tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ASEPSIS VERSUS ANTISEPTICS IN OBSTETRICS AS A PREVENTIVE OF PUERPERAL SEPTICÆMIA.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women at the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, Nashville, Tenn., May, 1890.
Authors: T. B. GREENLEY
Journal: JAMA (1890)

The history of medicine suggests to the mind a history of theories, hypotheses and dogmas, from the time of the founding of the School at Alexandria under the guidance of Erasistratus and Herophilus, two of the principal professors. This was 300 years before Christ. The profession then became divided into two sects, known as the dogmatists and the empirics. The former, sometimes styled the rationalists, contended that before prescribing for the sick we should endeavor to learn the nature of the disease by ascertaining its cause; whilst the empirics "contended that this knowledge was impossible to be obtained, and if possible not necessary," and that experience should be our sole guide, and if we should step beyond that "we are liable to commit dangerous and often fatal errors." This division of the profession continued several centuries—"all physicians being included in one or the other of these rival sects;" the two
"One in four" with a mental health problem: the anatomy of a statistic
Authors: S. Ginn, J. Horder
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Despite a lack of supporting evidence, the claim that one in four people will have a mental health problem at some point in their lives is a popular one. Where does this figure come from, and why does it persist, ask <b>Stephen Ginn</b> and <b>Jamie Horder</b>
Sterilizing Mechanical Ventilators
Authors: M. K. Sykes
Journal: BMJ (1964)

the ordinary consultant at the periphery would wish uncompromisingly and ruthlessly to safe- guard his own very comfortable terms of service at the cost of deliberately weakening if not wrecking his colleagues' case.I suspect that this is a further example of the executive failing to appreciate the views of the periphery.If we general practitioners allow ourselves to be so humiliated and browbeaten we shall deserve to lose our position as partners to the consultants (albeit senior and junior partners), and we shall strike general practice a blow from which it will take years to recover, if ever.
Abstract 2722: Development of automated methods of <i>in-situ</i> hybridization for the detection of ETS gene re-arrangements in FFPE biopsy and archived prostatectomy specimens
Authors: Dea Nagy, Ashley Santa- Cruz, Janice P. Riley, Ubaradka G. Sathyanarayana, C J. Pommier, Steven Yun, Julia Ashworth-Sharpe, Jerry Kosmeder, Raymond B. Nagle, Phillip Miller, Gary A. Pestano
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common visceral neoplasm in men. In most cases, the disease is slowly progressive. Five year survival with organ-confined disease is 100%, while even distal spread is 32%. ETS gene re-arrangements in PCa have been shown to be associated with disease progression and have therapeutic and diagnostic implications. The goal of this study was to develop methods of automated in-situ hybridization to detect the ETS gene re-arrangements in formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate tissue. Methods were developed on the Ventana Benchmark®XT and Discovery®XT instruments for prostate cancer cell line xenografts, including VCap, LnCaP and H660, as well as for primary biopsy and archived prostatectomy specimens. Key modules in the protocol have been evaluated and modified both in manual (offline) and automated (online) process of method development. Specific protocols were developed for deparaffinization, antigen retrieval, DNA denaturation, probe hybridization, sample washing, and detection with Quantum Dots (Qdots). Six different FISH probes specific for 3′ ERG, 5′ ERG, 5′ SLC45A3, and 3′ETV1 were used in assay development. Probe hybridization time was held to 8 hours, with overnight completion of the fully automated protocol. Assay conditions on both instruments were similar for xenografts and in archived prostectomy specimens; however increased stringency of target retrieval was required for processing of the biopsy specimens. This adjustment was necessary to compensate for the tendency of biopsy specimens to become overly fixed during procurement and routine shipping and handling. In addition we observed that the presence of commonly used detergents in washing buffers post-hybridization may increase background staining with QDots. In conclusion, we have developed fully automated protocols for the processing of clinically relevant tissue specimens. The xenograft cell line controls developed as a part of this study may also enable evaluation of assay performance in routine specimen processing for the detection of the ETS genes in biopsies and in prostatectomies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2722.
The Relationship Between Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Platelet Activity as Measured by Mean Platelet Volume
Authors: Binita Shah, Daohang Sha, Dawei Xie, Emile R. Mohler, Jeffrey S. Berger
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

