tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Vaginal microbial flora in normal young women.
Authors: M J Goldacre, B Watt, N Loudon, L J Milne, J D Loudon, M P Vessey
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Vaginal swabs were taken from 1498 women attending a family planning clinic. The flora was assessed in the absence of any information about the women to whom the swabs related. Yeasts and fungi were present in 311 women (21%) and were no more prevalent among "pill" users than others. Candida albicans was significantly associated with vulval itching and with a vaginal discharge described as heavier than normal or curdy on clinical examination, though these abnormalities were present in only a minority of women with the organism. Trichomonas vaginalis was found in 14 women (1%) and was associated with abnormalities of vaginal discharge in all but one. Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli were significantly more common in women with a troublesome vaginal discharge and those who used an intrauterine device than others. No associations were found between fungi other than C albicans or the other bacteria sought and either symptoms or clinical abnormalities of vaginal discharge.
Electronic bibliographic tools for incorporating social science research into health care must be improved
Authors: R. Cookson, L. Archard, D. McDaid
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Will the new database that the National Institutes of Health is proposing be dominated by clinical and laboratory science and give short shrift to social science?1 Electronic bibliographic tools for social science research into health care remain underdeveloped and inadequate. This problem needs to be addressed by the healthcare community if healthcare practice is to be informed by systematic evidence from the social sciences.

Funding bodies worldwide are paying an increasing amount of money to social scientists (often economists) to generate …
Permutation Trial of Diuretics
Authors: FREDRIK KIIL
Journal: Circulation (1960)

In order to increase the amount of information per day of observation the permutation trial is introduced in the study of acute effects of diuretic agents. Chlorothiazide and hydroflumethiazide in optimal doses (2 Gm. and 200 mg. daily) and placebo tablets were given, 1 drug on each of the 3 days of the study, in all permutations to 12 patients treated by current methods for right heart failure. The error variance of sodium, potassium, chloride, and water excretion was reduced by taking into account the variation due to permutations and days. Chlorothiazide showed a stronger diuretic action than hydroflumethiazide, whereas the natriuretic effects were not significantly different as judged by analysis of variance. Hydroflumethiazide was less kaliuretic. Magnesium excretion was independent of diuresis. Neither of the diuretics showed any effect on magnesium and calcium excretion. The ratio of sodium and chloride excretion was significantly lower during hydroflumethiazide than during chlorothiazide action. The calculated sodium concentration in the additionally excreted urine during hydroflumethiazide administration was far above serum levels (the mean of 12 observations was 353 mEq. per liter), and significantly higher than during chlorothiazide action. This effect was also demonstrated in 6 control patients during water loading, suggesting that hydroflumethiazide increases free water reabsorption also when antidiuretic hormone is absent. Comparison of the acute effects of diuretic agents is through the permutation trial made possible in the ordinarily equipped hospital without serious interference with current treatment.
Interneurons as backseat drivers and the elusive control variable
Authors: T. Richard Nichols
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract It is proposed here that the spinal network of proprioceptive feedback from length and force receptors constitutes the mechanism underlying the coordination of activation thresholds for muscles acting about the same and neighboring joints. For the most part, these circuits come between motoneurons and supraspinal signals, invalidating the idea that the activation thresholds constitute control variables for the motor system.
Problem-Based, Self-directed Learning
Authors: Howard S. Barrows
Journal: JAMA (1983)

There is an increasing concern that the curricula of many medical schools put too heavy an emphasis on memorization of facts and little stress on problem solving or self-directed study skills necessary for the practice of medicine. Problem-based, self-directed learning is a teaching-learning method specifically designed to emphasize these skills and to increase the retention of facts and their recall in the clinical situation. This approach, built on research into the problem-solving skills of physicians and principles of educational psychology, is employed by several medical schools and serves as an antidote to the many educational abuses seen in more traditional approaches.
Deciphering Past Human Population Movements in Oceania: Provably Optimal Trees of 127 mtDNA Genomes
Authors: Melanie J. Pierson, Rosa Martinez-Arias, Barbara R. Holland, Neil J. Gemmell, Matthew E. Hurles, David Penny
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

