tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dissociation of natriuresis and diuresis and heterogeneity of the effector system of atrial natriuretic factor in rats.
Authors: R C Willenbrock, J Tremblay, R Garcia, P Hamet
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

The hypotensive, natriuretic, and diuretic actions of human atrial natriuretic factor-(99-126) (hANF) are accompanied by an elevation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in plasma and urine. However, the oxidized hANF analogue, human [Met-O110]ANF-(99-126) (Met-O-ANF), has been reported to be unable to increase cGMP (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 128: 538-546). We employed this oxidized peptide to evaluate the relationship between its biological effects and cGMP generation, with cGMP serving as a marker of the recognized property of ANF to stimulate particulate guanylate cyclase. Met-O-ANF appeared to be a partial agonist, exhibiting a decreasing order of relative potency of hypotensive, vasorelaxant, diuretic, and natriuretic functions compared to hANF. A lower degree of cGMP increases was achieved by this analogue in cultured smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Met-O-ANF doses, which led to a significant increase in diuresis, were neither natriuretic nor accompanied by an increase of urinary cGMP. We were thus able to dissociate the diuretic and natriuretic effects of ANF. High doses of the oxidized analogue were required to elevate cGMP levels in plasma and urine. In isolated kidney fractions, Met-O-ANF's action on cGMP was significantly lower in glomeruli (fivefold less), virtually absent in the collecting duct, yet only slightly different (20% less) in thick ascending limb. Our results indicate that the diuretic and natriuretic effects are exerted at distinct sites, with only the natriuresis being related to an increase of extracellular cGMP. The variability of differential potency of biological and biochemical effects from tissue to tissue of these two forms of human ANF support the notion of the heterogeneity of the ANF effector system.
The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine 1865-1900
Authors: B. Hurwitz
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Epidemics still sweep the streets of London, taking their toll of its twentieth century inhabitants. Today's epidemic diseases are tackled with diverse drugs and policies: a clutch of childhood immunisations; antibiotics and hospital admission for pulmonary tuberculosis; for HIV, needle exchange, opiate substitution, and safe sex advice. The Victorian medical officers of health had few of these tools. They attempted to combat the epidemics of their day with surveillance, “stamping out,” and sanitary reform.

Anne Hardy examines the impact of preventive health services in London after 1865, when 48 medical officers of health were first appointed to newly designated sanitary districts. She shows how surveillance often depended on …
Primary hepatocytes of Tupaia belangeri as a potential model for hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Xiping Zhao, Zhen-Ya Tang, Bettina Klumpp, Guido Wolff-Vorbeck, Heidi Barth, Shoshana Levy, Fritz von Weizsäcker, Hubert E. Blum, Thomas F. Baumert
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide, but the study of HCV infection has been hampered by the lack of an in vitro or in vivo small animal model. The tree shrew Tupaia belangeri is susceptible to infection with a variety of human viruses in vivo, including hepatitis viruses. We show that primary Tupaia hepatocytes can be infected with serum- or plasma-derived HCV from infected humans, as measured by de novo synthesis of HCV RNA, analysis of viral quasispecies evolution, and detection of viral proteins. Production of infectious virus could be demonstrated by passage to naive hepatocytes. To assess whether viral entry in Tupaia hepatocytes was dependent on the recently isolated HCV E2 binding protein CD81, we identified and characterized Tupaia CD81. Sequence analysis of cloned Tupaia cDNA revealed a high degree of homology between Tupaia and human CD81 large extracellular loops (LEL). Cellular binding of E2 and HCV infection could not be inhibited by anti-CD81 antibodies or soluble CD81-LEL, suggesting that viral entry can occur through receptors other than CD81. Thus, primary Tupaia hepatocytes provide a potential model for the study of HCV infection of hepatocytes.
Psychometric Study of Patient Knowledge Test
Authors: Judith Garrard, Judy Ostrom Joynes, Lucy Mullen, LeAnn McNeil, Carolé Mensing, Catherine Feste, Donnell D Etzwiler
Journal: Diabetes Care (1987)

