tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cervical sampling devices
Authors: P. Sasieni
Journal: BMJ (1996)

In 1994–5, 4.5 million cervical smears were examined in England; over 350 000 (7.9%) were deemed inadequate.1 Inadequacy rates reported by the 183 laboratories ranged from 0.2-35.5%. Such variation is unacceptable and must in part reflect different reporting criteria. Guidelines that should lead to a greater uniformity in reporting have since been circulated.2 The rates also depend, however, on the quality of smear taking, and there is room for improvement here too.

In this week's BMJ, Buntinx and Brouwers (p 1285) review the relation between sampling devices and detection of dyskaryosis.3 The data suggest that extended tip spatulas (such as the Aylesbury) should be used in preference to Ayre spatulas and that brushes may be beneficial when used in conjunction with spatulas but that they should not be used alone. Here I will consider the appropriateness of combining results from studies with very different designs and the appropriateness of the endpoints used to evaluate screening.

The ideal sampling device would maximise the amount of cervical cancer …
PI3Kδ inhibitor, GS-1101 (CAL-101), attenuates pathway signaling, induces apoptosis, and overcomes signals from the microenvironment in cellular models of Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Sarah A. Meadows, Francisco Vega, Adam Kashishian, Dave Johnson, Volker Diehl, Langdon L. Miller, Anas Younes, Brian J. Lannutti
Journal: Blood (2011)
Is This Woman Perimenopausal?
Authors: Lori A. Bastian, Crystal M. Smith, Kavita Nanda
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Context Perimenopause is a time of transition for women at midlife. Women want to know whether they are starting this change and physicians need to know the accuracy of a clinical examination in identifying perimenopausal women.These women should be counseled about alleviating climacteric symptoms, using contraception, and preventing diseases such as osteoporosis. Objective To systematically review the accuracy of self-assessment, symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests in diagnosing women in perimenopause. Data Sources English-language articles that presented data relevant to diagnosis of perimenopause were identified in a MEDLINE search from 1966 to 2001. References of these articles and other publications also were reviewed. Study Selection Cross-sectional or longitudinal studies of women aged 40 years or older that used the definition of perimenopause as 3 to 11 months of amenorrhea or irregular periods, included a premenopausal control group, and reported a clinical examination finding. Of 1246 articles identified, 16 studies were included in the analysis. Data Extraction Two authors independently reviewed articles for quality (L.A.B. and C.M.S.). Discrepancies were resolved by a third author (K.N.). Data Synthesis The prior probability of perimenopause is directly related to a woman's age. After considering age, the following yielded the greatest positive likelihood ratios (LRs+): self assessment of going through the transition (LR+ range, 1.53-2.13), symptoms of hot flashes (LR+ range, 2.15-4.06), night sweats (LR+ 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63-2.21), vaginal dryness (LR+ range, 1.48-3.79), high follicle-stimulating hormone levels (LR+ 3.06; 95% CI, 2.06-4.54), and low inhibin B levels (LR+ 2.05; 95% CI, 0.96-4.39). Self-assessment of perimenopausal status had the smallest negative LR (range, 0.18-0.36). Conclusions No one symptom or test is accurate enough by itself to rule in or rule out perimenopause. Clinicians should diagnose perimenopause based on menstrual history and age without relying on laboratory test results.
Role of Atelectasis in Surfactant Abnormalities Following Extracorporeal Circulation
Authors: JAMES L. GUEST, SRBOLJUB M. SEKULIC, THOMAS J. YEH, LOIS T. ELLISON, ROBERT G. ELLISON
Journal: Circulation (1966)

Surface activity of lung extracts was determined in 36 patients and 28 dogs following extracorporeal circulation. Normal results were usually found. Abnormal surface tension was demonstrated only in a few samples obtained from grossly atelectatic or congested portions of lung, normal surface tension being present in adjoining areas of the same lung. Sources of error in surface-tension measurements and factors to be considered in the interpretation of results are discussed. A possible explanation for the discrepancies in results obtained by various investigators is presented.
