tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Interleukin 6 decreases cell-cell association and increases motility of ductal breast carcinoma cells.
Authors: I Tamm, I Cardinale, J Krueger, J S Murphy, L T May, P B Sehgal
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

Treatment of transformed breast duct epithelial cells with IL-6 produces a unique cellular phenotype characterized by diminished proliferation and increased motility. Human ductal carcinoma cells (T-47D and ZR-75-1 lines) are typically epithelioid in shape and form compact colonies in culture. Time-lapse cinemicrography shows that some untreated cells can transiently become fusiform or stellate in shape and separate from each other within a colony, but they usually rejoin their neighbors. While IL-6 suppresses the proliferation of these carcinoma cells, the IL-6-treated cells generally become stellate or fusiform and show increased motility. These changes persist as long as the cells are exposed to IL-6. This results in the dispersal of cells within colonies. The effects on cell growth, shape, and motility are reversible upon removal of IL-6. IL-6-treated T-47D cells display diminished adherens-type cell junctions, as indicated by markedly decreased vinculin-containing adhesions and intercellular desmosomal attachments. The effects on ZR-75-1 cell shape, colony number, and DNA synthesis are dependent on IL-6 concentration in the range from 0.15 to 15 ng/ml. Higher concentrations are required in T-47D cells for equivalent effects. Anti-IL-6 immune serum blocks IL-6 action. IL-6 represents a well-characterized molecule that regulates both the proliferation and junction-forming ability of breast ductal carcinoma cells.
Reliability of Negative Gynecological Cytological Findings
Authors: Samuel A. Gunn
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  In a review of the literature, Ostergard and Gondos 1 cited the range of false-negative cervical cytological findings as 1.4% to 30%. The authors attempted to establish the incidence of false-negative cytological findings in their own studies by colposcopically directed biopsy. 1 In a series of 100 patients with negative cytological findings, they found three patients with mild dysplasia and one patient with mild to moderate dysplasia, indicative of a false-negative rate of 4% for early squamous dysplasia. No instances of intra-epithelial carcinoma were found.  Quality control standards for cytology have been set by the American College of Pathologists that embody two criteria: (1) 10% of the negative cervical cytological findings screened and reported by cytotechnologists must be reviewed by the cytopathologist, and (2) the surgical pathologist must have the accompanying cytology specimen and report when he reviewsthe tissue specimen submitted.  Since there are few reports
Prognostic Significance of Histopathological Grading and Immunoreactivity for p53 and p21&amp;sol;WAF1 in Grade 2 pTa Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: J. Leissner, R. Hohenfellner, J.W. Th&uuml;roff, C. K&ouml;ppen, H.K. Wolf
Journal: European Urology (2001)
Substitution of Nevirapine, Efavirenz, or Abacavir for Protease Inhibitors in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Esteban Martínez, Juan A. Arnaiz, Daniel Podzamczer, David Dalmau, Esteban Ribera, Pere Domingo, Hernando Knobel, Melcior Riera, Enric Pedrol, Lluis Force, Josep M. Llibre, Ferran Segura, Cristóbal Richart, Cristina Cortés, Manuel Javaloyas, Miquel Aranda, Ana Cruceta, Elisa de Lazzari, José M. Gatell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

