tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is Altruism a Vice?
Authors: Christopher Fung
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> In Dr Pellegrino's editorial<sup>1</sup>and Dr Tiemstra's<sup>2</sup>and Dr Sanke's<sup>3</sup>letters on altruism, self-interest, and medical ethics, they accepted altruism as a value, but they disagreed on the means to encourage it and about the obligation of the profession for such behavior. On the other hand, Dr Adams<sup>4</sup>presented altruism as a vice. He wrote as follows: The basic principle of altruism is that man has no right to exist for his own sake, that service to others is the only justification for existence, and that self-sacrifice is the highest moral duty, virtue, and value. Do not confuse altruism with kindness, goodwill, or the respect for the rights of others. These are not primaries, but consequences that, in fact, altruism makes impossible. It seems to me that Dr Adams presented a narrow view of altruism. I prefer to think of altruism as
TCTAP A-182 Impact of Hyperuricemia on Development of New-onset Diabetes Mellitus in Asian Population: Five-year Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Byoung Geol Choi, Seung-Woon Rha, Se Yeon Choi, Yoonjee Park, Akkala Raghavender Goud, Hu Li, Sunki Lee, Ji Bak Kim, Sung Il Im, Jin Oh Na, Cheol Ung Choi, Hong Euy Lim, Jin Won Kim, Eung Ju Kim, Chang Gyu Park, Hong Seog Seo, Dong Joo Oh
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Comparison of selective arginine vasopressin V1 and V2 receptor antagonists on burn shock in the rat
Authors: K. Sun, B. Lin, C. Wang, H.-n. Zhu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1991)

Study objective – Two selective V1 and V2 receptor antagonists of arginine vasopressin, d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP and d(CH2)5[D-Ile2, Ile4, Ala9-NH2] AVP, were given intravenously in burn shocked rats to investigate the respective effects of V1 and V2 receptor blockade on the haemodynamic variables in burn shock. Design – Computer assisted on line real time measurements of mean arterial blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, dP/dtmax, and heart rate were used to study the effects of the receptor antagonists during burn shock. In addition, the radioactive microsphere method was used to measure the changes of cardiac output and regional blood flows to heart, kidney, and liver in response to the antagonists during burn shock. Third degree burns extending over 30% of body surface area were made by dipping the rat's shaved back into water at 100°C for 20 s. Experimental material – Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were used in groups of 6-9 per experiment. Measurements and main results – Mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures, left ventricular systolic pressure, dP/dtmax and heart rate were measured for 8 h after burns. Cardiac output and regional blood flow were measured at 3 h and 8 h postburn. Results showed that blockade of V1 receptor lowered mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures throughout the 8 h period, and raised left ventricular systolic pressure and dP/dtmax only during the early phase of shock. Cardiac output and blood flows to heart, kidney, and liver were increased by the V1 antagonist at 3 h but not at 8 h postburn. The V2 receptor antagonist increased mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures, left ventricular systolic pressure, and dP/dtmax both during the early and during the late phases of burn shock. It also improved cardiac output and blood flows to the heart, kidney, and liver during the early and late phases of burn shock. However, heart rate was not affected by V1 and V2 receptor antagonists. Conclusions – The V2 like receptor may be the dominating receptor mediating vasopressin's inhibitory effect on the heart. V1 receptor mediated coronary vasoconstriction contributes to the myocardial depression possibly only at the compensatory phase of shock. In addition V1 receptor mediated vasoconstriction is important in maintaining blood pressure during burn shock.
