tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Screening of Maternal Serum for Fetal Down's Syndrome in the First Trimester
Authors: James E. Haddow, Glenn E. Palomaki, George J. Knight, Josephine Williams, Wayne A. Miller, Anthony Johnson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Screening of maternal serum to identify fetuses with Down's syndrome is now routinely offered during the second trimester of pregnancy. Prenatal screening by means of serum assays or ultrasonographic measurements, either alone or in combination, may also be possible in the first trimester.
Abstract 1126: Tristetraprolin inhibits Twist1-induced cancer cell migration
Authors: Wha J. Cho, Nal A. Yoon, Mai-Tram Vo, Young Joo Min, Jeong Woo Park
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) enhances tumor cell migration. However, detail mechanisms for the regulation of EMT are not well known. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an AU-rich element (ARE) binding protein that can promote the decay of the transcripts. This study demonstrates that TTP plays a critical role in EMT process. Overexpression of TTP in ovarian cancer cells decreased the expression of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and Vimentin), increased the expression of epithelial marker (E-cadherin), and inhibited cell migration and invasion activities. On the contrary, inhibition of TTP by siRNA decreased the expression of E-cadherin, increased the expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin, and promoted cell migration and invasion. The cDNA microarray analysis revealed that Twist1 was significantly down-regulated in TTP-overexpressed cells. Twist1 mRNA contains ARE within its 3′-UTR and TTP enhances the decay of Twist1 mRNA through binding to its 3′-UTR. In addition, TTP directly bound to the ARE of Twist1 mRNA by EMSA assay. Ectopic expression of Twist1 gene without 3′UTR blocked the inhibitory of TTP on the EMT. We also observed enhanced levels of Twist1 and reduced TTP levels in human ovarian adenocarcinoma. Collectively, our data indicate that TTP conducts anti-metastatic activity by down-regulating Twist1, presenting a novel mechanism of TTP-mediated regulation of tumor metastasis. Citation Format: Wha Ja Cho, Nal Ae Yoon, Mai-Tram Vo, Young Joo Min, Jeong Woo Park. Tristetraprolin inhibits Twist1-induced cancer cell migration. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1126. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1126
Erythrocytic cation transport receptor numbers and activity in pregnancies complicated by essential hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
Authors: J K Aronson, M P Moore, C W Redman, C Harper
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Various functions of erythrocytic cation transport were studied in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy (women with pre-eclampsia and essential hypertension). The results showed that in pregnancy there is an increase in the number of erythrocytic glycoside binding sites accompanied by a proportional increase in the active inward transport of rubidium (used as a substitute for potassium). There was no evidence of an effect of pregnancy on intraerythrocytic sodium concentrations. These changes were apparently entirely attributable to pregnancy and not affected by pre-eclampsia or essential hypertension. It is suggested that these alterations indicate an adaptive increase in sodium pump numbers and activity secondary to a tendency for the intraerythrocytic sodium concentration to rise during pregnancy and compensating for that tendency.
An inframe perforin gene deletion in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is associated with perforin expression
Authors: Shanmugakonar Muralitharan, Zakia Al Lamki, David Dennison, Brian Sidney Christie, Yasser A. Wali, Mathew Zachariah, Marc Romana, Riad Bayoumi, Rajagopal Krishnamoorthy
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is an autosomal recessive disease of early childhood manifested by hypercytokinemia and organ infiltration of macrophages and activated lymphocytes, and it is characterized by a fulminant clinical course. The molecular mechanism underlying this disease appears to be a deregulation of apoptosis of activated T cells and macrophages. Approximately 20–40% of patients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis reported worldwide had a perforin gene mutation. We report herein a novel perforin variant in the homozygous state in an Omani boy who was diagnosed 44 days after birth. Sequence analysis of the perforin gene coding region revealed a 12-base pair deletion (codon 284–287) resulting in the deletion of four amino acids in the membrane attack complex domain of the protein. This deletion maintains the reading frame of the perforin mRNA. Both parents were heterozygotes for this molecular defect. Flow-cytometric analysis revealed intracellular perforin expression at the lower end of the normal range in the cytotoxic T cells (CD3+/CD8+) and (CD3+/CD56+) and in around 50% of the natural killer cells (CD3−/CD56+). This is an additional example of a perforin variant which is associated with a significant level of cellular perforin expression and thus confirms that drastic reduction in its expression is not a constant feature in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2. Am. J. Hematol. 78:59–63, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intrapleural Tetracycline for Recurrent Pneumothorax
Authors: Kenneth Granke
