tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comment: Supervoltage Radiation Therapy— Promise vs Fulfillment
Authors: Philip Rubin
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Radiation-therapy equipment in the megavoltage or million-volt range was introduced in the 1930's; however, it was not applied widely due to cost and the necessity for more investigation. Beginning in the late 1940's with the installation of teletherapy<sup>60</sup>Co units and various generators including Van de Graaf, resonance transformers, linear accelerators, and betatrons, the past two decades can be termed the "supervoltage era." This search for a unique quality or energy of irradiation specific for cancer cells is all but limited to neutron-beam therapy. The establishment of 1 to 6 mev as the optimum therapeutic range related to physical characteristics and not to biologic specificity. The advantages of supervoltage radiation therapy are its better tolerance by normal tissues, skin-sparing effects, better penetration so that greater depth doses can be achieved, no differential bone absorption, and less side scatter. Translated directly into the prostatic-cancer problem, the unsatisfactory side effects of
The Family Practice Model in Health Education
Authors: Roger I. Lienke
Journal: JAMA (1970)

The American Board of Family Practice was established early in 1969. Family practice, as the nation's 20th specialty, was thus formally recognized as having a legitimate place in the health-care system. General practice was not discarded. Rather, the establishment of the American Board of Family Practice constituted a formal request to bring general practice up to date, to standardize its training program at a level equivalent to the other specialties, and to recognize competence and formal training by means of examination and certification. Thoughtful educators and physicians from many disciplines wrote and conferred for a decade in order to make a decision that would be the most appropriate for the consumers as well as the providers of primary medical care. Most any new name would have been fitting to symbolize the upgraded or specialty status of the new general practitioners. The label of family practice was chosen because it carried
Management of Major Surgical Blood Loss Without Transfusion
Authors: Seymour Gollub
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Six patients of the Jehovah's Witness faith underwent open-heart surgery without receiving blood at any time. Marked acute decreases in red blood cell mass and low absolute levels of hematocrit followed exclusive use of crystalloid solutions for priming the extracorporeal apparatus and to replace blood loss postoperatively. Sequential studies of renal, cerebral, cardiac, and hepatic function showed no significant impairment up to one week after surgery. There was one operative fatality. The other five patients were discharged ambulatory and improved. Maintenance of blood volume appeared to be a significant factor in prevention of morbidity and mortality.
Erythroid Precursors in Congenital Hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) Anemia
Authors: David G. Nathan, Bryan J. Clarke, Diane G. Hillman, Blanche P. Alter, David E. Housman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

To explore the etiology of congenital hypoplastic anemia (CHA) or the Diamond-Blackfan anemia, erythropoietin responsive committed erythroid precursors were enumerated by the plasma clot method. These included blood and marrow erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) and marrow erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E). The peripheral blood nucleated cells of 11 patients and the marrow cells of seven of these patients were examined. Studies were repeated in several patients during relapse and after induction of remission. BFU-E were undetectable in the marrow and blood of all but one relapsed patient, and the numbers of marrow CFU-E were depressed in all relapsed patients. Blood BFU-E remained low in all of the patients in remission. No evidence was obtained for suppression of normal CFU-E or BFU-E by CHA lymphocytes. Erythropoietin dose-response curves performed in two patients revealed a 10-fold increase in erythropoietin requirement for marrow CFU-E colony growth. This marked unresponsiveness to erythropoietin was strikingly improved by steroid therapy in one patient. We suggest that CHA is the result of a qualitative and/or quantitative deficiency of BFU-E. If BFU-E are produced, they must be relatively unresponsive to erythropoietin. The abnormal BFU-E give rise to erythropoietin unresponsive CFU-E and, thence, to proerythroblasts that are, in turn, trapped in that early stage of development because of their poor erythropoietic response. Hence, red cell production is deficient. Steroids appear to improve the erythropoietin response of CHA erythroid precursors.
Putative prethymic T cell precursors within the early human embryonic liver: a molecular and functional analysis.
Authors: M J Sánchez, J C Gutiérrez-Ramos, E Fernández, E Leonardo, J Lozano, C Martínez, M L Toribio
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

