tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Assets and Liabilities of the University Hospital Internship
Authors: Charles G. Child
Journal: JAMA (1964)

IN 1914 the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association formally recognized the importance of internships to medical education and training. In this year the AMA published for the first time its directory of hospitals approved for education and training during the first year after graduation from medical school. Through the years this list has been modified and expanded as need arose. In addition to this publication the AMA sponsored major reports upon the nature and significance of the internship in 1920,<sup>1</sup>1940,<sup>2</sup>and 1953.<sup>3</sup>During this same period the internship as a phenomenon in medicine and surgery has been the subject of numerous other reports.<sup>4,5</sup>Practically all of these have dealt with one or another of the ills of transition with which the internship has been afflicted as its position in the American medical scene has changed. Of particular importance to
Depressive changes after fluphenazine treatment.
Authors: J. Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1969)

CBICorrspoUnAL dent body in case doctors run the risk of practising " State-controlled medicine."The examples of judiciary and many Government subsidized universities can be cited where interference of the State is not tolerated, and they discharge their function admirably.Lastly, when all is said and done, I see the inevitability of the situation.It is a question of earning one's livelihood.After all those years in medical schools and then in hospital service, the doctor has to practise his or her trade, and it seems there will soon be a day when one practically pays all one earns to loudly announce once again to the whole world, " It is a sacrifice which I promise unto death."-Iam, etc.,
Symptoms as latent variables
Authors: Dennis J. McFarland, Loretta S. Malta
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

In the target article, Cramer et al. suggest that diagnostic classification is improved by modeling the relationship between manifest variables (i.e., symptoms) rather than modeling unobservable latent variables (i.e., diagnostic categories such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder). This commentary discusses whether symptoms represent manifest or latent variables and the implications of this distinction for diagnosis and treatment.
[303] CHRONIC OPIOID ADMINISTRATION INDUCES OXIDANT AND APOPTOTIC DAMAGE IN THE MICE LIVER
Authors: S. Payabvash, A. Beheshtian, A.H. Salmasi, S. Kiumehr, M.H. Ghahremani, S.M. Tavangar, A.R. Dehpour
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Amantadine-induced afterpotentials and automaticity in guinea pig ventricular myocytes.
Authors: M Hiraoka, Y Hirano, S Kawano, Z Fan, T Sawanobori
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

The ionic mechanisms of amantadine-induced changes in membrane potential and automatic activity in guinea pig ventricular myocytes were studied using the suction-pipette whole-cell clamp method. While 25-100 microM amantadine decreased the action potential amplitude and duration, 200 and 400 microM amantadine lengthened the action potential duration and decreased the maximum diastolic potential with an appearance of diastolic depolarization and automaticity. In the presence of 25-100 microM amantadine, the preparations developed an afterpotential due to incomplete repolarization and a delayed afterdepolarization that eventually brought about triggered automaticity. The former type of afterpotential was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX) and the latter by Co2+. Spontaneous activity from the diastolic depolarization was also abolished by Co2+ but not by Cs+. Amantadine suppressed the calcium current to as much as half of the control at the concentrations used (25-200 microM). The drug also produced a depression of the inward rectifier K+ current. The outward current showing time-dependent decay was activated at the plateau voltages by concentrations lower than 100 microM, whereas the delayed outward K+ current was depressed by the drug in a concentration-dependent manner at more positive potentials. Amantadine activated the TTX-sensitive and TTX-insensitive inward currents on repolarization from depolarized states, without producing the transient inward current. These results indicate that the amantadine-induced diastolic depolarization and afterpotentials are caused by changes in multiple ionic currents and that, therefore, the drug can be used as a unique model for the study of arrhythmogenesis.
Ability and Reproducibility of Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography to Detect Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Atrophy in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Elena Garcia-Martin, Maria Satue, Isabel Fuertes, Sofia Otin, Raquel Alarcia, Raquel Herrero, Maria P. Bambo, Javier Fernandez, Luis E. Pablo
Journal: Ophthalmology (2012)
Drugs for preventing cardiovascular disease in China
Authors: Jin Ling Tang, Yong Hua Hu
Journal: BMJ (2005)

