tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Female medical leadership: cross sectional study
Authors: K. J Kvarner, O. G Aasland, G. S Botten
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<b>Objective</b>: To assess the relation between male and female medical leadership. <b>Design</b>: Cross sectional study on predictive factors for female medical leadership with data on sex, age, specialty, and occupational status of Norwegian physicians. <b>Setting</b>: Oslo,Norway. <b>Subjects</b>: 13844 non-retired Norwegian physicians. <b>Main outcome measure</b>: Medical leaders, defined as physicians holding a leading position in hospital medicine, public health, aacademic medicine, or private health care. <b>Results</b>: 14.6% (95% confidence interval 14.0% to 15.4%) of the men were leaders compared with 5.1% (4.4% to 5.9%) of the women. Adjusted for age men had a higher estimated probability of leadership in all categories of age and job, the highest being in academic medicine with 0.57(0.42to 0.72) for men aged over 54years compared with 0.39(0.21to 0.63) for women in the same category. Among female hospital physicians there was a positive relation between the proportion of women in their specialty and the probability of leadership. <b>Conclusion</b>: Women do not reach senior positions as easily as men. Medical specialties with high proportions of women have more female leaders.
Accuracy of <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitplo</i> tests
Authors: C. Bindslev‐Jensen, L. K. Podsen
Journal: Allergy (1998)

Any new diagnostic test should be validated by standard procedures, and must be validated by the outcome of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC), except in infants, with strict adherence to the EAACI guidelines. Available data should include calculations on sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and concordance and must be calculated on the basis of patients in whom the diagnosis has been established by DBPCFC. Furthermore, data on possible cross-reacting foods and their clinical relevance should be available.
Do antihypertensive drugs increase coronary risk?
Authors: Milan Korcok
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Though an association between elevated arterial pressure and increased risk of coronary heart disease has been well established, there is little indication that the use of antihypertensive drugs has any beneficial effect on reducing the risk of such disease. In fact, says Jerome Lowenstein, MD, professor of medicine at New York University School of Medicine, New York City, there is mounting evidence that many antihypertensive drugs, because of their ability to alter blood lipid levels, may actually increase the risk of coronary artery disease and offset the beneficial effects of blood pressure (BP) lowering. That possibility, says Lowenstein, demands a more intensive investigation of the association between elevated BP and coronary heart disease as well as a reassessment of the way antihypertensives are most commonly used. In a report to the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Lowenstein said it also appears possible that while antihypertensive agents reduce
The Comparison of the Confidence Regions in Phylogeny
Authors: Xiaofei Shi, Hong Gu, Edward Susko, Chris Field
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

In this paper, several different procedures for constructing confidence regions for the true evolutionary tree are evaluated both in terms of coverage and size without considering model misspecification. The regions are constructed on the basis of tests of hypothesis using six existing tests: Shimodaira Hasegawa (SH), SOWH, star form of SOWH (SSOWH), approximately unbiased (AU), likelihood weight (LW), generalized least squares, plus two new tests proposed in this paper: single distribution nonparametric bootstrap (SDNB) and single distribution parametric bootstrap (SDPB). The procedures are evaluated on simulated trees both with small and large number of taxa. Overall, the SH, SSOWH, AU, and LW tests led to regions with higher coverage than the nominal level at the price of including large numbers of trees. Under the specified model, the SOWH test gives accurate coverage and relatively small regions. The SDNB and SDPB tests led to the small regions with occasional undercoverage. These two procedures have a substantial computational advantage over the SOWH test. Finally, the cutoff levels for the SDNB test are shown to be more variable than those for the SDPB test.
Prescription Writing 1971
Authors: Richard J. Patterson
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A hundred years ago, as is apparent in Fig 1, the individual prescription ordered a multiplicity of drugs, and was compounded in a neighborhood drug store. Today, a prescription is often fractionated into two to eight separate drug orders. Fractionation into individual drug orders has resulted in an increased burden of paper work, in that the physician must write his name, the date, and the patient's name many times for one therapeutic regimen. The mushrooming lists of useful available drugs have added further to the number of prescriptions, and to the paper work. To meet medicolegal requirements, the physician must next write all the drugs again into his office records. Because of the responsibility, these are duties he cannot easily delegate. A common cause of drug-induced death over many years has been cardiac arrhythmias in patients given digitalis, resulting from low potassium states secondary to diuretic therapy.
SYMMETRICAL GANGRENE (RAYNAUD'S) VERSUS ENDARTERITIS OBLITERANS.
Authors: JAMES DUDLEY MORGAN
Journal: JAMA (1902)