The results of a psychometric study of the Test of Patient Knowledge are reported. The 50-item, multiple-choice test, developed by Etzwiler and associates at the International Diabetes Center, consists of a total score and seven subscores based on seven nonoverlapping content categories: nutrition, insulin, general knowledge, methods of control, pattern control, exercise, and complications. The results described herein provide evidence for the validity of the test (content, concurrent, and discriminant validity), a high level of reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .88), readability for the layperson at the 7th- to 8th-grade level, and sensitivity to instructional gains. The literature on psychometric research with other tests of patient knowledge of diabetes is reviewed and compared with the results of this study.
Blockade of CCR5 to protect the liver graft in HIV/HCV co-infected patients
Authors: Stéphanie Haïm-Boukobza, Karl Balabanian, Elina Teicher, Marion Bourgeade, Gabriel Perlemuter, Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso, Jean-Charles Duclos-Vallee
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)

COMMENTARY ON: Blockade of Lymphocyte Chemotaxis in Visceral Graft-versus-Host Disease. Reshef R, Luger SM, Hexner EO, Loren AW, Frey NV, Nasta SD, Goldstein SC, Stadtmauer EA, Smith J, Bailey S, Mick R, Heitjan DF, Emerson SG, Hoxie JA, Vonderheide RH, Porter DL. N Engl J Med 2012;367:135–45. Copyright © 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society. Abstract reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22784116 Abstract: Background: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major barrier to successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). The chemokine receptor CCR5 appears to play a role in alloreactivity. We tested whether CCR5 blockade would be safe and limit GVHD in humans. Methods: We tested the in vitro effect of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc on lymphocyte function and chemotaxis. We then enrolled 38 high-risk patients in a single-group phase 1 and 2 study of reduced-intensity allogeneic HSCT that combined maraviroc with standard GVHD prophylaxis. Results: Maraviroc inhibited CCR5 internalization and lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro without impairing T-cell function or formation of hematopoietic-cell colonies. In 35 patients who could be evaluated, the cumulative incidence rate (±SE) of grade II to IV acute GVHD was low at 14.7±6.2% on day 100 and 23.6±7.4% on day 180. Acute liver and gut GVHD were not observed before day 100 and remained uncommon before day 180, resulting in a low cumulative incidence of grade III or IV GVHD on day 180 (5.9±4.1%). The 1-year rate of death that was not preceded by disease relapse was 11.7±5.6% without excessive rates of relapse or infection. Serum from patients receiving maraviroc prevented CCR5 internalization by CCL5 and blocked T-cell chemotaxis in vitro, providing evidence of antichemotactic activity. Conclusions: In this study, inhibition of lymphocyte trafficking was a specific and potentially effective new strategy to prevent visceral acute GVHD. (Funded by Pfizer and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00948753.)
Huntington's disease is a four-repeat tauopathy with tau nuclear rods
Authors: Marta Fernández-Nogales, Jorge R Cabrera, María Santos-Galindo, Jeroen J M Hoozemans, Isidro Ferrer, Annemieke J M Rozemuller, Félix Hernández, Jesús Avila, José J Lucas
Journal: Nature Medicine (2014)
A3-03: Pemetrexed for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Results from a randomized phase III dose finding trial in patients who progressed following platinum-containing chemotherapy
Authors: Michael H. Cullen, Petr Zatloukal, Sverre Sorenson, Silvia Novello, Juergen R. Fischer, Joy Anil Abraham, Manuela Zereu, Patrick Peterson, Carla Visseren-Grul, Neill Iscoe
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Pulmonary Effects of Pentamidine
Authors: M. ARTHUR CHARLES
