tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Responsible Oversight of Human Stem Cell Research: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine's Medical and Ethical Standards
Authors: Geoffrey P Lomax, Zach W Hall, Bernard Lo
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

California voters recently approved $3 billion over 10 years for public funding of stem cell research through the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). Geoffrey Lomax and colleagues discuss the principles that guided the CIRM regulations.
Transplacental Carcinogenesis by Stilbestrol
Authors: Judah Folkman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

This editorial argues the cause-and-effect relationship between in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and incidence of vaginal adenocarcinoma among young women. It is conjectured that the mechanism by which DES induces tumors is a result of transplacental carcinogenesis; i.e., DES causes a malignant change in any fetal cell of future vaginal tissue, resulting in a genetic defect which may not be realized until puberty, when endogenous hormone production acts as a promoter of the malignancy initiated by DES exposure during gestation. If this theory is correct, local progestational therapy may arrest future adenocarcinoma cases. Though it is obvious that DES therapy must be avoided in the future in the population of pregnant women, of more concern is the presence of residual DES in foodstuffs, particularly livestock meat. A ban of such diet supplementation of human foodstuffs is called for.
Nanotechnology approaches for personalized treatment of multidrug resistant cancers
Authors: Tamara Minko, Lorna Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Vitaly Pozharov
Journal: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2013)

The efficacy of chemotherapy is substantially limited by the resistance of cancer cells to anticancer drugs that fluctuates significantly in different patients. Under identical chemotherapeutic protocols, some patients may receive relatively ineffective doses of anticancer agents while other individuals obtain excessive amounts of drugs that induce severe adverse side effects on healthy tissues. The current review is focused on an individualized selection of drugs and targets to suppress multidrug resistance. Such selection is based on the molecular characteristics of a tumor from an individual patient that can potentially improve the treatment outcome and bring us closer to an era of personalized medicine.
STUDIES OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM
Authors: Ray F. Farquharson, William T. Salter, Dorothy M. Tibbetts, Joseph C. Aub
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1931)

In the course of our studies in calciulm metabolism evidence has steadily accumulated that the metabolism of acid-producing sub- stances plays an important r6le in influencing the assimilation and excretion of calcium.This effect, however, has not been adequately studied in man, and in other studies of calcium exchange the potential acidity or alkalinity of foods and medication has largely been neglected.It is the purpose of the present investigation to follow the effect of food-stuffs and inorganic salts on calcium metabolism with relation to their potential acidity (after oxidation) referred to the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood.Studies in rickets for some time have indicated the importance of acidity to the assimilation and storage of inorganic salts in bone.Thus, McClendon (1) noted that the addition of alkali to a diet in- creased its power to produce rickets and, conversely, Zucker, Johnson, and Barnett (2) reported that the change in acidity of diets from the alkaline toward the acid side of neutrality might result in healing of the rachitic lesions.Much work, too, has been done upon the effect of administered acid on the mineral excretion.The experiments of Givens and Mendel (3) and of Givens (4) upon the effect of base and acid on the general metabolism tended to minimize variations in calcium excretion result- ing from this factor.Subsequently, Goto (5), using rabbits, demon- strated depletion of the skeleton by repeated doses of hydrochloric acid.Lamb and Evvard (6) demonstrated increased urinary calcium
Excess membrane cholesterol alters calcium movements, cytosolic calcium levels, and membrane fluidity in arterial smooth muscle cells.
Authors: M M Gleason, M S Medow, T N Tulenko
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

