tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The relationship between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis in the general population: the Chingford Study.
Authors: D J Hart, I Mootoosamy, D V Doyle, T D Spector
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

OBJECTIVE--A total of 979 women from the Chingford general population survey were studied to examine the hypothesis that osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis are inversely related. METHODS--All women had radiographs of the hands and knees. A total of 579 also had AP radiographs of the lumbar spine which were graded for the presence of osteophytes. All women had bone densitometry performed at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and femoral neck. Mean bone densities (BMD) were compared between those with disease and those with no disease at any other sites. All results were adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS--All OA groups had significantly higher bone density than controls at the lumbar spine. For distal interphalangeal (DIP) OA (n = 140) the difference was +5.8% (+3.0, +8.6), for carpometacarpal (CMC) OA (n = 160) +3.0% (+0.1, +5.9), for knee OA (n = 118) +7.6% (+4.3, +10.9), and lumbar spine OA (LSOA) (n = 194) +7.8% (+6.0, +8.8). Those with generalised OA (GOA n = 22), a combination of knee, DIP and CMC OA had an increase of +9.3 (+2.0, +16.6). For the femoral neck BMD was also increased significantly ranging from +2.5% for the CMC, +6.2% for the knee and +6.3% in the lumbar spine OA group. The risk of knee OA for women in the top tertile of BMD was 2.13 (1.15-3.93). Additional adjustment for other confounders such as smoking, alcohol, exercise, HRT, social class and spine osteophytes did not alter the results. CONCLUSIONS--These results suggest that small increases in BMD are present in middle aged women with early radiological OA of the hands, knees and lumbar spine. These data support the hypothesis that the two conditions are inversely related, although the mechanisms remain unclear.
Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the 'Immigrant Menace,'
Authors: William H. McNeill
Journal: JAMA (1994)

As explained in the last chapter, this book has four themes. First and most prominent is the  helix of health and fear of the foreign born. Kraut is particularly fond of this awkward metaphor, and he sums up the central message of his book by repeating (and compounding) it in a final sentence:  double helix of health and fear that accompanies immigration continues to mutate, producing malignancies on the culture, neither fatal nor readily eradicated.  Most of the pages of Silent Travelers explore episodes in this story—thoroughly justified in the case of the original inhabitants of America, who died by the millions from exposure to new diseases brought by European and African immigrants; and regularly exaggerated subsequently, when old settlers attributed malign diseases and dangerously heritable defects to later immigrants, notably the Irish, Italians, Jews, Chinese, and, most recently, Haitians. The author's sympathies are entirely on the side
Ca2+ currents in compensated hypertrophy and heart failure
Authors: Sylvain Richard, Florence Leclercq, Stéphanie Lemaire, Christophe Piot, Joël Nargeot
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Transmembrane voltage-gated Ca2+ channels play a central role in the development and control of heart contractility which is modulated by the concentration of free cytosolic calcium ions (Ca2+). Ca2+ channels are closed at the normal membrane resting potential of cardiac cells. During the fast upstroke of the action potential (AP), they are gated into an open state by membrane depolarisation and thereby transduce the electrical signal into a chemical signal. In addition to its contribution to the AP plateau, Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels induces a release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) which initiates contraction. Because of their central role in excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling, L-type Ca2+ channels are a key target to regulate inotropy [1]. The role of T-type Ca2+ channels is more obscure. In addition to a putative part in the rhythmic activity of the heart, they may be implicated at early stages of development and during pathology of contractile tissues [2]. Despite therapeutic advances improving exercise tolerance and survival, congestive heart failure (HF) remains a major problem in cardiovascular medicine. It is a highly lethal disease; half of the mortality being related to ventricular failure whereas sudden death of the other patients is unexpected [3]. Although HF has diverse aetiologies, common abnormalities include hypertrophy, contractile dysfunction and alteration of electrophysiological properties contributing to low cardiac output and sudden death. A significant prolongation of the AP duration with delayed repolarisation has been observed both during compensated hypertrophy (CH) and in end-stage HF caused by dilated cardiomyopathy (Fig. 1A) [4-8]. This lengthening can result from either an increase in inward currents or a decrease in outward currents or both. A reduction of K+ currents has been demonstrated [6,9]. Prolonged Na+/Ca2+ exchange current may also be involved [9]. In contrast, there is a large variability in the results concerning Ca2+ currents (ICa). The purpose of this paper is to review results obtained in various animal models of CH and HF with special emphasis on recent studies in human cells. We focus on: (i) the pathophysiological role of T-type Ca2+ channels, present in some animal models of hypertrophy; (ii) the density and properties of L-type Ca2+ channels and alteration of major physiological regulations of these channels by heart rate and beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation; and (iii) recent advances in the molecular biology of the L-type Ca2+ channel and future directions.
A HISTORY OF INSTITUTIONAL CARE OF THE INSANE IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Authors: Henry M. Hurd
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1911)

