tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Diabetes, and Ethnicity in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Robert Scragg, MaryFran Sowers, Colin Bell
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—To determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and diabetes risk and whether it varies by ethnicity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed an analysis of data from participants who attended the morning examination of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994), a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. Serum levels of 25OHD, which reflect vitamin D status, were available from 6,228 people (2,766 non-Hispanic whites, 1,736 non-Hispanic blacks, and 1,726 Mexican Americans) aged ≥20 years with fasting and/or 2-h plasma glucose and serum insulin measurements. RESULTS—Adjusting for sex, age, BMI, leisure activity, and quarter of year, ethnicity-specific odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes (fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l) varied inversely across quartiles of 25OHD in a dose-dependent pattern (OR 0.25 [95% CI 0.11–0.60] for non-Hispanic whites and 0.17 [0.08–0.37] for Mexican Americans) in the highest vitamin D quartile (25OHD ≥81.0 nmol/l) compared with the lowest 25OHD (≤43.9 nmol/l). This inverse association was not observed in non-Hispanic blacks. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (loge) was inversely associated with serum 25OHD in Mexican Americans (P = 0.0024) and non-Hispanic whites (P = 0.058) but not non-Hispanic blacks (P = 0.93), adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS—These results show an inverse association between vitamin D status and diabetes, possibly involving insulin resistance, in non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans. The lack of an inverse association in non-Hispanic blacks may reflect decreased sensitivity to vitamin D and/or related hormones such as the parathyroid hormone.
Points: Dearer gas and more hypothermia?
Authors: L. Ballon
Journal: BMJ (1982)

p 4), I discussed this with the authors.In view of the fact that neither microscopic nor the earliest lymph node invasion is demonstrated by computed tomography, it appeared essential to define the track or volume within which malignant disease spread up the lym- phatics.This has been demonstrated in a series of 35-mm slides covering the lymphatic volume from the pelvis up through the abdomen and thorax to the root of the neck.This surprisingly small volume was agreed for surgical and radiotherapy planning for "cur- able" cancer with around 100 experienced consultants in surgery, radiology, and radio- therapy, on an extensive tour of Europe, Canada, and the United States.
Improved Response to Disasters and Outbreaks by Tracking Population Movements with Mobile Phone Network Data: A Post-Earthquake Geospatial Study in Haiti
Authors: Linus Bengtsson, Xin Lu, Anna Thorson, Richard Garfield, Johan von Schreeb
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Linus Bengtsson and colleagues examine the use of mobile phone positioning data to monitor population movements during disasters and outbreaks, finding that reports on population movements can be generated within twelve hours of receiving data.
The Appropriateness of Use of Coronary Angiography in New York State
Authors: Steven J. Bernstein, Lee H. Hilborne, Lucian L. Leape, Mary E. Fiske, Rolla Edward Park, Caren J. Kamberg, Robert H. Brook
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To determine the appropriateness of use of coronary angiography in New York State.Retrospective randomized medical record review.Fifteen randomly selected hospitals in New York State that provide coronary angiography.Random sample of 1335 patients undergoing coronary angiography in New York State in 1990.Percentage of patients who underwent coronary angiography for appropriate, uncertain, or inappropriate indications.Approximately 76% of coronary angiographies were rated appropriate; 20%, uncertain; and 4%, inappropriate. Inappropriate use did not vary significantly between the elderly (ie, patients aged 65 years and older) and nonelderly, 4.7% and 3.9%, respectively. Although the rate of inappropriate use varied from 0% to 9% among hospitals, the difference was not significant. Rates of appropriateness did not vary by hospital location (upstate vs downstate), volume (fewer than 750 procedures annually or at least 750 procedures annually), teaching status, or whether revascularization was available at the hospital where angiography was performed.Although coronary angiography was used for few inappropriate indications in New York State, many procedures were performed for uncertain indications in which the benefit and risk were approximately equal or unknown.
