tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Women in New Drug Trials
Authors: MARTIN J. KENDALL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Letters and Corrections1 March 1982Women in New Drug TrialsMARTIN J. KENDALL, M.D., DAVID B. JACK, PH.D.MARTIN J. KENDALL, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, DAVID B. JACK, PH.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-96-3-376_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We agree with the authors of "Under-representation of Women in New Drug Trials" (1) that the understandable tendency to exclude female subjects from pharmacokinetic studies and early clinical trials means that many drugs are incompletely evaluated before marketing. Thereafter, unless specific restrictions are imposed, the drug may be taken by as many women as men and the assumption is often made that the pharmacokinetic data previously obtained will be equally applicable to members of both sexes.Because any new drug has to be considered to have potential teratogenic effects, it would be immoral to expose a potentially...References1. KINNEYTROUTMANNGOLD EJJ. Under-representation of women in new drug trials. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:495-9. LinkGoogle Scholar2. JACKQUARTERMANZAMAN DCR. Variability of beta-blocker pharmacokinetics in young volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981. In press. Google Scholar3. O'MALLEYSTEVENSONCROOKS KIJ. Impairment of human drug metabolism by oral contraceptive steroids. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1972;13:552-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: MARTIN J. KENDALL, M.D.; DAVID B. JACK, PH.D.Affiliations: The Medical School University of Birmingham United Kingdom PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byBeta-adrenoceptor blocker pharmacokinetics and the oral contraceptive pill.Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs: Adverse reactions and drug interactions 1 March 1982Volume 96, Issue 3Page: 376-377KeywordsClinical trialsDrug marketingDrugsPharmacokinetics ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 March 1982 PDF downloadLoading ...
Epidemiologic approaches for assessing health risks from complex mixtures in indoor air.
Authors: J M Samet, W E Lambert
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Indoor air may be contaminated by diverse gaseous and particulate pollutants that may adversely affect health. As a basis for controlling adverse health effects of indoor air pollution, the presence of a hazard needs to be confirmed, and the quantitative relationship between exposure and response needs to be described. Toxicological, clinical, and epidemiological studies represent complementary approaches for obtaining the requisite evidence. The assessment of the effects of complex mixtures poses a difficult challenge for epidemiologists. Understanding the effects of exposure may require accurate assessment of concentrations and personal exposures to multiple agents and analytical approaches that can identify independent effects of single agents and the synergistic or antagonistic effects that may occur in mixtures. The array of epidemiological study designs for this task includes descriptive studies, cohort studies, and case-control studies, each having potential advantages and disadvantages for studying complex mixtures. This presentation considers issues related to exposure assessment and study design for addressing the effects of complex mixtures in indoor air.
Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure meeting: SHAPE, BRING‐UP 2 VAS, COLA II, FOSIDIAL, BETACAR, CASINO and meta‐analysis of cardiac resynchronisation therapy
Authors: Alison P. Coletta, John G.F. Cleland, Nick Freemantle, Andrew L. Clark
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2004)
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Graham F. Mitchell, F. Carl Grumet, Hugh O. McDevitt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

The effect of thymectomy on the genetically controlled murine immune response-1 (Ir-1) to the synthetic polypeptide poly-L(Tyr, Glu)-poly-D, L-Ala--poly-L-Lys [(T, G)-A--L] was studied with both aqueous and adjuvant immunization regimens. Adult thymectomy (combined with irradiation and bone marrow transfusion) did not affect the aqueous antigen-induced (IgM) primary response of either high or low responder mice, but did ablate the (IgG) secondary or tertiary response, a response which is restricted to the high responder strains. Adult thymectomy also blocked the normal high response to (T,G)-A--L in Freund's adjuvant in high responder mice and the high response to methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA)-(T,G)-A--L in low responder mice. Neonatal thymectomy was also effective in blocking the response to (T, G)-A--L in Freund's adjuvant in high responder mice. These data are consistent with the concept that the Ir-1 gene effect is mediated via thymus cell interaction with antigen and with "B"-cells during the time of induction of IgG antibody formation.
Fulminant beriberi heart disease with lactic acidosis: presentation of a case with evaluation of left ventricular function and review of pathophysiologic mechanisms.
Authors: M Attas, H G Hanley, D Stultz, M R Jones, R G McAllister
Journal: Circulation (1978)

