tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Association of Socioeconomic Position With Health Behaviors and Mortality
Authors: Silvia Stringhini, Séverine Sabia, Martin Shipley, Eric Brunner, Hermann Nabi, Mika Kivimaki, Archana Singh-Manoux
Journal: JAMA (2010)

<h3>Context</h3>Previous studies may have underestimated the contribution of health behaviors to social inequalities in mortality because health behaviors were assessed only at the baseline of the study.<h3>Objective</h3>To examine the role of health behaviors in the association between socioeconomic position and mortality and compare whether their contribution differs when assessed at only 1 point in time with that assessed longitudinally through the follow-up period.<h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3>Established in 1985, the British Whitehall II longitudinal cohort study includes 10 308 civil servants, aged 35 to 55 years, living in London, England. Analyses are based on 9590 men and women followed up for mortality until April 30, 2009. Socioeconomic position was derived from civil service employment grade (high, intermediate, and low) at baseline. Smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and physical activity were assessed 4 times during the follow-up period.<h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3>All-cause and cause-specific mortality.<h3>Results</h3>A total of 654 participants died during the follow-up period. In the analyses adjusted for sex and year of birth, those with the lowest socioeconomic position had 1.60 times higher risk of death from all causes than those with the highest socioeconomic position (a rate difference of 1.94/1000 person-years). This association was attenuated by 42% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21%-94%) when health behaviors assessed at baseline were entered into the model and by 72% (95% CI, 42%-154%) when they were entered as time-dependent covariates. The corresponding attenuations were 29% (95% CI, 11%-54%) and 45% (95% CI, 24%-79%) for cardiovascular mortality and 61% (95% CI, 16%-425%) and 94% (95% CI, 35%-595%) for noncancer and noncardiovascular mortality. The difference between the baseline only and repeated assessments of health behaviors was mostly due to an increased explanatory power of diet (from 7% to 17% for all-cause mortality, respectively), physical activity (from 5% to 21% for all-cause mortality), and alcohol consumption (from 3% to 12% for all-cause mortality). The role of smoking, the strongest mediator in these analyses, did not change when using baseline or repeat assessments (from 32% to 35% for all-cause mortality).<h3>Conclusion</h3>In a civil service population in London, England, there was an association between socioeconomic position and mortality that was substantially accounted for by adjustment for health behaviors, particularly when the behaviors were assessed repeatedly.
Pope's comment on condom use will help HIV prevention, say activists
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Condom use can be justified in some situations to help stop the spread of HIV, said Pope Benedict XVI in a comment that seemed more off the cuff than a formal change in policy. It came in a book published this week in Germany, excerpts of which appeared in a newspaper in Rome on 20 November.

The example cited by the 83 year old pontiff—a male prostitute using a condom “where this can be a first step in the direction of a moralisation, a first assumption of responsibility”—was both curious and limiting.

The pope also said that condoms were not “a real or moral solution” to the HIV epidemic.

The Vatican was …
Excision of Congenital Nevi: Immediate, Complete, and in the Office
Authors: Robert Auerbach
Journal: JAMA (1990)

To the Editor.—  The question Congenital Nevi: Should These Be Excised? 1 is well put and thoughtfully answered. However, one important part was not addressed.  The surgery should be carried out in an office, not a hospital, with local anesthesia. The excision should be complete, but conservative, with almost no margin of normal skin. Done quickly and with little fuss at an early age, there is minimal stress; also, the scar will be smaller than if one waits for the congenital nevus to grow.
THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE.Read in the Section on Materia Medica and Pharmacy, at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: H. I. JONES
Journal: JAMA (1894)

