tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is Boxing a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's?
Authors: Beverly Merz
Journal: JAMA (1989)

THE RECENT DEATH of former middleweight boxing champion Sugar Ray Robinson and data from a small study of retired fighters have renewed speculations of a link between head injury and Alzheimer's disease. The news of Robinson's death 3 days earlier generated great interest in a report presented at a poster session of the annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology in Chicago, Ill. The Los Angeles County coroner's office had announced that Robinson had died of cardiovascular disease. The death certificate listed Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus as "other conditions present." No autopsy was performed. The study, conducted by Patricio Reyes, MD, associate professor of neurology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa, comprised eight former boxers, aged 69 to 86 years, who had developed signs of confusion, loss of mental acuity, and personality changes and were referred to the dementia clinic that Reyes directs. Reyes' aim was to track
Transmission of HIV to infants whose mothers seroconvert postnatally
Authors: J. S. A. Stringer, M. B. Guffey
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Primary prevention is the key

In November 2009, the World Health Organization published revised guidelines for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in developing countries that will extend antiretroviral prophylaxis throughout the breastfeeding period.1 If implemented fully, the recommendations promise to reduce vertical transmission rates from 25-48% to 5% or lower.2 3 This has prompted several prominent international organisations to call for the worldwide eradication of AIDS in children⇓.4



Jenny Matthews/Panos

In most of the resource poor world, women and children bear a disproportionate share of the AIDS burden. In sub-Saharan Africa, women account for more than 60% of infections, and in the nine countries in southern Africa most affected by HIV, prevalence among women aged 15–24 years is three times higher than that among men of the same age.5 Pregnant and lactating women are particularly vulnerable to the acquisition of HIV,6 probably because of immunological and hormonal changes that affect the genital tract, and when they seroconvert, their infants are also at high risk of infection.7 More than 20% of new HIV …
Drugs: For and Against
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Most of the books and articles recently published about marihuana and other drugs used by young people purport to be factual, but many do show considerable bias. This book is different. It is frankly a collection of opinions. The editor-publisher invited people known to be concerned in some way with drug use to contribute essays expressing their beliefs. The 11 contributors all write forcefully and interestingly and express a great variety of viewpoints. Max Rafferty, California educator, vehemently attacks drug use as a "perfectly hellish evil." In colorful language he blames "humanity's greatest monster since Bluebeard: the drug peddler" and also blames "Mom and Pop" because they "didn't whale the tar out of [their children] the first time they disobeyed or talked back." He asserts, "The most dangerous illusion of our time is the comforting securityblanket image of marihuana as a harmless tranquilizer." In opposition, Michael Aldrich, a PhD yippie,
The Trauma Score as a Triage Tool
Authors: Edward Belongia
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  The study by Morris et al 1 on correlation of the field Trauma Score (TS 1 ) with the Injury Severity Score (ISS) has important implications for appropriate triage of patients to regional trauma centers. These authors are correct in pointing out that it is most important to minimize false-negative assessments despite the unavoidable increase in false-positives. The addition of the diagnosis of penetrating torso trauma as an absolute criterion for transport to a trauma center would have decreased the number of false-negatives from 66 to 55 and increased the false-positives from 107 to 206 (rather than 260, as stated by the authors). This would have had the effect of increasing sensitivity from 63.3% to 69.0% and decreasing specificity from 88.4% to 77.6%.  The postassessment probability of severe trauma (ISS≥20) following a negative field assessment (TS 1 >14) is given by the ratio of false-negatives to all negatives. 2
Improvement in Glycemic Excursions With a Transcutaneous, Real-Time Continuous Glucose Sensor
Authors: Satish Garg, Howard Zisser, Sherwyn Schwartz, Timothy Bailey, Roy Kaplan, Samuel Ellis, Lois Jovanovic
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—Hypoglycemia and wide glucose excursions continue to be major obstacles to achieving target HbA1c values and the associated reductions in long-term complications (and economic costs) in people with insulin-treated diabetes. In this study we evaluated the accuracy, safety, and clinical effectiveness of a continuous glucose-sensing device.
A second-generation study of 427 probands with congenital heart defects and their 837 children
Authors: Ruth Whittemore, James A. Wells, Xavier Castellsague
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)

