tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ON THE IMMUNIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH BACTERIAL PROTEOTOXINS (ANAPHYLATOXINS)
Authors: Hans Zinsser, J. G. Dwyer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1914)

Our experiments have shown definitely that guinea pigs, once injected with sublethal doses of bacterial proteotoxins (anaphylatoxins), acquire distinct tolerance to these poisons. The degree to which such resistance or tolerance is developed is never very high, in no case in our experiments exceeding the ability to withstand one and one half to twice the fatal dose of the poisons. During the three or four days immediately following the first injection the animals appear to be slightly less resistant than are normal controls, this depending probably upon the in jury done by the administered poison. Tolerance begins to be evident after from four to seven days, seems to be most highly developed in about two weeks, but lasts in a diminishing degree for at least as long as sixty days. Our experience, in this respect, with the poisons resulting from the contact of active serum and bacteria is similar to that of Vaughan with the toxic protein split products obtained by chemical methods. The development of increased resistance definitely established, the questions immediately arise: (1) Is this tolerance specific? And (2) can it be passively transferred, with the serum, to a normal animal? We have begun to seek answers for these problems but as yet our data are too meager to permit definite conclusions. The significance of the existence of higher resistance in animals treated with proteotoxins is far reaching both in connection with anaphylaxis and with immunity in general. We are not inclined to attribute to it as predominant a part in anti-anaphylaxis as is assigned to it by Bessau. For, in the first place, tolerance to the poisons is never developed to a very high degree, and, moreover, it does not become evident until three or four days after the first injection, while anti-anaphylaxis develops almost immediately after shock. However, there seems to us to be strong presumptive evidence that such tolerance to the poisons may play an important and, possibly, a non-specific part in anti-anaphylaxis, the chief underlying and specific cause of this phenomenon being the exhaustion of antibodies, or desensitization in the sense of Besredka. The relation of such tolerance to the resistance of the animal to bacterial infection is, of course, obvious if we accept the possibility of the production of such poisons in the injected body and their participation in the production of bacterial toxemia. We hope to throw more light on these relations in another paper dealing with the aggressin-like properties of the proteotoxins.
Early Management of Bleeding Esophageal Varices
Authors: Michael Hume, William W. L. Glenn, H. C. Stansel
Journal: JAMA (1963)

PROSPECTIVE<sup>1</sup>and retrospective<sup>2</sup>series of cases have been reported which indicate that posterior pituitary extract can reduce the rate of bleeding from esophageal varices. In one series, however, mortality was not greatly altered, whether or not it was used. Observations in this hospital during the first two calendar years in which pituitary extract was used suggest that the proper place for it is within a planned program of diagnosis and treatment, rather than as an alternate to other measures. These observations were made upon clinical patients which were heterogeneous as to age, diagnosis and complexity, having the single common characteristic that they were admitted after a recent hemorrhage from esophageal varices. Throughout, it has been clear that a correct diagnosis must be established as soon as possible after admission, even if the bleeding episode seems to be minor upon first sight. In determining the site of upper gastrointestinal
Abstract 2084: RhoGDI2 is associated with HGF-mediated tumor invasion through VEGF in stomach cancer
