tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tooth analyses of sources and intensity of lead exposure in children.
Authors: B L Gulson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

The sources and intensity of lead exposure in utero and in early childhood were determined using stable lead isotopic ratios and lead concentrations of incisal and cervical sections of deciduous teeth from 30 exposed and nonexposed children from the Broken Hill lead mining community in Australia. Incisal sections, consisting mostly of enamel, generally have low amounts of lead and isotopic compositions consistent with those expected in the mother during pregnancy. Cervical sections, consisting mostly of dentine with secondary dentine removed by resorption and reaming, generally have higher amounts of lead than the enamel and isotopic compositions consistent with the source of postnatal exposure. There are statistically significant differences in lead concentrations between incisal and cervical sections, representing within-tooth variation, for children with low and high lead exposure (p = 0.0007, 2 x 10(-6), respectively) and for those who have ingested leaded paint (p = 0.009). Statistically significant differences between incisal and cervical sections in these three exposure groups are also exhibited by the three sets of lead isotope ratios (e.g., p = 0.001 for 206Pb/204Pb ratio in the low exposure group). There are statistically significant differences between the low and high lead exposure groups for lead concentrations and isotopic ratios in incisal (p = 0.005 for lead concentration and 6 x 10(-6) for 206Pb/204Pb ratio) and cervical sections (p = 5 x 10(-5) for lead concentration and 6 x 10(-6) for 206Pb/204Pb ratio). The dentine results reflect an increased exposure to lead from the lead-zinc-silver mineral deposit (orebody lead) during early childhood, probably associated with hand-to-mouth activity. Leaded paint was identified as the source of elevated tooth lead in at least two cases. Increased exposure to lead from orebody and paint sources in utero was implicated in two cases, but there was no indication of previous exposure from the mothers' current blood leads, suggesting an acute rather than a chronic exposure for the mothers. Permanent teeth from one subject had lower amounts of lead in the roots compared with the crowns, and the isotopic composition of the crowns were consistent with the data for the deciduous teeth from the same subject. Based on changes in the isotopic composition of enamel and dentine, it is provisionally estimated that lead is added to dentine at a rate of approximately 2-3% per year.
Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Global Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Persons
Authors: Eric B. Larson, Walter A. Kukull, David Buchner, Burton V. Reifler
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Adverse drug reactions causing cognitive impairment are an important problem in the elderly. Thirty-five patients with adverse drug reaction were identified among more than 300 patients evaluated for cognitive impairment and compared with patients without adverse drug reaction. Sedative hypnotic agents, especially long-acting benzodiazepines, were the commonest drugs associated with cognitive impairment in this population. The number of drugs used, use of sedative hypnotics and antihypertensives, and falling were strongly associated with adverse reactions in logistic regression analyses. The relative odds of an adverse reaction associated with cognitive impairment increased as the number of prescription drugs increased, exceeding 9.0 for patients taking four or more prescription drugs. Adverse drug reactions are an important source of excess morbidity in patients with dementia or suspected dementia. Strategies that could minimize this problem include a high index of suspicion, drug-free trials in suspected cases, and careful monitoring of drug therapy.
ANGIOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL DETERMINANTS OF STRESS PULMONARY TI-201 UPTAKE: COMPARISON OF DIPYRIDAMOLEEXERCISE COMBINATION WITH SINGLE MODALITY STRESS-TESTING
Authors: GA Hurwitz, JE Powe, JP O??Donoghue, DR Gravelle, AC MacDonald
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

S of the Society of Nuclear Medicine in Canada and Prairie Provinces Chapter, SNM Conjoint Meeting: PDF Only
Dose of Chlorpheniramine
Authors: Larry R. Kirkland
Journal: JAMA (1980)

To the Editor.—  Although I assume 4 mg to be the dose of chlorpheniramine maleate used in the study Effectiveness of Antihistamines in the Symptomatic Management of the Common Cold by Howard et al (242:2414, 1979), it seems a significant oversight that the dose is never mentioned. For a well-designed study, it is a glaring omission.