The association between platelet activity, diabetes, and glucometabolic control is uncertain. We aim to investigate mean platelet volume (MPV), a marker of platelet size and platelet activity, with the prevalence of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and degree of glycemic control.This is a retrospective analysis of 13,021 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2004. Prevalence of diabetes was defined as nonfasting glucose >200 mg/dL, fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, or treatment with hypoglycemic agents. Presence of metabolic syndrome was determined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Odds ratios and 95% CIs were estimated by logistic regression.MPV was significantly higher in subjects with diabetes (8.20 vs. 8.06 femtoliter [fL], P < 0.01) but not in subjects with metabolic syndrome (8.09 vs. 8.07 fL, P = 0.24). For the metabolic syndrome components, MPV was significantly higher in abdominal obesity (P = 0.03) and low HDL (P = 0.04), and not different in high blood pressure (P = 0.07), abnormal glucose metabolism (P = 0.71), or hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.46). There was a significant correlation between MPV and glucose (P < 0.0001) and between MPV and hemoglobin A(1c) (P < 0.0001) in subjects with diabetes. These correlations were no longer significant in those without diabetes. The adjusted odds of diabetes rose with increasing MPV levels and were most pronounced in subjects with MPV levels exceeding the 90th percentile (≥ 9.31 fL). The association between MPV and diabetes was most apparent in those with the poorest glucose control.Mean platelet volume is strongly and independently associated with the presence and severity of diabetes.
THE SERVICE IN GENITO-URINARY DISEASES AT CAMP DIX
Authors: WILLIAM WARREN TOWNSEND
Journal: JAMA (1918)

and congestion of the sublingual veins may add to the certainty of diagnosis.The treatment of chronic tetanus is largely surgical.The wound should be explored, the dead tissue resected, bone fragments curetted, and sequestrums removed.Occasionally, if the symptoms become more severe, amputation may be necessary, especially if the local conditions make preservation of a useful limb doubtful.This is probably rarely necessary, and chronic tetanus alone should seldom be accepted as an indication for amputation.In addition to the operative treatment, sedatives may be administered and antitoxic serum injections instituted.Quiet and a sustaining diet are as important as in the acute cases.The prognosis of chronic tetanus is usually good.Nearly all patients who live for two weeks or more after the appearance of the first symptoms recover.Bruce reports a mortality of 17 per cent, in cases occurring after operation when no prophylactic dose of antitoxin was administered.In the local forms, the greater the time since the last injection of antitoxin the worse the prognosis.The gradual involvement of the higher centers is, of course, a bad sign.8
Women are still left behind in academic medicine
Authors: Lisa Hitchen
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Sixty per cent of doctors graduating in 2006 were women, but medical academia remains the preserve of men, reveals research published this week.

Only two out of 33 heads of medical schools are women and only 11% of professors are women, points out the research project, Women in Academic Medicine.

Few female doctors are attracted into or retained by academia, it says, and with a major competitor like the NHS, this is unlikely to change unless action is taken.

The research backs up calls by England's chief medical officer, Liam Donaldson, in his 2006 annual report for removal of opportunity blocks for women pursuing any medical career (doi: 10.1136/bmj.39280.523657.4E).

In it he says inflexible working hours, poor childcare provision, and an absence of tax incentives are all obstacles to women generally, but these are “exacerbated by the work patterns in modern medicine.” He added: “The …
WHO agrees to set up body to act on non-communicable diseases
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Health officials from 194 countries have agreed a global action plan on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.

