tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Australia lags behind in attempts to improve health of indigenous people
Authors: Stephen Pincock
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Australia's efforts to improve the health of its indigenous peoples lag behind those of similar wealthy countries, concludes a new report from Oxfam Australia and the National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation.

The report compares the situation of Australian Aborigines with their indigenous counterparts in New Zealand, Canada, and the United States.

It shows that those three countries have narrowed the gap in life expectancy between non-indigenous and indigenous people to approximately seven years. In contrast, Australia's Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders still die at an age nearly 20 years younger than most other Australians.

Specifically, the report shows that life expectancy was 69 years for New Zealand's Maori people and 68.9 …
Auditory Mechanisms of the Lower Brainstem
Authors: John F. Brugge, C. Daniel Geisler
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1978)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
A controlled comparison of flupenthixol and amitriptyline in depressed outpatients.
Authors: J P Young, W C Hughes, M H Lader
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Sixty depressed outpatients were allocated to treatment with either amitriptyline (75-225 mg/day) or flupenthixol (1-5-4-5 mg/day) in flexible dosage for six weeks under double-blind procedures. Various objective and subjective assessments were carried out before and after one, three, and six weeks of treatment. Twenty-three patients completed the course of amitriptyline and 28 the course of flupenthixol. Almost all variables improved significantly over time, irrespective of drug. On most ratings there were no significant differences between the two drugs, but the trends favoured flupenthixol. In particular, flupenthixol lessened anxiety scores more than amitriptyline. Unwanted effects were few and not troublesome except in two patients receiving amitriptyline. Flupenthixol, in low dosage, is a useful alternative antidepressant for depressed outpatients.
A UVULA FORCEPS AND A COMBINED TONSIL SCISSORS AND SEPARATOR
Authors: HENRY R. BOETTCHER
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The fewer instruments one has to deal with in the tonsil operation, the more quickly and successfully can the tonsil be removed. The scissors illustrated here have a keen knife edge, extending completely around the outer margin, making them when closed a double-edged curved separator. This places at once in the hands of the operator in a single instrument a pair of scissors and a double-curved separator to be used in the usual way. In the tonsil operation there is always more or less danger of the uvula being injured, and especially is this true where the snare is used, a piece or all of the uvula being looped up and snared off. To overcome this
On Antistreptococcic Serum in the Treatment of Small-Pox
Authors: W. J. Lindsay
Journal: BMJ (1899)

the empty sac from which a stone has been removed.There is no doubt that many of these sacs, especially when pro- longed attacks of inflammation have destroyed their epi- thelial lining, tend to contract and cicatrise of their own accord if their orifice is of sufficient size to preclude the pos- sibility of pus stagnating in their interior.If on the other hand the orifice of the sac is small and contracted and the sac itself of large size, some means must be adopted for its independent drainage, and the route which is selected must depend on the condition of the patient and the position of the sacculi.As most of these saccules are situated near the base of the bladder, it will probably be advisable if they demand drainage to drain them through the perineum, and to make a temporary channel between the bladder and rectum if this is possible.Table of Cases._Ẽ Patient.Surgeon.Prominent symptoms.z l W. M., ;5 Bruce Clarke Stones removed on two occasions suc-R.cessfully.Died three years later 2 E. H., 67 ,, Stricture.Eneysted stone found at post-D.mortem examination 3H.H., 57 ,, Stricture; stones removed from cysts on R. several occasions 4 -,,iAll dependent on pieces of bone that D. 5
Falling sperm quality
Authors: N. Keiding, A. Giwercman, E. Carlsen, N. E Skakkebaek
Journal: BMJ (1994)

nursing, or other staff trained in health care, in the same law.These reforms represent our way of modern thinking.We believe that Finland is the first country in Europe to include all health care professionals in the same law, in the same way as it was the first country to have a law defining patients' rights.
General practitioners' self ratings of skills in evidence based medicine: validation study
Authors: Jane M Young, Paul Glasziou, Jeanette E Ward
Journal: BMJ (2002)

To practise evidence based medicine, clinicians need to understand and use terms such as “relative risk reduction,” “absolute risk reduction,” and “number needed to treat.”1 Self ratings represent one method of assessing competence in these skills. About a third of clinicians claim to understand such terms.2 We evaluated the validity of self ratings and conducted a blinded validation in general practice.