In bringing this subject before the Section it is not the object or aim of this paper to consider the relative value of this salt, but to present a summary of how we stand in regard to the advantage which may be derived from the application of it to the cure of disease. Singleness of action in a drug is as valuable as singleness of purpose in a man. The profession has become tired of empiricism; it is anxious to know the pathology of disease, because its therapeutics can then become rational. Permanganate of potash is, as you all know, a dark purple prismatic crystal, freely soluble in water, forming a rich purple solution. It is often objected that permanganate of potash is so quickly decomposed on coming in contact with organic matter that its action is feeble and transitory; this objection can not be maintained, as in reality a
Thromboxane A<sub>2</sub>induces blood flow recovery via platelet adhesion to ischaemic regions
Authors: Hideki Amano, Yoshiya Ito, Koji Eshima, Shintaro Kato, Fumihiro Ogawa, Kanako Hosono, Kazuhito Oba, Hideaki Tamaki, Hiroyuki Sakagami, Masabumi Shibuya, Shuh Narumiya, Masataka Majima
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2015)

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) induces platelet adhesion through thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptor. Platelets contain many pro-angiogenic factors and are recruited to the site of vascular injury. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of platelet-dependent angiogenesis, especially the involvement of TP signalling, have not been fully elucidated. The present study hypothesized that TP-dependent platelet adhesion would contribute to angiogenesis in a mouse hindlimb ischaemic model. Blood flow recovery was suppressed by the TXA2 receptor antagonist (S-1452) and the TXA2 synthase inhibitor (OKY-046) compared with control mice. TP knockout mice (TP−/−) showed delayed blood flow recovery from ischaemia and impaired angiogenesis compared with wild-type (WT) mice and prostacyclin receptor knockout mice (IP−/−). Selective platelet adhesion to ischaemic endothelial cells (ECs) via P-selectin was identified in WT and IP−/−, but not in TP−/−, via in vivo microscopy. IF analysis showed that P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) co-localized with endothelial CD31 in ischaemic muscle in WT and IP−/− but not diminished in TP−/−. Platelet-rich plasma levels of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and VEGF were increased after ischaemia in WT, and suppressed by antibody against P-selectin in WT but not in TP−/−. Furthermore, the blood flow recovery was suppressed by neutralizing antibodies against VEGF or C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 in WT and IP−/− but not in TP−/−. These results indicated that TP signalling facilitates ischaemia-induced angiogenesis via P-selectin-mediated platelet adhesion to PSGL-1 on the ECs at ischaemic sites and the supply of pro-angiogenic factors by the adherent platelets.
Cholesteryl ester storage disease: Hepatopathology and effects of therapy with lovastatin
Authors: Adrian M. Di Bisceglie, Kamal G. Ishak, Lionel Rabin, Jeffrey M. Hoeg
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

We describe three patients with cholesteryl ester storage disease. Diagnosis was confirmed by demonstrating a deficiency in lysosomal acid cholesteryl hydrolase activity in cultured skin fibroblasts from each of these patients. All had hepatomegaly, elevated serum aminotransferase activities and hyperlipoproteinemia. Histological examination of liver biopsy specimens before treatment revealed accumulation of fat within hepatocytes, bile duct epithelium and endothelial and Kupffer cells. Cholesterol crystals were recognized by their birefringence in frozen sections. A striking feature was the presence of markedly hypertrophied Kupffer cells and portal macrophages with foamy, tan–colored cytoplasm that stained readily with the periodic acid–Schiff reagent and aldehyde fuchsin. Periportal fibrosis was noted in all cases; incomplete cirrhosis was present in one case. Distinctive and hitherto undescribed lysosomal accumulations of triglyceride and cholesterol crystals were noted. The patients were treated with lovastatin, a cholesterol–lowering agent, for at least 12 mo. No significant changes were seen in serum lipoprotein concentrations or liver histopathology after therapy. Thus lovastatin did not have an obviously beneficial effect on abnormal lipid metabolism in these patients.(HEPATOLOGY 1990; 11:764–772.)
Prediction of spontaneous viral clearance in acute hepatitis C by viral load measurements
Authors: Thomas Berg, Maria Pascu, Bernd Möller
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Antiviral treatment of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been shown to be highly effective, 1 but it is still unclear whether this kind of treatment should be applied to all acutely infected patients.Treatment decisions must be weighed against the danger of developing a chronic course and the possibility to clear the virus spontaneously.Furthermore, treatment costs and side effects are also of importance.Also, the optimal time point to start treatment after acute infection remains to be determined.In this respect, we read with great interest the article by Hofer et al. 2 that showed that measurements of serum hepatitis C viral load early during the acute phase of the infection was not only helpful to differentiate patients with spontaneous viral clearance from those who developed chronic infection, but was also a useful parameter to guide timing of antiviral treatment.Thus, HCV RNA became negative early (on average, 35 days) after onset of symptoms in all patients with spontaneous viral clearance, whereas continuously elevated viral levels were found in patients who developed a chronic course of the disease.As a consequence, the authors concluded that antiviral therapy should be restricted to patients without early viral clearance.Although we basically agree with this conclusion, we would like to give a brief notice of caution regarding the durability of spontaneous viral clearance in this situation.We recently followed-up 2 female patients (ages 25 and 38 years, respectively) suffering from acute icteric hepatitis C who had early viral clearance and suffered a viral relapse as long as up to 6 months after HCV RNA became negative for the first time (Fig. 1).These data clearly show that one cannot always be sure that infection is cured when HCV RNA has become
Not so simple: The multidimensional nature and diverse origins of political ideology
Authors: Stanley Feldman, Leonie Huddy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract At odds with Hibbing et al., we argue that political ideology is best explained by at least two dimensions linked to economic and social ideology. In addition, Hibbing et al's claim that conservatism is grounded in a heightened sensitivity to negative outcomes, something closely tied to the personality trait of neuroticism, does not fit with the established personality correlates of political ideology. Conscientiousness and a lack of openness to experience are linked to conservatism but there is no established connection to neuroticism.
Renovascular Hypertension Secondary to Arterial Fibrodysplasia
Authors: William S. Houck
Journal: JAMA (1979)