Cardiac beriberi is considered a rare disease in western society. A patient with fulminant Shoshin-type beriberi was studied in the acute phase and found to have severe metabolic acidosis, high output biventricular failure, and markedly low systemic vascular resistance. Red blood cell transketolase activity was abnormally low. Following treatment with thiamine, diuretics, digitalis and oxygen, all abnormalities disappeared. The historical background of the disease is reviewed along with a discussion of pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the hemodynamic profile and lactic acidosis. Angiographic and hemodynamic data on the patient presented suggest relative depression of left ventricular function in the acute phase of beriberi. Since beriberi is uncommonly encountered, emphasis is placed on diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the disease which may not be widely appreciated.
Improved Control in Diabetes with Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
Authors: Alicia Schiffrin, Eleanor Colle, Mimi Belmonte
Journal: Diabetes Care (1980)

Nine insulin-dependent diabetic patients were treated with continuous subcutaneous (s.c.) insulin infusion, using a portable battery-driven infusion pump and home monitoring of capillary blood glucose. The infusions were maintained for 4 days during an acute in-hospital study and for up to 150 days on ambulatory patients. No significant changes in growth hormone and cortisol secretory patterns were found at the end of the acute study. Mean plasma glucose, M values, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1), as well as the patients' sense of well-being, improved significantly. However, absolute normalization of metabolic control was not achieved, since patients presented occasional, albeit minor, swings of blood glucose. The possibility that the same improvement in control could be achieved with multiple s.c. injections of insulin and similar monitoring of blood glucose in the home is discussed. It remains to be seen whether the degree of control obtained will influence the development of the late complications of diabetes mellitus.
Comparison of commercial and custom-made EUS balloons: technical and clinical evaluation
Authors: M. Frenz, H. Pauka, A. Riphaus, T. Wehrmann
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Commercial balloons make a significant contribution to the running costs of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) units. We compared 10 commercially available EUS balloons for the Olympus GF-UMT140 (Olympus Optical, Hamburg, Germany) with 20 latex balloons made of latex glove fingers and attached with rubber ligature bands (Figure [1]).
Anti‐HCV and HCV‐RNA prevalence and clinical correlations in cases with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Semra Paydas, Banu Kilic, Sinan Yavuz, Umut Disel, Kahraman Tanriverdi, Berksoy Sahin, Refik Burgut
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2003)

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family. It displays lymphotropism in addition to hepatotropism and extrahepatic manifestations are very well known. There are many studies showing an association between HCV infection and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). In this study the evidence for HCV infection was studied in cases with NHL. To this end, anti‐HCV antibody and HCV‐RNA were screened in serum samples of cases with NHL using third‐generation ELISA and RT‐PCR. Anti‐HCV antibody was studied in 223 patients and was found to be positive in 18 cases (8.1%). Anti‐HCV antibody positivity was compared with our blood bank / blood donor population. There was an important increased risk of HCV infection—the common odds ratio was 34.56 and corrected odds ratio was 19.07. HCV‐RNA was studied in 67 of 223 serum samples. HCV‐RNA was found to be positive in 21 of 67 samples (31.3%). When compared with clinico‐demographic parameters for anti‐HCV and HCV‐RNA, including age, nodal status, and grade (in evaluable cases), except age in cases with or without HCV‐RNA, we did not find an important correlation with HCV status and clinical findings ( P = 0.155; 0.442; 0.288 for anti‐HCV and 0.027; 0,558; 0.126, respectively). These results suggest that HCV infection may be an important risk factor for lymphomagenesis and HCV‐RNA is more useful for the detection of HCV infection in these immunosuppressed cases. Simultaneous detection of anti‐HCV and HCV‐RNA will be more informative in this population. Am. J. Hematol. 74:89–93, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers Restore Cardiac Calcium Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor) Structure and Function in Heart Failure
Authors: Steven Reiken, Marta Gaburjakova, Jana Gaburjakova, Kun-lun He, Alfonso Prieto, Eva Becker, Geng-hua Yi, Jie Wang, Daniel Burkhoff, Andrew R. Marks
Journal: Circulation (2001)

