tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Words that obscure meaning
Authors: B Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1994)

“DBA cells were employed because they possess a higher growth rate than those used previously.” “It seems that our results in the animal model may be applicable to the human organism.”

“The fertilisation process is different in the mammalian system.”

Three examples, heard recently, that illustrate one of the commonest - and most commonly overlooked - obstacles in talking or writing about science for non-scientists. They also help to show what is not the real problem for science communicators. None of these sentences contains any off putting figures or abstruse terminology. Indeed, jargon is rarely the main …
Cooperativity of TMPRSS2-ERG with PI3-kinase pathway activation in prostate oncogenesis
Authors: Jennifer C King, Jin Xu, John Wongvipat, Haley Hieronymus, Brett S Carver, David H Leung, Barry S Taylor, Chris Sander, Robert D Cardiff, Suzana S Couto, William L Gerald, Charles L Sawyers
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Detection of Pseudomembranous Colitis by Tc-99m HMPAO Labeled WBC and Ga-67 Citrate
Authors: CHIA-HUNG KAO, SHYH-JEN WANG, SHIN-HWA YEH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

A 60-year-old man had antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, diagnosed by the pathologic and endoscopic findings. This case demonstrates the appearance of colitis by Tc-99m HMPAO labeled WBC and Ga-67 citrate imaging.
Effects of Aging on Angiogenesis
Authors: Johanna Lähteenvuo, Anthony Rosenzweig
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

Aging is a dominant risk factor for most forms of cardiovascular disease. Impaired angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction likely contribute to the increased prevalence of both cardiovascular diseases and their adverse sequelae in the elderly. Angiogenesis is both an essential adaptive response to physiological stress and an endogenous repair mechanism after ischemic injury. In addition, induction of angiogenesis is a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic diseases. For these reasons, understanding the basis of age-related impairment of angiogenesis and endothelial function has important implications for understanding and managing cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that contribute to impaired angiogenesis in the elderly and potential therapeutic approaches to improving vascular function and angiogenesis in aging patients.
DDT and its metabolites alter gene expression in human uterine cell lines through estrogen receptor-independent mechanisms.
Authors: Daniel E Frigo, Matthew E Burow, Kamron A Mitchell, Tung-Chin Chiang, John A McLachlan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Endocrine-disrupting organochlorines, such as the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bind to and activate estrogen receptors (ERs), thereby eliciting estrogen-like effects. Although ERs function predominantly through activation of transcription via estrogen-responsive elements, both ERs, alpha and ss, can interact with various transcription factors such as activator protein-1 (AP-1). Additionally, estrogens may regulate early signaling events, suggesting that the biological effects of environmental estrogens may not be mediated through classic ER (alpha and ss) activity alone. We hypothesized that known environmental estrogens, such as DDT and its metabolites, activate AP-1-mediated gene transactivation through both ER-dependent and ER-independent means. Using two Ishikawa human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line variants that we confirmed to be estrogen responsive [Ishikawa(+)] and estrogen unresponsive [Ishikawa(-)], we generated stably transfected AP-1 luciferase cell lines to identify the role of an estrogen-responsive mechanism in AP-1-mediated gene expression by various stimuli. Our results demonstrate that DDT and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) were the most potent activators of AP-1 activity; 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) acetic acid failed to activate. Although stimulated in both Ishikawa(+) and Ishikawa(-) cells by DDT and its congeners, AP-1 activation was more pronounced in the estrogen-unresponsive Ishikawa(-) cells. In addition, DDT, DDD, and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) could also stimulate AP-1 activity in the estrogen-unresponsive human embryonic kidney 293 cells using a different promoter context. Thus, our data demonstrate that DDT and its metabolites activate the AP-1 transcription factor independent of ER (alpha or ss) status.
Relation of myocardial oxygen consumption and function to high energy phosphate utilization during graded hypoxia and reoxygenation in sheep in vivo.
Authors: M A Portman, T A Standaert, X H Ning
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

