tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SEROTHERAPY; INOCULATION WITH SERUM IN TYPHOID FEVER.A CASE FOLLOWED BY RECOVERY.
Authors: ALFRED C. GIRARD
Journal: JAMA (1894)

The treatment of various disorders with toxine inoculations is as yet in its infancy—it may turn out to be a fallacy. It can not be denied, however, that it has in a number of well-authenticated instances achieved remarkable results, and there is sufficient justification for its use, at least in sickness where all the usual remedies have proved unavailing. When a number of such cases shall have been collected in the literature, establishing favorable effects, this method of treatment will find more general introduction and the statistics of a larger number will then assign it its proper place. This is my reason for publication of this case: J. F. H., aged 23, after two weeks of prodromal symptoms—headache, general aching, irregular chills followed by short attacks of fever, loss of appetite, was admitted to hospital with a temperature of 103.4, severe headache, loose discharges, heavily coated tongue, roseola over abdomen—a
Activating Mutations in <i>HER2</i>: Neu Opportunities and Neu Challenges
Authors: Britta Weigelt, Jorge S. Reis-Filho
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2013)

Abstract Summary: Twenty-five years after the publication of seminal studies showing that HER2 gene amplification and protein overexpression are oncogenic in breast cancer, Bose and colleagues report on the identification of activating HER2 somatic mutations that, albeit rare, may determine the response of breast cancer cells to anti-HER2 agents. These results herald a new era for the potential use of existing HER2-targeted agents for the treatment of patients with HER2-mutant breast cancer. Cancer Discov; 3(2); 145–7. ©2012 AACR. See related article by Bose et al., p. 224
Should influenza immunisation be mandatory for healthcare workers? No
Authors: D. Isaacs, J. Leask
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Charles Helms</b> and <b>Philip Polgreen</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.a2142) believe mandatory immunisation is necessary to achieve good uptake, but <b>David Isaacs</b> and <b>Julie Leask</b> argue that it infringes autonomy and could backfire
Dying woman loses her battle for assisted suicide
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A terminally ill British woman with motor neurone disease this week lost the final round of her legal battle for the right to have her husband help her to commit suicide without risking prosecution.

The European Court of Human Rights ruled that Diane Pretty's rights were not violated by the ban on assisted suicide in the United Kingdom or by the director of public prosecution's refusal to give an assurance that her husband, Brian, …
UK government says EU directive on services excludes health care
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The extent to which private healthcare providers in one European Union country will be able to offer their services in another is now mired in confusion, after a vote in favour of liberalisation of services in the European parliament. An amendment said that healthcare services were excluded from the liberalisation.

The uncertainty emerged after a large majority of members of the European parliament (MEPs) last week backed wide ranging moves to open up the services market across the EU. The parliament then seems to have approved a number of contradictory statements.

Firstly, an amendment approved by the parliament made it clear that the …
Therapy with oral clotrimazole induces inhibition of the Gardos channel and reduction of erythrocyte dehydration in patients with sickle cell disease.
Authors: C Brugnara, B Gee, C C Armsby, S Kurth, M Sakamoto, N Rifai, S L Alper, O S Platt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Pathologic water loss from sickle erythrocytes concentrates the abnormal hemoglobin and promotes sickling. The Ca2+-activated K+ channel (Gardos channel) contributes to this deleterious dehydration in vitro, and blockade of K+ and water loss via this channel could be a potential therapy in vivo. We treated five subjects who have sickle cell anemia with oral clotrimazole, a specific Gardos channel inhibitor. Patients were started on a dose of 10 mg clotrimazole/kg/d for one week. Protocol design allowed the daily dose to be escalated by 10 mg/kg each week until significant changes in erythrocyte density and K+ transport were achieved. Blood was sampled three times a week for hematological and chemical assays, erythrocyte density, cation content, and K+ transport. At dosages of 20 mg clotrimazole/kg/d, all subjects showed Gardos channel inhibition, reduced erythrocyte dehydration, increased cell K+ content, and somewhat increased hemoglobin levels. Adverse effects were limited to mild/moderate dysuria in all subjects, and a reversible increase in plasma alanine transaminase and aspartic transaminase levels in two subjects treated with 30 mg clotrimazole/kg/d. This is the first in vivo evidence that the Gardos channel causes dehydration of sickle erythrocytes, and that its pharmacologic inhibition provides a realistic antisickling strategy.
Disruption of the dopamine D3 receptor gene produces renin-dependent hypertension.
Authors: L D Asico, C Ladines, S Fuchs, D Accili, R M Carey, C Semeraro, F Pocchiari, R A Felder, G M Eisner, P A Jose
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Since dopamine receptors are important in the regulation of renal and cardiovascular function, we studied the cardiovascular consequences of the disruption of the D3 receptor, a member of the family of D2-like receptors, expressed in renal proximal tubules and juxtaglomerular cells. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher (approximately 20 mmHg) in heterozygous and homozygous than in wild-type mice. An acute saline load increased urine flow rate and sodium excretion to a similar extent in wild-type and heterozygous mice but the increase was attenuated in homozygous mice. Renal renin activity was much greater in homozygous than in wild-type mice; values for heterozygous mice were intermediate. Blockade of angiotensin II subtype-1 receptors decreased systolic blood pressure for a longer duration in mutant than in wild-type mice. Thus, disruption of the D3 receptor increases renal renin production and produces renal sodium retention and renin-dependent hypertension.
Comment on: Wilson et al. Persistence of Individual Variations in Glycated Hemoglobin: Analysis of Data From the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1315–1317
Authors: James M. Hempe, Robert J. McCarter, Stuart A. Chalew
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