beta-Adrenergic receptor blockade is one of the most effective treatments for heart failure, a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The use of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers in patients with heart failure is counterintuitive, however, because they are known to decrease contractility in normal hearts. The ryanodine receptor (RyR2) on cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum is the key calcium release channel required for excitation-contraction coupling. In failing hearts, the stoichiometry and function of the RyR2 macromolecular complex is altered. Decreased levels of phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A) and hyperphosphorylation by protein kinase A result in dissociation of the regulatory protein FKBP12.6 and channels with increased open probability.Here, we show that systemic oral administration of a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker reverses protein kinase A hyperphosphorylation of RyR2, restores the stoichiometry of the RyR2 macromolecular complex, and normalizes single-channel function in a canine model of heart failure.These results may, in part, explain the improved cardiac function observed in heart failure patients treated with beta-adrenergic receptor blockers.
Variation in global codon usage bias among prokaryotic organisms is associated with their lifestyles
Authors: Maya Botzman, Hanah Margalit
Journal: Genome biology (2011)

Abstract Background It is widely acknowledged that synonymous codons are used unevenly among genes in a genome. In organisms under translational selection, genes encoding highly expressed proteins are enriched with specific codons. This phenomenon, termed codon usage bias, is common to many organisms and has been recognized as influencing cellular fitness. This suggests that the global extent of codon usage bias of an organism might be associated with its phenotypic traits. Results To test this hypothesis we used a simple measure for assessing the extent of codon bias of an organism, and applied it to hundreds of sequenced prokaryotes. Our analysis revealed a large variability in this measure: there are organisms showing very high degrees of codon usage bias and organisms exhibiting almost no differential use of synonymous codons among different genes. Remarkably, we found that the extent of codon usage bias corresponds to the lifestyle of the organism. Especially, organisms able to live in a wide range of habitats exhibit high extents of codon usage bias, consistent with their need to adapt efficiently to different environments. Pathogenic prokaryotes also demonstrate higher extents of codon usage bias than non-pathogenic prokaryotes, in accord with the multiple environments that many pathogens occupy. Our results show that the previously observed correlation between growth rate and metabolic variability is attributed to their individual associations with codon usage bias. Conclusions Our results suggest that the extent of codon usage bias of an organism plays a role in the adaptation of prokaryotes to their environments.
Cotreatment with the α-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol and DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin improves glycemic control and reduces the expressions of CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetic Japanese patients
Authors: Chihiro Imai, Miyoko Saito, Kazuki Mochizuki, Masahiro Fuchigami, Toshinao Goda, Takeshi Osonoi
Journal: Metabolism (2014)
Bell's palsy and surgery.
Authors: L. B. Jongkees
Journal: BMJ (1970)

