tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Neuropathology of Diabetic Neurogenic Bladder
Authors: ANGELlNE R. MASTRI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Disturbances of urinary bladder function are well-recognized problems in diabetic patients and are generally attributed to peripheral neuropathy. Because of the difficulties inherent in the histologic examination of the peripheral autonomic nerves, little is known about the pathology of these nerves. Recently, alterations have been observed in fine axons in the bladder wall in diabetic subjects. Pathologic changes have also been observed in ganglia of the bladder wall. Abnormalities previously described in the autonomic ganglia and nerve trunks of diabetic subjects may also be important in the development of urinary bladder dysfunction.
Relevance and Rigor in Premedical Education
Authors: Jules L. Dienstag
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

In recent decades, scientific knowledge has changed dramatically, once-settled scientific principles have been replaced by more sophisticated concepts and entirely new disciplines, and parallel changes have occurred in medical practice and health care delivery. In the face of these new realities, medical school curricula have had to adapt. Yet despite these sweeping changes, including the permeation of most areas of medicine by molecular and cellular biology and genetics, requirements for admission to medical school have remained virtually unchanged for many decades.Ironically, though many of today's high-school students are learning advanced science and mathematics that my generation studied in college . . .
UK government spends 2m to raise awareness of dementia
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The government has launched a £2m advertising campaign to help improve the diagnosis of dementia. New figures for England show that six in 10 cases of the condition currently go undiagnosed, ministers say.

The six week campaign of television, radio, and print media advertisements aims to raise awareness of the early signs and symptoms of dementia. It targets the family and friends of people at risk of the disease in the run up to Christmas, hoping that they can encourage loved ones to see a GP where necessary.

The initiative comes after a survey carried out for the Department of Health found gaps in people’s understanding …
P17.05 * MAGIC MIRROR ON THE WALL, WHICH IS THE SHARPEST ONE OF ALL? EXTERNAL VALIDATION AND COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT SCORES PREDICTING SURVIVAL AFTER REIRRADIATION OF PROGRESSIVE HIGH-GRADE GLIOMAS
Authors: K. Muller, G. Henke, I. Compter, T. Hundsberger, R. D. Kortmann, B. G. Baumert
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

