tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Tourism and the Regulatory Map
Authors: Debora Spar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Consider the case of Sharon Saarinen. In 2002, the 38-year-old hairdresser traveled to Beirut in desperate pursuit of a baby. Four years earlier, she and her husband had had their first high-tech child, a daughter conceived through cytoplasmic transfer. In this process, fertility specialists remove a single egg from the mother-to-be and inject it with cytoplasm from the egg of another (usually younger) woman. The rejuvenated egg is inseminated with the father's sperm and inserted into the mother's uterus. The daughter that resulted in the Saarinens' case was apparently perfectly normal. Yet like any child conceived through cytoplasmic transfer, she . . .
Estrogen Induction of Hepatocellular Carcinomas in Armenian Hamsters
Authors: John E. Coe, Kamal G. Ishak, Mary Jane Ross
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Liver tumors were found in most Armenian hamsters (Cricetulus migratorius) injected with on 15–mg pellet of diethylstilbestrol. The tumors were detectable as early as 1.5 mo after diethylstilbestrol administration and were usually present as multiple nodules that progressively increased in size. Histologically, the multicentric neoplasms were all hepatocellular carcinomas of varied degrees of differentiation and frequently (42.8%) contained Mallory bodies; preneoplastic lesions were not observed. This hepatocellular carcinoma hamster model is unique because estrogen alone without any other known mutagen is responsible for induction of hepatocellular carcinoma.(HEPATOLOGY 1990; 11:570:577.)
Why a series on imaging in the ERJ?
Authors: A.A. Bankier, P.A. Gevenois, Y. Sibille
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

At its annual meeting three years ago, the European Respiratory Society celebrated W. C. Roentgen's 100th birthday with a symposium essentially dedicated to thoracic imaging. This symposium gave the pulmonary community the welcomed opportunity to recognize the increasingly important contributions that thoracic imaging provides to both respiratory research and clinical care.

Little more than two decades ago, standard chest radiographs were the only imaging technique routinely available to chest physicians. Then the clinical introduction of computed tomography (CT) in the early 1980s revolutionized thoracic imaging. CT not only evolved to a key modality in the mere diagnosis of respiratory disorders, but also had a profound impact on pretherapeutic planing and post‐therapeutic follow-up. Soon thereafter, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital angiographic techniques broadened the spectrum of diagnostic imaging tools available to the respiratory clinician. Positron …
309. STAT5 Phosphorylation in Malignant Melanoma Is Mediated through SRC and JAK-1 Kinases and Exerts Anti-Apoptotic Effects
Authors: Alireza Mirmohammadsadegh, Walter Bardenheuer, Mohamad Hassan, Annett Gustrau, Dennis Selimovic, Roya Doroudi, Nicola Schmittner, Sandeep Nambiar, Alessandra Marini, Thomas Ruzicka, Ulrich R. Hengge
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Altered signaling pathways are key regulators of cellular functions in tumor cells. Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins, particularly STAT3 and STAT5, may be involved in tumor formation and progression. In the present study, we have investigated the role of STAT5 in cutaneous metastases of human malignant melanoma. In 13 of 21 (76%) human melanoma metastases STAT5 was activated in comparison to normal human melanocytes (NHM). Stat5b transcripts were upregulated approximately 4-fold in the examined samples. The STAT5 target genes BCL-xL, BCL-2 and c-MYC were frequently upregulated in melanoma metastases. The investigation of the underlying mechanisms in melanoma cell lines revealed specific STAT5 activation by recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rEGF). rEGF-induced activation of STAT5 occurred in vitro particularly through the non-receptor tyrosine kinases SRC and JAK1. Stimulation with rEGF led to increased STAT5 DNA-binding acitivity, suggesting an important role of the EGF-receptor in STAT5 signaling and malignant progression of melanoma. Transfection with dominant-negative Stat5b led to enhancement of cell death and G1 arrest in A375 melanoma cells and correlated with reduced expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-xL. Our study suggests that activated STAT5 acts as a survival factor in the development and growth of human melanoma and may hold potential for molecular therapy.
Commissioning specialist services.
Authors: M Forsythe
Journal: BMJ (1993)

costly-simple coagulation tests such as the activated partial thromboplastin time are not sensitive enough for low molecular weight heparins and the more complex antifactor Xa assay is required.'Several new antithrombotic agents such as hirudin and its derivatives are currently under investigation.Future clinical studies will determine whether they are more effective and safe than low molecular weight heparins and standard heparin.
Poor countries could lose out on benefits of genomic research
Authors: P. Brown
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The World Health Organization warned this week that developing countries could lose out on the health benefits of genomic research unless action is taken now to strengthen their participation.