On the last day of the 2013 annual meeting of the World Health Assembly (WHA)—the governing body of the World Health Organization, delegates agreed nine targets and 25 indicators on reducing risk factors associated with the four main non-communicable diseases: cardiovascular disease, lung disease, cancer, and diabetes. The targets, to be met by 2025, include: a 10% reduction in the harmful use of alcohol, at least 50% of people at risk of heart attack and stroke to receive drug therapy and counselling, and relevant basic technologies …
The role of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemokines in interleukin-2-induced lymphocytic infiltration in C57BL/6 mice.
Authors: J A Anderson, A B Lentsch, D J Hadjiminas, F N Miller, A W Martin, K Nakagawa, M J Edwards
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

IL-2 mediates the regression of certain malignancies, but clinical use is limited because of associated toxicities, including parenchymal lymphocytic infiltration with multiple organ failure. Secondarily induced cytokines are important mediators of IL-2 toxicity and IL-2-induced lymphocyte-endothelial adherence and trafficking. The recently discovered C-C chemokines, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, have also been implicated in lymphocytic migration. We hypothesized that IL-2 alters cytokine, C-C chemokine, and adhesion molecule expression in association with parenchymal lymphocytic infiltration. C57BL/6 mice were injected with 3x10(5) IU of IL-2 or 0.1 ml of 5% dextrose intraperitoneally every 8 h for 6 d, then killed. IL-2 induced massive lymphocytic infiltration in the liver and lung and moderate infiltration in the kidney in association with organ edema and dysfunction. Immunostaining showed increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in association with this organ-specific lymphocytic infiltration. Flow cytometry showed increased expression of the corresponding ligands (lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 and very late antigen-4) on splenocytes. IL-2 increased TNF-alpha mRNA and protein expression in the liver. Organs infiltrated by lymphocytes had increased TNF-alpha mRNA, whereas RANTES mRNA was increased in all organs, regardless of lymphocytic infiltration. IL-2 toxicity involves organ-specific TNF-alpha and RANTES production with increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression as potential mechanisms facilitating lymphocytic infiltration and organ dysfunction.
A Trial of Clonidine to Stop Smoking
Authors: Steven A. Ornish
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I have significant concerns about the design and data analysis in the study by Franks et al<sup>1</sup>and their conclusions on oral clonidine and smoking cessation, published in the December 1 issue of<i>JAMA</i>. Franks et al make the point that other studies that excluded subjects who were still smoking (even a few cigarettes per day) may have introduced a bias. Yet Franks et al themselves excluded and failed to report the data of almost 80% of their subjects (71 of 92 subjects excluded in the experimental group and 74 of 93 subjects excluded in the placebo group). The exclusion of these subjects introduces a significant selection bias—those subjects excluded who continued to smoke a few cigarettes per day may have been the most addicted to nicotine, may have had the highest severity of withdrawal symptoms, and may have been the subjects most likely to benefit
Are GPs who specialise in dermatology effective?: Be wary of generalising research conclusions
Authors: Peter M Lapsley
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The nursing profession's coming of age The end of medicine as a professionEditor-Young describes the coming of age of the nursing profession. 1 All professions and occupations are human creations and therefore are subject to change.With the widening of roles of many professions, it becomes harder to define what a doctor can do that can't be done by an appropriately trained member of another profession.Perhaps major surgery and certifying cause of death are all that remains.With the increasing difficulty of getting junior doctors to do anything that may be regarded as work (rather than education) we doctors may be engineering the abolition of our profession, and we may move from distinct professions to practitioners from varied backgrounds being trained for a particular function.
Local changes in myosin types in diseased human atrial myocardium: a quantitative immunofluorescence study.
Authors: P Bouvagnet, J Léger, C A Dechesne, G Dureau, M Anoal, J J Léger
Journal: Circulation (1985)