Objectives. This study attempted to answer the question, Do mothers with congenital cardiovascular defects have more affected children than fathers with cardiac anomalies? Background. In the 1950s to 1960s, concern was expressed about the safety of pregnancy in women with cardiac anomalies and the possibility of inheritance. Methods. In a prospective study over 25 years, 236 women with cardiac defects were followed through pregnancy, and their 418 offspring were examined during their 1st 3 years. A high incidence of congenital cardiac malformations was noted. Then, a retrospective study of 191 men from the same clinic group and their total family (419 children) was performed to compare the incidence of affected children between the maternal study and this subsequent paternal study. Results. Of 837 live children of these 427 probands, 14.1% (118) had a congenital heart defect (13.4% in the maternal study, 14.8% in the paternal study). There was no correlation with the surgical status of the proband. Concordance was somewhat greater among the children of affected mothers compared with those of affected fathers. Included in these studies were 31 high risk probands, 10 with genetic syndromes and 21 who had an affected sibling. Respectively, 53% and 41% of their children had cardiac anomalies, with a concordance > 50%; three fourths of these children had moderate to severe anomalies. Conclusions. The incidence of congenital heart defects in the children was not statistically different between the maternal and paternal studies. With removal of the high risk probands from the total study group, the risk of one affected parent having a child with a cardiac anomaly was 10.7%. Of the entire 837 children, only 7.5% had moderate or severe defects.
Morphology of the Liver
Authors: Martin Swerdlow
Journal: JAMA (1970)

This well-written and profusely illustrated text on the morphology of the liver is a definitive work and will, I am quite certain, become the standard reference for all workers concerned with the structure of the liver. The great strength of this text lies in the multidimensional illustrations that relate to actual photomicrographs both at the light microscopic and ultrastructural levels and also relate to the gross structure. This illustrative material makes it possible to conceptualize the structure of the liver and to understand the aberrations brought about by disease states. It is a beautiful and effective teaching and learning device. The text is divided into four sections: microscopic anatomy of the liver, embryology of the liver, gross and surgical anatomy of the liver, and basic pathological condition of the liver. While the authors claim that "no attempt to quote every paper that has been published in the field," the references
Gastric full-thickness suturing following NOTES procedures for closure of the access site to the peritoneal cavity
Authors: D. von Renteln, G. Kaehler, A. Eickhoff, B. Riecken, K. Caca
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Since the first publication on Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) in 2004 research interest has grown steadily [1] [2]. It seems feasible that endoscopic surgery might be performed via a transgastric, transvaginal, or transcolonic route of access to the peritoneal cavity [2] [3] [4]. There is consensus on the criticality of a secure closure following NOTES procedures [2] [3] [4]. By means of endoscopic full-thickness plication (Plicator®, NDO Surgical, USA), expeditious and easy placement of transmural sutures can be facilitated [5].
Does Britain need an academy of medicine?
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<b>Background:</b> Electronic information exchange is believed to improve efficiency and reduce resource utilization. We developed a Web-based standardized communication system (SCS) that enables family physicians to receive detailed reports of their patients9 care in the emergency department. We sought to determine the impact of the SCS on measures of resource utilization in the emergency department and family physician offices. <b>Methods:</b> We used an open 4-period crossover cluster-randomized controlled design. During 2 separate 10-week intervention phases, family physicians received detailed reports of their patients9 emergency department visits over the Internet, and in the alternating control phases they received a 1-page copy of the emergency department notes by mail. The primary outcome was the number of repeat visits to the emergency department within 14 days of the initial visit. Secondary outcomes included duplication of test and specialty consultation requests by the emergency and family physician. Outcomes were measured using the hospital database and questionnaires sent to the family physicians. <b>Results:</b> A total of 2022 patient visits to the emergency department from 23 practices were used in the study. Use of the SCS failed to reduce the number of repeat visits to the emergency department within 14 days (odds ratio [OR] 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8–1.51) and 28 days (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.8–1.27). There was no significant duplication of requests for diagnostic tests between the emergency and family physician during the intervention and control phases (24 v. 22, <i>p</i> = 0.93), but there was significantly greater duplication in specialty consultation requests in the intervention phase than in the control phase (20 v. 8, <i>p</i> = 0.049). <b>Interpretation:</b> An electronic link between emergency and family physicians did not result in a significant reduction in resource utilization at either service point. Investments in improved electronic information exchange between emergency departments and family physician offices may not be substantiated by a reduction in resource utilization.
Establishment of drug-resistant HBV small-animal models by hydrodynamic injection
Authors: Junjun Cheng, Yanxing Han, Jian-Dong Jiang
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2014)

