tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Why do single event probabilities confuse patients?
Authors: G. Gigerenzer, M. Galesic
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Statements of frequency are better for communicating risk

The news reader announces a 30% chance of rain tomorrow. Thirty per cent of what? Most people in Berlin think that it will rain tomorrow 30% of the time: for seven or eight hours.1 Others believe that it will rain tomorrow in 30% of the region, so probably not where they live. In New York the majority believe that it will rain on 30% of the days for which the prediction was made. That is, most likely it won’t rain tomorrow.

A chance of rain tomorrow is a single event probability. It refers to a unique event, such as rain tomorrow, and by definition does not specify a reference class. But people think in terms of classes: time, region, or days. These are not the only ones. As a woman in New York explained, “I know what 30% means: three meteorologists think it will rain, and seven not.”

It is often said that people cannot think in terms of probabilities. But the real problem here is professionals’ risk communication. Using a frequency statement instead of a single event probability, meteorologists could state clearly that “it will rain on …
Reply to Dennis Morrod’s Letter to the Editor re: Monique J. Roobol, Ewout W. Steyerberg, Ries Kranse, et al. A Risk-Based Strategy Improves Prostate-Specific Antigen–Driven Detection of Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2010;57:79–85
Authors: Fritz H. Schröder
Journal: European Urology (2010)
Studies on dialysate mixing in the Genius® single-pass batch system for hemodialysis therapy
Authors: Annemieke W. Dhondt, Raymond C. Vanholder, Rita V. De Smet, Stefaan A. Claus, Marie-Anne Waterloos, Griet L. Glorieux, Joris R. Delanghe, Norbert H. Lameire
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
Adams–Stokes Syndrome Due to Ventricular Fibrillation and Tachycardia
Authors: Stephen J. Berte, Anne T. Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

TRANSIENT ventricular fibrillation is now one of the well established causes of the Adams–Stokes syndrome. This fact has recently been documented by Robertson and Mathews,§ who thoroughly reviewed the literature from 1917 to 1952. They reported a total of 51 cases of Adams–Stokes syndrome associated with ventricular fibrillation or prefibrillary ventricular tachycardia. The following case again emphasizes the need for electrocardiographic verification of the cardiac mechanism during an Adams–Stokes seizure.Case ReportOn September 17, 1952, a 51-year-old housewife, was taken to the hospital from a physician's office immediately after a syncopal attack with a convulsive seizure. On admission, a . . .
Priorities in Patient-Care Research and Continuing Medical Education
Authors: John W. Williamson
Journal: JAMA (1968)

A priority system has been developed to define areas of patient-care research or education or both that might be most rewarding in terms of potential improvement of medical care. This system, applicable to any given population, consists of three sequential steps: (1) ranking each medical condition according to expected patient impairment, (2) determining which of these conditions encompass sufficient preventable or remedial impairment to warrant the third step; and (3) assessing medical care provided, to identify where further effort might be indicated to effect improvement. As a result, investigation of six top ranking disease categories at the Rockford (III) Memorial Hospital revealed areas of educational needs ranging from those where little instructional effort seemed warranted to those where immediate action seemed indicated.
Acute Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity
Authors: Emil R. Hayek, Eric Speakman, Esther Rehmus
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

