tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Consultants and Registrars
Authors: R. A. L. Brewis
Journal: BMJ (1972)

known from historical and prospective studies2-5 to warrant effective preventive ac- tion.The point is that there is no single cause and that intervention must be based on the recognition of multiple risk factors.Prediction of morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease on this basis is far from weak 6 and is in fact an epidemiologically-acceptable means of defining high-risk groups whose health can be improved by planned intervention.7A further merit of this approach is that it encourages all concerned towards knowledgeable self-help in personal habits such as cigarette smoking, exercise, and diet.-Weare, etc.,
Debate on screening for breast cancer is not over
Authors: P. C Gotzsche
Journal: BMJ (2001)

EDITOR—In a news item, Mayor described a historically controlled study from Sweden that claimed that screening with mammography reduced deaths from breast cancer by nearly two thirds.1 This was followed a week later by a comment in the Minerva section, which started off with the strong political message that the case for breast cancer screening programmes is now beyond debate and went on to speak about …
THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE FACTORS ON THE FETAL WEIGHT OF RABBITS
Authors: Paul D. Rosahn, Harry S. N. Greene
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1936)

Observations were made on 475 fetuses carried by 71 pregnant rabbits. 63 or 88.7 per cent of the 71 does were sacrificed from 28 to 31 days after the last fertile mating, and these does bore 401 or 88.2 per cent of the total of 455 fully developed fetuses. The following information was available with reference to each fetus: age, weight, weight of corresponding placenta, horn, i.e., right or left, presentation, and position or order. The presentation indicated that part, head or breech, which was directed toward the vagina, and position or order, the relative locus of the fetus in the horn, the first position being that nearest the ovary. As the gestation period approached its normal limit of 31 days, the relative daily increase in mean fetal weight was progressively retarded. There was no significant difference between the number of fetuses in each uterine horn. Head presentation was significantly more frequent than breech, but the uterine horn in which the fetus was located had no influence on its presentation. A greater relative number of breech presenting fetuses was observed in the third position than in the other positions. Presentation did not exert a significant influence on fetal weight. Fetal weight at or near term was significantly influenced by the position or order in the uterine horn. In general, the weights of fetuses implanted high up nearest the ovary were greater than those developing nearest the outlet, and fetuses occupying intermediate positions had intermediate weights. When, however, only two fetuses were present in a horn, position had no effect on their weights. A significant positive coefficient of correlation was observed between fetal and placental weights. Moreover, placental weight was influenced by position in the uterine horn in exactly the same manner that fetal weight was so influenced. The factors which produced variability in fetal weight at or near term, did not account for the abnormally low birth weights of the dwarf rabbits observed in this laboratory.
May-Hegglin Anomaly
Authors: Dale R. Wassmuth, Henry E. Hamilton, Raymond F. Sheets
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Hematologic study revealed the existence of an anomaly in the leukocytes and platelets of 13 subjects in three generations within a single large family. The platelets were poorly granulated and large (up to 15μ in rare instances). The granulocytes were characterized by a cytoplasmic collection of ribose nucleic acid. The anomaly was transmitted genetically as a simple dominant. The presence of the anomaly was not manifested in any clinically significant symptoms and it was detected only by examination of the blood.
317 International multicenter, randomized, controlled study comparing standard versus dynamically individualized treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C (DITTO-HCV) project)
Authors: S ZEUZEM, J PAWLOTSKY, E HAGAI, I GOULIS, Y LURIE, E GIANFRANCO, J ESTEBAN, C HEZODE, M LAGGING, A SOULIER
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast represents a group of heterogeneous non-invasive lesions the incidence of which has risen dramatically since the advent of mammography screening. In this review we summarise current treatment trends and up-to-date results from clinical trials studying surgery and adjuvant therapy alternatives, including the recent consensus on excision margin width and its role in decision-making for post-excision radiotherapy. The main challenge in the clinical management of DCIS continues to be the tailoring of treatment to individual risk, in order to avoid the over-treatment of low-risk lesions or under-treatment of DCIS with higher risk of recurring or progressing into invasion. While studies estimate that only about 40% of DCIS would become invasive if untreated, heterogeneity and complex natural history have prevented adequate identification of these higher-risk lesions. Here we discuss attempts to develop prognostic tools for the risk stratification of DCIS lesions and their limitations. Early results of a UK-wide audit of DCIS management (the Sloane Project) have also demonstrated a lack of consistency in treatment. In this review we offer up-to-date perspectives on current treatment and prediction of DCIS, highlighting the pressing clinical need for better prognostic indices. Tools integrating both clinical and histopathological factors together with molecular biomarkers may hold potential for adequate stratification of DCIS according to risk. This could help develop standardised practices for optimal management of patients with DCIS, improving clinical outcomes while providing only the amount of therapy required for each individual patient.
907 SIRNA TARGETING TO HEPATITIS B VIRUS X AND 5-AZA-DC INHIBIT GROWTH OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA CELLS IN VITRO AND VIVO VIA RESCUING P16 FUNCTIONS
Authors: L. Yang, J.Y. Kuang, X. Wang, J.Y. Zhu, X.B. Yao, Y.T. Chong, Q.F. Xie, Z.L. Gao
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Doctors are told to "make every contact count" to reduce costs of poor lifestyles
Authors: H. Mooney
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals in England will be asked to question patients about their lifestyle, including smoking, diet, exercise, and alcohol consumption, at every meeting, under new plans backed by the government.