Trials of an Expert Witness: Tales of Clinical Neurology and the Law
Authors: Charles M. Poser
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Harold Klawans is a distinguished neurological clinician and teacher who is also a seasoned expert witness. He presents in this book a tantalizing series of case histories relating his experience with lawyers, judges, and juries. Like many of his colleagues, he has appeared on behalf of defendants and plaintiffs, a situation that often elicits from the opposing attorney the snide comment, "So you'll testify for whoever pays you!" He offers no apologies for his involvement in malpractice cases but makes the important comment that such conflicts should not be resolved based on jabs between lawyer and expert, but rather by sober contemplation of the merits of the case. Because of his unquestionable expertise in neurology, his testimony deserves attention and respect. The book depicts in some measure the ordeal of cross-examination, which often endures for hours, by aggressive, even insulting attorneys whose purpose is to humiliate, denigrate, and confuse physicians
P148 The lies we tell – Pre-test probability is only useful at risk stratifying pulmonary emboli when used accurately: Abstract P148 Table 1
Authors: M Newnham, H Stone, S Salehi-Bird, R Summerfield, N Mustfa
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Pre-test probability (PTP) scores are widely used to risk stratify pulmonary emboli (PE). A multitude of scores exist; however diagnosing PE remains challenging. We aim to identify whether patients were correctly PTP scored and what effect rescoring with the correct information has on predicting PE. We will identify the effect different PTP scores have on the likelihood of PE. <h3>Methods</h3> We conducted a retrospective study of inpatient computer tomography pulmonary angiograms (CTPA) within a large teaching hospital over a 1-year period. We recorded the originally submitted PTP score (modified Wells score), D-Dimer result and the CTPA outcome (PE-positive or negative cohorts). The accuracy of the PTP score was assessed from the original clinical information; rescoring when appropriate. We also rescored using alternative PTP systems (Geneva and simplified BTS). We analysed whether any factor or PTP scores could predict the presence of PE. <h3>Results</h3> 202 CTPAs were performed (70, 35% PE positive; 131, 65% PE negative). Baseline characteristics did not differ (age, gender, requesting team, inflammatory markers, mortality). PE was more likely with a higher D-dimer (682 vs. 853; p&lt;0.001); pneumonia occurred more frequently in the PE-negative cohort (61 vs. 12; p&lt;0.001). A third of forms were scored incorrectly; occurring significantly more in the PE-negative cohort (p=0.001). There was no difference between the original PTP scores (3.7 vs. 3.8; p=0.631); however when rescored with the correct clinical information, the PE-positive cohort had a significantly higher PTP score (2.0 vs. 3.1; p=0.001) (<i>Table 1</i>). Geneva score did not accurately predict PE (2.3 vs. 2.5; p=0.25); whereas the simplified BTS score did (0.9 vs. 1.3; p&lt;0.001). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Patients without a PE were significantly more likely to have an incorrect PTP score. Clinicians may have poor concordance with scoring to meet CTPA requesting criteria. The originally calculated PTP score was not predictive of PE. However, when scores were adjusted with the correct information, a higher PTP score was predictive of PE. Simple PTP scoring systems performed well compared with more complex versions. PTP scores are only effective at predicting PE when used accurately; this may not occur in practise.