To the Editor: A previously healthy 78-year-old woman presented with facial flushing, palpitations, diarrhea, and generalized weakness. The serum serotonin level was markedly elevated (2233 ng per ...
World Health Organization refutes allegations
Authors: Christine McNab
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Background/Aim: To investigate whether neutrophil–to–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) might represent an additional biological criterion able to identify patients with worse prognosis within the 8th edition TNM prognostic staging system for breast cancer (BC). Patients and Methods. Pre-treatment NLR was retrospectively analyzed in 475 BC women prospectively followed for a mean time of 3.8 years. The optimal NLR cutoff, identified by ROC analysis, was set at 2. Results: Elevated pre-treatment NLR was associated with worse disease-free survival (DFS) (HR=2.28) and overall survival (OS) (HR=3.39). The prognostic value of NLR was mostly evident in stage I BC (HR for DFS=2.89; HR for OS=1.30), in whom NLR significantly stratified patients who developed distant metastasis (HR= 4.62), but not local recurrence. Conclusion: NLR might provide important information in risk stratification, especially in stage I BC patients in whom the presence of a high NLR might raise the question as to whether they should be more aggressively managed.
Induction of microRNAs, mir-155, mir-222, mir-424 and mir-503, promotes monocytic differentiation through combinatorial regulation
Authors: A R R Forrest, M Kanamori-Katayama, Y Tomaru, T Lassmann, N Ninomiya, Y Takahashi, M J L de Hoon, A Kubosaki, A Kaiho, M Suzuki, J Yasuda, J Kawai, Y Hayashizaki, D A Hume, H Suzuki
Journal: Leukemia (2009)
Translating Research Into Practice for Healthcare Providers
Authors: Daniel W. Jones, Eric D. Peterson, Robert O. Bonow, Frederick A. Masoudi, Gregg C. Fonarow, Sidney C. Smith, Penelope Solis, Meighan Girgus, Patricia C. Hinton, Anne Leonard, Raymond J. Gibbons
Journal: Circulation (2008)

The American Heart Association's (AHA's) mission is "to build healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke." This first article in a 2-part series will serve to present an overview of the work the AHA has undertaken to translate evidence into practice for healthcare professionals. It describes the extensive work of the AHA to support and further the delivery of evidence-based medicine, which includes the following: (1) supporting scientific discovery and the next generation of healthcare professionals and researchers; (2) disseminating scientific information; (3) developing evidence-based guidelines and statements; (4) creating and advocating for the implementation of performance indicators/measures; (5) developing clinical decision support and quality improvement tools; and (6) developing directed-cause campaigns, all of which can lead to improved patient care. This article also discusses the need for novel approaches and some of the AHA's evolving strategies to help address gaps in care. The second article, which will be published shortly after this one, will examine the AHA's efforts to engage and empower healthcare consumers to become more involved with their own health and health care.
Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the growth of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells in cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Srinivasulu Chigurupati, Mohamed R. Mughal, Eitan Okun, Soumen Das, Amit Kumar, Michael McCaffery, Sudipta Seal, Mark P. Mattson
Journal: Biomaterials (2012)
Fireworks-Related Injuries, King County, Washington, 1983 to 1985
Authors: Charles F. Evans
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Each year in the United States, an estimated 8000 to 10 000 visits to the emergency department are prompted by fireworksrelated injuries.<sup>1</sup>Since 1983, we have been conducting active surveillance for such injuries at 31 emergency facilities in King County, Washington, which includes Seattle. Until 1982, fireworks laws in Washington were restrictive, allowing only nonexplosive ground devices. In 1982 and 1983, most firecrackers and certain aerial display devices were added to the list of legal fireworks. In 1984, firecrackers reverted to illegal status, and in 1985 aerial devices became illegal in certain municipalities only. The number of fireworks-related injuries declined from 146 in 1983 to 121 in 1984 and to 107 in 1985. Fifty-two percent of the injured persons were younger than 16 years of age, and 70% of the injured were males. In all years, burns were common, accounting for 67% of all visits to
Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy by Simultaneously Targeting Two Genetic Defects in Tumors
Authors: He Zhang, Haibo Wang, Jianjun Zhang, Guanxiang Qian, Beibei Niu, Xianqun Fan, Jian Lu, Andrew R. Hoffman, Ji-Fan Hu, Shengfang Ge
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

