tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the force-frequency effect on myocardial contractility by adrenergic stimulation in conscious dogs.
Authors: M Kambayashi, T Miura, B H Oh, H A Rockman, K Murata, J Ross
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND The influence of changes in heart rate on myocardial contractility (the force-frequency effect) differs under various experimental conditions, including the anesthetized versus the conscious state. METHODS AND RESULTS To assess the influence of beta-adrenergic stimulation on force-frequency effects on myocardial contraction and relaxation, seven instrumented conscious dogs were studied in which heart rate could be controlled by atrial pacing after the intrinsic rate was slowed with a bradycardiac agent (UL-FS 49 0.5-0.75 mg/kg). Left ventricular (LV) pressure was measured with a micromanometer under resting conditions and during dobutamine infusion at low, intermediate, and high doses (2.7, 5.4, and 10.7 micrograms/kg/min). At each dose, heart rate was progressively increased from 100 to 210 beats per minute. In the absence of dobutamine (control), no significant positive force-frequency effect was detected on LV dP/dtmax; this was probably due to the known effect of the observed decrease in preload to reduce LV dP/dtmax, thereby offsetting an effect of the force-frequency response to increased dP/dt. However, during dobutamine infusions, the force-frequency effect was observed to increase significantly in a dose-dependent manner with increases in heart rate. An increase in heart rate from 100 to 210 beats per minute increased LV dP/dtmax by 12.4 +/- 12.5% with low-dose, 22.7 +/- 13.1% with intermediate-dose, and 27.5 +/- 8.9% with high-dose dobutamine. Changes in preload and aortic pressure were within the same ranges under control conditions and at each of the three dobutamine doses. The time constant of LV pressure fall (tau) was significantly shorter with increases in heart rate during control, but only the highest dobutamine dose caused further significant shortening in tau with increased heart rate. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that there is a pronounced dose-dependent action of beta-adrenergic stimulation to enhance force-frequency-induced contractile responses in normal conscious dogs.
Incorporation of iododeoxyuridine into neoplastic DNA: A fraudulent magic bullet?
Authors: Paul Calabresi, Gregory Curt
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Fourteen patients received 5–iodo–2 –deoxyuridine (IdUrd) before surgery for placement of a hepatic arterial catheter. Biopsy specimens were obtained at the time of surgery and the incorporation of IdUrd into DNA in tumor and normal hepatic tissue was measured by high–performance liquid chromatography and used as an index of drug selectivity. Over a 3–day intravenous infusion of IdUrd at 1,000 mg/m 2 /day, substitution for thymidine in tumor DNA averaged 3.1%. Normal hepatic DNA contained &lt;1% substitution by IdUrd. Arterial delivery of IdUrd increased levels in DNA, whereas modulation with fluorodeoxyuridine produced mixed results. In six patients, flow cytometric analysis showed that the tumor contained a median of 32% tumor cells that had incorporated IdUrd in 3 days, corresponding to a potential doubling time of only 10 days. Thymidylate synthetase activity in tumors was 20–fold greater than in normal liver tissue, whereas thymidine kinase activity was two–fold greater in tumors. These pharmacological studies encourage further clinical trials of IdUrd as a cytotoxic agent or radiosensitizer.
Association of University Clinical Academic Staff
Authors: I. A. D. Bouchier
Journal: BMJ (1966)

The environmental drivers of species distributions and abundances are at the core of ecological research. However, the effects of these drivers on human abundance are not well-known. Here, we report how net primary productivity, biodiversity, and pathogen stress affect human population density using global ethnographic hunter-gatherer data. Our results show that productivity has significant effects on population density globally. The most important direct drivers, however, depend on environmental conditions: biodiversity influences population density exclusively in low-productivity regions, whereas pathogen stress does so in high-productivity regions. Our results also indicate that subtropical and temperate forest biomes provide the highest carrying capacity for hunter-gatherer populations. These findings document that environmental factors play a key role in shaping global population density patterns of preagricultural humans.
A Prospective Study of Organochlorines in Adipose Tissue and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Elvira Vaclavik Bräuner, Mette Sørensen, Eric Gaudreau, Alain LeBlanc, Kirsten Thorup Eriksen, Anne Tjønneland, Kim Overvad, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Exposure to organochlorines has been examined as a potential risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), with inconsistent results that may be related to limited statistical power or to imprecise exposure measurements.Our purpose was to examine associations between organochlorine concentrations in prediagnostic adipose tissue samples and the risk of NHL.We conducted a case–cohort study using a prospective Danish cohort of 57,053 persons enrolled between 1993 and 1997. Within the cohort we identified 256 persons diagnosed with NHL in the population-based nationwide Danish Cancer Registry and randomly selected 256 subcohort persons. We measured concentrations of 8 pesticides and 10 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in adipose tissue collected upon enrollment. Associations between the 18 organochlorines and NHL were analyzed in Cox regression models, adjusting for body mass index.Incidence rate ratios and confidence intervals (CIs) for interquartile range increases in concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT), cis-nonachlor, and oxychlordane were 1.35 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.66), 1.13 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.36), and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.38), respectively, with monotonic dose–response trends for DDT and cis-nonachlor based on categorical models. The relative risk estimates were higher for men than for women. In contrast, no clear association was found between NHL and PCBs.We found a higher risk of NHL in association with higher adipose tissue levels of DDT, cis-nonachlor, and oxychlordane, but no association with PCBs. This is the first study of organochlorines and NHL using prediagnostic adipose tissue samples in the exposure assessment and provides new environmental health evidence that these organochlorines contribute to NHL risk.
THE NATIONAL FORMULARY.ITS ATTITUDE TO PHARMACEUTICAL PROPRIETARIES.
Authors: C. LEWIS DIEHL
Journal: JAMA (1906)

