tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Outcome of benign strictures in ulcerative colitis
Authors: A. Ignjatovic, P. Tozer, K. Grant, J. Wilson, A. L. Hart, J. T. Jenkins, S. Thomas-Gibson, S. K. Clark, B. P. Saunders
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Long standing ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), with a cumulative incidence of about 15% at 30 years. The finding of a colonic stricture in a patient with colitis raises the possibility of neoplasia. Unlike in Crohn9s disease, benign strictures in UC are rare and historically have been managed surgically with colectomy, partly due to difficulty of excluding cancer within the stricture. Radical surgery carries a risk of major morbidity including permanent stoma formation and segmental colectomy is currently not considered appropriate due to oncologic risk. The authors aimed to assess the outcome of the patients with benign strictures in UC who were managed non-operatively. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients who had a colonoscopy between January 2003 and December 2008 at our institution and were found to have a stricture without proven malignancy within a segment of colitis were retrospectively identified from the endoscopic database. Those patients who had a follow-up of more than 24 months were included. Colonoscopy and histopathology reports and clinical notes were reviewed. <h3>Results</h3> In the study period, 15 patients (6 female, median age 49 years) underwent colonoscopy for UC and were found to have a benign stricture. The median follow-up was 36 months. 14 of 18 strictures were left sided; mean duration of the stricture was 2.9 years (SD 2.1 years) and mean length of the stricture was 3.3 cm (SD 2.8 cm). Only two patients were symptomatic and both underwent endoscopic balloon dilatation. Two others underwent dilatation to allow passage of the colonoscope into the proximal colon. One patient ultimately developed CRC, but not within the strictured area of the colon. Two patients underwent surgery, one for CRC outside the stricture and one for what was revealed to be extrinsic compression secondary to endometriosis. One patient developed minor bleeding following endoscopic dilatation, which was managed conservatively. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Although uncommon, benign strictures are a recognised complication of long standing UC. Careful and detailed consideration including histological and radiological assessment is needed to rule out dysplasia and malignancy. In this series, the majority of patients did not require intervention as the strictures were asymptomatic and ongoing endoscopic surveillance of the remainder of the colon was possible. Endoscopic balloon dilatation was safe and prevented the need for major surgery in four patients while allowing continued endoscopic surveillance. Reconsideration of the place of conservative management and segmental colectomy in benign UC strictures through larger studies may be appropriate.
Evidence for <i>In Vivo</i> Peroxynitrite Production in Human Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Neil W. Kooy, James A. Royall, Yao Z. Ye, David R. Kelly, Joseph S. Beckman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Oxidant-mediated toxicity resulting from acute pulmonary inflammation has been demonstrated in acute lung injury. A potent biological oxidant, peroxynitrite, is formed by the near diffusion-limited reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. In addition to having hydroxyl radical-like oxidative reactivity, peroxynitrite is capable of nitrating phenolic rings, including protein-associated tyrosine residues. Nitric oxide does not directly nitrate tyrosine residues, therefore, demonstration of tissue nitrotyrosine residues infers the action of peroxynitrite or related nitrogen-centered oxidants. Lung tissue was obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded autopsy specimens, and specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to nitrotyrosine were visualized by diaminobenzidene-peroxidase staining. Acute lung injury resulted in intense staining throughout the lung, including lung interstitium, alveolar epithelium, proteinaceous alveolar exudate, and inflammatory cells. In addition, staining of the vascular endothelium and subendothelial tissues was present in those patients with sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Antibody binding was blocked by coincubation with nitrotyrosine or nitrated bovine serum albumin but not by aminotyrosine, phosphotyrosine, or bovine serum albumin. Reduction of tissue nitrotyrosine to aminotyrosine by sodium hydrosulfite also blocked antibody binding. In control specimens with no overt pulmonary disease, there was only slight staining of the alveolar septum. These results demonstrate that nitrogen-derived oxidants are formed in human acute lung injury and suggest that peroxynitrite may be an important oxidant in inflammatory lung disease.
Abstract 140: The role of Abl kinases in breast cancer bone metastasis
Authors: Jun Wang
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Abl kinases are a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases consisting of two members, Abl1 and Abl2 (Arg). In recent years, accumulating data support a role of Abl kinases in breast cancer that harbor enhanced expression and/or activation of these kinases. The Cancer Genome Atlas has recently reported that Abl2 is among the most highly amplified genes and overexpression of Abl2 correlates with poor survival in invasive breast cancer. In addition, Abl kinases are activated downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases, chemokine receptors and src family kinases, all of which are deregulated in breast cancer and drive tumor proliferation and invasion. In this study, we have uncovered a critical role of Abl kinases in the regulation of breast cancer metastasis to the bone. We found that the incidence of bone metastasis is significantly greater in breast cancer patients with high Abl expression. Using global transcriptome analysis (RNAseq) of breast cancer cells we uncovered a novel role for Abl kinases in regulating the expression of multiple pro-bone metastasis genes. Furthermore, both pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference mediated knockdown of Abl kinases resulted in markedly decreased osteolytic metastasis in vivo and decreased osteoclast activation in vitro. Together these findings support a role for Abl kinases in promoting osteolytic metastasis and suggest that Abl dependent signaling may be targeted to inhibit this process. Citation Format: Jun Wang. The role of Abl kinases in breast cancer bone metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 140. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-140
Practical Aspects of Better Medical Care
Authors: Arthur W. Allen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

