tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SLIGHT EFFECTS OF TENOTOMIES OF THE OCULAR MUSCLES, AND WHAT ARE THE INDICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF TENDON CONTRACTIONS?
Authors: GEORGE T. STEVENS
Journal: JAMA (1895)

<h3>1. Technique of Tenotomies.</h3> —I have placed my views so clearly on record respecting the general technique of tenotomies that it does not seem necessary to repeat what I have said. There remain for discussion these two questions: Why are slight effects produced as the result of free tenotomies of the ocular muscles? What are the indications and advantages for muscle shortening? In regard to the first question, the slight effects sometimes resulting from free tenotomies, I shall venture the assertion that a tenotomy uniformly produces all the effect which we have a right to expect from it. If we hope to produce a definite effect, by operating on a muscle which is not the chief element in the condition for which we operate, we may expect disappointment. In other words, we shall not get the effect for which we hope, if we operate on the wrong muscle. It is
Traumatic Enlargement of Clitoris
Authors: J. Burton-Brown
Journal: BMJ (1950)

BRfiRsHHe was given three 0.25-g.capsules of chloramphenicol on the first day, followed by one capsule twice a day to a total of eleven (2.75 g.).The dark field was negative at 24 hours and again at 48, 72, and 96 hours.The lesions healed very rapidly, and after a week he was discharged under observation.
Adipose Acyl-CoA Synthetase-1 Directs Fatty Acids toward β-Oxidation and Is Required for Cold Thermogenesis
Authors: Jessica M. Ellis, Lei O. Li, Pei-Chi Wu, Timothy R. Koves, Olga Ilkayeva, Robert D. Stevens, Steven M. Watkins, Deborah M. Muoio, Rosalind A. Coleman
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2010)
Origin and differentiation of hepatic natural killer cells (pit cells)
Authors: Karin Vanderkerken, Luc Bouwens, Wilfried de Neve, Kit van den Berg, Marijke Baekeland, Nadia Delens, Eddie Wisse
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Liver sinusoids contain a population of large granular lymphocytes or natural killer cells, originally termed pit cells. After isolation and purification, these cells were separated into a low-density and a high-density fraction. The liver low-density fraction differs significantly in morphology and function from cells of the blood, whereas the liver high-density fraction shows intermediate properties. In this study we demonstrate that this morphological and functional heterogeneity is based on subsequent steps of differentiation of the large granular lymphocytes within the liver. When cell proliferation was suppressed by sublethal total body irradiation, the life span of the hepatic large granular lymphocytes could be determined: high-density and low-density populations were totally depleted within 1 and 2 wk after irradiation, respectively. By using intravenous asialo-GM1 anti-serum to deplete animals of asialo-GM1-positive cells, we found that the depletion of the asialo-GM1-positive cells preceded the depletion of asialo-GM1-negative hepatic low-density large granular lymphocytes by approximately 1 wk. Direct evidence that the asialo-GM1-positive high-density large granular lymphocytes are precursors of the low-density large granular lymphocytes was given by adoptive transfer experiments with fluorescent-labeled high-density cells. Three days after their injection, labeled large granular lymphocytes were found in the hepatic low-density fraction of the recipient rat, and these cells had developed morphological characteristics of low-density large granular lymphocytes. It is concluded therefore that marginating blood large granular lymphocytes differentiate through high-density large granular lymphocytes into the typical liver specific low-density large granular lymphocytes or pit cells.
Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors
Authors: Axel Heiser, Doris Coleman, Jens Dannull, Donna Yancey, Margaret A. Maurice, Costas D. Lallas, Philipp Dahm, Donna Niedzwiecki, Eli Gilboa, Johannes Vieweg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with mRNA encoding prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are able to stimulate potent, T cell–mediated antitumor immune responses in vitro. A phase I trial was performed to evaluate this strategy for safety, feasibility, and efficacy to induce T cell responses against the self-protein PSA in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. In 13 study subjects, escalating doses of PSA mRNA–transfected DCs were administered with no evidence of dose-limiting toxicity or adverse effects, including autoimmunity. Induction of PSA-specific T cell responses was consistently detected in all patients, suggesting in vivo bioactivity of the vaccine. Vaccination was further associated with a significant decrease in the log slope PSA in six of seven subjects; three patients that could be analyzed exhibited a transient molecular clearance of circulating tumor cells. The demonstration of vaccine safety, successful in vivo induction of PSA-specific immunity, and impact on surrogate clinical endpoints provides a scientific rationale for further clinical investigation of RNA-transfected DCs in the treatment of human cancer.
Suppression of Plasma Renin Activity in Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Jerome W. Conn, Edwin L. Cohen, David R. Rovner
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THE OCCURRENCE in a hypertensive patient of increased production of aldosterone, and of the hypokalemia which often accompanies it, is due either to (1) the presence of an aldosterone-secreting adrenocortical tumor (primary aldosteronism), or (2) the presence of a functional renal hemodynamic change which stimulates the renal juxtaglomerular cells to secrete into the blood abnormally large amounts of renin. In the latter case, an increased quantity of angiotensin II is thus generated. Angiotensin II has been established to be a potent stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortices of man.<sup>1,2</sup>Although increased secretion of aldosterone can be induced in man by other mechanisms, it is now clear that, when hypersecretion of aldosterone occurs in human renal hypertension (secondary aldosteronism), it is the result of increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system. This seems to be true whether the decreased "stretch"<sup>3</sup>at the renal baroreceptor site (the
Donor-derived mesenchymal stem cells are immunogenic in an allogeneic host and stimulate donor graft rejection in a nonmyeloablative setting
Authors: Alma J. Nauta, Geert Westerhuis, Alwine B. Kruisselbrink, Ellie G. A. Lurvink, Roel Willemze, Willem E. Fibbe
Journal: Blood (2006)
487 KEY PATTERNS OF HBX AND PRE-S1/S2 MUTATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HBV-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN VIVO
Authors: V. Svicher, C. Mirabelli, V. Cento, R. Salpini, V.-C. Di Maio, A. Bertoli, C. Alteri, M. Pollicita, C. Gori, V. Micheli, A. Salso, G. Gubertini, P. Trimoulet, H. Fleury, J. Vecchiet, N. Iapadre, A. Barlattani, T. Mari, C. Pasquazzi, C. Sarrechia, F. Ceccherini-Silberstein, M. Andreoni, M. Angelico, C.-F. Perno
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Uptake of extracellular enzyme by a novel pathway is a major determinant of cathepsin L levels in human macrophages.
Authors: J J Reilly, P Chen, L Z Sailor, R W Mason, H A Chapman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

The phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-differentiated myelomonocytic cell line, THP-1, and human alveolar macrophages contain the cysteine proteinase cathepsin L. This enzyme is synthesized as a 43-kD proenzyme and processed to the active 25-kD form. Differentiation of THP-1 cells in the presence of human serum resulted in an increase in the size of the vacuolar compartment and the accumulation of more 25-kD cathepsin L antigen, as compared with THP-1 cells differentiated in the presence of fetal calf serum. Cells cultured in both types of sera have equivalent levels of cathepsin L mRNA. Metabolic labeling experiments demonstrated equivalent rates of synthesis, processing to the active form, and persistence in both culture conditions. An extracellular source of enzyme was documented by immunoblotting human serum which demonstrated 25-kD cathepsin L antigen; furthermore, we demonstrated that both THP-1 cells, differentiated in human serum, and human alveolar macrophages take up the 43-kD proenzyme and process it to the 25-kD form. Thus, human serum contains a factor(s) that induces both a marked increase in the size of the vacuolar compartment in differentiated THP-1 cells and a novel pathway that is responsible for the uptake and processing of extracellular cathepsin L. The activity of this inducible pathway is a major determinant of levels of intracellular cathepsin L. Cathepsin L is a potent elastase and the regulation of its uptake and processing may play a role in the pathogenesis of disease processes characterized by the destruction of elastin, such as pulmonary emphysema.
Neuronal chemistry and functional organization in the primate visual system
Authors: Stewart H.C. Hendry, David J. Calkins
Journal: Trends in Neurosciences (1998)

