tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
New professional roles in surgery
Authors: Roger Kneebone, Ara Darzi
Journal: BMJ (2005)

tal disorders, such as depression and anxiety, rather than complex psychoses, that contribute most to this rising sickness absence.These are managed almost entirely in primary care, where the focus is on patients with apparently greater clinical needs.Effective evidence based treatments are available for these disorders, including antidepressant medication, problem solving, cognitive behaviour therapy, counselling, and collaborative management. 10Patients tend to prefer psychological therapies, 11 but with a limited capacity to provide them the waiting times are commonly long.Novel approaches to delivery, such as computer based cognitive behaviour therapy, are still at an early stage of development.Both employers and patients require a speedier response than is currently delivered, as the longer an individual remains off work, the more difficult a return to work becomes.Not uncommonly, a position develops where an individual has recovered sufficiently to consider returning to work but perceives that exposure to his employers, colleagues, or other aspects of work will lead to a relapse.General practitioners can have difficulty linking with employers to effect vocational rehabilitation and, as the patient's advocate, may feel uncomfortable recommending returning to work in this situation.Occupational physicians are best equipped to manage these cases, yet the United Kingdom has very poor provision of occupational health (one specialist for every 43 000 workers) compared with the rest of Europe. 1 A cluster randomised controlled trial in Holland has shown how early psychological interventions for common mental disorders, delivered through the workplace, can enhance health and reduce absence. 12 The intervention consisted of 4-5 sessions of cognitive behaviour therapy to increase activity and coping skills for those off sick for only two weeks.It reduced total sick leave, time taken to return to work, and recurrence at 12 months.If the government is serious about tackling the consequences of common mental disorders then innovative policies, possibly requiring major expansion in occupational health and provision of psychological therapy service in primary care, will be required alongside research into the most effective and cost effective methods of delivering service.This would be a wise investment given the substantial economic and social costs engendered by the current service framework.
Microsurgical Composite Tissue Transplantation
Authors: Richard Carlton Schultz
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Since 1902, when Alexes Carrel published his original technique for anastomosis of small blood vessels and transplanting visceral organs, the discipline of surgery has hungered for a definitive monograph on reconstruction by microsurgical techniques. This fine book attempts, with 65 prominent contributors in 48 chapters, to achieve such a review. The book is divided into three parts: basic science, donor composite tissue, and reconstruction. Each part has about 16 chapters, but the main portion, and the most exciting part, deals with microsurgical reconstruction at various recipient sites (head and neck, thorax and breast, upper extremity, and lower extremity). The section on basic science refreshingly reviews the anatomy and hemodynamics of microcirculation, as well as the problems of intravascular coagulation and the metabolic consequences of ischemia and hypoxia. One section attempts to explain the rationale of various experimental procedures using extremely high magnification (×5,000) microphotographs and electron micrographs (×15,000). Most of
Bacteriuria and Survival in Old Age
Authors: Anastasius S. Dontas, Popi Kasviki-Charvati, Panayiotis C. Papanayiotou, Spyros G. Marketos
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

We studied the effect of asymptomatic bacteriuria on survival in 342 healthy residents of a home for the aged. At entry into the study 76 subjects (22 per cent) had bacteriuria on two consecutive urine cultures. There were no differences in age distribution, blood pressure, hematocrit, smoking habits, cholesterol, or myocardial changes between bacteriuric and nonbacteriuric subjects. Median survival was 53 and 75 months in nonbacteriuric men and women 70 to 79 years old, and 45 months in all nonbacteriuric subjects over 79; median survival of bacteriuric men and women aged 70 to 79 was 33 and 34 months, and that of those older was 31 and 29.5 months; the shorter survival of bacteriuric subjects was significant (P<0.003). These differences in mortality among subjects living under identical conditions and with equal prevalence of risk factors indicate that bacteriuria in old age is associated with a reduction in survival of 30 to 50 per cent. (N Engl J Med. 1981; 304:939–43.)
Cancer Crusade: The Story of the National Cancer Act of 1971
Authors: WALTER G. Gunn
Journal: JAMA (1978)

