tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Computer Program to Assist in the Care of Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Stuart J. Menn
Journal: JAMA (1973)

A computer program has been developed to give management guidelines in the care of patients suffering from acute respiratory failure. These guidelines are based upon the clinical experience of the Respiratory Care Unit of the Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Anesthesiology. The program operates on a typewriter-like terminal connected through telephone lines to a remote computer. Information about the patient, his respiratory functions, and arterial blood gases is entered through a dialogue between the user and the computer. The computer carries out calculations of a number of derived variables and prints out a summary of the current respiratory profile of the patient. In addition, the computer prints out a detailed interpretation in narrative form of the overall respiratory status of the patient under consideration.
524 COORDINATE REGULATION OF THE HUMAN UDP- GLUCURONOSYLTRANFERASE 1A10 GENE BY ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR (AHR) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2)
Authors: S. Kalthoff, U. Ehmer, N. Freiberg, M. Manns, C. Strassburg
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Choice of colony size in birds
Authors: Charles R. Brown, Bridget J. Stutchbury, Peter D. Walsh
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution (1990)

Most populations of colonial birds exhibit extensive variation in colony size. Field studies over the last decade have shown that individual birds breeding in colonies of certain sizes are apparently more successful than those settling in colonies of other sizes, yet size variation persists. Enough information is now available to suggest four explanations for how birds choose colonies and why colonies vary in size.
ABC of diseases of liver, pancreas, and biliary system: Chronic pancreatitis
Authors: P C Bornman
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Chronic pancreatitis has an annual incidence of about one person per 100 000 in the United Kingdom and a prevalence of 3/100 000. In temperate areas alcohol misuse accounts for most cases, and it mainly affects men aged 40-50 years. There is no uniform threshold for alcohol toxicity, but the quantity and duration of alcohol consumption correlates with the development of chronic pancreatitis. Little evidence exists, however, that either the type of alcohol or pattern of consumption is important. Interestingly, despite the common aetiology, concomitant cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis is rare.

#### Aetiology of chronic pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis

Pancreas divisum

In a few tropical areas, most notably Kerala in southern India, malnutrition and ingestion of large quantities of cassava root are implicated in the aetiology. The disease affects men and women equally, with an incidence of up to 50/1000 population.



Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram showing dilated common bile duct (thick arrow) and main pancreatic ducts (thin arrow) in patient with advanced chronic pancreatitis



Alcohol induced chronic pancreatitis usually follows a predictable course. In most cases the patient has been drinking heavily (150-200 mg alcohol/day) for over 10 years before symptoms develop. The first acute attack usually follows an episode of binge drinking, and with time these attacks may become more frequent until the pain becomes more persistent and severe. Pancreatic calcification occurs about 8-10 years after the first clinical presentation. Endocrine and exocrine dysfunction may also develop during this time, resulting in diabetes and steatorrhoea. There is an appreciable morbidity and mortality due to continued alcoholism and other diseases that are associated with poor living standards (carcinoma of the bronchus, tuberculosis, and suicide), and patients have an increased risk of developing pancreatic carcinoma. Overall, the life expectancy of patients with …
Long-term effects of perindopril on metabolic parameters and the heart in the spontaneously hypertensive/NIH-corpulent rat with non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension
Authors: John S. Striffler, Sam J. Bhathena, Otho E. Michaelis, Joaquin D. Campbell, Carl T. Hansen, Elizabeth Scalbert, Nancy Thibault, Manuel T. Velasquez
Journal: Metabolism (1998)
Fatal Familial Insomnia, a Prion Disease with a Mutation at Codon 178 of the Prion Protein Gene
Authors: Rossella Medori, Hans-Juergen Tritschler, Andréa LeBlanc, Federico Villare, Valeria Manetto, Hsiao Ying Chen, Run Xue, Suzanne Leal, Pasquale Montagna, Pietro Cortelli, Paolo Tinuper, Patrizia Avoni, Mirella Mochi, Agostino Baruzzi, Jean Jaques Hauw, Jurg Ott, Elio Lugaresi, Lucila Autilio-Gambetti, Pierluigi Gambetti
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