The American Medico-Psychological Association is by several resolutions committed to a scheme for the compilation and publication of a history of the institutional care of the insane in the United States and Canada, although at no time has any definite plan been outlined by the Association.It is evident, however, to all who have given thought to the matter that this history should present a detailed record of the early beginning and later of the wide-spread and comparatively rapid movement which, between 1840 and 1860, resulted in State care for the insane in all parts of the United States and Canada, and should pay a tribute to the efforts of philanthropic men and women to rouse the public
Fitness, daily activity and body composition in children with newly diagnosed, untreated asthma
Authors: S. Vahlkvist, S. Pedersen
Journal: Allergy (2009)

Information about how the asthma disease affects the life style and health in children is sparse.To measure fitness, daily physical activity and body composition in children with newly diagnosed, untreated asthma and healthy controls, and to assess the association between the level of asthma control and these parameters.Daily physical activity measured using accelerometry, cardiovascular fitness and body composition (per cent fat, per cent lean tissue and bone mineral density) were measured in 57 children with newly diagnosed, untreated asthma and in 157 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. The level of asthma control was assessed by measurements of a variety of asthma outcomes.Children with asthma were less fit (35.1 vs 39.3 ml O(2)/min/kg) (P < 0.001), had a higher body per cent fat (22.8 vs 19.5%) (P < 0.01) and a higher frequency of overweight (24.6 vs 14.2%) (P < 0.05) than healthy controls. Per cent body fat correlated negativly to overall daily activity (P < 0.001) and to time spent in high or vigorous activity (P < 0.001). Fitness corrrelated positively to time spent in high and vigorous activity (P < 0.001). Within the asthma group, the level of asthma control, fitness and the time spent in vigorous activity correlated positively (P < 0.02).Children with untreated asthma are less fit and have a higher body per cent fat and frequency of obesity than their healthy peers. Uncontrolled asthma is associated with a reduced fitness and daytime spent in intensive activity. Overweight children are physically less active than normal weight children.
Life-threatening adverse drug reactions at admission to medical intensive care: a prospective study in a teaching hospital
Authors: Marieke Grenouillet-Delacre, Hélène Verdoux, Nicholas Moore, Françoise Haramburu, Ghada Miremont-Salamé, Gabriel Etienne, Philip Robinson, Didier Gruson, Gilles Hilbert, Claude Gabinski, Bernard Bégaud, Mathieu Molimard
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2007)
Inhibition of lactation by oestrogens.
Authors: S. J. Steele
Journal: BMJ (1968)