Concussion and strength performance in youth ice hockey players
Authors: Nick Reed, Tim Taha, Michelle L Keightley
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Objective To explore the influence of concussion on strength performance within youth ice hockey players. Design Athletes were assessed prospectively before and after a sport-related concussion and longitudinally across a 3-year period. Setting University research laboratory. Participants 178 unique male and female youth ice hockey players (ages 8–14 years). Nineteen of the 178 participants sustained a concussion while enrolled in the study, where three participants sustained repeated concussions for a total of 23 concussive events. Intervention Participants completed a pre-season/baseline assessment of strength performance annually for up to 3 years. If a concussion was sustained, follow-up assessment on the same measures was. Outcome Measures Lower body and upper body strength performance (leg maximal voluntary contraction, squat jump height, counter movement jump height and hand grip). Results Using a linear mixed-effects model, when accounting for severity of post-concussive symptoms, significant average effects were found for jump height (squat jump: Estimate=−0.05; SE=0.02; t=−2.51; P=0.0186; countermovement jump: Estimate=−0.03; SE=0.02; t=−2.20; P=0.0371) during the symptomatic stage post-concussion and for leg maximal voluntary contraction (Estimate=−1.05; SE=0.47; t=−2.27; P=0.0421) during the asymptomatic stage post-concussion, indicating decreased strength performance following concussion. Conclusions This study acts as an initial step towards better understanding concussion-related strength performance deficits that may limit the on and off ice performance of the youth ice hockey player population. Acknowledgements Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation (ONF). Competing interests None.
Long‐term safety and efficacy of bimatoprost solution 0·03% application to the eyelid margin for the treatment of idiopathic and chemotherapy‐induced eyelash hypotrichosis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: D.A. Glaser, P. Hossain, W. Perkins, T. Griffiths, G. Ahluwalia, E. Weng, F.C. Beddingfield
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0·03% is approved in several countries for the treatment of eyelash hypotrichosis. Previous trials were limited to 4 months of treatment and primarily idiopathic hypotrichosis.To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of bimatoprost in patients with idiopathic or chemotherapy-induced hypotrichosis.This multicentre, double-masked, randomized, parallel-group study included two 6-month treatment periods [treatment period 1 (TP1) and treatment period 2 (TP2)]. Patients with idiopathic hypotrichosis were randomized to three treatment groups: (i) bimatoprost (TP1 and TP2); (ii) bimatoprost (TP1) and vehicle (TP2); and (iii) vehicle (TP1) and bimatoprost (TP2). Patients with chemotherapy-induced hypotrichosis were randomized to two treatment groups: (i) bimatoprost or vehicle (TP1) and (ii) bimatoprost (TP2). Primary end point was a composite of at least a one-grade improvement in investigator-assessed Global Eyelash Assessment and at least a three-point improvement in patient-reported Eyelash Satisfaction Questionnaire Domain 2 at month 4. Secondary measures included digitally assessed eyelash characteristics.The primary efficacy end point was met in both populations (idiopathic responder rate was 40·2% for bimatoprost vs. 6·8% for vehicle; postchemotherapy responder rate was 37·5% for bimatoprost vs. 18·2% for vehicle). Efficacy by month 6 was maintained (idiopathic) or enhanced (postchemotherapy) at 12 months. Treatment effects were maintained for approximately 2 months but markedly diminished 4-6 months following treatment cessation in patients with idiopathic hypotrichosis. No drug-related serious adverse events were reported.Daily treatment with bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0·03% for 1 year was effective and well tolerated in patients with idiopathic and chemotherapy-induced hypotrichosis.