BACKGROUND: Accurate predictive scores for the survival after salvage-treatment which are based on simple clinical parameters would be beneficial for the management of progressive high-grade gliomas (HGG). However, such scores should not enter clinical practice unless being validated with an independent dataset. Universal validity of a prognostic score is reflected by its capability to discriminate between different prognostic groups and good calibration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Focusing on reirradiation, we assessed three different prognostic scores suggested by Combs et al., 2013 (Score A), De Vleeschouwer et al., 2012 (Score B) and Carson et al., 2007 (Score C). The scores were based on the following clinical parameters: Score A: age, time between initial radiotherapy and reirradiation and WHO grading; Score B: age, karnofsky performance score, WHO grading and minimal mental score; Score C: KPS, age, tumor location, use of steroids and WHO grading. Validation was performed with an independent dataset containing 175 HGG patients from 4 different institutions in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, who all underwent a second course of radiotherapy at disease progression. Discrimination was checked by visual comparison of the respective Kaplan-Meier plots and by calculating the hazard ratios of the better prognostic groups in relation to the worst prognostic group defined by each score. Calibration was assessed generating calibration curves and prediction error curves. RESULTS: Median survival in the validation cohort was 9.2 ± 0.2 months from the start of reirradiation. Each score discriminated well between at least 3 different prognostic groups (good - intermediate -poor). However, scores A and B overestimated survival in the intermediate group, whereas score C tended to underestimate survival in the case of poor prognosis. Score A was most accurate in predicting an individual patient's short-term prognosis (< 10 months). For long-term prognosis (>10 months) score B should be preferred. CONCLUSIONS: We conducted a validation study to assess discrimination and calibration of 3 different prognostic models predicting survival after reirradiation of progressive high-grade gliomas on an independent dataset. Each score serves its purpose, with score A being easiest to handle. Differences in performance are marginal and depend on the explicit question.
Morphometry of small airways in smokers and its relationship to emphysema type and hyperresponsiveness.
Authors: R Finkelstein, H D Ma, H Ghezzo, K Whittaker, R S Fraser, M G Cosio
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Based on our previous finding, of increased small airways disease in centrilobular emphysema (CLE) when compared with panlobular emphysema (PLE), we hypothesized that smokers who develop CLE would have increased airway responsiveness associated with airway inflammation and exaggerated airway narrowing, but not smokers with PLE. We compared preoperative methacholine challenge with the morphologic and cellular inflammatory characteristics of the airways in the lungs of six nonsmokers, 10 smokers with CLE, and five smokers with PLE. The airways of the CLE group were narrower than those of the nonsmokers (KS < 0.05) and the PLE group (KS < 0.05), but perimeters were not different. A greater percentage of airways in the CLE group showed infolding of the epithelium and lumen deformity than in the PLE group and nonsmokers (p < 0.05). Airway inner wall thickening (WI) was increased in the CLE group when compared with the PLE group and nonsmokers (p < 0.05), and WI correlated significantly with PC20 in the CLE group (r = -0.64, p < 0.01) but not in the PLE group and nonsmokers. The number of T lymphocytes in the airway walls correlated with PC20 in the CLE group (r = -0.50, p < 0.05) but not in the PLE group. In conclusion, despite similar age, smoking history, and range of airflow limitation, there was a clear difference in the methacholine responsiveness between the emphysema groups, suggesting that responsiveness is not just a reaction to smoking but either a reaction developing in some smokers or an abnormality initially present in some smokers which, in combination with exposure to cigarettes, determines the development of a type of lung disease: CLE.
Survival in Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: JED I. WEISSBERG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Survival data from 379 patients with chronic hepatitis B were analyzed to determine life expectancy for the patient from the time of first contact. One hundred twenty-one patients had chronic persistent hepatitis, 128 had chronic active hepatitis, and 130 had chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis. The frequency of symptoms (p < 0.001), stigmata of chronic liver disease (p < 0.001), and liver function test abnormalities (p < 0.001) increased as the histologic features worsened, whereas the percentage of patients with circulating hepatitis B DNA polymerase declined (p < 0.001). Women were uncommon in our series and had less severe disease than men (p < 0.02). Fifty-one patients had died by the time of this analysis. The estimated 5-year survival rates were 97% for patients with chronic persistent hepatitis, 86% for those with chronic active hepatitis, and 55% for those with chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis. The usual cause of death was liver failure and its sequelae. A multivariate analysis found age of 40 years or more, total bilirubin level of 1.5 mg/dL or more, ascites, and spider nevi to be factors that identified patients at a higher risk of death. The prognosis for patients with chronic hepatitis B is similar to that for patients with chronic hepatitis of other causes.
SOME PHASES OF INTRANASAL SURGERY.
Authors: G. V. WOOLEN
Journal: JAMA (1899)

The development of intranasal surgery is so modern and unique that it is not strange that many are not only unfamiliar with its details, but are likely to misjudge its character and necessities. This distrust is not altogether unmerited. Certain procedures have been suggested and used for a given condition, and through habit, or otherwise, their use has been extended to other conditions without any apparent reason. Enlarged turbinate bodies have been cauterized simply because they were enlarged. Septal spurs have been sawed away because they were spurs, polypi have been removed simply because they were polypi, etc. Such looseness of theory, if such it be, and the practice which has sprung from it, have deservedly led to this distrust. An army of incompetents has sprung up all over the country. Many with little or no preparation are operating indiscriminately. Anatomic and physiologic as well as pathologic laws should govern
Possible cancer hazard associated with 5-methoxypsoralen in suntan preparation.
Authors: I Hook
Journal: BMJ (1980)

