitis C to be associated with intrahepatic DC enrichment (P < .05). In vitro studies indicated that HCV E2-induced secretion of RANTES efficiently attracts CCR5(+) immature DC. Incubation of DC with sera derived from HCV(+) patients made DC unresponsive to CCL21, the chemokine recruiting DC to lymphoid tissues for T cell priming. Unlike attraction of CCR5+ DCs via RANTES, direct inhibition of DC migration in response to CCL21 was specific for patients with chronic hepatitis C and could be attributed to interaction of HCV E2 with CD81 on DC. In conclusion, migration of DC is markedly affected by interaction of HCV E2 with CD81. Failure of DC to recirculate to lymphoid tissue may be critically involved in impaired T cell priming during HCV infection.
Cost-Effectiveness of Gamma Radiation for Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis
Authors: David J. Cohen, Roberta S. Cosgrove, Ronna H. Berezin, Paul S. Teirstein, Martin B. Leon, Richard E. Kuntz
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — Recently, several randomized trials have demonstrated that intracoronary brachytherapy can reduce the rates of both angiographic and clinical restenosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for in-stent restenosis. Whether this practice is cost-effective is unknown. Methods and Results — Between December 1997 and July 1998, 252 patients with in-stent restenosis were randomized to receive brachytherapy or placebo after successful PCI as part of the Gamma-1 trial. We collected detailed resource utilization and cost data for each patient’s initial hospitalization and for 1 year after randomization. Compared with conventional treatment, intracoronary brachytherapy increased procedure duration, physician services, and equipment costs. As a result, initial costs were increased by nearly $4100 per patient ($15 724 versus $11 675, P &lt;0.001). Over the 1-year follow-up period, brachytherapy reduced the need for repeat revascularization by 21% and reduced the need for bypass surgery by 44%. Although follow-up medical care costs were $2200/patient lower with brachytherapy, total costs remained higher at 1 year ($28 543 versus $26 737, P =0.46). In a sensitivity analysis that incorporated recent technical modifications and the use of prolonged antiplatelet therapy to prevent late thrombotic occlusion, follow-up cost savings increased to $3600/patient, and 1-year costs were slightly lower with brachytherapy ($26 352 versus $26 729, P =0.87). Subgroup analysis demonstrated significant cost savings in patients with diabetes and patients who did not undergo repeat stenting. Conclusions — As performed in the Gamma-1 trial, coronary brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis improved clinical outcomes but increased 1-year costs compared with standard therapy. If late thrombosis can be eliminated, however, this technology has the potential to reduce overall medical care costs.
Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Shunichi Ogawa, Ryuji Fukazawa, Takashi Ohkubo, Jiakun Zhang, Nobuyuki Takechi, Yukio Kuramochi, Yoshiaki Hino, Osamu Jimbo, Yasuhiro Katsube, Mitsuhiro Kamisago, Yukiko Genma, Masao Yamamoto
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction are the most serious complications of coronary artery lesions in children with Kawasaki disease (KD). Therefore, early detection and treatment of myocardial ischemia in patients with KD is essential. We studied the effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in patients with silent myocardial ischemia detected by dobutamine stress 99m Tc myocardial scintigraphy (TMS), body surface mapping (BMS), and signal-averaged ECG late potentials (ELP). Methods and Results Eight of 76 asymptomatic patients with a coronary stenosis&gt;25% and a positive dobutamine stress test were considered to have silent myocardial ischemia. All eight patients had&gt;95% stenoses demonstrated by coronary angiography (CAG) just before PTCA. After PTCA, CAG showed that all of the coronary artery stenoses had been reduced to&lt;50%. Additionally, intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) performed in five patients before and after PTCA demonstrated adequate dilation of the coronary stenosis after PTCA. All eight patients underwent dobutamine stress TMS, BMS, and ELP 2 to 3 months after PTCA, which demonstrated no regions of myocardial ischemia. Approximately 6 months later, CAG was performed in all eight patients, and only one patient had developed restenosis. Conclusions PTCA effectively dilates stenotic coronary arteries in children with KD. Moreover, dobutamine stress TMS, BMS, and ELP are useful for detecting silent myocardial ischemia and estimating the effectiveness of PTCA. Furthermore, IVUS is useful for evaluating the severity of coronary artery lesions before and after PTCA in patients with KD.
Teen smoking, field cancerization, and a "critical period" hypothesis for lung cancer susceptibility.
Authors: John K Wiencke, Karl T Kelsey
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Cigarette smoking by children and adolescents continues to be prevalent, and this fact represents a major public health problem and challenge. Epidemiologic work has previously suggested that exposure of the lung to tobacco carcinogens at an early age may be an independent risk factor for lung cancer. Recent studies at the molecular and cellular levels are consistent with this, now suggesting that early exposure enhances DNA damage and is associated with the induction of DNA alterations in specific chromosomal regions. In this paper we hypothesize that adolescence, which is known to be the period of greatest development for the lung, may constitute a "critical period" in which tobacco carcinogens can induce fields of genetic alterations that make the early smoker more susceptible to the damaging effects of continued smoking. The fact that lung development differs by sex might also contribute to apparent gender differences in lung cancer susceptibility. Because this hypothesis has important implications for health policy and tobacco control, additional resources need to be devoted to its further evaluation. Targeted intervention in adolescent smoking may yield even greater reductions in lung cancer occurrence than otherwise anticipated.
ON THE RELATION OF DISEASES OF THE ACCESSORY CAVITIES TO DISEASES OF THE EYE.
Authors: J. H. BRYAN
Journal: JAMA (1899)