week argue that professional skills are too often used ineffectively or inappropriately. [7]][9] Most importantly, health professionals still have much to learn from patients about their needs. 10Four years ago the US Institute of Medicine called for healthcare systems that respect patients' values, preferences, and expressed needs; coordinate and integrate care across boundaries of the system; provide the information, communication, and education that people need and want; and guarantee physical comfort, emotional support, and the involvement of family and friends.w6 There is still a lot of work to do to achieve these ideals.
Adaptation of Upper Airway Muscles to Chronic Endurance Exercise
Authors: Heather K. Vincent, Robert A. Shanely, Darby J. Stewart, Haydar A. Demirel, Karyn L. Hamilton, Andrew D. Ray, Charles Michlin, Gaspar A. Farkas, Scott K. Powers
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

We tested the hypothesis that chronic endurance exercise is associated with the recruitment of four major upper airway muscles (genioglossus, digastric, sternohyoid, and omohyoid) and results in an increased oxidative capacity and a fast-toward-slow shift in myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms of these muscles. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8; 60 days old) performed treadmill exercises for 12 weeks (4 days/week; 90 minutes/day). Age-matched sedentary female rats (n = 10) served as control animals. Training was associated with an increase (p < 0.05) in the activities of both citrate synthase and superoxide dismutase in the digastric and sternohyoid muscles, as well as in the costal diaphragm. Compared with the control animals, Type I MHC content increased (p < 0.05) and Type IIb MHC content decreased (p < 0.05) in the digastric, sternohyoid, and diaphragm muscles of exercised animals. Training did not alter (p > 0.05) MHC phenotype, oxidative capacity, or antioxidant enzyme activity in the omohyoid or genioglossus muscle. These data indicate that endurance exercise training is associated with a fast-to-slow shift in MHC phenotype together with an increase in both oxidative and antioxidant capacity in selected upper airway muscles. It seems possible that this exercise-mediated adaptation is related to the recruitment of these muscles as stabilizers of the upper airway.
S48. Biomarker development for ipilimumab and prostate GVAX treatment
Authors: T de Gruijl, S Santegoets, A Stam, S Lougheed, K Jooss, N Sacks, T Harding, K Hege, W Gerritsen, A van den Eertwegh
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Immunotherapeutic approaches such as vaccination or immune checkpoint blockade have proven to be clinically active in prostate cancer, but only in fractions of treated patients; this calls for personalized application of these novel therapies based on predictive biomarkers. Our
Psychosomatic Illness: A Problem in Communication
Authors: J.C. Nemiah, P.E. Sifneos
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1970)

The transcripts of recorded clinical psychiatric interviews with 20 patients (8 women and 12 men) suffering from psychosomatic illness were studied to ascertain the nature of their mental content and their capacity to experience affect. In 16 of the 20 patients there was evidence of a form of mentation that appears to have escaped the explicit attention of all but a few investigators: 1) These patients manifested either a total unawareness of feelings or an almost complete incapacity to put into words what they were experiencing. 2) The associations of the majority of the patients were characterized by a) a nearly total absence of fantasy or other material related to their inner, private mental life of thoughts, attitudes and feelings, and b) a recounting, often in almost infinite detail, of circumstances and events in their environment, including their own actions. Their thoughts, that is, were stimulus-bound rather than drive-directed.
RENAL SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION FOR RESISTANT HYPERTENSION IN THE REAL WORLD CLINICAL PRACTICE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE SYMPLICITY VENEZUELA REGISTRY
Authors: Humberto S. Casal, Carlos Collet, Bruno Burger, Nusen Beer, Victor Bellera, Carlos Leon, Gabriel Varnagy, Carlos Galan, William Torres, Victor Rodriguez, Carlos Calderas, Mauro Herrera, Pedro Aguiar, Enrique Fermin, Humberto Casal Heredia, Robinson Vasquez, Ochoa Cesar, Roberto Correa Bastidas, Jose Miguel Torres, Pedro Hidalgo, Juan Simon Munoz, Jose Antonio Condado
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Multicenter investigation of coronary stenting to treat acute or threatened closure after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Clinical and angiographic outcomes
Authors: Barry S. George, Gary S. Roubin, Neal E. Fearnot, Cass A. Pinkerton, Albert E. Raizner, Spencer B. King, David R. Holmes, Eric J. Topol, Dean J. Kereiakes, Geoffrey O. Hartzler, William D. Voorhees
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1993)
Increased IL-12 inhibits B cells' differentiation to germinal center cells and promotes differentiation to short-lived plasmablasts
Authors: Sun Jung Kim, Michele Caton, Chuansheng Wang, Magi Khalil, Zhi-Jie Zhou, John Hardin, Betty Diamond
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