Trends in Pertussis Among Infants in the United States, 1980-1999
Authors: Masahiro Tanaka
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Reported cases of pertussis among adolescents and adults have increased since the 1980s, despite increasingly high rates of vaccination among infants and children. However, severe pertussis morbidity and mortality occur primarily among infants.To describe the trends and characteristics of reported cases of pertussis among infants younger than 12 months in the United States from 1980 to 1999.Cases of pertussis in infants younger than 12 months in the United States reported to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1980 and 1999, and detailed case data from the Supplementary Pertussis Surveillance System.Incidence and demographic and clinical characteristics of cases.The incidence of reported cases of pertussis among infants increased 49% in the 1990s compared with the incidence in the 1980s (19 798 vs 12 550 cases reported; 51.1 cases vs 34.2 cases per 100 000 infant population, respectively). Increases in the incidence of cases and the number of deaths among infants during the 1990s primarily were among those aged 4 months or younger, contrasting with a stable incidence of cases among infants aged 5 months or older. The proportion of cases confirmed by bacterial culture was higher in the 1990s than in the 1980s (50% and 33%, respectively); the proportion of hospitalized cases was unchanged (67% vs 68%, respectively). Receipt of fewer doses of vaccine was associated with hospitalization, when cases were stratified by age in months.The incidence of reported cases of pertussis among infants increased in the 1990s compared with the 1980s. The limited age group affected, the increased rate of bacteriologic confirmation, and the unchanged severity of illness suggest that an increase in infant pertussis has occurred apart from any change in reporting. Strategies are needed to prevent the morbidity and mortality from pertussis among infants too young to be fully vaccinated, according to the current recommended schedules of vaccination in the United States.
Abstract 2226: Structure/function characterization of SBi4225, a novel inhibitor of the calcium-binding protein S100B.
Authors: Michael C. Cavalier, Laura McKnight, David Weber, Paul Wilder
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The S100 family of proteins displays no enzymatic activity but has been shown to play roles in an array of biological functions such as calcium homeostasis, cellular growth, inflammation, and metabolism. The influence of these homodimeric proteins is mediated through protein-protein interactions in a typically calcium dependent manner and aberrant expression of S100 proteins has been linked to a variety of cancers, cardiomyopathies, and neurological disorders. Of particular interest, S100B is highly over-expressed in many cancers, including malignant melanoma (MM). In MM, S100B is used as prognostic indicator in evaluating treatment success and in predicting relapse. Studies now show that S100B is more than a clinical marker, and that it binds wild-type p53 in a calcium-dependent manner, sequestering it, and promoting its degradation. This results in the loss of p53-dependent tumor suppression activities. As inhibition of S100B expression by RNA interference restores both wild-type p53 protein levels and normal transcriptional activation/apoptosis activities, we have made it our long-term goal is to specifically inhibit the S100B-p53 interaction in order to restore the p53 tumor suppression function as a potential therapy for malignant melanoma. Although we have succeeded in identifying many S100B inhibitors (also known as SBiXs), optimization studies are a necessary part of the development of drugs with useful therapeutic activities. Included amongst these optimization studies are characterizations of structure-activity relationships (SAR). Our initial SAR studies have resulted in the development of a second series of SBiXs. Amongst this series is the novel S100B inhibitor, SBi4225. As part of the cyclical process of SAR studies, the binding of SBi4225 to S100B has been investigated using X-ray crystallography. As described within, SBi4225 binds to S100B in a position and orientation analogous to its predecessors, SBi4211 and SBi1. NMR data including chemical shift perturbations of 15N isotopically labeled protein backbone were consistent with the X-ray crystal structures and demonstrated the relevance of the SBi4225-S100B complex in solution. This new understanding of the SBi4225 structure/function relationship will undoubtedly impact the development and optimization of future SBiXs. Citation Format: Michael C. Cavalier, Laura McKnight, David Weber, Paul Wilder. Structure/function characterization of SBi4225, a novel inhibitor of the calcium-binding protein S100B. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2226. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2226
Oral contraception and risk of a cerebral thromboembolic attack: results of a case-control study.
