tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
When to Consider the Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of 2009 H1N1 Influenza–Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Peter F Wright, Kathryn B Kirkland, John F Modlin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

We are now facing a pandemic caused by an epidemiologically distinct, novel virus, the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (swine flu), against which few persons born since 1970 have antibodies. The severity of illness in the individual varies, and our understanding of the role of bacterial infection in novel 2009 H1N1 infection is still evolving. A current summary of bacterial isolates from 53 fatal pediatric cases of novel H1N1 with adequate sampling of normally sterile sites showed that 17 (32%) had bacterial pathogens of which 8 were Staphylococcus aureus, and of these, 6 were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/). . . .
Cognitive Function in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Patricia A. Gaudieri, Rusan Chen, Tammy F. Greer, Clarissa S. Holmes
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

To quantify the magnitude and pattern of cognitive difficulties in pediatric type 1 diabetes as well as the effects associated with earlier disease onset and severe hypoglycemia.Pediatric studies of cognitive function since 1985 were identified for study inclusion using MEDLINE and PsycInfo. Effect size (ES, Cohen's d) between the diabetic and control groups, expressed in SD units, were calculated within cognitive domains to standardize meta-analysis test performance.The meta-analysis sample of 2,144 children consisted of 1,393 study subjects with type 1 diabetes and 751 control subjects from 19 studies. Overall, type 1 diabetes was associated with slightly lower overall cognition (ES -0.13), with small differences compared with control subjects across a broad range of domains, excluding learning and memory, which were similar for both groups. Learning and memory skills, both verbal and visual (-0.28 and -0.25), were more affected for children with early-onset diabetes (EOD) than late-onset diabetes (LOD), along with attention/executive function skills (-0.27). Compared with nondiabetic control subjects, EOD effects were larger, up to one-half SD lower, particularly for learning and memory (-0.49). Generally, seizures were associated with a negligible overall cognition ES of -0.06, with slight and inconsistent cognitive effects found on some measures, possibly reflecting the opposing effects of poorer versus better metabolic control.Pediatric diabetes generally relates to mildly lower cognitive scores across most cognitive domains. Cognitive effects are most pronounced and pervasive for EOD, with moderately lower performance compared with control subjects. Seizures are generally related to nominal, inconsistent performance differences.
Antibiotics and Acute Otitis Media in Children—Reply
Authors: Tumaini R. Coker
Journal: JAMA (2011)

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Mystique, Medical Training, and Clinical Excellence-Reply
Authors: Steven L. Dubovsky
Journal: JAMA (1984)

In Reply.—  As espoused by Drs Cass and Berger in their letters, striving for excellence and perfection in the care of patients is a goal that all physicians can support. The belief, however, that such striving cannot be undertaken with the greatest vigor and dedication in the context of the realization of the fallibility of physicians as human beings may be the core of the problem. With such a highly selected group of professionals and such vigorous training, why are 10% of physicians estimated to be impaired? The acknowledgment of the fallibility of physicians should not be a threat to physicians unless they believe they are infallible. Moreover, it should in no way lower their standards of excellence to provide the best care available to their patients. Rather, if such feelings of infallibility are involved in the genesis of the high percentage of impaired physicians, then the recognition that physicians
Ultrasonic Evaluation of Intraperitoneal Fluid
Authors: Barry B. Goldberg
Journal: JAMA (1976)