Knowledge of the human genome and of the genomes of disease agents (such as the tuberculosis bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) could in principle revolutionise health care, paving the way to new vaccines and drugs that could eventually benefit millions, says the WHO's …
Allergy, Serum IgE, and Lung Function in Children and Adolescents With Severe or Difficult-to-Treat Asthma
Authors: T. Haselkorn, S.J. Szefler, F.E.R. Simons, D.R. Mink, B.E. Chipps, D.A. Wong, L. Borish
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Advertisement from group of homosexual doctors
Authors: M R Farrell
Journal: BMJ (1980)

acting insulin and suggests that the absorbed insulin is biologically active.On the other hand, measurement of plasma insulin levels in healthy subjects may not accurately reflect insulin absorption kinetics urnder all circumstances.Firstly, circulating levels of plasma insulin in healthy people are the sum of endogenous plus exogenous insulin and do not reflect the amount of absorbed insulin alone.This is important, since exogenous insulin is shown to decrease endogenous insulin secretion in the normal person.7 Secondly, serum insulin levels are affected not only by the rate of insulin delivery but also by the rate of insulin clearance.Factors which may affect insulin clearance regardless of their effect on insulin absorption may affect plasma immunoreactive concentra- tions after insulin injection.Furthermore, owing to the rapid turnover of insulin, plasma insulin levels at a given time represent only a minor portion of subcutaneously injected insulin.89Thus under circumstances of altered endogenous insulin secretion or changed metabolic clearance of insulin the determination of serum insulin levels as an index of insulin absorption kinetics is subject to error.
Reply to Michael Staehler's Letter to the Editor re: Pierre I Karakiewicz, Nazareno Suardi, Claudio Jeldres, et al. Neoadjuvant Sutent Induction Therapy May Effectively Down-Stage Renal Cell Carcinoma Atrial Thrombi. Eur Urol 2008;53:845-848
Authors: Claudio Jeldres, Umberto Capitanio, Nazareno Suardi, Paul Perrotte, Jean-Jacques Patard, Pierre Karakiewicz
Journal: European Urology (2008)
P2X7 receptor expression in evolutive and indolent forms of chronic B lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Elena Adinolfi, Loredana Melchiorri, Simonetta Falzoni, Paola Chiozzi, Anna Morelli, Alessia Tieghi, Antonio Cuneo, Gianluigi Castoldi, Francesco Di Virgilio, Olavio R. Baricordi
Journal: Blood (2002)
Clashes between the government and its expert advisers
Authors: M. Gossop, W. Hall
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Advisers need clearer rules on how to express contrary views

In the United Kingdom, experts advise and government ministers make policy with no obligation to accept their experts’ advice. For example, ministers have often declined to accept expert advice to raise alcohol taxes as a way of reducing problem drinking.1 The recent sacking of Professor David Nutt from the chairmanship of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) occurred because a minister rejected the recommendations of an expert adviser who continued publicly to express a view that was contrary to government policy.

The question of how science should be used to formulate government policy has been a problem on many occasions, in the UK and elsewhere. Disagreements between government and experts on the risks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from eating beef in the late 1990s prompted the reformulation of rules on the use of scientific evidence in developing policy. In the BSE affair, ministers discounted expert advice that the disease in cows might spread to humans, and the official BSE Inquiry subsequently recommended that the advice and the reasoning of expert advisory committees should be open and transparent.2

The circumstances leading up to the sacking of Professor Nutt can …
593. Combination Anti-HIV-1 Gene Therapy Simultaneously Targeting CCR5 and Rev Protein Using SV40-Derived Vectors Inhibits Replication of HIV
Authors: Alena A. Chekmasova, David S. Strayer
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

CXCR4 and CCR5 chemokine receptors are respectively the principal coreceptors for T-cell tropic and macrophage (M)- tropic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) isolates. The CCR5 chemokine receptor is important for most clinical strains of HIV to establish infection. Individuals with naturally occurring polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene who have reduced or absent CCR5 are apparently otherwise healthy but are resistant to HIV infection. CCR5 is thus an excellent therapeutic target in HIV therapy. RevM10, a trans-dominant mutant form of HIV-1 Rev, has been shown to be effective in inhibiting HIV replication in T cell lines and primary T cells.
Scientists and doctors ask Obama to investigate "wrongdoing" at the FDA
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Nine doctors and scientists at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sent a letter to President Barack Obama on 2 April, saying they wanted “to draw your attention to the frustration and outrage that FDA physicians and scientists, public advocacy groups, the press, and the American people, have repeatedly expressed over the misdeeds of FDA officials.”