The relation between the diseases affecting the accessory sinuses of the nose and those of the orbit and its contents is such an intimate one that it seems strange so little has been done in the past in the way of clearing up the hazy ideas that have hitherto existed as to the influence of diseases of these pneumatic spaces on diseases of the eye. Indeed, in the ophthalmologic handbooks and text-books of to-day, very little on the relation of orbital diseases to the suppurative affections of the accessory cavities has been written, authors contenting themselves with a brief mention of some of the more decided orbital complications which have their origin in the pneumatic cavities. This is the first time in America, I believe, that a joint meeting between the rhinologists and ophthalmologists has been held with the view of jointly studying these oftentimes very obscure and serious affections.
Missing Consent Forms in the Preoperative Area
Authors: Jacqueline M. Garonzik-Wang, Gabriel Brat, Jose H. Salazar, Andrew Dhanasopon, Anthony Lin, Adesola Akinkuotu, Andres O’Daly, Benjamin Elder, Kelly Olino, William Burns, Melissa Camp, Pamela A. Lipsett, Julie A. Freischlag, Elliott R. Haut
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

Missing consent forms at surgery can lead to delays in patient care, provider frustration, and patient anxiety. We sought to assess the scope and magnitude of this problem at our institution. We surveyed key informants to determine the frequency and effect of missing consent forms. We found that 66% of patients were missing signed consent forms at surgery and that this caused a delay for 14% of operative cases. In many instances, the missing consent forms interfered with team rounds and resident educational activities. In addition, residents spent less time obtaining consent and were often uncomfortable obtaining consent for major procedures. Finally, 40% of faculty felt dissatisfied with resident consent forms, and more than two-thirds felt patients were uncomfortable with being asked for consent by residents. At our center, missing consent forms led to delayed cases, burdensome and inadequate consent by residents, and extra work for nursing staff.
Loss of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity in Cardiomyocytes Phenocopies Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Javid Moslehi, Yoji Andrew Minamishima, Jianru Shi, Donna Neuberg, David M. Charytan, Robert F. Padera, Sabina Signoretti, Ronglih Liao, William G. Kaelin
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the major cause of heart failure and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The degree of left ventricular dysfunction in this setting is often out of proportion to the amount of overtly infarcted tissue, and how decreased delivery of oxygen and nutrients leads to impaired contractility remains incompletely understood. The Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain-Containing Protein (PHD) prolyl hydroxylases are oxygen-sensitive enzymes that transduce changes in oxygen availability into changes in the stability of the hypoxia-inducible factor transcription factor, a master regulator of genes that promote survival in a low-oxygen environment. Methods and Results— We found that cardiac-specific PHD inactivation causes ultrastructural, histological, and functional changes reminiscent of ischemic cardiomyopathy over time. Moreover, long-term expression of a stabilized hypoxia-inducible factor α variant in cardiomyocytes also led to dilated cardiomyopathy. Conclusion— Sustained loss of PHD activity and subsequent hypoxia-inducible factor activation, as would occur in the setting of chronic ischemia, are sufficient to account for many of the changes in the hearts of individuals with chronic coronary artery disease.
Tumor-killing DCs
Authors: Hema Bashyam
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