In the address of a pharmacist to physicians it is unavoidable that his professional bias shall in a greater or less degree dictate the thoughts he designs to express. The subject of my address, however, is one on which we as pharmacists and you as physicians meet on common ground; it is a subject on which we are mutually and equally interested, and one which we must carefully consider and clearly understand if we wish, in some degree at least, to ameliorate conditions which have well-nigh succeeded in annihilating professional pharmacy, without a compensating benefit to the profession of medicine. The defenders of these untoward conditions tell us that these are the inevitable results of modern progress and invention; that the development of pharmacy has gone hand in hand with the advance in medicine; and they even go so far as to claim that only by this development of pharmacy
Interferon and Genital Condylomata
Authors: William J. Mann
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To the Editor.  —We are writing in response to the article on the use of interferon for treating condyloma 1 and the accompanying editorial, 2 which appeared in the Jan 22/29 issue of JAMA .  We are concerned about the adequacy of the evaluation given to female patients before the start of therapy. In our experience, 68% of patients referred with vulval condyloma had biopsyproved cervical and vaginal pathology. 3 In the absence of colposcopic evaluation, how are we to be sure that the patients treated in this study did not indeed have vaginal and cervical lesions? If we accept this possibility, then the results are called into question. Did the patient who had a vulval response also have responsive internal lesions? Or are the patients who failed to respond those patients in whom vaginal and cervical lesions were present and not treated? We are particularly concerned since in our experience
New competition rules threaten role of voluntary sector in NHS, charities say
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Several leading charities have joined medical bodies in condemning controversial new NHS competition rules, ahead of a crucial debate in the House of Lords next week.

Representatives of voluntary sector groups, including the charities Marie Curie Cancer Care, National Voices, and Sue Ryder, have warned the government that secondary legislation requiring large sections of the NHS in England to be opened up to the market risked forcing them out of the NHS.

In an unpublished briefing paper to peers ahead of the debate in the Lords on 24 April, the charities said that the regulations—put forward under section 75 of the Health and Social Care Act—would force clinical …
Operative Treatment of Typhoid Perforation of the Bowel
Authors: E. Q. Archampong
Journal: BMJ (1969)

One hundred and twenty-one proved cases of typhoid perforation were seen in a three-year period; the incidence of perforation, 17.9%, is the highest recorded. All patients were treated by laparotomy with closure and drainage. The mortality was 29.8%, but 76% when operation was performed after the fifth day of perforation.
Bad medicine: chest examination
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Respiratory and cardiac assessment are central to clinical examination. As a student I always agreed that I had heard murmurs, crepitations, and rubs, even when I hadn’t. Good doctors found signs, and I didn’t want to look stupid. When I started work I noticed that colleagues changed their recorded findings after chest radiography; signs moved from left to right, and effusion appeared where none was recorded before. Good doctors were cheating, and in the real world I missed pneumothoraces, heart failure, embolisms, and effusions on clinical examination. What I had …
CHANGES IN SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION WITH AMYTAL SODIUM
Authors: EDWIN A. WEINSTEIN, SIDNEY MALITZ
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1954)

