tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ischemia and Reoxygenation on Glycolytic Reactions and Adenosinetriphosphate in Heart Muscle
Authors: WILLIAM H. DANFORTH, SIEGFRIED NAEGLE, R. J. BING
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

During a 15-minute period of myocardial ischemia, glycogen concentration fell. This decrease was roughly accounted for by increases in hexosemonophosphate and lactic acid. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate, dihydroxyace-tone-phosphate and pyruvate did not accumulate. The myocardial concentration of adenosinetriphosphate declined. Reperfusion of the ischemie heart with oxygenated blood was accompanied by inconstant changes in myocardial glycogen and by rapid lowering of hexosemonophosphate. The hexosemonophosphate decrease occurred even when the ischemie myocardium was perfused with a deoxygenated buffered salt solution and is attributed in part at least to lactic acid washout. Adeno-sinetriphosphate rose steadily when the heart was perfused with oxygenated blood containing 15 mmoles KCl to prevent cardiac activity. When KCl was not added, fibrillation and irregular contractions occurred within 1 to 2 minutes. In these instances, the rise in adenosinetriphosphate was irregular and inconstant.
The Clinical Utility of the Tc-99m SC Intraperitoneal Scan in CAPD Patients
Authors: CLAUDIA BERMAN, MICHAEL G. VELCHIK, NEIL SHUSTERMAN, ABASS ALAVI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

The intraperitoneal instillation of dialysate increases intra-abdominal pressure and consequently predisposes to subcutaneous infiltration, leaks, and herniations through defects in the abdominal wall. In this setting, the incidence of abdominal hernias ranges between 9% and 24%. Life-threatening complications (incarceration/ strangulation) occur in up to 13.2% of hernias. Therefore, the authors evaluated the efficacy of the Tc-99m sulfur colloid (SC) intraperitoneal scan in the detection of abdominal leaks and hernias in 11 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients over a 2- year period at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Eleven patients (7M, 4F) ranging in age from 24 to 72 (mean=50.8), on CAPD, were evaluated for clinically suspected abdominal hernias or dialysate leaks with intraperitoneally administered Tc-99m SC. After the injection of 3-5 mCi of Tc-99m into a standard 2 liter dialysate bag, multiple sequential anterior images of the abdomen were obtained in the supine position over the course of one hour. Delayed images were obtained after ambulation and post-drainage two or more hours postinjection in multiple projections and positions in order to demonstrate any abnormal focal accumulations of fluid to the best advantage. Any detected abnormalities were marked and correlated with the physical examination and the patient's symptoms. Two patients had normal scans. Of the nine abnormal scans, five hernias were identified in four patients and six leaks were detected in the other five patients. One leak and two hernias were confirmed at surgery and repaired. The Tc-99m intraperitoneal scan is a simple noninvasive means of detecting abnormal abdominal fluid collections that have a propensity to develop in CAPD patients and therefore may be an important impact upon patient management.
Anthropological Structures of Madness in Black Africa
Authors: Carl C. Bell
Journal: JAMA (1981)

While this book is "the anthropological complement" of the author's book on dynamic psychiatry in black Africa, reading it without prior knowledge of what psychiatry is like in Africa can provide the reader with some vital knowledge on how to understand the psychodynamics of patients from a different culture, specifically black Africa. In his prior work, the author concludes that there can be no valid psychiatric theory that is not based on a cultural framework, integrating personality elements and leading to understanding of the process of personality disintegration. Here, the author demonstrates that classic Western nosography, which is based on "psychological, cultural, social and familial realities of what is now another era," does not adequately differentiate between normal and psychopathological behavior in black Africa. Purely descriptive categories are extraneous, as they do not elucidate the meaning of behavior as it relates to the cultural framework in black Africa; thus, "the
Methotrexate pneumonitis: review of the literature and histopathological findings in nine patients
Authors: S Imokawa, T.V Colby, K.O Leslie, R.A Helmers
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