B cells activated by antigen in T cell–dependent immune responses can become short-lived plasma cells, which remain in the spleen, or germinal center–derived memory or plasma cells, which show evidence of affinity maturation and, in the case of plasma cells, migrate to the bone marrow. We show that this cell fate decision can be governed by the cytokine environment engendered by activated dendritic cells (DCs). DCs from mice lacking the Fc receptor γ chain exhibited an activated phenotype in vitro. They secreted more of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-12, which led to the preferential generation of short-lived splenic plasma cells, with ensuing low affinity antibodies and a diminished recall response. Understanding the factors that regulate antigen-activated B cell differentiation and memory cell formation has implications for both antibody-mediated autoimmune disease and protective antibody responses.
Medical Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Philip J. Hashkes
Journal: JAMA (2005)

The treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has changed markedly in the last 15 years. Many children with JIA are not treated by pediatric rheumatologists.To review the best evidence for the treatment of JIA.English-language trials of JIA between 1966 and 2005 were searched using MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane database, and abstracts from recent rheumatology and pediatric scientific meetings.Randomized controlled trials and open studies including at least 10 patients for medications without controlled trials.For studies after 1997, the American College of Rheumatology Pediatric 30 outcome measure was used to define patients as responders. For older studies, the primary response outcome measure defined by the authors was used.Thirty-four controlled studies were identified. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective only for a minority of patients, mainly those with oligoarthritis. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections are very effective for oligoarthritis. Methotrexate is effective for the treatment of extended oligoarthritis and polyarthritis and less effective for systemic arthritis. Sulfasalazine and leflunomide may be alternatives to methotrexate. Antitumor necrosis factor medications are highly effective for polyarticular course JIA not responsive to methotrexate but are less effective in systemic arthritis. There is a lack of evidence for the optimal treatment of systemic and enthesitis-related arthritis.Despite many advances in the treatment of JIA, there is still a lack of evidence for treatment of several disease subtypes. The treatment plan needs to be individualized based on the JIA subtype.
The adolescent and liver transplantation
Authors: Patrizia Burra
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)

The outcome of liver transplantation is usually reported in terms of graft and patient survival, medical and surgical complications, and quality of life, but when it comes to transplanted adolescents such conventional parameters are unable to give a full account of their life with a new liver, and their transition from adolescence to adulthood is a time when they are particularly vulnerable. Adolescents with liver transplants have excellent survival rates, over 80% of them surviving more than 10 years. Graft loss is most often associated with complications such as chronic rejection, hepatic artery thrombosis, and biliary complications. Calcineurin inhibitors may have various side effects, including hypertension and nephrotoxicity. Liver-transplanted adolescents are also exposed to viral infections, among which Epstein-Barr virus is very common and associated with the onset of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Growth retardation may also be an issue in some liver transplant recipients. Future studies will determine the best way to assess the functional immune status of adolescents with a transplanted liver with a view to ensuring the best treatment to induce tolerance without the complications of excessive immunosuppression. Schooling may be disrupted due to adolescent transplant recipients' poor adherence. Non-adherence is associated with a poor medical outcome. Both physical and psychosocial functioning is reportedly lower among young liver transplant recipients than in the general population.
Managing chronic diseases
Authors: Birte Twisselmann
Journal: BMJ (2005)