unwarranted.I recently had in my care a patient from eastern Europe sent for investigation of a suspected haemoglobin anomaly.3It turned out that this patient was taking huge amounts of phenacetin-containing analgesics, which were never found on him but which he stopped taking-as proved by the above urine test-when threatened with being returned to his country with the diagnosis of a grave psy- chiatric abnormality.Screening large numbers of persons in Switzerland for Nacetyl-p-aminophenol in urine has shown that up to 10%O of a given population is taking phenacetin-containing analgesics.3Intake of salicylate on its own is rare in Switzerland.Only two of five leading brands4 contain 0-125 g. and 0-37 g.In addition, it seems important that patients who have regularly abused anal- gesics containing phenacetin should have their urinary tract searched for tumours at necropsy.Within the last year five of 625 women regularly taking analgesics contain- ing phenacetin died while under close observation, and one developed a carcinoma of the bladder.5This tends to confirm the findings of Bengtsson6 and underlines the appeal by Dr. Koutsaimanis and Professor de Wardener that phenacetin should be sold only on prescription, although the evidence for an increased incidence of tumours of the urinary tract after many years' intake of phenacetin-containing analgesics is so far inclusive.-Iam, etc.,
Clindamycin and Colitis
Authors: ANDREW S JACOB
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Comments and Correction1 February 1975Clindamycin and ColitisANDREW S JACOBANDREW S JACOBSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-82-2-279_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The report of Tedesco, Barton, and Alpers (Ann Intern Med81:429-433, 1974) of an association of colitis with clindamycin use is lacking a placebo group as a necessary control. The authors report a 21% incidence of diarrhea and a 10% incidence of pseudomembranous colitis in patients given clindamycin. However, when these patients were begun on the drug, they were "interviewed with special attention given to bowel habits." It is possible that placebo side effects, caused by physician concern about the patient's bowel habits, are responsible for the side effects. The inclusion, in their study, of a similarly...References1. PITTMANPITTMANHUMPHREY FJC: Colitis following oral lincomycin therapy. Arch Intern Med. In press Google Scholar2. PITTMAN F: Adverse effects of Lomotil (letter). Gastroenterology 67:408-409, 1974 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. TEDESCO F: Ampicillin-associated diarrhea: a prospective study. Am J Dig Dis. In press Google Scholar2. KEATINGFRANKBARTON JAL: Pseudomembranous colitis associated with ampicillin therapy. Am J Dis Child 128:369-370, 1974 MedlineGoogle Scholar3. DUPONTHORNICK HR: Adverse effects of Lomotil therapy on shigellosis. JAMA 226:1525-1528, 1973 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Duke Hospital Box 2772 Durham, North Carolina 27710 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1975Volume 82, Issue 2Page: 279-280KeywordsC difficile colitisClindamycinColitisDiarrheaDrugsHabits Issue Published: 1 February 1975 PDF downloadLoading ...
New mental health legislation
Authors: John Crichton, Rajan Darjee
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Coronary revascularisationSurgery is effective on clinical and economic grounds, but stenting does not seem to be cost effective This week, the BMJ publishes three studies dealing with revascularisation in ischaemic heart disease. [1]2][3] Two of the studies compare the clinical effectiveness 1 and cost effectiveness 2 of revascularisation of isolated left anterior descending coronary disease by stenting or surgery, while the third examines the cost effectiveness of medical treatment, stenting, and surgery in multivessel disease. 3 The studies raise key issues not only about the decision making process for intervention in the individual patient but also how to obtain maximum value from limited health service resources.
An Orthodox Christian Reflection: Genetic Enhancement Must Not Be the Creation Primacy Problem Between Man and God
Authors: Pečujlija Mladen, Ćosić Đorde
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2010)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Baptizing their children, parents are realizing this possibility, leaving to children the responsibility to take care of the nature and quality of this community later on, to the extent of their love. For Orthodox Christians, this is the expression of their ultimate love and care for their children as well as deep conviction that God is taking care of his creation according to his love. 2. The Orthodox Church, also officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church and commonly referred to in English-speaking countries as the Eastern Orthodox Church, is the world's second largest Christian communion, estimated to number 300 million. It is considered by its adherents to be the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ and his Apostles almost 2,000 years ago. The Orthodox Church is composed of several self-governing ecclesial bodies, each geographically and nationally distinct but theologically unified. Each self-governing (or autocephalous) body, often but not always encompassing a nation, is shepherded by a synod of bishops whose duty, among other things, is to preserve and teach the Apostolic and patristic traditions and related Church practices. As in the Roman Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and some other churches, Orthodox bishops trace their lineage back to the Apostles through the process of apostolic succession. The Orthodox Church traces its development back through the Byzantine and Roman empires, to the earliest church established by St. Paul and the Apostles. It practices what it understands to be the original ancient traditions, believing in growth without change. In nondoctrinal matters the church had occasionally shared local Greek, Slavic, and Middle Eastern traditions, among others, in turn shaping the cultural development of these nations. The goal of the Orthodox Christian, from baptism as an infant when sealed with the Holy Spirit and throughout life, is to continually draw near to God. This process is called theosis or deification and is a spiritual pilgrimage in which each person strives to become more holy and more “Christ-like” within Jesus Christ. The Biblical text used by the Orthodox includes the Greek Septuagint and the New Testament. It includes the seven Deuterocanonical Books, which are generally rejected by Protestants, and a very few other books that are in neither Western canon. Orthodox Christians use the term “Anagignoskomena” (a Greek word that means “readable,” “worthy of reading”) for the 10 books that they accept but that are not in the Protestant 39-book Old Testament canon. They treat them on the same level as the others, and use them in the Divine Liturgy. Orthodox Christians believe scripture was revealed by the Holy Spirit to its inspired human authors.
Control of Total Vascular Resistance in Hemorrhagic Shock in the Dog
Authors: CARL F. ROTHE, JAMES R. LOVE, EWALD E. SELKURT
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