SIR,-The limitations inherent in conducting controlled trials of methods of providing health services, which we refer to in our paper, mean that we have no information on the criteria which were used to transfer a selected group of patients from medical units during the acute phase of rehabilitation.But we have been able to examine the results of standard clinical tests which were designed to predict outcome following acute stroke, and which will form the subject of a future publication.No difference was found in the pattern of neurological impairment present in the transferred group compared with those
Quantification of and correction for left ventricular systolic long-axis shortening by magnetic resonance tissue tagging and slice isolation.
Authors: W J Rogers, E P Shapiro, J L Weiss, M B Buchalter, F E Rademakers, M L Weisfeldt, E A Zerhouni
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND Measurement of regional left ventricular (LV) function is predicted on the ability to compare equivalent LV segments at different time points during the cardiac cycle. Standard techniques of short-axis acquisition in two-dimensional echocardiography, cine computed tomography, and standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquire images from a fixed plane and fail to compensate for through-plane motion. The shortening of the left ventricle along its long axis during systole results in planar images of two different levels of the ventricle, leading to error in any derived functional measurements. LV systolic long-axis motion was measured in 19 normal volunteers using MRI. METHODS AND RESULTS With a selective radio frequency (RF) tissue-tagging technique, three short-axis planes were labeled at end diastole and standard spin-echo images were acquired at end systole in the two- and four-chamber orientations. Persistence of the tags through systole allowed visualization of the intersecting short-axis tags in the long-axis images and allowed precise quantification of long-axis motion of the septum, lateral, anterior, and inferior walls at the base, mid, and apical LV levels. The total change in position along the long axis between end diastole and end systole was greatest at the base, which moved toward the apex 12.8 +/- 3.8 mm. The mid left ventricle moved 6.9 +/- 2.6 mm, and the apex was nearly stationary, moving only 1.6 +/- 2.2 mm (p less than 0.001). Having quantified the normal range of long-axis shortening, we developed a technique that isolates a slice of tissue between selective RF saturation planes at end diastole. Combining this with a wide end-systolic image slice, end-systolic images were acquired without contamination of signal from adjacent tissue moving into the imaging plane. This technique was validated in a moving phantom and in normal volunteers. CONCLUSIONS Significant LV systolic long-axis shortening exists, and this effect is seen the most at the base and the least at the apex. At a given ventricular level, shortening varied significantly according to location. A method using selective saturation pulses and gated spin-echo MRI automatically corrects for this motion and thus eliminates misregistration artifact from regional function analysis.
Disruptive Effects of Acute Hypoglycemia on Speed of Cognitive and Motor Performance
Authors: Daniel J Cox, Linda A Gonder-Frederick, Deborah B Schroeder, Philip E Cryer, William L Clarke
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

To directly examine whether hypoglycemia differentially slows cognitive versus motor function, to evaluate the reliability of hypoglycemic-related slowing, and to examine factors contributing to individual differences.IDDM subjects (n = 10) were administered a pure cognitive and a pure motor neuropsychological test at euglycemia (5.4 mmol), blood glucose nadir (2.6 mmol), postnadir (3.6 mmol), and again at euglycemia (6.7 mmol). To assess the practice effect, matched control subjects were tested at similar time intervals.Concurrent and test-retest reliability for all tests was robust (r = 0.68-0.94). Only cognitive tasks demonstrated impairment at nadir (P < 0.04). Individual differences, in terms of cognitive impairment, were significantly correlated with levels of blood glucose at nadir and baseline performance.Cognitive tasks appear to be more sensitive to neuroglycopenia than motor tasks. Cognitive impairment caused by hypoglycemia is reliable and differs across subjects. Individuals who show reliable sensitivity to cognitive impairments of hypoglycemia should avoid moderately low blood glucose levels.
Effects of Pentylenetrazol on Senile Patients
Authors: John B. Andosca
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