We assessed the strategy of substituting nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir for a protease inhibitor in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in whom virologic suppression had been achieved.We randomly assigned 460 adults who were taking two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and at least one protease inhibitor and whose plasma HIV-1 RNA levels had been less than 200 copies per milliliter for at least the previous six months to switch from the protease inhibitor to nevirapine (155 patients), efavirenz (156), or abacavir (149). The primary end point was death, progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or an increase in HIV-1 RNA levels to 200 copies or more per milliliter.At 12 months, the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the likelihood of reaching the end point were 10 percent in the nevirapine group, 6 percent in the efavirenz group, and 13 percent in the abacavir group (P=0.10 according to an intention-to-treat analysis). HIV-1 RNA could be amplified in 21 of the 29 patients in whom virologic failure developed during treatment with study medication (72 percent), and resistance mutations to the study medication and to at least one of the nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in the regimen that failed were detected in all but 1 of the 21 patients. Twenty-three of the 29 patients with virologic failure during treatment with study medication had received prior suboptimal therapy with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Fewer patients in the abacavir group (6 percent) than in the nevirapine group (17 percent) or the efavirenz group (17 percent) discontinued the study medication because of adverse events (P=0.01). The proportion of patients with fasting lipid levels warranting therapeutic intervention decreased significantly in the abacavir group, but the prevalence of clinical lipodystrophy did not change significantly in the three groups.When therapy was switched from a protease inhibitor to nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir in patients with virologic suppression, there was a trend toward a higher rate of virologic failure among those given abacavir.
Genome-wide functional analysis of pathogenicity genes in the rice blast fungus
Authors: Junhyun Jeon, Sook-Young Park, Myoung-Hwan Chi, Jaehyuk Choi, Jongsun Park, Hee-Sool Rho, Soonok Kim, Jaeduk Goh, Sungyong Yoo, Jinhee Choi, Ju-Young Park, Mihwa Yi, Seonyoung Yang, Min-Jung Kwon, Seong-Sook Han, Byeong Ryun Kim, Chang Hyun Khang, Bongsoo Park, Se-Eun Lim, Kyongyong Jung, Sunghyung Kong, Maruthachalam Karunakaran, Hong-Sik Oh, Hyojeong Kim, Seryun Kim, Jaejin Park, Soyoung Kang, Woo-Bong Choi, Seogchan Kang, Yong-Hwan Lee
Journal: Nature Genetics (2007)
A CRITIQUE OF MODERN METHODS IN RACIAL HYGIENE
Authors: WALTER TIMME
Journal: JAMA (1923)

One of the great trends in modern times, indeed, within the last fifty years, is the attempt on the part of the community to help its weaker members. This era was probably ushered in by such epoch-making events as the Emancipation Proclamation, the freeing of the serfs, and the inauguration of the Red Cross. During this time, national societies have arisen in all civilized countries to uplift the individuals whom nature has but scantily endowed with the wherewithal of survival and self-support. Gradually these efforts, from being general in scope, have become more and more specialized so that at present almost every form of inadequacy, inability and disability has its chosen sponsors to look to for protection. Gradually it was found that there were a more or less limited number of basic causes for such incapacities—some of which were remediable— others, again, seemingly beyond help. The line of demarcation between
HEMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF BIOPROSTHETIC AORTIC VALVES: A REAL–WORLD EXPERIENCE
Authors: Karla Campos–Arce, Mayralexandra Barreda, Roberto Cervera, Ross Reul, Joseph Coselli, Ourania Preventza, Nishant Shah, Suwei Wang, Raymond Stainback
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
NONTUBERCULOUS PERIBRONCHITIS SIMULATING OCCULT TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: CHARLES N. MEADER
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Despite the very considerable literature that has appeared on the subject of the so-called chronic nontuberculous pulmonary infections and their differentiation from pulmonary tuberculosis, the occurrence of a mild type of this condition in both adults and children, and the importance of its diagnosis from the slighter forms of tuberculosis, are still altogether too often overlooked. Both conditions are not uncommon, and are frequently dismissed under various indefinite diagnoses. It has seemed worth while to review the histories of a series of patients presenting this problem to learn whether any more definite criteria of differential diagnosis could be developed.  TUBERCULOUS AND NONTUBERCULOUS INFECTIONS  The low grade tuberculous infections in childhood, with characteristic hilum localization, have for years received much attention; and the subject has been lately reviewed from the roentgenographic standpoint by Honeij, 1 and more recently in the clinical report of Eberson. 2 The mild tuberculous infections of adults,
Prospective Evaluation of Body Surface Area as a Determinant of Paclitaxel Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Women with Solid Tumors
Authors: Antonius A. Miller, Gary L. Rosner, Merrill J. Egorin, Donna Hollis, Stuart M. Lichtman, Mark J. Ratain
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: To study a fixed dose (360 mg) of paclitaxel given i.v. over 3 hours to female patients, and to evaluate prospectively the relationships between the following: body surface area and toxicity; body surface area and pharmacokinetics; and pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Experimental Design: The eligibility criteria included the following: female sex; solid tumors; no more than one prior chemotherapy regimen; no prior paclitaxel; performance status of 0 to 2; and normal organ function. Paclitaxel plasma concentrations were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The area under the curve, total body clearance, and hours above 0.05 μmol/L (T &amp;gt; 0.05) were calculated. Results: Thirty-two patients were enrolled, and 29 patients received the correct dose and regimen. For statistical analyses, 26 patients had complete follow-up blood counts, 23 patients had complete data to correlate blood counts and area under the curve, and 25 patients had data to correlate blood counts and T &amp;gt; 0.05. The main toxicity was neutropenia of grade 3 and 4 severity in 21% and 25% of patients, respectively, in cycle 1. The worst grade of any toxicity, nadir WBC and absolute neutrophil count, and survival fractions were assessed; no significant relationship was found between body surface area and any measure of toxicity. Body surface area correlated inversely with area under the curve (r = −0.67; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and correlated with total body clearance (r = 0.69; P &amp;lt; 0.001), but body surface area did not correlate with T &amp;gt; 0.05. Neither area under the curve nor total body clearance were correlated with nadir absolute neutrophil count or survival fractions, but a significant correlation was found between T &amp;gt; 0.05 and log(nadir absolute neutrophil count; r = −0.41; P = 0.04). Conclusions: These results suggest that fixed dosing of paclitaxel is feasible in women, which would simplify the administration of this drug.
The distal colon provides reserve storage capacity during colonic fluid overload
Authors: J Hammer, M Pruckmayer, H Bergmann, K Kletter, A Gangl
Journal: Gut (1997)