VITAMIN C THERAPY AND PROPHYLAXIS IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Claus W. Jungeblut
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

1. A group of 34 monkeys were infected intracerebrally with 0.1 cc. of a 10 per cent virus suspension. Following infection, 9 animals were treated with daily injections of 700 to 100 mg., 16 with 50 to 10 mg. and 9 with 5 mg. of vitamin C for a period of 2 weeks. In the whole group there were 6 animals that survived without showing any evidence of paralysis. 2 of these had received 50 to 10 mg. while 4 had received 5 mg. All of 19 untreated control monkeys, infected simultaneously with the same amount of virus, developed paralysis. 2. Another group of 6 monkeys were infected intracerebrally with 0.05 cc. of virus. Following infection, one animal was treated in the same manner with 25 mg. and 5 with 5 mg. of vitamin C. In the whole group there was one animal that survived without showing any evidence of paralysis. This animal had received 5 mg. All of 7 untreated control monkeys, infected simultaneously with the same amount of virus, developed paralysis. 3. A third group of 22 monkeys were infected intracerebrally with 0.01 cc. of virus. Following infection, one animal was treated in the same manner with 100 mg., 2 with 50 to 10 mg., and 19 with 5 mg. of vitamin C. In the whole group there were 12 animals that survived without showing any evidence of paralysis. One of these had received 10 mg., while 11 had received 5 mg. Of 12 untreated control monkeys, infected simultaneously with the same amount of virus, 2 failed to show any paralytic symptoms and 10 developed paralysis. 4. A summary of the results obtained in all three groups shows: (a) that among a total of 62 treated monkeys, 19 survived without paralysis and 43 succumbed to the disease, while of a total of 38 untreated controls, only 2 failed to develop paralysis and 36 succumbed to the disease; (b) that treatment with large doses of vitamin C was without any beneficial effect (all 10 monkeys which had received 700 to 100 mg. developing paralysis, that the administration of intermediate doses was followed by occasional survival without paralysis of the treated animal (3 monkeys surviving of a total of 19 which had received 50 to 10 mg.), and that nearly one-half of the animals which had received small doses escaped the disease (16 monkeys surviving of a total of 33 which had received 5 mg.). 5. Attempts to protect monkeys against subsequent intracerebral infection by the prophylactic administration of vitamin C, either per os or parenterally, have produced negative results. 6. The pathogenesis of infantile paralysis is discussed in the light of the experimental findings and the possibility is suggested that vitamin C represents one of the deficiency factors in the susceptibility problem of the human disease.
Breast feeding must consider HIV transmission in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: R. Perez-Escamilla
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Nodular thyroid disease Abnormal thyroid function may be positive discriminator for malignancyEditor-Keston Jones states that testing of thyroid function is still one of the cornerstones of investigation in nodular thyroid disease. 1 He also states that overt thyroid dysfunction effectively rules out the possibility of malignancy.Thyroid function tests will not help in the discrimination of a nodule as they give no description of the nodule.In addition, malignancy may occur in patients with hyperthyroidism and a palpable thyroid nodule.Kraimps et al report that in patients with a cold nodule and Graves' disease the incidence of malignancy is as high as 15%, and that malignancy should be taken as an indication for total thyroidectomy, although in this group the nodules were mainly nonpalpable. 2ore impressively, Carnell and Valente report that 19% of palpable cold nodules were malignant in a retrospective review of 468 patients with Graves' disease. 3Thus in some instances abnormal thyroid function seems to be a positive discriminator for malignancy, although in the most euthyroid patients it will give no further diagnostic information.
Abstract 3834: JKA97, a novel anti-cancer candidate, induces G1 arrest via up-regulation of p21 in a p53-independent manner
Authors: Wei Wang, Xinyi Yang, Xu Zhang, Ming-hai Wang, Horrick Sharma, John K. Buolamwini, Ruiwen Zhang
