tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Fattening Burden of Type 2 Diabetes on Mexicans
Authors: Arturo Jiménez-Cruz, Montserrat Bacardi-Gascon
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

In Mexico, diabetes is the first cause of adult nonobstetric hospital admissions and hospital mortality and the third cause of mortality nationwide (1). Its overall prevalence increased from 8.8% in 1993 to 11.4% in 1999 (2). This was particularly marked, rising from 6.6 to 14.4% among the southern states of Mexico, which have the highest prevalence of undernutrition and the largest population of Mexican Indians (2). More drastic increases in type 2 diabetes are expected to occur over the next decades for the following reasons.

First, obesity, which is a high risk factor for type 2 diabetes, is also increasing rapidly in Mexico. In fact, between 1993 and 2000 the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 55 to 62% among adults (3,4) and between 1989 and 1998 the prevalence increased from 77.8 to 79.9% among 35- to 64-year-old men and women in the low-income Mexico City urban population (5). In addition, in a recent nationwide nutrition survey a 27% prevalence of overweight and obesity was found among children (6). Furthermore, this surge in childhood obesity has been associated with reduced physical activity and consumption of foods and drinks that are high in energy density (6). It was found that at …
Suitability of and tolerance to Iotrolan 300 in bronchography via the fibreoptic bronchoscope.
Authors: S K Morcos, P B Anderson, S V Baudouin, C Clout, N Fairlie, C Baudouin, N Warnock
Journal: Thorax (1990)

The contrast agent Iotrolan 300 has potential advantages for bronchography over previous agents in that it can be injected directly through the bronchoscope and it does not obscure bronchoscopic vision or interfere with further bronchoscopic procedures. It was used for selective bronchography in 20 patients with suspected bronchiectasis. Side effects and change in FEV1 and in arterial oxygen saturation were compared in these patients and in 14 patients undergoing bronchoscopy for suspected carcinoma. Thirteen of the 20 patients undergoing bronchography had side effects, mainly headache, nausea, and a feeling of heat or flushing. The fall in FEV1 at four hours (0.3 l) did not differ from the fall in the control group (0.1 l). The fall in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) during bronchography (9.4%) did not differ significantly from the fall during bronchoscopy in the control group (6.1%). Iotrolan gave good quality bronchograms, which in all cases provided a diagnosis. Iotrolan appears to be suitable for bronchography by fibreoptic bronchoscope and to be well tolerated.
Modulation of eicosanoid metabolism in endothelial cells in a xenograft model. Role of cyclooxygenase-2.
Authors: M Bustos, T M Coffman, S Saadi, J L Platt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Lipid inflammatory mediators are thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of vascular injury. Among the events which might cause the synthesis of eicosanoids in blood vessels is activation of the complement. To evaluate how complement might influence eicosanoid metabolism, we investigated endothelial cells exposed to xenoreactive antibodies and complement, as might occur in rejecting xenografts where severe vascular injury is a typical feature. While resting porcine aortic endothelial cells released only prostaglandin (PG) I2, endothelial cells stimulated with xenoreactive antibodies and complement released PGE2 and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), in addition to increased amounts of PGI2. This alteration in eicosanoid metabolism was associated with induction of cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 and thromboxane synthase, but not Cox-1. Unlike results seen in other systems, the upregulation of Cox-2 and the subsequent release of eicosanoids by endothelial cells was not directly induced by complement but rather required production of IL-1alpha, which acted on endothelial cells as an autocrine factor. Since eicosanoids have a potent effect on inflammation, vascular tone and platelet aggregation, we postulated that the abnormalities in eicosanoid release induced by xenoreactive antibodies and complement might provide one explanation for the vascular injury, focal ischemia, and thrombosis observed in acute vascular rejection and other vasculitides mediated by complement.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy decreases Wnt signalling in neonatal mice
Authors: M. J. Blacquiere, W. Timens, A. van den Berg, M. Geerlings, D. S. Postma, M. N. Hylkema
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<b><i>Article abstract</i></b> We performed genetic linkage analysis in nine German proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM) families using DNA-markers <i>D3S1541</i> and <i>D3S1589</i> from the region of the recently discovered gene locus of myotonic dystrophy type 2 (<i>DM2</i>) on chromosome 3q. Two-point analysis supplied an lod score of 5.9. We conclude that a gene causing PROMM is located on chromosome 3q. PROMM and <i>DM2</i> may be allelic disorders or may be caused by closely linked genes.
Computer Insight, MD
Authors: Leslie L. Cortés
Journal: JAMA (1993)