We previously described two members of a family affected by an apparently genetically determined fatal disease characterized clinically by progressive insomnia, dysautonomia, and motor signs and characterized pathologically by severe atrophy of the anterior ventral and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei. Five other family members who died of this disease, which we termed "fatal familial insomnia," had broader neuropathologic changes suggesting that fatal familial insomnia could be a prion disease.
In Vivo Depletion of CD11c+ Dendritic Cells Abrogates Priming of CD8+ T Cells by Exogenous Cell-Associated Antigens
Authors: Steffen Jung, Derya Unutmaz, Phillip Wong, Gen-Ichiro Sano, Kenia De los Santos, Tim Sparwasser, Shengji Wu, Sri Vuthoori, Kyung Ko, Fidel Zavala, Eric G. Pamer, Dan R. Littman, Richard A. Lang
Journal: Immunity (2002)
The IL-8 Protease SpyCEP/ScpC of Group A Streptococcus Promotes Resistance to Neutrophil Killing
Authors: Annelies S. Zinkernagel, Anjuli M. Timmer, Morgan A. Pence, Jeffrey B. Locke, John T. Buchanan, Claire E. Turner, Inbal Mishalian, Shiranee Sriskandan, Emanuel Hanski, Victor Nizet
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2008)
Taboo: crossing the specialty barrier
Authors: A. K. Simonds, M. R. Cowie
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

Arguably the greatest therapeutic breakthroughs have resulted from increased medical specialisation, particularly in major disciplines, such as cardiology and respiratory medicine. Generalism now remains the province of primary and community care, and of elderly care teams. However, what works well for research may work against the delivery of these medical advances to the patients most in need. A movement away from the established reductionist approach in medicine may facilitate the delivery of best care for a number of reasons in both cardiology and respiratory medicine, as follows.

1) Huge efforts are currently directed at preventing repeat admissions from exacerbations of heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), facilitating early discharge and managing patients in the community 1–4. Home support, including telecare, may help both groups. Moreover, a number of telecare schemes now have joint networks serving COPD and heart failure patients 5.

2) Pulmonary and cardiac rehabilitation programmes are crucial and effective components of long-term care plans in chronic cardiac and respiratory patients, yet in many centres rehabilitation programmes have evolved, and are staffed, separately. While there is a need to tailor programmes to the nature of the disease and its severity, courses could easily improve coordination with each other, and …
New group aims to detect misuse of statistics by government and media
Authors: E. Pull
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A new group that aims to detect and highlight the misuse of statistics was launched on 18 June to help promote the public’s confidence in statistical information.

Straight Statistics, which is supported by a grant from the Nuffield Foundation, will encourage the appropriate use of statistical data by a range of establishments, including the government and the media. It will report its findings on its website (www.straightstatistics.org) and promote its work through reports and conferences. 

Together with the charity Sense about Science, which promotes good science among the public, the group is also producing …
A PLEA FOR THE PROPER TEACHING OF ANATOMY.Read in the Section on Surgery and Anatomy at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco. June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: GEORGE FRANKLIN SHIELS
Journal: JAMA (1894)