Effects of Proteinosis Surfactant Proteins on the Viability of Rat Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: HUI-QING SHEN, CHEN-XIA DUAN, ZHONG-YUAN LI, YASUHIRO SUZUKI
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the accumulation of protein- and lipid-rich insoluble material in alveoli and terminal bronchioles of the lung. Alveolar macrophages (AM) in PAP are reportedly extremely large and have low viability. We investigated substances in lavaged lung material from patients with PAP that induced these cellular changes in rat AM. Rat AM were incubated for various periods with liposomes prepared from lipids and isolated hydrophobic surfactant apoproteins, and cell size, viability, and lactate dehydrogenase release were determined. Of the hydrophobic apoproteins, a dimeric form of surfactant-associated protein-C ([SP-C]2) had the most marked effects. In addition, [SP-C]2 induced increased superoxide anion release at an early phase (6 to 12 h) and an increase in glutathione content at 24 h of incubation. At 3 d after incubation, cellular glutathione and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were significantly decreased in cells treated with [SP-C]2, [SP-C]2 was presumed to cause early cell death through increased formation of superoxide anion and the subsequent derangement of cellular metabolism. [SP-C]2 was not removed from cells, and SP-B and SP-C were removed at slower rates than lipids. The changes in macrophages induced by [SP-C]2 may contribute to establishing PAP.
Parenteral Pentazocine Problems
Authors: Steven J. Rush
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> To put the editorial on cutaneous complications of parenterally administered pentazocine (226:189, 1973) in perspective, it should be emphasized that the severe sclerosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues discussed by Winfield and Greer is rare and has occurred, almost without exception, in patients who have taken pentazocine for long periods of time in a dosage far greater than that recommended by Winthrop or approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, this has been listed in Winthrop's literature under adverse reactions since this medicine was first marketed. Furthermore, in all previously reported cases, the sites of sclerosis and injection were identical. None of our consultants are aware of any phenomenon where skin sclerosis occurred "quite distant from the actual injection site." In view of the fact that most "abusers" of drugs are notoriously unreliable as historians, one must seriously question the "distant from the injection site"
Two Different Forms of Arousal in Drosophila Are Oppositely Regulated by the Dopamine D1 Receptor Ortholog DopR via Distinct Neural Circuits
Authors: Tim Lebestky, Jung-Sook C. Chang, Heiko Dankert, Lihi Zelnik, Young-Cho Kim, Kyung-An Han, Fred W. Wolf, Pietro Perona, David J. Anderson
Journal: Neuron (2009)
Hare-lip Deformities
Authors: D. Matthews
Journal: BMJ (1968)

The serotonin (5-HT) system and the amygdala are key regulators of emotional behavior. Several lines of evidence suggest that 5-HT transmission in the amygdala is implicated in the susceptibility and drug treatment of mood disorders. Thus, elucidating the physiological mechanisms through which midbrain 5-HT neurons modulate amygdala circuits could be pivotal in understanding emotional regulation in health and disease. To shed light on these mechanisms, we performed patch-clamp recordings from basal amygdala (BA) neurons in brain slices from mice with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) genetically targeted to 5-HT neurons. Optical stimulation of 5-HT terminals at low frequencies (≤1Hz) evoked a short-latency excitation of BA interneurons (INs) that was depressed at higher frequencies. Pharmacological analysis revealed this effect was mediated by glutamate and not 5-HT since it was abolished by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Optical stimulation of 5-HT terminals at higher frequencies (10-20Hz) evoked both slow excitation and slow inhibition of INs. These effects were mediated by 5-HT since they were blocked by antagonists of 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors, respectively. These fast glutamate- and slow 5-HT-mediated responses often co-existed in the same neuron. Interestingly, fast-spiking and non-fast-spiking INs displayed differential modulation by glutamate and 5-HT. Furthermore, optical stimulation of 5-HT terminals did not evoke glutamate release onto BA principal neurons (PNs), but inhibited these cells directly via activation of 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors and indirectly via enhanced GABA release. Collectively, these findings suggest that 5-HT neurons exert a frequency-dependent, cell type-specific control over BA circuitry via 5-HT and glutamate co-release to inhibit the BA output. <b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> The modulation of the amygdala by serotonin (5-HT) is important for emotional regulation and is implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders. Hence, it is essential to dissect the physiological mechanisms through which 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei modulate amygdala circuits. Here, we combined optogenetic, electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches to study the effects of activation of 5-HT axons in the basal nucleus (BA) of the amygdala. We found that 5-HT neurons co-release 5-HT and glutamate onto BA neurons in a cell type-specific and frequency-dependent manner. Thus, we suggest that theories on the contribution of 5-HT neurons to amygdala function should be revised to incorporate the concept of 5-HT/glutamate co-transmission.
