tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Traveler's Diarrhea
Authors: TE-WEN CHANG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Letters and Corrections1 September 1978Traveler's DiarrheaTE-WEN CHANG, M.D.TE-WEN CHANG, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-89-3-428_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Although traveler's diarrhea has been described repeatedly from various parts of the world, Mexico is known to be a common source for this condition (1-3). The author's recent trips to Mexico and Peru in chartered flights offered an opportunity to examine the relative frequencies and characteristics of this problem among large groups of vacationers.On 16 April 1977 a chartered plane carrying 162 vacationers from the New England area arrived at Acapulco, Mexico. On 10 March 1978 another group of 380 went to Lima, Peru. The tours were arranged by travel agents as a vacation package that...References1. KEAN B: The diarrhea of travelers to Mexico: summary of a five-year study. Ann Intern Med 59:605-614, 1963 LinkGoogle Scholar2. GORBACHKEANEVANSEVANSBESSUDO SBDDD: Traveler's diarrhea and toxigenic Escherichia coli. New Engl J Med 292:933-936, 1975 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. MERSONMORRISSACKWELLSFEELEYSACKCREECHKAPIKIANGANGAROSA MGDJJRWAE: Traveler's diarrhea in Mexico: a prospective study. New Engl J Med 294:1299-1304, 1976 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA 02111 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByLooking for Evidence that Personal Hygiene Precautions Prevent Traveler's DiarrheaCorrelation between Adherence to Precautions Issued by the WHO and Diarrhea among Long-Term Travelers to IndiaA Multiyear Prospective Study of the Risk Factors for and Incidence of Diarrheal Illness in a Cohort of Peace Corps Volunteers in GuatemalaBarbara L. Herwaldt, MD, MPH, Kathleen R. de Arroyave, BSN, RN, Jacquelin M. Roberts, MS, and Dennis D. Juranek, DVM, MSRisk Behavior for Travelers' Diarrhea Among Finnish TravelersLiteraturverzeichnis 1 September 1978Volume 89, Issue 3Page: 428-429KeywordsDiarrhea Issue Published: 1 September 1978 PDF DownloadLoading ...
The Leukemias: Epidemiologic Aspects
Authors: Fred Rosner
Journal: JAMA (1985)

This well-written and profusely referenced book fulfills the author's promise of providing a "comprehensive summary of the epidemiologic literature organizing and critically evaluating important studies of the leukemias by cell type" (p VII). The following are minor points of irritation to this hematologist reviewer: the FAB system of classifying the leukemias (p 4) is incorrectly defined (eg, M<sub>2</sub>is not promyelocytic leukemia). The Rai classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is not "recent" (p 4), as it was described a decade ago. The clinical description of the four types of leukemia in chapter 1 is oversimplified and sometimes misleading (eg, "the response of patients with CLL to therapy is not striking" [p 7]). The author frequently interchanges the terms AML and ANNL, often in the same table (eg, Tables 3-8, 6-5, and 6-16), and even within the same sentence (eg, pp 91 and 102). The word "mongoloid" (p 97)
Evidence for an in vivo antagonism between vasopressin and prostaglandin in the mammalian kidney.
Authors: R J Anderson, T Berl, K D McDonald, R W Schrier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

These studies were undertaken to examine whether an antagonism between vasopressin and prostaglandin occurs in vivo in the mammalian kidney. All experiments were performed in steroid-replaced hypophysectonized dogs undergoing a water diuresis. In the first group of studied the effect of two consecutive intravenous doses (100 mU) of vasopressin was examined. The second dose of vasopressin was preceded by an injection of the carrier solution for solubilizing indomethacin or neclofenamate. No enhancement of the antidiuretic effect of the second dose of vasopressin was observed as urinary osmolality (Uosm) increased from 92 +/- 5 to 252 +/- 18 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.0001) after the first dose and from 109 +/- 8 to 209 +/- 10 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001) after the second dose of vasopressin. In another group of studies the second dose of vasopressin was preceded by the administration of a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, indomethacin (2 mg/kg). The Uosm increased from 93 +/- 9 to 244 +/- 33 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001) after the first dose of vasopressin, but after the second dose of vasopressin the Uosm increased to a significantly greater degree from 106 +/- 14 to 702 +/- 69 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001). In a third group of studies the antidiuretic effect of the same 100-mU dose of vasopressin was examined before and after the administration of meclofenamate (2 mg/kg), an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis which is chemically dissimilar from indomethacin. Uosm increased from 83+/-7 to 216+/-16 mosmol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001) after the first dose and from 101 +/- 8 to 734 +/- 86 mosomol/kg H2O (P less than 0.001) after the second dose of vasopressin. As in the indomethacin studies this enhancement in the antidiuretic effects of vasopressin after inhibition of prostaglanding synthesis was highly significant (P less than 0.001). These results therefore implicate a physiological role of prostaglandin in modulating the hydroosmotic effect of vasopressin in the mammalian kidney.