Authors: Sung A. Koh, Kyung Hee Lee, Eun Young Choi, Min Kyoung Kim, Byung Ik Jang, Si Hyung Lee, Kyeong Ok Kim, Kook Hyun Kim, Jae Ryong Kim, Sang Woon Kim, Se Won Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor 2(RhoGDI2) has been identified as a regulator of tumor metastasis; however, its role in cancer remains controversial. The aims of this study were to analyze RhoGDI2 in gastric cancer growth and metastasis, and to determine its possible signaling pathway.The level of expression of RhoGDI2 was further confirmed by real time RT-RCR and Western blot analysis. Transfection of cells with RhoGDI2 shRNA resulted in no effects of cell proliferation, as determined with MTT assays. In an in vitro invasion assay, significantly fewer cells transfected with RhoGDI2 shRNA,compared with control cells, were able to invade across a Matrigel membrane barrier. The role of RhoGDI2 in the level of HGF-induced up-regulation of VEGF was measured by knockdown of RhoGDI2 with RhoGDI2 shRNA and a chromatic immuno-precipitation assay.The levels of RhoGDI2 and VEGF were up-regulated in cells treated with HGF in a dose-dependent manner. HGF-induced up-regulation of VEGF was repressed by RhoGDI2 knockdown. HGF-induced upregulation of phosphorylated ERK and P38 levels was inhibited in RhoGDI2 knockdown cells. HGF enhanced the binding activity of RhoGDI2 to the VEGF promoter in control cells, but not in RhoGDI2-shRNA cells. Findings of this study also showed a statistically significant difference in the mean RhoGDI2 level before and after surgery (p&amp;lt;0.01) and the mean level of RhoGDI2 before surgery showed a statistically significant difference depending on lymphatic, neural invasion and stage (p&amp;lt;0.05). In conclusion, RhoGDI2 might play an important role in up-regulation of VEGF induced by HGF and contributes to HGF-mediated tumor invasion and metastasis, which may serve as a promising target for gastric cancer therapy. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Sung Ae Koh, Kyung Hee Lee, Eun Young Choi, Min Kyoung Kim, Byung Ik Jang, Si Hyung Lee, Kyeong Ok Kim, Kook Hyun Kim, Jae Ryong Kim, Sang Woon Kim, Se Won Kim. RhoGDI2 is associated with HGF-mediated tumor invasion through VEGF in stomach cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2084. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2084
Tolbutamide-Induced Hypoglycemia In Parkinson's Disease
Authors: James F. Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Tolbutamide, which has been shown to be useful in the management of diabetes mellitus, has been advocated also as a therapeutic agent for other conditions, including Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. It has been previously shown that tolbutamide, which probably exerts its effect through direct action on the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, can produce hypoglycemia, and that hypoglycemia may precipitate coma or signs of localized neurologic impairment. Its use in the patient reported here, a 73-year-old nondiabetic man with Parkinson's disease, resulted in severe and prolonged hypoglycemia, precipitating coma and focal neurological signs which only gradually abated. It is suggested that tolbutamide therapy in the elderly nondiabetic individual is hazardous, and its use in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease is questioned.
The bcl-2 gene product inhibits clonal deletion of self-reactive B lymphocytes in the periphery but not in the bone marrow.
Authors: S Nisitani, T Tsubata, M Murakami, M Okamoto, T Honjo
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

To test whether the product of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene blocks clonal deletion of self-reactive B cells, we have generated transgenic mice carrying the bcl-2 gene and the immunoglobulin genes for the anti-erythrocyte 4C8 antibody. In these transgenic mice, clonal deletion of self-reactive immature B cells in the bone marrow was not inhibited in spite of expression of the bcl-2 gene. In contrast, self-antigen-induced clonal deletion of mature self-reactive Ly-1 B (B1) cells in the peritoneal cavity was inhibited in the transgenic mice. These results indicate that the mechanism for clonal deletion of immature self-reactive B cells in the bone marrow differs from that of mature self-reactive B cells in the periphery.
US cancer rate declines
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The overall incidence of new cancers and cancer deaths in the United States decreased between 1990 and 1996, but increases in adolescent smoking threaten to reverse this downward trend, according to a new report (Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1999;91:660-1, 675-90).