The relations between membrane cholesterol content, basal (unstimulated) transmembrane 45Ca2+ movements, cytosolic calcium levels, and membrane fluidity were investigated in cultured rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and isolated SMC plasma membrane microsomes. SMCs were enriched with unesterified (free) cholesterol (FC) for 18-24 hours with medium containing human low density lipoprotein and FC-rich phospholipid (PL) liposomes. This procedure increased cholesterol mass without affecting PL mass, resulting in an increase in the FC/PL molar ratio compared with controls in cells (67% FC increase, p less than 0.001; 43% FC/PL ratio increase, p less than 0.01) and in SMC microsomes (52% FC increase, p less than 0.05; 43% FC/PL ratio increase, p less than 0.05). Cholesterol enrichment also increased unstimulated 45Ca2+ influx (p less than 0.001) and efflux (p less than 0.05). Cellular cholesterol content correlated in a linear fashion with these changes (influx: r = 0.722, p less than 0.01; efflux: r = 0.951, p less than 0.05). In addition, cytosolic calcium levels increased approximately 34% (p less than 0.01) with cholesterol enrichment. The cholesterol-induced increase in 45Ca2+ influx was reversible with time and demonstrated sensitivity to the channel blockers. Fluorescence anisotropy measured from 5 degrees C to 40 degrees C using the fluorophore diphenylhexatriene showed decreased membrane fluidity in microsomal membranes obtained from cholesterol-enriched SMCs compared with controls (p less than 0.02). These results suggest that the SMC plasma membrane is very sensitive to cholesterol enrichment with liposomes or human low density lipoprotein and that increases in membrane cholesterol content increase cytosolic calcium levels in SMCs, are associated with a decrease in membrane fluidity, and unmask a new, or otherwise silent, dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel that may be involved in altered arterial wall properties with serum hypercholesterolemia.
Vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates renal recovery in experimental thrombotic microangiopathy
Authors: Yoon-Goo Kim, Shin-ichi Suga, Duk-Hee Kang, J. Ashley Jefferson, Marilda Mazzali, Katherine L. Gordon, Katsuyuki Matsui, Silvana Breiteneder-Geleff, Stuart J. Shankland, Jeremy Hughes, Dontscho Kerjaschki, George F. Schreiner, Richard J. Johnson
Journal: Kidney International (2000)
Careful what you measure
Authors: Fiona Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Back in the 1920s, workers at the Hawthorne electrical factory in Cicero, Illinois, were given better lighting and their productivity improved. Further investigation found that the same improvement could be achieved by almost any change to their environment. One version of what has since become known as the Hawthorne effect says that the very act of measuring something changes what people do. It's one reason why we must choose wisely what we measure in health care.

This week, in the fourth article in our series on performance measurement, Iona Heath and colleagues add a plea for more clinically meaningful measures …
Medical Aspects of Hypertension
Authors: Norman A. Welch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

HYPERTENSION, with its allied circulatory disorders, is probably the most frequent single abnormal medical condition seen in practice. There are believed to be about 15,000,000 people in the United States with some degree of hypertension. These cases are usually divided into those in which the hypertension is a manifestation of some specific disturbance of the body, such as nephritis or hyperthyroidism, and those in which it is the sole abnormal finding on examination, or in which other findings existent at a particular time are presumed to have been secondary to an earlier essential hypertension. In a discussion of this sort . . .
Pathogenesis of Viral Infections
Authors: Jeffrey S. Flier, Lisa H. Underhill, Arlene H. Sharpe, Bernard N. Fields
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

