tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical identification and quantitation of the mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and brain during acute viral meningoencephalitis.
Authors: T R Moench, D E Griffin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

The mononuclear cells of the central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response were characterized in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meningeal exudate, and brain parenchyma of mice 3-14 d after infection with Sindbis virus. The inflammatory infiltrate in CSF peaked and resolved before that of the parenchyma or meningeal exudate. Immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies identified CSF inflammatory cells to be almost exclusively T cells, while inflammatory cells in the brain parenchymal perivascular cuffs and the meninges were a mixture of T cells, B cells, and macrophages. The percentage of B cells and macrophages increased at the later time points. Approximately 20% of CSF and 50% of the cells present early in the perivascular cuffs were not identified, suggesting that another subset of inflammatory cells may be present. We concluded that significant differences exist in the time course and cellular composition of the inflammatory responses in different compartments of the CNS during an acute viral infection.
Multimodal Influence of Estrogen upon Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Authors: Allan E. Herbison
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1998)

I. Introduction II. Effects of Estrogen on GnRH Neurons A. Sexual differentiation B. Biosynthesis of GnRH C. Biosynthesis of galanin D. Electrical activity of GnRH neurons E. GnRH secretion F. GnRH degradation G. Ultrastructural changes involving GnRH neurons H. Summary of estrogen’s influence on GnRH cells III. Brain Sites of Estrogen Influence on GnRH Neurons A. Sites of estrogen’s stimulatory sites B. Sites of estrogen’s inhibitory action C. Summary IV. Pathways for Estrogen Regulation of GnRH Neurons A. Direct regulation of GnRH neurons B. Estrogen-receptive neurons as intermediaries C. Glial cells as intermediaries D. Summary V. Model of Estrogen Action on GnRH Neurons VI. Concluding Remarks
Combination of ENaC and CFTR mutations may predispose to cystic fibrosis-like disease
Authors: I. Fajac, M. Viel, N. Gaitch, D. Hubert, T. Bienvenu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

To the Editors: 

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is part of the complex protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-interactome that plays a key role in the composition of the airway surface liquid and the mucociliary clearance in the airways. We have recently screened ENaC beta and gamma genes in 55 patients with diffuse bronchiectasis and with only one or no CFTR mutation/variant and showed that eight (15%) patients carried at least one missense mutation in these ENaC genes 1. Azad et al. 2 have also investigated the frequency of ENaC mutations in ENaC alpha, beta and gamma genes in a cohort of 76 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)-like disease and with only one or no mutation in the CFTR gene. They found a significant increase in missense mutations or variants in patients (15.3%) compared with controls (8.9%) 2. Moreover, a variant in …
Neurophysiological Mechanisms in Production of Gastrointestinal Ulcers
Authors: Eldon L. Foltz
Journal: JAMA (1964)