EDITOR—The theme issue on managing chronic diseases deliberately focused on patients' needs, unlike the previous two on the subject, and several issues emerged in the accompanying webchat.1

Was the focus on particular diseases the latest thinking in managing them? Patients' needs and generic self management skills might be more important than the disease they had to live with. However, the ability to use population perspectives and outreach programmes is helpful, as is including a public health perspective into training. Participants were unclear whether these approaches …
Pharmacokinetics of Leucovorin Metabolites in Human Plasma as a Function of Dose Administrated Orally and Intravenously
Authors: D. G. Priest, J. C. Schmitz, M. A. Bunni, R. K. stuart
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1991)

Journal Article Pharmacokinetics of Leucovorin Metabolites in Human Plasma as a Function of Dose Administrated Orally and Intravenously Get access David G. Priest, David G. Priest * Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston * Correspondence to: David G.Priest, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave., Charteston, SC 29425-221. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John C. Schmitz, John C. Schmitz Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Marlene A. Bunni, Marlene A. Bunni Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert K. stuart Robert K. stuart Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 83, Issue 24, 18 December 1991, Pages 1806–1812, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/83.24.1806 Published: 18 December 1991 Article history Received: 28 May 1991 Revision received: 26 August 1991 Accepted: 17 September 1991 Published: 18 December 1991
Immunological detection of residual leukaemic disease in the bone marrow of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: S. Kumar, T. F Carr, I. M Hann, P. H M. Jones, D. I K Evans
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with tumour cells or extracts may undergo blastogenesis. This is the basis of a technique studied in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in childhood in an attempt to predict relapse. Samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow from 82 children with varying degrees of ALL were analysed. Cultures were prepared by incubating a lymphocyte suspension with an autologous bone-marrow suspension. Final ratios of lymphocytes to bone-marrow cells (L: BM) were 1: 1 and 2: 1. Control wells received bone-marrow or lymphocyte suspension only. Cultures were incubated for 72, 96, and 120 hours. All were pulse-labelled with (3)H-TdR and radioactivity was measured by scintillation counting. Results were expressed as the stimulation index, calculated by dividing the mean counts per minute (cpm) of wells containing both lymphocytes and bone-marrow cells by the sum of the mean cpm for control wells. If the stimulation index exceeded 1 at 72, 96, or 120 hours at either L: BM ratio a positive response was recorded.Seventy-six children were in clinical remission at the time of testing (group A) and six were in clinical relapse (group B). In group A 24 patients showed stimulation and relapsed later at a mean time of 3.8 months (21 with marrow disease, two with testicular infiltration, and one with lung infiltration). Sixteen patients showed stimulation and had up to 4% blasts in their bone marrow but remained in remission. Nineteen other patients showed a positive response and several factors may have contributed to this: two underwent a "rebound" lymphocytosis after stopping treatment, nine had current or intercurrent infections, two had persistent unexplained bone-marrow lymphocytosis, but six had no causative symptoms and thus their responses were "true false-positives." Seventeen patients from group A showed no response and remained in remission for a mean of 22.9 months after testing. None of the six children in group B responded, and at testing had 17-85% blasts in their bone marrow.During the study no patient relapsed who had not shown a positive response. The technique merits further study as a guide to the presence of leukaemic cells.
IgA-antigliadin antibodies in IgA mesangial nephropathy (Berger's disease).
Authors: A Fornasieri, R A Sinico, P Maldifassi, P Bernasconi, M Vegni, G D'Amico
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Resulting directly from the discovery of virus-related antigens, rapid progress has marked the last decade of viral hepatitis research. The hepatitis B virion has been tentatively identified as a DNA virus with an endogenous DNA polymerase, and new serological markers for type B hepatitis have been discovered. Hepatitis A antigen has been identified on a virus-like particle thought to be the hepatitis A virion. Progressively more sophisticated assays for hepatitis antigens and antibodies have been applied to the study of viral hepatitis epidemiology and biochemical-biophysical characterization of the agents. Most recently, knowledge learned from such studies has been exploited to develop a prototype non-infectious but immunogenic hepatitis B vaccine using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) purified in large quantities from chronic HBsAg carriers. Especially exciting is the prospect, suggested by serological studies of viral hepatitis, that hepatitis viruses besides hepatitis A and B viruses will be identified.
Endogenous circulating DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Occurrence as multimeric complexes bound to histone.
Authors: P M Rumore, C R Steinman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Little is known about endogenous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) plasma DNA even though it is the presumed precursor of DNA-containing immune complexes, thought to play a central role in lupus glomerulonephritis. DNA purified from SLE plasma formed discrete bands, corresponding to sizes of about 150-200, 400, 600, and 800 bp, closely resembling the characteristic 200 bp "ladder" found with oligonucleosomal (ON) DNA. By radiolabeling DNA while in whole plasma, the very small amounts present could be further characterized. All of 24 such specimens formed two or more discrete bands on 6% PAGE. Detergent treatment of plasma resulted in a DNA migration pattern similar to that of purified DNA, suggesting disruption of DNA-protein complexes. DNA purified from authentic ON and detergent-treated ON behaved similarly. A significant portion of DNA, labeled in SLE plasma could be specifically immunoprecipitated with monoclonal antihistone antibody as was the case with ON. These immunoprecipitates, when redissolved, exhibited the expected size distribution upon PAGE. It is concluded that DNA in SLE plasma occurs as a series of multimeric complexes, at least a portion of which is noncovalently bound to histone. These results are consistent with an ON-like structure for SLE plasma DNA as had been suggested by theoretical considerations and may have important implications for its immunologic behavior in SLE and perhaps other disorders.
Scintigraphic Pattern of Pneumothorax Complicating Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Patients with AIDS
Authors: HOWARD FINESTONE, C RICHARD GOLDFARB, FUKIAT ONGSENG, ISAAC WASSERMAN, HERBERT GARCIA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