The tripod upon which the whole superstructure of medical science stands is made up of anatomy, physiology and pathology. As it is well known to the student of natural philosophy that when one leg of a tripod is weak or is taken away, the mass which it helps to support either totters, or falling outside of its center of gravity topples and falls, so it is well known to the student of our science that when a knowledge of one of these important subjects is weak or lacking, the whole grasp of general medicine and surgery, no matter how acquired, is either insecure and shaky, or in the face of some slight emergency trembles, totters and finally falls, carrying with it the reputation of the individual, who when he is dragged out from amidst the ruin is often held up as a laughing stock to his colleagues. If one leg
Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Michael A. Conway, Paul A. Bottomley, Ronald Ouwerkerk, George K. Radda, Bheeshma Rajagopalan
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —A number of phosphorus ( 31 P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies link alterations of high-energy phosphate metabolism in valvular disease and cardiomyopathy to the clinical severity of heart failure. However, correlations between MRS and indexes of ventricular dysfunction are inconclusive to date. We examined whether changes in 31 P MRS are associated with the impaired contractility, which predisposes to chronic congestive heart failure in patients with mitral regurgitation. Methods and Results —Thirteen normal control subjects and 22 patients with echocardiographically characterized chronic mitral regurgitation were studied by 31 P MRS. The apical phosphocreatine-to-ATP ratio (PCr/ATP) was lower in severe disease ( P &lt;.02) and those on therapy (n=13, 1.29±0.29, P &lt;.01) in contrast to control subjects (n=13, 1.61±0.3). Compared to those with mild mitral regurgitation, patients with more severe incompetence had lower mean myocardial PCr/ATP ratios (mild, n=6, 1.73 [0.17], P &lt;.05 and P &lt;.01; moderate, n=5, 1.49 [0.18], P &lt;.05; and severe, n=11, 1.29 [0.32], P &lt;.01). PCr/ATP in those referred for mitral valve replacement was lower (n=8, 1.17±0.23) although not significantly decreased compared with the ratio among subjects on medical therapy alone (n=5, 1.48±0.29). PCr/ATP correlated with the end-systolic diameter ( r 2 =.7, P &lt;.001), end-diastolic diameter ( r 2 =.32, P &lt;.05), left ventricular wall thickness ( r 2 =.38, P &lt;.01), left atrial dimension ( r 2 =.36, P &lt;.05), and derived measurements such as the percent fractional shortening ( r 2 =.5, P &lt;.01), and left ventricular mass/body surface area ( r 2 =.5, P &lt;.001) but not with wall stress. Conclusions —These results demonstrate that abnormalities of PCr/ATP in mitral regurgitation are related to disease severity as measured by dimensional indexes of left ventricular dilatation. They suggest that impaired high-energy phosphate metabolism is a marker of hypertrophy and heart failure.
Authors' reply to Samuel
Authors: J. P. Nolan, J. Soar, G. D. Perkins
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Our review was meant to provide a general overview of current guidelines, introduce recent developments, and highlight areas of current controversy.1 2 We included links to the in-depth international cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines for readers seeking additional information.

To answer the queries raised by Samuel, we refer readers to the International Liaison Committee for Resuscitation (ILCOR) systematic review on treatment of cardiac arrest secondary to pulmonary embolus. …
Workday of the Soviet Physician
Authors: Mark G. Field
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

THE lot of the Soviet physician is not a happy one as judged from a long and detailed study recently published in the Soviet Union by the Literary Gazette, the influential and official organ of the Union of Soviet Writers. Entitled "Hours and Minutes of the Physician," the article reveals several grave shortcomings in medical work.In the first place the patient load is so great that not even the official norm of 10 minutes for each can be observed by the physician. Thus, in 2 cases reported as typical, a physician saw 22 patients in 3 hours, and another . . .
The science, economics, and effectiveness of combination therapy for hepatitis C
Authors: G DUSHEIKO
Journal: Gut (2000)

The ideal management of hepatitis C infection would be to target treatment to those with progressive disease with drugs that are effective, inexpensive, and with few side effects. What is the evidence that combination antiviral therapy improves the therapeutic efficacy for this complex group of patients, and what are the implications? Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Representative population based prevalence data are not available in many countries, including the UK; the prevalence in the USA is 1.8%.1 The majority of HCV infections in developed and developing countries are or have been caused by intravenous drug use, transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products, nosocomial transmission from inadequately sterilised instruments or unsafe injections, chronic haemodialysis, and possibly high risk sexual practices.