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor. —  The study by Light et al1points out a significant reduction in recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces for those treated with intrapleural tetracycline vs only closed tube thoracostomy. I would like to say that this study is certainly excellent evidence for the consideration of tetracycline as the best agent for chemical pleurodesis, but it may give the readers the wrong impression that it is the best treatment for the prevention of recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces.  This study points out that a spontaneous pneumothorax is not a rare occurrence, and it is followed by a recurrence rate approaching 50%. It also seems to imply that thoracotomy with mechanical pleurodesis and bleb removal is undesirable because it is a major surgical procedure. Furthermore, it states that a recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax carries a mortality rate ranging from 1.4% (in their study) to as high as 16%. Finally, the authors conclude that
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Clinical Approach
Authors: Z. Myron Falchuk
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Inflammatory bowel disease has been around for a long time but was not formally recognized until the 1930s, when the initial descriptions of Crohn and his colleagues began to appear. The following 60 years brought an explosion of information, which many of us have seen in bits and pieces but not in its entirety. In this setting there are but a handful of contemporary gastroenterologists who can say they have witnessed much of the birth, adolescence, and now adulthood of the fund of knowledge in the field of inflammatory bowel disease. Dr Henry Janowitz is certainly one of those giants who can speak to much of the knowledge base as a firsthand source. It is with this perspective that one should read and appreciate the second edition of his treatise. The book is a distillation of the experience of one man garnered during a half century of taking care of
Human Fibrin as Dressing for Burns
Authors: R. G. Macfarlane
Journal: BMJ (1943)

MEDICAL JOURNAL541exercise or excitement.The pain never wakens the patient during the night, although he may waken in the morning with it.This symptom, like all those mentioned in this report, is fre- quently associated with a change of environment.In many respects the photophobia runs parallel with the headache.It, too, may be unilateral, and be felt on the side on which, as the patient is aware, there is ocular inferiority.Dark glasses are often worn on days not much, if any,-brighter than can be experienced on summer days in Britain.Their use appears to have a symbolic significance to the patient.As stated, muscae volitantes and epiphora are often asso6iated with photo- phobia and headache.Like them, they are very variable in their incidence: days may pass without the patient experiencing them.
Potential Pitfalls of Disease-Specific Guidelines for Patients with Multiple Conditions
Authors: Mary E. Tinetti, Sidney T. Bogardus, Joseph V. Agostini
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Quality-measurement and payment-for-performance programs encourage physicians to deliver care that is consistent with practice guidelines. In the treatment of patients with multiple medical problems, adherence to disease-specific guidelines often requires the use of 10 or more medications, yet the marginal benefits and adverse effects of the 8th, 9th, or 10th medication in such patients are not known. The authors emphasize the importance of considering patients' quality of life, preferences, and values when prescribing medications for those with multiple chronic illnesses.
More radiotherapists, please.
Authors: J Tobias
Journal: BMJ (1991)

©The Authors <h3>Background</h3> Women with breast pain constitute &gt;20% of breast clinic attendees. <h3>Aim</h3> To investigate breast cancer incidence in women presenting with breast pain and establish the health economics of referring women with breast pain to secondary care. <h3>Design and setting</h3> A prospective cohort study of all consecutive women referred to a breast diagnostic clinic over 12 months. <h3>Method</h3> Women were categorised by presentation into four distinct clinical groups and cancer incidence investigated. <h3>Results</h3> Of 10 830 women, 1972 (18%) were referred with breast pain, 6708 (62%) with lumps, 480 (4%) with nipple symptoms, 1670 (15%) with ‘other’ symptoms. Mammography, performed in 1112 women with breast pain, identified cancer in eight (0.7%). Of the 1972 women with breast pain, breast cancer incidence was 0.4% compared with ∼5% in each of the three other clinical groups. Using ‘breast lump’ as reference, the odds ratio (OR) of women referred with breast pain having breast cancer was 0.05 (95% confidence interval = 0.02 to 0.09, <i>P</i>&lt;0.001). Compared with reassurance in primary care, referral was more costly (net cost £262) without additional health benefits (net quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] loss −0.012). The greatest impact on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was when QALY loss because of referral-associated anxiety was excluded. Primary care reassurance no longer dominated, but the ICER remained greater (£45 528/QALY) than typical UK National Health Service cost-effectiveness thresholds. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This study shows that referring women with breast pain to a breast diagnostic clinic is an inefficient use of limited resources. Alternative management pathways could improve capacity and reduce financial burden.