Treatments for sleep problems in elderly people
Authors: P. Montgomery
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Sleep problems are common among older people—12-25% of healthy elderly people report chronic insomnia, with higher rates among those with coexisting medical or psychiatric illness.1 Despite these high rates little has been published that specifically concerns sleep in people over 60 years. This article provides a brief summary of some of the main evidence available on treatments for what is one of the main sleep related problems in otherwise healthy elderly people, based on a recent series of Cochrane systematic reviews.2–4

There are three main sleep problems: too much (excessive sleepiness); too little (sleeplessness); and “things that go bump in the night” (parasomnias). Nearly 90 sleep disorders are, however, listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders .5 When considering a patient's sleep it can be helpful to think about the quality (was it refreshing?), duration (in hours and minutes, taking account of …
De novo cardiac beta adrenoceptor synthesis in adult rats under normoxic and hypoxic conditions
Authors: R. J D WINTER, P. M INKPEN, K. E J DICKINSON, R. M RUDD, P. S SEVER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1988)

Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane (BAAM), an alkylating irreversible beta adrenoceptor antagonist, was used to study in vivo beta adrenoceptor synthesis in adult rat left ventricle under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In normoxic conditions cardiac beta adrenoceptor density decreased by 50% 15 h after treatment and recovered to control values after about 250 h. A similar decrease in receptor density and pattern of recovery was found in environmental hypoxia. Neither hypoxia nor treatment with BAAM had a significant effect on the dissociation constant of the radioligand. These results show that cardiac beta adrenoceptor synthesis occurs rather slowly and suggest that alteration of the rate of receptor synthesis in hypoxic states is not a major determinant of reported changes in density.
A New Medical Mission to El Salvador
Authors: Jack Geiger, Carola Eisenberg, Stephen Gloyd, José Quiroga, Thomas Schlenker, Nevin Scrimshaw, Julia Devin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

El Salvador has a long history of human right abuses and a record of violations of medical neutrality and international humanitarian law. A civil war broke out between the Salvadorian armed forces and a guerrilla opposition, the Farabundo Marti Liberacion Nacional (FMLN) in 1979. To investigate and report on specific allegations of abuses of human rights and medical neutrality by both sides in the conflict, a medical mission visited El Salvador in early June, 1989. It was sponsored by Physicians for Human Rights. The delegation consisted of 5 physicians, an attorney, and an observer from the staff of the Select Committee on Hunger of the US House of Representatives. The mission explored violations of medical neutrality. It investigated the reported obstruction of civil health personnel and of the delivery of supplies to people living in congested rural areas, refugees, and displaced persons, allegations of assault, intimidation, harassment, and torture of health workers; reports of attacks on hospitals and clinics; and the impact of 19 years civil war on El Salvador's medical institutions. The Salvadorian public health system has been seriously damaged by the civil war. A network of "community health promoters"--Salvadorians trained to give simple prevention and curative care--has begun. This network serves primarily those in contested areas. Nearly all roads in rural areas are controlled by military road blocks. Health workers have reported military interference with vaccination campaigns. The Salvadorian army harasses people they believe support the FMLN and obstructs their access to the communities. In February, 1989, the Atlacatl Battalion of the Salvadorian army attacked FMLN medical personnel. The Nongovernmental Human Rights Commission of El Salvador claims to have identified 40 different kinds of torture. Medical education has suffered from budgetary restrictions and from the hostility of the Salvadorian government.
Advances in Cell and Gene-based Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease
Authors: Mayumi Oakland, Patrick L Sinn, Paul B McCray
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2012)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease characterized by airway infection, inflammation, remodeling, and obstruction that gradually destroy the lungs. Direct delivery of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene to airway epithelia may offer advantages, as the tissue is accessible for topical delivery of vectors. Yet, physical and host immune barriers in the lung present challenges for successful gene transfer to the respiratory tract. Advances in gene transfer approaches, tissue engineering, and novel animal models are generating excitement within the CF research field. This review discusses current challenges and advancements in viral and nonviral vectors, cell-based therapies, and CF animal models.