ULTRASOUND is rapidly replacing other methods in the evaluation of intraperitoneal fluid collections. The established ability of ultrasound to readily detect fluid and differentiate it from solid makes it an ideal diagnostic examination. Since it is a noninvasive procedure, ultrasound can be used not only in the initial diagnosis but also for serial examinations once the presence of free or loculated fluid has been detected.<sup>1,2</sup>The sensitivity of ultrasound in the detection of fluid has been established experimentally: as little as 100 ml of ascitic fluid in cadavers and 300 ml in vivo has been detected.<sup>3,4</sup>This degree of resolution compares favorably to all other methods, including percussion, roentgenographic procedures, and isotope dilution examination.<sup>4</sup> Ultrasound can differentiate between free and loculated fluid. This is accomplished by simply moving the patient without changing the transducer position. Shifting of the fluid indicates that it is free. Differentiation of loculated
Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Normal Serum Thyroglobulin Level
Authors: JULIE H. MILLER, CAROL S. MARCUS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels have proven to be a useful marker for following patients with well differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the evaluation of metastatic disease. This is the report of a case of a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma and a normal thyroglobulin level despite diffuse lung metastases shown on a total body scan.
Protective effect of breast feeding against infection.
Authors: P W Howie, J S Forsyth, S A Ogston, A Clark, C D Florey
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the relations between breast feeding and infant illness in the first two years of life with particular reference to gastrointestinal disease. DESIGN--Prospective observational study of mothers and babies followed up for 24 months after birth. SETTING--Community setting in Dundee. PATIENTS--750 pairs of mothers and infants, 76 of whom were excluded because the babies were preterm (less than 38 weeks), low birth weight (less than 2500 g), or treated in special care for more than 48 hours. Of the remaining cohort of 674, 618 were followed up for two years. INTERVENTIONS--Detailed observations of infant feeding and illness were made at two weeks, and one, two, three, four, five, six, nine, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months by health visitors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--The prevalence of gastrointestinal disease in infants during follow up. RESULTS--After confounding variables were corrected for babies who were breast fed for 13 weeks or more (227) had significantly less gastrointestinal illness than those who were bottle fed from birth (267) at ages 0-13 weeks (p less than 0.01; 95% confidence interval for reduction in incidence 6.6% to 16.8%), 14-26 weeks (p less than 0.01), 27-39 weeks (p less than 0.05), and 40-52 weeks (p less than 0.05). This reduction in illness was found whether or not supplements were introduced before 13 weeks, was maintained beyond the period of breast feeding itself, and was accompanied by a reduction in the rate of hospital admission. By contrast, babies who were breast fed for less than 13 weeks (180) had rates of gastrointestinal illness similar to those observed in bottle fed babies. Smaller reductions in the rates of respiratory illness were observed at ages 0-13 and 40-52 weeks (p less than 0.05) in babies who were breast fed for more than 13 weeks. There was no consistent protective effect of breast feeding against ear, eye, mouth, or skin infections, infantile colic, eczema, or nappy rash. CONCLUSION--Breast feeding during the first 13 weeks of life confers protection against gastrointestinal illness that persists beyond the period of breast feeding itself.
A FEW POINTS OF INTEREST TO THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: JOSEPH EASTMAN
Journal: JAMA (1893)

It is more or less presumptuous for a specialist to attempt to teach the general practitioner for two reasons: First, a large per cent, of general practitioners are capable of furnishing more pointers to the specialist that he could use in his business than the specialist could furnish to the general practitioner. Secondly, so many epistles have come from gynecological apostles in the past few years intended for the edification and education of the general practitioner that the man who makes his living by doing family practice is beginning to seriously reflect upon what relation he bears to the specialist. Had I not for fifteen years been actively engaged in general surgery and medicine, nothing could have induced me to place my foot in this field which is actually suffering from intense cultivation, but now that specialists in gynecic surgery are starting up in almost every county seat I think
FAILURE OF CHLOROQUINE-ERYTHROMYCIN AND CHLOROQUINE-TETRACYCLINE COMBINATIONS IN TREATMENT OF CHLOROQUINE-RESISTANT FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN EASTERN THAILAND
Authors: RodneyE. Phillips, Juntra Karbwang, NicholasJ. White, Sornchai Looareesuwan, DavidA. Warrell, Prakit Kasemsarn, DavidC. Warhurst
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
A Comparative Study of Behavioural Aspects in Encopretic Children
Authors: W.H.G. Wolters
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1974)