Rating: 2 (0 = worse than a virus, 1 = harmless but useless, 2 = useful but klutzy, 3 = useful, 4 = better than most, 5 = I already bought mine).  Last year, I reviewed theMedical Computing Resource Guide (MCRG)from Resource Systems Management Inc, using a 386 computer named Galen. This year I have taken a look atComputer Insight, MD (CIMD), a successor product from the same company. I evaluated it on Galen's successor, Merlin, a 486 DX2-66 with 8 MB of RAM, a 1024 × 768 SVGA graphics adapter with a 65 000 color palette, and a 340-MB hard disk running Windows for Workgroups.  LikeMCRG, CIMDis a compendium of clinical computing information that aims to put computing knowledge into clinical hands. It packs information on 1000 clinically useful computer programs into two diskettes. It is available on both 3.5-inch and 5.25-inch disks. Expanded, it requires 3.18 MB of hard
55Monitoring the levels of the reactive oxygen species and calcium in the whole beating heart during ischaemia-reperfusion:
Authors: TN Andrienko, P Pasdois, AP Halestrap
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) plays a key role in reperfusion injury, and preventing MPTP opening is cardioprotective. Here we use surface fluorescence of a Langendorff-perfused beating rat heart to establish the role of ROS and [Ca2+] during ischemia and reperfusion in mediating MPTP opening. We used real-time multi-wavelength measurements of surface fluorescence and reflectance to monitor autofluorescence and intracellular concentrations of both [Ca2+] and ROS using Indo-1 and 5-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein. Haemodynamic function and infarct size were measured in parallel. Increases in both ROS and [Ca2+] were detected on reperfusion and these were greatly attenuated by ischaemic preconditioning (Table 1) which reduced infarct size from 61.9±2.3% to 13.9±1.7% for IP. However, the time courses of the changes suggested that the increases in both parameters were secondary to MPTP opening rather acting as a causative event that than preceding MPTP opening. This conclusion received additional support from the observation that the MPTP inhibitor, cyclosporine A (0.2 μM CsA added 10 min before ischaemia and for 30 min of reperfusion), also reduced the rise in [Ca2+] upon reperfusion and decreased infarct size to 44.1±3.9%. Our data suggest that the observed changes in ROS and [Ca2+] during reperfusion may occur as a result of MPTP opening rather than acting as the trigger MPTP opening. We suggest that other factors such as hexokinase 2 dissociation from the mitochondria during ischemia may sensitize the MPTP to open at basal levels of [Ca2+] and ROS. Upon MPTP opening, the resulting mitochondrial dysfunction leads to ROS production, impaired ATP production and hence loss of calcium homeostasis that in turn leads to further MPTP opening and damage. This work was supported by the Medical Research Council and British Heart Foundation.
Abstract 5782: Androgen receptor antagonists: Lead optimization and preclinical pharmacology
Authors: Ashvin Gavai, Derek Norris, Aaron Balog, Joel Austin, Weifang Shan, Yufen Zhao, Wen-Ching Han, Lisa Sharma, Andrew Nation, Dauh-Rurng Wu, Arvind Mathur, Litai Zhang, Mary Ellen Cvijic, Melissa Yarde, Donald Apanovitch, Celeste Twamley, Yuwei Tang, Benjamin Johnson, Paul Elzinga, Georgia Cornelius, Mary Obermeier, William Foster, Punit Marathe, Janet Dell-John, Gennaro Dito, Gregg Masters, Cheryl Rizzo, Liang Schweizer, Maria Jure-Kunkel, Ricardo Attar, Marco Gottardis, Gregory Vite
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The development and progression of prostate cancer is known to be dependent on androgens and their signaling mediated by the androgen receptor (AR). The primary therapeutic intervention involves using agents that lower serum testosterone (e.g., LHRH agonists), often in concert with an AR antagonist, such as bicalutamide. Despite a favorable initial anti-tumor response, most patients progress to the advanced hormone-refractory disease. The development of resistance to anti-androgen therapy has been shown to be associated with an increase in the levels of both AR mRNA and protein. This observation supports the concept that an AR antagonist with a significant improvement in potency as compared to bicalutamide and a broader spectrum of in vivo anti-tumor activity, including the bicalutamide-refractory human prostate tumor xenografts, may provide a significant clinical advantage in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. This presentation will describe structure-activity relationships in a novel tetracyclic series of androgen receptor antagonists leading up to the identification of BMS-779333. It is a potent AR full antagonist, which exhibited broad spectrum efficacy in four human prostate tumor xenograft models. BMS-779333 did not exhibit agonist activity for AR mutant isoforms. Tumors that failed bicalutamide treatment were shown to retain their sensitivity to respond to BMS-779333. Transcriptomic changes in LuCaP-35 tumors treated with BMS-779333 were closer to castration than with other drug treatments. Based on its overall profile, BMS-779333 was selected for further preclinical evaluation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5782.
Abstract 410: Expression of class 3 semaphorins in prostate cancer and modulation by hypoxia
Authors: Magali Williamson, Veronique Blanc, Joseph Nariculam, Alex Freeman, John Masters
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Class 3 semaphorins are secreted proteins that act as guidance cues for migrating cells via their transmembrane receptors, plexins. Semaphorins have a role in cancer affecting tumour growth both directly and indirectly, by affecting angiogenesis. The aims of this study were to determine if semaphorins have a potential role in prostate cancer and if their expression is regulated by hypoxia. Here we show that semaphorins and their transmembrane receptors, plexins and neuropilins, are widely expressed in prostate cancer cell lines and tissue with a significant overexpression of Sema3E in tumour tissue. Co-expression of semaphorins and their receptors by tumour cells suggests that semaphorins may act through an autocrine or paracrine mechanism in prostate cancer cells and have a direct effect on prostate tumour progression. We found that Sema3E affected integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin of prostate cancer cells, either enhancing or inhibiting adhesion, depending on cellular context. Sema3E also inhibited the migration of prostate cancer cells. As well as affecting tumour progression directly, class 3 semaphorins act as angiogenesis factors. We found that expression of several semaphorin genes is affected by growth in hypoxic conditions. Notably, expression of sema3C is upregulated and Sema3A and Sema3E are down regulated by hypoxia in prostate and colon cancer cells. The down-regulation of sema3A and 3E by hypoxia is consistent with a role for Sema3A and 3E as anti-angiogenic factors in prostate cancer. These results indicate a potential role for Sema3E in prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 410.
Sorafenib With Interferon Alfa-2b As First-Line Treatment of Advanced Renal Carcinoma: A Phase II Study of the Southwest Oncology Group
Authors: Christopher W. Ryan, Bryan H. Goldman, Primo N. Lara, Philip C. Mack, Tomasz M. Beer, Catherine M. Tangen, Dianne Lemmon, Chong-Xian Pan, Harry A. Drabkin, E. David Crawford
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