Hematopoietic cells present in the liver in early human fetal life were characterized by phenotypic analysis using a broad panel of monoclonal antibodies. Expression of very late antigen 4 and leukocyte function-associated antigen 3 cell adhesion receptors and 4F2 cell activation molecules was found in all fetal liver hematopoietic cells before acquisition of T cell-, B cell-, or myeloid-specific surface markers, and before the time of intrathymic colonization. Molecular studies showed that expression of the interleukin 2 receptor beta (IL-2R beta) also occurred in the embryonic liver at this early ontogenic stage. In contrast, no expression of IL-2R alpha or IL-2 transcripts was found in fetal liver cells, whereas transcription of the IL-4 gene was detected in a small fetal liver cell subset. Putative T cell precursors were identified among the hematopoietic fetal liver cells by the expression of genes encoding the gamma, delta, epsilon, and zeta invariant chains of the CD3-T cell receptor (TCR) complex. However, no transcription of the polymorphic alpha and beta TCR genes was detected. Functional in vitro assays further demonstrated that fetal liver hematopoietic cells from those early embryos were capable of proliferating in response to T cell growth factors, including IL-4 and IL-2. However, whereas IL-4-induced proliferation paralleled the appearance in vitro of CD45+CD7-CD4dull cells expressing the CD14 myeloid antigen, as well as of CD34+ primitive hematopoietic progenitors, differentiation into CD45+CD7+CD8+CD3- immature T cells was observed when using IL-2. Moreover, coculture with thymic epithelial cell monolayers provided additional evidence that early fetal liver hematopoietic cells may include very primitive T cell precursors, which were able to differentiate in vitro into TCR alpha/beta+ mature T cells. Therefore, our results indicate that, after triggering of the T cell-specific maturation program in primitive fetal liver hematopoietic progenitors, specific signals provided intrathymically by epithelial cells may fulfill the requirements to drive terminal differentiation of prethymically committed T cell precursors.
The Migratory Needle Story.
Authors: Oscar H. Alllis
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Philadelphia, Nov. 30, 1906.  To the Editor:  —The belief that needles travel through the tissues of the body is an old one, and in the lay mind the anxiety to have them removed promptly is very prevalent. How such a belief could become so universal was made clear to me by the following case: A colored woman, who was being embraced by her admirer, while sitting on a sofa, suddenly experienced pain due to the entrance of a needle, causing her to cry out. On looking at the site of the pain a needle, broken level with the skin, could be readily felt and seen. She came immediately to my office, but when she reached it the needle had disappeared. I cut down on it and readily extracted it.  The explanation of the disappearance in this case was that in putting on her coat she had probably stretched the skin,
Environmental health sciences center task force review on halogenated organics in drinking water
Authors: M. Deinzer, F. Schaumburg, E. Klein
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

The disinfection of drinking water by chlorination has in recent years come under closer scrutiny because of the potential hazards associated with the production of stable chlorinated organic chemicals. Organic chemical contaminants are common to all water supplies and it is now well-established that chlorinated by-products are obtained under conditions of disinfection, or during tertiary treatment of sewage whose products can ultimately find their way into drinking water supplies. Naturally occurring humic substances which are invariably present in drinking waters are probably the source of chloroform and other halogenated methanes, and chloroform has shown up in every water supply investigated thus far. The Environmental Protection Agency is charged with the responsibility of assessing the public health effects resulting from the consumption of contaminated drinking water. It has specifically undertaken the task of determining whether organic contaminants or their chlorinated derivatives have a special impact, and if so, what alternatives there are to protect the consumer against bacterial and viral diseases that are transmitted through infected drinking waters. The impetus to look at these chemicals is not entirely without some prima facie evidence of potential trouble. Epidemiological studies suggested a higher incidence of cancer along the lower Mississippi River where the contamination from organic chemicals is particularly high. The conclusions from these studies have, to be sure, not gone unchallenged. The task of assessing the effects of chemicals in the drinking water is a difficult one. It includes many variables, including differences in water supplies and the temporal relationship between contamination and consumption of the finished product. It must also take into account the relative importance of the effects from these chemicals in comparison to those from occupational exposure, ingestion of contaminated foods, inhalation of polluted air, and many others. The susceptibility of different age, genetic, and ethnic groups within the population must also be carefully considered. The present review discusses: the reasons for disinfection; the general occurrence of chlorinated organics in drinking water; the chemistry in the synthesis of chlorinated organics under aqueous conditions; and alternatives to chlorine for disinfection.
Tracheobronchial amyloidosis: treatment by carbon dioxide laser photoresection.
Authors: R Breuer, G T Simpson, A Rubinow, M Skinner, A S Cohen
Journal: Thorax (1985)