Background —In addition to its absorptive function the capacity of the colon to retain fluid might be relevant in compensating for increased fluid loads and prevention of diarrhoea. The distal colon is considered to be mainly a conduit without extensive storage function. Aims —To evaluate colonic volume capacity in a model of pure osmotic diarrhoea. Methods —A non-absorbable, iso-osmotic solution (OS) containing polyethylene glycol (500 ml) was infused into the caecum of nine healthy volunteers; the control group (n=5) received an equal amount of an easily absorbable electrolyte solution (ES). Fluids were radiolabelled with technetium-99m and gamma camera images were obtained for 48 hours. Counts in the proximal and distal colon were measured and regional and overall colonic transit and stool output were quantified. Results —After OS, in contrast to ES, faecal output was increased significantly (p&lt;0.05), but colonic transit after OS was not different from transit after ES (p&gt;0.05). This indicates storage of OS in the colon: after OS infusion, counts in the proximal colon decreased linearly while the distal colon stored approximately 30% of radioactivity for the whole 48 hour study period. After OS, stool output correlated with distal (p&lt;0.01), but not with proximal (p&gt;0.05), colonic transit. In constrast, after ES, stool output was determined by proximal colonic transit (p&lt;0.05) but not by transit through the distal colon (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion —The distal colon retains non-absorbable fluid volumes extensively. In our model transit through the distal colon—but not the proximal colon—determined the time at which diarrhoea occurred.
Comparative Effectiveness of Sulfonylurea and Metformin Monotherapy on Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Christianne L. Roumie, Adriana M. Hung, Robert A. Greevy, Carlos G. Grijalva, Xulei Liu, Harvey J. Murff, Tom A. Elasy, Marie R. Griffin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Background: The effects of sulfonylureas and metformin on outcomes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes are not well-characterized. Objective: To compare the effects of sulfonylureas and metformin on CVD outcomes (acute myocardial infarction and stroke) or death. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: National Veterans Health Administration databases linked to Medicare files. Patients: Veterans who initiated metformin or sulfonylurea therapy for diabetes. Patients with chronic kidney disease or serious medical illness were excluded. Measurements: Composite outcome of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or stroke, or death, adjusted for baseline demographic characteristics; medications; cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, and serum creatinine levels; blood pressure; body mass index; health care utilization; and comorbid conditions. Results: Among 253 690 patients initiating treatment (98 665 with sulfonylurea therapy and 155 025 with metformin therapy), crude rates of the composite outcome were 18.2 per 1000 person-years in sulfonylurea users and 10.4 per 1000 person-years in metformin users (adjusted incidence rate difference, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.4 to 3.0] more CVD events with sulfonylureas per 1000 person-years; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.21 [CI, 1.13 to 1.30]). Results were consistent for both glyburide (aHR, 1.26 [CI, 1.16 to 1.37]) and glipizide (aHR, 1.15 [CI, 1.06 to 1.26]) in subgroups by CVD history, age, body mass index, and albuminuria; in a propensity score–matched cohort analysis; and in sensitivity analyses. Limitation: Most of the veterans in the study population were white men; data on women and minority groups were limited but reflective of the Veterans Health Administration population. Conclusion: Use of sulfonylureas compared with metformin for initial treatment of diabetes was associated with an increased hazard of CVD events or death. Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Contrast ultrasonography of the kidney: a new method for evaluation of renal perfusion in vivo.
Authors: R M Lang, S B Feinstein, S M Powsner, C E McCoy, E D Frederickson, A Neumann, L I Goldberg, K M Borow
Journal: Circulation (1987)