PEPTIC ULCERATION has long been classified by most of the medical profession as a psychosomatic or psychobiologic disease. This very classification of peptic ulceration implies that cortical structures of the brain are intimately involved in initiating and probably perpetuating the cerebral processes which, over a period of time, express themselves through the autonomic nervous system as peptic ulceration. Presumably, these cortical processes are concerned with emotional factors, frustrations, and other mental experiences which produce stresses, dissatisfaction, and unrest which may or may not be externally obvious. Tremendous efforts have been expended in studying the target organ, the stomach and duodenum, as well as the peripheral nerve supply to these organs. Likewise, subcortical areas of the brain, such as the hypothalamus, have been investigated intensely by electrical stimulation and ablation techniques, using both acute and chronic animal preparations. It has been only recently, however, that experimental methodologies have developed sufficiently to
Chronic Pain and Poor Self-rated Health
Authors: Pekka T. Mäntyselkä
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Chronic pain is common in Western societies. Self-rated health is an important indicator of morbidity and mortality, but little is known about the relation between chronic pain and self-rated health in the general population.To analyze the association between chronic pain and self-rated health.A questionnaire survey carried out during the spring of 2002 of an age- and sex-stratified population sample of 6500 individuals in Finland aged 15 to 74 years, with a response rate of 71% (N = 4542) after exclusion of those with unobtainable data (n = 38). Chronic pain was defined as pain with a duration of at least 3 months and was graded by frequency: (1) at most once a week; (2) several times a week; and (3) daily or continuously. On the basis of a 5-item questionnaire on self-rated health, individuals were classified as having good, moderate, or poor health. Multinominal logistic regression analysis was used to assess the determinants of health. Analysis included sex, age, education, working status, chronic diseases, and mood.Perceived chronic pain graded by frequency and self-rated health status.The prevalence of any chronic pain was 35.1%; that of daily chronic pain, 14.3%. The prevalence of moderate self-rated health was 26.6% and of poor health, 7.6%. For moderate self-rated health among individuals having chronic pain at most once a week compared with individuals having no chronic pain, the adjusted odds were 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.76); several times a week, 2.41 (95% CI, 1.94-3.00); and daily, 3.69 (95% CI, 2.97-4.59). Odds for poor self-rated health were as follows: having chronic pain at most once a week, 1.16 (95% CI, 0.65-2.07); several times a week, 2.62 (95% CI, 1.76-3.90); and daily, 11.82 (95% CI, 8.67-16.10).Chronic pain is independently related to low self-rated health in the general population.
An Epidemic of Pneumococcal Disease in an Overcrowded, Inadequately Ventilated Jail
Authors: Charles W. Hoge, Mary R. Reichler, Edward A. Dominguez, John C. Bremer, Timothy D. Mastro, Katherine A. Hendricks, Daniel M. Musher, John A. Elliott, Richard R. Facklam, Robert F. Breiman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

In the United States many correctional facilities now operate at far over capacity, with the potential for living conditions that permit outbreaks of respiratory infections. We investigated an outbreak that was identified in an overcrowded Houston jail after two inmates died of pneumococcal sepsis on the same day. Outbreaks of pneumococcal disease have been rare in the era of antibiotics.We assessed risk factors for pneumococcal disease in both a case-control and a cohort study. Ventilation was evaluated by measuring carbon dioxide levels and air flow to the living areas of the jail. The extent of asymptomatic infection was determined by culturing pharyngeal specimens from a random sample of inmates. Type-specific immunity was determined with an enzyme immunoassay.Over a four-week period, 46 inmates had either acute pneumonia or invasive pneumococcal disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F. The jail's capacity had been set at 3500 inmates, but it housed 6700 at the time of the outbreak; the inmates had a median living area of only 34 ft2 (3.2 m2) (interquartile range, 28 to 56 ft2 [2.6 to 5.2 m2]) per person. There were significantly fewer cases of disease among inmates with 80 ft2 (7.4 m2) per person or more (P = 0.030). Carbon dioxide levels ranged from 1100 to 2500 ppm (acceptable, < 1000), and the ventilation system delivered a median of only 6.1 ft3 of outside air per minute per person (interquartile range, 4.4 to 8.5 ft3; recommended, > or = 20 ft3). The attack rate was highest among inmates in cells with the highest carbon dioxide levels and the lowest volume of outside air delivered by the ventilation system (relative risk, 1.94; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.08 to 3.48). Of underlying medical conditions, intravenous drug use was most strongly associated with disease (odds ratio, 4.50). The epidemic strain (serotype 12F) was cultured from 7 percent of the asymptomatic inmates. Of 11 case patients tested with the enzyme immunoassay, 9 (82 percent) lacked preexisting immunity to this strain.Severe overcrowding, inadequate ventilation, and altered host susceptibility all contributed to this outbreak of pneumococcal disease in a large urban jail.
Patients’ experiences of their healthcare in relation to their expectations and satisfaction: a population survey
Authors: Ann Bowling, Gene Rowe, Martin Mckee
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2013)