ALIMENTARY CANDIDA ALBICANS AND NAPKIN RASIIES
Authors: PETER N. DINON, ROBERT P. WARIN, MARY P. ENGLISH
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1972)

Journal Article ALIMENTARY CANDIDA ALBICANS AND NAPKIN RASIIES Get access PETER N. DINON, PETER N. DINON The University Department of Public Health and the United Bristol Hospitals, Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROBERT P. WARIN, ROBERT P. WARIN The University Department of Public Health and the United Bristol Hospitals, Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MARY P. ENGLISH MARY P. ENGLISH The University Department of Public Health and the United Bristol Hospitals, Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 86, Issue 5, 1 May 1972, Pages 458–462, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1972.tb16097.x Published: 01 May 1972
Concomitant inheritance of α‐thalassemia in β°‐thalassemia/hb e disease
Authors: Pranee Winichagoon, Suthat Fucharoen, David Weatherall, Prawase Wasi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Abstract Concomitant inheritance of α‐thalassemia in patients with β°‐thalassemia/hemoglobin (Hb) E disease was detected by restriction endonuclease DNA mapping. Among 42 patients with β°‐thalassemia/Hb E disease, seven were found to have an α‐thalassemia‐2 haplotype. Of these, five belonged to the rightward or 3.7‐kb type of α‐thalassemia‐2 and the remaining two the leftward or 4.2‐kb type. All the seven patients with α‐thalassemia‐2 haplotype had hemoglobin levels of 7.4 g/dl or above; those without detectable α‐thalassemia had hemoglobin levels both higher and lower than 7.4 g/dI. The latter attended the clinic regularly, the former did occasionally. These findings suggest that concomitant inheritance of α‐thalassemia can alleviate the severity of β°‐thalassemia/Hb E disease. Failure to find α‐thalassemia‐1 haplotype in these patients suggests that concomitant inheritance of α‐thalassemia‐1 with β°‐thalassemia/Hb E might lead to so mild a condition that the individuals do not present clinically. The fact that many patients without a detectable α‐thalassemia haplotype also had hemoglobin levels of 7.4 g/dl or higher suggests that there are additional factors responsible for the mildness of β°‐thalassemia/Hb E disease.
Severe microcephaly induced by blockade of vasoactive intestinal peptide function in the primitive neuroepithelium of the mouse.
Authors: P Gressens, J M Hill, B Paindaveine, I Gozes, M Fridkin, D E Brenneman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has potent growth-related actions that influence cell mitosis, neuronal survival, and neurodifferentiation in cell culture. VIP can also produce dramatic growth in postimplantation mouse embryos in vitro, characterized by large increases in cell number. The goal of the present study was to assess the role of VIP on early nervous system development in vivo. Pregnant mice were treated with a specific antagonist to VIP. Prenatal administration of the antagonist early in development (E9-E11) produced severe microcephaly characterized by decreased embryonic brain weight with reduced DNA and protein content. The retardation of growth was disproportionally manifested in the brain compared with the body and was prevented by co-treatment with VIP. Identical treatment with the antagonist later in gestation had no detectable effect on embryonic growth. VIP receptors, which were restricted to the central nervous system during this stage of embryonic development, were increased in the neuroepithelium of antagonist-treated embryos while the number of cells in S-phase was significantly decreased. Thus, VIP regulates brain growth in vivo and inhibition of its action provides new insight into a molecular mechanism for microcephaly.
A Preliminary Report of Penile Transplantation
Authors: Weilie Hu, Jun Lu, Lichao Zhang, Wen Wu, Haibo Nie, Yunsong Zhu, Zhixiong Deng, Yongbing Zhao, Wen Sheng, Qiyou Chao, Xiaofu Qiu, Jinghua Yang, Ying Bai
Journal: European Urology (2006)