Authors: O Lidegaard
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the risk of cerebral thromboembolism in women using low dose oral contraceptives. DESIGN--A retrospective case-control study. SETTING--All Danish medical, neurological, neurosurgical, and gynaecological departments. SUBJECTS--All 794 women in Denmark aged 15-44 who had suffered a cerebral thromboembolic attack during 1985-9 and 1588 age matched randomly selected controls. RESULTS--Of 692/1584 case/control questionnaires sent out, 590/1396 (85.3%/88.1%) were returned. Among the cases, 15 refused to participate, 69 had a revised or unreliable diagnosis, 40 had had thromboembolic disease previously, 13 were pregnant, and 152 had a disease predisposing to a cerebral thromboembolic attack. Of the 323 cases without a known predisposition, 320 reported use or non-use of oral contraception. Among the 1396 controls, eight refused to participate, were mentally retarded, or lived abroad; 18 returned an uncompleted questionnaire; 17 had had thromboembolic disease previously; 31 were pregnant; and 130 had a disease predisposing to a cerebral thromboembolic attack. Thus 1198 non-predisposed controls were available, among whom 1197 reported use or non-use of oral contraception. Among the 320 cases, 116 (36.3%) were oral contraceptive users at the time of the cerebral thromboembolic attack. By comparison there were 191 users (16.0%) among the 1197 controls, giving a crude odds ratio of 3.0. After multivariate analysis, including confounder control for age, smoking, years of schooling, and trend in use of different types of oral contraceptives during 1985-90, pills containing 50 micrograms oestrogen were associated with an odds ratio for cerebral thromboembolic attack of 2.9 (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 5.4), those containing 30-40 micrograms oestrogen an odds ratio of 1.8 (1.1 to 2.9), those containing progestogen only an odds ratio of 0.9 (0.4 to 2.4). The odds ratio did not change with increasing age or with duration of oral contraceptive use. A 50% increased risk of a cerebral thromboembolic attacks among cigarette smokers (after confounder control) was independent of oral contraception status and age. CONCLUSION--Low dose oral contraceptives are associated with an increased risk of cerebral thromboembolic attack. Combined or sequential pills containing 30-40 micrograms oestrogen are associated with a one third reduced risk compared with preparations containing 50 micrograms oestrogen. Progestogen only pills did not increase the risk of a cerebral thromboembolic attack.
Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol A at Environmentally Relevant Doses Adversely Affects the Murine Female Reproductive Tract Later in Life
Authors: Retha R. Newbold, Wendy N. Jefferson, Elizabeth Padilla-Banks
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals during critical developmental periods causes adverse consequences later in life; an example is prenatal exposure to the pharmaceutical diethylstilbestrol (DES). Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental estrogen used in the synthesis of plastics, is of concern because its chemical structure resembles that of DES, and it is a "high-volume production" chemical with widespread human exposure.
Eradication of established murine tumors using a novel cell-free vaccine: dendritic cell derived exosomes
Authors: Laurence Zitvogel, Armelle Regnault, Anne Lozier, Joseph Wolfers, Caroline Flament, Danielle Tenza, Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli, Graça Raposo, Sebastian Amigorena
Journal: Nature Medicine (1998)
EOSINOPHILIA IN DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS (DUHRING).
