tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
AIDS campaigns: putting the message across.
Authors: M. Nuttall, E. Cruwys
Journal: BMJ (1992)

future.The development of a coherent strategy across all sectors following a health lead has been shown to be possible in Wales.4NHS regions in the United Kingdom may have the option of looking towards Brussels rather than Whitehall for health policy in the longer term.The mere suggestion of this may be enough to get Whitehall departments collaborating more effectively to fill "the hole at the centre."
Tissue acidosis: role in sustained arteriolar dilatation distal to a coronary stenosis.
Authors: H Gewirtz, G Weeks, M Nathanson, B Sharaf, F Fedele, A S Most
Journal: Circulation (1989)

This study tested the hypothesis that myocardial tissue acidosis is responsible for maintenance of reduced arteriolar tone distal to a severe coronary arterial stenosis. Domestic swine (n = 10) were instrumented with a coronary arterial stenosis that reduced vessel diameter 80%. Measurements of hemodynamic indexes were made 1) before stenosis, 2) at 5, 20, and 60 minutes after stenosis placement, and 3) after each of three, 20-minute NaOH infusions (0.05 M, 0.1 M, and 0.5 M) distal to the stenosis (group 1). Intracellular pH at the end of 30 minutes of 0.5 M NaOH infusion distal to the stenosis was measured in a second group (n = 6) of swine (group 2). After stenosis placement in group 1, endocardial blood flow declined significantly, and evidence of regional acidosis (increased coronary venous Pco2 and decreased coronary venous pH) and ischemia (lactate production) developed. One hour later, evidence of acidosis persisted, though to a lesser extent. Myocardial oxygen and lactate metabolism exhibited similar patterns. Infusion of 0.5 M NaOH (0.38 ml/min) reduced (p less than 0.01) distal zone epicardial blood flow but did not change endocardial flow. Regional myocardial oxygen extraction (75 +/- 8%, mean +/- SD) and consumption (8.2 +/- 2.3 ml/min/100 g) also declined significantly (p less than 0.01) in response to 0.5 M NaOH infusion compared with 60 minutes after stenosis (86 +/- 4 and 12.4 +/- 2.8 ml/min/100 g respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
780 Complete HBEAG-seroconversion predicts long-term response to lamivudine without selection for YMDD mutants in liver transplant recipients
Authors: H TILLMANN, K BORCHERT, T BOCK, A FINGER, E JAECKEL, J ROSENAU, I GLOMB, K BOKER, B NASHAN, J KLEMPNAUER
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Maternal–infant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during birth carries a high risk of chronic HBV infection in infants. Appropriate neonatal prophylaxis is effective in preventing perinatal transmission of HBV. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of anti-HBV sero-vaccination in newborns of HBsAg positive mothers from Mayotte, French island in the Mozambican canal.One-hundred newborns of HBsAg positive mothers were identified retrospectively on the basis of hospital medical record and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) prescriptions review from 1994 to 2007. To determine the rate of protective efficacy of neonatal prophylaxis defined by anti HBs antibodies >10 IU/mL with negative HBsAg, anti HBc and HBV DNA testing, HBV serological markers were performed in vaccinated children.Eighty-three of 100 newborns (83%) were given a complete sero-vaccination. Maternal HBe Ag status at delivery (available in 93%) was positive in 56 (60%) of cases and HBV viral load (available in 57%) was <5 log IU/mL, between 5 and 7 logs IU/mL and >7 logs IU/mL in 23 (40.4%), 12 (21%) and 22 (38.6%), respectively. HBV markers in all children at a median age of 5 years [IQR 2–8] showed that 76% were protected with anti HBs >10 IU/mL, despite incomplete sero-vaccination in 12 infants; 6% of infants had anti-HBs and anti-HBc positivity with undetectable HBV DNA, 1% had isolated anti HBc while 14% were seronegative. Only 3% had evidence of immunoprophylaxis failure: 1 infant was HBsAg carrier and 2 had detectable HBV DNA without HBsAg (occult HBV infection). The only factor associated with sustained protective efficacy was on time serological control performed within one year of life, whereas maternal age, HBeAg status and HBV viral load on delivery were not.The anti–HBV sero-vaccination of newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers is fairly done in Mayotte and allows a high protection of mother-to-child transmission in a mean endemic area with fair safety. Screening of sero-vaccination failures has to be reinforced in order either to revaccinate or to treat infected children.
Generation of nitrogen-chlorine oxidants by human phagocytes.
Authors: S T Test, M B Lampert, P J Ossanna, J G Thoene, S J Weiss
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Human phagocytes can be triggered to generate large quantities of long-lived nitrogen-chlorine derivatives. This class of oxidants can be detected as early as 5 min after the addition of phorbol myristate acetate or opsonized zymosan particles. Unlike all other oxygen metabolites known to be generated by phagocytes, the nitrogen-chlorine compounds can be readily detected in cell supernatants 90 min after stimulation. The generation of these oxidants is linear with neutrophil concentration, favored at alkaline pH, and inhibited by supraphysiologic concentrations of iodide or bromide. The oxidants are hydrophilic in nature and have a half-life ranging from 5 h at 37 degrees C to greater than 100 h at 4 degrees C. Gel filtration chromatography of the accumulated nitrogen-chlorine derivatives revealed that the oxidants generated by neutrophils or monocytes are a complex mixture of products whose Mr range from 150-5,000. One-half of the nitrogen chlorine derivatives migrate as a single peak with an Mr of approximately 150. Amino acid analysis of this fraction identified the beta-amino acid, taurine, as the single nitrogenous compound present. Neutrophils triggered in the presence of serum albumin accumulated increased amounts of the nitrogen-chlorine derivatives while continuing to generate their endogenous low Mr oxidants. Quantitative analysis of the 36Cl incorporation revealed that the albumin molecule was chlorinated with the formation of both nitrogen-chlorine and carbon-chlorine bonds. We conclude that human phagocytes can chlorinate both endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds at inflammatory sites to generate a heterogeneous mixture of nitrogen-chlorine derivatives. The ability of phagocytes to generate this class of long-lived oxidants whose hydrophilic characteristics restrict their localization to the extracellular space suggests that these species play an important role in modulating the inflammatory response.
New York's war on tobacco produces record fall in smoking
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2004)