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 January 1972Pulmonary Effects of PentamidineM. ARTHUR CHARLES, M.D., PAUL K. HILDEBRANDT, D.V.M., MARVIN I. SCHWARZ, M.D., ROBERT ZIEG, M.S.M. ARTHUR CHARLES, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, PAUL K. HILDEBRANDT, D.V.M.Search for more papers by this author, MARVIN I. SCHWARZ, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ROBERT ZIEG, M.S.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-76-1-144 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We have recently documented the occurrence of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in a man after successful treatment of his Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (1). Previous rat and human studies have also suggested that interstitial fibrosis may be a sequel of pentamidine isethionate-treated P. carinii pneumonia (2, 3). Is the fibrosis following pentamidine therapy drug related?We have studied the effect of pentamidine on the rat lung in the absence of infectious disease in an attempt to answer this question. Fifty male, Sprague-Dawley, pathogen-free rats were divided into two groups, 10 controls and 40 test animals. Thirty-five rats were...References1. WHITCOMBSCHWARTZCHARLES MMM: Interstitial fibrosis after Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 73:761-765, 1970 LinkGoogle Scholar2. FRENKELGOODSHULTZ JJJ: Latent Pneumocystis infection of rats; relapse, and chemotherapy. Lab Invest 15:1559-1577, 1966 MedlineGoogle Scholar3. NOWAK J: Late pulmonary changes in the course of infection with Pneumocystis carinii. Acta Med Pol 7:23-41, 1966 MedlineGoogle Scholar4. KIRBYKENAMOREGUCKIAN HBJ: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treated with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. Ann Intern Med 75:505-509, 1971 LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: M. ARTHUR CHARLES, M.D.; PAUL K. HILDEBRANDT, D.V.M.; MARVIN I. SCHWARZ, M.D.; ROBERT ZIEG, M.S.Affiliations: Department of Medicine Walter Reed General Hospital Division of Medicine and Department of Veterinary Pathology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, D.C. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byThe LeishmaniasesPneumocystis Carinii 1 January 1972Volume 76, Issue 1Page: 144-145KeywordsDrug therapyFibrosisInfectious diseasesLungsPathogensPneumocystis carinii pneumoniaPneumoniaPulmonary fibrosis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1972 PDF downloadLoading ...
Hepatic Disease Among Workers at a Vinyl Chloride Polymerization Plant
Authors: Henry Falk
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Eleven cases of hepatic disease, including seven cases of hepatic angiosarcoma, have been identified to date among men employed at one vinyl chloride polymerization plant. The earliest diagnosis was made in April 1964. The two most recent cases, both angiosarcoma, were diagnosed in February 1974 as a result of systematic medical screening for liver abnormalities among workers at the plant. Ages at diagnosis have ranged from 36 to 58 years for the seven patients with angiosarcoma and from 28 to 56 years for the four patients with nonmalignant disease; durations of employment before diagnosis have ranged from 12 to 28 years and from 5 to 29 years. All 11 persons had worked in close and continuous contact with various phases of the vinyl chloride polymerization process. Review of pathologic material suggests the presence in both tumor and nontumor cases of portal fibrosis and atypical sinusoidal lining cells. A direct causal relationship between exposure to vinyl chloride monomer and pathologic findings is postulated. (<i>JAMA</i>230:59-63, 1974)
An inflammatory eruption associated with recombinant human IL-6
Authors: T. E. FLEMING, W. S. MIRANDO, L. F. SOOHOO, B. W. COOPER, M. T. ZAIM, H. M. LAZARUS, C. A. ELMETS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an endogenous cytokine with multiple biological functions, including amplification of the inflammatory response. Recombinant human IL-6, administered as part of a chemotherapeutic regimen, has recently been shown to cause regression of certain types of malignant tumours. We report a patient who developed a cutaneous eruption consisting of coalescent, erythematous, scaling macules and papules after administration of recombinant human IL-6, given as part of her chemotherapy for ductal carcinoma of the breast.
THE EXCHANGEABLE THYROID HORMONAL POOL. I. ITS MAGNITUDE AND RATE OF TURNOVER IN VARIOUS THYROID STATES IN MAN 12
Authors: Milton W. Hamolsky, A. Stone Freedberg, George S. Kurland, Leonard Wolsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1953)