Two monoclonal antibody groups were prepared from adult human atrial and ventricular myosin heavy chains. Using these two groups, we were able to identify two myosin variants in human atria and to classify human atrial fibers into alpha-, mixed, or beta-fibers according to the reactivity of the two monoclonal antibody groups to alpha- and beta-myosin heavy chains of normal young and hypothyroid rat ventricles, respectively. The alpha-fiber percentage of the left atria in two normal human hearts was 15% higher than in the right atria. The auricles contained two to three times more alpha-fibers than beta-fibers, whereas the proportion was reversed in the crista terminalis. The mean fiber diameter of the alpha- and beta-fibers was 13.6 +/- 3 micron. A complete alpha- to beta-fiber transition was observed in all atrial regions of two hearts with severe ventricular myocardial infarction; a moderate alpha- to beta-fiber transition was observed only in the left atria of two hearts with primary congestive cardiomyopathy. The mean diameters of the two fiber types were significantly increased in all diseased hearts (19 +/- 3.8 micron). We hypothesize that pressure overload and increased wall tension successively induce an enlargement of the fiber diameter and an alpha- to beta-myosin transition.
Cosmetic surgery: the new face of reality TV
Authors: Leigh Turner
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Andy Warhol famously quipped that in the future everyone would have 15 minutes of fame. He never mentioned that to obtain your moment in the spotlight you might have to acquire Brad Pitt's cheekbones or Pamela Anderson's breasts.

I Want a Famous Face , a new MTV series, features seven individuals hoping to acquire the famous face of a pop star (www.mtv.com/onair/i\_want\_a\_famous\_face). Two participants, Mike and Matt Schlepp, conclude that their lives would improve if they acquired Brad Pitt's looks. To resemble Pitt, the brothers undergo rhinoplasty,receive chin implants, and obtain porcelain veneers. Sha is an aspiring model; she wants Pamela Anderson's physical features. She receives breast and lip implants and undergoes liposuction. Mia works as a Britney Spears impersonator; she wants Spears' “perky breasts.” Jessica, a transsexual formerly known as Michael, receives breast implants, cheek implants, and an eyebrow lift. She wants to resemble Jennifer Lopez. Jennette submits to a body lift after already undergoing gastric bypass surgery. She wants Kate Winslet's “full-figure” look. …
Critical care outreach team's effect on patient outcome: Other conclusions are possible
Authors: Christian P Subbe
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—In their paper Ball et al show that the intervention of a critical care outreach team increased survival to discharge and rate of readmissions to critical care.1 Despite the reduced probability of inhospital mortality in the intervention group of patients, the relative risk ratio was 1.00-1.18; it therefore includes 1 (unless a further figure …
Thrombospondin-4 and Its Variants
Authors: Olga I. Stenina, Shailesh Y. Desai, Irene Krukovets, Kelly Kight, Damir Janigro, Eric J. Topol, Edward F. Plow
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— In a recent large-scale genetic association study, a single nucleotide polymorphism in the thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) gene, resulting in a proline-for-alanine substitution at position 387, was associated with a significantly increased risk for premature atherosclerosis. TSP-4 had not previously been implicated in vascular pathology, and very little information is available on its expression and functions. Methods and Results— The goal of this study was to assess TSP-4 expression in vessel wall and to identify differences in functions of TSP-4 variants that could account for the proatherogenic effects of the (P387)TSP-4 variant. TSP-4 expression was demonstrated in human endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells from brain blood vessels and coronary arteries. (P387)TSP-4 and its fragment (residues 326 to 722), but not the A(387) forms, suppressed EC adhesion and proliferation. The (P387)TSP-4 was more active in inducing the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, consistent with inhibition of proliferation. Both variant fragments increased the proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells. Conclusions— TSP-4 is expressed by vascular cells and influences the vessel wall by modulating the proliferation of ECs and smooth muscle cells. The A387P substitution is a “gain-of-function” mutation, favoring a form of TSP-4 that interferes with EC adhesion and proliferation and may thereby be proatherogenic.
566 MTHFR C677T as genetic risk factor in young adults with cryptogenic cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis
Authors: L. Pasta, C. Marrone, D. Gennaro, M. Caltagirone, P. Sammarco, C. Fabiano, G. Malizia, R. Virdone, A. Rizzo, M. D'Amico, L. Pagliaro
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Effect of Acute Elevation of Portal Venous Pressure on Mesenteric Blood Volume, Interstitial Fluid Volume and Hemodynamics
Authors: EWALD E. SELKURT, PAUL C. JOHNSON
Journal: Circulation Research (1958)