A large increase in the tax on cigarettes and a ban on smoking in bars and restaurants are being credited with contributing to an 11% decline in the number of adult smokers in New York city from 2002 to 2003—one of the steepest short term declines ever measured, according to surveys commissioned by the city.

The surveys show that the number of regular smokers, after holding steady for a decade, dropped by more than 100 000 over the period. It is estimated that 19.3% of adults in New York now smoke, down from 21.6%. …
Doppler echocardiographic assessment of fetal descending aortic and umbilical blood flows. Validation studies in fetal lambs.
Authors: K G Schmidt, M Di Tommaso, N H Silverman, A M Rudolph
Journal: Circulation (1991)

Doppler ultrasound has been used to assess abdominal aortic and umbilical blood flows in the human fetus, but the accuracy of this approach has not been demonstrated in an animal model.We compared abdominal aortic and umbilical blood flows determined by Doppler echocardiography in 12 fetal lambs with invasive flow measurements using radionuclide-labeled microspheres and electromagnetic flow transducers. We varied fetal blood flow from 100 to 950 ml/min in the abdominal aorta and from 130 to 610 ml/min in the umbilical vein. Invasive and Doppler echocardiographic flow measurements correlated well at both sites (y = 68 + 1.02x, r = 0.94, and y = 33 + 1.1x, r = 0.91, respectively). A slight overestimation of flow using the Doppler method may require a correction factor to assess actual flow. The degree of overestimation was not systematically related to measurements taken in smaller vessels or at larger angles of incidence.The present study demonstrates that determination of abdominal aortic and umbilical venous flows by echocardiography and pulsed Doppler ultrasound is feasible. Doppler measurements appear to be suited to serial comparison of actual flow.
AIDS: the need for data.
Authors: D G Altman
Journal: BMJ (1987)