Authors: MARK A. BROWN
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Of late years the study of the morbid changes in the blood has become a most important aid to diagnosis in many varieties of disease. Leaving out such diseases as leucemia, pernicious anemia and chlorosis, the recognition of which depends absolutely on the blood examination, medicine has been aided in malaria by the finding of the plasmodium of Laveran, in typhoid and some other acute infections by the agglutinative or "clump" reaction, in surgery in appendicitis and other suppurative affections by a pronounced leucocytosis; in gynecology, where some doubt might exist as to the exact location of a tumor, certain states of the blood would point toward the ovary as the seat of the trouble, while again the hematologic examination might lend some aid in determining its malignancy or non-malignancy. Indeed, there is no branch of medicine in which the examination of the blood might not at some time be
T cells in the liver: There is life beyond the graveyard
Authors: Patrick Bertolino, David G. Bowen, Volker Benseler, Kris Kowdley, Geoffrey McCaughan, Christian Trautwein
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Abstract Influenza A virus infection of C57BL/6 mice is a well-characterized model for studying CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Analysis of primary and secondary responses showed that the liver is highly enriched for CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant H2DbNP366-374 (DbNP366) epitope. Functional analysis established that these liver-derived virus-specific CD8+ T cells are fully competent cytotoxic effectors and IFN-gamma secretors. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of early apoptotic cells showed that these influenza-specific CD8+ T cells from liver are as viable as those in the spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage, mediastinal lymph nodes, or lung. Moreover, cytokine profiles of the influenza-specific CD8+ T cells recovered from different sites were consistent with the bronchoalveolar lavage, rather than liver population, being the most susceptible to activation-induced cell death. Importantly, adoptively transferred influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells from the liver survived and were readily recalled after virus challenge. Together, these results show clearly that the liver is not a “graveyard” for influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells.
Pure red cell aplasia: Response to therapy with anti‐thymocyte globulin
Authors: Janis L. Abkowitz, Jerry S. Powell, Jeffrey M. Nakamura, Marshall E. Kadin, John W. Adamson
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) results from the failure of erythrocyte differentiation and may respond to immunosuppressive therapies. We have treated nine patients with PRCA refractory to steroids and/or cyclophosphamide with anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG). Six patients had normal numbers of erythroid bursts (from erythroid burstforming units) or erythroid colonies (from erythroid colony‐forming units) detectable in vitro, and all responded to therapy with ATG. In vitro studies suggested T‐cell inhibition of erythropoiesis in four of these six patients and humorally mediated erythroid suppression in one. In three individuals, virtually no erythroid progenitors were detected in marrow culture. None of these patients responded to ATG. Myelo‐fibrosis, 5q‐ chromosomal abnormality, or the subsequent development of thrombo‐cytopenia in these individuals suggested that PRCA resulted from an intrinsic stem cell disorder. Our studies demonstrate that ATG is effective therapy for PRCA, and it may be especially useful in children or other patients in whom alkylating agents are not appropriate. We also confirm that erythroid growth in marrow culture predicts those patients who will respond to ATG or other immunosuppressive therapies.
EKLF and KLF2 have compensatory roles in embryonic β-globin gene expression and primitive erythropoiesis
Authors: Priyadarshi Basu, Tina K. Lung, Wafaa Lemsaddek, Thanh Giang Sargent, David C. Williams, Mohua Basu, Latasha C. Redmond, Jerry B Lingrel, Jack L. Haar, Joyce A. Lloyd
Journal: Blood (2007)
Use of Live, Attenuated Measles Virus Vaccine in Children Allergic to Egg Protein
Authors: Peter B. Kamin
Journal: JAMA (1965)

RECENT REPORTS<sup>1</sup>indicate that the administration of measles vaccine for active immunization of susceptible children has not yet reached desirable levels, and that 20 million children under the age of 10, living in the United States, are unprotected. Several factors probably account for this, including lack of information, cost of the procedure, and the possibility or fear of reaction. The latter has been specifically related to egg-allergic children, of whom there are conservatively estimated to be over 50,000 among the allergic pediatric population of the United States. Since reactions to virus vaccines have occurred in the past among eggallergic children,<sup>2-4</sup>the manufacturers of virus vaccines have routinely cautioned that such children should not receive live, attenuated virus vaccine immunizations. In a previous study,<sup>5</sup>we administered live, attenuated measles virus vaccine to 11 children from 1 to 6 1/2 years of age, each of whom repeatedly demonstrated severe
Gastric emptying in normal subjects--a reproducible technique using a single scintillation camera and computer system.