RENOVASCULAR hypertension is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, and the proximal renal artery is usually involved in this process. Approximately 40% of renal hypertension is secondary to fibromuscular hyperplasia.<sup>1</sup>This disease process primarily affects the distal main renal artery, but in approximately 24% of the cases, the primary and secondary branches of the renal artery are involved.<sup>1</sup>In these latter situations, the disease is not amenable to the usual surgical procedure of bypass vein grafting. We recently cared for a 49-year-old woman with renovascular hypertension secondary to fibromuscular disease. This patient's problem was successfully treated by renal artery dilation using a No. 4 Fogarty balloon. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 49-year-old woman had long-standing hypertension. Her blood pressure (BP) was poorly controlled with hydrazaline hydrochloride, methyldopa, and methyclothiazide. She had noted the onset of severe headaches that required medication. A recent intravenous pyelogram (IVP) showed a differentiation in
Office Medicine, Primary Care Office Practice of Medicine
Authors: Ray van Wolkenten
Journal: JAMA (1995)

It is a pleasure to have had the opportunity to review this latest edition of Branch's<i>Office Practice of Medicine</i>. With 108 contributors, more than one-third new, this text provides a comprehensive survey of problems frequently presenting in adult primary care. It is a major revision of the second edition but continues to build on the solid contribution made by its predecessor. It is of value to general internists, primary care internists, family practitioners, and others providing care to adults. The text is divided by organ systems with each division broken into chapters on individual problem areas. The cardiovascular system, for example, covers syncope, palpitations, angina, noninvasive tests, valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure, hyperlipidemia, exercise, tobacco use, hypertension, claudication, and venous diseases in the lower extremities. This deemphasizes some of the congenital heart problems rarely seen in adults and emphasizes the treatment of risk factors such as hyperlipidemia and
Glucagon Binding and Adenylate Cyclase Activity in Liver Membranes from Untreated and Insulin-Treated Diabetic Rats
Authors: Vijay Soman, Philip Felig
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

To investigate the role of hepatic glucagon receptors in the hypersensitivity to glucagon observed in insulin-deprived diabetics, liver plasma membranes were prepared from control rats and from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats some of whom were treated with high-dose and low-dose insulin. The untreated diabetic animals exhibited hyperglycemia, weight loss, hypoinsulinemia, and hyperglucagonemia. High-dose insulin treatment (2 U Protamine-zinc-insulin/100 g per day) resulted in normoglycemia, normal weight gain, mild hyperinsulinemia, and return of glucagon levels toward base line. The low-dose (1 U protamine-zinc-insulin/100 g per day) insulin-treated diabetic group demonstrated chemical changes intermediate between the untreated and the high-dose insulin-treated animals.
Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Meeting, May 2002
Authors: Zachary T. Bloomgarden
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

This is the second of two articles covering the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Meeting in Chicago, 1–5 May 2002. Topics include the new diabetes management guidelines of the ACE.