IN A discussion of the plans for better medical service to the people of the United States it seems logical to me that we should take into account what has been accomplished along these lines. We can be justly proud of the fact that the American people have available to them better medical care than the people of any nation in the world. I wish to bring to your attention some of the important factors that have brought this about and to offer some feasible suggestions about how we may still improve this service to humanity.Medical EducationThe basic . . .
Diuretics, β-Blockers, and the Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Arno W. Hoes
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Objective: To determine whether the use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics and β-blockers is associated with an excess risk for sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Patients: 257 case-patients who had died suddenly while receiving drug therapy for hypertension and 257 living controls also receiving drug therapy for hypertension. Measurements: Detailed information on medication use and clinical characteristics of all case-patients and controls was collected from the files of general practitioners. Additional information on medication use was obtained from computerized pharmacy records. Results: Patients receiving non-potassium-sparing diuretics had an increased risk for sudden cardiac death (relative risk, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.0 to 3.1]) compared with a reference group treated primarily with potassium-sparing diuretics. The corresponding relative risk for β-blocker use was 1.7 (CI, 1.1 to 2.6). The use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics without β-blockers was associated with a higher risk for sudden death (relative risk, 2.2 [CI, 1.1 to 4.6]) than was concomitant use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics and β-blockers (relative risk, 1.4 [CI, 0.6 to 3.0]). The risk for sudden cardiac death among recipients of non-potassium-sparing diuretics was more pronounced in those who had been receiving the diuretic for less than 1 year and in those aged 75 years or younger. Conclusions: The use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics and β-blockers is associated with an increased risk for sudden cardiac death. This association may offset part of the mortality benefit of these drugs in the treatment of hypertension.
Molecular Imaging of Coronary Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Florian Leuschner, Matthias Nahrendorf
Journal: Circulation Research (2011)

Motivated by the promise to transform preclinical research and clinical care, cardiovascular molecular imaging has made advances toward targeting coronary atherosclerosis and heart failure. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field, highlight how molecular imaging may facilitate preventive patient care, and review specific challenges associated with coronary and heart failure imaging. Practical considerations stress the potential of fluorescence imaging for basic research and discuss hybrid protocols such as FMT-CT and PET-MRI.
Concomitant chemoradiotherapy versus acceleration of radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy in locally advanced head and neck carcinoma (GORTEC 99-02): an open-label phase 3 randomised trial
Authors: Jean Bourhis, Christian Sire, Pierre Graff, Vincent Grégoire, Philippe Maingon, Gilles Calais, Bernard Gery, Laurent Martin, Marc Alfonsi, Patrick Desprez, Thierry Pignon, Etienne Bardet, Michel Rives, Lionel Geoffrois, Nicolas Daly-Schveitzer, Sok Sen, Claude Tuchais, Olivier Dupuis, Stéphane Guerif, Michel Lapeyre, Véronique Favrel, Marc Hamoir, Antoine Lusinchi, Stéphane Temam, Antonella Pinna, Yun Gan Tao, Pierre Blanchard, Anne Aupérin
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2012)
Serum screening for Down's syndrome Private patients may receive less counselling
Authors: P A Boyd, T Reynolds, R John, M Allaby, M Barrow, J F Smith, C Stewart
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Optometrists are fully trained and have the facilities to screen for eye disease.Abolishing charges for eye tests for elderly people and encour- aging them to attend an optometrist regularly seem to be the most sensible methods of effectively screening this at risk population.
Social class and elective caesareans in the NHS: Analysis is not really about social class
Authors: Alison J Macfarlane
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Adjusted odds of elective caesarean section compared with most affluent fifth of population



Editor—Although purporting to investigate social class differences, Dr Foster in its article on social class and elective caesareans in the English NHS actually analysed differences according to area deprivation score.1 …
An Outbreak of Pseudobacteremia Caused by Enterobacter cloacae from a Phlebotomist's Vial of Thrombin
Authors: DONALD R. GRAHAM
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