In late 1971 President Nixon signed into law an act elevating the role of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to that of a "first among equals" among the prestigious research arms of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NCI was granted a budgetary bypass mechanism wherein its director was to submit his annual budget request directly to the President without seeking approval from the NIH and the parent cabinet department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Since the 1971 Act, funds appropriated to the NCI have almost quadrupled by fiscal 1977 to nearly $1 billion a year. Richard Rettig has written a fascinating work that details how all this came about, what its present-day effects on both the NCI and overall biomedical research are, and whither this legislation may lead. More important, perhaps, he details the legislative history of the National Cancer Act, indicating the careful preparation and organization of
Use of the Kohonen Self-organizing Map to Study the Mechanisms of Action of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Authors: W. W. van Osdol, T. G. Myers, K. D. Paull, K. W. Kohn, J. N. Weinstein
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Journal Article Use of the Kohonen Self-organizing Map to Study the Mechanisms of Action of Chemotherapeutic Agents Get access William W. van Osdol, William W. van Osdol *Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, Md Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Timothy G. Myers, Timothy G. Myers *Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, Md Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Kenneth D. Paull, Kenneth D. Paull Information Technology Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, Md Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Kurt W. Kohn, Kurt W. Kohn *Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, Md Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John N. Weinstein John N. Weinstein *Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer InstituteBethesda, Md Correspondence to : J. N. Weinstein, M.D., Ph.D., National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 37, Rm. 5C-25, Bethesda, MD 20892. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 86, Issue 24, 21 December 1994, Pages 1853–1859, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.24.1853 Published: 21 December 1994 Article history Received: 08 April 1994 Revision received: 28 July 1994 Accepted: 15 September 1994 Published: 21 December 1994
THE HISTOGENESIS OF BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors: Wade H. Brown
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1913)

1. Under normal circumstances blood platelets are largely derived from the megakaryocyte of the blood-forming organs. 2. The transitional leucocyte, representing a persistent form of the embryonic premegakaryocyte, is a circulating homologue of the megakaryocyte and probably plays some part in normal platelet formation. 3. Under conditions of excessive demand for platelet production, there may be a greater or less reversion to an embryonic mode of platelet formation in which less highly specialized cells than the megakaryocyte participate in platelet production. 4. In addition to the megakaryocyte, the cells that have been observed to take part in platelet formation are hyperplastic endothelial cells in the marrow, and mononuclear and transitional cells (premegakaryocytes) in the marrow, spleen, and blood.
Rate-Setting in Hospitals — The Beginning or the End?
Authors: Charles A. Sanders
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Hospital cost containment is the most important and vexing health-care issue that the American health-care industry faces today. Current expenditures for patient care in hospitals exceed $60 billion annually, nearly 40 per cent of the amount spent for all forms of health care. These expenditures have risen at an extraordinary rate, quadrupling since 1965, doubling since 1975, and now reaching a figure approximating 9 per cent of the gross national product. The greatest concern is our failure to develop an effective method for controlling costs. We lack an approach that recognizes the necessity to maintain expenditures for health care in . . .
Reduced risk of wheezing in children using feather pillows is confirmed
Authors: D. Strachan, I. M Carey
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Doctors should work towards elimination of all firearms and knivesEditor-With the publication of the Cullen report into the shooting of several children at a school in Scotland 1 and the cross party support in parliament to increase the controls on handguns, the moment is ripe for the medical profession to pursue a new health campaign.Over the past three or four decades the profession has had some success in raising public awareness of the risks of cigarette smoking and through that, probably, in saving lives.The reduction of the suicide rate is an objective of the Health of the Nation for England, yet suicide rates are still rising among young men. 2 Homicide is a major political issue.Weapons, especially firearms and knives, contribute to both these forms of premature death.Elimination of all firearms and knives that are surplus to domestic and industrial requirements would not solve either problem entirely, but it would make an important contribution.We believe that the profession, through the BMA and one or two royal colleges (particularly the Royal College of Psychiatrists), could develop policies about weapons control.The prime minister has already indicated that he would introduce controls on knives if a workable definition for the surplus ones was drawn up.
Alpha chain and gamma chain abnormal hemoglobins in newborn babies: Structural and genetic aspects
Authors: T. Nakatsuji, J. Carver, J. B. Wilson, H. Lam, A. L. Reese, S. Nagle, S. Miwa, T. H. J. Huisman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1983)