Etiological Factors in Placebo Effect
Authors: Arthur K. Shapiro
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Never before has there been so much interest in the placebo effect. Despite a greatly increased amount of research, the etiology of the placebo effect is not yet understood. This paper critically evaluates recently advanced concepts concerning the placebo effect, including personality of the patient, anxiety, catharsis, suggestibility, psychiatric diagnosis, constancy of effect, and the physician's interest. The physician's interest can be direct or indirect. The concept of indirect interest is advanced as an important subtle mechanism that may parsimoniously explain many observations about placebos.
972 VX-950: the discovery of an inhibitor of the hepatitis C NS3·4A protease and a potential hepatitis C virus therapeutic
Authors: R PERNI, G CHANDORKAR, P CHATURVEDI, L COURTNEY, C DECKER, C GATES, S HARBESON, A KWONG, C LIN, Y LUONG
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

A 120-day experiment was conducted to compare the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from agricultural soil after natural attenuation (NA), phytoremediation (P), mycoremediation (M), and plant-assisted mycoremediation (PAM) approaches in relation to the extracellular enzyme activities in soil. The NA treatment removed the total soil PAH content negligibly. The P treatment using maize (Zea mays) enhanced only the removal of low and medium molecular PAHs. The Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on 30–50 mm wood chip substrate used in M treatment was the most successful in the removal of majority PAHs. Therefore, significantly (p < 0.05) highest total PAH removal by 541.4 μg/kg dw (dry weight) (36%) from all tested M treatments was observed. When using the same fungal substrate together with maize in PAM treatment, the total PAH removal was not statistically different from the previous M treatment. However, the maize-assisted mycoremediation treatment significantly boosted fungal biomass, microbial and manganese peroxidase activity in soil which strongly correlated with the removal of total PAHs. The higher PAH removal in that PAM treatment could be reflected in the following post-harvest time. Our suggested M and PAM approaches could be promising in situ bioremediation strategies for PAH-contaminated soils.
EFFECTS OF REGIONAL MEDICARE ADVANTAGE PENETRATION ON RISK-STANDARDIZED OUTCOME MEASURES
Authors: Vivek T. Kulkarni, Sachin J. Shah, Susannah M. Bernheim, Yongfei Wang, Sharon-Lise T. Normand, Elizabeth E. Drye, Harlan M. Krumholz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Novel Gene-Environment Associations with Diisocyanate Induced Asthma
Authors: Z.L. Lummus, B. Yucesoy, A. Cartier, G.K. Hershey, D. Gautrin, L. Boulet, J. Sastre, S. Langmeyer, G. Kissling, M. Luster, M. Rao, J. Malo, S. Tarlo, D.I. Bernstein
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Daily Haemodialysis in "Hypercatabolic" Acute Renal Failure
Authors: H. Silva, J. Pomeroy, A. I. Rae, S. M. Rosen, S. Shaldon
Journal: BMJ (1964)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The main carotenoid in the extremely radiation-resistant bacterium <i>Deinococcus radiodurans</i> is deinoxanthin. In this paper, based on UV-Vis, MS/MS spectra as well as the chemical properties, the other main two carotenoids in this bacterium were identified as ((all-E)-1’-hydroxy-3’,4’-didehydro-1’,2’-dihydro-β,Ψ-carotene- 4-one-1), and ((all-E)-1’-hydroxy-3’,4’-didehydro-1’,2’,2,3-quahydro-β,Ψ-carotene- 4-one-1), respectively. The fully structure elucidation for the carotenoids should help to gain a better understanding of the radiation-resistant mechanisms in this remarkable bacterium.
Estrogen plus Progestin in Postmenopausal Women — Act II
Authors: Paul C. MacDonald
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

The menopause is a multifaceted milestone in the lifetime of a woman. On the one hand, the menopause is a time when women are free of monthly menses, when many women are relieved of dysmenorrhea, when some women are released from the recurrent discomforts of the premenstrual syndrome, and when some women are finally confident for the first time in their reproductive life that pregnancy will not occur. On the other hand, the menopause is a startling reminder that the last third of life is commencing, and for some women, it represents a tragic conclusion to unfulfilled hopes of childbearing . . .