Wilson et al. (1) recently used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to estimate mean blood glucose (MG) and calculate an MG-to-HbA1c ratio to assess biological variation in HbA1c in pediatric type 1 diabetic patients. The authors reported that patients with relatively low or high ratios at one clinic visit tended to have similarly low or high ratios at subsequent visits. The same group previously used CGM-derived MG to calculate the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) as a measure of biological variation in HbA1c (2). Their results showed that HGI was quantitatively consistent within individuals at baseline and at follow-up clinic visits. This observation confirmed prior reports of HGI consistency within patients over time …
Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2–Dependent Prostacyclin Formation in Patients With Atherosclerosis
Authors: Orina Belton, Dara Byrne, Dermot Kearney, Austin Leahy, Desmond J. Fitzgerald
Journal: Circulation (2000)

The formation of prostacyclin (PGI(2)), thromboxane (TX) A(2), and isoprostanes is markedly enhanced in atherosclerosis. We examined the relative contribution of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 to the generation of these eicosanoids in patients with atherosclerosis.The study population consisted of 42 patients with atherosclerosis who were undergoing surgical revascularization. COX-2 mRNA was detected in areas of atherosclerosis but not in normal blood vessel walls, and there was evidence of COX-1 induction. The use of immunohistochemical studies localized the COX-2 to proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Twenty-four patients who did not previously receive aspirin were randomized to receive either no treatment or nimesulide at 24 hours before surgery and then for 3 days. Eighteen patients who were receiving aspirin were continued on a protocol of either aspirin alone or a combination of aspirin and nimesulide. Urinary levels of 11-dehydro-TXB(2) and 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF(1alpha), metabolites of TXA(2) and PGI(2), respectively, were elevated in patients with atherosclerosis compared with normal subjects (3211+/-533 versus 679+/-63 pg/mg creatinine, P<0.001; 594+/-156 versus 130+/-22 pg/mg creatinine, P<0.05, respectively), as was the level of the isoprostane 8-iso-PGF(2alpha). Nimesulide reduced 2, 3-dinor-6-keto-PGF(1alpha) excretion by 46+/-5% (378.3+/-103 to 167+/-37 pg/mg creatinine, P<0.01) preoperatively and blunted the increase after surgery. Nimesulide had no significant effect on 11-dehydro-TXB(2) before (2678+/-694 to 2110+/-282 pg/mg creatinine) or after surgery. The levels of both products were lower in patients who were taking aspirin, and no further reduction was seen with the addition of nimesulide. None of the treatments influenced urinary 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) excretion.Both COX-1 and -2 are expressed and contribute to the increase in PGI(2) in patients with atherosclerosis, whereas TXA(2) is generated by COX-1.
TCTAP A-060 Simultaneous Endovascular Correction of ASD and Coronary Lesions in Adults with Congenital and Coronary Heart Diseases
Authors: David G. Iosseliani, Ilya Kovalchuk, Vladislav Kriukov, Irina Kibizova, Alexander Stepanov, Pavel Vasiliev
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Physico-chemical and toxicological characterization of iron-containing albumin nanoparticles as platforms for medical imaging
Authors: Ina Rosenberger, Christian Schmithals, Jennifer Vandooren, Silvia Bianchessi, Paolo Milani, Erica Locatelli, Liron L. Israel, Frank Hübner, Michela Matteoli, Jean-Paul Lellouche, Mauro Comes Franchini, Lorena Passoni, Eugenio Scanziani, Ghislain Opdenakker, Albrecht Piiper, Jörg Kreuter
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2014)
The Clinical Impact of Human Respiratory Virus Infections
Authors: Floyd W. Denny
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Acute respiratory infections are the most frequent illnesses of the human host. Most infections are caused by viruses and bacteria; the proportion caused by viruses is much greater. The viruses most frequently involved are adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, and rhinoviruses. Acute respiratory infections are more common in young children, have rather specific seasonal occurrences, and some agents are associated with specific respiratory syndromes. Risk factors associated with increased incidence or severity of respiratory infections are occurrence in the very young or the elderly; crowding; being male; inhaled pollutants; anatomic, metabolic, genetic or immunologic disorders; and malnutrition, including vitamin or micronutrient deficiency. Respiratory infections are a much greater problem in developing countries than in developed countries and are the leading causes of death in children under 5 yr of age. The same agents cause infections, and the incidence of total respiratory infections is the same as in the developed countries. The precise causes of increased morbidity and mortality in the developing world are unclear, but crowding, inhaled pollutants, and malnutrition are likely candidates. The interactive role of viruses and bacteria is not clear but may play a role in increased severity of respiratory infections. Denny FW, Jr. The clinical impact of human respiratory virus infections.
Association Between Treatment With Brachytherapy vs Whole-Breast Irradiation and Subsequent Mastectomy, Complications, and Survival Among Older Women With Invasive Breast Cancer
Authors: Grace L. Smith, Ying Xu, Thomas A. Buchholz, Sharon H. Giordano, Jing Jiang, Ya-Chen Tina Shih, Benjamin D. Smith
Journal: JAMA (2012)