This study investigates the relation between myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), function, and high energy phosphates during severe hypoxia and reoxygenation in sheep in vivo. Graded hypoxia was performed in open-chested sheep to adjust PO2 to values where rapid depletion of energy stores occurred. Highly time-resolved 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy enabled monitoring of myocardial phosphates throughout hypoxia and recovery with simultaneous MVO2 measurement. Sheep undergoing graded hypoxia (n = 5) with an arterial PO2 nadir of 13.4 +/- 0.5 mmHg, demonstrated maintained rates of oxygen consumption with large changes in coronary flow as phosphocreatine (PCr) decreased within 4 min to 40 +/- 7% of baseline. ATP utilization rate increased simultaneously 59 +/- 20%. Recovery was accompanied by marked increases in MVO2 from 2.0 +/- 0.5 to 7.2 +/- 1.9 mumol/g per min, while PCr recovery rate was 4.3 +/- 0.6 mumol/g per min. ATP decreased to 75 +/- 6% of baseline during severe hypoxia and did not recover. Sheep (n = 5) which underwent moderate hypoxia (PO2 maintained 25-35 mmHg for 10 min) did not demonstrate change in PCr or ATP. Functional and work assessment (n = 4) revealed that cardiac power increased during the graded hypoxia and was maintained through early reoxygenation. These studies show that (a) MVO2 does not decrease during oxygen deprivation in vivo despite marked and rapid decreases in high energy phosphates; (b) contractile function during hypoxia in vivo does not decrease during periods of PCr depletion and intracellular phosphate accumulation, and this may be related to marked increases in circulating catecholamines during global hypoxia. The measured creatine rephosphorylation rate is 34 +/- 11% of predicted (P < 0.01) calculated from reoxygenation parameters, which indicates that some mitochondrial respiratory uncoupling also occurs during the rephosphorylation period.
Activation of MAPK pathways links LMNA mutations to cardiomyopathy in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Authors: Antoine Muchir, Paul Pavlidis, Valérie Decostre, Alan J. Herron, Takuro Arimura, Gisèle Bonne, Howard J. Worman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Mutations in LMNA, which encodes nuclear Lamins A and C cause diseases affecting various organs, including the heart. We have determined the effects of an Lmna H222P mutation on signaling pathways involved in the development of cardiomyopathy in a knockin mouse model of autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Analysis of genome-wide expression profiles in hearts using Affymetrix GeneChips showed statistically significant differences in expression of genes in the MAPK pathways at the incipience of the development of clinical disease. Using real-time PCR, we showed that activation of MAPK pathways preceded clinical signs or detectable molecular markers of cardiomyopathy. In heart tissue and isolated cardiomyocytes, there was activation of MAPK cascades and downstream targets, implicated previously in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy. Expression of H222P Lamin A in cultured cells activated MAPKs and downstream target genes. Activation of MAPK signaling by mutant A-type lamins could be a cornerstone in the development of heart disease in autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.
Amphetamine and Other Non-opioid Drug Users Attending a Special Drug Dependence Clinic
Authors: R. Gardner, P. H. Connell
Journal: BMJ (1972)

