tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Herbert E. Stokinger, Michael Heidelberger
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

1. Quantitative data for both homologous and heterologous precipitin reactions of human, hog, beef, and sheep thyroglobulins show that these reactions have the same mechanism as other instances of the precipitin reaction and may be expressed quantitatively by the same equations derived from the law of mass action. 2. It is shown that all of the added antigen is precipitated in the region of antibody excess and in the equivalence zone, so that in these portions of the reaction range the composition of the specific precipitate may be calculated from the nitrogen precipitated and the amount of antigen nitrogen added. 3. The thyroglobulin-antibody reaction is characterized by low antibody N to antigen N ratios, as would be expected with an antigen of high molecular weight. Molecular ratios varying from 60:1 to 1:1 were calculated for the extremes of the reaction range, indicating a very large number of immunologically reactive groupings on the thyroglobulin molecule. 4. Failure of thyroxine or diiodotyrosine to inhibit specific precipitation was confirmed, but it is shown that this need not mean that these substances do not occur in thyroglobulin, as has been claimed.
Cardiothoracic surgeon did more surgery than needed on three patients who died, says coroner
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A consultant cardiothoracic surgeon who was sacked for under-reporting the length of time some patients spent on a heart-lung bypass machine has been criticised by a coroner investigating the deaths of three patients for doing more surgery than they needed.

Ian Wilson lost his job with University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust in October 2013 after an investigation triggered by the deaths of 15 patients in a 14 month period found that he may have been misreporting data for years.1

He secured a locum consultant post with Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust under conditions imposed by the General Medical Council, which is …
Nighttime Insulin Kinetics and Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Patients Following Administration of an Intermediate-Acting Lispro Preparation
Authors: Maureen M J Janssen, Sandrina Casteleijn, Walter Devillé, Corrie Popp-Snijders, Paris Roach, Robert J Heine
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To determine insulin kinetics and overnight glycemic control after bedtime administration of a new intermediate-acting insulin preparation called neutral protamine lispro (NPL). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 12 patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes. The study had a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. After a lead-in period of 10–14 days two experiments were carried out with an interval of 2–7 days. During these experiments overnight insulin kinetics and fasting blood glucose levels were studied after evening administration of NPH insulin and NPL. Blood glucose levels &amp;lt; 3.8 mmol/l were treated by means of a variable infusion of a 20% glucose solution. RESULTS A trend toward a shorter time to peak insulin concentration was observed after administration of NPL (P = 0.07). No differences between NPH and NPL were detected in the total area under the curve (AUC) for insulin, in insulin levels before breakfast, or in glucose levels before breakfast (P = 0.5, 0.6, and 0.4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We detected no major differences between NPH and NPL in the total AUC for insulin, prebreakfast glucose levels, or prebreakfast insulin levels. Therefore, we conclude that NPH and NPL are equally effective in controlling overnight glycemia.
Weight in early pregnancy and outcomes in early infancy
Authors: K. M. Owe
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Babies do best when mothers have a normal body weight before and during pregnancy

Overweight and obesity are increasing among women of childbearing age worldwide.1 Consequently, a sizable group of women begin pregnancy as overweight or obese, increasing the risk of complications in both mother and infant.2

In the linked cohort study based on national registers, Johansson and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.g6572) assessed the association of maternal body mass index (BMI, weight (kg)/(height (m)2)) in early pregnancy with infant mortality risk in more than 1.8 million singleton live births in Sweden.3 Causes of infant death were also reported. Maternal BMI was calculated from measured body weight and self reported height at the first antenatal visit, and categorized as underweight (BMI ≤18.4), normal weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), obese grade 1 (30.0-34.9), obese grade 2 (35.0-39.9), and obese grade 3 (≥40.0).

