tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The limitations of serum alpha-1 antitrypsin levels in patients with chronic liver disease and heterozygous alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Authors: M. Mela, W. Smeeton, G. Alexander
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (a1AT) is an inherited disease which can be fatal. It commonly affects the lung and liver and can present in a homozygous or heterozygous form. There is increasing evidence that a1AT is not a disease confined to the northern hemisphere and its distribution and inheritance is more widespread than expected. On this pretext we wanted to determine what proportion of patients referred to our tertiary referral centre had liver disease attributable at least in part to α1AT deficiency and in what proportion of those the serum level of α1AT was in the normal range further supporting the argument that heterozygous liver disease is frequently missed by current screening methods. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients were chosen from consecutive new adult referrals attending clinic between November 2004 and June 2006 who subsequently underwent diagnostic liver biopsy at Addenbrooke9s Hospital in Cambridge. Serum α1AT was measured once following venesection at first clinic attendance by immunonephelometric assay, with a normal range defined as greater than or equal to 0.9 g/l. The α1AT phenotype was assessed by isoelectric focusing whenever α1AT deficiency was suspected, based on serum level and/or compatible liver biopsy findings. In liver biopsy specimens the presence of α1AT in tissue was assessed by staining for diastase resistant PAS positive granules and confirmed where appropriate by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody to the Z allele. <h3>Results</h3> There were 840 new patients in the Hepatology clinic in the study period; a first diagnostic liver biopsy was performed in 325 cases (39%), all of which had a single measure of serum α1AT available in the two months prior to the biopsy. In total 54 patients (16.6%) were found to be heterozygotes. 34 patients in total had a normal a1AT level (0.9–1.2g/dl). 29 of these patients had a1AT deficiency changes as well as confounding pathology on their liver biopsy (2 AIH, 11 ALD, 10 NASH and 6 viral). 5 patients in particular had cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation. All of these patients were previously labelled as having cryptogenic cirrhosis on the basis of a normal a1AT level. There was no history of respiratory disease, family history of α1AT deficiency or family history of a liver disorder in any patients in this group. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Standard testing of a1AT deficiency based on serum levels is inaccurate as a1AT can act as an inflammatory marker and phenotyping alone can miss null phenotypes. We advocate a low threshold for full screening including genotyping as heterozygote liver disease is often a confounding factor in liver disease, which in itself is not benign. The full prevalence and behaviour of this condition is underestimated.
Effect of the Prone Position on Patients with Hydrostatic Pulmonary Edema Compared with Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: GEORGE NAKOS, IRAKLIS TSANGARIS, ELEONORA KOSTANTI, CHRISTOS NATHANAIL, ALEXANDRA LACHANA, VASILIOS KOULOURAS, DIMITRA KASTANI
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

This study examined the effect of the prone position on mechanically ventilated patients with hydrostatic pulmonary edema (HPE). Eight patients with acute HPE and mechanically ventilated in the prone position (Group 1) were studied. Six patients with acute HPE and mechanically ventilated in the supine position (Group 2), 20 patients with ARDS (Group 3), and 5 patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) (Group 4) served as control patients. Patients with HPE, who after being mechanically ventilated for at least 6 h needed an FI(O(2)) >/= 0.6 to achieve an Sa(O(2)) of approximately 90%, and did not respond to recruitment maneuvers, were turned to the prone position. Parameters of oxygenation, lung mechanics, and hemodynamics were determined in both the supine and prone positions. All patients with HPE exhibited improvement of oxygenation when they were placed in the prone position. The Pa(O(2))/FI(O(2)) ratio increased from 72 +/- 16 in the supine position to 208 +/- 61 after 6 h in the prone position (p < 0.001); the rise in Pa(O(2)) was persistent, without detrimental effect on hemodynamics. Fifteen of 20 patients with ARDS (75%) improved oxygenation when in the prone position. The Pa(O(2))/FI(O(2)) ratio increased from 83 +/- 14 in the supine position to 189 +/- 34 after 6 h in the prone position (p < 0.001). In contrast, 5 of 20 patients with ARDS (25%) and none of the patients with PF responded favorably to prone positioning. Patients with HPE and early ARDS responded better to prone positioning than did patients with late ARDS and PF. Patients with HPE and ventilated in the supine position had a lower Pa(O(2))/FI(O(2)) ratio and the duration of mechanical ventilation was longer compared with that of patients in the prone position. Our results show that the prone position may be a useful maneuver in treating patients with severe hypoxemia due to pulmonary edema. The presence of pulmonary edema, as in early ARDS and HPE predicts a beneficial effect of the prone position on gas exchange. In contrast, the presence of fibrosis, as in late ARDS and pulmonary fibrosis, predisposes to nonresponsiveness to prone positioning.