Cardiac output in the dog was measured by indocyanine green dilution in 24 hemorrhagic shock experiments. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was calculated from the cardiac output and systemic arterial blood pressure. Early in the hypotensive phase resulting from hemorrhage to 50 mm Hg blood pressure, the cardiac output was 19.3±6.6 (SD) % of control and the total peripheral resistance was 199 ±73 (SD) % of control. During the hypotensive phase the peripheral resistance declined significantly. This decline in TPR was associated with a significant decrease in respiration and heart rates, indicating a partial failure of the neurogenic control of the cardiovascular system. Following transfusions of the shed blood, the TPR decreased to the control value, but during subsequent progressive decline in blood pressure, vascular resistance again increased. Occasionally, TPR again fell terminally as the blood pressure decreased below 60 mm Hg. Although there is evidence for partial failure of peripheral resistance vessel tone during severe hypotension and some evidence for this following reinfusion of the shed blood, this failure, when observed, is a minor component of the progressive cardiovascular failure and is not the cause of irreversibility.
IMMUNITY FOLLOWING THE INJECTION OF MONKEYS WITH MIXTURES OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS AND CONVALESCENT HUMAN SERUM
Authors: C. P. Rhoads
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. Experiments are reported on the use of poliomyelitis virus neutralized by specific antiserum as an agent to induce active immunity against the experimental disease in monkeys. 2. The results indicate that protection can be conferred upon a certain number of the treated animals. 3. The neutralized material gave rise in no instance to symptoms of disease in the treated monkeys. 4. Active poliomyelitis virus, suitably neutralized by admixture with convalescent serum, was without pathogenic effect when given by repeated nasal instillations.
Outbreaks of Staphylococcus aureus infections during treatment of late onset pneumonia with ciprofloxacin in a prospective, randomized study
Authors: C. Manhold, U. v. Rolbicki, R. Brase, J. Timm, E. v. Pritzbuer, M. Heimesaat, S. Kljucar
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1998)
Points from Letters: Success at University
Authors: A. J. Franklin
Journal: BMJ (1964)

BRTSw=Hcomings of others-presumably they hope their own virtues will show up better by contrast; but, really, 800 purple hearts a day are too much for any of us to swallow, literally or figuratively.No details have been given, so far as I know, of how many were in the family or how long the tablets were supposed to last, or whether the circum- stances justified the prescribing of purple hearts in any quantity.This statement has been so damaging to the profession in lay eyes and so surprising and shocking to the vast majority of doctors in general practice who never prescribe more than two Drinamyl a day-and these with some diffidence-that the Ministry should justify the statement of the official by supply- ing details to the profession by way of Prescribers' Notes or in the B.M.7.