Objectives To investigate patients’ experiences of health services, and how these related to what they had expected to receive, and satisfaction with their care. Design Surveys of patients before and after their consultations in general practice and hospital outpatients departments. Setting Greater London and Essex Participants In total, 833 patients attending 21 hospitals (434 patients; 52%) and 22 general practices (399 patients; 49%) across Greater London and Essex sampled in clinics and a population survey. Main outcome measures Patient expectations of care, patient satisfaction. Results Compared with younger people, and those in black and ethnic minority groups, older people (aged 65+) and White British people had significantly higher overall realistic expectations of their care (pre-visit realistic expectations score: age 60+: mean 53.26 [standard deviation 13.73]; age &lt;60: 56.20 [15.17]; White British: 54.41 [13.50]; Black and other ethnic groups: 56.90 [16.15]) and greater satisfaction post-consultation (satisfaction score age 60+: 1.71 [0.80]; age &lt;60: 1.97 [0.97]; White British: 1.79 [0.89]; Black and other ethnic groups: 2.01 [0.95]). Pre-visit ideal and realistic expectations of care was not significantly associated with patient satisfaction, although met expectations (post-visit experiences) were. Elements of these which was predictive of satisfaction were communication with the doctor, information conveyed and clinical outcomes. Factors associated with satisfaction included having a sense of control over one's life, being older, female, White British and attending general practice, compared with hospital outpatient clinics. Conclusions It is the ability of the system to meet patients’ expectations in respect of the emotional and human features of the consultation, and the clinical outcomes, that matter most to people. This research also questions prevailing stereotypes of older age: it is not the case that older patients are more satisfied with their care because their expectations are lower. In fact, they are higher, but they believe that they are being met.
Are fillers educational?
Authors: S. Singh
Journal: BMJ (2000)

I have not seen a patient present with polymyalgia rheumatica for many years—perhaps over 15.

Thus, call it coincidence, but seven days after reading about two relatives with polymyalgia ( BMJ 2000;320:1641) I saw a woman in general practice with marked weakness, headaches, lassitude, and a slowly rising erythrocyte …
THE CLINICAL USE OF TESTS FOR HEPATIC FUNCTION
Authors: CARL H. GREENE
Journal: JAMA (1925)

The recent advances in physiology and biochemistry are responsible for a renewed emphasis on the functional changes accompanying disease of the different organs. The development of rapid and simple methods of blood analysis, in particular, has contributed largely toward this end.  The most widespread and striking applications of functional tests to clinical medicine have been made in the study of renal diseases. The kidney is preponderantly an excretory organ and, consequently, peculiarly suitable for functional study. Both the initial material, the blood, and the excretory product, the urine, are readily available for analysis. In consequence, tests of renal function are widely used and their value, especially that of the determination of the blood urea and the excretion of phenolsulphonephthalein, is firmly established.  The clinical study of the activities of the liver is much more difficult, for it is an organ with manifold functions, and detailed knowledge of some of its
Hyperdiploid karyotypes in acute myeloid leukemia define a novel entity: a study of 38 patients from the Groupe Francophone de Cytogenetique Hematologique (GFCH)
Authors: I Luquet, J L Laï, C Barin, L Baranger, C Bilhou-Nabera, E Lippert, C Gervais, P Talmant, P Cornillet-Lefebvre, C Perot, N Nadal, M J Mozziconacci, M Lafage-Pochitaloff, V Eclache, F Mugneret, C Lefebvre, C Herens, F Speleman, H Poirel, I Tigaud, C Cabrol, P Rousselot, S Daliphard, M Imbert, R Garand, F Geneviève, R Berger, C Terre
Journal: Leukemia (2007)
HIV Disease in Reproductive Age Women: A Problem of the Present
Authors: Sheldon H. Landesman
Journal: JAMA (1989)