Brian Hoogwerf (Cleveland, OH) discussed the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Physiologically, the renal effect of the agents appears to involve lowering of intrarenal pressures. Early studies showed the importance of blood pressure treatment in protecting against loss of renal function (1,2). With growing evidence that captopril preserves renal function in patients with type 1 diabetes and established nephropathy (3), this treatment has gradually gained prominence. Further study showed a long-term effect of ACEIs on the development of nephropathy in persons with type 2 diabetes, showing stabilization of albuminuria and creatinine clearance with enalapril with both hypertension (4) and normal blood pressure (5). Finally, the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study of >3,500 subjects with diabetes who had a previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) event or at least one other CVD risk factor treated with ramipril 10 mg vs. placebo produced a 25% decrease in primary outcome of myocardial infarction, stroke, or CVD death over 4.5 years, which appeared to progressively improve with longer duration of ACEI treatment (6). Albuminuria progression also decreased. Hoogwerf concluded by pointing out that albuminuria has a continuous and graded relationship to CVD risk (7) and that risk reduction is seen regardless of renal insufficiency, diabetes, or hypertension (8).

A metaregression analysis has shown that the decrease in proteinuria with ACEIs is independent of change in blood pressure, duration of treatment, type of diabetes, or stage of nephropathy, in contrast with other antihypertensive treatments, with which the degree of benefit is related to blood pressure reduction (9). Furthermore, there is evidence from analysis of 698 patients with type 1 diabetes in 12 …
Profiling of histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation levels predicts transcription factor activity and survival in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Carsten Müller-Tidow, Hans-Ulrich Klein, Antje Hascher, Fabienne Isken, Lara Tickenbrock, Nils Thoennissen, Shuchi Agrawal-Singh, Petra Tschanter, Christine Disselhoff, Yipeng Wang, Anke Becker, Christian Thiede, Gerhard Ehninger, Udo zur Stadt, Steffen Koschmieder, Matthias Seidl, Frank U. Müller, Wilhelm Schmitz, Peter Schlenke, Michael McClelland, Wolfgang E. Berdel, Martin Dugas, Hubert Serve
Journal: Blood (2010)
Measles in the Southern Health Board--implications for resources.
Authors: W W McConnell, V K Tohani
Journal: BMJ (1984)