Maximum Likelihood Outperforms Maximum Parsimony Even When Evolutionary Rates Are Heterotachous
Authors: Sudhindra R. Gadagkar, Sudhir Kumar
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Heterotachy occurs when the relative evolutionary rates among sites are not the same across lineages. Sequence alignments are likely to exhibit heterotachy with varying severity because the intensity of purifying selection and adaptive forces at a given amino acid or DNA sequence position is unlikely to be the same in different species. In a recent study, the influence of heterotachy on the performance of different phylogenetic methods was examined using computer simulation for a four-species phylogeny. Maximum parsimony (MP) was reported to generally outperform maximum likelihood (ML). However, our comparisons of MP and ML methods using the methods and evaluation criteria employed in that study, but considering the possible range of proportions of sites involved in heterotachy, contradict their findings and indicate that, in fact, ML is significantly superior to MP even under heterotachy.
Appropriate Likelihood Ratio Tests and Marginal Distributions for Evolutionary Tree Models with Constraints on Parameters
Authors: Rissa Ota, Peter J. Waddell, Masami Hasegawa, Hidetoshi Shimodaira, Hirohisa Kishino
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2000)

We show how to make appropriate likelihood ratio tests for evolutionary tree models when parameters such as edge (internodes or branches) lengths have nonnegativity constraints. In such cases, under the null model of an edge length being zero, the marginal distribution of this parameter is proven to be a “half-normal”, that is, 50% zero values and 50% the positive half of a normal distribution. Other constrained parameters, such as the proportion of invariant sites, give similar results. To make likelihood ratio tests between nested models, e.g., H0: homogeneous site rates, and H1: site rates follow a gamma distribution with variance 1/k, then asymptotically as sequence length increases, the distribution under H0 becomes a mixture of χ distributions, in this case 50% χ0, and 50% χ1 (where the subscript denotes degrees of freedom, i.e., not the usually assumed 100% χ1; which leads to a conservative test). Such mixtures are sometimes called χ̄ distributions. Simulations show that even with sequences as short as 125 sites, some parameters, including the proportion of invariant sites, fit asymptotic distributions closely.
Abstract 3321: Using NLPs to study EGFR structure, activation, and inhibition
Authors: Tiffany M. Scharadin, Matthew Saldana, Michael Schlein, Steven Hoang-Phou, Denise Trans, Dennis Chang, Wei He, Kit Lam, Kermit L. Carraway, Matthew A. Coleman, Paul T. Henderson
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract The mammalian ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family is critical for the development and maintenance of a variety of tissues. Though not completely understood, the mechanism of ErbB receptor activation involves the binding of ligand to the extracellular domain leading to a conformational change that allows dimerization and phosphorylation to initiate downstream signaling pathways. Mutations, amplification, and aberrant activation of these receptors lead to oncogenesis and tumor progression in several cancer types, including lung, breast, and colon. Current ErbB-targeted therapies include monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These treatments are initially effective but many tumors develop resistance, necessitating the discovery of a more specific and efficient drug. Studying the ErbB receptors is often difficult because of their large size and poor water solubility. Here we report success in assembling EGFR into nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs) to study activation and inhibition of the correctly-folded, full-length, and active receptor. NLPs are ∼20 nm cell membrane analogs composed of an apolipoprotein surrounding a lipid bilayer. We produced a homogenous population of EGFR-NLPs, by FLAG-purification of EGFR from mammalian cells, which are of the correct size, phosphorylated, and can be quantified. Furthermore, these EGFR-NLPs can be utilized as a novel target in a one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) screen of small molecules and peptides to identify unique therapeutics. Studies of ligand binding, kinase activity, and EGFR structure are ongoing. Future directions are to incorporate disease-relevant EGFR mutations into NLPs. The T790M mutation is of particular interest because it is a treatment-induced mutation observed in half of all non small cell lung cancers and confers resistance to current ErbB-targeted therapies. Citation Format: Tiffany M. Scharadin, Matthew Saldana, Michael Schlein, Steven Hoang-Phou, Denise Trans, Dennis Chang, Wei He, Kit Lam, Kermit L. Carraway, Matthew A. Coleman, Paul T. Henderson. Using NLPs to study EGFR structure, activation, and inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3321. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3321