Recent reviews (1,2) have summarized the sig- nificant advances in the elucidation of certain as- pects of thyroid physiology resulting from studies utilizing radioactive iodine and improved chemi- cal methods for the determination of iodine.Quan- titative data defining the size of the thyroid hor- monal pool and the rate and amount of "peripheral -utilization" or turnover of the thyroid hormone within this pool are, however, fragmentary (1).Estimates based on the thyroxine requirements in man at various basal metabolic levels indicate that approximately 10 mgm. of thyroxine are stored in the human body (3).Values obtained by various methods for the daily thyroid hormone turnover in man are listed in Table I.Most re- cently, Riggs (1) has estimated that the half-life of thyroid hormone in tissues is 11.9 days.This report is concerned with the experimental determination of the magnitude and turnover of the exchangeable thyroid hormonal pool in man based on the rates of disappearance from the cir- culation of endogenously labelled (I31) human thyroid hormone after its infusion into patients with normal and abnormal thyroid function. MATERIALS AND METHODSSeven patients with the classical symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings of thyrotoxicosis served as donors of endogenously labelled thyroid hormone.Each donor received 10.3 to 23.1 millicuries of I' for therapeutic purposes.The dosage was calcula'ted according to a previously described method (12) and delivered 5 to
Multiple emboli in hydatid disease.
Authors: D A Shields
Journal: BMJ (1990)

ness, sweating, and anorexia.Her sister and niece had had similar symptoms five days previously without systemic upset and had not required admission to hospital.On examination she had a temperature of 39°C, a tachycardia, and minimal abdominal tenderness with active bowel sounds.Haematological and biochemical investigations gave normal results.The ratio of T4 to T8 cells was normal at 2-3 (reference range 1-0-2 5).Cefuroxime was started, desferrioxamine was stopped, and she was given intravenous fluid replacement.Twenty four hours later her temperature was normal.Her symptoms persisted for nine days, and faecal examination showed Cryptosporidium sp.Although spiramycin is effective in some cryptosporidium in- fections, this was not started as her condition was improving.Blood cultures, results of serological examination, and stool samples were negative for yersmla.
Characterization and detection of artificial replication-competent lentivirus of altered host range
Authors: Harry I Segall, Eunsun Yoo, Richard E Sutton
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

Replication-competent lentivirus (RCL) may be generated during the production phase or subsequently after introduction of a lentiviral vector into target cells, potentially by homologous or nonhomologous recombination. Because most gene transfer of HIV-based vectors involves the use of high-titer vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G-pseudotyped particles, one particular concern would be the generation of an RCL of altered host range, i.e., one that has incorporated the VSV G envelope in cis configuration. We report here on the artificial generation and properties of such a virus, including its detection after biological amplification. Viral spread, beginning with a very low inoculum, takes several weeks in culture and is characterized by "autoinfection," resulting in multiple proviral copies per cell, higher levels of viral gene expression, and eventual cell death. After this initial amplification step, the RCL is easily detectable by standard p24 assay or by "marker-rescue" assay. For the latter, a 293T-based cell line that has an integrated replication-defective provirus encoding alkaline phosphatase (AP) was used and mobilization of AP-containing virus was detected by transduction of naïve cells. Replication-defective virus was not amplified nor detected, demonstrating assay specificity. These results suggest that these artificial RCLs of broad host range have slightly different biological properties compared to wild-type HIV but still spread and are readily detectable.
AN ANTIGONOCOCCUS SERUM EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF GONORRHEAL RHEUMATISM.
Authors: JOHN C. TORREY
Journal: JAMA (1906)

before and at a higher temperature.The only differ- ences, then, were in the different source of the milk, an element that can not be analyzed, the withdrawal of the Mellin's food and the use of orange juice.Before any- thing else was given a distinct improvement was obvious, and recovery occurred while on sterilized milk, orange juice, and a small amount of potato and carrot broth.So rapid an improvement, of course, is not at all uncom- mon, and the change as soon as the orange juice is given, along with the curious avidity with which my patient took it, like so many others, seems to prove that it con- tains something much needed by the scorbutic body.Skiagraphy.-My "efforts to get an x-ray picture of the affected bones were not successful.It was impossible to make an exposure the first day, when the legs were spontaneously kept still.By the next day there was some motion when the noise and light of the apparatus were perceived, so that it was not possible to make a slow exposure with a soft tube that would show fine differentiation of the soft parts.The pictures, of which my colleague, Mr. V. H. Willey, made a number, show the swellings, as well as the appearances of the bones, but nothing more.X-ray pictures of infantile scurvy have been published by Ausset, Rotch3 and Lenndorff.4Those of Ausset and Rotch are not very good.Lenndorff's is given in a rather diagrammatic reproduction.The author says there were shadows along the femur and the tibia and fibula, and a clearing up of the bone shadow in all the bones.He explains the findings by assuming that the periosteum had had time to exert its osteogenetic func- tion, a belief that is borne out by postmortem examina- tions.Lenndorff, however, very properly warns against too much dependence on the skiagraphic diagnosis of in- fantile scurvy, though it may be of assistance in clear- ing up some of the anatomic changes.
Mortality and Cardiac and Vascular Outcomes in Extremely Obese Women
Authors: Kathleen McTigue, Joseph C. Larson, Alice Valoski, Greg Burke, Jane Kotchen, Cora E. Lewis, Marcia L. Stefanick, Linda Van Horn, Lewis Kuller
Journal: JAMA (2006)