The era when human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease will pose a major threat to women's reproductive health no longer looms in the future. Thousands of pregnancies each year, preponderantly among urban minority women, are already complicated by HIV infection. The contribution of their progeny to infant mortality in the nation's inner cities will soon dwarf that of children with other congenital infections such as cytomegalovirus, herpes, or syphilis. In New York City, 1 in 80 births is to an HIV-infected woman. 1 Even if only 1 in 3 of their children eventually dies of HIV infection, that would result in almost 4.3 deaths in each cohort of 1000 births. There were, by comparison, a total of 9.9 infant deaths per 1000 births in the United States last year. 2 Thus, at a time when HIV is becoming the dominant infection impacting on reproductive health, it is timely that data are
Medical Outcomes and Antimicrobial Costs With the Use of the American Thoracic Society Guidelines for Outpatients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Patrick P. Gleason
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>Context.</h3> —The American Thoracic Society (ATS) published guidelines based on expert opinion and published data—but not clinically derived or validated—for treating adult outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia. <h3>Objective.</h3> —To compare medical outcomes and antimicrobial costs for patients whose antimicrobial therapy was consistent or inconsistent with ATS guidelines. <h3>Design.</h3> —Multicenter, prospective cohort study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Emergency departments, medical clinics, and practitioner offices affiliated with 3 university hospitals, 1 community teaching hospital, and 1 health maintenance organization. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 864 immunocompetent, adult outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia: 546 aged 60 years or younger with no comorbidity and 318 older than 60 years or with 1 comorbidity or more. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Patients' antimicrobial therapy was classified as being consistent or inconsistent with the ATS guidelines. Mortality, subsequent hospitalization, medical complications, symptom resolution, return to work and usual activities, health-related quality of life, and antimicrobial costs were compared among those treated consistently or inconsistently with the guidelines. <h3>Results.</h3> —Outpatients aged 60 years or younger with no comorbidity who were prescribed therapy consistent with ATS guidelines (ie, erythromycin with some exceptions) had 3-fold lower antimicrobial costs ($5.43 vs $18.51;<i>P</i>&lt;.001) and no significant differences in medical outcomes. Outpatients older than 60 years or with 1 comorbidity or more who were prescribed therapy consistent with ATS guidelines (ie, second-generation cephalosporin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, orβ-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor with or without a macrolide) had 10-fold higher antimicrobial costs ($73.50 vs $7.50;<i>P</i>&lt;.001); despite trends toward higher mortality and subsequent hospitalization, no significant differences in medical outcomes were observed. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Our findings support the use of erythromycin as recommended by the ATS guidelines for outpatients aged 60 years or younger with no comorbidity. Although the antimicrobial therapy recommended in outpatients older than 60 years or with 1 comorbidity or more is more costly, this observational study provides no evidence of improved medical outcomes in the small subgroup who received ATS guideline—recommended therapy.
Probiotics-host communication
Authors: Carissa M. Thomas, James Versalovic
Journal: Gut Microbes (2010)

The intestinal microbiota includes a diverse group of functional microorganisms, including candidate probiotics or viable microorganisms that benefit the host. Beneficial effects of probiotics include enhancing intestinal epithelial cell function, protecting against physiologic stress, modulating cytokine secretion profiles, influencing T lymphocyte populations, and enhancing antibody secretion. Probiotics have demonstrated significant potential as therapeutic options for a variety of diseases, but the mechanisms responsible for these effects remain to be fully elucidated. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that probiotics communicate with the host by modulating key signaling pathways, such as NF-κB and MAPK, to either enhance or suppress activation and influence downstream pathways. Beneficial microbes can profoundly alter the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, and understanding these mechanisms may result in new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Agricultural pesticide exposure and the molecular connection to lymphomagenesis
Authors: Julie Agopian, Jean-Marc Navarro, Anne-Claire Gac, Yannick Lecluse, Mélanie Briand, Pierre Grenot, Pascal Gauduchon, Philippe Ruminy, Pierre Lebailly, Bertrand Nadel, Sandrine Roulland
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2009)