Pneumonitis is a serious and unpredictable side-effect of treatment with methotrexate (MTX) that may become life-threatening. The clinical and histological features of nine cases of MTX pneumonitis are reported and the literature reviewed. The typical clinical symptoms include progressive shortness of breath and cough, often associated with fever. Hypoxaemia and tachypnoea are always present and crackles are frequently audible. Chest radiography reveals a diffuse interstitial or mixed interstitial and alveolar infiltrate, with a predilection for the lower lung fields. Pulmonary function tests show a restrictive pattern with diminished diffusion capacity. Lung biopsy reveals cellular interstitial infiltrates, granulomas or a diffuse alveolar damage pattern accompanied by perivascular inflammation. These clinical and pathological findings are not specific to MTX pneumonitis and can be seen with other drug-induced lung toxicities. It is important that all patients receiving methotrexate be educated concerning this potential adverse reaction and instructed to contact their physicians should significant new pulmonary symptoms develop while undergoing therapy. If methotrexate pneumonitis is suspected, methotrexate should be discontinued, supportive measures instituted and careful examination for different causes of respiratory distress conducted.
Inhibition of murine embryonic growth by human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein and its prevention by vasoactive intestinal peptide and activity-dependent neurotrophic factor.
Authors: D A Dibbern, G W Glazner, I Gozes, D E Brenneman, J M Hill
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Intrauterine growth retardation and neurodevelopmental handicaps are common among infants born to HIV-positive mothers and may be due to the actions of virions and/or maternally derived viral products. The viral envelope protein, gp120, is toxic to neurons, induces neuronal dystrophy, and retards behavioral development in neonatal rats. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, a neuropeptide regulator of early postimplantation embryonic growth, and the neuroprotective protein, activity-dependent neurotrophic factor, prevent gp120-induced neurotoxicity. Whole embryo culture of gestational day 9.5 mouse embryos was used to assess the effect of gp120 on growth. Embryos treated with gp120 exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of growth. gp120-treated embryos (10(-8) M) grew 1.2 somites in the 6-h incubation period, compared with 3.9 somites by control embryos. Embryos treated with gp120 were significantly smaller in cross-sectional area and had significantly less DNA and protein than controls. Growth inhibition induced by gp120 was prevented by cotreatment with vasoactive intestinal peptide or activity-dependent neurotrophic factor. gp120 may play a role in the growth retardation and developmental delays experienced by infants born to HIV-positive mothers. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and related factors may provide a therapeutic strategy in preventing developmental deficits.
Inflammation and portal hypertension – The undiscovered country
Authors: Gautam Mehta, Thierry Gustot, Rajeshwar P. Mookerjee, Juan Carlos Garcia-Pagan, Michael B. Fallon, Vijay H. Shah, Richard Moreau, Rajiv Jalan
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

