Health-system reforms to control tuberculosis in China
Authors: Adrian C Sleigh
Journal: The Lancet (2007)

In today's Lancet, Longde Wang and colleagues report on many remarkable recent improvements in the control of tuberculosis in China.1Wang L Liu J Chin DP Progress in tuberculosis control and the evolving public-health system in China.Lancet. 2007; 369: 691-696Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar The progress is good news in view of the size and global importance of the tuberculosis burden in China and the faltering of control in the 1990s, as noted by Wang. The fruitful partnership with WHO, the World Bank, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and several governments and non-governmental organisations is also noteworthy, as is the commitment to transparent reporting and health-system reform in China today in the environment after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Better control of tuberculosis in China is also timely in view of the high rates of multidrug resistance, and the emergence of HIV infection in some population subgroups also at high risk of tuberculosis.2Zignol M Hosseini MS Wright A et al.Global incidence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.J Infect Dis. 2006; 194: 479-485Crossref PubMed Scopus (450) Google Scholar One group of special concern are work migrants, most often poor young men, who leave the countryside to join the wage economy in towns and cities all over China.3Jackson S Sleigh AC Wang GJ Liu XL Household poverty, off-farm migration and pulmonary tuberculosis in rural Henan, China.in: Sleigh AC Chee HL Yeoh BSA Phua KH Safman R Population dynamics and infectious diseases in Asia. World Scientific, Singapore2006: 231-244Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 4Jackson S Sleigh AC Wang GJ Liu XL Poverty and the economic effects of TB in rural China.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006; 10: 1104-1110PubMed Google Scholar, 5Kelly D Luo X SARS and China's rural migrant labour: roots of a governance crisis.in: Sleigh AC Chee HL Yeoh BSA Phua KH Safman R Population dynamics and infectious diseases in Asia. World Scientific, Singapore2006: 389-408Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 6Zhang LX Tu DH An YS Enarson DA The impact of migrants on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in Beijing, China.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006; 10: 959-962PubMed Google Scholar Some come from areas such as Henan Province where huge numbers of peasants were infected with HIV from scandalous plasma-donor practices in the 1990s. Many male migrants are at risk of unprotected sex when away from home. And men are also at higher risk of tuberculosis than women in China because the male-to-female ratio of adults with pulmonary tuberculosis is about 2:1 or more, reflecting a real risk excess rather than differential detection or notification.7China Tuberculosis Control CollaborationThe effect of tuberculosis control in China.Lancet. 2004; 364: 417-422Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar, 8Borgdoff MW Nagelkerke NJD Dye C Nunn P Gender and tuberculosis: comparision of prevalence surveys with notification data to explore sex differences in case detection.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000; 4: 123-133PubMed Google Scholar So several factors converge in young male migrant workers to put them at risk of both HIV and tuberculosis, and this convergence must be of great concern. When over 10% of an entire population is on the move, and when these floating people are poorer and have more tuberculosis than average, public health has a big problem. When that happens in China, with a fifth of the global population and more than its share of tuberculosis, the world has a big problem. This problem is compounded because China's internal work migrants often live and work in circumstances that promote transmission of tuberculosis and impede its diagnosis and treatment.3Jackson S Sleigh AC Wang GJ Liu XL Household poverty, off-farm migration and pulmonary tuberculosis in rural Henan, China.in: Sleigh AC Chee HL Yeoh BSA Phua KH Safman R Population dynamics and infectious diseases in Asia. World Scientific, Singapore2006: 231-244Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 4Jackson S Sleigh AC Wang GJ Liu XL Poverty and the economic effects of TB in rural China.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006; 10: 1104-1110PubMed Google Scholar, 6Zhang LX Tu DH An YS Enarson DA The impact of migrants on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in Beijing, China.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006; 10: 959-962PubMed Google Scholar They are usually so poor that the cost of adequate diagnosis and treatment is prohibitively expensive. Indeed, they may not be able to get treated at all unless they return to their home village in the poor interior, because subsidised management of tuberculosis (and other social welfare) is only available through facilities in the area where they were registered at birth.5Kelly D Luo X SARS and China's rural migrant labour: roots of a governance crisis.in: Sleigh AC Chee HL Yeoh BSA Phua KH Safman R Population dynamics and infectious diseases in Asia. World Scientific, Singapore2006: 389-408Crossref Scopus (3) Google Scholar Those born in rural zones are not allowed to switch registration to become urban residents. They have been allowed to leave their area (temporarily) for work since 1992 and now number more than 100 million. China's remarkable economic growth depends on them, but if they get tuberculosis, they have to return home for treatment. Going home for rural health care in China is not ideal either. Over the past 30 years, that part of the health system has run down because government funding has fallen while everything else has become more expensive. Health facilities attempted to make up shortfalls by charging ever larger fees for diagnosis and treatment, especially for a difficult disease like tuberculosis. In China today, patients' payments keep the health services running and the medical staff have been encouraged to supply profitable health goods and services, especially drugs. Their own jobs depend on adequate operational funds, which are largely generated through user fees. Meanwhile, over the same 30 years, the socialist system of universal rural health-insurance collapsed and was not replaced apart from some pilot tests of an under-resourced community-based scheme in the 1990s.9Jackson S Sleigh AC Li P Liu XL Health finance in rural Henan: low premium insurance compared to the out-of-pocket system.China Q. 2005; 181: 137-157Crossref Scopus (27) Google Scholar, 10Sun X Jackson S Carmichael G Sleigh A Catastrophic payment and health protection in rural China: evidence from the New Cooperative Medical Scheme in Shandong Province.http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/index.html?page=57000Date: Jan, 2007Google Scholar Until recently, virtually all rural residents, 900 million in all, had no health insurance at all. This situation will change if the current experiments with community-based health-insurance succeed and are then adopted nationally, but in the meantime as many as 10% of rural households have catastrophic medical payments (exceeding 40% of their disposable income) every year.10Sun X Jackson S Carmichael G Sleigh A Catastrophic payment and health protection in rural China: evidence from the New Cooperative Medical Scheme in Shandong Province.http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/index.html?page=57000Date: Jan, 2007Google Scholar As Wang and colleagues note in their account of revitalised control of tuberculosis in China, the reforms need to go hand-in-hand with reform of the overall health system. In their figure 2, they show that finance for tuberculosis control was transformed by the infusion of additional funds on top of the stable levels of local government support. Similar multilevel financial support is needed for the entire health system, and the success with tuberculosis control shows what can be achieved in China when sound investments are made. I declare that I have no conflict of interest. Progress in tuberculosis control and the evolving public-health system in ChinaChina has the world's second largest tuberculosis epidemic, but progress in tuberculosis control was slow during the 1990s. Detection of tuberculosis had stagnated at around 30% of the estimated total of new cases, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was a major problem. These signs of inadequate tuberculosis control can be linked to a malfunctioning health system. The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, brought to light substantial weaknesses in the country's public-health system. Full-Text PDF