The report, Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1973-1996, with a Special Section on Lung …
Tc-99m Hynic Octreotide SPECT-MRI in Brain Metastasis of Thyroid Papillary–Insular Cancer
Authors: Juan P. Gambini, Margarita Núñez, Ricardo Vila, Javier Noble, Omar Alonso
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Tc-99m somatostatin analogues are a relatively new imaging tool for different tumors including thyroid carcinoma. We present a case of a papillary and insular thyroid cancer with a I-131 whole body scan suggestive of having clavicle and skull metastasis. Bone scanning confirmed the clavicle lesion but excluded skull metastases leading to the interpretation of a possible radioiodine head contamination. However, Tc-99m octreotide images fused with head MRI allowed us to diagnose and evaluate the extension of a brain metastasis in a patient with no signs or symptoms of endocranial hypertension.
Prediction of hepatic fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infected patients using serum fibrosis markers: The SHASTA index
Authors: Thomas B. Kelleher, Shruti H. Mehta, Ramakrishnan Bhaskar, Mark Sulkowski, Jacquie Astemborski, David L. Thomas, Richard E. Moore, Nezam H. Afdhal
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2005)
Abstract 3039: microRNA profiling of gastric cancer patients from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples
Authors: Yutaka Shimada, Tomoyuki Okumura, Soshi Osawa, Shin-ichi Sekine, Makoto Moriyama, Shigeaki Sawada, Takuya Nagata, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Junya Fukuoka, Yasuo Takano, Manabu Fukumoto, Kazuhiro Tsukada
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract InIntroduction: microRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs which target specific mRNA. Recent progression of RNA extraction technology from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues enables us to access miRNA profiling using world wide stored specimens. Here, we present miRNA profiling of gastric cancer patients from FFPE specimens. Method: First, we examined the level of cross-linking caused by formalin and degradation of mRNA and miRNA from day to year levels. Then, we established the criteria of evaluable RNA from FFPE specimens. The miRNA profiling was obtained from 47 gastric cancer patients who received operations from 1997 to 2007 using 3D-Gene human miRNA chip (Toray) which contains 885 miRNA species. Results: Out of 47 paired samples, 37 pairs (78.8%) were determined evaluable with our criteria. As results, we showed that 30 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated and that 15 miRNAs were up-regulated in gastric cancer in comparison to normal gastric tissue. Of these, 18 miRNAs, including mir-21 and mir-34a, were identified as a prognostic factor of gastric cancer patients. Furthermore, we found 25 miRNAs have association with the recurrence of adjuvant oral Tegaful treatment and 5 miRNAs have association with lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: We have discovered miRNAs that are associated with prognosis, chemosensitivity and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer patients. miRNA profiling using FFPE specimens is a useful and promising method of evaluation of world wide stored specimens that accompany may valuable clinical data. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3039.
Preprocedural serum levels of C-reactive protein predict early complications and late restenosis after coronary angioplasty
Authors: Antonino Buffon, Giovanna Liuzzo, Luigi M Biasucci, Patrizio Pasqualetti, Vito Ramazzotti, Antonio G Rebuzzi, Filippo Crea, Attilio Maseri
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)
TRENDS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SURGICAL MORTALITY FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES (CHD) AND SURGICAL VOLUME: 25 YEAR EXPERIENCE FROM A MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL REGISTRY
Authors: Jeffrey M. Vinocur, Jeremiah S. Menk, Virgil Larson, John Connett, James St Louis, James Moller, Lazaros Kochilas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
India's Problem
Authors: T. D. Rajoo
Journal: BMJ (1946)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Incentives conditional on school attendance or on remaining free of sexually transmitted infections have produced mixed results in reducing HIV incidence. <h3>Methods</h3> HIV-negative adolescent girls and young women aged 15–22%–50% of whom were out of school—were recruited from 293 clusters in Eswatini from urban (30%) and rural areas (70%). Financial incentives conditional on education attendance were randomly allocated at the cluster level. All participants were further individually randomised into eligibility for a raffle incentive conditional on random selection into the raffle, on negative tests for syphilis and <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> and on being a raffle winner, creating four subarms in a 2×2 factorial design: no-intervention, raffle incentive, education incentive and raffle &amp; education incentive. Randomisation