The Sclerotic Vertebral Body
Authors: Donald Resnick
Journal: JAMA (1983)

A VARIETY of disorders can produce increased radiodensity, or sclerosis, of one or more vertebral bodies. Such sclerosis can involve (1) the entire vertebral body in a uniform fashion, (2) the superior or inferior surface, or both, (3) the vertebral margins, or (4) the interior of the bone. In each instance, the resulting radiological image is distinctive and frequently allows a precise diagnosis to be offered. This communication emphasizes the radiological and gross pathological features of common disorders leading to sclerosis of the vertebral body. <h3>Uniform Sclerosis of Vertebral Body: The 'Ivory' Vertebra</h3> Uniformly distributed sclerosis of an entire vertebral body is termed the "ivory" vertebra<sup>1</sup>(Fig 1). The increase in radiodensity is commonly dramatic and may involve a single vertebral body or multiple vertebral bodies. In some instances, the adjacent posterior elements of the vertebra, including the pedicles, laminae, and transverse and spinous processes, are also affected. The
Aplastic Anemia Associated With γ-Benzene Hexachloride
Authors: Robert J. Hans
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It is frequently difficult, particularly in the case of widely used drugs and chemicals, to establish a causal relationship to an uncommon adverse effect like aplastic anemia. Until such a relationship is strongly suspected, however, physicians are not inspired to publish confirmatory evidence. This reluctance is unfortunate because it precludes early recognition of potential dangers. For this reason, one must take exception to Dr Zavon's contention (235:1841, 1976) that γ-benzene hexachloride is not suspect in the causation of aplastic anemia. There are at least 11 published cases of aplastic anemia<sup>1-8</sup>and two of leukemia<sup>9</sup>with definite histories of exposure to γ-benzene hexachloride alone and with definite temporal relationships between exposure and clinical symptoms. There are at least ten others<sup>2,8,10-14</sup>in which γ-benzene hexachloride exposure was accompanied by exposure to additional materials also suspected of causing aplastic anemia. Five unpublished cases, apparently involving γ-benzene hexachloride
The Story of Glutamate in Drug Addiction and of<i>N</i>-Acetylcysteine as a Potential Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Robyn M. Brown, Yonatan M. Kupchik, Peter W. Kalivas
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2013)

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β <sub>2</sub> -Adrenergic Receptor Overexpression Increases Alveolar Fluid Clearance and Responsiveness to Endogenous Catecholamines in Rats
Authors: Vidas Dumasius, Jacob I. Sznajder, Zaher S. Azzam, John Boja, Gökhan M. Mutlu, Michael B. Maron, Phillip Factor
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

β-Adrenergic agonists accelerate the clearance of alveolar fluid by increasing the expression and activity of epithelial solute transport proteins such as amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na + channels (ENaC) and Na,K-ATPases. Here we report that adenoviral-mediated overexpression of a human β 2 -adrenergic receptor (β 2 AR) cDNA increases β 2 AR mRNA, membrane-bound receptor protein expression, and receptor function (procaterol-induced cAMP production) in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Receptor overexpression was associated with increased catecholamine (procaterol)-responsive active Na + transport and increased abundance of Na,K-ATPases in the basolateral cell membrane. β 2 AR gene transfer to the alveolar epithelium of normal rats improved membrane-bound β 2 AR expression and function and increased levels of ENaC (α subunit) abundance and Na,K-ATPases activity in apical and basolateral cell membrane fractions isolated from the peripheral lung, respectively. Alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), an index of active Na + transport, in β 2 AR overexpressing rats was up to 100% greater than sham-infected controls and rats infected with an adenovirus that expresses no cDNA. The addition of the β 2 AR-specific agonist procaterol to β 2 AR overexpressing lungs did not increase AFC further. AFC in β 2 AR overexpressing lungs from adrenalectomized or propranolol-treated rats revealed clearance rates that were the same or less than normal, untreated, sham-infected controls. These experiments indicate that alveolar β 2 AR overexpression improves β 2 AR function and maximally upregulates β-agonist–responsive active Na + transport by improving responsiveness to endogenous catecholamines. These studies suggest that upregulation of β 2 AR function may someday prove useful for the treatment of pulmonary edema.