Authors: P J Collins, M Horowitz, D J Cook, P E Harding, D J Shearman
Journal: Gut (1983)

The gastric emptying of a mixed solid and liquid meal was assessed in 24 normal subjects using a single camera/computer system which allowed continuous monitoring of both solids and liquids. It was shown that variation in tissue attenuation caused by the changing depth of radionuclide within the stomach accounted for large errors in the measurement of gastric emptying (alteration in 50% emptying time of up to 65%). A technique for the correction of attenuation is described which used factors derived from a lateral image of the stomach. In all subjects, solid emptying was slower than liquid emptying and was characterised by a delay (lag period) which was followed by linear emptying. Liquid emptying usually followed a single exponential pattern. The effect of physiological changes induced by increasing the calorie content of the liquid component of the meal was assessed by giving either water, 10% dextrose or 25% dextrose. Liquid emptying was slowed and the lag period of solid was prolonged as the calorie content increased. Reproducibility was assessed in 19 subjects. For the three groups studied (water, 10% dextrose, 25% dextrose) the day-to-day variation in gastric emptying was not significant for any measured parameter, while statistically significant differences were present in solid and liquid emptying between subjects and groups.
US doctors oppose participation in executions
Authors: G McBride
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Groups representing physicians and other health professionals and two human rights organisations in the US are taking a strong stand against the participation of health professionals in executions. A long report, Breach of Trust: Physician Participation in Executions in the United States, has been issued by four organisations: the American College of Physicians, which represents more than 80 000 internists; Physicians for Human Rights, which has about 4000 members; Human Rights Watch; and the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. A joint statement has also come from the American College of Physicians, the American Medical Association (AMA), the American Nurses' Association, and the American Public Health Association, saying that participation in state executions (federal executions are rare) “contradicts the fundamental role of …
Abstract 3218: High pathological CR rate and low recurrence rate was observed in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer after preoperative bevacizumab plus FOLFOX therapy
Authors: Hiroyuki Uetake, Toshiaki Ishikawa, Yusuke Mitsunori, Shinji Tanaka, Shigeki Arii, Kenichi Sugihara
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract [Background] We reported the effectiveness of intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using perflubutane (SONAZOIDTM) for complete resection of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer (CRC) after Bevacizumab (Bmab)+FOLFOX therapy (Annual meeting of AACR, 2010). In this study, we report pathological CR (pCR) rate of resected liver tumors and recurrence rate of disappeared lesions that were not resected. [Material and methods] Sixteen patients of advanced CRC with liver metastasis only (no extrahepatic lesion) were treated with Bmab+FOLFOX therapy. Response rate of chemotherapy was 81%. Among the 16 patients, 8 (50%) were underwent liver resection after chemotherapy. We study 6 of the 8 patients, who were followed up longer than a year (20-33 months). [Result] By CT angiography, 47 liver metastases were detected before chemotherapy. By intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, 26 liver tumors were detected and resected. In histological examination, 11 (42%) were without viable cancer cell (pCR). Among 21 lesions that were not detected by intraoperative ultrasound and not resected, only 2 lesions were re-detected in follow up period and both lesion were resected. [Conclusion] High pCR rate and low recurrence rate was observed in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer after preoperative Bmab + FOLFOX therapy. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography was effective for complete resection of liver metastases, as well as low recurrence rate of disappeared lesion after chemotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3218. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3218
Bisphenol-A Exposure and Asthma In An Inner-City Birth Cohort
Authors: K.M. Donohue, R.L. Miller, M.S. Perzanowski, A.C. Just, L.A. Hoepner, S. Arunajadai, F.P. Perera, R.M. Whyatt
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
THE ADENYL CYCLASE OF SKIN I. MEASUREMENT AND PROPERTIES
Authors: P. D. MIER, E. URSELMANN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

A method is described for the measurement of cutaneous adenyl cyclase. Certain properties of the adenyl cyclase of guinea‐pig skin have been studied; this enzyme appears to be unusual in that no stimulation of its activity by adrenalin could be demonstrated.