Critical Role for TrkB Kinase Function in Anoikis Suppression, Tumorigenesis, and Metastasis
Authors: Thomas R. Geiger, Daniel S. Peeper
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Anoikis, or cell death induced by cell detachment, provides protection against the metastatic spread of tumor cells. We have previously shown that the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB suppresses anoikis in rat intestinal epithelial cells and renders them highly tumorigenic and metastatic. Because TrkB is overexpressed in several aggressive human cancers, first attempts are being made to target TrkB in cancer therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying TrkB-mediated anoikis suppression, tumorigenesis, and metastasis still remain largely elusive. Although, to date, most attempts to neutralize TrkB in tumors aim to inactivate its kinase activity, it is unclear whether TrkB kinase activity is required for its oncogenic functions. Indeed, it has been suggested that also other properties of the receptor contribute to functions that are relevant to tumor cell survival. Specifically, several adhesion motifs reside within the extracellular domains of TrkB. In line with this, TrkB-expressing epithelial cells form large cellular aggregates in suspension cultures, possibly facilitating tumor cell survival. Therefore, we set out to study the relative contributions of TrkB's kinase activity and its adhesion domains to anoikis suppression and oncogenicity. On the basis of a structure-function analysis, we report that TrkB kinase activity is required and, unexpectedly, also sufficient for anoikis suppression, tumor formation, and experimental metastasis. Thus, TrkB can act tumorigenically independent of its adhesion motifs. These results suggest that targeting the enzymatic activity of TrkB might be beneficial in cancer therapy. [Cancer Res 2007;67(13):6221–30]
Hepatic irradiation augments engraftment of donor cells following hepatocyte transplantation
Authors: Kosho Yamanouchi, Hongchao Zhou, Namita Roy‐Chowdhury, Frank Macaluso, Liping Liu, Toshiyuki Yamamoto, Govardhana Rao Yannam, Charles Enke, Timothy D. Solberg, Anthony B. Adelson, Jeffrey L. Platt, Ira J. Fox, Jayanta Roy‐Chowdhury, Chandan Guha
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Engraftment of donor hepatocytes is a critical step that determines the success of hepatocyte transplantation. Rapid and efficient integration of donor cells would enable prompt liver repopulation of these cells in response to selective proliferative stimuli offered by a preparative regimen. We have earlier demonstrated that hepatic irradiation (HIR) in combination with a variety of hepatotrophic growth signals, such as partial hepatectomy and hepatocyte growth factor, can be used as a preparative regimen for liver repopulation of transplanted hepatocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of HIR on engraftment of transplanted dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV)-positive hepatocytes in congeneic DPPIV-deficient rats. HIR-induced apoptosis of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) within 6 hours of HIR resulted in dehiscence of the SEC lining in 24 hours. Although there was no change of the number of Kupffer cells after HIR, colloidal carbon clearance decreased 24 hours post HIR, indicating a suppression of phagocytic function. DPPIV+ donor cells were transplanted 24 hours after HIR (0-50 Gy). There was an HIR dose-dependent increase in the donor hepatocyte mass engrafted in the liver parenchyma. The number of viable transplanted hepatocytes present in hepatic sinusoids or integrated in the parenchyma was greater in the HIR-treated group at 3 and 7 days after transplantation compared with the sham controls. Finally, we validated these rodent studies in cynomolgus monkeys, demonstrating that a single 10-Gy dose of HIR was sufficient to enhance engraftment of donor porcine hepatocytes. These data indicate that transient disruption of the SEC barrier and inhibition of the phagocytic function of Kupffer cells by HIR enhances hepatocyte engraftment and the integrated donor cell mass. Thus, preparative HIR could be potentially useful to augment hepatocyte transplantation.