The settlement of the many island groups of Remote Oceania occurred relatively late in prehistory, beginning approximately 3,000 years ago when people sailed eastwards into the Pacific from Near Oceania, where evidence of human settlement dates from as early as 40,000 years ago. Archeological and linguistic analyses have suggested the settlers of Remote Oceania had ancestry in Taiwan, as descendants of a proposed Neolithic expansion that began approximately 5,500 years ago. Other researchers have suggested that the settlers were descendants of peoples from Island Southeast Asia or the existing inhabitants of Near Oceania alone. To explore patterns of maternal descent in Oceania, we have assembled and analyzed a data set of 137 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes from Oceania, Australia, Island Southeast Asia, and Taiwan that includes 19 sequences generated for this project. Using the MinMax Squeeze Approach (MMS), we report the consensus network of 165 most parsimonious trees for the Oceanic data set, increasing by many orders of magnitude the numbers of trees for which a provable minimal solution has been found. The new mtDNA sequences highlight the limitations of partial sequencing for assigning sequences to haplogroups and dating recent divergence events. The provably optimal trees found for the entire mtDNA sequences using the MMS method provide a reliable and robust framework for the interpretation of evolutionary relationships and confirm that the female settlers of Remote Oceania descended from both the existing inhabitants of Near Oceania and more recent migrants into the region.
Gillian Anne Hartley
Authors: Sandra Charles
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former staff grade physician in elderly care medicine Telford (b 1968; q London 1991), died in a road traffic incident on 15 May 2004​2004




Figure 1




After house jobs, Gillian worked in elderly care at Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, and then moved to Shropshire, working in ENT and ophthalmology, and gaining her diploma in ENT. She then moved into general practice, completing her training at a rural practice on the Welsh border. Later, Gillian returned to elderly care medicine, which she loved. After starting her family she was hoping to return to general practice. Gillian had a passion for hill walking, and climbing, and she was a member of Wrekin Mountaineering Club. She leaves a partner, Eric, and a daughter.
US lags behind 10 other countries in primary care
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A large international survey of primary care doctors in 11 industrialised nations has found that the United States is often the outlier in medical practice, contributing to the higher cost of care in the US and its relatively poor health outcomes. The survey findings point to policy changes that might improve care in the US.

Access to care was poorer in the US than in the other countries, with 58% of US primary care doctors reporting that patients often have difficulty paying for drugs or for the copayments required under their insurance plan. That figure was nearly 1.5 times that in the next highest country, Italy (37%), and about double the average …
Gallium-67 Scintigraphy in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Complicated by Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia
Authors: FRANK R. GRAYBEAL, SANFORD V. BERENS, PAUL F. JURGENSEN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

A case of AIDS complicated by P. carinii pneumonia is presented. The intense uptake of Gallium-67 in the lungs facilitated early diagnosis and treatment.
Primary Immunization of Rh-negative Volunteers
Authors: H. H. Gunson, F. Stratton, D. G. Cooper, V. I. Rawlinson
Journal: BMJ (1970)