Beginning with the first step of visual processing and proceeding outward from that point, the neurons involved in different aspects of vision are distinct. Stated simply, neurons doing different things look different. They often display distinct morphological features and they usually express different molecules. In addition, neurons that perform a common function usually aggregate together to form recognizable layers or compartments that can be studied in isolation because they are neurochemically distinct. Here is found, then, a junction of two major domains in neuroscience research, as discovery of molecular diversity among neurons is exploited to study organization and function of the primate visual system.
Mortality among reverse chutta smokers in south India.
Authors: P C Gupta, F S Mehta, J J Pindborg
Journal: BMJ (1984)

A 10 year follow up study was performed of tobacco usage and oral disease in a random sample of 10 169 persons in Srikakulam district between 1967 and 1976. Age adjusted mortality rates in those who indulged in reverse smoking of chuttas (coarse cheroots) were nearly twice those of non-users of tobacco. Oral cancer explained only a small fraction of the excess mortality but reliable information was not available for other causes of death.
Health Fraud's Toll: Lost Hopes, Misspent Billions
Authors: Virginia S. Cowart
Journal: JAMA (1988)

THE LINEUP of worthless health devices and potions displayed at the recent National Health Fraud Conference in Kansas City, Mo, would have been almost humorous if it didn't represent the lost dreams, desperate hopes, and misspent cash of so many Americans. Medical quackery perpetrated against the public costs some $25 billion a year—no laughing matter—with phony cancer cures alone accounting for $4 billion to $5 billion of that amount. The elderly spend $10 billion a year on medical quackery. But youngsters are a promising market for false claims that often capitalize on the desire to look better, such as by losing weight. And some quackery cuts across age groups. For example, arthritis affects about one in seven Americans, and the "miracle" cures range from the relatively harmless, like lemon juice or milk from "specially treated" cows, to the potentially dangerous unsupervised use of corticosteroids. The conference focused attention on the
Comparison of the Productivity of Women and Men Physicians
Authors: Marilyn Heins
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Data obtained from random samples of 87 women and 95 men physicians in the Detroit metropolitan area indicate that, at the time of surgery, 84% of the women and 96% of the men were engaged in medical work. Only 7% of the women were not working because of reasons related to the traditional female role. Fifty-nine percent of the women and 87% of the men had worked full-time since medical school graduation. Fifty-one percent of the women, compared to 39% of the men were in primary care specialties. Since medical graduation, women physicians spent 90% as much time in medical work as did the men, despite the fact that most of the women had full responsibility for homes and families.
Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain.
Authors: T. W. Meade, J. Townsend, A. Frank
Journal: BMJ (1992)

maintain operation of the system.-When a system is considered.Credit in this section should be given looked by the authors.Although almost identical upgraded it provides additional features that for the authors stating prospectively a small number criteria were used, it scored 38 on one occasion and require the original cost-benefit analysis to be of appropriate outcome measures.Hadler et al 50 on the other, suggesting a serious degree of reassessed.Upgrading the equipment commonly used one: the disability score designed by Roland inconsistency in the review process.results in faster throughput, better discrimination, and Morris and shown by them to be a more Whether the term manipulation should be used, and added diagnostic value-for example, that reliable and sensitive index of disability in back as Koes and colleagues used it, "to cover both provided by angiography-with the result that it pain than measures such as pain experienced or manipulation and mobilisation" is at least arguable.tends to be cost neutral on a per patient basis.spinal mobility,' for which Koes and colleagues Their conclusions about manipulation (thus In their analysis Szczepura and colleagues would have awarded points, defined) in back pain seem analogous to generalisacalculated that changes in patients' management Ten points were available If the five suggested tions about antibiotics for sore throat.helped to reduce the costs of examination by £80 outcome measures were measured blind.Hadler T W MEADE and, furthermore, that if half of the diagnostic et al relied on a patient questionnaire administered JOY TOWNSEND procedures performed in addition to magnetic over the telephone by someone unaware of the
Environmental, Dietary, Maternal, and Fetal Predictors of Bulky DNA Adducts in Cord Blood: A European Mother–Child Study (NewGeneris)
Authors: Marie Pedersen, Michelle A. Mendez, Bernadette Schoket, Roger W. Godschalk, Ana Espinosa, Anette Landström, Cristina M. Villanueva, Domenico F. Merlo, Eleni Fthenou, Esther Gracia-Lavedan, Frederik-J. van Schooten, Gerard Hoek, Gunnar Brunborg, Helle M. Meltzer, Jan Alexander, Jeanette K. Nielsen, Jordi Sunyer, John Wright, Katalin Kovács, Kees de Hoogh, Kristine B. Gutzkow, Laura J. Hardie, Leda Chatzi, Lisbeth E. Knudsen, Lívia Anna, Matthias Ketzel, Margaretha Haugen, Maria Botsivali, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Marta Cirach, Mireille B. Toledano, Rachel B. Smith, Sarah Fleming, Silvia Agramunt, Soterios A. Kyrtopoulos, Viktória Lukács, Jos C. Kleinjans, Dan Segerbäck, Manolis Kogevinas
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2015)