<h3>SUMMARY.</h3> Its Anatomic and Physiologic Consideration. Relative Infrequency of Raynaud's Disease. History of Two Remarkable Cases. Etiology Relations of Each Disease to Other Morbid Conditions. Progress and Termination of Each Disease. Treatment. <h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3> Since the establishment of pathologic laboratories has come to be a necessity in all well-equipped hospitals, our knowledge of the etiology, progress and termination of disease has advanced<i>pari passu</i>. It may be easier and quicker to pass upon diseased processes without the labor and proper time spent in pathologic research, but true reasoning and systematic and correct classification of disease can only be obtained by comparison of the healthy and diseased areas. There is, however, no question that in the subject under consideration in this paper, that the drawing of the line too sharply between similar diseases and the same diseases, has been the cause of much confusion and doubt, and too many phenomena have been
Heme induces programmed necrosis on macrophages through autocrine TNF and ROS production
Authors: Guilherme B. Fortes, Leticia S. Alves, Rosane de Oliveira, Fabianno F. Dutra, Danielle Rodrigues, Patricia L. Fernandez, Thais Souto-Padron, María José De Rosa, Michelle Kelliher, Douglas Golenbock, Francis K. M. Chan, Marcelo T. Bozza
Journal: Blood (2012)
Effects of Deguelin on the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway and Apoptosis in Premalignant Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: K.-H. Chun, J. W. Kosmeder, S. Sun, J. M. Pezzuto, R. Lotan, W. K. Hong, H.-Y. Lee
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

Because lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death, new approaches for preventing and controlling the disease are needed. Chemoprevention approaches are both feasible and effective. We evaluated the potential of deguelin, a natural plant product, as a lung cancer chemopreventive agent and investigated its mechanism of action.The effects of deguelin on proliferation and apoptosis of normal, premalignant, and malignant human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were assessed by using the MTT assay, a flow cytometry-based TUNEL assay, and western blot analyses. The effects of deguelin on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were assessed by western blot analyses and with adenoviral vectors that expressed constitutively active Akt.Deguelin treatment in vitro at doses attainable in vivo inhibited the growth of and induced apoptosis of premalignant and malignant HBE cells but had minimal effects on normal HBE cells. Levels of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) were higher in premalignant HBE cells than in normal HBE cells. In premalignant HBE cells, deguelin inhibited PI3K activity and reduced pAkt levels and activity but had mimimal effects on the MAPK pathway. Although overexpression of a constitutively active Akt in premalignant and malignant HBE cells had no effect on growth inhibition mediated by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), a novel chemopreventive retinoid, it blocked deguelin-induced growth arrest and apoptosis.The ability of deguelin to inhibit PI3K/Akt-mediated signaling pathways may contribute to the potency and specificity of this pro-apoptotic drug. Because both premalignant and malignant HBE cells are more sensitive to deguelin than normal HBE cells, deguelin may have potential as both a chemopreventive agent for early stages of lung carcinogenesis and a therapeutic agent against lung cancer.
Effect of a Pharmacist Intervention
Authors: Deirdre T. Criddle
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Letters15 January 2013Effect of a Pharmacist InterventionDeirdre T. Criddle, BPharm, Grad Dip PharmDeirdre T. Criddle, BPharm, Grad Dip PharmFrom Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Goldfields-Midwest Medicare Local, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-2-201301150-00013 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Kripalani and colleagues (1) provide important insights into improving the management of patients at transitions of care. Despite patients receiving best-practice care from pharmacists in medication education (including confirmation of understanding), tools to assist adherence, and telephone follow-up after discharge, medication errors were not reduced. This unexpected result challenges our perception of the problem. Perhaps the answer lies in a reexamination of contextual factors that are not immediately obvious. In this respect, it is important to understand the effect that a sentinel event, such as a hospital admission for the acute coronary syndrome or heart failure, has ...Reference1. Kripalani S, Roumie CL, Dalal AK, Cawthon C, Businger A, Eden SK, et al; PILL-CVD (Pharmacist Intervention for Low Literacy in Cardiovascular Disease) Study Group. Effect of a pharmacist intervention on clinically important medication errors after hospital discharge: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:1-10. [PMID: 22751755] LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Goldfields-Midwest Medicare Local, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoEffect of a Pharmacist Intervention on Clinically Important Medication Errors After Hospital Discharge Sunil Kripalani , Christianne L. Roumie , Anuj K. Dalal , Courtney Cawthon , Alexandra Businger , Svetlana K. Eden , Ayumi Shintani , Kelly Cunningham Sponsler , L. Jeff Harris , Cecelia Theobald , Robert L. Huang , Danielle Scheurer , Susan Hunt , Terry A. Jacobson , Kimberly J. Rask , Viola Vaccarino , Tejal K. Gandhi , David W. Bates , Mark V. Williams , Jeffrey L. Schnipper , and Effect of a Pharmacist Intervention Jessica LaFosse , Jessica Dabady , and Heather Stamper Effect of a Pharmacist Intervention Sunil Kripalani and Jeffrey L. Schnipper Metrics Cited byEffect of a Multifaceted Clinical Pharmacist Intervention on Medication Safety After Hospitalization in Persons Prescribed High-risk MedicationsMedication management post discharge: whose job is it anyway? 15 January 2013Volume 158, Issue 2Page: 137KeywordsAdverse reactionsCaregiversCommunication in health careConflicts of interestHeart failureLiteracyLongitudinal studiesPatientsPerceptionPharmacists ePublished: 15 January 2013 Issue Published: 15 January 2013 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2013 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
On-Line Computer Quality Control of Antibiotic-Sensitivity Testing
Authors: John Petralli, Edward Russell, Adrienne Kataoka, Thomas C. Merigan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