In a 15-day period, seven patients in a small hospital each had one blood culture positive for Enterobacter cloacae. None of the seven patients was septic. All seven positive culture specimens had been obtained by phlebotomist A, who also had obtained 13 negative culture specimens in the same period. Seven other phlebotomists had drawn 69 blood samples for culture during the same period; none had yielded any microorganism (p = 0.00001). Vials of thrombin, routinely used to coagulate blood specimens for chemical analysis, had been carried on the phlebotomy trays. We observed that phlebotomist A occasionally spilled drops of the viscous thrombin on her finger during the procedures. Culture of the thrombin on her tray yielded E. cloacae. No further cases of E. cloacae bacteremia occured after she stopped drawing blood for culture and the thrombin on her tray was removed from use.
Oxygen wastage of stunned myocardium in vivo is due to an increased oxygen cost of contractility and a decreased myofibrillar efficiency
Authors: S Trines
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

We investigated whether an increased oxygen cost of contractility and/or a decreased myofibrillar efficiency contribute to oxygen wastage of stunned myocardium. Because Ca(2+)-sensitizers may increase myofibrillar Ca(2+)-sensitivity without increasing cross-bridge cycling, we also investigated whether EMD 60263 restores myofibrillar efficiency and/or the oxygen cost of contractility.Regional fiber stress and strain were calculated from mesomyocardially implanted ultrasound crystals and left ventricular pressure in anesthetized pigs (n=18). Regional myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO(2)) was measured before contractility (end-systolic elastance, E(es)) and total myofibrillar work (stress-strain area, SSA) were determined from stress-strain relationships. Atrial pacing at three heart rates and two doses of dobutamine were used to vary SSA and E(es), respectively. After stunning (two times 10-min ischemia followed by 30-min reperfusion), measurements were repeated following infusion of saline (n=8) or EMD 60263 (1.5 mg.kg(-1) i.v., n=10). Linear regression was performed using: MVO(2)=alpha.SSA+beta.E(es)+gamma.HR(-1) (alpha(-1), myofibrillar efficiency; beta, oxygen cost of contractility; and gamma, basal metabolism/min).Stunning decreased SSA by 57% and E(es) by 64%, without affecting MVO(2), while increasing alpha by 71% and beta by 134%, without affecting gamma. From the wasted oxygen, 72% was used for myofibrillar work and 18% for excitation-contraction coupling. EMD 60263 restored both alpha and beta.Oxygen wastage in stunning is predominantly caused by a decreased myofibrillar efficiency and to a lesser extent by an increased oxygen cost of contractility. Considering that EMD 60263 reversed both causes of oxygen wastage, it is most likely that this drug increases myofibrillar Ca(2+)-sensitivity without increasing myofibrillar cross-bridge cycling.
883. Gold Nanoparticles as an Amplifying Payload Strategy for Adenoviral Cancer Gene Therapy
Authors: Maaike Everts, Jennifer L. Leddon, Robbert J. Kok, Meredith A. Preuss, C. Leigh Millican, David E. Nikles, Duane T. Johnson, David T. Curiel
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Analogous to amplifying strategies such as suicide genes or conditionally replicating adenoviral vectors, hyperthermia can be used to induce tumor cell killing via a bystander effect. Hyperthermia can be produced by near infrared laser irradiation of gold nanoparticles present in tumors. However, physical retargeting of gold nanoparticles to tumor cells is necessary to improve therapeutic selectivity. Considerable progress has been made with respect to retargeting adenoviral vectors for cancer gene therapy. We therefore hypothesized that covalent coupling of gold nanoparticles to retargeted adenoviral vectors would allow selective delivery of the nanoparticles to tumor cells while retaining virus infectivity. For this, sulfo-N-hydroxy succinimide labeled gold nanoparticles were reacted in different ratios to adenoviral vectors encoding a luciferase reporter gene driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter (AdCMVLuc). Covalent coupling was demonstrated by co-purification of gold nanoparticles with AdCMVLuc over a CsCl gradient, in addition to electron microscopy. Analysis of AdCMVLuc infectivity in HeLa cells demonstrated that a reaction ratio of 100:1 gold:virus had no effect on infectivity, a 1000:1 ratio resulted in a significant but modest decrease in infectivity whereas higher ratios abolished infectivity to nearly background levels. Similarly, retargeting of gold-labeled AdCMVluc using a bifunctional adapter molecule redirecting infection to carcinoembryonic antigen could still be achieved with a 100:1 ratio and to a lesser extent with a 1000:1 ratio, whereas retargeting was abolished at higher gold:virus ratios. These results indicate the possibility of using adenoviral vectors as carriers for gold nanoparticles, feasibilizing hyperthermia and gene therapy as a combinatorial therapeutic approach.
PrimePractice: A CD-ROM Quarterly for Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Robert Hogan
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Imagine, for a moment, the customary experience of using a computer in the past decade. One sees a monitor and, surely, a keyboard. On the monitor are two simple elements: words and numbers. (What is the user doing in this image of computing past: putting data in or getting data out?) Now fast-forward to the computing present and future: all that has changed forever with the introduction of multimedia titles like PrimePractice. I ran this software on a 486DX/2 66, with a double-speed CD-ROM drive, eight megabytes of RAM, and a NEC Multisync Monitor in Super VGA display mode, a minimum configuration for the software. The program is available on CD ROM. It is simple to install and run. The interface (screen design) consists of buttons that one clicks on with a mouse to enter various segments of the program. Those segments consist of 28 "Hot Topics," four "Case Studies,"
Talent scouts, not practice scouts: Talents are real
Authors: David C. Rowe
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Howe et al. have mistaken gene x environment correlations for environmental main effects. Thus, they believe that training would develop the same level of performance in anyone, when it would not. The heritability of talents indicates their dependence on variation in physiological (including neurological) capacities. Talents may be difficult to predict from early cues because tests are poorly designed, or because the skill requirements change at more advanced levels of performance. One twin study of training effects demonstrated greater heritability of physical skill after than before training. In summary, talents are real.
Plasma endothelin-1 levels in cirrhosis in the rat are elevated and related to microsomal function
Authors: J REICHEN
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