Reading Disorders in Children
Authors: Samuel J. Nichamin
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In his letter (<b>207</b>: 369, 1968) on your editorial (<b>206</b>: 638, 1968) on reading disorders in children, Lloyd J. Thompson, MD, distinguished the various concepts of organicity (brain damage), psychogenesis (environmental), or constitutionality (geneogenous), associated with faulty neurological integration. This latter term is preferred by us,<sup>1</sup>since it obviates any concern about brain damage; and is inclusive of many diverse factors in perceptual disorders, namely, hyperkinesia, lethargy, behavior deviations, clumsiness, short attention span, impulsivity, reading disorders, and/or other academic problems. Ubiquitous references to reading disability or dyslexia as an entity, sui generis, tend to obfuscate its dominant, integral relationship to the perceptually handicapped individual. In construing dyslexia as an inherent part of a perceptual syndrome, genetically determined, the physician can orient his approach longitudinally during the growth and developmental stages of infancy and childhood. Incipient disorders in maturational development of young children can then be apprehended at
Molecular Basis of Arrhythmias
Authors: Manish Shah, Fadi G. Akar, Gordon F. Tomaselli
Journal: Circulation (2005)

The characterization of single gene disorders has provided important insights into the molecular pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias. Primary electricalal diseases including long-QT syndrome, short-QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia have been associated with mutations in a variety of ion channel subunit genes that promote arrhythmogenesis. Pathological remodeling of ionic currents and network properties of the heart critical for normal electrical propagation plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of acquired arrhythmias. This review focuses on the molecular and cellular basis of electrical activity in the heart under normal and pathophysiological conditions to provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms of inherited and acquired cardiac arrhythmias. Improved understanding of the basic biology of cardiac arrhythmias holds the promise of identifying new molecular targets for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
Strokes among black people in Harare, Zimbabwe: results of computed tomography and associated risk factors.
Authors: J Matenga, I Kitai, L Levy
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Computed tomography was performed and risk factors evaluated in 100 consecutive adult patients presenting to the two teaching hospitals in Harare with a clinical diagnosis of stroke. The mean age of the patients was 52; only 28 were 65 or older. Non-stroke lesions were found in seven patients and were predicted by a recent history of convulsions (p less than 0.0001). Five lesions (four subdural haematomas and one cerebral cysticercosis) were remediable. Hypertension was present in 27 (93%) of the 29 patients with cerebral haemorrhage and in 49 (53%) of the 93 patients with stroke lesions. In 22 (45%) of these patients the hypertension had not been diagnosed, and another 22 had defaulted from treatment. All 13 patients who died before computed tomography had hypertension, and over half showed evidence of haemorrhagic stroke. There was a cardiac source for all 12 cases of cerebral embolism. In eight of the 100 patients cerebral infarction was attributed to neurosyphilis. None of the patients had clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. Smoking and oral contraceptives did not seem important risk factors for stroke. Detection and control of hypertension remain the most important measures needed to reduce the incidence of and mortality from stroke in Zimbabwe.
Cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells with functional thromboxane A2 receptors: measurement of U46619-induced 45calcium efflux.
Authors: G W Dorn, D Sens, A Chaikhouni, D Mais, P V Halushka
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)/prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) are potent vasoconstrictors whose contractile effects are mediated by increases in cellular calcium. Stable analogues of these compounds have shown calcium ionophore activity at high concentrations. To determine if effects of TXA2/PGH2 analogues on 45Ca2+ fluxes are receptor mediated, the effects of the stable TXA2/PGH2 mimetic U46619 and the TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist I-PTA-OH on 45Ca/+ fluxes in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells were studied. The smooth muscle cells were cultured from human saphenous vein explants, and they retained the morphologic and immunologic characteristics of vascular smooth muscle cells. U46619 stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 of 398 +/- 26 nM (n = 4). The maximal 45Ca2+ efflux in response to U46619 (5 microM) was significantly greater (p = 0.006) than the 45Ca2+ efflux induced by KCl (40 mM). I-PTA-OH inhibited the U46619-induced 45Ca2+ efflux but had no effect on KCl-induced 45Ca2+ efflux. These results suggest that the effects of U46619 in increasing vascular smooth muscle cell calcium efflux are receptor mediated. Furthermore, vascular smooth muscle cells with functional TXA2/PGH2 receptors were cultured from human saphenous veins and provide a potentially useful in vitro system for the further study of TXA2/PGH2 receptor-mediated phenomena in human vascular tissue.