INFECTIOUS agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa are the most frequent causes of acute illnesses. However, only a small proportion of the microorganisms associated with human beings give rise to pathologic changes. To produce disease, many microorganisms must enter the host, multiply locally in host tissues, spread from the site of entry, and overcome host immune defenses.1 At each stage of the infectious process, specific microbial and host factors determine the ultimate pathogenicity of the microorganism. For the physician, an understanding of the infectious process is a component of successful treatment of infectious disorders.Studies using the mammalian . . .
Systematic Review: Charged-Particle Radiation Therapy for Cancer
Authors: Teruhiko Terasawa
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Background: Radiation therapy with charged particles can potentially deliver maximum doses while minimizing irradiation of surrounding tissues, and it may be more effective or less harmful than other forms of radiation therapy. Purpose: To review evidence about the benefits and harms of charged-particle radiation therapy for patients with cancer. Data Sources: MEDLINE (inception to 11 July 2009) was searched for publications in English, German, French, Italian, and Japanese. Web sites of manufacturers, treatment centers, and professional organizations were searched for relevant information. Study Selection: Four reviewers identified studies of any design that described clinical outcomes or adverse events in 10 or more patients with cancer treated with charged-particle radiation therapy. Data Extraction: The 4 reviewers extracted study, patient, and treatment characteristics; clinical outcomes; and adverse events for nonoverlapping sets of articles. A fifth reviewer verified data on comparative studies. Data Synthesis: Currently, 7 centers in the United States have facilities for particle (proton)–beam irradiation, and at least 4 are under construction, each costing between $100 and $225 million. In 243 eligible articles, charged-particle radiation therapy was used alone or in combination with other interventions for common (for example, lung, prostate, or breast) or uncommon (for example, skull-base tumors or uveal melanomas) types of cancer. Of 243 articles, 185 were single-group retrospective studies. Eight randomized and 9 nonrandomized clinical trials compared treatments with or without charged particles. No comparative study reported statistically significant or important differences in overall or cancer-specific survival or in total serious adverse events. Limitation: Few studies directly compared treatments with or without particle irradiation. Conclusion: Evidence on the comparative effectiveness and safety of charged-particle radiation therapy in cancer is needed to assess the benefits, risks, and costs of treatment alternatives. Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Reversible Uremic Deafness after Successful Renal Transplantation
Authors: Heide Mitschke, Paul Schmidt, Herbert Kopsa, Jan Zazgornik
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

THE frequent occurrence of hearing defects in patients with chronic renal insufficiency1 2 3 4 5 6 prompted us to investigate the influence of a successful renal transplantation on hearing.Cases and MethodsThe study involved 10 patients (seven men and three women, with an average age of 41.4 years) from the chronic-dialysis and transplantation programs. In eight patients the basic disease was chronic glomerulonephritis (Cases 1 to 8), and in two patients (Cases 9 and 10), it was hereditary nephritis. Renal disease was recognized six to 35 years before the investigation. At the time of the pretransplant examination — while on hemodialysis treatment — . . .
The Clinical Professor
Authors: None Withheld
Journal: JAMA (1982)