AT the Long Island Hospital in Boston the patients are mainly chronically ill elderly people, many of whom suffer from cardiovascular disease and have a history of cerebral hemorrhage. Often, they are depressed, disorientated and confused. Thus they should be suitable subjects for analeptic therapy since they correspond in type to the patients in whom Chesrow et al.,1 Fong,2 Smigel and his associates,3 Seidel, Silver and Nagel,4 Jensen and Leiser5 and others have reported good results with oral administration of pentylenetrazol (Metrazol). Smigel and his co-workers also cited improved appetite, red-cell count and hemoglobin after the same form of treatment. . . .
Gender-related behavior in women exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol.
Authors: R R Newbold
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Accumulating evidence in experimental animals over the past three decades suggests that mammalian brain development and differentiation of the central nervous system are influenced by perinatal exposure to sex hormones. Hence, changes in human behavioral patterns may be associated with prenatal exposure to estrogenic substances such as diethylstilbestrol (DES). This paper reviews relevant studies from a series of laboratories and finds that no clear-cut differences can be demonstrated to date between unexposed and DES-exposed women in gender-related behavior, although the physical and psychological impact of the problems associated with exposure to DES are well documented. If both prenatal and postnatal influences such as social, economic, and environmental factors are taken into consideration, individual variation is more apparent than differences in gender-related behavior between unexposed and DES-exposed women. In summary, gender-related behavior is determined by a complex array of interacting factors, and prenatal influences are only one of many developmental events. More studies are needed using larger populations with carefully controlled selection criteria to suggest a direct role of prenatal DES exposure on subsequent gender-related behavior.
The Role of Diagnostic Roentgenology in Medicine
Authors: Max Ritvo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

THE Annual Oration or Discourse has become a time-honored custom. I am deeply appreciative of the honor of having been elected to deliver it, particularly since it is but the second time that a roentgenologist has had this great privilege.Every physician is interested in the x-ray because it is utilized almost universally in the diagnosis of human ills. I was influenced in my choice of subject by the fact that many members of the Society were among the first to appreciate the significance of Roentgen's contribution, with the result that some of the most important applications of the rays . . .
Calcified rheumatic heart valves are associated with osteopontin bone matrix expression
Authors: Nalini M. Rajamannan, Trisha Smith, Lisa Nee, Thomas J. Sebo, Raffay Khan, Robert H. Bonow, James Fredrickson, David Fullerton, A. Jamil Tajik, Robert O. Bonow
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Carter's Purge: The Califano File
Authors: Daniel S. Greenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

The President has explained that the Cabinet changes he made last month will help him transit from merely managing the government to leading the country, the implication being that he has mastered the first task and now must get on with the second.The reality of this business, however, is that the ouster, reassignment, or voluntary departure of six of the 12 Cabinet officers will contribute neither to management nor leadership. Furthermore, regardless of Mr. Carter's apparent satisfaction with his performance as ringmaster for the bureaucracy, that great, self-protective enterprise is little different from what it was during Gerald Ford's . . .
Doubling of spending on dementia research by 2025 is inadequate, say experts
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The world’s leading developed nations have promised to redouble efforts to tackle dementia, after a meeting in London declared it to be a major global disease burden, already affecting 35 million people.

The G8 countries—the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia—promised to increase funding for dementia research, with the ambition of identifying by 2025 a cure or treatment capable of slowing the disease.

The UK, which currently chairs the G8, called the meeting and heralded the outcome as “the day that the global fightback against dementia began.” Jeremy Hunt, England’s health secretary, drew a parallel with the effort to tackle HIV and AIDS, which had led to effective treatments.