Portal hypertension has traditionally been viewed as a progressive process, involving ultrastructural changes including fibrosis, nodule formation, and vascular thrombosis, leading to increased intrahepatic resistance to flow. However, it is increasingly recognized that a significant component of this vascular resistance results from a dynamic process, regulated by complex interactions between the injured hepatocyte, the sinusoidal endothelial cell, the Kupffer cell and the hepatic stellate cell, which impact on sinusoidal calibre. Recent findings suggest these haemodynamic findings are most marked in patients with superimposed inflammation. The precise mechanisms for vascular dysfunction in cirrhosis with superimposed inflammation remain to be fully elucidated but several studies over the past decade have started to generate the hypothesis that inflammation may be a key mediator of the pathogenesis and severity of portal hypertension in this context. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological mechanisms for inflammation playing a key role in the severity of portal hypertension, and illustrates potential novel therapies that act by modifying these processes.
Respiratory impedance in healthy subjects: baseline values and bronchodilator response
Authors: Ellie Oostveen, Krisztina Boda, Chris P.M. van der Grinten, Alan L. James, Sally Young, Hans Nieland, Zoltán Hantos
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Because of the minimal demand for cooperation by the subject, the forced oscillation technique is increasingly employed in routine lung function testing. However, comprehensive and device-independent values of respiratory impedance at baseline and after bronchodilation have not been established for healthy adults. The aim of this multicentre study was to collect impedance data from 4 to 26 Hz in healthy Caucasian subjects between 18 and 80 years of age. Five different devices were employed to assess baseline values and the bronchodilator response. Altogether, 368 subjects were examined. Despite adjustment for anthropometry, the impedance spectra differed in frequency dependence between the centres, and hence could not be pooled. However, resistance at all frequencies except 20 and 25 Hz, and the low-frequency (≤14 Hz) values of reactance did not exhibit a centre dependence. The regression equations for resistance reflected a greater height dependence in males and a greater weight dependence in both males and females than those published previously. Bronchodilation resulted in a statistically significant decrease (11%) in resistance and a 95th percentile equal to a 32% decrease in resistance at low frequency. We conclude that rigorous calibration procedures should be developed to ensure data compatibility. Furthermore, new reference equations based on different setups are recommended to replace those established with a single device.
Large Gene Family Expansion and Variable Selective Pressures for Cathepsin B in Aphids
Authors: C. Rispe, M. Kutsukake, V. Doublet, S. Hudaverdian, F. Legeai, J.-C. Simon, D. Tagu, T. Fukatsu
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Aphids exclusively feed on plant phloem sap that contains much sugar and some nonessential amino acids but is poor in lipids and proteins. Conventionally, it has been believed that aphids substantially have no intestinal digestion of proteins. However, we here report an unexpected finding that cysteine protease genes of the family cathepsin B are massively amplified in the lineage of aphids and that many of the protease genes exhibit gut-specific overexpression. By making use of expressed sequence tag data, sequenced cDNAs, and genomic trace sequences of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, we identified a total of 28 cathepsin B–like gene copies in the genome of A. pisum. Phylogenetic analyses of all the cathepsin B genes in aphids revealed that genic expansion has continuously proceeded with basal, intermediary, and recent duplications. Estimation of molecular evolutionary rates indicated that major alterations of the rates often occurred after duplications. For example, a gene copy ("348") was shown to be slow evolving and close to genes of other insects like Drosophila melanogaster, whereas the other gene copies appeared to have evolved faster with higher ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions. We identified a number of gene copies (16 in A. pisum) that contained a replacement at the site required for catalytic activity of the protease. Among these, 2 copies were pseudogenes, whereas the remaining copies were structurally intact and possibly acquired new functions. For example, a cluster of such gene copies ("1674") has been subjected to positive selection. Quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that the more conserved gene copy ("348") showed a constitutive expression, whereas 5 other forms ("84," "16," "16D," "1874," and "2744") were preferentially expressed in the gut of A. pisum. Putative biological roles of the diversified cathepsin B–like gene copies in aphids are discussed in relation to their nutritional physiology specialized for plant sap feeding lifestyle.
Clofibrate Reversal of Platelet Hypersensitivity in Hyperbetalipoproteinemia
Authors: ANGELINA C. A. CARVALHO, ROBERT W. COLMAN, ROBERT S. LEES
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Platelet function was evaluated in 29 patients with familial hyperbetalipoproteinemia; 17 were untreated and 12 were receiving clofibrate (Atromid-S). In comparison with 26 normal subjects, the untreated patients aggregated in response to 1/3 the concentration of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 1/25 the concentration of epinephrine, and 1/4 the concentration of collagen. Treatment with clofibrate, 2 g daily, returned the ADP sensitivity of the platelets to normal and returned epinephrine and collagen sensitivity towards normal, even though it did not alter total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or triglyceride concentrations significantly. Platelet nucleotide release was also 3-to-5 fold increased in untreated type II patients. Clofibrate treatment failed to diminish the elevated platelet nucleotide release. Incubation of clofibrate at therapeutic concentrations (100-200 µu/ml) with normal platelets in vitro decreased their sensitivity to ADP and epinephrine and reduced 14 C-serotonin release by these agents. The effect on the release was probably mediated through decreased platelet sensitivity since higher doses of epinephrine could reverse the inhibitory effect of clofibrate. Clofibrate may decrease the incidence of thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis by altering platelet sensitivity to aggregation.
Alterations in the mechanical properties of the lung during dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Jesus T. Suero, Colin R. Woolf
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