Amyloidosis localised to the lower respiratory tract occurs in three forms: diffuse interstitial deposits, single or multi- ple pulmonary nodules, and most commonly tracheobronchial deposits.'Cough, dyspnoea, wheezing, haemoptysis, and recurrent pneumonia are the common presenting symptoms of patients with localised tracheobronchial amyloidosis.'-3Localised bronchial deposits are usually found in the large lobar or segmental airways and they project into the lumen as rounded, smooth, greyish white sessile tumours.Intermittent bronchoscopic resection is the usual mode of treatment for obstructing endobronchial amyloidosis,3-5 although there have been isolated reports of treatment by pneumonectomy6 and radiotherapy.3Laser photoresection vaporises or coagulates living tissue to a certain preselected depth.We here report two patients with tracheobronchial amyloidosis successfully treated by carbon dioxide laser photoresection. Case reports PATIENT 1A 40 year old woman presented in March 1982 with short- ness of breath and "persistent asthmatic attacks" unresponsive to theophylline and sympathomimetic bron- chodilators.On examination she was in mild respiratory distress, breathing at a rate of 23 per minute.Diffuse inspiratory and expiratory wheezes and a prolonged expiratory phase were heard over both lungs.A chest radiograph showed streaky left lower lobe atelectasis and left hilar prominence.Pulmonary function tests showed a
Letter: Haemoglobin binding curve and oxygen transport.
Authors: E A Harris
Journal: BMJ (1975)

between the ulcer and the cardiac orifice.The ulcer was irregular in shape with a 1-cm proximal lesion on the anterior wall and a distal 4-cm lesion imme- diately below it which encircled most of the oesophagus and which communicated with the aorta through a channel 0-3 cm in diameter.It was thought that the entrance to the aorta was at the site of an intercostal vessel which had been involved in the ulcer base.There were adhesions between the aorta and the oesophagus.Altered blood was present which was adherent to the ulcer base and the stomach contained a cast of clot.No radio- graphs of the oesophagus were available.At necropsy the ulcerated area appeared to occupy the midline.
Inhibitory Effect of Cyclosporin A on Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes and Rat Mast Cells
Authors: C. Pedersen, H. Permin, P. Stahl Skov, S. Norn, M. Svenson, H. Mosbech, K. Bendtzen
Journal: Allergy (1985)

The influence of cyclosporin A (CyA) on human basophil histamine release induced in vitro by specific antigen, anti‐IgE, calcium ionophore A23187, or concanavalin A (Con A) was studied. CyA inhibited the release induced by these four stimulators. It is suggested that the drug acts directly on the target cell, since similar effect was obtained with isolated peritoneal rat mast cells. The basophil histamine release was not changed by a non‐immunosuppressive cyclosporin derivate.
Back injuries to fast bowlers in cricket: a prospective study.
Authors: D Foster, D John, B Elliott, T Ackland, K Fitch
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1989)