ContextObesity, typically measured as body mass index of 30 or higher, has 3 subclasses: obesity 1 (30-34.9); obesity 2 (35-39.9); and extreme obesity (≥40). Extreme obesity is increasing particularly rapidly in the United States, yet its health risks are not well characterized.ObjectiveTo determine how cardiovascular and mortality risks differ across clinical weight categories in women, with a focus on extreme obesity.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsWe examined incident mortality and cardiovascular outcomes by weight status in 90 185 women recruited from 40 US centers for the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study and followed up for an average of 7.0 years (October 1, 1993 to August 31, 2004).Main Outcome MeasuresIncidence of mortality, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension.ResultsExtreme obesity prevalence differed with race/ethnicity, from 1% among Asian and Pacific Islanders to 10% among black women. All-cause mortality rates per 10 000 person-years were 68.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], 65.26-71.68) for normal body mass index, 71.16 (95% CI, 67.68-74.82) for overweight, 84.47 (95% CI, 78.90-90.42) for obesity 1, 102.85 (95% CI, 92.90-113.86) for obesity 2, and 116.85 (95% CI, 103.36-132.11) for extreme obesity. Analyses adjusted for age, smoking, educational achievement, US region, and physical activity levels showed that weight-related risk for all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease mortality, and coronary heart disease incidence did not differ by race/ethnicity. Adjusted analyses among white and black participants showed positive trends in all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease incidence with increasing weight category. Much of the obesity-related mortality and coronary heart disease risk was mediated by diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. In white women, weight-related all-cause mortality risk was modified by age, with obesity conferring less risk among older women.ConclusionsConsidering obesity as a body mass index of 30 or higher may lead to misinterpretation of individual and population risks. Escalating extreme obesity may exacerbate health effects and costs of the obesity epidemic.
German health insurance system faces new deficits
Authors: H. Karcher
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Germany's public health insurance system, which has been the subject of two health reforms since 1989, has amassed a deficit of at least DM3.5bn (pounds sterling1.5bn; $2.25bn) for 1995. Similar losses are expected for 1996 if unemployment rates and health costs continue to rise as …
The American Academy of Medicine.
Authors: Artium Magister
Journal: JAMA (1888)

<h3>Dear Sir:</h3> Many members of the profession will be at one with the opinions expressed in the leader in last week'sJournalin regard to the American Academy of Medicine. In reading the report of the proceedings of the Academy inThe Journalof Dec. 8, I was struck by several facts.<i>First</i>, the tendency on the part of members of that body to self-adulation.<i>Second</i>, the paucity of papers in regard to education.<i>Third</i>, the over-exclusiveness of the Academy. I have watched the Academy for several years, My interest in it was first aroused because of its membership being limited to physicians that have taken the A,B, or M.D. degree in course, This, I admit, prejudiced me somewhat against the Academy, since I am so much of a heretic as to believe that a scientific rather than a classical education is the best preliminary to the study of medicine,
Cytochemical localization of VIP-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in human sweat glands
Authors: HANNA TAINIO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-stimulated adenylate cyclase was demonstrated cytochemically in human sweat glands. Biopsies containing axillary sweat glands were incubated with 5 micron VIP and adenylate cyclase was demonstrated using the cerium-salt technique. Reaction products were localized in the plasma membranes of glandular and myoepithelial cells. Thus, VIP appears to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity without acetylcholine. VIP and acetylcholine in human sweat glands most probably act through a receptor complex, where adenylate cyclase is coupled to that part of the receptor stimulated by VIP.