Infection with hepatitis C does not usually resolve, and 60–80% of acute infections persist. Chronic hepatitis can cause progressive fibrosis of the liver, leading to cirrhosis in 20–30%.2Cirrhosis rarely becomes detectable before the second or third decade of infection.3 Hepatic fibrosis may occur at varying rates. However, male sex, higher alcohol use, older age at the time of infection (or perhaps index biopsy), duration of infection, and a higher necro-inflammatory score at the initial liver biopsy are probable predictors of increasing fibrosis. The prediction of outcome is facilitated if fibrosis is already present. Coinfection with hepatitis B virus and/or HIV may lead to more severe disease.4 5 Rates of fibrosis have been estimated but the risk of eventual progression from mild disease to increasing fibrosis and eventual cirrhosis has not been adequately assessed in prospective studies. It is also unknown whether the rate of progression is linear. An increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the USA and Japan has been ascribed to hepatitis …
Evidence for a primary autoimmune type of diabetes mellitus.
Authors: G F Bottazzo, A G Cudworth, D J Moul, D Doniach, H Festenstein
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Sixty-eight patients with longstanding diabetes and persistent islet-cell antibody and 35 with coexistent diabetes and Graves's disease or primary myxoedema were studied with particular reference to the HLA system and autoantibody patterns. A higher incidence of HLA-B8 than normal was observed in the two groups. An additive relative risk exists when type I diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease coexist, indicating that different HLA-linked genes may confer susceptibility to the pancreatic and thyroid disorders. Other characteristics, including female predominance, a later onset of diabetes, and a strong family history of autoimmune endocrinopathy, provide further evidence that this form of diabetes is aetiologically distinct from that generally seen in children. These results support the hypothesis of a primary autoimmune type of diabetes mellitus.
A54: Insulin Sensitivity Is Improved in sJIA Children With Insulin Resistance After Tocilizumab Treatment: Results From the TENDER Study
Authors: Hoda Mirjafari, Nicolino Ruperto, Hermine I. Brunner, Zbigniew Zuber, Francesco Zulian, Maria del Rocio Maldonado‐Velázquez, Evangelia Mantzourani, Kevin Murray, Johannes Roth, Jozef Rovensky, Olga Vougiouka, Jianmei Wang, Olivier Harari, Daniel J. Lovell, Alberto Martini, Fabrizio De Benedetti
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2014)