Targeting tumor-specific gene abnormalities has become an attractive approach in developing therapeutics to treat cancer. Overexpression of Bcl2 and mutations of p53 represent two of the most common molecular defects in tumors. In the nucleus, p53 induces cell cycle arrest, while it interacts with Bcl2 outside of the nucleus to regulate signal pathways involved in apoptosis. To potentiate antitumor activity, we tested a "double target" approach to antitumor therapy by combining H101, a recombinant oncolytic adenovirus that targets the inactive p53 in tumors, with a small interfering RNA (siBCL2) that targets Bcl2. In cell culture, the combined treatment significantly enhanced apoptosis and cytotoxicity as compared with treatment with either H101 or siBCL2 alone. In animals carrying tumor xenographs, combined H101 and siBCL2 treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival. At the end of the study, all animals in the combined therapy group survived and two of the five animals showed complete eradication of their tumors. Interestingly, siBCL2 treatment increased H101 viral replication in both treated cells and tumor tissues. Simultaneously targeting two tumor-specific gene abnormalities using an oncolytic adenovirus and siRNA potentiates total antitumor activity. Targeting tumor-specific gene abnormalities has become an attractive approach in developing therapeutics to treat cancer. Overexpression of Bcl2 and mutations of p53 represent two of the most common molecular defects in tumors. In the nucleus, p53 induces cell cycle arrest, while it interacts with Bcl2 outside of the nucleus to regulate signal pathways involved in apoptosis. To potentiate antitumor activity, we tested a "double target" approach to antitumor therapy by combining H101, a recombinant oncolytic adenovirus that targets the inactive p53 in tumors, with a small interfering RNA (siBCL2) that targets Bcl2. In cell culture, the combined treatment significantly enhanced apoptosis and cytotoxicity as compared with treatment with either H101 or siBCL2 alone. In animals carrying tumor xenographs, combined H101 and siBCL2 treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival. At the end of the study, all animals in the combined therapy group survived and two of the five animals showed complete eradication of their tumors. Interestingly, siBCL2 treatment increased H101 viral replication in both treated cells and tumor tissues. Simultaneously targeting two tumor-specific gene abnormalities using an oncolytic adenovirus and siRNA potentiates total antitumor activity.
Long QT syndrome. New electrocardiographic characteristics.
Authors: J Benhorin, M Merri, M Alberti, E Locati, A J Moss, W J Hall, L Cui
Journal: Circulation (1990)