In this article the results are described of a comparative study between: (1) encopretic children; (2) children with other psychosomatic problems; (3) potential haemodialysis children. First there is an inventory of the phenomena which are directly related with encopresis. Secondly the object of our study was the degree of similarity or difference between the two groups in certain behavioural aspects. Our point of view is that encopretic children are psychosocially more at risk than the children of the comparison groups. This assumption is confirmed by this study.
Death to all cliches?
Authors: R. L Bratman
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

About the article by Ian Forgacs on cliches (December 2005 JRSM1), may I respectfully disagree, for surely Dr Forgacs you jest! In my years teaching medical students and house officers (at Stanford University in California) I found that the aphorism (which I prefer to cliche) `common things happen commonly' was very useful in pointing out to the fledgling doctors that the first, but not the only, diagnosis one entertains is the most common. As with your other examples, what I suspect you were railing about is the tendency for many of us to speak in tongues, when we should say what we mean, and mean what we say.
Nonlinear dynamics assessed by fractal analysis as a predictor of cardiovascular events in chronic atrial fibrillation
Authors: Kyoko Sato, Fumiyasu Yamasaki, Takashi Furuno, Tomio Hamada, Hiroyoshi Takatsuji, Takayuki Sato, Tetsuro Sugiura, Yoshinori Doi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
The Acid Test
Authors: Mark Feldman
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Not very long ago, duodenal ulcer was considered a chronic disease of unknown cause. Today, duodenal ulcer recurrences for the most part can be prevented if the bacterium<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>is eradicated from the stomach and duodenum. Although eradication of<i>H pylori</i>markedly reduces duodenal ulcer recurrences as detected endoscopically, there is only equivocal evidence that eradication of<i>H pylori</i>reduces recurrent duodenal ulcer symptoms.<sup>1</sup> The recommendations of a National Institutes of Health— appointed consensus panel regarding diagnosis and treatment of<i>H pylori</i>are published in this issue ofTHE Journal.<sup>2</sup>These recommendations can serve as useful guidelines for physicians, but they deserve further comment. See also p 65. The panel begins by stating that "nearly all" patients with duodenal ulcer have<i>H pylori</i>gastritis, but then later states that "no patient should be treated for<i>H pylori</i>unless one of the sensitive and specific tests previously discussed
Naturally nested, but why dual process?
Authors: Ben Newell, Brett Hayes
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract The article by Barbey &amp; Sloman (B&amp;S) provides a valuable framework for integrating research on base-rate neglect and respect. The theoretical arguments and data supporting the nested set model are persuasive. But we found the dual-process account to be under-specified and less compelling. Our concerns are based on (a) inconsistencies within the literature cited by B&amp;S, and (b) studies of base-rate neglect in categorization.
Rheumatoid blood decreases the adherence of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) to cultured endothelium.
Authors: R C Chasty, K A Brown, N J Sheehan, A P Kirk, J D Perry, D McCarthy, D C Dumonde
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

Rheumatoid sera and plasma inhibited the adherence of normal blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) to cultured porcine endothelium.This inhibition of adhesion was not seen when PMNs were treated with the plasma or serum from normal subjects or patients with other inflammatory arthropathies.The abrogation of PMN adherence was directly related to the levels of circulating immune complexes and was not dependent upon the type of anti-inflammatory therapy that the patients were receiving nor on any of the recorded clinical parameters.A similar inhibition of adhesion was seen with heat induced aggregated human IgG (HAGG) provided that serum was present in the culture medium.In view of these results we propose that circulating immune complexes in RA may have a significant role in controlling the interaction of PMNs with vascular endothelium and in perpetuating the entry of these cells into the synovial fluid of the inflamed joints.
Transport of Apolipoproteins A-I and A-II by Human Thoracic Duct Lymph
Authors: David W. Anderson, Ernst J. Schaefer, Thomas J. Bronzert, Frank T. Lindgren, Trudy Forte, Thomas E. Starzl, Gary D. Niblack, Loren A. Zech, H. Bryan Brewer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