[3H]Mazindol labels neuronal dopamine uptake sites in corpus striatum membranes (KD = 18 nM) and neuronal norepinephrine uptake sites in cerebral cortex and submaxillary/sublingual gland membranes (KD = 4 nM). The potencies of various inhibitors of biogenic amine uptake in reducing [3H]mazindol binding in striatal membranes correlate with their potencies for inhibition of neuronal [3H]dopamine accumulation, whereas their potencies in reducing [3H]mazindol binding to cortical and salivary gland membranes correlate with their potencies for inhibition of neuronal [3H]norepinephrine accumulation. Similar to the dopamine and norepinephrine uptake systems, [3H]mazindol binding in all three tissues is dependent upon sodium (with potassium, lithium, rubidium, and Tris being ineffective substitutes) and chloride (with sulfate and phosphate being ineffective substitutes). In membranes of the cerebral cortex and salivary gland, half-maximal stimulation is observed at 50-80 mM NaCl, whereas in membranes of the corpus striatum half-maximal stimulation occurs at 240 mM NaCl. In striatal membranes NaCl increases the affinity of [3H]mazindol binding with no effect on the maximal number of sites. The enhancement of affinity is due to a selective slowing of the dissociation of the ligand from its binding site. The association of [3H]mazindol binding sites with neuronal dopamine uptake sites in the corpus striatum is further supported by the reduction of [3H]mazindol binding sites in striatal membranes following destruction of dopaminergic neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine. Similarly, the association of [3H]mazindol binding sites with neuronal norepinephrine uptake sites in cerebral cortex is supported by the reduction of [3H]mazindol binding to cortical membranes following destruction of noradrenergic neurons by N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine.
Mohammad Ripon Mustafa
Authors: S. Robinson, B. Jordan
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<h3>Objective</h3> To assess the prevalence, characteristics and prognostic value of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) in hospitalised, non-intensive care unit (ICU) patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). <h3>Methods</h3> This single-centre, observational, cross-sectional study included 211 patients with COVID-19 admitted to non-ICU departments who underwent a single transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Patients with poor acoustic window (n=11) were excluded. Clinical, imaging, laboratory and TTE findings were compared in patients with versus without PH (estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure &gt;35 mm Hg) and with versus without RVD (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion &lt;17 mm or S wave &lt;9.5 cm/s). The primary endpoint was in-hospital death or ICU admission. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 200 patients were included in the final analysis (median age 62 (IQR 52–74) years, 65.5% men). The prevalence of PH and RVD was 12.0% (24/200) and 14.5% (29/200), respectively. Patients with PH were older and had a higher burden of pre-existing cardiac comorbidities and signs of more severe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (radiological lung involvement, laboratory findings and oxygenation status) compared with those without PH. Conversely, patients with RVD had a higher burden of pre-existing cardiac comorbidities but no evidence of more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with those without RVD. The presence of PH was associated with a higher rate of in-hospital death or ICU admission (41.7 vs 8.5%, p&lt;0.001), while the presence of RVD was not (17.2 vs 11.7%, p=0.404). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Among hospitalised non-ICU patients with COVID-19, PH (and not RVD) was associated with signs of more severe COVID-19 and with worse in-hospital clinical outcome. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> NCT04318366
Platelet Function Studies in Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: PETER P. STEELE, HUGH S. WEILY, HYWEL DAVIES, EDWARD GENTON
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Platelets have been implicated and abnormal platelet function proposed in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). This investigation examines platelet function in men with stable, arteriographically defined CAD and correlates results with lipid pattern, history of angina or myocardial infarction and smoking habits. Platelet survival ( 51 Chromium method), adhesiveness, and aggregation were measured in 21 men with CAD. Twelve patients had Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia and nine patients had normal lipoprotein level. Eighteen had angina and 13 had had infarction. The average platelet survival for the total group was normal (6.8 ± 0.24 days, avg ± sem ), but survival was shortened in 11 and normal in ten. There was no significant difference between: (1) patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (6.8 ± 0.30 days) and those with normal lipoproteins (6.9 ± 0.41 days); (2) patients with angina (6.8 ± 0.28 days) and without (6.6 ± 0.26 days); (3) patients with infarction (6.8 ± 0.26 days); and without (6.8 ± 0.50 days); (4) patients with varying patterns of arteriographic involvement; and (5) with varying smoking histories. Adhesiveness was normal in all. Aggregation was normal in 14. Neither adhesiveness nor aggregation correlated with platelet survival or defined the subgroups of CAD. Results suggest an abnormal short platelet survival frequently occurs in patients with CAD, but there is no discernible difference in platelet survival among the various clinical subgroups of CAD.
Impairment of Treg suppression by GITR ligation is effective selectively in the context of a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment
Authors: Roberta Zappasodi, Sadna Budhu, David Schaer, Xia Yang, Hong Zhong, Taha Merghoub, Jedd D Wolchok
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts The increased understanding of immunoregulatory receptor pathways is now offering promising opportunities for immunotherapeutic intervention, as exemplified by the success of anti-CTLA-4 antibody (Ab) Ipilimumab. More recently, an agonist Ab for the co-stimulatory receptor
A controlled study of 9α,11β-PGF2 (a prostaglandin D2 metabolite) in plasma and urine of patients with bronchial asthma and healthy controls after aspirin challenge
Authors: Grażyna Bochenek, Krzysztof Nagraba, Ewa Niżankowska, Andrzej Szczeklik
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Smoking-related Genomic Signatures in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Pierre P. Massion, Yong Zou, Heidi Chen, Aixiang Jiang, Peter Coulson, Christopher I. Amos, Xifeng Wu, Ignacio Wistuba, Qingyi Wei, Yu Shyr, Margaret R. Spitz
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