1. Attitudes toward and recognition of illness and hospitalization were studied before and during the intravenous administration of amobarbital sodium. Changes in language patterns and nonverbal aspects of behavior were compared in 50 patients with pre-existing brain disease and a like number of normal subjects with comparable disabilities. 2. Prior to receiving the drug, all patients expressed awareness of illness, were completely oriented for place, and identified the examiners correctly. With the drug, explicit denial of illness, disorientation for place, and gross misidentification of the examiners occurred only in some of the patients with brain damage. In the normal group, subjects talked of illness in terms of a third person, used more "concrete" symbols, selectively misinterpreted questions about illness and misnamed the examiners in "paraphasic" fashion. 3. Amobarbital sodium did not necessarily make patients more communicative. Thirty patients in both groups showed no changes in verbal or nonverbal behavior. Some talked more, others less. 4. Euphoria was noted in II patients in the normal group and in 17 with brain disease. The euphoria frequently alternated with paranoid and depressed attitudes. It was not related to the dosage of the drug and in some instances came on after the interview was terminated. Ludicrous aspects of behavior were prominent. 5. The euphoria, drowsiness, dysarthria, and dystaxia produced, unlike the nystagmus, cannot be explained in terms of any particular neurophysiologic mechanism of action of barbiturates but must be considered in symbolic as well as physiological concepts. 6. Amobarbital sodium, given under the conditions described, appeared to provide a milieu of brain function in which not new motivations but new symbolic forms for their expression could be evolved and maintained. These are best interpreted not in terms of "release of repressed material" but as an adaptive, more effective defense in a situation of greater stress. 7. The productions of patients under the influence of amobarbital sodium should be interpreted not only in a factual referential context but as a symbolic representation of wishes and feelings expressed in personal, spatial, and temporal terms. 8. The observed behavior could not be explained in physiological or psychophysiological terms as "cortical depression" or "release of inhibition." It is suggested that much of the behavior ascribed to such mechanisms may be largely manifestations of a particular observer-subject relationship.
The Implications of the 1992 Presidential Election for Health Care Reform
Authors: Robert J. Blendon
Journal: JAMA (1992)

WHAT message about health reform should our elected officials, the health care community, and the American people take from the 1992 presidential election? As an issue, health care enjoyed considerable prominence in the presidential campaign. But is there sufficient support to pass a health reform plan? And if so, from the voters' perspective, what would such a plan have to look like? This article uses the results of an election night survey of voters, combined with secondary analysis of preelection and election-day exit polls, to examine these questions. The public's responses tell us a great deal about the role of health care in the 1992 election and in the agenda for the newly elected President and Congress. <h3>Data and Methods</h3> The data reported herein are derived primarily from three sources. The first is a national public opinion survey conducted on election night, November 3,1992, by Louis Harris &amp; Associates on
STUDIES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY TO LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT SUBSTANCES
Authors: Herman N. Eisen, Sidney Belman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1953)

2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenyl chloride (DSCl) and 2,4-dinitrophenylthiocyanate (DSCN) elicited allergic reactions of the delayed type when applied to the skin of guinea pigs and of human beings who had been sensitized by prior exposure to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DF). DSCl and DSCN, together with 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonate (DSO(3)), constitute a clearly defined group of allergenic dinitrophenyl compounds in that they all combined with skin protein in vivo through reaction with cysteine or cystine. In vitro, these compounds combine with free SH groups, and with -S-S- groups of hair and epidermis, but not with -S-S- groups of oxidized glutathione or of bovine gamma globulins. DSO(3), DSCl, and DSCN did not react with amino groups in vivo, but did react with protein amino groups in vitro at pH values of about 10. Another group of dinitrophenyl compounds (DF, DCl, and DBr) previously had been shown to combine with lysine epsilon-NH(2) groups of epidermal proteins. In the present work it was found that these compounds do not react with the disulfide groups of these proteins, either in vivo or in vitro. Moreover, they did not seem to react with SH groups of viable skin, although they are highly reactive with sulfhydryl in vitro. This apparent discrepancy between reactivity with SH groups in vitro and in vivo may be due to the fact that the chromatographic technique employed was relatively insensitive for the sulfhydryl derivative. When a compound of either group was applied to the skin surface, dinitrophenyl-amino acids were recovered from the epidermis but not from the dermis. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of the epidermal localization of dinitrophenyl-protein conjugates.
Mechanism of Impaired Left Ventricular Wall Motion in the Diabetic Heart Without Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Ken'ya Sakamoto, Yoshimitsu Yamasaki, Nanto Shinsuke, Tsuyoshi Shimonagata, Takakazu Morozumi, Tomoki Ohara, Yuzuru Takano, Hiroyuki Nakayama, Keiji Kamado, Seiki Nagata, Hideo Kusuoka, Tsunehiko Nishimura, Masatsugu Hori
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