The proposal is one of a series of recommendations made by the NHS Future Forum, the body appointed to review the government’s plans for the NHS, in its latest reports to the Department of Health.

Surgeons, midwives, and health visitors, as well as GPs and nurses, will be expected to sign up to the “make every contact count” plan in a bid to curb the soaring costs of healthcare and treatment as …
Deal allows developing countries free access to journals
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Six of the world's leading medical publishers have joined forces in a unique venture in which they have put profits aside to enable more than 100 of the poorest countries in the world to access vital scientific information free of charge through the internet.

The BMJ's editor, Dr Richard Smith, described the arrangement, which is scheduled to start in January 2002, as “momentous” and one that will “completely transform the environment” in which health professionals, researchers, and policymakers in the developing world work.

Overseeing the signing of the …
Brain, Mind, and Behavior
Authors: David Goldblatt
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>The Brain,</h3> by Richard M. Restak, 371 pp, with illus, $24.95, New York, Bantam Books Inc, 1984. The eight-part series, The<i>Brain</i>, on public television (rebroadcast this fall is planned) left its viewers with strong images—a hair-twiddling psychotic, endless perfect dives—but with little solid scientific information. Two companion books have not changed that:<i>Brain, Mind and Behavior</i>, a component of a collegeequivalent course, includes an instructor's manual and study guide. The neuroscientists who wrote it have dedicated their textbook to the reassuring assumption that all functions of the brain, normal and abnormal, are "ultimately explainable in terms of [its] basic structural components."<i>The Brain</i>was written by a neurologist, Richard Restak, who doubts that assumption. He concludes that "anatomical connections between nerve cells fail to provide a sufficient explanation for how the brain works." Neither book should be expected to prove its hypothesis and neither tries very hard to do
Yale Studies in Family Health Care
Authors: Jerome S. Beloff
Journal: JAMA (1967)

This family health care project was designed to demonstrate and evaluate a specially organized complex of health maintenance services to families, using the concept of the health team to coordinate the efforts of medical and paramedical personnel. In this experimental model of a neighborhood health center, medical students are being taught the principles of comprehensive health care through the integration of a broad spectrum of preventive, curative, and rehabilitative health services. The health team consists of a student-physician (with pediatrician and internist preceptors), public health nurse, neighborhood health aide, and readily available consultants. Improved communication techniques were developed through the nurse coordinator, new record systems, formalized team conferences, and a structured family health plan with implementation provisions. Evaluation methodology has been developed for family functioning, student teaching, and effectiveness of this medical care system.
Prediction of Progression of Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer by WHO 1973 and 2004 Grading and by FGFR3 Mutation Status: A Prospective Study
Authors: Maximilian Burger, Madelon N.M. van der Aa, Johanna M.M. van Oers, Anke Brinkmann, Theodorus H. van der Kwast, Ewout C. Steyerberg, Robert Stoehr, Wim J. Kirkels, Stefan Denzinger, Peter J. Wild, Wolf F. Wieland, Ferdinand Hofstaedter, Arndt Hartmann, Ellen C. Zwarthoff
Journal: European Urology (2008)
Echocardiographic Doppler evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. Physics and physiology.
Authors: J D Thomas, A E Weyman
Journal: Circulation (1991)