In antiviral therapy of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, drug resistance remains a huge obstacle to the long-term effectiveness of nucleoside/tide analogs (NAs). Primary resistance mutation (rtM204V) contributes to lamivudine (LAM)-resistance, and compensatory mutations (rtL180M and rtV173L) restore viral fitness and increase replication efficiency. The evaluation of new anti-viral agents against drug-resistant HBV is limited by the lack of available small-animal models. We established LAM-resistance HBV replication mice models based on clinical LAM-resistant HBV mutants. Double (rtM204V+rtL180M) or triple (rtM204V+rtL180M+rtV173L) lamivudine-resistant mutations were introduced into HBV expression vector, followed by hydrodynamic injection into tail vein of NOD/SCID mice. Viremia was detected on days 5, 9, 13 and 17 and liver HBV DNA was detected on day 17 after injection. The serum and liver HBV DNA levels in LAM-resistant model carrying triple mutations are the highest among the models. Two NAs, LAM and entecavir (ETV), were used to test the availability of the models. LAM and ETV inhibited viral replication on wild-type model. LAM was no longer effective on LAM-resistant models, but ETV retains a strong activity. Therefore, these models can be used to evaluate anti-viral agents against lamivudine-resistance, affording new opportunities to establish other drug-resistant HBV small-animal models.
Conversations with Stella
Authors: Dean Gianakos
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

On Being a Doctor20 April 1999Conversations with StellaDean Gianakos, MDDean Gianakos, MDLynchburg Family Practice Residency; Lynchburg, VA 24501 (Gianakos)Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-8-199904200-00020 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Stella and I are good friends. She trusts me, I trust her. On the phone today, she tells me about her fever and cough ("emphysema is hell"). I tell her to call the rescue squad. She tells me not to put her on a respirator ("last November was hell"). Stella is smart and capable of making decisions for herself.I wonder whether she really means "no" this time. One question or statement in a conversation can make all the difference. On the way to the emergency room, I imagine several different conversations.Dr. G.: "Stella, you told me on the ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Lynchburg Family Practice Residency; Lynchburg, VA 24501 (Gianakos)Corresponding Author: Dean Gianakos, MD, Lynchburg Family Practice Residency, 2097 Langhorne Road, Lynchburg, VA 24501; e-mail, dean.[email protected]com. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byAnother Conversation With Stella 20 April 1999Volume 130, Issue 8Page: 698-699KeywordsBreathingDecision makingEmergency departmentEmphysemaFeversPneumoniaResidencyVentilators Issue Published: 20 April 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Single inhaler Therapy with budesonide/formoterol provides superior asthma control compared with fixed dosing with budesonide plus terbutaline as needed
Authors: K.F. Rabe, E. Pizzichini, B. Ställberg, S. Romero, A. Balanzat, T. Soerensen, T. Atienza
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Physicians and the Containment of Health-Care Costs
Authors: Richard H. Egdahl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

