tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inpatient Fall Prevention Programs as a Patient Safety Strategy
Authors: Isomi M. Miake-Lye, Susanne Hempel, David A. Ganz, Paul G. Shekelle
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Falls are common among inpatients. Several reviews, including 4 meta-analyses involving 19 studies, show that multicomponent programs to prevent falls among inpatients reduce relative risk for falls by as much as 30%. The purpose of this updated review is to reassess the benefits and harms of fall prevention programs in acute care settings and to identify factors associated with successful implementation of these programs. We searched for new evidence using PubMed from 2005 to September 2012. Two new, large, randomized, controlled trials supported the conclusions of the existing meta-analyses. An optimal bundle of components was not identified. Harms were not systematically examined, but potential harms included increased use of restraints and sedating drugs and decreased efforts to mobilize patients. Eleven studies showed that the following themes were associated with successful implementation: leadership support, engagement of front-line staff in program design, guidance of the prevention program by a multidisciplinary committee, pilot-testing interventions, use of information technology systems to provide data about falls, staff education and training, and changes in nihilistic attitudes about fall prevention. Future research would advance knowledge by identifying optimal bundles of component interventions for particular patients and by determining whether effectiveness relies more on the mix of the components or use of certain implementation strategies.
Peanuts in Infants: Inhalants as Well as Allergens-Reply
Authors: Hugh A. Sampson
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I fully agree with Ms Schultz that nuts and peanuts should be excluded from the diets of all young children because of the risk of aspiration. However, the letter by Ms Schultz raises an important point. Many infants are given peanut butter and other foods that contain nut products prior to their third birthday. These products often are overlooked as sources of major allergens. In my remarks, which were directed at the question of allergenicity, I wished to emphasize that all peanutand nut-containing products should be avoided.
Doctors held for bombing attempts, but NHS defends vetting procedures
Authors: Michael Day
Journal: BMJ (2007)

NHS Employers, the organisation responsible for employment procedures in the NHS, defended its vetting practices this week after seven doctors and medical students-six in the United Kingdom and one in Australia-were held by police in connection with the failed car bombings in London and Glasgow.One doctor, Iraqi born Bilal Abdullah, who worked as a locum doctor at the Royal Alexandra Hospital, in Paisley, near Glasgow, was arrested at the scene of Saturday's attempt to blow up a jeep packed with gas cylinders at Glasgow airport.Another man detained at the scene with 90% burns is thought to be a junior hospital doctor.He is in the Royal Alexandra Hospital.Later that day, the 26 year old Jordanian born doctor Mohammed Asha and a 27 year old woman, thought to be his wife, were arrested in Sandbach, Cheshire, northwest England.Dr Asha, whose family comes originally from Palestine, had worked as a junior doctor at the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital and the Princess Royal Hospital, in Telford.In a statement NHS Employers said that all NHS hospitals "carry out rigorous checks before they appoint any member of staff, including verification of identity, qualifications, registration, and eligibility to work in the UK."The nature of their work means that staff are dealing with people who are vulnerable, and we need to be confident that patients are safe."It added, "While doing all they can to prevent unsuitable people taking up employment in the NHS, employers also have a duty to look after the rights of their staff, and this includes not discriminating against employees in any way on the grounds of their religion or belief." NHS defends vetting after doctors held for bombing bidsUK NEWS Economist says NICE should approve fewer costly drugs, p11 World NEWS �ost US surgeons in training get needlestic�� in�uries, few report them, p1� �ost US surgeons in training get needlestic�� in�uries, few report them, p1� , p1� bm�.comEgypt tightens ban on female genital mutilation after 1�� year old girl dies Egypt tightens ban on female genital mutilation after 1�� year old girl dies
FDG PET in Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Authors: C Cheze-Le Rest, E Botton, G Robinet, V Conan-Charlet, Y Bizais, D Visvikis
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH) is an uncommon tumor of endothelial origin. It can develop in any tissue and can be multicentric or metastatic. The usual course is a slow progression. Imaging techniques are generally useful in determining the extent of the disease. A case of EH involving bone marrow and mediastinum is described. We discuss the use of FDG PET scanning in EH, showing its use in detecting bone marrow involvement and determining the extent of the disease.