Adenosine inhibits norepinephrine release in the postischemic rat heart: the mechanism of neuronal stunning
Authors: C Burgdorf
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: Numerous studies support the concept of impaired postischemic sympathetic neurotransmission in the heart. We hypothesized that postischemic neuronal dysfunction (neuronal stunning) is caused by a transient suppression of exocytotic norepinephrine (NE) release from sympathetic nerve terminals. Furthermore, we assessed the role of presynaptic adenosine-receptors and α2-adrenoceptors in neuronal stunning. Methods and results: Exocytotic NE release was induced by two electrical field stimulations (S1 and S2) in isolated perfused rat hearts. S1 was performed under baseline conditions and S2 either during or following intervention. Results are expressed as mean S2/S1 ratios±S.E.M. Stepwise increase of global ischemic periods (10, 20, and 30 min) induced a progressive suppression of NE release in the postischemic hearts, which was reversible during reperfusion. Both the degree and duration of NE suppression was dependent on the extent of the preceding ischemic period. Following 10-min ischemia complete recovery of NE release was achieved after 5-min reperfusion (1.07±0.12), whereas 5-min reperfusion did not restore NE release after 30 min (0.36±0.07) of ischemia. The adenosine-receptor antagonists 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT; non-selective) and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; adenosine A1-receptor subtype selective) significantly increased NE release after 30-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion (0.78±0.06 and 0.64±0.07), while in the same experimental protocol blockade of α2-adrenoceptors by yohimbine failed to restore the postischemic release (0.24±0.06). In non-ischemic hearts the adenosine analogue R(−)N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA) resulted in a marked suppression of NE release (0.61±0.07). The inhibitory effect of R-PIA and 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA; adenosine A1-receptor subtype selective agonist) persisted 5 min after cessation of R-PIA (0.62±0.05) and CCPA (0.58±0.04). Activation of α2-adrenoceptors by 5-bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-quinoxalinamine (UK 14,304) also caused a reduction of NE release (0.50±0.02), but the release increased to control levels 5 min after cessation of UK 14,304 (0.90±0.06). Conclusions: The results establish the phenomenon of neuronal stunning in terms of a postischemic suppression of exocytotic NE release and provide evidence that neuronal stunning is mediated by endogenous adenosine through activation of presynaptic adenosine A1-receptors.