The long QT syndrome is electrocardiographically characterized by a prolonged QT interval and by several other, more subtle, ST-T-U wave abnormalities, most of which have not been quantified. To determine the possible usefulness of several new electrocardiographic characteristics in identifying patients with known long QT syndrome, logistic regression models were applied to a data base of seven new, relatively independent, electrocardiographic repolarization variables. These were measured on digitized 12-lead electrocardiograms of 315 normal subjects and 37 patients with the long QT syndrome (members of well-identified long QT syndrome families, QTc greater than 0.44 second, 27% symptomatic), who ranged in age from 17 to 60 years. Electrocardiographic variables that independently differentiated (p less than 0.001) patients with long QT syndrome from normal subjects included quantitative measures of repolarization: early duration, rate, T wave symmetry, late phenomena, and heterogeneity. All selected repolarization variables except the early duration variable were essentially independent of the QTc (r2 less than 0.15), and all contributed significantly to the identification of patients with long QT syndrome. A classification model of five electrocardiographic predictor variables resulted in an estimated sensitivity (95% confidence interval) of 92.6% (81.6-100%) and an estimated specificity (95% confidence interval) of 95.8% (93.6-98.1%). This model performed significantly better than an alternative classification model that was based on the early duration variable as a single predictor variable. The symptomatic status of patients with long QT syndrome could not be predicted by any combination of the electrocardiographic variables in the investigated model.
Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules protect against ischemia–reperfusion injury during kidney transplantation
Authors: Yves Caumartin, Jancy Stephen, Jian P. Deng, Dameng Lian, Zhu Lan, Weihua Liu, Bertha Garcia, Anthony M. Jevnikar, Hao Wang, Gediminas Cepinskas, Patrick P.W. Luke
Journal: Kidney International (2011)
Suicide Rates Among Psychiatrists
Authors: David H. Rosen
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A high suicide rate among psychiatrists (58 to 65/100,000 compared with that of the general population, 11/100,000) has been reported by the following: Freeman, Blachly et al, DeSole et al, and Pond.<sup>1-5</sup>No specialty trends were noted by Craig and Pitts and Simon and Lumry.<sup>6,7</sup>Blachly et al, De Sole et al, Freeman, and Craig and Pitts all utilizedThe Journal'sobituaries for their samples, but each found a slightly different suicide rate and each had a different explanation for their findings. From published obituaries, these investigators have drawn conclusions about psychiatrists in general. Goppelt's<sup>8</sup>criticism of Freeman's study is also applicable to those of Blachly et al, De Sole et al, and Craig and Pitts, "such conclusions cannot be more reliable than the data on which they are based. Because of the well-known under-reporting of suicide, the reliability of such data is low."
Episodic Monocular Vision Loss After Implantation of a Vagal Nerve Stimulator
Authors: Leo Sheck, Helen Danesh Meyer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Letters1 November 2011Episodic Monocular Vision Loss After Implantation of a Vagal Nerve StimulatorLeo Sheck, MBChB and Helen Danesh Meyer, MD, MBChB, FRANZCOLeo Sheck, MBChBFrom University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. and Helen Danesh Meyer, MD, MBChB, FRANZCOFrom University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-9-201111010-00022 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Background: The vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) is an accepted treatment for epileptic seizures, although its mechanism of action has yet to be established (1). A surgeon places the VNS under the skin on the chest wall and runs a wire to the left vagus nerve in the neck. The stimulator produces electrical impulses, and a neurologist programs the strength and timing of the impulses by using a programming wand connected to a laptop computer to create a sequence—such as 30 seconds of stimulation followed by 5 minutes of no stimulation—that is repeated endlessly. Settings typically include a stimulation amplitude of ...References1. Pati S, Alexopoulos AV. Pharmacoresistant epilepsy: from pathogenesis to current and emerging therapies. Cleve Clin J Med. 2010;77:457-67. [PMID: 20601619] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Hatton KW, McLarney JT, Pittman T, Fahy BG. Vagal nerve stimulation: overview and implications for anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:1241-9. [PMID: 17056962] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Palanker D, Vankov A, Freyvert Y, Huie P. Pulsed electrical stimulation for control of vasculature: temporary vasoconstriction and permanent thrombosis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008;29:100-7. [PMID: 17918191] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Leo Sheck, MBChB; Helen Danesh Meyer, MD, MBChB, FRANZCOAffiliations: From University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byVagal Nerve Stimulator Malfunction with Change in Neck Position: Case Report and Literature ReviewEvidence-Based Guideline Update: Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Epilepsy 1 November 2011Volume 155, Issue 9Page: 648-649KeywordsAngiographyCommon carotid arteriesComputed axial tomographyEpileptic seizuresNervesSoftware toolsSurgeonsThoraxVisionVisual acuity ePublished: 1 November 2011 Issue Published: 1 November 2011 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2011 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Chronic Renal Failure in Sickle Cell Disease: Risk Factors, Clinical Course, and Mortality
Authors: Darleen R. Powars, Donna D. Elliott-Mills, Linda Chan, Joyce Niland, Alan L. Hiti, Lawrence M. Opas, Cage Johnson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

▪Objective: To determine the incidence, clinical course, and risk factors associated with the onset of chronic renal failure in sickle cell anemia and sickle C disease. ▪Design: A prospective, 25-year longitudinal demographic and clinical cohort study. A matched case-control study was conducted to determine risk factors. ▪Patients: A total of 725 patients with sickle cell anemia and 209 patients with sickle C disease who received medical care from the hematology service in a large municipal hospital. Most were observed from birth or early childhood. ▪Measurements: Thirty-six patients developed sickle renal failure: 4.2% of patients with sickle cell anemia and 2.4% of patients with sickle C disease. The median age of disease onset for these patients was 23.1 and 49.9 years, respectively. Survival time for patients with sickle cell anemia after the diagnosis of sickle renal failure, despite dialysis, was 4 years, and the median age at the time of death was 27 years. Relative risk for mortality was 1.42 (95% Cl, 1.12 to 1.81; P = 0.02) compared with patients who did not develop renal insufficiency. ▪Main Results: Histopathologic studies showed characteristic lesions of glomerular "drop out" and glomerulosclerosis. Case-control analysis showed that ineffective erythropoiesis with increasingly severe anemia, hypertension, proteinuria, the nephrotic syndrome, and microscopic hematuria were significant pre-azotemic predictors of chronic renal failure. The risk for sickle renal failure was increased in patients who had inherited the Central African Republic βs-gene cluster haplotype. ▪Conclusions: The pre-azotemic manifestations of hypertension, proteinuria, and increasingly severe anemia predict end-stage renal failure in patients with sickle cell disease. The rate of progression of renal insufficiency is genetically determined. Treatment of the uremic phase has been dismal, underscoring the need for the development of useful pre-azotemic therapeutic modalities.
CONGENITAL PERFORATE SOFT PALATE AND DOUBLE UVULA, WITH REPAIR OF PERFORATION
Authors: John H. Trinder
Journal: JAMA (1923)