Abstract 1994: Mediators responsible for the invasive progression of superficial bladder cancers
Authors: So-Young Seol, Sang-Yop Lee, Seong-Gi Kim, Sun-Hee Leem, In-Sun Chu
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Bladder cancer is seventh most prevalent type of cancer worldwide and accounts for an estimated 150,000 deaths annually. Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder accounts for more than 90% of bladder cancers. This cancer presents as a heterogeneous disease that consists of two main phenotypic groups with distinct biological behaviors and prognoses: Approximately 80% of patients have tumors that are superficial or non-muscle invasive, and the remaining 20% of tumors presents as a muscle-invasive tumor with dismal prognosis. After early treatment by surgical resection and intravesical immunotherapy, around 20% of these patients have disease progression to invasive tumors and eventually die of the disease. Current methods of predicting the clinical behavior of these tumors prospectively are unreliable. Due to the progress of superficial bladder cancer into invasive bladder cancer, a development of marker that could identify superficial cancers with a high risk of progression is needed. In our microarray analysis from 165 bladder cancer patients, supervised analysis of gene expression data revealed a gene expression signature that is strongly associated with invasive bladder tumors. Gene network analyses of the signature revealed that E2F1 and its downstream effectors EZH2 and SUZ12 could be important mediators for the invasive and metastatic progression of superficial tumors. Furthermore, we investigated how these genes may affect the invasive and metastatic progression of superficial tumors. We investigated the invasive ability by these genes in two groups of bladder cancer cell lines: One group (UC9 and UC14) has a superficial signature of bladder cancer, and the other group (EJ and UC13) has an invasive signature of bladder cancer. We examined the effects of overexpression or siRNA inhibition of these genes on cell growth, wound healing migration and invasion in bladder cancer cell lines. We will report the results estimating the roles of these genes for the invasive and metastatic progression in bladder cancer cell lines. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1994.
Cardiotoxicity and Neurotoxicity of High-Dose Continuous Fluorouracil As a Result of Degradation Compounds in the Drug Vials
Authors: Johannes Lukaschek, Martin Nufer, Dominik Maurer, Maximilian Asanger, Hanspeter Honegger, Lucas Widmer, Myriam Malet-Martino, Rémi Legay, Robert Martino
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)
An HIV-Encoded Antisense Long Noncoding RNA Epigenetically Regulates Viral Transcription
Authors: Sheena Saayman, Amanda Ackley, Anne-Marie W Turner, Marylinda Famiglietti, Alberto Bosque, Matthew Clemson, Vicente Planelles, Kevin V Morris
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2014)

The abundance of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their wide range of functional roles in human cells are fast becoming realized. Importantly, lncRNAs have been identified as epigenetic modulators and consequently play a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression. A human immunodeficiency virus-encoded antisense RNA transcript has recently been reported and we sought to characterize this RNA and determine its potential role in viral transcription regulation. The intrinsic properties of this human immunodeficiency virus-expressed lncRNA were characterized and the data presented here suggest that it functions as an epigenetic brake to modulate viral transcription. Suppression of this long antisense transcript with small single-stranded antisense RNAs resulted in the activation of viral gene expression. This lncRNA was found to localize to the 5' long-term repeats (LTR) and to usurp components of endogenous cellular pathways that are involved in lncRNA directed epigenetic gene silencing. Collectively, we find that this viral expressed antisense lncRNA is involved in modulating human immunodeficiency virus gene expression and that this regulatory effect is due to an alteration in the epigenetic landscape at the viral promoter.