Tobacco smoking is responsible for 85% of all lung cancers. To further our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer, we determined whether smoking history leads to the emergence of specific genomic alterations found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).To identify gene copy number alterations in NSCLCs associated with smoking history or DNA repair capacity.Seventy-five NSCLCs were selected for this study from patients with current, none, or past smoking history, including pack year information. Tissue sections were microdissected, and DNA was extracted, purified, and labeled by random priming before hybridization onto bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) arrays. Normalized ratios were correlated with smoking history and DNA repair capacity was measured by an in vitro lymphocyte assay in the same patients.We identified smoking-related genomic signatures in NSCLCs that could be predicted with an overall 74% accuracy. Lung tumors arising from current-smokers had the greatest number of copy number alterations. The genomic regions most significantly associated with smoking were located within 60 regions and were functionally associated with genes controlling the M phase of the cell cycle, the segregation of chromosomes, and the methylation of DNA. Verification of the data is provided from data in the public domain and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The associations between genomic abnormalities and DNA repair capacity did not reach statistical significance.These findings indicate that smoking history leaves a specific genomic signature in the DNA of lung tumors and suggest that these alterations may reflect new molecular pathways to cancer development.
Reading the scene: Application of E-Z Reader to object and scene perception
Authors: Peter De Graef, Filip Germeys
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