was unblinded to participants. Logistic regressions were used in intention-to-treat analysis of HIV incidence over 3 years to estimate the impact of incentives conditional on school attendance and raffle incentives conditional on remaining sexually transmitted infection free. <h3>Results</h3> The study recruited 4389 HIV-negative participants, who were distributed into four subarms: no intervention (n=1068), raffle incentive (n=1162), education incentive (n=1088) and raffle and education incentive (n=1071). At endline, 272 participants from 3772 for whom endline data were collected, tested positive for HIV. HIV incidence among participants in education treatment arm was significantly lower than in the education control arm, 6.34% (119/1878) versus 8.08% (153/1894) (p=0.041); OR: 0.766 (0.598 to 0.981); adjusted OR (aOR): 0.754 (0.585 to 0.972). Compared with the no intervention subarm, HIV incidence in the raffle and education incentive subarm was significantly lower, 5.79% (54/878) versus 8.84% (80/905); OR: 0.634 (0.443 to 0.907); aOR: 0.622 (0.433 to 0.893), while it was not significantly lower in the raffle incentive subarm. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Financial incentives conditional on education participation significantly reduced HIV infection among adolescent girls and young women in Eswatini and appear to be a promising tool for prevention in high HIV prevalence settings. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> Western Institutional Review Board—protocol number 20 141 630. Eswatini National Health Research Review Board—FWA00026661. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry—PACTR201811609257043.
Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency
Authors: Richard I. Dorin, Clifford R. Qualls, Lawrence M. Crapo
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Background: The cosyntropin stimulation test is the initial endocrine evaluation of suspected primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency. Purpose: To critically review the utility of the cosyntropin stimulation test for evaluating adrenal insufficiency. Data Sources: The MEDLINE database was searched from 1966 to 2002 for all English-language papers related to the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Study Selection: Studies with fewer than 5 persons with primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency or with fewer than 10 persons as normal controls were excluded. For secondary adrenal insufficiency, only studies that stratified participants by integrated tests of adrenal function were included. Data Extraction: Summary receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated from all studies that provided sensitivity and specificity data for 250-g and 1-g cosyntropin tests; these curves were then compared by using area under the curve (AUC) methods. All estimated values are given with 95% CIs. Data Synthesis: At a specificity of 95%, sensitivities were 97%, 57%, and 61% for summary ROC curves in tests for primary adrenal insufficiency (250-g cosyntropin test), secondary adrenal insufficiency (250-g cosyntropin test), and secondary adrenal insufficiency (1-g cosyntropin test), respectively. The area under the curve for primary adrenal insufficiency was significantly greater than the AUC for secondary adrenal insufficiency for the high-dose cosyntropin test (P < 0.001), but AUCs for the 250-g and 1-g cosyntropin tests did not differ significantly (P > 0.5) for secondary adrenal insufficiency. At a specificity of 95%, summary ROC analysis for the 250-g cosyntropin test yielded a positive likelihood ratio of 11.5 (95% CI, 8.7 to 14.2) and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.45 (CI, 0.30 to 0.60) for the diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency. Conclusions: Cortisol response to cosyntropin varies considerably among healthy persons. The cosyntropin test performs well in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency, but the lower sensitivity in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency necessitates use of tests involving stimulation of the hypothalamus if the pretest probability is sufficiently high. The operating characteristics of the 250-g and 1-g cosyntropin tests are similar.
Aorticoduodenal Fistula after Aortic Homograft without Aneurysm Formation
Authors: G. E. Tolstedt, J. W. Bell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

SURGICAL treatment of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with a homograft or, currently, with prosthetic material has become a well recognized procedure. Both thrombosis and the formation of a new aneurysm have been reported as late complications of homograft replacement. With the proximity of the retroperitoneal duodenum to the proximal line of anastomosis, it is not surprising that an aneurysm developing in this area could result in an aorticoduodenal fistula. Clinical suspicion of such a fistula is of great importance, for time may permit surgical correction.1 Furthermore, the possibility of an aorticoduodenal fistula must be considered in the differential . . .