difficult exchange transfusion.In the first of these two cases there was a positive blood culture for E. coli associated with bowel necrosis extending from the caecum to the descending colon.Our second case had diar- rhoea for seven days, which preceded the onset of abdominal distension and peripheral circu- latory collapse owing to necrosis and perfora- tion of the terminal ileum only.Unfortunately both these infants died without laparo- tomy being undertaken, and at necropsy we were able to demonstrate antemortem thrombi in the ductus venosus and portal vein in the first and in the portal and splenic veins in the second.We note that in the series quoted there is no comment on the state of the portal vein in those infants who died.A fuller report is being prepared for publication.-Weare, etc.,
Venous catheter-related thrombosis and infection
Authors: J. L. Kaufman
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  The report by Chakravarthy et al1inJAMAdescribes an interesting cardiac complication of chronic central venous access but misses the true lesson of the case, the prevention and treatment of catheter-related thrombosis and infection. Fever and evidence for central venous thrombosis were present for months prior to the terminal hospitalization of the patient. It is therefore not surprising that advanced venous thrombosis with extension to the tricuspid valve was found. The authors fail to discuss the diagnosis of the underlying problem, catheter-related septic central venous thrombosis.  The diagnosis of catheter-related septic central venous thrombosis is predicated on symptoms and signs of systemic sepsis, blood cultures that continue to be positive even after catheter removal, and central venous thrombosis, best confirmed by venography.2The syndrome is probably underdiagnosed in the seriously ill population at risk with prolonged catheterization, and no more than 50 well-documented cases
New portable infusion pump for prolonged subcutaneous administration of opioid analgesics in patients with advanced cancer.
Authors: V A Jones, G W Hanks
Journal: BMJ (1986)

and was breathless when she stooped.Since having been buried for several hours after bombing during the war she had suffered from claustrophobia, and her symptoms were thought to be due to anxiety.On examination she had no abdominal paradox, but investigations showed pronounced diaphragm weakness.Transdiaphragmatic pressure was 38 cmH2O during a maximal sniff, 17-5 cmH20 during a maximal inspiration, and 6 cmH2O during a maximal static inspiratory effort.This patient had autoimmune disease with a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, systemic sclerosis, and Raynaud's disease.I Russell PSB.Analgesia in terminal malignant disease.BrMed.1979i:
Haemorrhagic fever with raised serum amylase.
Authors: Y. S. Goh, B. K. Chew
Journal: BMJ (1968)

The clinical features of haemorrhagic fever have been well described by Chew et al. (1961) and Hanam (1964).One of the features is abdominal pain, but Chew et al. (1961) noted that it was rare in the Singapore type, in contrast to the related Korean (Barbero et al., 1953), Thai (Nelson, 1960), and Filipino (Quintos, 1954) variants, in all of which pain was a common symptom.Goldsmith et al. (1965) noted that there has been a changing pattern in the clinical presentation of the condition in this part of the world.They observed that abdominal pain was present in 26% of cases.So far no explanation has been advanced for the cause of this symptom, though Oliver thought that mild pancreatitis could occur in classical endemic dengue (de Langen and Lichtenstein, 1936).
The Clinical Value of Dual–Time Point 18F-FDG PET/CT for Differentiating Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma From Benign Disease
Authors: Eun Kyoung Choi, Ie Ryung Yoo, Sung Hoon Kim, Joo Hyun O, Woo Hee Choi, Sae Jung Na, Sonya Youngju Park
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

The aim of this study was to assess the value of dual-time point PET/CT in the differentiation of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from benign stricture and the added benefits of delayed PET/CT image.Thirty-nine patients with suspected extrahepatic biliary malignancy based on conventional imaging studies such as ultrasonography, CT, and MRI between July 2008 and December 2010 were included. All patients underwent dual-time point PET/CT scans at 1 and 2 hours after radiotracer injection. From the site of suspected malignancy, the SUVmax for both time points (SUVmax1 and SUVmax2), the percent change in SUVmax between the 2 (Δ%SUVmax) and the ratio of SUVmax1, SUVmax2, Δ%SUVmax in comparison with average SUV of right hepatic lobe (T/L ratio1, T/L ratio2, and Δ%T/L ratio) were generated. Diagnostic performances using visual assessment and various SUVmax cutoff values were analyzed in the differential diagnosis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from benign disease. PET/CT results were correlated with histological results and radiological follow-up for at least 6 months.Of 39 patients, the final diagnosis was cholangiocarcinoma in 34 and benign disease in 5. Between malignant and benign lesions, there were significant differences in SUVmax1 (5.43 ± 4.66 vs 2.26 ± 0.83, P = 0.003) and SUVmax2 (6.02 ± 5.26 vs 2.26 ± 0.76, P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in Δ%SUVmax, T/L ratio1, T/L ratio2, and Δ%T/L ratio. On receiver operator curve analysis, SUVmax1 with cutoff value of 2.5 demonstrated sensitivity of 97.6%, specificity of 60.0%, and accuracy of 92.3% and SUVmax2 with cutoff value of 3.1 demonstrated sensitivity of 88.2%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 89.7%.SUVmax from both early and delayed PET/CT scans are useful parameters in the differentiation of extrahepatic biliary malignancy from benign disease. However, there was no added benefit of delayed PET/CT in patients suspicious for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
The hope and reality of long‐acting hemophilia products
Authors: Steven W. Pipe
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2012)