Structural studies and quantitative analyses were conducted on the hemoglobin of 55 newborn babies. Seven alpha chain variants (G-Philadelphia, Montgomery, Inkster, I-Philadelphia, Matsue-Oki, Winnipeg, and O-Indonesia) were present in 26 heterozygous newborns (17 black, eight Caucasian, and one Indonesian). The relative amount of the alpha X containing abnormal Hb F of the Hb G-Philadelphia and Hb Winnipeg babies was less than observed in heterozygous adults, which may indicate a decreased rate of assembly of the alpha X-gamma dimer over that of the alpha X-beta dimer. Of the 29 newborns with gamma chain variants, 16 were Caucasian babies; of these 15 had a Hb A gamma F-Hull heterozygosity and one a Hb G gamma F-Marietta heterozygosity. Six black babies were heterozygous for Hb A gamma F-Texas-I and six for Hb G gamma F-Port Royal. One Japanese baby had a heterozygosity for A gamma F-Iwata and a second was heterozygous for A gamma TF-Yamaguchi. Quantitative analyses of the isolated normal Hb Fo as well as an evaluation of the relative amounts of the Hb Fx in the red cell lysates gave data useful for a speculation of the genetic condition in each of these babies. It was concluded that the babies with the Hbs F-Texas-I, F-Iwata, F-Hull, and F-Marietta were simple heterozygotes with either the G gamma x A gamma/G gamma x A gamma X or the G gamma x A gamma/G gamma X x A gamma genic arrangement. The babies with Hb F-Port Royal had a G gamma x G gamma X/G gamma x A gamma arrangement, which may result from a (to be determined) gene conversion. The newborn baby with Hb F-Yamaguchi has the G gamma x A gamma x/A gamma T-X.-. genic arrangement, suggesting the presence of three distinctly different gamma chain genes of which one, the A gamma T-X gene, produces an A gamma chain (with threonyl at position gamma 75 and an Asn at position gamma 80) at a level usually seen for G gamma rather than A gamma chains. These studies were greatly facilitated by the use of high pressure liquid chromatographic methods.
Perirenal Contrast Medium in Urinary Ascites
Authors: Karl Thord Dockray
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> It has been suggested that perirenal contrast medium as described in a report of urinary ascites (<b>193</b>:1121, 1965), is the result of opaque material occupying deformed and compressed structures<i>within</i>the kidney (194: 1024, 1965). Unfortunately, limitations of space would not allow illustrations more clearly demonstrating the extrarenal or perirenal location of the opacified urine. Basis for this roentgenographic appearance was confirmed at exploratory laparotomy by the demonstration of clear yellow fluid in the retroperitoneal compartment outside the kidney as mentioned in the third paragraph of the case report. Paul Peters, MD, Department of Urology, Southwestern, commented upon similarities between the findings of this case and the disorder of renal hydrocele in which a normal kidney is found completely contained within a fluid-filled sac. Differentiation of the perirenal halo from a nephrogram or crescent sign might be based on the observation that the calyces of the
Tumor suppression and inhibition of aneuploid cell accumulation in human brain tumor cells by ectopic overexpression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIP1.
Authors: J Chen, T Willingham, M Shuford, P D Nisen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

To investigate how overexpression of p27KIP1, a downstream effector of TGF-beta and a universal cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor could influence the malignant phenotype of malignant human brain tumor cells, an adenovirus vector system was used to transfer the human p27KIP1 gene (Adp27KIP1) into the human astrocytoma cell line, U-373MG. Inhibition of CDK activity in Adp27KIP1-infected cells was indicated by inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation, an increase in cell doubling time and by cell cycle arrest in G1. Notably, ectopic overexpression of p27KIP1 was associated with a marked decrease in the accumulation of aneuploid cells. Diminished malignant potential of Adp27KIP1-infected cells was manifested by the loss of anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and by the inability to induce tumorgenesis in a xenograft model. These studies suggest that p27KIP1 is a tumor suppressor gene and supports the use of Adp27KIP1 for gene therapy of human brain tumors.
The Management of Epilepsy
Authors: J. Park Biehl
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The authors of this monograph have attempted to give a comprehensive review of the management of the epileptic from the standpoint of the clinician and the pharmacologist. The result of this joint venture has produced some divergence of emphasis and also some contradiction but on the whole fairly represents the two approaches. Epilepsy, in particular, requires that many aspects be understood by those affected by it, and the authors outline not only a summary of the various forms of epilepsy, a description of drugs used and their special applications, and various pitfalls and warnings, but also a presentation of the social aspects. Unfortunately, the style is overgeneralized, so that one does not get the flavor of the approach to the patient. One might have preferred a more direct description of the authors' personal experiences in dealing with epileptics rather than a broad presentationlacking in emphasis. It is disappointing, for example,
Cytogenetic studies in bone marrow cells from Wistar rats in protein malnutrition
Authors: Sof[iacute]a Olmos, Mar[iacute]a Fernanda, Garc[iacute]a Reinoso, Mar[iacute]a Gabriela M[aacute]rquez, Mar[iacute]a Estela Roux
Journal: Metabolism (2001)
Looking on the bright side
Authors: C. Douglas
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Here in Auchendreich we have had our troubles; all new hospitals, even private finance initiative (PFI) projects, must expect them. The important thing is to keep them in proportion: a task that occupied our public affairs subcommittee throughout a six hour meeting last Monday afternoon.