The daily transport of human plasma apolipoproteins A-I and A-II, triglyceride, and total cholesterol from the thoracic duct lymph into plasma was measured in two subjects before and three subjects after renal transplantation. Lymph triglyceride transport was approximately 83% of the daily ingested fat loads, whereas lymph cholesterol transport was consistently greater than the amount of daily ingested cholesterol. Lymph apolipoprotein transport significantly (P < 0.05) exceeded the predicted apolipoprotein synthesis rate by an average of 659+/-578 mg/d for apolipoprotein A-I and 109+/-59 mg/d for apolipoprotein A-II among the five subjects. It is estimated that 22-77% (apolipoprotein A-I) and 28-82% (apolipoprotein A-II) of daily total body apolipoprotein synthesis takes place in the intestine. Lymph high density lipoprotein particles are mostly high density lipoprotein(2b) and high density lipoprotein(2a) and have a greater overall relative triglyceride content and a smaller relative cholesteryl ester content when compared with homologous plasma high density lipoproteins. The major quantity of both lymph apolipoprotein A-I (81+/-8%) and apolipoprotein A-II (90+/-11%) was found within high density lipoproteins with almost all of the remainder found in chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins. The combined results are consistent with a major contribution of the intestine to total body synthesis of apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-II. An important role of lymph in returning filtered apolipoprotein to plasma in association with high density lipoproteins is proposed. Accompanying the return of filtered apolipoprotein to the plasma is a probable transformation, both in size and composition, of at least some of the lymph high density lipoprotein(2b) and high density lipoprotein(2a) particles into high density lipoprotein(3).
881-3 Real-time contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging of neovascularization within the human carotid plaque
Authors: Rachel Neems, Matt Feinstein, Marshall Goldin, John Dainauskas, Paul Espinoza, Mahala Johnson, Maria Daniels, Philip R Liebson, James E Macioch, Steven B Feinstein
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Mechanical properties and biomineralization of multifunctional nanodiamond-PLLA composites for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Qingwei Zhang, Vadym N. Mochalin, Ioannis Neitzel, Kavan Hazeli, Junjie Niu, Antonios Kontsos, Jack G. Zhou, Peter I. Lelkes, Yury Gogotsi
Journal: Biomaterials (2012)
Persistent Asymmetric Pulmonary TI-201 Uptake in Type III Sarcoidosis
Authors: FRANK V. SCHRAML, DAVID B. TURTON, RICHARD S. BAKALAR, EUGENE D. SILVERMAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Asymmetric pulmonary parenchymal uptake of TI-201 was observed in both stress and delayed myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in a 54-year-old man with a documented history of sarcoidosis and the recent onset of an arrhythmia. Ga-67 scintigraphy confirmed the presence of asymmetric diffuse pulmonary uptake without mediastinal or hilar involvement, typical of type III sar-cold. Chest ratiograph also confirmed this pattern.
GATA4, a new regulator of cardiac fibroblasts, is sensitive to natriuretic peptides
Authors: M. Jankowski
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Cardiac fibroblasts are the most prevalent cell type in the heart. These cells exert a critical role in regulating normal myocardial function and in adverse myocardial remodelling that occur with hypertension, myocardial infarction, and heart failure.1 In normal cardiac tissue, fibroblasts are found throughout the cardiac tissue in parallel to the prevailing direction of muscle fibres. In essence, every cardiac myocyte is therefore in direct contact with fibroblasts. Adverse myocardial remodelling includes enlargement of myocytes, proliferation of fibroblasts, and increased procollagen synthesis. Natriuretic peptides, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), released from myocytes have been shown to act as autocine/paracrine factors that reduce myocyte hypertrophy and exert antifibrotic and antiproliferative effects on cardiac fibroblasts.2,3 Antifibrotic effects are attributed to C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) released from endothelial cells and cardiac fibroblasts.4 Natriuretic peptides initiate their signalling via guanylyl cyclase receptors (NPR-A, NPR-B) and C-type receptor (NPR-C) all expressed in cardiac fibroblasts.3,4 These effects may be of particular importance during pathological conditions, when the fibrosis and increased deposition of collagen results in increased myocardial stiffness and diastolic dysfunction.