NOWHERE do I read of the rights or status, or even of the existence, of the clinical faculty. Having been a clinical professor for 15 years, I set down my own experience, which relates to appointments at several medical schools that shall remain nameless. I do it in writing because in my experience that is the only way that the clinical faculty can communicate with deans. I never met my deans, either before or while I was a clinical professor. Of course, my experience might be only a small, poor sample and not be representative of that of other readers who participate in clinical teaching. What do I understand a "clinical" appointment to be? I consider it to be an action by a dean of a medical school that confers the right to teach and the right to use a title. Of course, the right to teach is a magnificent
EFFECTS OF MILK AS A RECOVERY DRINK FOLLOWING EXERCISE ON SUBSEQUENT APPETITE AND ENERGY INTAKE IN FEMALE RECREATIONAL EXERCISERS
Authors: E Shaw, A Campbell, L James, PLS Rumbold, EJ Stevenson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Several studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of milk and dairy product consumption in the alleviation of exercise-induced muscle damage, post-exercise soreness sensations and indeed the satiating effects on subsequent appetite and energy intake in adult populations. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of skimmed milk as a recovery drink following exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake in female recreational exercisers. Using a randomised cross-over design, nine female recreational exercisers (20±1 y) completed a test followed by two main exercise trials (matched for energy expenditure 1.78±0.14 v. 1.75±0.19 MJ; p =0.600). Main trials were conducted following a standardised breakfast and were carried out during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Following 30 minutes of moderate–vigorous cycling exercise (65% ) 600 mL of skimmed milk or 600 mL of orange juice (475 mL orange, 125 mL water), which were isoenergetic, was ingested followed 60 minutes later with an ad libitum pasta meal. Absolute energy intake was significantly less after consuming milk than after orange juice (2.39±0.70 v. 3.20±0.84 MJ, respectively; p =0.001). Relative energy intake (in relation to energy expenditure) was significantly lower after milk consumption compared to orange juice (0.61±0.72 v. 1.45±0.90 MJ, respectively; p =0.002). Relative energy intake (in relation to the energy content of the test beverages) was also significantly lower after milk consumption compared to orange juice (3.27±0.70 v. 4.13±0.84 MJ, respectively; p =0.003). There were no differences in AUC (x 3-h) subjective appetite parameters (hunger, fullness and desire to eat) between trials. In conclusion, the consumption of skimmed milk following 30 minutes of moderate-vigorous cycling exercise resulted in a reduction in subsequent energy intake, in female recreational exercisers.
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in follicular lymphoma: association between AID expression and ongoing mutation in FL
Authors: M S Hardianti, E Tatsumi, M Syampurnawati, K Furuta, K Saigo, Y Nakamachi, S Kumagai, H Ohno, S Tanabe, M Uchida, N Yasuda
Journal: Leukemia (2004)
Simultaneous expression of tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor by human monocytes. A potential mechanism for localized control of blood coagulation.
Authors: M P McGee, S Foster, X Wang
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Cells of monocytic lineage can initiate extravascular fibrin deposition via expression of blood coagulation mediators. This report is about experiments on three mechanisms with the potential to modulate monocyte-initiated coagulation. Monocyte procoagulant activity was examined as a function of lipid cofactor, protein cofactor, and specific inhibitor expression during short-term culture in vitro. Lipid cofactor activity was measured as the initial rate of factor X activation by intrinsic-pathway components, the assembly of which depends on this cofactor. Lipid cofactor activity levels changed by &amp;lt; 30% during 48-h culture. Protein cofactor, i.e., tissue factor (TF) antigen was measured by enzyme immunoassay. It increased from 461 pg/ml to a maximum value of 3,550 pg/ml at 24 h and remained at 70% of this value. Specific TF activity, measured as factor VII-dependent factor X activation rate, decreased from 54 to 18 nM FXa/min between 24 and 48 h. TF activity did not correlate well with either lipid cofactor or TF protein levels. In contrast, the decrease in TF activity coincided in time with maximal expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) mRNA, which was determined using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and with maximal TFPI protein levels measured by immunoassay. The number of mRNA copies coding for TFPI and TF in freshly isolated blood monocytes were 46 and 20 copies/cells, respectively. These values increased to 220 and 63 copies/cell during short-term cell culture in the presence of endotoxin. Results demonstrate concomitant expression by monocytes of genes coding for both the essential protein cofactor and the specific inhibitor of the extrinsic coagulation pathway. Together with functional and antigenic analyses, they also imply that the initiation of blood clotting by extravascular monocyte/macrophages can be modulated locally by TFPI independently of plasma sources of the inhibitor.
Report gives snapshot health research funding in the UK
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2006)

An analysis of health research in the United Kingdom funded by government and charities shows that cancer gets the largest share of funding, despite having a lower overall burden of illness than some other diseases, including cardiovascular disease.

The report analysed the distribution of spending on all types of health research and programmes funded by 11 organisations, including the three largest medical research charities—the Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK, and the British Heart Foundation—as well as the government and the Medical Research Council. It is based on details of more than 9500 research grants totalling £950m (€1400m; $1790m) awarded during the 2004-5 financial year.