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. Natural product-oriented synthetic derivatives have played an important role in cancer drug discovery. JKA97, a benzylidene analog of harmine, is a novel anti-cancer candidate. The initial studies have shown its inhibitory effects on tumor growth in experimental models. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study, we determined the anti-cancer effects of JKA97 on human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that, in a dose-dependent manner, JKA97 efficiently inhibited the growth and proliferation of human breast cancer cells with different p53 status, including MCF7 (p53 wild-type), MCF7 (p53 knockdown) and MDA-MB-468 (p53 mutant) cells. We also found that JKA97 induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells independent of p53 and that JKA97 treatment resulted in G1 phase arrest in all the three breast cancer cell lines. In vivo, JKA97 significantly suppressed the growth of both breast cancer MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 xenograft tumors. Mechanistically, JKA97 modulated the levels of various cell-cycle regulators involved in G1 to S phase progression, such as p21, p27, cyclinE, and cyclinD1. Our results indicated that p21 and p27were up-regulated while cyclinE and cyclinD1 were down-regulated by JKA97 treatment. Using quantitative PCR and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrated that the major mechanism for G1 phase arrest by JKA97 was induction of p21 at the transcriptional level, independent of p53. We further confirmed the role of p21 in JKA97-induced G1 phase arrest by using HCT116 cells with or without p21 expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that JKA97 inhibits human breast cancer by inducing cell cycle arrest through up-regulation of p21, regardless of p53 status. Considering that more than 50% human cancers have no or mutant p53 expression, our results provide a basis for further development of this compound as potential drug for breast cancer therapy. (This work was supported in part by NIH/NCI grants R01 CA112029 and R01 CA121211, R15 CA100102 and a grant (BCTR070731) from Susan G Komen for the Cure.) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3834. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3834
Serum amyloid A overrides Treg anergy via monocyte-dependent and Treg-intrinsic, SOCS3-associated pathways
Authors: Khoa D. Nguyen, Claudia Macaubas, Kari C. Nadeau, Phi Truong, Taejin Yoon, Tzielan Lee, Jane L. Park, Elizabeth D. Mellins
Journal: Blood (2011)
Delivery of a cocktail DNA vaccine encoding cysteine proteinases type I, II and III with solid lipid nanoparticles potentiate protective immunity against Leishmania major infection
Authors: Delaram Doroud, Farnaz Zahedifard, Alireza Vatanara, Abdolhossein Rouholamini Najafabadi, Yasaman Taslimi, Rouholah Vahabpour, Fatemeh Torkashvand, Behrooz Vaziri, Sima Rafati
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
Prospective Investigation of Autonomic Nervous System Function and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mercedes R. Carnethon, Sherita H. Golden, Aaron R. Folsom, William Haskell, Duanping Liao
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction has been correlated with fasting insulin and glucose, independent of clinically diagnosed diabetes. We tested whether men and women (aged 45 to 64 years) from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study (n=8185) with ANS dysfunction, estimated by high heart rate (HR) and low HR variability (HRV), were at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Methods and Results— Supine HR and HRV indices were measured for 2 minutes at baseline; indices were divided into quartiles for analyses. From 1987 to 1998 (mean follow-up 8.3 years), there were 1063 cases of incident diabetes. The relative risk (RR) of developing diabetes for participants with low-frequency (LF) power (0.04 to 0.15 Hz) HRV in the lowest quartile (&lt;7.7 ms 2 ) compared with the highest quartile (≥38.9 ms 2 ) was 1.2 (95% CI 1.0–1.4) after adjustment for age, race, sex, study center, education, alcohol drinking, current smoking, prevalent coronary heart disease, physical activity, and body mass index. Participants in the uppermost (&gt;72.7 bpm) versus the lowest (≤60.1 bpm) quartile of HR had a 60% increased risk (95% CI 33%–92%) of developing diabetes. Results were similar when the sample was restricted to participants with normal fasting glucose (glucose &lt;6.1 mmol/L) at baseline (n=7192) or when adjusted for baseline glucose (HR quartile 4 versus quartile 1, RR=1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.7). Conclusions— These findings suggest that ANS dysfunction may be associated with the development of diabetes in healthy adults.
Novel application of Hemospray to achieve hemostasis in post-variceal banding esophageal ulcers that are actively bleeding
Authors: Mostafa Ibrahim, Arnaud Lemmers, Jacques Devière
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

Esophageal variceal band ligation (EVL) has been described as the best treatment option for esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB) [1]. Following EVL, a local ulcer is commonly found that heals within 2 – 3 weeks, allowing the development of fibrosis in the submucosa. If the rubber band detaches prematurely, before variceal thrombosis has occurred, massive bleeding may occur at the site of the detached band [2]. This complication is rare but difficult to manage and is associated with mortality of up to 52 % [3] [4] [5]. Management is based on endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate when available, or balloon tamponade as a bridge to a rescue transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure [5].