Infants born to overweight or mildly obese women had an increased mortality relative to infants born to normal weight mothers. The increase was modest but statistically significant. Consistent with previous studies,4 5 the greatest risk of infant mortality …
Laser probe ablation of normal and atherosclerotic human aorta in vitro: a first thermographic and histologic analysis.
Authors: A J Welch, A B Bradley, J H Torres, M Motamedi, J J Ghidoni, J A Pearce, H Hussein, R A O'Rourke
Journal: Circulation (1987)

The metal-tipped optical fiber or "laser probe" has been extensively studied in animal preparations in vivo and in human clinical trials of revascularization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal characteristics of laser probe tissue ablation and to contrast the vascular tissue response to exposure to the laser probe and bare optical fiber. A 2 mm laser probe was heated with up to 4 W of argon-ion laser irradiation and applied to six postmortem strips of human nonatherosclerotic aorta as well as to five atherosclerotic aortic specimens. Surface temperature maps of the laser probe and of the vascular tissue in air were obtained via 8 to 12 micron thermographic imaging. Laser probe temperature was additionally monitored via thermocouples. Two strips each of normal and diseased aorta were irradiated directly with the bare optical fiber. Thus a total of 43 laser probe application sites and 19 bare fiberoptic laser irradiation sites on a total of 15 aortic strips were analyzed both thermographically and histologically. Based on measured temperature rises and histologic findings, the following observations were made: (1) The laser probe heats initially at its tip and attains a uniform surface temperature distribution within 5 sec. The steady-state temperature attained by the probe is inversely related to the thermal conductivity of the surrounding media. In all media studied, probe temperature increases linearly with applied laser energy. (2) Tissue ablation starts at temperatures greater than 100 degrees C, and ablation temperatures typically exceed 180 degrees C. Adventitial temperatures during laser probe application may reach 70 degrees C. Tissue ablation is enhanced both by greater laser energy deposition in the probe and by higher force at which the probe is applied to tissue. (3) Ablation of fibrofatty atheromata is more extensive than of nonatherosclerotic aortic tissue. This may be due to the lower thermal conductivity of atheromatous tissue. (4) In contrast to direct argon-ion laser ablation of aortic tissue, laser probe-mediated ablation occurs in a controlled fashion, is not associated with extensive subintimal dissections, and allows uniform conduction of heat to tissue as reflected by essentially "isothermal" injury lines.
Male gonadal environment paradoxically promotes dacryoadenitis in nonobese diabetic mice.
Authors: R E Hunger, C Carnaud, I Vogt, C Mueller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Similar to pancreatic islets, submandibular glands are more rapidly infiltrated in female NOD mice than in males. The present comparative analysis of cellular infiltrations in lacrimal glands, however, revealed the opposite finding. At 12 wk of age, approximately 25% of male lacrimal tissue area is infiltrated, whereas age-matched female NOD mice still lack major signs of inflammation. T cells predominate in early stages of invasion, but B cells accumulate promptly in more advanced stages, and ultimately dominate over T cells. Dacryoadenitis is promoted by sex hormones, as suggested by the reduced infiltrations seen in orchidectomized NOD males (P < 0.01). It is also controlled by the local environment provided by the lacrimal tissue. Splenocytes from 4- and 20-wk-old female NOD mice cause massive lesions upon adoptive transfer into NOD male recipients while, conversely, female recipients develop barely any histological sign of infiltration, even after transfer of splenocytes from 20-wk-old donor males. These observations provide strong evidence for a dacryoadenitis-promoting role of male gonadal hormones in NOD mice, a finding that contrasts the known androgen-mediated protective effects on insulitis and submandibulitis in the same strain and on dacryoadenitis in other animal models of Sjögren's syndrome.
Abstract 5178: Homing of circulating prostate cancer cells to bone is regulated by alpha 1,3 fucosyltransferase 7
Authors: Steven R. Barthel, Georg K. Wiese, Jaehyung Cho, Matthew J. Opperman, Danielle L. Hays, Javed Siddiqui, Kenneth J. Pienta, Bruce Furie, Charles J. Dimitroff
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Circulating cancer cells are known to bind vascular surfaces and then to extravasate into target tissues. How such binding occurs is an essential, yet ill-defined step in metastasis. We and others have proposed that cancer cells exploit identical adhesive determinants as hematopoietic cells in order to bind microvascular endothelial cells. In particular, sialyl Lewis X (sLe(X)) on prostate cancer (PCa) cells is thought to promote metastasis by mediating PCa cell binding to microvascular endothelial (E)-selectin. Nonetheless, regulation of sLe(X) and related E-selectin ligand expression in PCa cells is a poorly understood factor in PCa metastasis. Here, we describe an important glycobiological mechanism regulating E-selectin-mediated adhesion and metastatic potential of PCa cells to the bone marrow. We demonstrate that alpha1, 3 fucosyltransferases (FT) 3, 6, and 7 are markedly elevated in bone- and liver-metastatic PCa tissue and dictate synthesis of sLe(X) and E-selectin ligands on metastatic PCa cells. Upregulated FT3, FT6, or FT7 expression induced robust PCa PC-3 cell adhesion to bone marrow endothelium and to inflamed postcapillary venules in an E-selectin-dependent manner. Membrane proteins, CD44, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), podocalyxin-like protein (PCLP), and melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) were major scaffolds presenting E-selectin-binding determinants on FT-upregulated PC-3 cells. Strikingly, elevated FT7 expression promoted PC-3 cell trafficking to and retention in bone marrow through an E-selectin dependent event. These results highlight alpha1, 3 FTs as potent enhancers of PCa cell metastatic efficiency to the bone marrow via an E-selectin-dependent trafficking mechanism. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5178.
Malabsorption of protein bound vitamin B12.
Authors: D W Dawson, A H Sawers, R K Sharma
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Patients with subnormal serum vitamin B12 concentrations were tested for absorption of protein bound vitamin B12 and compared with controls. Absorption of the protein bound vitamin appeared to decrease with increasing age in healthy subjects. Differences between the result of this test and the result of the Schilling test in patients who had undergone gastric surgery were confirmed; such differences were also seen in some patients who had iron deficiency anaemia, an excessive alcohol intake, or folate deficiency. Defective absorption was also found in six patients with an adequate dietary intake of vitamin B12, normal Schilling test results, low serum vitamin concentrations, and tissue changes responding to treatment with vitamin B12. Malabsorption of the vitamin from protein bound sources, which is not detected by the Schilling test, may produce vitamin B12 deficiency of clinical importance.
Prognostic Models to Predict Survival in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with First-Line Paclitaxel and Carboplatin with or without Bevacizumab
Authors: Tien Hoang, Suzanne E. Dahlberg, Alan B. Sandler, Julie R. Brahmer, Joan H. Schiller, David H. Johnson
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
Aetiology of Carcinoma of Lung
Authors: L. Johnston
Journal: BMJ (1952)