We have used Drosophila ovarian follicle stem cells (FSCs) to study how stem cells are regulated by external signals and draw three main conclusions. First, the spatial definition of supportive niche positions for FSCs depends on gradients of Hh and JAK-STAT pathway ligands, which emanate from opposite, distant sites. FSC position may be further refined by a preference for low-level Wnt signaling. Second, hyperactivity of supportive signaling pathways can compensate for the absence of the otherwise essential adhesion molecule, DE-cadherin, suggesting a close regulatory connection between niche adhesion and niche signals. Third, FSC behavior is determined largely by summing the inputs of multiple signaling pathways of unequal potencies. Altogether, our findings indicate that a stem cell niche need not be defined by short-range signals and invariant cell contacts; rather, for FSCs, the intersection of gradients of long-range niche signals regulates the longevity, position, number, and competitive behavior of stem cells.
Treatment of the restless legs syndrome with clonazepam.
Authors: W B Matthews
Journal: BMJ (1979)

A 55-year-old man with a history of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo unalleviated by Epley manoeuvre presented to an otolaryngologist for dizziness, right ear fullness and headache. MRI of the brain showed numerous marrow-replacing lesions throughout the calvarium, skull base and upper cervical spine which were hypointense on T1-weighted images, hyperintense on T2-weighted images and avidly enhanced following contrast, concerning for a malignant process such as metastatic disease or multiple myeloma (figure 1). Systemic X-ray survey (spine, skull, chest, pelvis, all long bones) and nuclear medicine whole body bone scan were negative except for the lesions seen on MRI. β−2microglobin, immunoglobin and monoclonal protein electrophoresis were negative for myeloma or immunological process. Given the concern for metastatic disease, biopsy of a skull lesion was recommended. Pathological analysis of a calvarial lesion was consistent with unicameral bone cyst (figure 1). No ongoing therapy was offered; however, brain and spine surveillance imaging will continue.
Risk of people with mental illnesses dying by homicide
Authors: R. Webb, J. Shaw, L. Appleby
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Mentally ill people have an increased risk of becoming victims 

Crump and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.f557) report on an important topic that has received little attention in the health sciences literature1: the risk that people with mental illness will die by homicide.2 3 4 This contrasts with the large body of published evidence on the risk of homicide and other acts of serious violence perpetrated by people with psychiatric disorders.5 6 Popular media reporting portrays mental illness as posing a threat to the safety of others,7 8 and these continual stigmatising portrayals may make the violent victimisation of an already marginalised section of society more likely.9 These new research findings therefore deserve to be disseminated widely, so that professional groups and agencies working in mental health, as well as the media and general public, are aware that mentally ill people are at increased risk of becoming victims of someone else’s violence.

Scandinavian registers enable investigation of rare adverse events such as homicide. They provide …
Current Operative Urology
Authors: Fred K. Kirchner
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The education of residents is a complex process. A competent physician not only must acquire a broad knowledge of basic facts but then must be able to use his interpretative skills to apply this knowledge to problem solving and clinical judgment. Such skills are developed in a variety of ways: reading basic textbooks, active participation in various conferences, and day-to-day interaction with a dedicated faculty. To the serious student, it becomes obvious that the art and craft of urology, like any area of medicine, is in a constant state of flux and that diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are constantly being reevaluated and altered as experience is gained. As the educational process advances, the resident, at times, becomes a bit overwhelmed by the vast amount of material that needs to be assimilated. At the same time, there is a need to place this knowledge in perspective. The first edition of this