Abstract A quality-control program using a timesharing, on-line computer was employed to compare the results of testing the antibiotic sensitivity of new microbial isolates with previous results. In 10 months of use the program has uncovered 43 errors in identification and 551 changes in sensitivity category. The computer has completely eliminated errors in conversion from zone size to sensitivity category that otherwise occur once in every 12 reports. In all, the program detects and corrects 16 errors in each 100 isolates screened before results are issued to physicians. In addition, the sensitivity-testing data can be stored in a form suitable for hospital epidemiologic studies and for guidance in treatment before specific antibiotic-sensitivity results are available.
Canoeists' disorientation following cold immersion
Authors: S. Baker, J. Atha
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1981)

As an initial step to a broader study of the disorientating effects of cold water immersions on top class competitive canoeists a survey was made of the incidence of hazardous immersions amongst a majority sample of the better canoeists in the country. Virtually the entire entry to one of the most important national competitive meets was canvassed. A total of 288 canoeists in the 1st and 2nd divisions were identified and asked to participate. Replies were received from 247 (86%). All those responding had had extensive experience of canoeing in winter spate and were capable of fast and efficient first-time canoe rolls in cases of capsize. Particular interest was focussed on the 85 (34%) who had experienced at least one capsize in cold water during training or competition in mid-winter. Respondents viewed the winter capsize seriously. Despite their familiarity with the conditions in which they trained all 85, recalling their capsize experiences, reported being concerned, most (79%) only modestly so, but a significant proportion (21%) confessed to feelings of extreme alarm. A number of marked physical symptoms that regularly attend on a capsize were widely reported, the most usual of which was severe pain in the forehead (89%) and breathing and speaking difficulties when afloat (64%). Additionally 62% reported sensory problems including visual difficulties, dizziness and disorientation. Five canoeists admitted fainting. Despite these hazards few preventive measures were taken and clothing with negligible thermal insulation properties was commonly worn. It is concluded that transient cold immersions can be disturbing, and can disorientate the canoeist, but that although conscious of this and to his own potentially high cost, he takes little notice of it in his desire to compete successfully.
Serum Lipids and Their Value in Diagnosis
Authors: Siegfried J. Thannhauser
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1947)

THE serum and the lymph fluid not only are the transport medium for all substances absorbed in the intestines but also contain substances that have originated as a result of intermediary and cellular metabolism. It may therefore be assumed that lipids found in the cells of the organs should also be present in the serum. Such an assumption corresponds only partly with the actual analytical findings. The concentration of certain lipids, although fairly high in the cells of organs, is so low in the serum, and the amount at the disposal of chemists working in the clinical laboratory so small, . . .
Observations on Methods of Measuring the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Authors: A. Goldberg, H. Conway
Journal: BMJ (1952)