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Authors: Jon Durnian
Journal: BMJ (2005)

trial).Furthermore, it is not clear how useful they would be to treat a completely new virus or how great the risks from resistant strains would be.Neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral drugs are licensed for prophylaxis in high risk groups (as recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence).However, prescribing them for prophylaxis in a pandemic might be an extravagant use of limited resources.This could be justified only if there were good grounds to think a vaccine was imminent.It might be preferable to institute early treatment rather than offer prophylaxis, because the stimulus of infection will prompt an antibody response. Supply shortagesVaccines and drugs will be manufactured at selected plants.In the event of a serious pandemic, countries may suspend routine trading practices.Governments will be strongly tempted to suspend the export of drugs in short supply, and in some countries there may be no local manufacturer and no drugs or vaccines available.There is clearly an ethical dilemma between the competing interests of countries with manufacturing capacity and those without.An ethical dilemma also exists with respect to people in countries with inadequate resources to meet the cost of vaccines and drugs.Should a pandemic emerge within 12 months, the availability of antiviral drugs will be limited, and people at high risk will need to be given priority; the groups at risk may differ from those conventionally associated with the routine annual vaccination programme.Healthcare workers and people operating essential services might be the most important groups to protect.Serious illness in children might result in redefining the concept of risk.
A STUDY OF STERILITY, ITS CAUSES AND TREATMENT.Being an Essay which received the First Prize of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore.
Authors: THOS. W. KAY
Journal: JAMA (1891)

(Concluded from page 229.)  TREATMENT.  1.Nonproduction.—Male.—(a.)Should the testes of the male be congenitally absent from the scrotum there is a possibility of their being present in the abdominal cavity, but in either case if aspermia or azoospermia exists, treatment is useless. Should spermatozoa exist in small quantities the same remedies can be used that are employed in early decay. These can also be used in cases of retarded development.  (b.) Where inflammatory or other troubles have produced destruction of the glandular structure, restoration of the destroyed tissue is impossible; but under iodides and mercurials with counterirritants and electricity, the inflammatory deposits may be absorbed and the arrested secretion from the remaining healthy portions reestablished.  (c.) When sterility in the male is accompanied by atrophy or softening coincident with varicocele, hernia, or other benign tumors, the prognosis is good, if the individual will submit to surgical treatment in time.
Suppression of atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbit treated with nifedipine.
Authors: P D Henry, K I Bentley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

We tested the effects of nifedipine, a calcium antagonist, on atherogenesis in rabbits fed a 2% cholesterol diet. The drug was given orally, 40 mg/dl, and control rabbits received placebo. Nifedipine was well tolerated, and evoked only transient, moderate reductions in arterial pressure. Plasma total cholesterol after 8 wk before killing the rabbits was similar in the placebo and nifedipine-treated groups, averaging 1,903 +/- 138 (n = 13) and 1,848 +/- 121 mg/dl (n = 13; mean +/- SE; P greater than 0.8). In placebo-treated rabbits, aortic lesions stainable with Sudan IV covered 40 +/- 5% of the intimal surface, and the cholesterol concentration in aortic tissue was 47 +/- 5 mg/g protein. Corresponding values for the aortas from nifedipine-treated rabbits were significantly lower and averaged 17 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001) and 29 +/- 2 mg/g protein (P less than 0.001). We conclude that nifedipine suppressed atherogenesis without reducing hypercholesterolemia.