The mechanical properties of the lungs in seven patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were measured before and during dyspnea on exertion, as well as when relief with added oxygen was obtained. Mean pulmonary dynamic compliance was 0.091 liters/cm of H(2)O before dyspnea, 0.057 during dyspnea, and 0.101 liters/cm H(2)O during relief. During dyspnea there was an increase in the total respiratory work (both elastic and nonelastic work) and this fell during relief with oxygen. Nonelastic resistance and respiratory rate were not significantly different during the three periods. In five similar patients a progressive increase in the instantaneous rate of change of transpulmonary pressure (dP/dt) was observed during exercise and this was markedly increased during dyspnea. These changes in dP/dt during exercise could explain the observed fall of pulmonary dynamic compliance.
Akt Promotes Survival of Cardiomyocytes In Vitro and Protects Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mouse Heart
Authors: Yasushi Fujio, Thao Nguyen, Detlef Wencker, Richard N. Kitsis, Kenneth Walsh
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —IGF-1 has been shown to protect myocardium against death in animal models of infarct and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the present study, we investigated the role of the IGF-1–regulated protein kinase Akt in cardiac myocyte survival in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results —IGF-1 promoted survival of cultured cardiomyocytes under conditions of serum deprivation in a dose-dependent manner but had no effect on cardiac fibroblast survival. The cytoprotective effect of IGF-1 on cardiomyocytes was abrogated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor wortmannin. Wortmannin had no effect on cardiomyocyte viability in the absence of IGF-1. IGF-1–mediated cytoprotection correlated with the wortmannin-sensitive induction of Akt protein kinase activity. To examine the functional consequences of Akt activation in cardiomyocyte survival, replication-defective adenoviral constructs expressing wild-type, dominant-negative, and constitutively active Akt genes were constructed. Transduction of dominant-negative Akt blocked IGF-1–induced survival but had no effect on cardiomyocyte survival in the absence of IGF-1. In contrast, transduction of wild-type Akt enhanced cardiomyocyte survival at subsaturating levels of IGF-1, whereas constitutively active Akt protected cardiomyocytes from apoptosis in the absence of IGF-1. After transduction into the mouse heart in vivo, constitutively active Akt protected against myocyte apoptosis in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Conclusions —These data are the first documentation that Akt functions to promote cellular survival in vivo, and they indicate that the activation of this pathway may be useful in promoting myocyte survival in the diseased heart.
Identification of a Specific Gene Signature Predictive of Response to Bevacizumab in Patients with Triple-Negative Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Authors: C. Criscitiello, M. Alkalay, L. Fumagalli, L. Gelao, M.A. Locatelli, A. Goldhirsch, G. Curigliano
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Advocates for Biomedical Research: New and Old
Authors: F.J. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Lost in the recent Portland ado about deficits, dues, advertising and journals was a somewhat unusual action by the AMA's House of Delegates. It was the adoption of a 10-point statement in support of biomedical research. Among the principles endorsed were the following:Biomedical research, although the responsibility of both public and private resources, must be accepted by the federal government as a continuing high-priority obligation, with support for research and training "established and sustained at a level that will bear some consistent relation to the nation's total expenditure for health."The National Institutes of Health must be assured of . . .
Police investigate work of UK colorectal surgeon after patients die
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Police are investigating the deaths of a number of patients in England who were operated on by a consultant colorectal surgeon in the West Midlands.

Sudip Sarker, a specialist in keyhole surgery for colon cancer, worked at the Alexandra Hospital in Redditch and the Worcestershire Royal Hospital from August 2011 until he was excluded from work by Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust in October 2012. …
Reply to Drs Leung an Sung: The Scope and the Capsule: a Reunited Family?
Authors: S. Hollerbach, K. Schulmann
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