Tissue Expression and Immunolocalization of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Postinfarction Dysfunctional Myocardium
Authors: Min W. Irwin, Susanna Mak, Douglas L. Mann, Rong Qu, Josef M. Penninger, Andrew Yan, Fayez Dawood, Wen-Hu Wen, Zhiping Shou, Peter Liu
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is markedly elevated in advanced heart failure. It is not known whether tissue TNF-α is elevated in the common setting of myocardial infarction leading to heart failure and what the source of TNF-α is. To determine this, we studied the expression and protein localization of TNF-α and its 2 main receptors (TNF-R1/R2) in a rat model of large infarction. Methods and Results —Male rats were randomized to proximal left anterior descending ligation. The animals were killed on days 1, 3, 10, and 35 after ligation to examine gene expression and protein production of TNF-α and TNF-R1/R2 from the infarct, peri-infarct, and contralateral zones of infarcted heart. There was increased TNF-α mRNA production throughout the myocardium at day 1, and detectable expression persisted to day 35 after myocardial infarction. The expression of this cytokine is not confined strictly to the infarct or peri-infarct zones but is expressed by cardiac myocytes within the myocardium in the contralateral normal zone. Changes in gene expression are mirrored initially by augmented protein production within the myocytes. Levels of TNF-α protein in the infarct and peri-infarct zones rose early to 8- to 10-fold above normal levels and rose to 4- to 5-fold in the contralateral zone. Finally, expression of the TNF-R1 mRNA transcripts was upregulated at days 3 and 10 after ligation in the infarct and peri-infarct zones, suggesting that the signal transduction pathways necessary for TNF-α in the heart remain intact as TNF-α biosynthesis increases. Conclusions —TNF-α is present early in a model of large myocardial infarction and is sustained into the later stage within the myocardium. Expression of this cytokine is not only confined strictly to the infarct or peri-infarct zone but is expressed by cardiac myocytes within the myocardium contralateral to the infarct. Therefore TNF-α production forms a part of an important intrinsic myocardial stress response system to injury.
The effect of the acid-sensitivity of 4-(N)-stearoyl gemcitabine-loaded micelles on drug resistance caused by RRM1 overexpression
Authors: Saijie Zhu, Piyanuch Wonganan, Dharmika S.P. Lansakara-P., Hannah L. O'Mary, Yue Li, Zhengrong Cui
Journal: Biomaterials (2012)
Fifteen-Year Trends in Awareness of Heart Disease in Women
Authors: Lori Mosca, Gmerice Hammond, Heidi Mochari-Greenberger, Amytis Towfighi, Michelle A. Albert
Journal: Circulation (2013)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in awareness of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among women between 1997 and 2012 by racial/ethnic and age groups, as well as knowledge of CVD symptoms and preventive behaviors/barriers.
Neurologic Manifestations of Bacterial Endocarditis
Authors: H. ROYDEN JONES
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Twenty-nine percent of patients (110 of 385) with bacterial endocarditis had neurologic involvement. In 60% (65 of 110 patients) the neurologic finding was either the chief complaint or one of the major presenting symptoms. Cerebrovascular lesions accounted for 50% (55 of 110) of the cases, and transient ischemic symptoms preceded the major stroke in 15 of the 55 (27%). Other major neurologic syndromes included toxic encephalopathy, meningitis, organic headache, mononeuritis, convulsions, and visual impairment. Occasionally, the initial diagnosis was not bacterial endocarditis but a primary neurologic illness or some other systemic disease. The mortality rate of 50% (55 of 110 patients) was 1.6 times greater than that expected in a general series of patients with endocarditis.
Rapid Evolution of the MH Class I Locus Results in Different Allelic Compositions in Recently Diverged Populations of Atlantic Salmon
Authors: S. Consuegra
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

We compared major histocompatibility class I allelic diversity in two currently reproductively isolated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations (Irish and Norwegian) with a common postglacial origin in order to test for among-population differences in allelic composition and patterns of recombination and point mutation. We also examined the evidence for adaptive molecular divergence at this locus by analyzing the rate of amino acid replacement in relation to a neutral expectation. Contrary to our prediction, and in contrast to the situation for other genetic markers, the two populations have almost nonoverlapping sets of major histocompatibility class I alleles. Although there is a strong signal of point mutation that predates population divergence, recent recombination, acting in similar, but not identical, ways in both populations appears to be a significant force in creating new alleles. Moreover, selection acting on peptide-binding residues seems to favor new recombinant alleles and is likely to be responsible for the rapid divergence between populations.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Diagnosis by Gram Stain
Authors: GEORGE CRAWFORD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 49 (10.4%) of 472 patients with pharyngitis. Throat culture results, interpreted by five observers of varying experience, showed the mean sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a positive Gram-stained smear of pharyngeal secretions as 73%, 96%, and 71%. Assignment to a high-risk group by clinical algorithm gave sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of only 45%, 83%, and 23%. The Gram-stained smear is the most accurate method of early diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis.