Bulky DNA adducts reflect genotoxic exposures, have been associated with lower birth weight, and may predict cancer risk.
Immunofluorescent Skin Test in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Erskine M. Caperton
Journal: JAMA (1972)

The results of immunofluorescent stains of skin biopsy specimens from 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were correlated with the presence, type, and severity of renal disease. Seventy percent of 23 patients with renal disease had immunofluorescent-positive findings of skin biopsies while 67% of six patients without renal disease had positive findings of skin biopsies. Three of five patients with renal biopsy-proven diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis had positive findings of skin biopsies (60%), as did two of three patients with focal, proliferative glomerulonephritis and the single patient with membranous glomerulonephritis. There was no correlation between the presence of immune deposits on skin and the severity of the renal disease. There appears to be no correlation between the presence of the immunofluorescent skin test and the type or severity of renal disease in SLE.
Hermes? Apollo? Ningishzida? Dracunculus?... Dracunculus??
Authors: James W. Meade
Journal: JAMA (1989)

the Editor.—  Why is the caduceus used as a symbol of medicine?1It is after all the insignia of the Armed Forces Medical Services, and this is not simply due to ignorance.  Actually, the caduceus originally belonged to Apollo, the god of physicians. The Hippocratic Oath begins: I swear by Apollo.... It was given to Hermes (or Mercury) in exchange for his lyre, which he had made from the shell of a turtle that he had accidently killed. To take up the caduceus, therefore, is to follow  not Hermes.  Asklēpios' symbol was one snake; he unfortunately was struck down by Apollo's  because of a successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. (He revived a patient who was dead, incurring the god's jealousy.) The arrows of Apollo became a synonym for sudden death in Greek medical literature.
Dutch GP association is fined 7.7m for anticompetitive behaviour
Authors: T. Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The Dutch Association of General Practitioners has been fined €7.72m (£6.4m; $9.8m) for contravening competition law that protects the free market principles underpinning Dutch healthcare.

The Dutch Competition Authority (Nederlandse Mededingingsautoriteit) found that the professional body was unlawfully advising its members that they could restrict the freedom of new GPs to set up practice. This followed unannounced “dawn raids” on the association’s regional offices in 2010 ( BMJ 2011;343:d4495, doi:10.1136/bmj.d4495). Two of the association’s staff who were deemed to be responsible for the advice were fined respectively €50 000 and €25 000.

One of the competition authority’s board members, Henk Don, described it as a “bad” case of anticompetitive behaviour, and a spokesperson for the …
Infant Birth Weight and Smoking Reduction-Reply
Authors: Qing Li Chang
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Dr Goldin raised a good point in asking whether "self-selection bias" could have influenced the results of our study. This is a potential problem whenever an intervention requires an active personal decision such as to stop smoking, to lose weight, or to quit drinking. To try to reduce this possibility, our study had controlled for many confounding variables including race, mother's age, height, weight, gestational age at birth, and the intervention status (experimental or control). To address Goldin's concern further, we reran our regression analyses with the following additional variables: parity, number of preterm deliveries, number of abortions, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, gender of the infant, and baseline hemotocrit level. Differences in the adjusted infant birth weight between quitters (Q) and no changers (NC), and between reducers (R) and no changers were slightly increased: 269 g (3285 g [Q] vs 3016 g [NC]) and 104 g
Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking
Authors: Richard P. Ebstein, Olga Novick, Roberto Umansky, Beatrice Priel, Yamima Osher, Darren Blaine, Estelle R. Bennett, Lubov Nemanov, Miri Katz, Robert H. Belmaker
Journal: Nature Genetics (1996)
Medical Writing and Medical Education
Authors: John M. Trapnell
Journal: JAMA (1965)