To determine the best method for the production of high-titre anti-D serum primary immunization was carried out in two groups of Rh-negative male volunteers with washed group O R<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> cells. The first group of six men were given 5 ml. of packed cells, and the second group of five men were given 0·5 ml. of packed cells, in each instance by intravenous injection. Only one individual in each group failed to develop anti-D following the primary inoculation, and it has been concluded that 0·5 ml. of packed R<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> cells is probably a satisfactory dose for this purpose. There was a delay of several weeks before anti-D could be shown to have developed. The initial antibodies which appeared in the serum comprised 7S γG immunoglobulins, with, in about half the cases, a minor 19S γM component.
Treatment of psoriasis with oral liarozole: a dose‐ranging study
Authors: J. Berth‐Jones, G. Todd, P.E. Hutchinson, K. Thestrup‐Pedersen, F.P. Vanhoutte
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Background Liarozole is an inhibitor of the metabolism of all-trans-retinoic acid. Systemic administration increases tissue levels of this endogenous retinoid and has been reported to improve psoriasis in an open, uncontrolled study. Objectives A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study was therefore undertaken to determine the lowest effective oral dose of liarozole in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Patients/methods Adult male and postmenopausal female patients requiring systemic treatment for psoriasis were randomized to receive placebo or liarozole at total daily doses of 50 mg, 75 mg or 150 mg for 12 weeks. The daily doses were each divided into two equal (morning and evening) doses. Response was assessed using an eight-point global scale to assess improvement and by monitoring the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). The primary end-point was the proportion of subjects in each treatment group demonstrating 'marked improvement' or better as assessed on the eight-point scale. The tolerability of the treatment was assessed by recording mucocutaneous effects of retinoids and all adverse events. Biochemical and haematological monitoring were also performed. Results One hundred and thirty-nine subjects were randomized (118 male and 21 female) and 116 completed the study. A marked improvement or better response was observed in 6% of subjects on placebo, 18% on liarozole 50 mg, 11% on 75 mg and 38% on 150 mg. Only in the 150-mg group was the response rate significantly different to placebo (P < 0·001). Over the treatment period the mean PASI changed from 15·9 to 15·4 on placebo, from 17·4 to 13·8 on liarozole 50 mg, from 17·5 to 14·5 on 75 mg and from 15·8 to 8·8 on 150 mg. Again, only in the group receiving 150 mg was the response significantly better than placebo (P < 0·001). Liarozole was generally well tolerated. Mucocutaneous retinoid effects were generally infrequent and mild. Five subjects were withdrawn from treatment as a result of adverse events that may have been treatment related. These events were abnormalities of liver enzymes in two cases, an episode of erythema multiforme (in a patient receiving placebo), an allergic reaction in one and a rash accompanied by deterioration of the psoriasis in another. There was mild elevation of triglycerides in the groups receiving liarozole 75 mg and 150 mg daily. In males, the serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels rose significantly in all the active treatment groups. Conclusions The data confirm that liarozole is an effective treatment for psoriasis and indicate that the lowest effective dose is 75 mg twice daily. The drug seems generally to be well tolerated.
504 EFFECTS OF THE COMBINED ADMINISTRATION OF SORAFENIB PLUS PROPRANOLOL ON PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN CIRRHOTIC RATS
Authors: M. D'Amico, M. Mejias, E. García-Pras, J. Abraldes, J.C. García-Pagán, M. Fernández, J. Bosch
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Abstract A26: Role of Dermcidin in Tumorigenesis of Skin Cancers
Authors: Beatriz A. Sangiuliano, Marcela Nancy Perez, Aline Cadurin, Andrew Aguiar, Dayson F. Moreira, Jose E. Belizario
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Dermcidin (DCD) is a candidate oncogene localized at 12q13.1. It is produced by benign melanocytic naevi and dark cells of eccrine sweat glands and proteolytic processed and transported via sweat to the epidermal surface to act as peptide antibotic, but it is not induced under inflammation. We have established the role of DCD in melanoma growth and survival by silencing DCD expression in human melanoma G361 cell line and overexpression in murine melanoma B16 cell line. Downregulation of DCD in G-361 cell line significantly reduced cellular resistance to cytotoxic agents. Balb/c Nude mice inoculated with 1x106 G-361 cells underwent a progressive increase in the tumor size and body weight loss, whereas animals inoculated with G-361-IBC I melanoma cells expressing DCD shRNA, we observed a significant difference in tumor volumes. Moreover, administration of rabbit polyclonal antibody against DCD in mice bearing G361 xenografts for four weeks delayed tumor growth. To examine tumor heterogeneity we isolated by FACS cell sorting specific cancer-stem cell populations based on cell size and enhanced tumorigenic capacity in Nude mice. In parallel, we are employing the microarray and exome methodologies to define genes that are up- and downregulated, patterns of genetic modifications and gene mutation in specific oncogenic pathways to evaluate the hypothesis that DCD control multiple oncogenic stimuli (EGFR/HER2, C-MYC, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, VEGF, BRAF/RAS, etc.). We will summarize these results and highlight genetic and biological mechanisms suggesting that DCD functions as tumor growth and cell survival factor. Citation Format: Beatriz A. Sangiuliano, Marcela Nancy Perez, Aline Cadurin, Andrew Aguiar, Dayson F. Moreira, Jose E. Belizario. Role of Dermcidin in Tumorigenesis of Skin Cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chemical Systems Biology: Assembling and Interrogating Computational Models of the Cancer Cell by Chemical Perturbations; 2012 Jun 27-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A26.
Scleroderma and malignancy: an epidemiological study.
Authors: A K Rosenthal, J K McLaughlin, M S Linet, I Persson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1993)