Myocardial hypertrophy is also characterized by activation of transcription factors. A number of stimuli that induce myocyte hypertrophy are known to enhance GATA4 transcriptional activity through … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +1 514 890 8000; fax: +1 514 412 7204; E-mail address : marek.jankowski{at}umontreal.ca
Neonatal gut function, measured by the one hour blood D (+) xylose test: influence of gestational age and size.
Authors: D A Ducker, C A Hughes, I Warren, A S McNeish
Journal: Gut (1980)

D(+) Xylose absorption, assessed by one hour blood xylose levels, has been measured after intraduodenal infusion of the sugar in 35 infants of differing gestational age and size. The test was performed between the 2nd and 6th days of life. Full-term appropriately grown infants had higher blood xylose levels (1.41+/-0.07 mmol/l) at one hour than pre-term appropriately grown infants (1.17+/-0.07 mmol/l; P less than 0.05), or 'light for dates' infants, both full-term (0.73+/-0.06 mmol/l; P less than 0.001) and pre-term (0.96+/-0.17 mmol/l; P less than 0.05). Serial studies of 11 infants were made two to five times between the 3rd and 20th day of life. The levels for one hour xylose rose in all groups, but the 'light for dates' infants showed the least rise. There was no sign of catch-up in this group, and some results appeared to fall further behind those of appropriately grown infants. These results suggest that the primal small intestine is maturing in the perinatal period, and that intrauterine growth retardation may impair intestinal absorption. The nutritional significance is not known.
Hidden Fluorouracil Applications as a Cause of Dermatitis and Erosions
Authors: Ernst Epstein
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the past two years, I encountered four patients with dermatitis and erosions resulting from inappropriate use of topical fluorouracil. They used fluorouracil cream or lotion to treat minor dermatoses of the face or scalp and caused dermatitis and erosions (Figure) that prompted their consulting me. None of the patients recognized that their skin disorder was a consequence of self-treatment. Two of the patients used fluorouracil cream prescribed for others! One elderly patient treated his scalp seborrhea with fluorouracil cream that had been prescribed several years earlier for facial keratoses. A fourth patient treated her facial seborrheic dermatitis with fluorouracil cream prescribed by another dermatologist years earlier for treatment of keratoses. Clinically, the appearance of discrete erosions with intervening normal skin on sun-exposed areas (Figure) led me to suspect the cause in two patients. A third had such severely crusted and oozing lesions that a pyoderma was
Body mass index, dialysis modality, and survival: Analysis of the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave II Study
Authors: Kevin C. Abbott, Christopher W. Glanton, Fernando C. Trespalacios, David K. Oliver, Maria I. Ortiz, Lawrence Y. Agodoa, David F. Cruess, Paul L. Kimmel
Journal: Kidney International (2004)
Assessment of Rhabdoid Brain Tumor by F-18 FDG PET, C-11 Methionine PET and MRI
Authors: Antoni Mestre-Fusco, Carlos Trampal, Belén Intriago, Heinrich Wessling, Jordi Fuertes, Marina Suárez-Piñera, María Luisa Díaz-Fernández
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

A 28-year-old man with headache, nausea, and decreased vision had a left parieto-occipital tumor demonstrated by MRI. Postradical resection and histology showed a solid mass containing rhabdoid cells, 10% positive for Ki-67. After completing chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment, follow-up MRI revealed possible tumoral recurrence. Cerebral F-18 FDG PET revealed no pathologic uptake, and C-11 methionine PET showed a pathologic low uptake. These findings suggested recurrence of a mild-grade aggressiveness tumor, which was confirmed by a second neurosurgical resection.