This paper reports the findings in 104 users of nonopioid drugs (mainly amphetamines) attending a drug dependence clinic in London between March 1968 and February 1969 in relation to demographic characteristics, forensic, psychiatric, and medical histories, clinical groups, management policy, and the use of biochemical tests for the presence of drugs in the urine.Nearly one-third gave a history of starting amphetamine misuse while at school (13.5%) or within a year of leaving school (16.3%). Amphetamine psychosis had occurred in 35% of cases and was a more frequent complication of intravenous than of oral abuse. Except for a small proportion of older patients who have become dependent on drugs originally prescribed for therapeutic purposes, "maintenance therapy" is most unlikely to be effective in the treatment of amphetamine dependence. Nevertheless, about one-quarter of the younger patients in this series had obtained prescriptions from general practitioners after starting their drug abuse illicitly. There is a strong case for the compulsory notification under the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) of persons dependent on amphetamines.
Multicenter phase I clinical trial of daily and weekly RAD001 (everolimus) in combination with vinorelbine and trastuzumab in patients with HER-2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer with prior resistance to trastuzumab.
Authors: A Fasolo, L Gianni, A Rorive, J Bergh, V Dieras, F Cardoso, L Vittori, I Pylvaenaeinen, T Sahmoud, G Jerusalem
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #406 Background: Resistance to trastuzumab (H) is associated with loss of PTEN and AKT/mTOR activation. Preclinically, RAD001, an oral inhibitor of mTOR, enhances the efficacy of H suggesting that RAD001 could reverse resistance to H.&amp;#x2028; Methods: Vinorelbine (V) was administered at a dose of 25 mg/m2, IV over 10-15 min on days 1 and 8 q3w. H 4 mg/kg loading dose administered IV over 90 min on Day 1 (if pt was not already receiving H), followed by weekly H 2 mg/kg IV over 30 min. In the daily RAD001 arm, 3 cohorts were planned (2.5, 5 and 10mg) and in the weekly RAD001 arm, 4 cohorts were planned (20, 30, 50 and 70mg). Treatment continued until progression or unacceptable toxicity.&amp;#x2028; Results: As of June 10 2008, 28 heavily pretreated pts were enrolled: 15 to 5mg/d, 6 to 20mg/w and 7 to 30mg/w cohorts. All pts received prior taxanes. Median number of prior CT regimens was 3 (range: 1-5). The main safety events were grade 2 and 3 stomatitis which led to dose reduction of RAD001 in 3 pts and dose interruption in 3. Grade 4 and 3 Neutropenia were seen in 24 pts (leading to dose reduction of V in 11 pts). Twenty two pts have been evaluated for efficacy (table 1). 1 pt had a CR (45+ weeks), 2 pts had PR (35+, 38 weeks), 15 pts SD (Median 26+, range 8+ to 58 weeks) and 4 pts PD. Clinical benefit rate (CR+PR+SD &amp;gt; 24 wks) is 55%+.&amp;#x2028; Conclusions: Initial findings show that RAD001 is generally well tolerated in combination with V and H and shows promising anticancer activity and clinical benefit in heavily pretreated patients with HER2+ advanced breast cancer. Updated results will be presented.&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 406.
Future etiologic research in occupational cancer.
Authors: J Siemiatycki
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Research focused on occupational exposure has been one of the cornerstones of epidemiological research into the etiology of cancer. It is appropriate to critically assess the contribution of this research effort and to assess the potential for making significant progress in the future in unraveling the etiology of cancer by studying the occupational environment. The study of the occupational environment has indeed been very fruitful. It is likely that there remain many more carcinogens to be discovered, but we have not deployed adequately sensitive study methods. The two major obstacles to quality research have been inadequate exposure assessment and insufficient sample sizes. Quality exposure assessment requires the participation of trained experts (industrial hygienists, chemists, etc.); it also requires an adequate information base on the exposures that occur in different workplaces. We need structures and career paths that facilitate the participation of exposure experts in epidemiological research. We need active large-scale industrial hygiene surveys to better characterize the U.S. workplace. This will be useful for epidemiological studies and for public health purposes. Community-based case-control studies will need to be much larger than they have been traditionally, with 1000 as a minimum number of cases and controls.
Advanced Ovarian Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Robert C. Young, Bruce A. Chabner, Susan P. Hubbard, Richard I. Fisher, Richard A. Bender, Tom Anderson, Richard M. Simon, George P. Canellos, Vincent T. DeVita
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Eighty patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma were treated in a prospective, randomized trial comparing a four-drug combination — hexamethylmelamine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil — with the oral alkylating agent, melphalan. Treatment with the four-drug combination was associated with a significantly increased overall response rate (75 vs. 54 per cent) (P<0.05), more complete remissions (33 vs. 16 per cent) and longer median survival (29 vs. 17 months) (P<0.02) but more severe toxicity than occurred with melphaIan. Patients with minimal residual disease had a significantly higher overall response rate than patients with extensive residual disease (84 vs. 53 per cent) (P<0.05). Patients with advanced disease who achieved a complete remission documented by peritoneoscopy or laparotomy (or both) have a median survival that will exceed three years. The four-drug regimen is more effective than melphalan in the management of advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma. (N Engl J Med 299:1261–1266, 1978)
Pulse Pressure and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Sidney C. Port, Robert R. Jennrich
Journal: JAMA (2003)

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Checking quality of health care records.
Authors: C. P. Charlton, C. J. Cuninghame
Journal: BMJ (1992)

empirical evidence that psychological aspects of cancer management are important to quality of life, it is perhaps time now to ask why these practices are not being incorporated routinely into cancer treatment.Counselling is now a mandatory part of HIV testing.We should be thinking along the same lines for those people with a prospective diagnosis of cancer.In people with advanced disease the potential for distress is obviously great.It seems, however, that a large proportion of long term survivors pay a high psychological price and continue to have problems many years after treatment has ended.2Given this, how can the problem be adequately addressed?Where physical health is concerned there can be few dissenters from the belief that prevention is better than cure, yet this principle is rarely extended to psychological health.There are many excuses as to why we should not provide this type of care as routine, ranging from assertions that "everyone will want it" through to claims that "nobody will accept it."To an extent this latter claim acts as self fulfilling: if psychological help is offered in a judgmental and stigmatised way it is no surprise that people are reluctant to accept it.Spiegal et al's group of women with metastatic breast cancer, like the Greer et al cohort, were shown to benefit from therapy.3Given the groaning weight of evidence, it may be time to stop finding reasons for these aspects of care to fail and take a serious look at some not so new initiatives and how they could potentially prevent the deteriora- tion in quality of life that seems associated with life threatening disease.
Complete esophageal obstruction: an ususual complication of esophageal variceal ligation
Authors: D. Verma, C. Pham, A. Madan
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

A 65-year-old woman with cirrhosis presented having suffered from acute chest discomfort and difficulty swallowing for 1 day. Two weeks previously, she had undergone esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) for bleeding esophageal varices. Repeat EVL was done on the day before the present admission for continued variceal eradication. After the procedure, the patient developed acute retrosternal discomfort and inability to tolerate oral intake, which worsened with observation.
The Metachromatic Activity of Urine Following the Injection of Heparin
Authors: L. B. JAQUES, E. NAPKE, S. W. LEVY
Journal: Circulation Research (1953)