A MEANS OF delivering radiation using an implanted radioactive source and has been used to treat various malignancies.Recently, breast brachytherapy has emerged as an alternative to whole-breast irradiation (WBI), the standard radiation treatment after lumpectomy. 1,2Compared with WBI, brachytherapy irradiates less breast tissue and requires a much shorter course of treatment.As many as 10% of older women with breast cancer are now treated with brachytherapy, 3-5 and at least 50 000 have been treated to date in the United States. 6Controversy persists, however, regarding appropriateness of widespread adoption of brachytherapy as the sole radiation treatment modality following lumpectomy. 1,5Although WBI is proven to decrease risk of local recurrence after lumpectomy and thereby optimize the long-term likelihood of breast preservation, 7,8 a paucity of mature randomized data directly compar-
Randomised prostate cancer screening trial: 20 year follow-up
Authors: G. Sandblom, E. Varenhorst, J. Rosell, O. Lofman, P. Carlsson
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To assess whether screening for prostate cancer reduces prostate cancer specific mortality. <b>Design</b> Population based randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b> Department of Urology, Norrköping, and the South-East Region Prostate Cancer Register. <b>Participants</b> All men aged 50-69 in the city of Norrköping, Sweden, identified in 1987 in the National Population Register (n=9026). <b>Intervention</b> From the study population, 1494 men were randomly allocated to be screened by including every sixth man from a list of dates of birth. These men were invited to be screened every third year from 1987 to 1996. On the first two occasions screening was done by digital rectal examination only. From 1993, this was combined with prostate specific antigen testing, with 4 µg/L as cut off. On the fourth occasion (1996), only men aged 69 or under at the time of the investigation were invited. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Data on tumour stage, grade, and treatment from the South East Region Prostate Cancer Register. Prostate cancer specific mortality up to 31 December 2008. <b>Results</b> In the four screenings from 1987 to 1996 attendance was 1161/1492 (78%), 957/1363 (70%), 895/1210 (74%), and 446/606 (74%), respectively. There were 85 cases (5.7%) of prostate cancer diagnosed in the screened group and 292 (3.9%) in the control group. The risk ratio for death from prostate cancer in the screening group was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.73). In a Cox proportional hazard analysis comparing prostate cancer specific survival in the control group with that in the screened group, the hazard ratio for death from prostate cancer was 1.23 (0.94 to 1.62; P=0.13). After adjustment for age at start of the study, the hazard ratio was 1.58 (1.06 to 2.36; P=0.024). <b>Conclusions</b> After 20 years of follow-up the rate of death from prostate cancer did not differ significantly between men in the screening group and those in the control group. <b>Trial registration</b> Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN06342431.
Ectopic Production of Parathyroid Hormone by Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: Giora M. Mavligit, Joseph L. Cohen, Louis M. Sherwood
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