ADAP is required for normal αIIbβ3 activation by VWF/GP Ib-IX-V and other agonists
Authors: Ana Kasirer-Friede, Barry Moran, Jennifer Nagrampa-Orje, Ken Swanson, Zaverio M. Ruggeri, Burkhart Schraven, Benjamin G. Neel, Gary Koretzky, Sanford J. Shattil
Journal: Blood (2006)
Upregulation of Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin by ErbB2 through Nuclear Factor-κB Activation
Authors: Shau-Hsuan Li, Valerie S. Hawthorne, Christopher L. Neal, Sartaj Sanghera, Jia Xu, Jun Yang, Hua Guo, Patricia S. Steeg, Dihua Yu
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

ErbB2 (HER2, neu) is a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in about 25% of invasive breast carcinomas. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a secreted glycoprotein expressed in a variety of cancers, including breast carcinomas. NGAL can inhibit erythroid cell production, leading to anemia. Anemia usually occurs in cancer patients and negatively affects quality of life. However, current treatment for cancer-related anemia has potential complications. ErbB2, NGAL, and anemia have all been associated with increased metastasis and poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, although the relationship between ErbB2 and NGAL expression is not clear. Here, using breast cancer cell lines in vitro and transgenic mice carrying the activated c-neu oncogene driven by a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV-neu) in vivo, we show that ErbB2 overexpression leads to NGAL upregulation, which is dependent on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity. MMTV-neu transgenic mice developed anemia after tumor onset, and anemia progression could be partially arrested by a NF-kappaB inhibitor and ErbB2-targeted therapy. Taken together, upregulation of NGAL by ErbB2 through NF-kappaB activation is involved in cancer-related anemia, and the ErbB2, NF-kappaB, and NGAL pathways may serve as potential therapeutic targets for cancer-related anemia.
Use of Alendronate After 5 Years of Treatment—Reply
Authors: Dennis M. Black, Ann V. Schwartz, Steven R. Cummings, Jane A. Cauley, Lisa Palermo
Journal: JAMA (2007)

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Autocrine insulin-like growth factor 1 and stem cell factor but not interleukin 6 support self-renewal of human myeloma cells
Authors: D Chiron, S Maïga, S Surget, G Descamps, P Gomez-Bougie, S Traore, N Robillard, P Moreau, S Le Gouill, R Bataille, M Amiot, C Pellat-Deceunynck
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2013)

In this study, we have identified the growth factors supporting myeloma self-renewal in eight myeloma cell lines. All cell lines able to form self-colonies displayed constitutive P-AKT and P-ERK1,2 but not P-STAT3 and did not express CD45, suggesting the presence of an insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) loop. We showed that a blocking anti-insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibited colony formation in correlation with IGF1R expression and decreased P-AKT. Imatinib or a blocking anti-stem cell factor (SCF) mAb also inhibited colony formation of two cell lines expressing C-KIT and SCF, and decreased P-AKT. Moreover, the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor wortmannin inhibited colony formation. Blocking interleukin (IL)6R did not inhibit colony formation in good agreement with a lack of constitutive P-STAT3. We showed that primary cells frequently co-expressed IGF1R/IGF1 but not C-KIT/SCF or IL6R/IL6, suggesting that in vivo autonomous growth could be possible via IGF1R. Despite their similar role in clonogenic growth and shared signaling pathway, IGF1R and C-KIT had opposite prognostic values, suggesting that they were surrogate markers. Indeed, we showed that both C-KIT and IGF1R prognostic values were not independent of MMSET expression. This study highlights the autocrine role of IGF1 in myeloma cells and reinforces the interest in targeting IGF1R in IGFR1(+) CD45(+/-) patients, such as MMSET(+) patients.