Fifty general practitioners in Sydney, Australia, completed self administered questionnaires,2 in which they rated their understanding of each of seven terms used in evidence based medicine as “Would not be helpful for me to understand,” “I don't understand but would like to,” “I already have some understanding,” and “I understand this and could explain to others.” We considered the last response to represent full understanding (self rating of competence). Participants sealed their responses in an envelope before participating in a structured interview …
Neutrophil functions and clinical performance after total fasting in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: A M Uden, L Trang, N Venizelos, J Palmblad
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1983)

The effects of fasting for 7 days were investigated in 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in comparison with a control regimen in a cross-over trial. The effects of fasting on clinical performance and blood neutrophil functions were studied. During fasting, with a mean weight loss of 5.1 kg, clinical inflammation in the joints and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) decreased. During the control period the joints either remained unchanged or deteriorated, and no change was observed in the body weight or the ESR. The locomotion of neutrophils under agarose, induced by a reference serum, decreased during the fasting period (p less than 0.001), but no change in their locomotion was induced by an Escherichia coli bacterial factor. During the control period, however, the locomotion induced by either stimulant was significantly decreased. Generation of migration-stimulating factors from the patients9 plasma declined 3 days after the end of fasting (p less than 0.001). The adherence of the neutrophils to nylon fibres was unchanged during both periods. The bactericidal capacity improved during fasting, both in comparison with the initial value (p less than 0.005) and with the values from the control period (p less than 0.001). An association was found between improvement in inflammatory activity of the joints and enhancement of neutrophil bactericidal capacity. Fasting appears to improve the clinical status of patients with RA. This could partly be due to the observed changes in the functions of the neutrophils, since the latter contribute to the inflammatory joint reactions.
Abstract 1343: Protective effect of catechol-O-methyltransferase in human renal cell carcinogenesis
Authors: Inik Chang, Jan Liu, Shahana Majid, Sharanjot Saini, Mohd S. Zaman, Yi Chen, Kamaldeep Singh, Varahram Shahryari, Herman Sandhu, Soichiro Yamamura, Angela V. Dahiya, Guoren Deng, Yuichiro Tanaka
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Exposure to carcinogenic catechol estrogens plays a role in the development of kidney cancer. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) neutralizes the genotoxic effects of these compounds by methoxylation. Although reduced activity of COMT has been suggested as a risk factor for estrogen-associated cancers, its critical role in kidney cancer and underlying mechanisms of renal cell carcinogenesis are largely unknown. To address the role and function of COMT in renal cell carcinomas (RCC), we initially determined levels of COMT in normal kidney and clear cell RCC. The expression of COMT mRNA was down-regulated in clear cell RCC tissues as determined by quantitative PCR. Low expression of COMT protein in clear cell RCC tissues was also confirmed by immunohistochemical counting of staining score (2.5 vs. 0.5 in normal kidney and clear cell RCC, respectively, p&amp;lt;0.001). Since COMT expression is reduced in clear cell RCC compared to normal cells, we explored the function of COMT by transiently over-expressing it in the Caki-1 clear cell RCC cell line with low levels of COMT compared to HK-2 normal renal cells. A significant increase of COMT expression in Caki-1 cells (Caki-1/COMT) compared to parent cells transfected with vector control (Caki-1/pCMV6) was confirmed by both quantitative PCR and Western blot. We investigated the role of COMT on cell proliferation and found that proliferation of Caki-1/COMT cells was decreased by 8 to 15 % in a time dependent manner (from 24 hours to 72 hours, p&amp;lt;0.05). We also assessed the effect of COMT on cell cycle progression by flow cytometry. Over-expression of COMT led to an increase (8 ± 1.6%) in the G0/G1 phase population, whereas the number of cells in S-phase decreased from 5.5 % to 2.6 % (p&amp;lt;0.05). These data indicate that COMT over-expression ameliorate the proliferation of Caki-1 renal cancer cell line by G0/G1 phase arrest. In addition, we analyzed whether COMT expression affects apoptosis of Caki-1 cells by flow cytometry using annexin V-FITC/7-AAD (7-amino actinomycin D) dye. COMT expression resulted in a higher percentage of cells undergoing both early and late apoptosis compared to vector controls (2.3% vs. 0.4 %, respectively for early apoptosis, and 5.5 % vs. 0.8 %, respectively for late apoptosis, p&amp;lt;0.05). Our study indicates that COMT plays a protective role in renal cell carcinogenesis by preventing cellular proliferation and enhancing apoptosis of RCC cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1343. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1343