HYPERCALCEMIA is a common complication of breast cancer usually associated with radiologic evidence of skeletal metastases or the administration of hormone therapy.1 , 2 Although the neoplasms associated with ectopic production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) have recently been reviewed,3 there is a striking absence of breast cancer among them. Furthermore, carcinoma of the breast has not been included among the tumors in which the presence of immunoreactive PTH-like activity has been documented.4 , 5 In the following ease the tumor tissue contained a PTH-like substance.Case ReportA 44-year-old premenopausal woman underwent a radical mastectomy in 1966 for removal of a duct-cell carcinoma of . . .
Chronic Atrophic Fundic Gastritis Diagnosed by a Modified Congo Red Test
Authors: E. Tóth, K. Sjölund, F.-T. Fork, C. Lindström
Journal: Endoscopy (1995)

Background and Study Aims: Chronic atrophic fundic gastritis (CAFG) is associated with several diseases, such as gastric cancer, gastric ulcer, pernicious anemia, and bacterial overgrowth. In spite of recent technical improvements, the gastroscopic diagnosis of CAFG remains uncertain. Congo red chromogastroscopy is capable of visualizing acid-producing normal fundic mucosa, but has hitherto not been suitable for routine use. The aim of our study was to establish a reliable endoscopic technique with which to diagnose CAFG.
US to launch major brain research initiative
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

US president Barack Obama announced on 2 April that he will include about $100m (£66.1m; €77.9m) in his 2014 budget to jumpstart a major initiative to map the human brain.

The goal of the BRAIN Initiative—short for Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies—is to develop technology that will help researchers study individual brain cells as well as complex neural circuits.1 2

Knowledge gained from the initiative should lead to new treatments …
A characteristic rash
Authors: E E Craythorne, S Wong, R M. Jones, A W P d. Vivier
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 53 year old man presented with an itchy, red rash on his lower leg after a trip to Brazil. He recalled having been bitten on the right ankle while on a beach and had covered the bite with a plaster. The initial bite mark on the ankle extended by 1-2 cm per day in a serpiginous pattern across the ankle and up the leg (figure)⇓. Other than intense irritation of the skin, he had no other symptoms and was systemically well. 



An itchy rash





### Short answers

### Long answers

Cutaneous larva migrans is …
Factors affecting quality of informed consent.
Authors: C Lavelle-Jones, D J Byrne, P Rice, A Cuschieri
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To examine the factors influencing quality of informed consent. DESIGN--Prospective study comprising interviews with patients and patients9 completing standard questionnaires. SETTING--Academic surgical unit of large teaching hospital. PATIENTS--265 patients undergoing intrathoracic, intraperitoneal, and vascular surgical procedures. Of these patients, 192 have been followed up for six months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Patients9 recall of information at various points in the study; this score was compared by age, provision of written information, cognitive function, intelligence quotient (IQ), mood state and personality traits, and health locus of control. RESULTS--The patients were best informed immediately after signing the consent form and from then on recall of information deteriorated. A total of 172/250 (69%) patients admitted to not reading the consent form before signing it. Old age adversely affected recall of information at all assessment points. Impaired cognitive function reduced information recall only during the stay in hospital. Patients with above average IQs handled information better than those with a lower IQ except immediately after the signing of consent forms. Patients with an internal locus of health control (that is, those who believed their health to be in their own control) were better informed than those with an external locus of health control. Operation information cards improved recall only on the day of discharge. CONCLUSION--Elderly patients and patients with below average IQ, impaired cognitive functions, and an external locus of control have poor information recall. Written information may be more useful if given before admission to hospital.
Estrogenic Hormone Therapy in Advanced Breast Cancer.
Authors: B. J. Kennedy
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 April 1964Estrogenic Hormone Therapy in Advanced Breast Cancer.B. J. Kennedy, M.D., F.A.C.P.B. J. Kennedy, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-4-718_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptPhysiologic doses of estrogenic hormone have been demonstrated to stimulate breast cancer in young women, thereby providing a rationale for castration as a therapy in premenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. In postmenopausal women, estrogenic hormones have been effective in the treatment of advanced breast cancer, but it has been implied that the androgenic hormones are more effective. The latter have produced improvements in 21% of patients.To test the effect of estrogenic hormones in premenopausal women with advanced breast cancer, massive doses (1,000 mg daily of stilbestrol) were administered. Improvement occurred in 17%. A randomized, comparative measurement of the... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Minneapolis, Minnesota PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1964Volume 60, Issue 4Page: 718-718KeywordsBreast cancerCancer treatmentEstrogensHormonal therapyHormones Issue Published: 1 April 1964 PDF DownloadLoading ...