This case shows two anomalies: a defect in the soft palate and two distinct uvulas. Both were corrected at one operation. The tissue for the graft was generously provided by Nature. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> A white man, aged 26, a private in the Air Service, whose family and previous personal history was negative, had a perforation of the soft palate at birth. In 1920 an unsuccessful attempt was made to close it. On admission to the hospital he had a central perforation of the soft palate, 1 cm. long by 0.5 cm. wide. He also had two normal sized uvulas, symmetrically placed, lateral to the median line of the curtain of the soft palate. His speech was somewhat blowing in character, and he regurgitated fluids. As he expressed it, he "drank water like a chicken," by getting a mouthful and raising his head in the air and then swallowing. He
Modulation of ultraviolet (UV) transmission by emollients: relevance to narrowband UVB phototherapy and psoralen plus UVA photochemotherapy
Authors: S.G.H. Otman, C. Edwards, A.D. Pearse, B.J. Gambles, A.V. Anstey
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Journal Article Modulation of ultraviolet (UV) transmission by emollients: relevance to narrowband UVB phototherapy and psoralen plus UVA photochemotherapy Get access S.G.H. Otman, S.G.H. Otman Department of Dermatology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, Gwent NP20 2UB, U.KDepartment of Dermatology, Cardiff University, College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, U.K Suliman G.H. Otman. E‐mail: sulimangh@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. Edwards, C. Edwards Department of Dermatology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, Gwent NP20 2UB, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.D. Pearse, A.D. Pearse Department of Dermatology, Cardiff University, College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B.J. Gambles, B.J. Gambles Department of Dermatology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, Gwent NP20 2UB, U.KWelsh Institute of Dermatology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 5XW, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.V. Anstey A.V. Anstey Department of Dermatology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, Gwent NP20 2UB, U.KDepartment of Dermatology, Cardiff University, College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 154, Issue 5, 1 May 2006, Pages 963–968, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07171.x Published: 01 May 2006 Article history Accepted: 17 November 2005 Published: 01 May 2006
PDGFβ Receptor Blockade Inhibits Intimal Hyperplasia in the Baboon
Authors: Charles E. Hart, Larry W. Kraiss, Selina Vergel, Debra Gilbertson, Richard Kenagy, Thomas Kirkman, David L. Crandall, Simon Tickle, Helene Finney, Geoff Yarranton, Alexander W. Clowes
Journal: Circulation (1999)

We have evaluated the use of a mouse/human chimeric anti-platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor antibody in combination with heparin to inhibit intimal hyperplasia in the saphenous artery of the baboon after balloon angioplasty.The study evaluated lesion development in sequential injuries made 28 days apart. Each animal received control treatment after the first injury and antibody/heparin therapy after the second injury to the contralateral artery. The antibody was administered by bolus intravenous injections (10 mg/kg) on study days 1, 4, 8, 15, and 22 and heparin coadministered by continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 0.13 mg/kg per hour. Morphometric analysis of tissue sections showed a 53% decrease in intimal area after antibody/heparin treatment (P=0.005), corresponding to a 40% decrease in the intima-to-media ratio (P=0.005). Smooth muscle cell proliferation in the injured wall, measured at both 4 and 29 days after balloon injury, were similar in the control and antibody/heparin-treated animals.These data suggest that platelet-derived growth factor plays a key role in the development of intimal lesions at sites of acute vascular injury in the nonhuman primate.