Background/Purpose: In adults with inflammatory arthritis, insulin resistance (IR) is associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is postulated to play a mechanistic role in IR. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of IR among children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and to determine whether treatment with tocilizumab (TCZ) results in attenuation of IR in sJIA. Methods: Patients from TENDER were included if baseline and week 6 fasting insulin were measured. Glucocorticoid tapering was not permitted until week 6. Insulin sensitivity was quantified using the homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). Patients were classified as having IR if their HOMA‐IR was ≥2.2 U. Change in HOMA‐IR after 6 weeks was assessed using paired t‐test. Baseline associations with HOMA‐IR and factors predicting change of HOMA‐IR from baseline were assessed using regression analyses. Factors changing in association with HOMA‐IR change were assessed. Results: Ninety‐two patients with sJIA were analyzed. 62 were randomly assigned to TCZ and 30 to placebo, 12 of whom required escape therapy with TCZ by week 6. At baseline, 40 patients (43%) had IR. Baseline HOMA‐IR was associated with higher standardized body mass index and higher IL‐6 levels (β‐coefficients [95% CI]: 0.20 [0.05, 0.35] and 0.019 [0.001, 0.038], respectively) but not with JADAS, CRP, active joint count, or presence of fever. Of the 74 patients who received TCZ, 34 (46%) had IR at baseline, including 4 patients who escaped from the placebo arm, compared with 6/18 (33%) who received only placebo. IR patients treated with TCZ but not placebo had significant reductions in HOMA‐IR at week 6 ( ). Across all IR patients, improvement in JADAS and active joint count was not associated with improvement in HOMA‐IR (β‐coefficients [95% CI]: 0.04 [−0.07, 0.14] and 0.08 [−0.06, 0.22], respectively). Change in HOMA‐IR After 6 Weeks of TCZ Treatment in Children With sJIA in the TENDER Study Change in HOMA‐IR Mean (95% CI) p TCZ (n = 34) −0.2 (−3.8, −0.2) 0.03 PBO (n = 6) 0 (−1.7, 1.6) NS NS, not significant; PBO, placebo. a Paired t‐test. Conclusion: After only 6 weeks of TCZ treatment, HOMA‐IR was improved in IR patients with sJIA in the presence of unchanged glucocorticoid dose. These data support a mechanistic contribution of IL‐6 to IR in vivo in humans.
Joan Mary Davidson
Authors: C. Stephenson, L. Davidson, L. Hartley
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Joan Davidson embarked on her medical studies at St Hilda’s College, Oxford, at the outbreak of the second world war. Her postgraduation travels took her to Yale, to study Mandarin. Her plans of practising in China, however, were thwarted by world events. She reluctantly settled on joining the Church Missionary Society to …
The OECD program to validate the rat uterotrophic bioassay. Phase 2: dietary phytoestrogen analyses.
Authors: William Owens, John Ashby, Jenny Odum, Lesley Onyon
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Many commercial laboratory diets have detectable levels of isoflavones (e.g., phytoestrogens such as genistein [GN]) that have weak estrogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo. During validation studies of the uterotrophic bioassay, diet samples from 20 participating laboratories were collected and analyzed for three major phytoestrogens: GN, daidzein (DN), and coumestrol (CM). Soy phytoestrogens GN and DN were found at total phytoestrogen levels from 100 to 540 microg/g laboratory diet; a forage phytoestrogen, CM, ranged from nondetectable to 4 microg/g laboratory diet. The phytoestrogen levels were compared with both baseline uterine weights of the control groups and with the relative uterine weight increase of groups administered two weak estrogen agonists: bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP). The comparison uses a working assumption of additivity among the phytoestrogens, despite several significant qualifications to this assumption, to estimate total genistein equivalents (TGE). Some evidence was found that phytoestrogen levels in the diet > 325-350 microg/g TGE could diminish the responsiveness of the uterotrophic bioassay to weak agonists. This was especially true for the case of the intact, immature female version of the uterotrophic bioassay, where higher food consumption relative to body weight leads to higher intakes of dietary phytoestrogens versus ovariectomized adults. This dietary level is sufficient in the immature female to approach a biological lowest observable effect level for GN of 40-50 mg/kg/day. These same data, however, show that low to moderate levels of dietary phytoestrogens do not substantially affect the responsiveness of the assay with weak estrogen receptor agonists such as NP and BPA. Therefore, laboratories conducting the uterotrophic bioassay for either research or regulatory purposes may routinely use diets containing levels of phytoestrogens < 325-350 microg/g TGE without impairing the responsiveness of the bioassay.
Evidence that two types of 18S rDNA coexist in the genome of Dugesia (Schmidtea) mediterranea (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Tricladida)
Authors: S. Carranza, G. Giribet, C. Ribera, M. Riutort
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

Sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) are increasingly being used to infer phylogenetic relationships among living taxa. Although the 18S rDNA belongs to a multigene family, all its copies are kept homogeneous by concerted evolution (Dover 1982; Hillis and Dixon 1991). To date, there is only one well-characterized exception to this rule, the protozoan Plasmodium (Gunderson et al. 1987; Waters, Syin, and McCutchan 1989; Qari et al. 1994). Here we report the 1st case of 18S rDNA polymorphism within a metazoan species. Two types (I and II) of 18S rDNA have been found and sequenced in the platyhelminth Dugesia (Schmidtea) mediterranea (Turbellaria, Seriata, Tricladida). Southern blot analysis suggested that both types of rDNA are present in the genome of this flatworm. This was confirmed through sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method and bootstrap test. Although secondary structure analysis suggests that both types are functional, only type I seems to be transcribed to RNA, as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis. The finding of different types of 18S rDNAs in a single genome stresses the need for analyzing a large number of clones whenever 18S sequences obtained by PCR amplification and cloning are being used in phylogenetic reconstruction.
Scientists Seek to Sniff Out Diseases
Authors: M. J. Friedrich
Journal: JAMA (2009)

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Expression and therapeutic response related to apolipoprotein E polymorphism in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Matti Vuoristo, Martti Färkkilä, Helena Gylling, Anna-Liisa Karvonen, Rauli Leino, Juhani Lehtola, Judit Mäkinen, Jorma Mattila, Reijo Tilvis, Tatu A. Miettinen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1997)