To the Editor:—  As indicated in your timely editorial  Writing and Medical Education, ( JAMA  193 :152-153 [July 12] 1965) there is a definite need for improvement in scientific writing. Much is poorly done and difficult to interpret. However, I do not think that the plan adopted by some medical schools, namely, to provide a competent instructor to teach students medical  is the best solution to the problem. By the time a student enters medical school his style of English composition usually is firmly established, making it difficult to correct faulty habits acquired during the undergraduate years. Of course, such instruction —if it could be chiseled into an already overloaded curriculum— might improve the student's writing and also orient him toward scientific communication. But it would be far better if emphasis could be put on English composition during the college years, if necessary, at the expense of some of
Nilotinib in Imatinib-Resistant CML and Philadelphia Chromosome–Positive ALL
Authors: Hagop Kantarjian, Francis Giles, Lydia Wunderle, Kapil Bhalla, Susan O'Brien, Barbara Wassmann, Chiaki Tanaka, Paul Manley, Patricia Rae, William Mietlowski, Kathy Bochinski, Andreas Hochhaus, James D. Griffin, Dieter Hoelzer, Maher Albitar, Margaret Dugan, Jorge Cortes, Leila Alland, Oliver G. Ottmann
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Resistance to imatinib mesylate can occur in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Preclinical in vitro studies have shown that nilotinib (AMN107), a new BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is more potent than imatinib against CML cells by a factor of 20 to 50.In a phase 1 dose-escalation study, we assigned 119 patients with imatinib-resistant CML or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to receive nilotinib orally at doses of 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg, and 1200 mg once daily and at 400 mg and 600 mg twice daily.Common adverse events were myelosuppression, transient indirect hyperbilirubinemia, and rashes. Of 33 patients with the blastic phase of disease, 13 had a hematologic response and 9 had a cytogenetic response; of 46 patients with the accelerated phase, 33 had a hematologic response and 22 had a cytogenetic response; 11 of 12 patients with the chronic phase had a complete hematologic remission.Nilotinib has a relatively favorable safety profile and is active in imatinib-resistant CML. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00109707 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
593 Treating chronic hepatitis C with peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD) (PEGASYS®) plus ribavirin in routine clinical practice: Factors predicting SVR using multiple logistic regression analysis
Authors: S.S. Lee, J. Powis, E.J. Heathcote, M. Sherman, R.J. Bailey, S.V. Feinman, V. Baro, E. Yoshidas, H.B. Witt-Sullivan, K. Peltekian
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
SARCOMA OF THE THYROID GLAND.
Authors: PAUL F. MORF
Journal: JAMA (1899)

Although the occurrence of enlargements of the thyroid body was known for a long time, it was not until within a comparatively recent period that the discovery of malignant tumors having their origin in this gland was made. In 1817 Alibert (quoted by Bircher) reported a case of true sarcoma of the thyroid body. Raynaud, in 1838, under the title "Thyroscarcomie," gives a report of an encephaloid sarcoma with metastatic foci in the lungs and liver, but he unfortunately gives no description of the microscopic findings. Förster, in 1860, gave an accurate and careful description of one of this class of neoplasms. Virchow mentions the malignant tumors of the thyroid, but gives no data as to their occurrence, and no description of the tumors themselves. He also makes the statement that he saw one sarcoma of the thyroid gland. The credit of being the first to materially advance our knowledge
Sexual Dysfunction during Rape
Authors: A. Nicholas Groth, Ann Wolbert Burgess
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

The legal definition of rape varies somewhat from state to state, but the main issues generally addressed in all statutes and usually requiring evidence for successful prosecution include lack of consent, actual or threatened force in the commission of the act and sexual penetration. Medical evidence is crucial, and often focuses on the presence or absence of sperm in the victim. This study examines the sexual performance of the rapist during assault and its relation to the medical evidence of sexual penetration.The offender sample consisted of 170 men convicted of sexual assault and sent to the Massachusetts Center for . . .