The Unusual Adaptive Expansion of Pancreatic Ribonuclease Gene in Carnivora
Authors: L. Yu, Y.-p. Zhang
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Pancreatic ribonuclease (RNASE1) is a digestive enzyme that has been recognized to be one of the most attractive model systems for molecular evolutionary studies. The contribution of RNASE1 gene duplication to the functional adaptation of digestive physiology in foregut-fermenting herbivores, mostly in ruminants, has been well documented. However, no one has ever done a comprehensive study on the carnivores, which are sister to the artiodactyls. Here, we sequenced this gene from 15 species of the superfamily Caniformia in order Carnivora, which all have a relatively simple digestive system and lack the microbial digestion in rumen or cecum typical of most herbivores. In contrast to our initial expectation that only a single RNASE1 gene is present in these carnivores, we observed a "birth (gene duplication)-and-death (gene deactivation)" process for the evolution of RNASE1 genes in all 3 species of Mustelidae family examined here, adding the growing diversity of RNASE1 gene family evolution. In addition, bursts of positive selection have been shown to contribute the enigmatic diversification of these RNASE1 genes in Mustelidae. The finding of the adaptive expansion of RNASE1 in animals without foregut fermentation provides another opportunity for further studies of the structure, function, and evolution of this gene, raising the possibility that new tissue specificity or other functions of RNASE1 genes might have developed in these species.
Preventing Coronary Artery Disease by Lowering Cholesterol Levels
Authors: Daniel Steinberg, Antonio M. Gotto, Jr
Journal: JAMA (1999)

In the more than 50 years since the founding of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the American Heart Association, medical science has moved from an era in which hypercholesterolemia, as it is now defined, was not believed to be abnormal to one in which controlling hypercholesterolemia is known to reduce not only coronary artery disease morbidity and mortality but also total mortality. While the efforts and successes of many researchers involved in this evolution are impressive, atherosclerosis is still a major cause of death and disability in many developed nations, mostly in the form of myocardial infarction and stroke, and is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in developing nations. Many questions about the detailed pathogenesis of the disease remain. Elucidating the roles of high-density lipoprotein, other lipoproteins, and homocysteine, as well as the roles of cytokines and growth factors, will permit better understanding and treatment of atherosclerosis. With continuing support for research and encouragement of physicians and patients to follow recommended preventive regimens, further progress can be made against this major cause of death.
Exposure of the US Population to Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Authors: James L. Pirkle
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To estimate the extent of exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke and the contribution of the home and workplace environment to environmental tobacco smoke exposure.Nationally representative cross-sectional survey including questionnaire information from persons aged 2 months and older (n=16818) and measurements of serum cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) from persons aged 4 years and older (n=10642).Participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, October 25, 1988, to October 21, 1991.Of US children aged 2 months to 11 years, 43% lived in a home with at least 1 smoker, and 37% of adult non-tobacco users lived in a home with at least 1 smoker or reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure at work. Serum cotinine levels indicated more widespread exposure to nictoine. Of non-tobacco users, 87.9% had detectable levels of serum cotinine. Both the number of smokers in the household and the hours exposed at work were significantly and independently associated (P<.001, multiple regression t test) with increased serum cotinine levels. Serum cotinine levels of children, non-Hispanic blacks, and males indicated that these groups had higher exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Dietary variables showed no consistent association with serum cotinine levels, and dietary contribution to serum cotinine level, if any, appeared to be extremely small.The high proportion of the population with detectable serum cotinine levels indicates widespread exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the US population. Both the home and workplace environments significantly contribute to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in the United States.