ABLE 1. Table of AbbreviationsGeneral acceleration term, cm/sec2 Effective mitral valve area, cm2General compliance term, cm3/(dyne/cm2)=cm4-sec2/g (in common units: 1 cm3/mm Hg=0.00075 cm3/[dyne/cm2]) A Instantaneous atrial compliance, cm3/(dyne/cm2) or cm3/mm Hg v Instantaneous ventricular compliance, cm3/(dyne/cm2) or cm3/mm Hg n Instantaneous net atrioventricular compliance, CACV/(CA+CV), cm3/(dyne/cm2) or cm3/mm Hg SV Left ventricular end-systolic volume, cm3General force term, dyne (g-cm/sec2) JRT Isovolumic relaxation time, the interval between aortic valve closure and mitral valve opening, msec Effective acceleration length of blood passing through the mitral valve (cm); pL is mitral inertance 1 General mass term, gGeneral pressure term, dyne/cm2=g/cm-sec2 (in common units: 1 mm Hg= 1,333 dyne/cm2) p Atrioventricular pressure difference, dyne/cm2 or mm Hg Iko Atrial pressure at mitral valve opening, dyne/cm2 or mm Hg Ventricular pressure, dyne/cm2 or mm Hg General stiffness term, (dyne/cm2)/cm3=g/(cm4-sec2) (in common units: 1 mm Hg/cm3= 1,333[dyne/cm2]/cm3) k , Instantaneous atrial stiffness, (dyne/cm2)/cm3 or mm Hg/cm3 Instantaneous ventricular stiffness, (dyne/cm2)/cm3 or mm Hg/cm3 Instantaneous net atrioventricular stiffness, SA+SV, (dyne/cm2)/cm3 or mm Hg/cm3General velocity term, cm/sec w k Chamber volume constant, the volume of blood required to increase pressure in the atrium or fully relaxed ventricle by a factor of e, 2.71828, cm3Vlk Ventricular volume constant, cm3 TI Velocity time integral of the E wave, cm Blood density, 1.05 g/cm3Isovolumic relaxation time constant, msec
Comparison of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Short- and Long-Term Glyburide Therapy in NIDDM
Authors: Linda A Jaber, Edward J Antal, Richard L Slaughter, Ian R Welshman
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To examine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide after single- and multiple-dose administration in patients with type II diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty patients with type II diabetes between 40 and 70 years of age participated in the study. A 24-h pharmacokinetic evaluation including a 4-h Sustacal tolerance test was conducted before instituting glyburide therapy (baseline), after the first 2.5-mg test dose of glyburide and at weeks 6 and 12 of chronic glyburide therapy. Glyburide doses were titrated with a target goal of achieving a fasting plasma glucose of ≤ 7.8 mmol/l or to reach maximum daily doses of 20 mg. RESULTS A significant prolongation in the elimination half-life (t1/2: week 0, 4.0 ± 1.9 h; week 6, 13.7 ± 10.5 h; and week 12, 12.1 ± 8.2 h) and an increased volume of distribution of glyburide was observed during chronic dosing. These results strongly suggest possible drug accumulation. No differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were noted between evaluations at week 6 or week 12. Changes in pharmacodynamic response of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide to chronic glyburide therapy were observed. Glyburide therapy significantly reduced plasma glucose levels at weeks 6 and 12 (percent changes in AUC0→4. glucose from baseline: week 0, −3 ± 11%; week 6, − 29 ± 13%; and week 12, −26 ± 19%). Pancreatic insulin secretion was acutely enhanced and maintained during long-term therapy. Responsiveness to therapy as assessed by the ratio of AUC0→4.glucose:AUC0→4.C-peptide was significantly improved at all weeks compared with baseline. No pharmacodynamic response differences were observed between the week 6 and the week 12 evaluations. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that significant differences in glyburide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics exist between single-dose and steady-state conditions. These differences support the need for careful dosage titration of glyburide to achieve a desired therapeutic response in patients with type II diabetes.
Chronic exposure to free fatty acids or high glucose induces apoptosis in rat pancreatic islets: Possible role of oxidative stress
Authors: Salvatore Piro, Marcello Anello, Cinzia Di Pietro, Maria Natalia Lizzio, Giovanni Patan[egrave], Agata Maria Rabuazzo, Riccardo Vigneri, Michele Purrello, Francesco Purrello
Journal: Metabolism (2002)
Genome-wide analysis of mammalian promoter architecture and evolution
Authors: Piero Carninci, Albin Sandelin, Boris Lenhard, Shintaro Katayama, Kazuro Shimokawa, Jasmina Ponjavic, Colin A M Semple, Martin S Taylor, Pär G Engström, Martin C Frith, Alistair R R Forrest, Wynand B Alkema, Sin Lam Tan, Charles Plessy, Rimantas Kodzius, Timothy Ravasi, Takeya Kasukawa, Shiro Fukuda, Mutsumi Kanamori-Katayama, Yayoi Kitazume, Hideya Kawaji, Chikatoshi Kai, Mari Nakamura, Hideaki Konno, Kenji Nakano, Salim Mottagui-Tabar, Peter Arner, Alessandra Chesi, Stefano Gustincich, Francesca Persichetti, Harukazu Suzuki, Sean M Grimmond, Christine A Wells, Valerio Orlando, Claes Wahlestedt, Edison T Liu, Matthias Harbers, Jun Kawai, Vladimir B Bajic, David A Hume, Yoshihide Hayashizaki
Journal: Nature Genetics (2006)
Communication of Scientific Information
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1975)