Methods of measurement of myocardial blood flow in patients: a critical review.
Authors: M L Marcus, R F Wilson, C W White
Journal: Circulation (1987)

During the past decade, major progress has been made in the evolution of technology directed toward the accurate measurement of regional myocardial perfusion in patients. The deficiencies of some of the older methods (thermodilution and gas clearance) are better appreciated and improved approaches (Doppler catheters, positron-emission tomography, and digital subtraction angiography) have been developed. The new approaches should play a major role in research and for most applications the older methods will gradually be replaced. Efforts to bring these new methods to community hospitals and practicing cardiologists should be stimulated. Doppler catheters, positron-emission tomography, and digital-subtraction angiography are commercially available and Doppler catheters and digital-subtraction angiography could be easily incorporated into routine cardiac catheterization procedures. The Doppler catheter is the most inexpensive and probably the simplest to apply. In our opinion, routine measurements of coronary flow reserve will significantly improve the care of patients with coronary obstructive disease and other diseases that impair myocardial perfusion. If coronary reserve measurements are used frequently, patient selection for coronary angioplasty and bypass surgery will no longer depend entirely on visual assessment of percent diameter stenosis, a very poor criterion in many situations. Also, patients with chest pain syndromes, normal coronary vessels, and impaired coronary reserve will be identified and perhaps some effective treatment for this condition will be devised.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Signaling by Fyn-ADAP via the Carma1–Bcl-10–MAP3K7 signalosome exclusively regulates inflammatory cytokine production in NK cells
Authors: Kamalakannan Rajasekaran, Pawan Kumar, Kristina M Schuldt, Erik J Peterson, Bart Vanhaesebroeck, Vishva Dixit, Monica S Thakar, Subramaniam Malarkannan
Journal: Nature Immunology (2013)
Age-related changes in the colonic blood supply: their relevance to ischaemic colitis.
Authors: J C Binns, P Isaacson
Journal: Gut (1978)

Ischaemic colitis due to non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia is a disease of the elderly which commonly involves the left side of the colon; selective splenic flexure involvement is said to be especially common. In an attempt to explain these features postmortem angiograms were performed on the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries of 37 postmortem subjects. A distinct age-related tortuosity of the long colic arteries was noted which could account for the increasing incidence of ischaemic colitis with age. No anatomical basis for the higher incidence of left-sided involvement was found and, specifically, no critical point in the arterial circulation at the splenic flexure was demonstrated.
Abstract 1703: Osteoblastic differentiation induced by PSA: Role of Wif-1 and TGF-β
Authors: Nagalakshmi Nadiminty, Jae Yeon Chun, Wei Lou, Allen C. Gao
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Introduction: The high prevalence of osteoblastic bone metastases in prostate cancer likely involves the production of osteoblast-stimulating factors by prostate cancer cells. The identity of the factors responsible for the homing of circulating prostate cancer cells to the bone remains unknown. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease produced by prostate cancer cells and is an important serological marker for prostate cancer. Our previous studies suggested that PSA may be involved in the induction of osteoblastic differentiation. In this study, we examined the involvement of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif-1) and Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in osteoblastic differentiation induced by PSA in SaOS-2 human osteosarcoma cells. Methods: Microarray analysis of RNAs from Saos-2 cells stably expressing PSA and vector controls was performed and the results were validated by northern blotting. The potential role of Wif-1 and TGF-β in osteoblatic differentiation induced by PSA was examined by alkaline phosphatase assays, luciferase assays and northern analysis. Results: PSA was found to induce bone remodeling in SaOS-2 cells as evidenced by increases in alkaline phosphatase activity, mineral deposition and osteogenic gene expression. Saos-2 cells expressing PSA exhibited markedly upregulated expression of markers of osteoblastic differentiation like collagen type 1, osteocalcin, Runx-2, alkaline phosphatase and bone sialoprotein compared to parental Saos-2 cells and vector controls. Treatment of SaOS cells with exogenous enzymatically active PSA produced similar results, suggesting that osteoblastic differentiation may be regulated by PSA. Among the genes found to be regulated by PSA expression, TGF-β and Wif-1 were examined further. PSA enhanced the expression and activation of TGF-β as shown by higher levels of TGF-β-responsive reporter activity and increase in expression of TGF-β receptors I and II. Overexpression of Wif-1 in SaOS-2 cells enhanced osteogenic gene expression, while inhibition of Wif-1 expression in PSA-expressing cells resulted in reduction of alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of osteoblastic differentiation. Conclusions: PSA-induced bone remodeling was mediated by enhanced expression of several markers of osteoblastic differentiation and modulation of TGF-β and the Wnt/β-catenin pathways. These results suggest that PSA produced by metastatic prostate cancer cells may participate in bone remodeling in favor of development of osteoblastic metastases. These findings provide a molecular basis for understanding the high prevalence of osteoblastic bone metastases in prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1703.