ing those mentioned by Dr. Cochrane, and also in three editions of Leprosy (Rogers and Muir).I need, therefore, only point out that Mercado and Heiser only used the very painful and inefficient intramuscular injections of the whole chaulmoogra oil-as Dr. Heiser, when visiting Calcutta in the middle of 1914, admitted in stating that we were up against a brick wall as regards the treatment of leprosy, and Dr. Wade, in a personal communication-after looking up the records at the Culddon leprosy settlement-informed me that none of Mercado's patients were discharged recovered.On the other hand, in my first papers on the subject (1916)3 4 I reported the preliminary results of the injection of the soluble sodium salts of the lower melting-point fatty acids of hydnocarpus oil (not the higher melting-point ones, as erroneously stated by Dr. Cochrane in his recent paper), and in 1917' I reported on 26 cases with illustrations, with 50%1 of the earlier cases cleared up under hydnocarpates.Later, as many as 90% of early cases were thus cleared up.I then recommended the isolation of only infective advanced cases and the hydnocarpate treatment of all early cases discovered by my plan of isolating the infective ones, com- bined with treatment of all early cases discovered by repeated examination over five to ten or more years of all those who had been exposed to infection as the earliest symptoms appeared.The remarkable results in controlling and reducing the incidence of leprosy in Nauru Island.Southern Sudan, and South Africa are recorded in LeprosY (1946), and have now been confirmed by nearly 20 years of large-scale work by Dr. T. F. Davey in South-east Nigeria, from which Dr. Cochrane himself has stated after a tour in Nigeria that " leprosy as a serious endemic disease has ceased to exist."6-Iam, etc., Falmouth.
Perfusion-decellularized pancreas as a natural 3D scaffold for pancreatic tissue and whole organ engineering
Authors: Saik-Kia Goh, Suzanne Bertera, Phillip Olsen, Joseph E. Candiello, Willi Halfter, Guy Uechi, Manimalha Balasubramani, Scott A. Johnson, Brian M. Sicari, Elizabeth Kollar, Stephen F. Badylak, Ipsita Banerjee
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Routine ultrasonography in utero and subsequent handedness and neurological development.
Authors: K A Salvesen, L J Vatten, S H Eik-Nes, K Hugdahl, L S Bakketeig
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To examine any associations between routine ultrasonography in utero and subsequent brain development as indicated by non-right handedness at primary school age and neurological development during childhood. DESIGN--Follow up of 8 and 9 year old children of women who took part in two randomised, controlled trials of routine ultrasonography during pregnancy. SETTING--Clinics of 60 general practitioners in Norway during 1979-81. Maternal and child health centres. SUBJECTS--2161 (89%) of 2428 eligible singletons were followed up, partly through a questionnaire to their parents and partly through information from health centres. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--The dominant hand of the child was assessed by 10 questions. Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception were evaluated by five questions. Impaired neurological development during the first year of life was assessed by an abbreviated version of the Denver developmental screening test. RESULTS--The odds of non-right handedness were higher among children who had been screened in utero than among control children (odds ratio 1.32; 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.71). No clear differences were found between the groups with regard to deficits in attention, motor control, and perception or neurological development during the first year of life. CONCLUSION--Our data suggest a possible association between routine ultrasonography in utero and subsequent non-right handedness, whereas no association with impaired neurological development was found. As the question on non-right handedness was one of six initial hypotheses, the observed results may be due to chance. None the less, the results suggest that the hypothesis may have some merit and should be tested in future studies.
Focal FDG Uptake in the Gastric Contents
Authors: Pan-Fu Kao, Yu-Hsiang Chou, Kun-Yi Hsieh
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