Since its clinical introduction in 2001, video capsule endoscopy of the small bowel with the M2A capsule has rapidly gained acceptance as novel noninvasive imaging method for detecting obscure bleeding sources located in the small bowel. Initial controlled and well-designed studies assessing its accuracy in detecting obscure gastrointestinal bleeding have recently been published [1] [2]. All studies published to date unequivocally show that capsule endoscopy is better than push enteroscopy and much better than all radiographic procedures in this setting [3]. These data suggest that capsule endoscopy is a safe, reliable, and highly sensitive tool for detecting sources of occult bleeding located in the entire length of the small bowel. Capsule endoscopy has already been widely adopted in gastroenterology centers around the world, despite country-specific problems with cost reimbursement policies such as those in Germany, where most health insurance companies are still refusing to reimburse costs associated with the diagnostic use of the video capsule.
The effect of acute hypercholesterolemia on myocardial infarct size and the no-reflow phenomenon during coronary occlusion-reperfusion.
Authors: P Golino, P R Maroko, T E Carew
Journal: Circulation (1987)

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of acute hypercholesterolemia on the evolution of myocardial infarction in a preparation of coronary occlusion-reperfusion. New Zealand white rabbits were fed a 2% cholesterol-enriched diet for 3 days (plasma cholesterol 329 +/- 70 mg/dl), or maintained on the control diet (plasma cholesterol 67 +/- 12 mg/dl). Temporary (30 min) coronary artery occlusion was performed in open-chest rabbits with a suture snare. The snare was released to permit reperfusion. When the animals were killed 5.5 hr later, left ventricles were cut into 3 mm slices. Infarct size was determined by planimetry of tetrazolium-stained slices while the area at risk of infarction (hypoperfused zone) was determined by planimetry of the "cold spots" on autoradiograms of the slices that contained 99m Tc-labeled microspheres that had been injected 1 min after occlusion. Infarct size, expressed as percent of the hypoperfused zone, was 42.8 +/- 1.3% (n = 10) in the control group and was increased by approximately 100% in cholesterol-fed animals to 83.7 +/- 2.0% (n = 10, p less than .001). To test the hypothesis that vascular obstruction (no reflow) might account for the larger infarct size, thioflavin S was injected immediately before the animals were killed to demarcate perfused myocardium in three additional groups of animals: standard chow-fed rabbits (n = 5), cholesterol-fed rabbits (n = 5), and standard chow-fed rabbits that, in addition, received an infusion of isoproterenol (0.1 microgram/kg/min, n = 6), an intervention believed to increase infarct size through a mechanism not dependent on the no-reflow phenomenon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Belated Diagnosis of Hashimoto's Disease
Authors: J. H. Baron
Journal: BMJ (1959)

<b>978</b> <h3><b>Objectives:</b></h3> 1. To recognize patterns of uptake in different ganglia which may mimic lymph node metastases in different anatomic locations 2. To understand the role of CT characterization and localization in the differentiation of benign uptake in ganglia versus metastatic lymph nodes. 3. How to interpret these findings and direct further evaluation or recommendation if needed. <b>Abstract:</b> Several recent studies revealed accurate staging of primary prostate cancer (PC) and restaging after biochemical recurrence with <sup>68</sup>Ga -PSMA PET/CT. However, <sup>68</sup>Ga -PSMA uptake is not completely specific to PC. Recent study showed relatively high PSMA uptake in coeliac ganglia in most patients which may mimic lymph node metastases in this area in PC patients undergoing <sup>68</sup>Ga -PSMA PET/CT examination for staging or restaging<sup>1</sup>. We will demonstrate in a large collection of cases varieties of findings with different patterns of PSMA uptake which would include unilateral and bilateral uptake, mild and moderate uptake, focal and diffuse uptake, isolated ganglion uptake and multiple ganglia uptake in same patient. Also, correct and careful of interpretation of the CT scan as part of the <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA PET/CT examination is of special importance in differentiating PSMA uptake in a ganglia versus in lymph nodes. Associated CT findings and characterization of ganglia in the <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA PET/CT would be demonstrated at different location including stellate ganglia in the cervicothoracic region, coeliac and superior mesenteric in the abdomen and inferior mesenteric in the pelvic region. We will also show the appearance of some of these findings by other imaging modalities for further characterization. Reading physician should be aware of the frequently encountered physiologic uptake of 68Ga-labelled PSMA ligand in different ganglia in order to avoid false positive interpretation.