The communication of scientific information is a major problem for both scientists and laymen. The present volume addresses itself to this problem, with 23 separate chapters on widely diverse topics. The best way to review it is to give a series of quotations from different chapters. Although these quotations are out of context, I do not believe that makes much difference in the present instance. To make the book readable and more interesting no editorial meddling with style of individual authors has been attempted. Whatever the view, however a consortium of papers be presented, the following essays will, it is hoped, renew emphasis upon the strength, quality and intellectual resources of men, working both individually and collectively, to develop all forms of idea and expression in the communication of scientific information, not only for the continued progress and development of the sciences themselves, but more importantly towards the ultimate goal
1051-129 Use of quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for validation of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β and vascular endothelium-cadherin as important markers of acute rejection after heart transplantation
Authors: Ana L Roussoulieres, Olivier Raisky, Lara Chalabreysse, George Dureau, Catherine Cerutti, Pascale Boissonnat, Laurent Sebbag, Jean-Paul Gare, Jean-François Obadia, Jean Ninet, Olivier Bastien, Françoise Thivolet-Bejui, John L McGregor
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Re: Josef Beatrice, Raeto T. Strebel, Thomas Pfammatter, Jaime H. Röhweder and Tullio Sulser. Life-Threatening Complication after Right Renal Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Large Hepatic Haematoma Requiring Embolisation of the Right Hepatic Artery. Eur Urol 2007;52:909–11
Authors: Jovo Bogdanovic, Jasenko Djozic
Journal: European Urology (2007)
SOME OF THE RARE FORMS OF HERNIA AND THEIR RADICAL TREATMENT.
Authors: R. HARVEY REED
Journal: JAMA (1899)

The writer does not propose to review the anatomy of hernia, or enter into its etiology or pathology, neither does he propose to discuss or report cases of the more common forms of hernia, with which medical literature on this subject is already overburdened. <h3>GASTRIC HERNIA.</h3> It has always seemed strange to me that our textbooks, old and new, should refer to hernia of the diaphragm with such mathematic precision, and at the same time ignore the presence or attempt a description in the most meager manner, of gastric hernia. Certainly it is not because the authors have not seen it, or that it does not exist, or that it is not more common than hernia of the diaphragm. One thing is certain, it is much more amenable to surgical interference with more successful results than the former. In the writer's opinion, it is much more deserving of a place
Prostaglandins mediate the cardioprotective effects of atorvastatin against ischemia?reperfusion injury
Authors: Y BIRNBAUM, Y YE, S ROSANIO, S TAVACKOLI, Z HU, E SCHWARZ, B URETSKY
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2004)