To elucidate whether impairment of the myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism and small vessel abnormalities in the myocardium are etiologic or contributory factors of myocardial dysfunction in patients with NIDDM without any significant coronary artery disease.We performed myocardial imaging with 123I-labeled beta-methyl-p-iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP), a branched analog of FFA, and dipyridamole-infusion 201thallium scintigraphy (Dip) in nine patients who demonstrated left ventricular wall motion abnormalities without any significant coronary artery disease and in fifteen control cases. As an index of myocardial FFA metabolism, the heart-to-mediastinum count ratio (H/M) of BMIPP was calculated from the mean count in the regions of interest at the heart and the upper mediastinum.Nine patients with reduced wall motion documented by left ventriculography (LVG), (hypokinetic group) demonstrated significantly lower BMIPP uptake (2.1 +/- 0.2, mean +/- SD) than fifteen patients with normal wall motion (normokinetic group) (2.3 +/- 0.2, P < 0.05). Regional ventricular wall motion observed by LVG, regional BMIPP uptake, and regional redistribution phenomenon (RD) were evaluated for five regions of the left ventricle: anterior, septal, apical, lateral, and inferoposterior regions. Wall motion was abnormal in 24 out of 120 regions. Regional BMIPP uptake was reduced in 47 regions. RD in Dip was observed in 23 regions. In regional analysis, the existence of defect in the BMIPP image showed significant correlation with wall motion abnormality (P < 0.01), but there was no significant relationship between the RD in Dip and regional wall motion abnormality (P = 0.16). Myocardial biopsy specimens obtained from the right ventricle of 20 patients showed no pathologic changes, with the exception of two patients.Our findings suggest that impairment of myocardial FFA metabolism rather than small vessel abnormalities in the myocardium is responsible for modest left ventricular dysfunction in patients with diabetes.
Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evolution and Phylogeny of the Atlantic Alcidae, Including the Extinct Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis)
Authors: Truls Moum, Ulfur Arnason, Einar Árnason
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

The Atlantic auk assemblage includes four extant species, razorbill (Alca torda), dovekie (Alle alle), common murre (Uria aalge), and thick-billed murre (U. lomvia), and one recently extinct species, the flightless great auk (Pinguinus impennis). To determine the phylogenetic relationships among the species, a contiguous 4.2-kb region of the mitochondrial genome from the extant species was amplified using PCR. This region included one ribosomal RNA gene, four transfer RNA genes, two protein-coding genes, the control region, and intergenic spacers. Sets of PCR primers for amplifying the same region from great auk were designed from sequences of the extant species. The authenticity of the great auk sequence was ascertained by alternative amplifications, cloning, and separate analyses in an independent laboratory. Phylogenetic analyses of the entire assemblage, made possible by the great auk sequence, fully resolved the phylogenetic relationships and split it into two primary lineages, Uria versus Alle, Alca, and Pinguinus. A sister group relationship was identified between Alca and Pinguinus to the exclusion of Alle. Phylogenetically, the flightless great auk originated late relative to other divergences within the assemblage. This suggests that three highly divergent species in terms of adaptive specializations, Alca, Alle, and Pinguinus, evolved from a single lineage in the Atlantic Ocean, in a process similar to the initial adaptive radiation of alcids in the Pacific Ocean.
Psychophysiological Reactions to International Adjustment
Authors: Ingrid Anderzén, Bengt B. Arnetz
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1999)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; This controlled prospective study examines psychophysiological reactions in employees during their first and second year abroad to identify individual as well as work-related factors predictive of positive adjustment. &lt;i&gt;Methods: &lt;/i&gt;Employees (n = 47) relocating from Sweden to a foreign country on a work-related assignment were followed. The subjects completed a questionnaire before relocation and after 1 and 2 years abroad. Blood samples were collected for determination of the stressor-related hormones prolactin, cortisol and testosterone. A matched non-moving reference group of employees (n = 35) responded to the questionnaire at similar time periods, and also provided blood samples. &lt;i&gt;Results: &lt;/i&gt;During the years abroad, the expatriate employees experienced increased psychosocial stress as well as negative adjustment as reflected in circulating levels of prolactin and testosterone, worse mental well-being and worsening subjective work environment, as compared with the non-moving group. The greatest change occurred during the first year. Individual factors such as social support, internal locus of control, self-esteem and sense of coherence modified the stress response and predicted employees’ ability to adjust to foreign assignments. Negative changes in the psychosocial work environment explained to a large degree the decrease in work adjustment during the first year and these findings were also reflected in physiological stress indicators. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; The study emphasises the importance for multinational organisations to look at these individual characteristics before sending employees abroad. They also need to get more involved in supporting employees to manage stressors characteristic of the first year of foreign work.