Spontaneous pneumothorax is a serious though infrequently reported pulmonary complication of AIDS. An unsuspected lung collapse was discovered via gallium scintigraphy for the study of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Neither the pneumonia nor the pneumothorax were apparent on the most recent chest roentgenogram. In evaluating gallium images during the work-up of AIDS patients with associated pulmonary pathology, the possible complication of lung collapse should be considered. If pneumothorax js suspected on gallium imaging, a chest roentgenogram in expiration must be obtained for prompt delineation of this serious, yet correctable, condition.
Cyclosporine-Ketoconazole Combination Offers Promise in Reducing Antirejection Therapy Costs
Authors: Teri Randall
Journal: JAMA (1990)

RESEARCHERS have wed the prince of immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporine, to a common antifungal medication, ketoconazole, and this union has been shown to slash the costs of antirejection therapy in patients who have undergone kidney transplantation by more than 80%. Historically, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation (East Hanover, NJ), the manufacturer of cyclosporine, has discouraged the concomitant use of ketoconazole (Nizoral, Janssen Pharmaceutica Inc, Piscataway, NJ) because it creates dangerously high cyclosporine levels in the blood. But the kidney transplant team at the University of Cincinnati (Ohio) reports it has harnessed this property of ketoconazole to allow a reduction in the cyclosporine dosage by 70% in the first week and up to 88% after 18 months. "If found to be safe and effective, this drug interaction has enormous potential for reductions in the costs associated with organ transplantation," says Roy First, MD, director of the University of Cincinnati Medical Center's kidney transplantation section.