Statins attenuate myocardial ischemic injury by activating nitric oxide synthase (NOS). It is unknown whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), which mediates late ischemic preconditioning, also mediates statins-induced cardioprotection. We investigated the involvement of the prostaglandins and NOS in the cardioprotective effect of atorvastatin (ATV) in the rat.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to a 3-day oral treatment with ATV 10 mg/kg, valdecoxib, a selective COX2 inhibitor (VAL) 3 mg/kg, ATV+VAL or water alone. Rats underwent 30-min myocardial ischemia followed by 4-h reperfusion.Infarct size was smaller in the ATV group (31.3+/-1.9%) than controls (44.5+/-3.1%; p=0.011) and VAL (44.5+/-3.1%; p=0.008). VAL attenuated the protective effect of ATV when administered together (40.2+/-2.5%). ATV pretreatment increased myocardial content of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) (69.5+/-1.5 pg/mg) and PGE2 (57.9+/-0.6 pg/mg) compared with controls (16.2+/-0.2 and 42.1+/-2.0 pg/mg, respectively) and ATV+VAL (15.8+/-0.3 and 39.9+/-1.9 pg/mg, respectively). ATV increased myocardial content of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) (174.8+/-0.5%), COX2 (446.2+/-0.9%), PGI2 synthase (201.8+/-1.1%) and PGE2 synthase (122+/-0.7%), whereas ATV+VAL did not (123.0+/-7.9%, 93.8+/-8.5%, 103.0+/-1.6% and 99.0+/-0%, respectively). ATV did not change the myocardial content of eNOS and nNOS, but increased the concentration of phosphorylated eNOS (231.8+/-2.4%) and iNOS (154.5+/-1.2%). This effect was not blocked by coadministration of VAL (231.5+/-3.0% and 154.5+/-1.8%, respectively).Our results suggest that the prostaglandins are essential for mediating the myocardial protective effects of ATV and their production is downstream to eNOS phosphorylation and iNOS.
Conditional Transgenic Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 in the Adult Mouse Heart Reduces Heart Failure Mortality After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Mortimer Korf-Klingebiel, Tibor Kempf, Klaus-Dieter Schlüter, Christian Willenbockel, Torben Brod, Jörg Heineke, Volker J. Schmidt, Franziska Jantzen, Ralf P. Brandes, Peter H. Sugden, Helmut Drexler, Jeffery D. Molkentin, Kai C. Wollert
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background— Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is secreted from bone marrow cells, which have been shown to improve systolic function after myocardial infarction (MI) in a clinical trial. FGF9 promotes cardiac vascularization during embryonic development but is only weakly expressed in the adult heart. Methods and Results— We used a tetracycline-responsive binary transgene system based on the α-myosin heavy chain promoter to test whether conditional expression of FGF9 in the adult myocardium supports adaptation after MI. In sham-operated mice, transgenic FGF9 stimulated left ventricular hypertrophy with microvessel expansion and preserved systolic and diastolic function. After coronary artery ligation, transgenic FGF9 enhanced hypertrophy of the noninfarcted left ventricular myocardium with increased microvessel density, reduced interstitial fibrosis, attenuated fetal gene expression, and improved systolic function. Heart failure mortality after MI was markedly reduced by transgenic FGF9, whereas rupture rates were not affected. Adenoviral FGF9 gene transfer after MI similarly promoted left ventricular hypertrophy with improved systolic function and reduced heart failure mortality. Mechanistically, FGF9 stimulated proliferation and network formation of endothelial cells but induced no direct hypertrophic effects in neonatal or adult rat cardiomyocytes in vitro. FGF9-stimulated endothelial cell supernatants, however, induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via paracrine release of bone morphogenetic protein 6. In accord with this observation, expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 and phosphorylation of its downstream targets SMAD1/5 were increased in the myocardium of FGF9 transgenic mice. Conclusions— Conditional expression of FGF9 promotes myocardial vascularization and hypertrophy with enhanced systolic function and reduced heart failure mortality after MI. These observations suggest a previously unrecognized therapeutic potential for FGF9 after MI.
All together now: why social deprivation matters to everyone
Authors: G. C M Watt
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Inequalities in health in the United Kingdom are widening as a result of economic policy. By focusing on specific diseases, health policy fails to address why less prosperous groups die earlier from most major categories of death. By concentrating on actions which can be taken by individuals and local communities health policy ignores actions which require the support and involvement of society as a whole. Clinicians see the consequences of health and economic policy in their everyday practice and could contribute more effectively to public debate.
Are we nearly there with tranexamic acid?
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2012)

It’s the week of the annual BMJ Group Improving Health Awards (http://groupawards.bmj.com). By the time you read this we’ll know who has won which of the 12 awards and why. Last year we awarded research paper of the year to the CRASH trialists for their large multicountry placebo controlled randomised trial of tranexamic acid after trauma ( Lancet 2010;376:23-32). They found a significant reduction in bleeding and mortality in patients given the drug. At the awards event one of the senior authors, Ian Roberts, told me of his frustration that, despite cumulative evidence of the effectiveness of tranexamic acid in reducing the need for blood transfusion …