![Graphic][1] 

Tumors (red) are attacked by surrounding mDCs (blue) and infiltrating pDCs (green). Cytotoxic T cells that are trained by dendritic cells (DCs) to recognize tumor antigens are thought to be the main artillery in an antitumor response. But Stary et al. now find that the
Decentered thought and consequentialist decision making
Authors: Keith E. Stanovich
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Near the end of his target article, Baron argues that we need to address the question of how to conduct education in consequentialist decision making. However, recent trends in education have deemphasized and denigrated decentered and decontextualized thought. It is argued here that perspective decentering and decontextualized thinking are absolutely essential to the development of consequentialist reasoning.
Harmful Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitors: Discrepancies Between Observational Studies and Randomized Clinical Trials—Reply
Authors: Marcello Maggio, Andrea Corsonello
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Internal Medicine HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal
Germany may change drug testing rules after debacle in England
Authors: Annette Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2006)

After the catastrophic events at Northwick Park Hospital, in London, last month, when six volunteers became severely ill in a phase I trial, German experts are discussing stricter regulations for trials. The reason for the severe adverse events is unclear, and one of the six male volunteers was still being kept heavily sedated as the BMJ went to press …
Microanatomy of Cell and Tissue Surfaces: An Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1978)

The scanning electron microscope has transformed anatomy by literally adding a new dimension to the study of structure. Gross anatomy is three dimensional, but limited to what can be seen with the naked eye. Traditional histology, pursued with the light microscope, can give fairly substantial magnification, but in only two dimensions. The electron microscope can give vastly greater magnification with fine resolution (in good hands), but still in only two dimensions. The scanning microscope, on the other hand, can portray structure in the three dimensions, permitting both low and high magnification and offering superb definition. The technique, however, is limited to a surface view. The present volume represents a cooperative effort of three investigators from Rome; Dallas; and Boulder, Colo. There are 70 magnificent plates, each showing one to four separate photographs. These, arranged in 17 chapters, cover the major tissues of the body. There is an additional plate and
Ultrasound of the gall bladder: experience in a district hospital.
Authors: T M Walker
Journal: BMJ (1981)

In a retrospective survey performed to assess the reliability of ultrasound of the gall bladder in a district hospital the radiologists performing the examinations had little or no previous experience in non-obstetric ultrasound. In 142 patients who had the presence or absence of gall stones proved by surgery gall stones had been correctly predicted in 84% of patients with stones and absent in 64% of those without. This compares favourably with earlier reports from North America, and shows that ultrasound of the gall bladder is useful, even when staff experience is limited.
Characterization of a chicken hepatoma cell line with a specific defect in fibrinogen secretion
Authors: Carole Oddoux, Gerd Grieninger
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

This study characterizes plasma protein synthesis and its hormonal regulation in a chicken hepatoma cell line, with particular emphasis on fibrinogen. Whereas virtually all aspects of hemopexin, transferrin and albumin production in these cells corresponded to those of cultured primary hepatocytes, fibrinogen was not secreted. Analysis of fibrinogen subunit synthesis revealed a specific defect in synthesis of one subunit, γ, correlating with a lack of its mRNA. Pulse-chase and electron microscopic studies demonstrate that, despite the inability of these cells to secrete the Aα and Bβ subunits produced, there is no long-term accumulation of unsecreted fibrinogen. The Bβ fibrinogen subunits are largely degraded 2 hr after synthesis. During this time, approximately half of the Aα subunits are degraded; the rest are converted to the glycosylated form. The implications of this type of defect with respect to the pathogenesis of fibrinogen storage disease are discussed. (Hepatology 1994;19:682-687).
Letter: Beta-adrenergic blocking agents in renal failure.
Authors: P Kincaid-Smith, A S Hua
Journal: BMJ (1974)

scopy a small percentage of patients showed Giardia lamblia or Entamoeba histolytica infections and were treated with metroni- dazole (or other anti-amebic agent).How- ever, it was found that in patients with a similar chronic history but who had not had