The t(14;18) translocation constitutes the initiating event of a causative cascade leading to follicular lymphoma (FL). t(14;18) translocations are present in blood from healthy individuals, but there is a trend of increased prevalence in farmers exposed to pesticides, a group recently associated with higher risk of t(14;18)+ non-Hodgkin's lymphoma development. A direct connection between agricultural pesticide use, t(14;18) in blood, and malignant progression, however, has not yet been demonstrated. We followed t(14;18) clonal evolution over 9 yr in a cohort of farmers exposed to pesticides. We show that exposed individuals bear particularly high t(14;18) frequencies in blood because of a dramatic clonal expansion of activated t(14;18)+ B cells. We further demonstrate that such t(14;18)+ clones recapitulate the hallmark features of developmentally blocked FL cells, with some displaying aberrant activation-induced cytidine deaminase activity linked to malignant progression. Collectively, our data establish that expanded t(14;18)+ clones constitute bona fide precursors at various stages of FL development, and provide a molecular connection between agricultural pesticide exposure, t(14;18) frequency in blood, and clonal progression.
Toward a new scientific study of religion
Authors: Luther H. Martin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Atran &amp; Norenzayan (A&amp;N) have proposed a study of religion based in the cognitive sciences. Their final conclusions, however, incorporate functionalist definitions. Further, key features by which they characterize religion are not instantiated by some historical evidence. Nevertheless, the foci of their arguments are central to any study of religion and should provoke further research and experimentation along the lines suggested.
Quantitative PET Factors Predictive of the Response to Therapy in Solid Tumors
Authors: Anna Margherita Maffione, Gaia Grassetto, Sotirios Chondrogiannis, Patrick M. Colletti, Domenico Rubello
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Maffione, Anna Margherita MD; Grassetto, Gaia MD; Chondrogiannis, Sotirios MD; Colletti, Patrick M. MD; Rubello, Domenico MD Author Information
Points: Lymphadenopathy and selective IgA deficiency
Authors: G. A MacGregor
Journal: BMJ (1984)

September, p 591) confirmed brain death in the usual way before resuscitation was finally abandoned after four hours.The usual tests of brain death are tests of brain stem function.These tests should be preceded by essential preconditions and necessary exclusions.An essential precondition is irremediable structural brain damage.A necessary exclusion is acute intoxication.'In their patient neither of these criteria was satisfied.Their patient had not responded to intensive resuscitation and had remained hypotensive and anuric.As there had been no recovery and no prospect of recovery it may have been reasonable to discontinue resuscita- tion.It is not possible to use tests of brain death to support this decision as it was impossible to meet the currently accepted preconditions and exclusions which are required to give the tests validity.
Why does diabetes increase atherosclerosis? I don’t know!
Authors: Ira J. Goldberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

There is a wealth of clinical data showing the relationship between diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis and its clinical complications. To dissect this relationship, investigators have attempted, usually unsuccessfully, to create a small-animal model in which diabetes accelerates vascular lesion development. This effort has often been complicated by development of hyperlipidemia leading to difficulty in differentiating the effects of hyperglycemia from those of lipid abnormalities. A study in the current issue of the JCI provides data on a new mouse model in which atherosclerosis initiation is accelerated in diabetic mice and is reduced by insulin therapy. Moreover, these animals have greater intra-arterial hemorrhage, which might be due to less stable plaques .
The Development of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: Item Selection, Factor Structure, Reliability and Concurrent Validity
Authors: R. Michael Bagby, Graeme J. Taylor, James D.A. Parker, Susan E. Dickens
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2005)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Assessments of personality constructs increasingly use self-report and structured interview instruments, which allow for a multimethod measurement approach and decrease specific measurement method bias. The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable structured interview for assessing the alexithymia construct. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Sixty interview questions were written initially, each with a set of scoring criteria and prompts and probes to elicit information assisting in the scoring of the respondents’ answers. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; After pilot testing, the number of questions was reduced to 43, which were administered to 136 community participants and 97 psychiatric outpatients. A series of item and scale analyses further reduced the item pool to 24 items. Principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis of these 24 items revealed preliminary evidence of a hierarchical, four-factor structure, with four lower factors nested within two higher-order latent factors. This structural configuration resulted in the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA) with two domain scales and four facet scales. The TSIA and its six scales demonstrated acceptable levels of interrater, internal, and retest reliability. The TSIA and its scales correlated modestly but significantly with the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and its three factor scales, providing some support for the concurrent validity of this interview. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt; The TSIA appears to be a promising structured interview for assessing alexithymia.