Assessment of the effects of pharmacologic agents on renal blood flow (RBF) is clinically important in many disease states, including hypertension and congestive heart failure. However, because of the complexities of RBF, quantitation in vivo has been technically difficult. This study demonstrates the utility of ultrasound imaging of the kidney combined with injection of a sonicated radiocontrast solution (Renografin-76) for the assessment of regional renal blood flow. The technique uses a suspension of uniform microbubbles (diameter 4.4 +/- 2.8 micron), which when injected directly into the descending aorta are distinctly visualized by renal ultrasound. Five dogs were studied. Catheters were placed in the descending aorta for injection of sonicated Renografin and in the renal artery for drug infusions. Data were collected before and during intrarenal artery infusions of bradykinin and norepinephrine. Total RBF was measured by electromagnetic flowmeter. Video density time curves were generated for comparable segments of the outer renal cortex and fit to a monoexponential decay curve. This allowed calculation of the mean exponential decay index (t1/2). An increase in t1/2 paralleled decreased renal perfusion (i.e., longer washout of contrast material). The opposite was true for a decrease in t1/2. Bradykinin increased RBF from 134 +/- 26 to 249 +/- 19 ml/min (p less than .01 vs control), and norepinephrine decreased RBF from 130 +/- 25 to 51 +/- 17 ml/min (p less than .01 vs control).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preventing neural tube defects
Authors: L. Thorpe
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Editor—Kadir et al are less than thorough in their analysis of efforts to promote awareness and increased consumption of folic acid among women of childbearing age and the issues involved.1 The public education campaign run by the Health Education Authority began in February 1996, after the government's original strategy of exhorting doctors and nurses to give this new advice proved to be failing. It cannot be expected (bearing in mind the human reproductive cycle) that public health initiatives will have any effect on the incidence of neural tube defects in the same year they are launched; yet Kadir et al quote 1996 data to judge the effect of such efforts.

They discuss the sale and prescribing of folic acid supplements as markers for increased consumption of folic acid. Yet they are unclear whether their quoted data refer only to supplements licensed as medicines, or also to unlicensed supplements, which are classified as food supplements and account for a large proportion of, if not most, folic acid preparations sold over the counter.

The ultimate test of such a public health initiative is, however, whether it affects the incidence of neural tube defects. Kadir et al acknowledge that a longer interval may be required to show the true effect of supplementation on the incidence of neural tube defects. They did not have long to wait for data indicating such an effect. Only a few days after their paper was accepted for publication (January last year), the Office for National Statistics published statistics on congenital anomalies for 1997. In their commentary Alberman and Noble state that the rate of notification of anomalies of the central nervous system is the lowest to date—namely, eight per 10 000 births and abortions1—at a time when public awareness of the importance of folic acid in preventing neural tube defects is increased. Whether this reduction will be sustained remains to be seen, but it is a positive indication that public health efforts may be helping to reduce the incidence of these conditions.