Eighty-two high performance young male fast bowlers (mean age 16.8 years) were tested immediately prior to the season for selected kinanthropometric and physiological data. Subjects were also filmed both laterally (200 Hz) and from above (100 Hz) while bowling so that their front foot impacted a force platform during the delivery stride. The players then completed a log book over the ensuing season that detailed their training and playing programmes. All cricket related injuries over this season were assessed by a sports physician who used computerized tomography to assist in the diagnosis of spinal injuries. At the completion of this season the players were grouped according to their injury status (Group 1--bony injury to a vertebra; Group 2--soft tissue injury to the back that caused the player to miss at least one game, and Group 3--no injuries). A one-way analysis of variance was used to identify if any variables were significantly (P less than 0.05) different between the three groups, and a Scheffe post hoc comparison was used to determine which groups were significantly different. Eleven per cent of the players sustained a stress fracture to a vertebra(e) (L4 to S1), while 27 per cent sustained a soft tissue injury to the back. Bowlers with a low longitudinal foot arch were more likely to develop a stress fracture than those with a high arch. Shoulder depression and horizontal flexion strength for the preferred limb and quadriceps power in the non-preferred limb were also significantly related to back injuries. Results suggest that bowlers with the above physical characteristics, who bowl with these biomechanical techniques for extended periods, are predisposed to back injuries.
Private Giving and Federal Aid for Medical Education
Authors: Charles V. Kidd
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THEROLE OF GOVERNMENT in the support of medical education is widely misunderstood, and some of these misconceptions need correction. It is interesting that a representative of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) should be concerned with medical education. The organization actually has little or nothing to do with the support of medical education, even though most of the federal funds provided to medical schools come via the NIH. Why does this somewhat paradoxical situation prevail? The NIH supports medical research and the training for medical research. Its mission is not the support of medical education. Indeed, none of the agencies of the federal government support medical education as such. They support various activities which contribute to the functioning of government and the advancement of knowledge. Since 1945, research has captured the imagination of the American people—not only research in medicine, but also research for defense, agriculture, atomic energy, etc.
Determination of Fraction of Left Ventricular Volume Ejected per Beat and of Ventricular End-Diastolic and Residual Volumes
Authors: ROLAND FOLSE, EUGENE BRAUNWALD
Journal: Circulation (1962)

A technic has been developed for determining the fraction of left ventricular end-diastolic volume that is ejected during each cardiac cycle. Radioiodinated Diodrast was rapidly injected into the left ventricle at the time of transseptal left heart catheterization and the fraction of isotope discharged from this chamber per beat was determined with a well-shielded scintillation probe placed on the chest wall over the left ventricle. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was estimated from the stroke volume, determined by the dye-dilution method, and the fraction of isotope discharged per beat. Difficulties resulting from inadequate mixing of isotope in the left ventricle were minimized by this technic, since the probe detected indicator in the entire left ventricular cavity. The accuracy of this technic was first demonstrated in a circulatory model and then in open-chest dogs in which ventricular dimensions were continuously monitored by means of mercury-in-rubber gages. In 21 patients without detectable abnormalities of left ventricular function the fraction of left ventricular volume discharged averaged 37±8 per cent per beat and the end-diastolic volumes averaged 89±26 ml./M. 2 B.S.A. In 21 patients with heart failure or valvular regurgitation, or both, in whom left ventricular function was compromised, the fraction of left ventricular volume discharged into the aorta averaged 16±5 per cent per beat and the end-diastolic volumes averaged 209±75 ml./M. 2 B.S.A. This technic has been found to be sensitive to changes in left ventricular function and practical to apply routinely in the course of left heart catheterization.
Radiation Therapy-Induced Complicated Pelvic Bone and Soft-Tissue Disorders Showing Abnormal FDG Uptake
Authors: Kazuyoshi Suga, Kawakami Yasuhiko, Atsuto Hiyama, Yoshinori Sumiyoshi
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Radiation therapy to the pelvis may induce complicated bone and soft-tissue pathology especially in osteopenic patients. These benign disorders can show abnormal F-18 FDG uptake on PET scans and may be misinterpreted as recurrent or metastatic lesions. We report an elderly osteopenic patient with postoperative uterine cancer, who showed abnormal FDG uptake in a hematoma associated with a pubic fracture and in a sacral insufficiency fracture after postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy, with coexisting abnormal uptake in a recurrent metastatic lymph node. Metabolic-morphologic correlation on PET-CT scan could characterize these benign disorders and led to the correct diagnosis. The PET-CT scan appears useful to avoid misinterpretation for radiation-induced, complicated pelvic bone and soft-tissue disorders showing abnormal FDG uptake.
Genetic variation in B cell–activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and asthma exacerbations among African American subjects
Authors: Rajesh Kumar, L. Keoki Williams, Atsushi Kato, Edward L. Peterson, Silvio Favoreto, Katie Hulse, Deli Wang, Kenneth Beckman, Shannon Thyne, Michael LeNoir, Kelley Meade, David E. Lanfear, Albert M. Levin, David Favro, James J. Yang, Kevin Weiss, Homer A. Boushey, Leslie Grammer, Pedro C. Avila, Esteban G. Burchard, Robert Schleimer
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
THE CHANGES PRODUCED BY INFRA-RED IRRADIATION IN MELANIN PIGMENTATION OF THE SKIN.
Authors: R. S. SNELL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1963)