Cerebral blood flow and the development of ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis
Authors: Sonali Master, Jeanne Gottstein, Andres T. Blei
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Two mechanisms may account for brain edema in fulminant hepatic failure: the osmotic effects of brain glutamine, a product of ammonia detoxification, and a change of cerebral blood flow (CBF). We have shown brain edema, a marked increase in brain glutamine, and a selective rise in CBF in rats after portacaval anastomosis receiving an ammonia infusion. In this study, we inhibited the activity of glutamine synthetase with methionine-sulfoximine (MSO) and examined ammonia levels, brain water and CBF. Four groups received either a continuous ammonium acetate or control infusion; half of the animals had been pretreated with MSO or vehicle. The ammonia group exhibited brain edema (79.97 ± 0.04 vs. 81.11 ± 0.13% water), an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamine (1.29 ± 0.21 vs. 2.84 ± 0.39 mmol/L) and CBF (63 ± 11 vs. 266 ± 45 mL/min/100 g brain). When MSO was added to the ammonia infusion, ammonia levels rose further (928 ± 51 vs. 1,293 ± 145 mmol/L, P &lt; .05) but CSF glutamine decreased (2.84 ± 0.39 vs. 1.61 ± 0.2 mmol/L, P &lt; .01). Brain edema (80.48 ± 0.11%) and cerebral hyperemia (140 ± 25 mL/min/100 g brain) were significantly ameliorated in the ammonia plus MSO group. Brain output of circulating nitric oxide (NO x ) was increased in the ammonia-infused group but normalized in the ammonia plus MSO group. In this model, the rise of CBF reflects intracranial events that occur after glutamine synthesis. Activation of nitric oxide synthase in the brain could account for these findings.
A piece of my mind. The trapeze
Authors: S. Holway
Journal: JAMA (1988)

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Action of omeprazole (a benzimidazole derivative) on secretory responses to sham feeding and pentagastrin and upon serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide in duodenal ulcer patients.
Authors: S J Konturek, N Kweicien, W Obtulowicz, B Kopp, J Oleksy
Journal: Gut (1984)

The effects of omeprazole, a benzimidazole derivative, have been determined on the secretory responses to modified sham feeding and pentagastrin, and upon serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide concentrations in duodenal ulcer patients. Intragastric administration of omeprazole in doses of 2 and 6 mumol/kg produced, respectively, about 50% and 90% reduction in acid outputs in responses to modified sham feeding and pentagastrin without affecting serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide response to modified sham feeding.
Intense exercise impairs the integrity of the pulmonary blood-gas barrier in elite athletes.
Authors: S R Hopkins, R B Schoene, W R Henderson, R G Spragg, T R Martin, J B West
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

The blood-gas barrier must be very thin to allow gas exchange and it is therefore subjected to high mechanical stresses when the capillary pressure rises. In some animals, such as the thoroughbred race-horse during intense exercise, the stresses are so large that the capillaries fail and bleeding occurs. We tested the hypothesis that, in elite human athletes, the high capillary pressure that occurs during severe exercise alters the structure and function of the blood-gas barrier. We performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in six healthy athletes, who had a history suggestive of lung bleeding, 1 h after a 7-min cycling race simulation and four normal sedentary control subjects who did not exercise before BAL. The athletes had higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of red blood cells (0.51 x 10(5) versus 0.01 x 10(5).ml-1), total protein (128.0 versus 94.1 micrograms/ml), albumin (65.6 versus 53.0 micrograms/ml), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) (243 versus 0 pg/ml) in BAL fluid than control subjects. The proportion of neutrophils was similar in athletes and control subjects but the proportion of lymphocytes in BAL fluid was reduced (p < 0.05). There were no differences in levels of surfactant apoprotein A, tumor necrosis factor bioactivity, lipopolysaccharide, or interleukin-8 (IL-8) between groups. These results show that brief intense exercise in athletes with a history suggestive of lung bleeding alters blood-gas barrier function resulting in higher concentrations of red cells and protein in BAL fluid. The lack of activation of proinflammatory pathways (except LTB4) in the airspaces supports the hypothesis that the mechanism for altered blood-gas barrier function is mechanical stress.