Long-Term Exposure to Airborne Particles and Arterial Stiffness: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: Marie S. O’Neill, Ana V. Diez-Roux, Amy H. Auchincloss, Mingwu Shen, João A. Lima, Joseph F. Polak, R. Graham Barr, Joel Kaufman, David R. Jacobs
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Increased arterial stiffness could represent an intermediate subclinical outcome in the mechanistic pathway underlying associations between average long-term pollution exposure and cardiovascular events.We hypothesized that 20 years of exposure to particulate matter (PM) ≤ 2.5 and 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5 and PM10, respectively) would be positively associated with arterial stiffness in 3,996 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) who were seen at six U.S. study sites.We assigned pollution exposure during two decades preceding a clinical exam (2000-2002) using observed PM10 from monitors nearest participants' residences and PM10 and PM2.5 imputed from a space-time model. We examined three log-transformed arterial stiffness outcome measures: Young's modulus (YM) from carotid artery ultrasound and large (C1) and small (C2) artery vessel compliance from the radial artery pulse wave. All associations are expressed per 10 μg/m3 increment in PM and were adjusted for weather, age, sex, race, glucose, triglycerides, diabetes, waist:hip ratio, seated mean arterial pressure, smoking status, pack-years, cigarettes per day, environmental tobacco smoke, and physical activity. C1 and C2 models were further adjusted for heart rate, weight, and height.Long-term average particle exposure was not associated with greater arterial stiffness measured by YM, C1, or C2, and the few associations observed were not robust across metrics and adjustment schemes.Long-term particle mass exposure did not appear to be associated with greater arterial stiffness in this study sample.
Dog bites are no more frequent at full moon
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Dogs that bite are not more active during a full moon. But the risk of people being bitten does increase at weekends and during the summer, and men and boys are more likely to be victims, say researchers who set out to investigate claims that bites are more common around the time of the full moon ( Accident Analysis and Prevention 2003;35:435-8).

Recently a number of reports have looked at connections between dog bites and the lunar cycle. One English study ( BMJ 2000;321:1559-61) found that the highest numbers of animal bites occurred on or around days …
Drosophila mojoless, a Retroposed GSK-3, Has Functionally Diverged to Acquire an Essential Role in Male Fertility
Authors: R. Kalamegham, D. Sturgill, E. Siegfried, B. Oliver
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Retroposition is increasingly recognized as an important mechanism for the acquisition of new genes. We show that a glycogen synthase kinase-3 gene, shaggy (sgg), retroposed at least 50 MYA in the Drosophila genus to generate a new gene, mojoless (mjl). We have extensively analyzed the function of mjl and examined its functional divergence from the parental gene sgg in Drosophila melanogaster. Unlike Sgg, which is expressed in many tissues of both sexes, Mjl is expressed specifically in the male germ line, where it is required for male germ line survival. Our analysis indicates that mjl has acquired a specific function in the maintenance of male germ line viability. However, it has not completely lost its ancestral biochemical function and can partially compensate for loss of the parental gene sgg when ectopically expressed in somatic cells. We postulate that mjl has undergone functional diversification and is now under stabilizing selection in the Drosophila genus.