Correction of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation Using Image-Based Surgical Planning
Authors: Kartik S. Sundareswaran, Diane de Zélicourt, Shiva Sharma, Kirk R. Kanter, Thomas L. Spray, Jarek Rossignac, Fotis Sotiropoulos, Mark A. Fogel, Ajit P. Yoganathan
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2009)
1135 INCREASED ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY AND ACUTE LIVER FAILURE DURING ACUTE INFECTION BY THE NON HEPATOTROPIC CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS: CRITICAL ROLE OF PARACETAMOL
Authors: A. Abergel, W. Rakotoarivonina, J. Weber, F. Binois, M. Lemarinel, B. Chanteranne, S. Massoulier, C. Nicolas, T. Asselah, M. Grandadam, G. Bommelaer, D. Valla, J. Bernuau
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Abstract 2812: mTOR kinase mediates dissemination and colonization of breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Matthew R. Janes, Xin Guo, Marikka Elia, Jocelyn Staunton, Katti Jessen, Christian Rommel, Yi Liu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Early events of metastatic dissemination arise from the ability of tumor cells to acquire a number of biological changes which allow for their survival in distal microenvironments. Among the early events that initiate disseminated tumor populations include epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased potential for invasion that will ultimately lead to colonization of distal sites. The PI3K/mTOR pathway has been linked to clinic-pathalogical features of invasion and metastasis of multiple tumor types. Results: We sought to investigate using both in vitro and in vivo models of metastasis a panel of PI3K/mTOR selective inhibitors, in which INK128, a selective mTOR kinase inhibitor in clinical development was included. Using live-cell time lapse imaging experiments to monitor cell migration and invasion we found that INK128 significantly inhibited motility and velocity of metastatic breast cancer models in wound assays and decreased the ability of tumor cells to migrate through membranes and matrigel. The ability of INK128 to selectively inhibit tumor cell migration in vitro prompted us to assess whether INK128 can prevent tumor dissemination in vivo. In metastatic breast cancer xenograft models we monitored the growth of tumors implanted in mammary fat pads (MFP) and metastatic dissemination by serial noninvasive whole body bioluminescent imaging. We first assessed and characterized the degree of spontaneous metastasis to the lung, liver, auxillary lymph nodes, chest cavity of mice and subsequently the effect of mTOR kinase inihibition on primary tumor growth on the MFP versus overt metastatic dissemination upon daily, oral treatment with INK128. We show that INK128 blocked drastically metastatic spread in a dose-dependent manner without significantly affecting the growth of primary tumors. Interestingly, we found that INK128 did not affect the ability of breast cancer cells to enter into the lungs following an alternative experimental lung metastasis model by lateral tail vein injection but INK128 greatly diminished the capacity of breast cancer cells to subsequently colonize and expand. Conclusion: Our results position mTOR on a metastasis-sustaining axis that engages downstream pathways to support the biological machinery of migration, invasion, and fitness of initiating breast cancer cells during the establishment of thoracic metastases. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2812. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2812
Meningococcal outer membrane vesicle (OMV) antibody avidity indices as a surrogate marker of priming for the induction of immunological memory following vaccination with a meningococcal hexavalent PorA OMV vaccine
Authors: E. Longworth, R. Borrow, D. Goldblatt, P. Balmer, M. Dawson, N. Andrews, E. Miller, K. Cartwright
Journal: Journal of Infection (2002)
Protection against Malaria by MSP3 Candidate Vaccine
Authors: Sodiomon B. Sirima, Simon Cousens, Pierre Druilhe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Malaria is a leading cause of illness and death in the developing world. Thus, the need for an effective vaccine is great. In this phase 1 trial in Burkina Faso, a merozoite surface protein–based vaccine showed some evidence of protection against clinical malaria.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Calls for Activation in Moderation: Lessons from Genetics and Pharmacology
Authors: Chris Knouff, Johan Auwerx
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2004)