Measurement of blood flow through the portal vein of the dog revealed a reduction of flow and an increase in vascular resistance of the mesenteric bed in proportion to the elevation of portal venous pressure. To obtain further information on this mechanism, studies were performed on segments of terminal ileum with continuous measurement of both weight and flow. These studies demonstrated that the increase of vascular resistance was not dependent upon extrinsic or adrenergic innervation, and did not appear to be secondary to interstitial fluid formation. It is suggested that the response in this bed is due to a local reflex to a myogenic reaction of the resistance vessels to increased transmural pressure.
Day-to-day variability of fasting plasma glucose in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects.
Authors: R L Ollerton, R Playle, K Ahmed, F D Dunstan, S D Luzio, D R Owens
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

To determine the day-to-day intraindividual variability of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in newly diagnosed Caucasian type 2 diabetic subjects.A total of 193 newly diagnosed, previously untreated, Caucasian type 2 diabetic subjects (135 men, 58 women) had FPG measured on two consecutive days (FPG1, FPG2). Ethical approval and subjects' full informed consent were obtained. Subjects fasted for 12 h before each study day and rested for at least 30 min before blood was taken. Plasma glucose was analyzed by a glucose oxidase method with intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CVs) < 2%. Variability of FPG was assessed by comparison of percentage differences (PDs): PD = 100 (FPG2 - FPG1)/FPG1, with averaged FPG (FPGaver = [FPG1 + FPG2]/2). Biological and analytical variability were determined by use of SD2total = SD2biological + SD2analytical, where SD2analytical approximately equal to 2 x (CVglucose measurement)2. Given normally distributed data with zero mean, 95% of daily percentage differences will be expected to fall within a range of +/- 2 SDtotal.Subjects were age 54 +/- 10 years (mean +/- SD) and had BMI of 29.3 +/- 5.3 kg/m2. FPG values for both days were 12.2 +/- 3.4 mmol/l (FPG1) and 12.1 +/- 3.3 mmol/l (FPG2), with a mean paired difference (95% CI) of 0.1 (0.0 to 0.3) mmol/l. The variance of these differences increased with increasing FPGaver. The PDs did not exhibit this effect and were normally distributed (mean -0.6% [-1.7 to 0.4]; SD 7.4% [6.8 to 8.3]), giving a 95% variability (2 SD) of 14.8%. Biological variability (2 SDbiological) was 13.7%. No significant difference in PD was found between men and women (mean difference 1.3% [-1.0 to 3.6]; SDmale 7.4%, SDfemale 7.3%; P = 0.62).A total of 95% of the FPG values for this group of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects varied within approximately +/- 15% on a daily basis, with approximately 14% caused by biological variability. As these results are expressed in percentage terms, subjects in the group with higher FPG values are likely to experience larger changes in FPG values measured from day to day. This variability should be considered when using FPG for the diagnosis and/or monitoring of response to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Angiotensin II promotes atherosclerotic lesions and aneurysms in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice
Authors: A Daugherty, M W Manning, L A Cassis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

Increased plasma concentrations of angiotension II (Ang II) have been implicated in atherogenesis. To examine this relationship directly, we infused Ang II or vehicle for 1 month via osmotic minipumps into mature apoE–/– mice. These doses of Ang II did not alter arterial blood pressure, body weight, serum cholesterol concentrations, or distribution of lipoprotein cholesterol. However, Ang II infusions promoted an increased severity of aortic atherosclerotic lesions. These Ang II–induced lesions were predominantly lipid-laden macrophages and lymphocytes; moreover, Ang II promoted a marked increase in the number of macrophages present in the adventitial tissue underlying lesions. Unexpectedly, pronounced abdominal aortic aneurysms were present in apoE–/– mice infused with Ang II. Sequential sectioning of aneurysmal abdominal aorta revealed two major characteristics: an intact artery that is surrounded by a large remodeled adventitia, and a medial break with pronounced dilation and more modestly remodeled adventitial tissue. Although no atherosclerotic lesions were visible at the medial break point, the presence of hyperlipidemia was required because infusions of Ang II into apoE+/+ mice failed to generate aneurysms. These results demonstrate that increased plasma concentrations of Ang II have profound and rapid effects on vascular pathology when combined with hyperlipidemia, in the absence of hemodynamic influences.