OBJECTIVES--Although case reports and some patient series suggest an increased risk of cancer among patients with scleroderma, there are no population based studies to support this association. A population based follow up study was therefore carried out of 233 patients with scleroderma from the six-county Uppsala health care region of Sweden for the time period 1955-84. METHODS--Using the inpatient registry for the Uppsala health care region, all patients with scleroderma were identified. Their unique identification codes were then used to perform a record linkage with the National Cancer Registry. Expected cancer rates were determined using the age and gender specific rates for the Uppsala health care region. RESULTS--The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers among these patients was significantly increased (SIR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.5 to 3.6). The SIRs for lung cancer (SIR = 7.8; 95% CI = 2.5 to 18.2) and non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma (SIR = 9.6; 95% CI = 1.1 to 34.5) were also significantly increased. Excluding patients who were diagnosed with cancer within a year of their scleroderma diagnosis resulted in similar findings, though the SIR for non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma was no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS--Larger population based investigations of cancer risk among patients with scleroderma are needed to confirm these initial findings and to evaluate in greater detail possible cancer risk among these patients.
Augmenting adoptive T cell therapy through universal chimeric costimulators
Authors: Ken-ichi Hanada, Prachi Bagadia, Qiong Wang, Kayla Griffith, James Yang
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts Adoptive transfer of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL), T-cell receptor (TCR)-transduced PBL and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-transduced PBL have proven to be clinically effective. CARs have evolved by introducing cytoplastic costimulatory domains. Higher cytokine secretion
Fat Transport in Lipoproteins — An Integrated Approach to Mechanisms and Disorders
Authors: Donald S. Fredrickson, Robert I. Levy, Robert S. Lees
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

THE subjects of this review are the plasma lipoproteins, their structure and functions and the ways in which they are disordered in certain diseases. The intent is not to discuss lipoproteins for their own sake, however, but to exploit their potential for illuminating the common and often frustrating clinical problem of hyperlipidemia. The finding of an abnormal concentration in plasma of cholesterol, glycerides or a given class of the lipoproteins often raises questions of cause and relief that have no certain answer. These will not necessarily be forthcoming in this report. What will be attempted is the reduction of current . . .
Scattered Deletion of PKD1 in Kidneys Causes a Cystic Snowball Effect and Recapitulates Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Wouter N. Leonhard, Malu Zandbergen, Kimberley Veraar, Susan van den Berg, Louise van der Weerd, Martijn Breuning, Emile de Heer, Dorien J.M. Peters
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2014)

In total, 1 in 1000 individuals carries a germline mutation in the PKD1 or PKD2 gene, which leads to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Cysts can form early in life and progressively increase in number and size during adulthood. Extensive research has led to the presumption that somatic inactivation of the remaining allele initiates the formation of cysts, and the progression is further accelerated by renal injury. However, this hypothesis is primarily on the basis of animal studies, in which the gene is inactivated simultaneously in large percentages of kidney cells. To mimic human ADPKD in mice more precisely, we reduced the percentage of Pkd1-deficient kidney cells to 8%. Notably, no pathologic changes occurred for 6 months after Pkd1 deletion, and additional renal injury increased the likelihood of cyst formation but never triggered rapid PKD. In mildly affected mice, cysts were not randomly distributed throughout the kidney but formed in clusters, which could be explained by increased PKD-related signaling in not only cystic epithelial cells but also, healthy-appearing tubules near cysts. In the majority of mice, these changes preceded a rapid and massive onset of severe PKD that was remarkably similar to human ADPKD. Our data suggest that initial cysts are the principal trigger for a snowball effect driving the formation of new cysts, leading to the progression of severe PKD. In addition, this approach is a suitable model for mimicking human ADPKD and can be used for preclinical testing.
THE FAMILY PHYSICIANAS A FACTOR IN THE SOLUTION OF THE TUBERCULOSIS PROBLEM.
Authors: S. A. KNOPF
Journal: JAMA (1904)

In choosing this subject as a contribution to the Section on Practice of Medicine of our great Association. I have borne in mind that this Section is composed mainly of general practitioners; that is to say, family physicians. Before outlining what can and should be done by the family physician as a factor in the solution of the tuberculosis problem, you will permit me to give you my conception of what the family physician should be and what he should represent in a civilized country and in this enlightened century. Of late there has been in the minds of the laity and even among the profession a tendency to depreciate the value and the standing of the general practitioner. In the profession this tendency has been particularly pronounced among its younger members; the result is that the number of family physicians relative to the number of specialists and also relative
Direct Visualization of Regurgitant Orifice by CMR Reveals Differential Asymmetry According to Etiology of Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Stefan Buchner, Florian Poschenrieder, Okka W. Hamer, Carsten Jungbauer, Markus Resch, Christoph Birner, Claudia Fellner, Günter A. Riegger, Christian Stroszczynski, Behrus Djavidani, Kurt Debl, Andreas Luchner
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2011)
A piece of my mind. Chorea
Authors: R. H. Lands
Journal: JAMA (1994)

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