In a study by the Health Education Authority of pregnant and recently pregnant women in 1998, 65% of women who had planned their pregnancies claimed to have taken folic acid before conception, representing 38% of the total sample of women.2 None the less, efforts to promote folic acid need to be sustained, and the issue of unplanned pregnancies remains the biggest challenge in this area. The authority would welcome a greater recognition of the need for health professionals to give folic acid advice to all women of childbearing age, not only to those actively planning pregnancy. More comprehensive fortification of staple foods with folic acid would also help to address this area of concern.
A case of rabies in man: some problems in diagnosis and management.
Authors: S L Cohen, S Gardner, C Lanyi, J R McDonald, H Ree, P A Southorn, A W Woodruff
Journal: BMJ (1976)

A patient who returned from India with a gastrointestinal disturbance subsequently developed the clinical features of rabies. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of rabies virus from saliva and the demonstration of rising titres of rabies antibody. He was treated in an intensive care unit, ventilated mechanically, and given rabies antiserum, but cerebral activity ceased and he died after 22 days. His course was marked by numerous bouts of cardiac arrhythmia including complete heart block. This case indicates the need for vaccination against rabies to be carried out immediately after exposure to a possibly rabid dog since encephalitis develops a fatal outcome may not be prevented even with intensive medical treatment.
The effectiveness of a magnetic nanoparticle-based delivery system for BCNU in the treatment of gliomas
Authors: Mu-Yi Hua, Hao-Li Liu, Hung-Wei Yang, Pin-Yuan Chen, Rung-Ywan Tsai, Chiung-Yin Huang, I-Chou Tseng, Lee-Ang Lyu, Chih-Chun Ma, Hsiang-Jun Tang, Tzu-Chen Yen, Kuo-Chen Wei
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
The Impact of Meeting Donor Management Goals on the Number of Organs Transplanted per Expanded Criteria Donor
Authors: Madhukar S. Patel, John Zatarain, Salvador De La Cruz, Mitchell B. Sally, Tyler Ewing, Megan Crutchfield, C. Kristian Enestvedt, Darren J. Malinoski
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

The shortage of organs available for transplant has led to the use of expanded criteria donors (ECDs) to extend the donor pool. These donors are older and have more comorbidities and efforts to optimize the quality of their organs are needed.To determine the impact of meeting a standardized set of critical care end points, or donor management goals (DMGs), on the number of organs transplanted per donor in ECDs.Prospective interventional study from February 2010 to July 2013 of all ECDs managed by the 8 organ procurement organizations in the southwestern United States (United Network for Organ Sharing Region 5).Implementation of 9 DMGs as a checklist to guide the management of every ECD. The DMGs represented normal cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, and endocrine end points. Meeting the DMG bundle was defined a priori as achieving any 7 of the 9 end points and was recorded at the time of referral to the organ procurement organization, at the time of authorization for donation, 12 to 18 hours later, and prior to organ recovery.The primary outcome measure was 3 or more organs transplanted per donor and binary logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors with P < .05.There were 671 ECDs with a mean (SD) number of 2.1 (1.3) organs transplanted per donor. Ten percent of the ECDs had met the DMG bundle at referral, 15% at the time of authorization, 33% at 12 to 18 hours, and 45% prior to recovery. Forty-three percent had 3 or more organs transplanted per donor. Independent predictors of 3 or more organs transplanted per donor were older age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95 per year [95% CI, 0.93-0.97]), increased creatinine level (OR = 0.73 per mg/dL [95% CI, 0.63-0.85]), DMGs met prior to organ recovery (OR = 1.90 [95% CI, 1.35-2.68]), and a change in the number of DMGs achieved from referral to organ recovery (OR = 1.11 per additional DMG [95% CI, 1.00-1.23]).Meeting DMGs prior to organ recovery with ECDs is associated with achieving 3 or more organs transplanted per donor. An increase in the number of critical care end points achieved throughout the care of a potential donor by both donor hospital and organ procurement organization is also associated with an increase in organ yield.
Just ask: donating eyes doesn't need a change in policy
Authors: R. Pilling
Journal: BMJ (2008)

There has been considerable interest recently on consent as a way of increasing cadaveric donors.1 The BMA favours the “soft” presumed consent model, where the next of kin are consulted and can veto the deceased’s wishes.2 Considerable public support exists for this model, but it will require a change …