Ten days previously there had even been some quite favourable coverage (“Car-park angel saves a life”) following a successful out-of-hospital resuscitation by an off duty critical care nurse. But the …
A CASE OF AINHUM.
Authors: Q. CINCINNATUS SMITH
Journal: JAMA (1905)

The following case came under my notice several years ago: The patient was a negress between 35 and 40 years of age, the daughter of a native African father, who was captured in Africa, sold into slavery when a boy, lived a slave in Tennessee, and died at the age of 115 years. The patient lost both small toes by ainhum and suffered great pain during their spontaneous amputation, which required several months to complete. During this time her general health was not seriously disturbed. This patient was the property of my father, the late Moab Stephen Smith, and lived to be about 90 years of age. I send this for record in the list of ainhum cases.
Prevention of experimental myasthenia gravis by nasal administration of synthetic acetylcholine receptor T epitope sequences.
Authors: P I Karachunski, N S Ostlie, D K Okita, B M Conti-Fine
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

T cell tolerization prevents and improves T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune diseases. We investigated here whether similar approaches could be used for antibody (Ab)-mediated autoimmune diseases. Myasthenia gravis, caused by IgG Ab against muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR), is perhaps the best characterized of them. We used an animal model, experimental myasthenia gravis induced in C57Bl/6 mice by immunization with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (TAChR), to demonstrate that nasal administration of synthetic sequences of the TAChR alpha-subunit- forming epitopes recognized by anti-TAChR CD4+ T helper cells (residues alpha150-169, alpha181-200, and alpha360-378), given before and during immunization with TAChR, causes decreased CD4+ responsiveness to those epitopes and to TAChR, reduced synthesis of anti-TAChR Ab, and prevented experimental myasthenia gravis. These effects were not induced by nasal administration of synthetic epitopes of diphtheria toxin. Secretion of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 by spleen T cells from TAChR immunized mice, in response to challenge with TAChR in vitro, indicated that in sham-tolerized mice only Th1 cells responded to TAChR, while peptide-treated mice had also an AChR-specific Th2 response. The TAChR peptide treatment induced also in vitro anergy to the TAChR of the spleen T cells, which was reversed by IL-2.
The clinical expression of bullous pemphigoid is not determined by the specificity of the target antigen
Authors: V.A. VENNING, P.H. WHITEHEAD, I.M. LEIGH, J. ALLEN, FENELLA WOJNAROWSKA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

The major bullous pemphigoid (BP) antigen is a 220-240-kDa polypeptide, although some BP sera recognize bands of 180-200 kDa or lower molecular weight. We have investigated to what extent this heterogeneity of the target antigen accounts for the clinical diversity of BP. Immunoblotting studies against extracts of salt-separated epidermis were performed on sera from 39 patients with BP. The blotting patters obtained were correlated with the clinical findings, with particular reference to prodromal itching, lesion morphology and severity, mucosal involvement, presence of milia, dapsone responsiveness and disease duration. The results confirm that the major BP antigen is a 220-kDa polypeptide, and that the 180-kDa polypeptide is a second and sometimes the sole BP antigen identified in immunoblots. Rarely, multiple bands of lower molecular weight were found. There was no correlation between the pattern of BP antigens detected in immunoblots and the clinical presentation and course of BP. There was considerable clinical diversity even among the nine patients showing specificity for a single 220-kDa target antigen. Although two patients with a single 180-kDa antigen specificity had a disease of unusually long duration, factors other than antigen specificity must determine the clinical expression of BP.
TCT-560 Randomized Serial Optical Coherence Tomographic Evaluation of The Lesions Following Biolimus-A9-eluting versus Sirolimus-eluting stents; SEVEN OCT trial
Authors: Byeong-Keuk Kim, Donghoon Choi, Myeong-Ki Hong, Yang soo Jang, Jung-Sun Kim, Young-Guk Ko, Dong-Ho Shin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Modification of Adenovirus Gene Transfer Vectors With Synthetic Polymers: A Scientific Review and Technical Guide
Authors: Florian Kreppel, Stefan Kochanek
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

The chemical modification of adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vectors with synthetic polymers is a promising strategy for overcoming typical in vivo hurdles associated with Ad-mediated gene delivery. Polymer-modified Ad vectors induce significantly reduced innate immune responses, can evade pre-existing anti-Ad antibodies, allow for repeated vector delivery, and have been used for developing novel retargeting strategies. The most widely used polymers for covalent chemical capsid surface modification are poly-N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (poly-HPMA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the latter is in wide clinical use for modifying protein biopharmaceuticals. In this review, we critically compare the properties of various polymers with respect to Ad vector shielding and retargeting, and identify areas for future research on polymer-modified viral vectors. We describe the potential technical pitfalls of polymer modification of Ad vectors and provide a technical guide for avoiding these while establishing polymer modification techniques in the laboratory.