The containment of health-care costs persists as a policy imperative, but the center of gravity appears to be shifting away from regulatory procedures, such as health-care planning and rate setting, toward the theme of competition among alternative delivery systems. The competition approach, supported in principle by the new administration, would require employers to offer at least three competing delivery systems from which employees, if faced with proper incentives, would presumably choose the least costly plans to meet their needs. The alternative delivery system envisaged to compete with unstructured fee-forservice practice is the health-maintenance organization (HMO). There are preliminary reports from . . .
Osier: Inspirations From a Great Physician
Authors: Gerald F. Tremblay
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Reading about Osler is easier than reading Osier; his style is dated and his literary allusions are obscure. In "Books and Men," for example, he wrote: Those of us who have brought forth fat volumes should offer hecatombs at these shrines of Minerva Medica. What exsuccous, attenuated offspring they would have been but for the pablum furnished through the placental circulation of a library. How often can it be said of us with truth, "Das beste was er ist verdankt er andern!" In the same paragraph is the oftenquoted sentence, "To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all." Because the modern reader of Osler would need to trudge through many passages like the former to find rare gems like the latter, one might justifiably ask whether Osler is relevant to
Diminished stroke volume during inspiration: a reverse thoracic pump.
Authors: C O Olsen, G S Tyson, G W Maier, J W Davis, J S Rankin
Journal: Circulation (1985)

In 12 conscious dogs, a three-dimensional array of pulse-transit ultrasonic transducers was used to measure left ventricular anterior-posterior minor, septal-free wall minor, and basal-apical major diameters. Matched micromanometers measured left ventricular, right ventricular, and intrapleural pressures. Electromagnetic ascending aortic blood flow and right ventricular transverse diameter were measured in five of the dogs. A major cause of the inspiratory decline in stroke volume in this preparation appeared to be reflex tachycardia and autonomic changes associated with inspiration. However, when heart rate was controlled by atrial pacing or pharmacologic autonomic attenuation (propranolol and atropine), stroke volume still decreased around 10%, with an inspiratory decrease in pleural pressure of 10 mm Hg. Based on the measurements of ventricular dimension, venous return to the right ventricle appeared to be augmented significantly during inspiration and the transient increase in right ventricular volume was associated with leftward interventricular septal shifting and altered diastolic left ventricular geometry. However, left ventricular end-diastolic volume was changed minimally, implying that alterations in preload were not important. Moreover, transmural left ventricular ejection pressure, calculated as intracavitary minus pleural pressure, was not significantly changed, and it seemed that neither pressure nor geometric components of afterload were altered significantly by inspiration. The inspiratory fall in left ventricular stroke volume correlated best with the decline in intracavitary left ventricular ejection pressure referenced to atmospheric pressure. It is hypothesized that during ejection, left ventricular pressure referenced to atmospheric pressure is the hydraulic force effecting stroke volume and that the decline in this effective left ventricular ejection pressure is responsible for the inspiratory fall in stroke volume through a reverse thoracic pump mechanism.
HIV mortality and infection in India: estimates from nationally representative mortality survey of 1.1 million homes
Authors: P. Jha, R. Kumar, A. Khera, M. Bhattacharya, P. Arora, V. Gajalakshmi, P. Bhatia, D. Kam, D. G Bassani, A. Sullivan, W. Suraweera, C. McLaughlin, N. Dhingra, N. Nagelkerke
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objective</b> To determine the rates of death and infection from HIV in India. <b>Design</b> Nationally representative survey of deaths. <b>Setting</b> 1.1 million homes in India. <b>Population</b> 123 000 deaths at all ages from 2001 to 2003. <b>Main outcome measures</b> HIV mortality and infection. <b>Results</b> HIV accounted for 8.1% (99% confidence interval 5.0% to 11.2%) of all deaths among adults aged 25-34 years. In this age group, about 40% of deaths from HIV were due to AIDS, 26% were due to tuberculosis, and the rest were attributable to other causes. Nationally, HIV infection accounted for about 100 000 (59 000 to 140 000) deaths or 3.2% (1.9% to 4.6%) of all deaths among people aged 15-59 years. Deaths from HIV were concentrated in the states and districts with higher HIV prevalence and in men. The mortality results imply an HIV prevalence at age 15-49 years of 0.26% (0.13% to 0.39%) in 2004, comparable to results from a 2005/6 household survey that tested for HIV (0.28%). Collectively, these data suggest that India had about 1.4-1.6 million HIV infected adults aged 15-49 years in 2004-6, about 40% lower than the official estimate of 2.3 million for 2006. All cause mortality increased in men aged 25-34 years between 1997 and 2002 in the states with higher HIV prevalence but declined after that. HIV prevalence in young pregnant women, a proxy measure of incidence in the general population, fell between 2000 and 2007. Thus, HIV mortality and prevalence may have fallen further since our study. <b>Conclusion</b> HIV attributable death and infection in India is substantial, although it is lower than previously estimated.
275. RTVP-1 Protein Stimulates Markers of Maturation in Mouse and Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Hongyu Wang, El Moataz Abdelfattah, Salahaldin A. Tahir, Guang Yang, Alexei Goltsov, Weihua Tian, Chengzhen Ren, Chenghui Ren, Terry L. Timme, Timothy C. Thompson
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