They sent a copy of the letter to Senator Charles Grassley, a Republican from Iowa, who posted it on his committee’s website with the names of the signatories blacked out. The letter is similar to one that nine people sent to President Obama’s …
Pertinent but Neglected Considerations
Authors: Carl E. Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1967)

In the United States we have only gradually become aware of the new field of manpower planning. Economists favor a general assumption of scarcity. We have not had to think about the scarcity of manpower until recently. <h3>Health Manpower in the World.—</h3> Perhaps the main reason I am here as a representative of international health is that developing countries are forced to be aware of manpower planning because the scarcity of skilled personnel is so severe. In clinical medicine, the classical case is usually a severe case. In order to be aware of the full syndrome of manpower scarcity we can profitably take a comparative international view of countries with varying degrees and patterns of shortage. Some basic principles coming out of international studies of health manpower have relevance to the US situation. The findings from international studies provide conclusions remarkably similar to comments already made this morning from US
Comment on Vimalananda et al. Depressive Symptoms, Antidepressant Use, and the Incidence of Diabetes in the Black Women’s Health Study. Diabetes Care 2014;37:2211–2217
Authors: Mika Kivimäki, Archana Singh-Manoux
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

Vimalananda et al. (1) report antidepressant use, regardless of severity of depressive symptoms, to be associated with an increased risk of diabetes. The authors note that “this may represent a direct effect of the medications” (1). We would like to suggest a different interpretation of their results, because in light of previous studies, the antidepressants use–diabetes association might not be causal (3–5).

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired β-cell function and insulin resistance leading to high levels of circulating glucose. The disease develops gradually such that elevated fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are typically seen years before the onset of manifest disease. This is known as the …
THE SANITARY RECORD OF THE SECOND DIVISION OF THE U. S. ARMY IN TEXAS
Authors: R. B. MILLER
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The first regularly organized division of the United States Army called into the field since the Civil War was mobilized at Texas City and Galveston, Tex., March 1, 1913. The troops encamped at Texas City numbered approximately 8,500 and those at Galveston 3,500. The camp ground at Texas City had been selected in dry weather, when it presented a favorable appearance; but when actually occupied, after the spring rains, it proved to be badly drained. The soil was of clay and impervious, conditions usually considered unfavorable to health. In spite of such ditching as it was practicable to do, after heavy rains the water stood in the tents of both officers and men. By the first of April a better site had been selected and put in condition for occupancy by a comprehensive system of surface drainage, carried out under the supervision of the engineer officers of the division. The
Interleukin-10 and Transforming Growth Factor- β Promoter Polymorphisms in Allergies and Asthma
Authors: KATHRYN HOBBS, JULIE NEGRI, MARY KLINNERT, LANNY J. ROSENWASSER, LARRY BORISH
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF- β ) are inhibitory for B and T cells, IgE production, and mast cell proliferation, and they induce apoptosis in eosinophils. These cytokines are therefore candidate genes which could contribute to the development of asthma or allergies. We investigated the hypothesis that polymorphic nucleotides within the IL-10 and TGF- β gene promoters would link to the expression of allergies and asthma. DNA taken from families with an asthmatic proband was examined for base exchanges by single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP). We demonstrated the presence of a polymorphism in the promoter region of the IL-10 gene and four in the TGF- β gene promoters (3 in TGF- β 1 and 1 in TGF- β 2). The IL-10 gene polymorphism was a C-to-A exchange 571 base pairs upstream from the translation start site and was present between consensus binding sequences for Sp1 and elevated total serum. This polymorphism was associated with elevated total serum IgE in subjects heterozygotic or homozygotic for this base exchange (p < 0.009). The base exchange at −509 (from the transcription initiation site) in the TGF- β promoter also linked to elevated total IgE (p < 0.01). This polymorphism represented a C-to-T base exchange which induced a YY1 consensus sequence and is present in a region of the promoter associated with negative transcription regulation.
FIVE CASES OF PFEIFFER'S GLANDULAR FEVER ("DRUESENFIEBER").
Authors: HELIODOR SCHILLER
Journal: JAMA (1905)