Analysis of the research funding by disease area showed that two thirds of the overall funds were spent on four disease areas. Cancer research received the largest proportion of the total funds (27%), followed by neurological diseases (16%), infection …
Contribution of the Basophil Activation Test in the Diagnosis of Wasp Venom Allergy and Follow-Up of Venom Immunotherapy
Authors: D.G. Ebo, M.M. Hagendorens, A.J. Schuerwegh, L.M. Beirens, C.H. Bridts, L.S. De Clerck, W.J. Stevens
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
The Calculus of Cures
Authors: Robert Kocher, Bryan Roberts
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Interview with Drs. Robert Kocher and Bryan Roberts on a proposal for changes to the drug development and approval processes. (13:37)Download More than half of the 139 drugs approved by the FDA since 2009 are for orphan diseases and cancers. By addressing economic and business factors that play a role in this disproportion, we can work to avoid systematically underinvesting in drugs in other key areas of medicine.
46 LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP AFTER PEG-IFNa2a-BASED THERAPY OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS DELTA
Authors: B. Heidrich, C. Yurdaydın, G. Kabaçam, K. Zachou, B. Bremer, G.N. Dalekos, A. Erhardt, Y. Cakaloğlu, K. Yalcin, S. Gürel, S. Zeuzem, T. Bock, R. Idilman, M.P. Manns, H. Wedemeyer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Evolution of rifampin resistance in human immunodeficiency virus-associated tuberculosis.
Authors: C M Nolan, D L Williams, M D Cave, K D Eisenach, H el-Hajj, T M Hooton, R L Thompson, S V Goldberg
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Acquired rifampin resistance without preexisting isoniazid resistance is highly unusual in patients with tuberculosis. The purpose of this report is to describe and characterize that unusual pattern of acquired drug resistance in three patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The patients originally had Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that were susceptible to isoniazid and rifampin. During treatment in two patients and after completion of therapy in the remaining one, each patient developed active, rifampin-resistant, isoniazid-susceptible tuberculosis. One patient subsequently developed isoniazid resistance also. Studies on patients' M. tuberculosis isolates using IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism typing and rpoB gene sequencing indicated that rifampin resistance in each patient arose during therapy by an rpoB gene mutation in the original M. tuberculosis isolate. Detection of this unusual drug-resistance phenotype in three patients with HIV infection suggests that acquired rifampin resistance is somehow associated with co-infection due to HIV and tuberculosis.
Vibrio fetus Meningo-Encephalitis
Authors: Alvin N. Eden
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The Feb 15Journaleditorial, "Human Infection With<i>Vibrio fetus</i>" (<b>187</b>:531), based on a communication from the February 1964,<i>Archives of Neurology</i>, describes what was considered to be the first documented case of neonatal meningo-encephalitis due to<i>V fetus</i>. I should like to call your attention to "<i>Vibrio fetus</i>Meningitis in a Newborn Infant," which appeared in the<i>Journal of Pediatrics</i>(<b>61</b>:33 [July] 1962). In this communication I described a case of neonatal meningitis due to<i>V fetus</i>in a premature infant who expired despite antibiotic therapy. Since this organism is a common offender in the animal world, I stated that it should be kept in mind in all cases of abortion or prematurity, especially when the father has a history of contact with domestic animals. A plea was made to include<i>V fetus</i>in the differential diagnosis of all cases of neonatal meningitis. It
An Act Pending in Congress of Interest to the Medical Profession.
Authors: H. C. Markham
Journal: JAMA (1891)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The chief provision and object of a measure now pending in Congress, and subject to action at an early date, is that requiring all articles publicly sold for consumption or use to show upon the container the nature, or name of the contents. The Bill, having a strong and influential commercial backing, came near passing when first presented, and early in the session, but was made, with all other legislation, to give way for tariff politics, but not until it had aroused a furore of alarm among a class against whom it was not aimed, but were in its line of effect. These were proprietary, and the whole swarm of patent medicine frauds. Is not this the time to see that these evils, enemies of the public—infinitely worse than an oleomargarine operator—do not escape the just application of so reasonable and<i>unassailable</i>regulation. Floods of the most