Seeking to …
A Compartmental Analysis of Single Intravenously Administered Doses of Tritiated Digoxin in Dogs.
Authors: Carlos E. Harrison
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 April 1964A Compartmental Analysis of Single Intravenously Administered Doses of Tritiated Digoxin in Dogs.Carlos E. Harrison Jr., M.D., Robert O. Brandenburg, M.D., Patrick A. Ongley, M.D., Alan L. Orvis, M.D., Charles A. Owen Jr., M.D.Carlos E. Harrison Jr., M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Robert O. Brandenburg, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Patrick A. Ongley, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Alan L. Orvis, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Charles A. Owen Jr., M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-4-709_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTritiated digoxin was injected into dogs to study degradation of the glycoside and rates of distribution and excretion. In four dogs with biliary fistula, an average of 72.5 per cent of an intravenous dose appeared in the urine (57.5 per cent) and bile (15.0 per cent) within 4.5 days; of this, 60 per cent was digoxin, and 40 per cent was in the form of a metabolite. These were differentially extracted from urine and in bile were distinguished chromatographically by use of a methyl isobutyl ketone : isopropyl ether : butanol system.In two dogs with bile fistula, an average... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Carlos E. HarrisonJr., M.D.; Robert O. Brandenburg, M.D.; Patrick A. Ongley, M.D.; Alan L. Orvis, M.D.; Charles A. OwenJr., M.D.Affiliations: Rochester, Minnesota PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byThe kinetic behaviour of cardiac glycosides in vivo , measured by isotope techniquesLandmark Publication from The American Journal of the Medical Sciences: The Clinical Pharmacology of Digitalis Glycosides: A ReviewPlasma Protein Binding of Digitoxin and Digoxin in Several Mammalian Speciesüber den Blutspiegel und die Ausscheidung radioaktiv markierter Herzglykoside nach deren intraduodenaler Applikation bei der KatzeDigoxin Metabolism in Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism Studies with Tritiated Digoxin in Thyroid DiseaseJAMES E. DOHERTY, M.D., F.A.C.P., WILLIAM H. PERKINS, M.D., F.A.C.P. 1 April 1964Volume 60, Issue 4Page: 709-709KeywordsBileExcretionFistulasGlycosidesKetonesMetabolitesUrine ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 April 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
Immunotherapy and hay fever: Authors' reply
Authors: A B Kay, V A Varney, S R Durham
Journal: BMJ (1991)

A second criticism is that treatment with intra- nasal steroid aerosols was deliberately withheld from all subjects.It is now generally accepted that this form of treatment is so effective for seasonal allergic rhinitis that if it is allowed immunotherapy cannot produce a significant improvement in symptom scores.Nevertheless, for severe hay fever steroid aerosols are the standard treatment with which immunotherapy must be compared (together with its risks).To give suboptimal supportive treatment to patients treated with placebo might be acceptable in a trial of some exceedingly important new form of treatment, provided the position was made clear to the volunteers.In a trial of yet another formulation of conventional vaccine for hay fever the ethics seem dubious.The third point of criticism concerns the discussion of the reactions experienced by patients in the trial.Although 523 active injections were administered, there were only 21 actively treated patients.The necessary courses of injection that they received provoked an episode of anaphylaxis in one and generalised urticaria in another: a reaction rate of nearly 10%.The instances of fatal
Leishmania donovani Targets Dicer1 to Downregulate miR-122, Lower Serum Cholesterol, and Facilitate Murine Liver Infection
Authors: June Ghosh, Mainak Bose, Syamal Roy, Suvendra N. Bhattacharyya
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)

Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) where the parasite infects and resides inside liver and spleen tissue macrophages. Given the abnormal lipid profile observed in VL patients, we examined the status of serum lipids in an experimental murine model of VL. The murine VL liver displayed altered expression of lipid metabolic genes, many of which are direct or indirect targets of the liver-specific microRNA-122. Concomitant reduction of miR-122 expression was observed in VL liver. High serum cholesterol caused resistance to L. donovani infection, while downregulation of miR-122 is coupled with low serum cholesterol in VL mice. Exosomes secreted by the infective parasites caused reduction in miR-122 activity in hepatic cells. Leishmania surface glycoprotein gp63, a Zn-metalloprotease, targets pre-miRNA processor Dicer1 to prevent miRNP formation in L. donovani-interacting hepatic cells. Conversely, restoration of miR-122 or Dicer1 levels in VL mouse liver increased serum cholesterol and reduced liver parasite burden.