Journal Article THE CHANGES PRODUCED BY INFRA‐RED IRRADIATION IN MELANIN PIGMENTATION OF THE SKIN. Get access R. S. SNELL, M.D., Ph.D. R. S. SNELL, M.D., Ph.D. Lecturer in Anatomy, The Department of Anatomy, Medical School, King's College, Newcastle upon Tyne Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 75, Issue 2, 1 February 1963, Pages 71–78, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1963.tb13940.x Published: 01 February 1963
Coronary Multidetector Computed Tomography in the Assessment of Patients With Acute Chest Pain
Authors: Udo Hoffmann, John T. Nagurney, Fabian Moselewski, Antonio Pena, Maros Ferencik, Claudia U. Chae, Ricardo C. Cury, Javed Butler, Suhny Abbara, David F. Brown, Alex Manini, John H. Nichols, Stephan Achenbach, Thomas J. Brady
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background— Noninvasive assessment of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and significant stenosis by coronary multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) may improve early and accurate triage of patients presenting with acute chest pain to the emergency department. Methods and Results— We conducted a blinded, prospective study in patients presenting with acute chest pain to the emergency department between May and July 2005 who were admitted to the hospital to rule out acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with no ischemic ECG changes and negative initial biomarkers. Contrast-enhanced 64-slice MDCT coronary angiography was performed immediately before admission, and data sets were evaluated for the presence of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and significant coronary artery stenosis. All providers were blinded to MDCT results. An expert panel, blinded to the MDCT data, determined the presence or absence of ACS on the basis of all data accrued during the index hospitalization and 5-month follow-up. Among 103 consecutive patients (40% female; mean age, 54±12 years), 14 patients had ACS. Both the absence of significant coronary artery stenosis (73 of 103 patients) and nonsignificant coronary atherosclerotic plaque (41 of 103 patients) accurately predicted the absence of ACS (negative predictive values, 100%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that adding the extent of plaque significantly improved the initial models containing only traditional risk factors or clinical estimates of the probability of ACS (c statistic, 0.73 to 0.89 and 0.61 to 0.86, respectively). Conclusions— Noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease by MDCT has good performance characteristics for ruling out ACS in subjects presenting with possible myocardial ischemia to the emergency department and may be useful for improving early triage.
Hamstrung by their own enthusiasm
Authors: R Brown
Journal: BMJ (1985)

studies.3 Dr Pocock's dismissal of our trial as "inconclusive," based on a 950, confidence interval which barely included a risk difference of zero, merely substitutes a p = 0025 (one sided) for the p = 005 barrier and illustrates "the accept/reject philosophy" that his article professes to deplore.
Aetiology and Treatment of Congenital Deaf-mutism
Authors: J. McKenzie
Journal: BMJ (1958)

Some aspects of the management of diabetic coma in small babies have been discussed.These include: the value of 1/6 molar sodium lactate solution; some suggestions on insulin dosage; frequency of hypoglycaemia due to prolonged insulin action; hypernatraemia; and hypokalaemia.The importance of parental intelligence and cooperation in subsequent management is stressed.I thank Dr. J. F. Landreth, senior paediatrician to the Christchurch Hospital, for permission to report these cases and for his help and encouragement; and Mr. J. T. Murray, biochemist, for his enthusiasm for electrolyte estimations
Patterns of colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intubated patients: a 3-year prospective study of 1,607 isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with implications for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia
Authors: Jordi Vallés, Dolors Mariscal, Pilar Cortés, Pere Coll, Ana Villagrá, Emili Díaz, Antonio Artigas, Jordi Rello
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2004)