RTVP-1 (Related to Testes-specific, Vespid, and Pathogenesis protein) is a novel p53 regulated gene identified using our mouse metastatic prostate cancer model systems. It is homologous to human RTVP-1/GLIPR previously identified in human glioblastoma. Recently we demonstrated that RTVP-1 mRNA and protein are progressively down-regulated during mouse and human prostate cancer progression. We further showed that RTVP-1 has tumor suppressor functions (growth suppression and pro-apoptotic activities) and is inactivated by gene methylation in prostate cancer. Adenoviral vector-mediated delivery of mRTVP-1 in an orthotopic mouse model of metastatic prostate cancer suppressed growth and metastasis through direct apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects. In addition, extensive intra-tumoral CD 8+ T cell and dendritic cell infiltration and systemic anti-tumor CTL activities were observed.
Identification of granulocyte subtype–selective receptors and ion channels by using a high-density oligonucleotide probe array
Authors: Toshiharu Nakajima, Motoyasu Iikura, Yoshimichi Okayama, Kenji Matsumoto, Chitose Uchiyama, Taro Shirakawa, Xing Yang, Chaker N. Adra, Koichi Hirai, Hirohisa Saito
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Prostaglandins in human reproduction.
Authors: M P Embrey
Journal: BMJ (1981)

<h3>Background</h3> It is thought that aneurysms evolve as the result of progressive degradation of the wall in response to abnormal hemodynamics characterized by either high or low wall shear stress (WSS). <h3>Objective</h3> To investigate the effects of these two different hemodynamic pathways in a series of cerebral aneurysms with known rupture sites. <h3>Methods</h3> Nine aneurysms in which the rupture site could be identified in three-dimensional images were analyzed. The WSS distribution was obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Internal wall stresses were computed using structural wall models under hemodynamic loads determined by the CFD models. Wall properties (thickness and stiffness) were modulated with the WSS distribution (increased or decreased in regions of high or low WSS) to test possible wall degradation pathways. Rupture probability indices (RPI) were calculated to compare different wall models. <h3>Results</h3> Most rupture sites aligned with the intrasaccular flow stream and downstream of the primary impaction zone. The model that best explained the rupture site (produced higher RPI) in eight of the nine aneurysms (89%) had thinner and stiffer walls in regions of abnormally high WSS. The remaining case (11%) was best explained by a model with thinner and stiffer walls in regions of abnormally low WSS. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Aneurysm rupture seems to be caused by localized degradation and weakening of the wall in response to abnormal hemodynamics. Image-based computational models assuming wall thinning and stiffening in regions of abnormally high WSS were able to explain most of the observed rupture sites.