Blocking transforming growth factor-beta up-regulates E-cadherin and reduces migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Emilia Fransvea, Umberto Angelotti, Salvatore Antonaci, Gianluigi Giannelli
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is challenging because the mechanisms underlying tumor progression are still largely unknown. Transforming growth factor (TGF)–β1 is considered a crucial molecule in HCC tumorigenesis because increased levels of patients' serum and urine are associated with disease progression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibition of TGF-β signaling and its impact on HCC progression. Human HCC cell lines were treated with a TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor (LY2109761) whose selectivity was determined in a kinase assay. Exogenous TGF-β1 phosphorylates the TGF-β receptor, consequently activating Smad-2, whereas the drug selectively blocks this effect and dephosphorylates autocrine p-Smad-2 at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 μM. A cytotoxic effect documented by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), trypan blue, and propidium iodide staining assays was observed at 10μM, whereas the drug inhibits ( P &lt; 0.001) the migration of HCC cells on fibronectin, laminin-5, and vitronectin and invasion through Matrigel ( P &lt; 0.001) at concentrations up to 0.1 μM. LY2109761 up-regulates ( P &lt; 0.001) E-cadherin mRNA and protein levels. This increase was localized at the cellular membrane where E-cadherin mediates anchorage that is cell–cell dependent. Consistently, a functional monoclonal antibody that inhibits E-cadherin–dependent cell–cell contact restores the migratory and invasive activity. Finally, nonmetastatic HCC tissues from 7 patients were cultured with TGF-β1 in the presence or absence of LY2109761. E-cadherin expression was reduced by TGF-β1 and was significantly ( P &lt; 0.0001) increased by LY2109761 treatment, measured by quantitative real-time PCR on microdissected tissues and by immunohistochemistry on serial sections. In 72 patients, E-cadherin tissue expression was more weakly expressed in metastatic than in nonmetastatic HCC ( P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: LY2109761 blocks migration and invasion of HCC cells by up-regulating E-cadherin, suggesting that there could be a mechanistic use for this molecule in clinical trials.
A new syndrome?
Authors: M I Jayson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1969)

HEBERDEN SOCIETYAAPP excretion in as much as they showed a number of features of "malignant rheumatoid arthritis" as described by de Seze (1965).There was no correlation, however, between the abnormally raised AAPP excretion and the rheumatoid factor titre or the erythrocyte sedimen- tation rate.After a 3-year clinical follow-up these same six patients had shown an unrelenting course of their disease, without notable remission, on conventional treatments such as aspirin to tolerance, low dose steroids (<10 mg.prednisone/day), and/or gold salts.This test may thus provide a biochemical basis for the clinical diagnosis of "malignant rheumatoid arthritis" and may turn out to be of prognostic value.Discussion.-DR.J. H. GLYN (London): Is it possible to state either from your work, or from previous published work, whether the administration of steroids in large doses will alter the excretion of mucopolysaccharides ?It seems possible that some of the therapeutic effects of steroids in connective tissue pathology could be exerted on the ground substance.
A day at the European Respiratory Society Congress: passive smoking influences both outdoor and indoor air quality
Authors: R. Boffi, A. Ruprecht, R. Mazza, M. Ketzel, G. Invernizzi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

To the Editors: 

Outdoor and indoor air quality is a well known determinant of human health 1. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a recognised risk factor for respiratory diseases 2 and the most important source of indoor particulate matter (PM) pollution 3. In recent years, several countries have issued smoking policy rules to protect nonsmoking people from ETS with a good compliance 4. This year, the European Respiratory Society (ERS) Congress was held in Copenhagen (Denmark), a country where, like many others, comprehensive anti-smoking rules are not yet fully endorsed 5. In fact, although smoking has been restricted in state-owned governmental premises since 1988, the legislation doesn't apply to the hospitality industry or to workplaces in the private sector. The ERS has made the case of passive smoking one of utmost importance for respiratory prevention 6. Congress participants were advised to refrain from smoking both inside and in front of the Copenhagen Congress venue at the Bella Center, which was indicated by signs stating the following: “Tobacco is the major cause of lung disease. Please refrain from smoking in and …