We discuss five basic principles of E-Z Reader in terms of their potential for models of eye-movement control in object and scene perception. We identify several obstacles which may hinder the extrapolation of the E-Z Reader principles to nonreading tasks, yet find that sufficient similarities remain to justify using E-Z Reader as a guide for modeling eye-movement control in object and scene perception.
Germ cell apoptosis after treatment of cryptorchidism with human chorionic gonadotropin is associated with impaired reproductive function in the adult.
Authors: L Dunkel, S Taskinen, O Hovatta, J L Tilly, S Wikström
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Cryptorchidism results in impaired fertility. Reduced numbers of testicular germ cells can be shown histologically during the first years of life. The process causing germ cell loss in cryptorchid prepubertal boys is unknown, but it could be the result of a form of programmed cell death known as apoptosis. 25 adult men with a history of surgically treated cryptorchidism were studied, 15 of whom had received an unsuccessful human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) therapy before orchidopexy. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation was assayed in testis biopsies taken during orchidopexy by end-labeling, both in extracted DNA and histochemically in situ. Only a few scattered apoptotic spermatogonias were seen by end-labeling of biopsies from patients not treated with hCG, whereas more extensive labeling of spermatogonia was seen after hCG treatment. As estimated by gel electrophoresis, the amount of low molecular weight DNA was 4.3-fold higher in the hCG-treated group when compared with the level in scrotal testis of non-hCG-treated patients (P < 0.001). About 20 yr after the biopsy, the low molecular weight DNA fragmentation correlated negatively with the testis volume (r = -0.84; P < 0.001) and positively with serum FSH levels (r = 0.73; P < 0.001). Findings in the semen analysis were similar between the groups. Apoptotic loss of spermatogonia after hCG treatment of cryptorchidism warrants reevaluation of the safety of this treatment.
Contempo '81. Occupational medicine
Authors: B. W. Karrh
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The last year has presented many new challenges to occupational medicine. Three of these issues—third-party access to medical records, reproductive hazards in the workplace, and chronic illnesses that could be of occupational origin—will have as much impact on all aspects of medicine, irrespective of specialty, as on the practice of occupational medicine. Jermyn F. McCahan, MD, in the CONTEMPO '80 issue ofThe Journal, discussed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Act and its effect on the practice of occupational medicine. Dr McCahan pointed out that OSHA has long been recognized as potentially having a significant effect on the practice of medicine outside the realm of occupational medicine and on the physician-patient relationship. <h3>Third-Party Access to Medical Records</h3> On May 23, 1980, OSHA published in the<i>Federal Register</i>its standard on access to employee exposure and medical records.<sup>1</sup>The agency states: the fundamental reasons for this standard are
Manipulation of [11C]-5-Hydroxytryptophan and 6-[18F]Fluoro-3,4-Dihydroxy-<scp>l</scp>-Phenylalanine Accumulation in Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells
Authors: Oliver C. Neels, Klaas P. Koopmans, Pieter L. Jager, Laya Vercauteren, Aren van Waarde, Janine Doorduin, Hetty Timmer-Bosscha, Adrienne H. Brouwers, Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx, Ido P. Kema, Philip H. Elsinga
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract [11C]-5-Hydroxytryptophan ([11C]HTP) and 6-[18F]fluoro-3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine ([18F]FDOPA) are used to image neuroendocrine tumors with positron emission tomography. The precise mechanism by which these tracers accumulate in tumor cells is unknown. We aimed to study tracer uptake via large amino acid transporters, peripheral decarboxylation (inhibited by carbidopa), and intracellular breakdown by monoamine oxidase (MAO). [11C]HTP and [18F]FDOPA tracer accumulation was assessed in a human neuroendocrine tumor cell line, BON. The carbidopa experiments were done in a tumor-bearing mouse model. Intracellular [11C]HTP accumulation was 2-fold higher than that of [18F]FDOPA. Cellular transport of both tracers was inhibited by amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid. The MAO inhibitors clorgyline and pargyline increased tracer accumulation in vitro. Carbidopa did not influence tracer accumulation in vitro but improved tumor imaging in vivo. Despite lower accumulation in vitro, visualization of [18F]FDOPA is superior to [11C]HTP in the neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor xenograft model. This could be a consequence of the serotonin saturation of BON cells in the in vivo model. [Cancer Res 2008;68(17):7183–90]
ACUTE HEPATITIS ASSOCIATED WITH MOUSE LEUKEMIA
Authors: John B. Nelson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1952)

The etiological agent of the acute hepatitis encountered in weanling mice of the Princeton strain is a virus found in the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart's blood, urine, and intestinal contents of experimentally infected animals. Older Princeton mice and weanlings from four other strains (Swiss, Webster's BSVS, C albino) and Bagg) proved to be less susceptible than Princeton weanlings. The virus was demonstrable in Berkefeld V filtrates of liver suspensions and in supernatants after centrifugation at 10,000 G. In whole liver suspensions it was detectable in decreasing amounts through a dilution of 10–7. Aureomycin and terramycin had no detectable effect on the activity of the virus in weanlings.
Points from Letters: G.M.C. Annual Retention Fee
Authors: J. F. Mather
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Analyzer.The conditions remained identical apart from increased concentration of indicator enzymes.3Normal ranges were determined for each system on blood drawn from healthy volunteers.The results are given in the Table .The range for asparate amino- transferase was much narrower with the LKB instrument, the upper limit of normal falling by 8 units.This was due to the standard deviation being virtually halved, since the mean was similar to the previous value.Instrument No.
Tc-99m ECD SPECT and FDG PET in Partial Status Epilepticus Resulting From Cerebral Sparganosis
Authors: Jinkwon Kim, Ji-Hyung Park, Young-Hoon Ryu, Kyung-Yul Lee
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Sparganosis is a rare intracranial parasitic disease caused by the infestation of a plerocercoid tapeworm larva of Spirometra mansoni. According to previous studies of cerebral sparganosis, common clinical features are seizure, hemiparesis, and chronic headache. We report a case of cerebral sparganosis in which the patient presented with a first attack of sustained unilateral jerky involuntary movements that concluded as a partial status epilepsy based on the ictal and interictal brain Tc-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and interictal FGD positron emission tomography (PET) studies.