The F-18 fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)–computed tomography (CT) of a 52-year-old female with adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head revealed focal FDG uptake in the gastric contents. Single filed PET/CT imaging at 5 minutes after the whole body scan revealed a left lobe liver lesion. The patient took 2 g vesicant with 300 mL water 5 minutes before whole body PET/CT imaging. The change of gastric contents between CT and FDG PET data acquisition may induce a misregistration artifact. The PET/CT misregistration artifact due to vesicant and water loading can be demonstrated by an immediate single filed PET/CT acquisition.
An Update in Radionuclide Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cholecystitis
Authors: Heidi S. Weissmann, Ruth Rosenblatt, Leroy A. Sugarman, Leonard M. Freeman
Journal: JAMA (1981)

THE RAPID and accurate diagnosis of biliary disease is an important medical problem. Sixteen million Americans are estimated to have gallstones, and they will develop in an additional 800,000 persons each year.<sup>1</sup>Cholelithiasis and its complications are the fourth most common cause for surgical hospitalization and the most common indication for abdominal surgery in adults.<sup>2</sup>More than 500,000 operations are performed annually for gallbladder disease at a cost of more than $1 billion.<sup>1,2</sup> In view of the magnitude of the problem, it is not surprising that numerous diagnostic procedures have evolved for the evaluation of hepatobiliary disease, including oral cholecystography, intravenous cholangiography, ultrasonography, transhepatic cholangiography, computed tomography (CT), and endoscopic retrograde pancreaticoduodenography. Since more than 95% of cases of acute cholecystitis are associated with cystic duct obstruction, this finding is the major hallmark of the imaging diagnosis of acute inflammatory disease. The ideal method for diagnosing acute
Disposable Anesthetic Circuit
Authors: Robert B. Roberts
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Gale E. Dryden's letter (<b>206</b>:2524, 1968) draws many conclusions, perhaps the most obvious being that anesthesiologists may not always give truthful answers to questionnaires. That so few responses admitted that anesthesia circuits are frequently not cleaned between usages seems salutary. Some of the methods claimed to have been used, however, might be a greater hazard than the commonest method of not cleaning the circuit at all. To leave a circuit wet is to invite the growth of<i>Pseudomonas</i>. The variety of cold sterilants in use is a good indication of the comparative ineffectiveness of any. I admire those that gas sterilize rubber goods between each use and that they can stock so much material as to be able to gas sterilize safely, with its consequent five-day minimum aeration period, (not 24 hours as so often claimed). The monetary objection to disposable equipment that would eradicate
508 48 Weeks of adefovir mono therapy following 48 weeks of combination therapy with peginterferon alpha-2b and adefovir leads to additional biochemical and virological improvement
Authors: M. Lutgehetmann, K. Wursthorn, P. Buggisch, B. Zollner, M. Zankel, C. Fischer, C.L. Brosgart, J. Petersen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
EFFECTS OF CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS OF MYCOBACTERIA ON THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO HETEROLOGOUS INFECTIONS
Authors: René J. Dubos, Russell W. Schaedler
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1957)