317. Raf-1 siRNA Inhibits Tumor Growth In Vivo
Authors: Qixin Leng, A. James Mixson
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Raf-1 belongs to a family of Raf kinases, each of which may have a different physiological function. Raf-1 is a cytosolic threonine kinase that plays an important role in tumor cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Upregulated Raf-1 activity has also been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. To take advantage of the importance of Raf-1 in tumor growth and angiogenesis, we explored in this study a new technology, siRNA, that has been used to downregulate the gene of interest. We initially determined that Raf-1 siRNA markedly reduced Raf-1 mRNA in MDA-MB-435 cells in vitro by approximately 75% compared to control siRNA treatment groups. Raf-1 siRNA also reduced cell number by inducing apoptosis in a number of cell lines including HUVEC, MDA-MB-435, and C6 cells. After determining the in vitro efficacy of Raf-1 siRNA, we tested the efficacy of this siRNA in complex with the optimal histidine-lysine carrier to reduce the tumor growth in vivo in a nude mouse model. MDA-MB-435 xenografts treated by intratumoral injections of Raf-1 siRNA were significantly reduced compared with the control groups (see figure; |[ast]|, P<0.05, Untreated vs. siRNA). By the fourth measurement (third injection), tumor growth was reduced by nearly 60% in the Raf-1 siRNA treatment group compared with the untreated group (|[ast]||[ast]|, P<0.02). Similarly, compared to control groups, Raf-1 siRNA administered intratumorally reduced significantly the growth of C6 glioma xenografts. Taken together, our data provides evidence that Raf-1 siRNA may be an effective strategy for reducing tumor growth.
Changes in Cognitive Abilities Over a 4-Year Period Are Unfavorably Affected in Elderly Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Annick Fontbonne, Claudine Berr, Pierre Ducimetière, Annick Alpérovitch
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE— To compare 4-year changes in cognitive performance among elderly subjects according to category of fasting blood glucose (FBG)using American Diabetes Association criteria. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Subjects without any detectable cognitive dysfunction were selected from the Epidemiology of Vascular Aging(EVA) Study, a cohort of community-dwelling people aged 59-71 years at baseline. They were classified into glucose categories (normal, impaired fasting glucose [IFG], or diabetic) based on FBG values or known diabetes. Their cognitive abilities were assessed by a global test (Mini Mental Status Examination [MMSE]) and eight domain-specific tests, and they were reassessed 4 years later. Serious cognitive worsening was defined as a score evolution into the worst 15% of the sample's distribution of score differences (4-year score minus baseline score) for each test. RESULTS— At baseline, age-, sex-, and education-adjusted scores for all cognitive tests except one were similar across glucose categories. After 4 years, diabetic subjects had a lower performance on all tests except the MMSE, with differences reaching statistical significance on four tests. Adjusted odds ratios for serious worsening over 4 years in diabetic subjects, with reference to normal subjects, were &amp;gt;2 for four tests (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and bordering this value for two others(P &amp;lt; 0.09). Further adjustment for blood pressure or potential cognition-affecting substances (alcohol, tobacco, and medications) did not modify these results. CONCLUSIONS— Despite similar high initial cognitive function,diabetic subjects tended to have an unfavorable evolution of cognitive performance over 4 years compared with subjects who had normal glucose or IFG.
IgM-induced tumor cell cytotoxicity mediated by normal thymocytes.
Authors: E W Lamon, H D Whitten, B Lidin, H H Fudenberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1975)

In summary, we have found that IgM, from mice which have undergone regression of primary MSV tumors, will induce cytotoxicity against the appropriate target cells by normal splenocytes and normal thymocytes. The thymocyte-induced cytotoxicity i
Is variceal bleeding increasing within the UK population?