During a recent epidemic of measles in the Southern Health and Social Services Board in Northern Ireland it became apparent that the level of notifications of measles by general practitioners did not reflect the true incidence of the disease at that time. In trying to establish a more accurate measure of the incidence of measles it became clear that much money and manpower had been used to treat this outbreak. We tried to cost a defined period covering 1 January to 30 June 1983 to draw attention to the possible benefits of a more effective measles vaccination programme in preventing disease and saving resources. The implications of our present poor rate of vaccination were measured for hospital services, primary medical care services, and related consequences. The costs for the defined period were approximately pounds 175 931, and if the outcome had been worse in a few cases it might have been as high as pounds 1 375 931.
<i>TP53, BRCA1</i>, and <i>BRCA2</i> Tumor Suppressor Genes Are Not Commonly Mutated in Survivors of Hodgkin’s Disease With Second Primary Neoplasms
Authors: Kim E. Nichols, John A. Heath, Debra Friedman, Jaclyn A. Biegel, Arupa Ganguly, Peter Mauch, Lisa Diller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Purpose: Despite recognition that second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) contribute significantly to mortality after the successful treatment of Hodgkin’s disease (HD), little is known about the molecular events leading to secondary tumors. Factors contributing to second cancer risk include the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation and chemotherapy, in combination with possible host susceptibility. To clarify whether host genetic factors contribute to secondary tumorigenesis, we performed mutational analyses of the TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes in a cohort of 44 HD patients developing one or more SMN. Patients and Methods: Family cancer histories and constitutional DNA samples were obtained from 44 HD patients with SMNs identified. Using DNA-based sequencing, we evaluated the TP53 gene in all 44 patients. Nineteen female patients developing one or more secondary breast cancer were also analyzed for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer–susceptibility genes. Results: Nineteen patients (43%) had more than one SMN, and 12 patients (27%) had a positive family history of cancer. One of 44 patients tested for TP53 harbored a novel homozygous germline abnormality. One of 19 patients tested for BRCA2 carried a previously described heterozygous inactivating mutation. We identified no germline BRCA1 mutations. Conclusion: Despite features suggestive of genetic predisposition, the TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2 genes were not frequently mutated in this cohort of HD patients developing SMNs. Larger studies of these genes or investigations of other genes involved in cellular DNA damage response pathways may identify host genetic factors that contribute to secondary tumorigenesis.
Laboratory Use: Persisting Attitudes Implicit in a National Examination
Authors: BRIAN P. SCHMITT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Letters and Corrections1 January 1988Laboratory Use: Persisting Attitudes Implicit in a National ExaminationBRIAN P. SCHMITT, M.D., ARTHUR S. ELSTEIN, Ph.D.BRIAN P. SCHMITT, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ARTHUR S. ELSTEIN, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-1-159_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Over the last 7 years the American College of Physicians (ACP) has supported rational principles of diagnostic test selection and interpretation (1). However, these principles have been reluctantly incorporated into clinical practice. One reason for this reluctance may be faculty attitude (2).Previously, to evaluate attitudes at a national level, we focused on the Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program (MKSAP) (3). Specifically, we reviewed the patient management problem sections of the MKSAP V and VI. We looked at every diagnostic option associated with a dollar cost. We categorized the 563 diagnostic questions from the 23 patient management problems...References1. GRINERMAYEWSKIMUSHLINGREENLAND PRAP. Selection and interpretation of diagnostic tests and procedures. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:553-600. Google Scholar2. BERNERCOULSONSCHMITT ELB. A method to determine attitudes of faculty members toward use of laboratory tests. J Med Educ. 1985;60:374-8. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. SCHMITTELSTEIN BA. Laboratory use: attitudes implicit in a national exam. Med Decis Making. 1988. In press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. SOX H ed. Common Diagnostic Tests: Use and Interpretation. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 1987. Google Scholar5. . Clinical competence in internal medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1979;90:402-11. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago Chicago, IL 60680 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1988Volume 108, Issue 1Page: 158-159KeywordsResearch laboratories ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1988 PDF downloadLoading ...
Sore Throat—A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemma
Authors: James L. Phillips
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I wish to comment on Dr. Stollerman's Clinical Management contribution, "Sore Throat-A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemma" (<i>JAMA</i><b>189:</b>145 [July 13] 1964). My concern is the mention of<i>Hemophilus</i>as an etiological agent of pharyngitis in infants and very small children. The author mentions the concern for obtaining cultures on appropriate media to obtain the<i>Hemophilus</i>organism. In infants as well as in older children and adults, the bacterial agents of pure pharyngitis are the group A βhemolytic streptococci and<i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i>. While it is known that type B<i>Hemophilus influenzae</i>causes acute epiglottitis, type A<i>Hemophilus influenzae</i>is considered to be part of the normal flora in infants and small children, especially those under the age of 2 years. The former type causes a fulminant systemic condition in addition to epiglottitis, and is not considered to be a pharyngitis. I submit this for consideration so that
PUERPERAL FEVER: ITS AETIOLOGY AND PREVENTION
Authors: L. Colebrook
Journal: BMJ (1933)

1-9831EMj.caCAJOURNALbecome infected cannot be stated with certainty at PUERPERAL FEV-ER: ITS AETIOLOGY present, but it is probable that the cocci are devoid of AND) PREVENTION * I the capacity for infecting human tissues.