Vaccination with living attenuated tubercle bacilli (BCG) was found to increase the resistance of mice to infection with virulent staphylococci. An even more striking protective effect could be elicited by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of small amounts (0.1 mg. or more) of killed BCG cells. The killed BCG cells retained most of their protective activity after prolonged heating at acid, neutral, or basic reactions-and after extraction with acetone, methanol, and NaOH (at pH 10.5). Some protective activity could be recovered in a fraction soluble in methanol at 55 degrees C. The protective effect against infection manifested itself in a prolongation of survival time following infection, and also in the fact that smaller numbers of staphylococci were recovered from the organs of infected mice. Both types of effects were still evident 10 weeks after vaccination. Injection by the intraperitoneal route of killed cells of BCG, or of methanol extracts of them, elicited in mice a high level of protection against intravenous injection of Myco. fortuitum. A protective effect quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that elicited by BCG, resulted from the intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of killed cells of Myco. fortuitum.
Choosing the Best Initial Therapy for HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Nathan Clumeck
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Fifteen drugs are currently available for the treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, all of which target the virally encoded transcriptase or protease enzymes. Under development is a second generation of antiretroviral drugs that are more potent or that act at different sites of the viral replicative cycle. Theoretically, many combinations of drugs are possible. However, because of interactions between drugs, additive toxicity, and cross-resistance, the actual number of therapeutic options is limited in previously treated patients; this fact underscores the importance of initiating therapy for HIV-1 infection with the best possible regimen.After years . . .
Pain and diabetic neuropathy.
Authors: P J Watkins
Journal: BMJ (1984)

The squirrel monkey is the only primate reported to lack ocular dominance columns. Nothing anomalous about the visual capacity of squirrel monkeys has been found to explain their missing columns, leading to the suggestion that ocular dominance columns might be “an epiphenomenon, not serving any purpose” (Livingstone et al., 1995). Puzzled by the apparent lack of ocular dominance columns in squirrel monkeys, we made eye injections with transneuronal tracers in four normal squirrel monkeys. An irregular mosaic of columns, averaging 225&nbsp;μm in width, was found throughout striate cortex. They were double-labeled by placing wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the left eye and [<sup>3</sup>H]proline into the right eye. The tracers labeled opposite sets of interdigitating columns, proving they represent ocular dominance columns. The columns were much clearer in layer IVcα (magno-receiving) than IVcβ (parvo-receiving). In the lateral geniculate body, the parvo laminae showed extensive mixing of ocular inputs, suggesting that increased label spillover contributes to the blurred columns in layer IVcβ. The cytochrome oxidase (CO) patches were organized into distinct rows, but they bore no consistent relationship to the ocular dominance columns. These experiments indicate that ocular dominance columns are less well segregated in squirrel monkeys than macaques, but they are present. This fact is pertinent to a recent study reporting that ocular dominance columns are absent in normal squirrel monkeys, but induced to form by strabismus (Livingstone, 1996).