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a prototypical member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and integrates the control of energy, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. PPARγ can bind a variety of small lipophilic compounds derived from metabolism and nutrition. These ligands, in turn, determine cofactor recruitment to PPARγ, regulating the transcription of genes in a variety of metabolic pathways. PPARγ is the main target of the thiazolidinedione class of insulin-sensitizing drugs, which are currently a mainstay of therapy for type 2 diabetes. However, this therapy has a number of side effects. Here, we review the clinical consequences of PPARγ polymorphisms in humans, as well as several studies in mice using general or tissue-specific knockout techniques. We also discuss the recent pharmacological literature describing a variety of new PPARγ partial agonists and antagonists, as well as pan-PPAR agonists. The results of these studies have added to the understanding of PPARγ function, allowing us to hypothesize a general mechanism of PPARγ action and speculate on future trends in the use of PPARγ as a target in the treatment of type II diabetes.
Estimates of the proportion of chemicals that were carcinogenic or anticarcinogenic in bioassays conducted by the National Toxicology Program.
Authors: K S Crump, D Krewski, C Van Landingham
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

Estimates were made of the proportion of chemicals that were carcinogenic, anticarcinogenic, or either in 397 long-term bioassays conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). The estimates were obtained from the global pattern of p-values obtained from statistical tests applied to individual experiments. These tests accounted for multiple comparisons using a randomization procedure and were found to operate at the correct level of significance. Representative estimates of the proportion of carcinogens [with 90% confidence intervals (CI)] compared to the NTP estimates were as follows: male mice, 0.32 (CI, 0.19-0.44), NTP = 0.29; female mice, 0. 28 (CI, 0.15-0.41), NTP = 0.34; male rats, 0.35 (CI, 0.23-0.47), NTP = 0.36; female rats, 0.34 (CI, 0.21-0.46), NTP = 0.28; all sexes and species, 0.59 (CI, 0.49-0.69), NTP = 0.51. Representative estimates of the proportion of anticarcinogens were as follows: male mice, 0. 34; female mice, 0.27; male rats, 0.40; female rats, 0.44; all sexes and species, 0.66. Thus, there was as much or more evidence in this study for anticarcinogenesis as carcinogenesis. Even though the estimators used were negatively biased, it was estimated that 85% of the chemicals were either carcinogenic or anticarcinogenic at some site in some sex-species group. This suggests that most chemicals given at high enough doses will cause some sort of perturbation in tumor rates.
Letter: Practolol and the eye.
Authors: S A Ismail
Journal: BMJ (1974)

a live baby was made.Caesarean section through a Pfannenstiel incision revealed a posterior type III placenta praevia but no sign of accidental haemorrhage.A healthy girl was delivered.During examination of the ovaries a clot of blood was removed from the left paracolic gutter and considerable bleeding was apparent from the splenic area.A large left paramedian incision was added and the haemorrhage controlled by packs.Rapid splenectomy was then performed with double ligation of the splenic artery proximal to the aneurysmal dilatation.Recovery was uncomplicated and the patient and her daughter were discharged on the twelfth day.Ruptare of splenic artery aneurysm during
ICAM-1–activated Src and eNOS signaling increase endothelial cell surface PECAM-1 adhesivity and neutrophil transmigration
Authors: Guoquan Liu, Aaron T. Place, Zhenlong Chen, Viktor M. Brovkovych, Stephen M. Vogel, William A. Muller, Randal A. Skidgel, Asrar B. Malik, Richard D. Minshall
Journal: Blood (2012)
The Second Report
Authors: J. K. H. McCullough
Journal: BMJ (1966)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <i>Cassava common mosaic virus</i> (CsCMV) is a potexvirus that causes systemic infections in cassava plants, leading to chlorotic mosaic and producing significant yield losses. To date, the physiological alterations and the mechanism underlying biotic stress during the cassava-CsCMV compatible interaction remains unknown. In this study, we found that CsCMV infection adversely modified chloroplast structure and had functional effects on chloroplasts in source leaves during the course of viral infection. Extrusion of the chloroplast membrane with amoeboid-shaped appearance was observed in infected mesophyll cells. These alterations were associated with lower relative chlorophyll content, and reduced PSII efficiency and CO<sub>2</sub> fixation. Moreover, an oxidative stress process was observed in CsCMV-infected plants. Strong declines in the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>) were observed in infected plants. Furthermore, the analysis of Chlorophyll-a fluorescence (ChlF) evidenced a progressive loss of both oxygen evolving complex activity and “connectivity” within the tripartite system (core antenna-LHCII-Reaction Centre). Other effects of the pathogen included reduction of starch and maltose content in source leaves, and a significant increase of the sucrose/starch ratio, which indicates alteration pattern of carbon. Our results suggest that CsCMV induces chloroplast distortion associated with progressive chloroplast function loss and diversion of carbon flux in source leaf tissue, which should be key in inducing yield losses of infected crops. <h3>Main conclusion</h3> CsCMV infection adversely modified chloroplast structure and had functional effects on chloroplasts during the course of viral infection, associated with metabolic adjustment in cassava source leaves, which would partly explain cassava root yield losses.
Increased T follicular helper cells and germinal center B cells are required for cGVHD and bronchiolitis obliterans
Authors: Ryan Flynn, Jing Du, Rachelle G. Veenstra, Dawn K. Reichenbach, Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari, Patricia A. Taylor, Gordon J. Freeman, Jonathan S. Serody, William J. Murphy, David H. Munn, Stefanie Sarantopoulos, Leo Luznik, Ivan Maillard, John Koreth, Corey Cutler, Robert J. Soiffer, Joseph H. Antin, Jerome Ritz, Jason A. Dubovsky, John C. Byrd, Kelli P. MacDonald, Geoff R. Hill, Bruce R. Blazar
Journal: Blood (2014)