Chloroquine Nil Less than 1% 11% 70% Mepacrine 9% 28% 40N 80% Quinine 54%/ 67%.72% 8 5 ' Quinine and pamaquin -. _ 11%and pamaquin has been found by Fairley (1946) in the same theatre almost to double the latent period obtained by a combination of quinine and pamaquin, although the percentage of relapses remained the same in both series.Also in the same theatre Pullman et al. (1948) found the relapse rate in severe B.T. infections to be four and a half times that in moderately severe infections with a combina- tion of quinine and pentaquine, the superiority of which, therefore, still has to be proved.Toxicity Blood and urine examinations which were carried out showed no changes, and camoquin was well tolerated by all patients without giving rise to any complaint.Toxic symp- toms with mepacrine and proguanil were also very rare.A few patients complained of abdominal pain after proguanil, and some vomited after mepacrine. SummaryCamoquin has been found definitely superior to pro- guanil and mepacrine in the treatment of malaria.In M.T. malaria it seems to be superior to chloroquine in controlling fever and asexual parasitaemia.In B.T. mnalaria, fever is controlled earlier with camoquin, but in a few cases there is a slight difference in the rate of clearance of parasitaemia in favour of chloroquine.Evidence suggests that with larger doses of camoquin relapses are few, and are delayed.Although further experience is required to establish a world-wide superio- rity, especially over chloroquine, the use of a single dose and the smaller cost are distinct advantages.
Detection of acetaminophen-cysteine adducts in cases of indeterminate liver failure is not diagnostic of intentional overdose
Authors: Lee C. Claridge
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Khandelwal and colleagues have elegantly demonstrated through the detection of acetaminophen–cysteine adducts that a significant proportion of indeterminate acute liver failure (ALF) is due to acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; APAP) toxicity.1 However, I have concerns regarding the authors' suggestion that the use of adducts to recognize APAP overdosing might be used to influence decisions concerning transplant candidacy. We have recently highlighted cases of ALF that have occurred as a result of administration of APAP at the maximum recommended daily dose in adults with malnutrition and/or low body weight. We also demonstrated through an internal audit at our center that most practitioners are unaware that these patients have increased susceptibility to APAP toxicity and that biochemical evidence of subclinical liver injury is not infrequent.2 This has led us to suspect that APAP toxicity following "therapeutic" doses in high-risk patients contributes to the number of cases labeled as indeterminate ALF. Although previous studies have shown that adduct levels are low in subjects receiving therapeutic doses,3 these were carried out in healthy subjects. Adducts are likely to be significantly elevated in those with low body mass whose peak plasma concentration of APAP reaches toxic levels, and in malnourished individuals with glutathione deficiency and diminished capacity to neutralize N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. Furthermore, in the United States, up to 50% of APAP-induced ALF is thought to occur as a result of unintentional overdose,4 leading to the recent decision by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to limit the dosage unit of APAP to 325 mg in combination prescription products. Thus, unless there is a clear psychiatric history, transplantation must not be precluded on the basis of positive acetaminophen–cysteine adducts. The use of these adducts may help confirm APAP toxicity as the cause of ALF, providing more accurate epidemiological data. Yet, unless the levels can be correlated with prognosis, it is difficult to see how they will change clinical practice. There is already evidence for the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in non-APAP-induced ALF,5 and it is therefore surprising that only 40% of adduct-positive and 17.8% of adduct-negative patients with indeterminate ALF received NAC. The most important message we should take from this study is that all patients with indeterminate ALF should be treated with NAC. Lee C. Claridge Ph.D.*, * Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Spinal Analgesia in Obstetrics
Authors: D. M. E. Cranch
Journal: BMJ (1945)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by excessive inflammation. Here we report on an inpatient cohort where plasma cytokines were measured and tested for association with future need for mechanical ventilation. Hierarchical clustering, Kaplan-Meier curves, and odds ratios demonstrated that the cluster of IL-13 (OR: 1.57), IL-7 (OR: 1.04) and bFGF (OR: 1.04) was predictive for intubation, independent of age, gender and comorbidities.
Germany donates 1bn to Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The philanthropist Bill Gates has welcomed a €1bn (£0.9bn; $1.3bn) donation to the Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria, saying that it would put the fund in a strong position when it asked for donations later in the year.

Dirk Niebel, Germany’s minister for economic cooperation and development, announced the donation at the World Economic Forum this week in Davos, Switzerland, saying that the world needed to continue efforts to fight the spread of HIV, malaria, and other infectious diseases.

Gates, who unveiled a $750m donation to the fund at last year’s forum,1 said that …
NHS appointments will be vetted BMA warns about patient data being sold to third parties From the BMA council.. Social services costs will be reviewed How to provide secondary care in general practice
Authors: L. Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1996)

# NHS appointments will be vetted {#article-title-2}

Sir Leonard Peach, former chief executive of the NHS and now the newly appointed commissioner for public appointments, has issued a code of practice governing some 8300 ministerial appointments, including those to 654 NHS trusts and health authorities. Sir Leonard's post and the new code both stem from recommendations by the Nolan committee to raise standards in public life.

From July, appointments to NHS bodies or government quangos should be advertised and subject to scrutiny by assessment panels, one third of whose members must be independent of the Department of Health. Candidates should be asked whether they have been publicly active in a political party or spoken in support. The stated intention is to monitor the political activities of candidates for public appointment, although they are not expected to divulge their voting habits or private membership of a political party. Candidates must subscribe to the objectives of the body in which they are interested.

Sir Leonard, who is paid £65000, said he aims for a true “meritocracy” with posts filled by people chosen for what they could offer rather than for who they know. He said that the spouses of members of parliament would not be barred since they had every right to have careers of their own.

The public appointments unit in the cabinet office maintains a register of about 5000 people willing to be considered for public appointment. They have either nominated themselves or been nominated by …
LEUCOPENIA AND FEVER IN THE "JARISCH-HERXHEIMER" REACTION OF LOUSE-BORNE RELAPSING FEVER
Authors: T.P.C. Schofield, B.A. Oxon, J.M. Talbot, B.A. Oxon, A.D.M. Bryceson, E.H.O. Parry
Journal: The Lancet (1968)