Heparin was injected in man, dog, rabbit and sheep and the metachromatic activity (MA) of the urine measured directly or after precipitation with benzidine. The presence and amount of MA in the urine depended on route, size and time relations of the injection, but generally was much less than the MA of the heparin injected. An excretion product, uroheparin, has been described. It is concluded that following injection heparin may be ( a ) destroyed by heparinase, ( b ) degraded to uroheparin or ( c ) excreted unchanged. Following ( b ) or ( c ) metachromatic activity is found in the urine.
TCT-304 Neoatherosclerosis And Impaired Vascular Healing Are Associated With Clinical Presentation Late After Coronary Stent Implantation. An Optical Coherence Tomography Study
Authors: Antonios Karanasos, Jurgen Ligthart, Konstantinos Toutouzas, Karen Witberg, Robert-Jan van Geuns, Nicolas Van Mieghem, Carl Schultz, Henricus Duckers, Peter De Jaegere, Evelyn Regar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
1180 ANTI-HCV DYNAMICS FOLLOWING ACUTE HCV INFECTION IN HIV-INFECTED MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN
Authors: J.W. Vanhommerig, M. Prins, X.V. Thomas, R. Molenkamp, J.T.M. van der Meer, S.M. Bruisten, C.J. Schinkel
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Affinity-selected heparan sulfate for bone repair
Authors: S. Murali, B. Rai, C. Dombrowski, J.L.J. Lee, Z.X.H. Lim, D.S. Bramono, L. Ling, T. Bell, S. Hinkley, S.S. Nathan, J.H. Hui, H.K. Wong, V. Nurcombe, S.M. Cool
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Abstract 851: 14-3-3z-mediated suppression of tumor cell death.
Authors: Vajira K. Weerasekara, Jeffrey B. Mortenson, Joshua L. Andersen
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract For many cancer patients, cytotoxic chemotherapy is the primary treatment option. While the goal of these treatments is to induce tumor cell apoptosis, treatments too often fail as tumor cells possess the dynamic ability to subvert cell death and become chemoresistant. We are interested in determining the mechanisms by which tumors develop chemoresistance, with the goal of identifying potential therapeutic targets/pathways to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. One context in which tumor cells are though to gain.14-3-3ζ is a small acidic protein that binds to phospho-serine proteins. 14-3-3ζ binding can have wide ranging effects, from the activation of enzyme function, to the orchestration of protein-protein interactions. 14-3-3ζ is highly expressed in many cancer types, and high levels of expression have been shown to correlate with the aggressiveness of tumors and lower rates of patient survival (1). However, the mechanisms by which 14-3-3ζ may promote tumor growth/tumor cell survival have yet to be determined. In this study we show that siRNA-mediated depletion of 14-3-3ζ potently sensitizes breast tumor cells to apoptosis induced by metabolic stress (e.g., hypoxia and glucose withdrawal_stresses commonly found within solid tumors) and chemotherapy. Moreover, gel filtration data suggest that metabolic cell stress induces a shift in 14-3-3ζ from high to lower molecular weight protein complexes. Drawing from these data, we performed a proteomics experiment to characterize 14-3-3ζ interactors under these conditions. We found that 14-3-3ζ associates with numerous pro-glycolysis- and cell growth-regulating enzymes (several of which are novel 14-3-3ζ interactors), and under conditions of metabolic stress, many of these interactions are diminished or lost. We are currently examining the functional consequences of these dynamic 14-3-3z interactions with respect to tumor cell survival. Together, our data suggest that 14-3-3ζ may play an apical role in regulating the metabolic response to stress, and provide insight into the mechanism by which 14-3-3ζ promotes tumor growth and survival. Citation Format: Vajira K. Weerasekara, Jeffrey B. Mortenson, Joshua L. Andersen. 14-3-3z-mediated suppression of tumor cell death. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 851. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-851
MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES FOLLOWING PSORIASIS
Authors: HOWARD FOX
Journal: JAMA (1913)

There are few diseases primarily affecting the skin which can appear in so many different forms as mycosis fungoides, and which, in the early stages may prove so difficult to recognize. It is also true that there are few diseases of the skin which have been studied so thoroughly from a clinical and pathologic standpoint. In spite of this we are still ignorant as to the cause and real nature of this affection. On account of some interesting features the following case seems worthy of being placed on record. <h3>History.—</h3> September 1912: The patient, G. L. S., was a man aged 47, born in the United States, an insurance agent. He was married and was the father of two apparently healthy children. An aunt was said to have suffered from psoriasis during her entire life. The patient had suffered from the usual diseases of childhood. At the age of 20,