Recombinant DNA technology and protein engineering are creating hope that we can address ongoing challenges in hemophilia care such as reducing the costs of therapy, increasing the availability to the developing world, and improving the functional properties of these proteins. Technological advances to improve the half-life of recombinant clotting factors have brought long-acting clotting factors for hemophilia replacement therapy closer to reality. Preclinical and clinical trial results are reviewed as well as the potential benefits and risks of these novel therapies.
Studies in Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
Authors: STANFORD WESSLER, MONROE J. SCHLESINGER, MARCIA SPILBERG
Journal: Circulation (1953)

A new technic is described for the study of the arterial circulation of amputated extremities. The method is based on the use of a radiopaque injection mass containing lead and gelatin, and a procedure for unrolling the extremity so that the major arteries lay in one plane. Data are presented concerning the extent and location of arterial occlusion, narrowing, calcification and interarterial anastomosis in 66 legs amputated because of arteriosclerotic gangrene.
41. High Efficiency, Catheter-Based, Gene Transfer to the Large Animal Heart
Authors: David M. Kaye, Kenneth Chien, Masahiko Hoshijima, Krisztina Zsebo, John Power
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Congestive heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospitalization, disability and death. Despite significant advances in pharmacotherapy, HF remains a progressive disorder with an unacceptably high mortality rate. While the molecular and cellular basis of the impairment of myocardial contractility has been determined in detail, current beneficial therapies for heart failure only act indirectly, by interfering with neurohormonal control of the heart. Accordingly, considerable attention has recently been directed at the identification of appropriate targets for gene therapy. In particular, studies directed at the excitation-contraction pathway of the heart have identified genes (particularly phospholamban and SERCA) that can be manipulated to improve contractility. As such, translation into clinical practice now requires the development of safe, minimally invasive methods that provide homogeneous delivery to the heart.
Intestinal Lactase Deficiency and Lactose Intolerance in Adults
Authors: Fred Kern
Journal: JAMA (1966)

During the past several years carbohydrate digestion and absorption has been extensively investigated.<sup>1</sup>An important contribution was the conclusive demonstration that disaccharides are absorbed intact and further digested within or on the surface of the intestinal epithelial cell. Hydrolysis to their component monosaccharides is catalyzed by enzymes, the disaccharidases, located in the brush border of the epithelial cells. Under normal circumstances only the monosaccharides enter the blood stream. The disaccharidases that have been defined and characterized and their substrates are shown in Table 1. Deficiency of all the disaccharidases has been described and implicated in the production of diarrhea and malabsorption states.<sup>2</sup>Although understanding of disaccharidase deficiencies is not yet completely clear a tentative classification is proposed in Table 2. Deficiency of all the disaccharidases occurs only in association with widespread mucosal abnormality such as sprue, and, occasionally, regional enteritis. Isolated deficiency of lactase occurs occasionally in infants,
Nitric oxide protects against airway hyperresponsiveness
Authors: P Kewin
Journal: Thorax (2005)

▴ Que LG, Liu L, Yan Y, et al . Protection from experimental asthma by an endogenous bronchodilator. Science2005;308:1618–21 [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly active endogenous bronchodilator and, although increased levels are found in asthmatic lungs, the link between NO and asthma has remained elusive. NO is short lived in vivo but it reacts with cysteine sulphurs (thiols) in proteins to form more stable S -nitrosothiols (SNOs) which act as … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1108228%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15919956%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=sci&resid=308/5728/1618&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F60%2F9%2F746.atom
CHEMICAL, CLINICAL, AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE PRODUCTS OF HUMAN PLASMA FRACTIONATION. XL. QUANTITATIVE SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF THE PROTEIN COMPONENTS IN SMALL AMOUNTS OF NORMAL HUMAN PLASMA 1
Authors: Walter F. Lever, Frank R. N. Gurd, Eero Uroma, Ray K. Brown, Benjamin A. Barnes, Karl Schmid, Ethel L. Schultz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1951)
Effects of Progestogen Oral Contraception with Norethisterone on Blood Clotting and Platelets
Authors: L. Poller, J. M. Thomson, P. W. Thomas
Journal: BMJ (1972)