This phase II study evaluated the activity of combined treatment with interferon alfa-2b and sorafenib, a Raf and multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced renal carcinoma.Eligible patients had metastatic or unresectable renal carcinoma with a clear-cell component, no prior systemic therapy, performance status 0 to 1, and measurable disease. Treatment consisted of interferon alfa-2b 10 x 10(6) U subcutaneously three times weekly and sorafenib 400 mg orally bid. The primary end point was confirmed Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors response rate.Twelve (19%) of 62 assessable patients achieved an objective confirmed response. An additional 31 (50%) had an unconfirmed partial response or stable disease as best response. The median progression-free survival was 7 months (95% CI, 4 to 11 months). The most common adverse events were fatigue, anorexia, anemia, diarrhea, nausea, rigors/chills, leukopenia, fever, and transaminase elevation. Von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations were detected in four (22%) of 18 archival tumor specimens.The confirmed response rate for the combination of sorafenib and interferon in advanced renal carcinoma is greater than expected with either interferon or sorafenib alone. The toxicity of this combination is dominated by adverse events common to interferon that limit further development of this regimen.
Rates to San Francisco.
Authors: John Milton Duff
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Pittsburg, Pa., April 10,1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Considerable space has already been taken up in theJournalon the subject of transportation to theAssociationmeeting, and I am reluctant to presume upon you, but I feel that unless there are some concessions made on the part of the railroad authorities the attendance from the East will be very small. I interested myself some time since in getting up a party to go by special train, with the expectation of low rates, and had secured the names of fifty-six. To-day with the present prospect of increased rates I can only get twelve of this same company to say they will go. Leaving out of consideration the fact that perhaps to no other body of men are the railroad companies under greater obligations than to the medical fraternity, as a matter of business, looking at it in a mercenary manner, it
Diisocyanate Antigen-stimulated Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Synthesis Has Greater Test Efficiency than Specific Antibodies for Identification of Diisocyanate Asthma
Authors: David I. Bernstein, André Cartier, Johanne Côté, Jean-Luc Malo, Louis-Philippe Boulet, Mark Wanner, Joanne Milot, Jocelyne L'Archevéque, Carole Trudeau, Zana Lummus
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