<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3> During the latter part of April and May, I saw five cases of the so-called "Pfeiffer's<i>Druesenfieber</i>," or as Neuman called it—idiopathic swelling of the glands of the neck. All these cases lived in the same ward of the city, and several physicians told me that they had similar cases at the same time. Hence I am justified in speaking of a real epidemic of "Pfeiffer's<i>Druesenfieber</i>." <h3>NARRATION OF CASES.</h3> I shall select and describe three of my cases, and will then endeavor to draw some conclusion concerning the character, the pathology and course of this not at all well-known disease. <h3>Case 1.</h3> —April 6 I was called to visit a girl 12 years old. The mother told me that the child had complained of chills and headache the day before and the following morning of a pain in her throat. The evening before they had perceived a swelling
OPENING LECTURE OF THE COURSE ON MILITARY HYGIENE.
Authors: CHARLES SMART
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Hygeia was the Godess of Health, the daughter of Æsculapius. Hygiene is the science of Health. It was called by Prof. Parkes the art of preserving health; but since he wrote the introduction to his classical work hygiene has been developed by study and observation into a science, and its art or the practical application of its laws has recieved the name of sanitation. We are here to study the science and its practical applications, not only that we may protect the soldiers of the United States from the attacks of disease, but that we may preserve their physical powers at their maximum of vigor. The duties of an army surgeon are various. They require him to be a many-sided specialist. When a soldier becomes sick the army medical officer has to treat him as his attending physician; when accidents or injuries occur he has to be prepared for the
Normal Vascular Function Despite Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Carriers of the Apolipoprotein A-I <sub>Milano</sub> Mutant
Authors: Monica Gomaraschi, Damiano Baldassarre, Mauro Amato, Sonia Eligini, Paola Conca, Cesare R. Sirtori, Guido Franceschini, Laura Calabresi
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Carriers of the apolipoprotein A-I(Milano) (apoA-I(M)) mutant have very low plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels but do not show any history of premature cardiovascular disease or any evidence of preclinical vascular disease. HDL is believed to prevent the development of vascular dysfunction, which may well contribute to HDL-mediated atheroprotection. Whether the low HDL level of apoA-I(M) carriers is associated with impaired vascular function is presently unknown.The vascular response to reactive hyperemia, assessed by measuring postischemic increase in forearm arterial compliance, and the plasma concentration of soluble cell adhesion molecules were evaluated in 21 adult apoA-I(M) carriers, 21 age- and gender-matched nonaffected relatives (control subjects), and 21 healthy subjects with low HDL-C (low-HDL subjects). The average plasma HDL-C and apoA-I levels of apoA-I(M) carriers were remarkably lower than those of control subjects and significantly lower than those of low-HDL subjects. The postischemic increase in forearm arterial compliance in the apoA-I(M) carriers was 2-fold greater than in low-HDL subjects and remarkably similar to that of control subjects. Plasma soluble cell adhesion molecule levels were similar in apoA-I(M) carriers and control subjects but were greater in low-HDL subjects. When incubated with endothelial cells, HDL isolated from apoA-I(M) carriers was more effective than HDL from control and low-HDL subjects in stimulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and activation and in downregulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.Despite their very low HDL levels, apoA-I(M) carriers do not display typical features of impaired vascular function because of an improved activity of apoA-I(M) HDL in maintaining endothelial cell homeostasis.
PRIORITY IN DISCOVERY OF A SUBSTANCE DERIVED FROM THE PANCREAS, ACTIVE IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Authors: Ernest L. Scott
Journal: JAMA (1923)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Since insulin has become a clinical success there seems to be a certain amount of discussion as to priority. Naturally, I have been interested in following this discussion, though I had no intention of partaking in it until pressed by some of my acquaintances, and I now do so with reluctance. During the spring and summer of 1911, while working in the laboratories of biochemistry and physiology of the University of Chicago, I developed a method for extracting a substance from the pancreas which is active in carbohydrate metabolism. The method of preparing the extract, together with an account of some of its physiologic effects, was published in the<i>American Journal of Physiology</i>(<b>29</b>:306 [Jan.] 1912). In the<i>Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine</i>(<b>7</b>:467 [May] 1922), Banting and Best state that "the principle upon which this latter extract depends is the same as that
STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA)— An Extension of the STROBE Statement
Authors: Julian Little, Julian P.T Higgins, John P.A Ioannidis, David Moher, France Gagnon, Erik von Elm, Muin J Khoury, Barbara Cohen, George Davey-Smith, Jeremy Grimshaw, Paul Scheet, Marta Gwinn, Robin E Williamson, Guang Yong Zou, Kim Hutchings, Candice Y Johnson, Valerie Tait, Miriam Wiens, Jean Golding, Cornelia van Duijn, John McLaughlin, Andrew Paterson, George Wells, Isabel Fortier, Matthew Freedman, Maja Zecevic, Richard King, Claire Infante-Rivard, Alex Stewart, Nick Birkett
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

Making sense of rapidly evolving evidence on genetic associations is crucial to making genuine advances in human genomics and the eventual integration of this information into the practice of medicine and public health. Assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this evidence, and hence the ability to synthesize it, has been limited by inadequate reporting of results. The STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association studies (STREGA) initiative builds on the STrengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement and provides additions to 12 of the 22 items on the STROBE checklist. The additions concern population stratification, genotyping errors, modeling haplotype variation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, replication, selection of participants, rationale for choice of genes and variants, treatment effects in studying quantitative traits, statistical methods, relatedness, reporting of descriptive and outcome data, and issues of data volume that are important to consider in genetic association studies. The STREGA recommendations do not prescribe or dictate how a genetic association study should be designed but seek to enhance the transparency of its reporting, regardless of choices made during design, conduct, or analysis.