The effects on clotting tests and platelet function of six months' continuous administration of the 19-norsteroid, progestogen-only contraceptive, norethisterone, have been studied in four groups of women. In a group of women who have not previously taken oral contraceptive no acceleration of clotting or platelet factors was found, but in contrast a tendency to reduced coagulability was observed. Women who had previously been taking combined oestrogen-progestogen preparations showed reduced clotting and platelet parameters when norethisterone was substituted. No changes in clotting or platelets were found in women who changed from 17-acetoxysteroid progestogen chloramadinone acetate or in a group of women started postpartum.
CHRONIC NASO-PHARYNGEAL INFLAMMATIONS, AN ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR IN THE DISORDERS OF DIGESTION AND EXCRETION.Read in the Section on Laryngology and Otology, at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: P. C. JENSEN
Journal: JAMA (1893)

To maintain the highest standard of health, it is of the greatest importance that the alimentary mucous membrane and its anatomical structures should retain their physiological activities. For upon the perfect performance of the functions of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, assisted by the glandular secretions of the liver and pancreas depend the processes of digestion, absorption, perfect blood construction, and the maintenance of healthy nutrition. Any pathological deviation from the physiological standard can only result in a corresponding impairment in structure or function, proportionate to the extent of membrane and structures involved. Owing to the sudden and frequent fluctuations of temperature and humidity in the lake regions, it is difficult to find a child, who at the age of seven years does not present advanced proliferative inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane. A hypertrophie catarrhal inflammation not infrequently develops simultaneously, or is concomitant with, the exanthematous fevers. The portion of
Chromatographic, ultracentrifugal, and related studies of fibrinogen “Baltimore”
Authors: M. W. Mosesson, E. A. Beck
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

Chromatographic, ultracentrifugal, and related studies of the fibrinogen of a patient with a congenital disorder of fibrinogen (fibrinogen "Baltimore" have provided evidence of structural differences from normal.Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) gradient elution chromatography demonstrated two major peaks in the elution pattern of fibrinogen Baltimore as was the case for normal fibrinogen. However, the first peak of fibrinogen Baltimore was somewhat broader and more symmetrical and was eluted significantly later in the chromatogram than the corresponding peak of normal fibrinogen. Additionally, in some elution patterns, a shoulder on the ascending limb of peak 1 was present, suggesting the presence of chromatographically "normal" fibrinogen. Thrombin time determinations of eluted column fractions from a chromatogram of propositus fibrinogen supported this conclusion by demonstrating that fibrinogen from the ascending portion of peak 1 behaved functionally more like normal than that later in the chromatogram. Chromatograms of mixtures of propositus and normal fibrinogen confirmed the ability of this technique to distinguish normal from Baltimore fibrinogen. Chromatograms of fibrinogen isolated from two affected daughters displayed the characteristic increased anionic binding of peak 1 fibrinogen. Sedimentation velocity experiments indicated that the S(o) (20, [unk]) of fibrinogen Baltimore was slightly greater (8.13S vs. 7.85S) than that of normal fraction I-4. Differences in concentration dependence (- 0.65 c vs. - 1.30 c for normal) of the sedimentation coefficient could be attributable in part to spatial conformational differences. Molecular sieving experiments in acrylamide gels indicated that the molecular weight of propositus fraction I-2 was about the same as that of normal fibrinogen of comparable solubility (i.e. I-4, mol wt 325,000). Studies of the UV spectra, tyrosine/tryptophan ratios, sialic acid and hexose content, and N-terminal amino acids demonstrated no consistent significant differences from normal fraction I-4.