We previously reported that diisocyanate-human serum albumin (DIISO-HSA) stimulated production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells is significantly associated with a clinical diagnosis of diisocyanate asthma (DA). Others have reported that antibodies for DIISO-HSA are specific but insensitive markers of DA. This study was performed to evaluate test characteristics of the in vitro MCP-1 assay compared with DIISO-HSA–specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgE in identifying workers with DA. MCP-1 was quantitated in peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernatants 48 hours after incubation with DIISO-HSA antigens. Assay results were compared with outcomes of specific inhalation challenge (SIC) testing. Nineteen of 54 (35%) workers assayed for antibodies and MCP-1 stimulation had SIC-confirmed DA. Mean MCP-1 produced by SIC-positive workers was greater than SIC-negative workers (p ⩽ 0.001). Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and test efficiency for specific IgG were 47%, 74%, and 65%, respectively, and for specific IgE were 21%, 89%, and 65%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and test efficiency of the MCP-1 test were 79%, 91%, and 87%, respectively. This study indicates that the MCP-1 stimulation assay has greater sensitivity and specificity than the specific antibody assays in correctly identifying DA.
Comment: Combination Therapy— Irradiation, Surgery, and Chemotherapy
Authors: Philip Rubin
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Although preoperative irradiation advocated by the. contributors of this series has generated some enthusiasm, the limitations and differences in Bloedorn's and Paulson's approaches require discussion. Bloedorn succinctly presents the rationale of his technique; its main benefit is in the conversion of inoperable lesions into resectable ones by means of irradiation. The irradiation technique is not detailed but consists of full tumoricidal doses (5,000 to 6,000 rad) followed by surgery after an interval of four to six weeks. The method of improving survival results is combining two full courses of treatment. Paulson advocates a tumor dose of 3,000 rad which modifies the lesion by better localizing its extent and making resection easier. This dose is subcancerocidal and references are given in the experimental and clinical literature to support his regimen. Presurgical irradiation in a small or moderate dose is an adjuvant to the operation and is applied to operable lesions. The
Simultaneous measurement of antroduodenal motility, gastric emptying, and duodenogastric reflux in man.
Authors: W D Rees, V L Go, J R Malagelada
Journal: Gut (1979)

In six healthy individuals, the relationship between antroduodenal motor activity, duodenogastric reflux, and gastric emptying were simultaneously examined by combined use of multiple marker perfusion and miniature strain gauge transducers. An interdigestive pattern of motor activity was observed during the fasting period;duodenogastric reflux was of variable magnitude, but reproducible in each individual. Fasting reflux was significantly reduced during phase III of the interdigestive complex. Administration of 0.15 M sodium chloride into the stomach resulted in minor and inconsistent changes in antroduodenal motility, despite the rapid and similar pattern of gastric emptying in the six subjects. This study supports the concept that motor activity in the antroduodenal region does not affect gastric emptying of inert, isotonic fluids but may be involved in the regulation of duodenogastric reflux.
Commentary: Controversies in SIGN guidance on management of acute upper and lower gastrointestinal blood loss
Authors: M. Keuchel, F. Hagenmuller
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The SIGN guidelines present the evidence on management of acute gastrointestinal bleeding comprehensively, with concrete recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of varical and non-varical upper gastrointestinal bleeding. For patients with peptic ulcer bleeding who are taking aspirin, the guidance advises discontinuation of aspirin or consideration of alternative drugs. A matter of concern in recent years is the combined use of aspirin and clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome or drug eluting coronary stents, which improves cardiovascular morbidity but at increased risk of bleeding.1 The discontinuation of thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors as advised by the SIGN guidelines may improve haemostasis and reduce the risk of aggravating ongoing bleeding or inducing rebleeding during endoscopic treatments. 

On the other hand, stent thrombosis may be an even more life threatening risk than gastrointestinal haemorrhage, which can be treated by blood transfusion. Individual …
Mammography, An Aid to Diagnosis of Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Robert L. Egan
Journal: JAMA (1962)

In a series of 2,522 mammograms, interpreted without benefit of clinical findings, 501 (96.7%) of 518 proved carcinomas were correctly diagnosed, as were 351 (91.6%) of 383 proved benign lesions. The demonstration of 58 clinically unsuspected carcinomas indicated that mammography was of value in the detection of carcinoma of the breast before signs and symptoms appeared. Accurate results in mammography have been made possible only by the development of a high milliamperage-low kilovoltage roentgenographic technique. The procedure is safe, simple, easily reproducible, and acceptable to the patient. It can be decisive in the diagnosis of normal, benign, and malignant conditions of the breast. Many clear-cut and specific applications of mammography have evolved during this experience; other applications need further evaluation.
The human interleukin 2 receptor beta chain (p70). Direct identification, partial purification, and patterns of expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Authors: M Sharon, J P Siegel, G Tosato, J Yodoi, T L Gerrard, W J Leonard
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

IL-2 binds to high- and low-affinity receptors on activated T cells. The high-affinity receptor was hypothesized to consist of the noncovalent association between the alpha chain (IL-2-R-alpha, p55) and a beta chain (IL-2-R-beta, p70), whereas the low-affinity receptor consists of p55 without p70. We now directly identify p70 as a 65-77-kD glycoprotein doublet. Preparative quantities of the IL-2/p70 complex have been isolated. Further, we demonstrate that p70 is the principal IL-2 binding protein on both resting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and that both p70 and p55 can be induced on normal B cells and monocytes.