Authors: C. J. Crooks, J. West, T. Card
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The incidence of cirrhosis and mortality from chronic liver disease is increasing, but it is not known whether hospitalisations for variceal bleeding are also increasing. In contrast, hospitalisations for peptic ulcer bleeding are believed to be decreasing due to falling <i>H. pylori</i> and peptic ulcer prevalence. Yet in the UK during the 1990s non variceal hospitalisation rates remained unchanged, and even increased in the elderly, possibly as a consequence of aspirin and NSAID use.1 We therefore aimed to accurately determine trends in hospitalisation rates of variceal haemorrhage and compare these to the current trends of non-variceal haemorrhage. <h3>Methods</h3> We used hospital episodes statistics which contain all admissions within England, and identified the number of upper gastrointestinal bleeds according to ICD 10 codes between 1999 and 2007. We used the Office of National Statistics mid-year population estimates to derive the population denominators by age and sex. Changes in hospitalisation rates were adjusted for age and sex using Poisson regression. <h3>Results</h3> 313,111 admissions were identified with a primary diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Of these 302,492 (97%) were non-variceal bleeds, and 10,619 (3%) were variceal bleeds (see table 1). Even after adjusting for age and sex there was no increase in the hospitalisation rate of variceal haemorrhage test for trend (p = 0.5). In contrast, there was a slight 0.6% annual increase in the hospitalisation rate of non variceal haemorrhage that persisted despite adjusting for age and gender (annual increase in hospitalisation rate of 0.2%, 95% confidence interval 0.1–0.4%, p = 0.001). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Hospitalisation rates of variceal haemorrhage are not increasing despite the observed increase in cirrhosis. This could be because of better primary and secondary prevention of bleeding or from the diagnosis of cirrhosis at an earlier stage of the disease process. Patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage are admitted acutely to hospital as standard practice within England so these hospitalisation rates are a useful proxy for population based incidence rates.
Abstract 3920: In vivo tyrosinase reporter gene imaging with multispectral photoacoustic technology.
Authors: Andrew Heinmiller, Minalini Lakshman, Dave Bates, Andrew Needles, Catherine Theodoropoulos, Robert J. Paproski, Roger J. Zemp
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Photoacoustic imaging is a powerful tool for assessing tumor vasculature and oxygen saturation as well as detecting contrast agents for molecular imaging. Another exciting possibility is to visualize gene expression by using a reporter which produces a photoacoustic contrast agent. Tyrosinase is such a reporter in that its expression results in the production of melanin, which gives a strong photoacoustic signal. Here we describe the use of a commercially available photoacoustic (PA) imaging system (Vevo LAZR, VisualSonics, Toronto) to image inducible gene expression in subcutaneous xenograft tumors using tyrosinase as a reporter gene. The photoacoustic imaging system generated light from a tunable laser (680 - 970 nm) which was delivered through fiber optic bundles integrated into a linear array transducer (LZ-250, fc = 21 MHz), mounted to a linear stepper motor for 3D imaging. Animals (n=3) having MCF-7 xenograft tumors on either flank transfected with (+TYR) or without (-TYR) doxycycline-regulated tyrosinase were imaged before and one week after the induction of tyrosinase expression. 3D images of the tumors were acquired using multiple wavelengths (680, 750, 800, 850, 900 and 950nm) and 2D images were acquired across the entire wavelength range of the laser to generate absorption curves for blood and melanin. To confirm the presence of melanin and distinguish it from the endogenous blood signal, one animal was exsanguinated and the tumor was imaged again. Approximately 1mm-thick slices of the tumors were taken and photographed for visual confirmation of the presence of melanin. Comparison of pre- and post-doxycycline images of +TYR tumors clearly showed enhanced contrast in the tumor which closely matched the absorption spectrum of melanin. This signal persisted upon exsanguination. -TYR tumors showed signal which corresponded with the spectra of oxy and deoxy hemoglobin and changed little over the course of the experiment. Visual inspection of the excised sliced tumors revealed pigmentation in the +TYR tumors which was absent in the -TYR tumors. Here we have shown the ability of the Vevo LAZR photoacoustic imaging system to visualize inducible reporter gene expression in vivo. This has implications for assessing genetically controlled cellular processes and their response to anti-cancer drugs but also for monitoring gene therapy for cancer treatment non-invasively. Citation Format: Andrew Heinmiller, Minalini Lakshman, Dave Bates, Andrew Needles, Catherine Theodoropoulos, Robert J. Paproski, Roger J. Zemp. In vivo tyrosinase reporter gene imaging with multispectral photoacoustic technology. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3920. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3920