Physical activity at the workplace in the USA
Authors: Robert Karch
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Most large corporations in the USA realise the benefits of implementing corporate wellness programmes, including a great focus on physical activity. These programmes are often offered by ‘forward-thinking’ corporations to attract and retain top-level talent, which is key for the success of their corporation. It also makes sense to invest in a healthy workforce, as the benefits are not only an improvement in employee health but also the money savings resulting from a decrease in absenteeism rates and health expenditure – especially in the USA where the cost of health expenditure is at its highest. Corporations are also realising the value of promoting health in the sense of social responsibility, which sets the corporation at a competitive advantage. As a result of these drivers, corporate fitness programmes are becoming more common among large corporations, but also among SMEs due to the increasing evidence of the positive effect of physical activity programmes. The emphasis of physical activity programmes in the workplace has become significant, due to the increasing research showing the importance of incorporating physical activity into daily lives. The workplace setting has demonstrated to be an ideal setting for promoting physical activity due to the following factors: ▶ the majority of waking time is spent at work ▶ support from co-workers ▶ encouragement and motivation team spirit ▶ easy access ▶ and the time factor. A number of leading initiatives that promote physical activity at the workplace have emerged in the USA – for example, the CDC Healthier Worksite Initiative and the National Physical Activity Plan, which encourages various environments, including the workplace setting, to facilitate regular physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour. Corporations with implemented corporate fitness programmes have seen benefits in various formats; from the increase in morale and productivity to a significant return on investment as a result of a decrease in health expenditure. Noteworthy is that a successful programme starts with company leaders who engage in corporate fitness programmes and lead by example.
Water and Sanitation Needs
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Decreased Myocyte Tension Development and Calcium Responsiveness in Rat Right Ventricular Pressure Overload
Authors: Dongsheng Fan, Thomas Wannenburg, Pieter P. de Tombe
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background The contractile dysfunction observed in end-stage myocardial hypertrophy has at its base an abnormality in myocyte function. However, whether depressed contractile function is related to an alteration in contractile protein function is presently unknown. Methods and Results Contractile force, tension, and calcium responsiveness were measured in single-skinned myocytes isolated from rats with right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and control rats. RVH was induced by pulmonary artery constriction for 36 weeks and was associated with significant myocyte hypertrophy. Myocytes were attached to micropipettes that extended from a force transducer and motor. Isometric force was measured over a wide range of calcium concentrations at two sarcomere lengths (SLs). Maximal force was increased in the RVH group: 1.20±0.10 versus 1.62±0.13 mg at SL=2.0 μm and 1.33±0.10 versus 1.84±0.15 mg at SL=2.3 μm ( P &lt;.05). Maximal tension, however, was reduced in the RVH group: 24.3±1.91 versus 37.5±2.92 mN/mm 2 at SL=2.0 μm and 27.4±1.78 versus 41.8±3.19 mN/mm 2 at SL=2.3 μm ( P &lt;.01). The concentration of calcium ions required for half-maximal activation was increased in the RVH group: 2.64±0.13 versus 3.47±0.22 μmol/L at SL=2.0 μm and 2.23±0.15 versus 2.86±0.18 μmol/L at SL=2.3 μm ( P &lt;.01). The slope of the force-calcium relationship (Hill coefficient) was decreased in the RVH group at SL=2.0 μm (4.3±0.4 versus 3.1±0.2, P =.04) but not at SL=2.3 μm (3.8±0.2 versus 3.6±0.2, P =NS). Conclusions These results suggest that the depressed cardiac function of end-stage myocardial hypertrophy may be due, in part, to altered contractile protein function.
The calcium-sensing receptor regulates mammary gland parathyroid hormone–related protein production and calcium transport
Authors: Joshua VanHouten, Pamela Dann, Grace McGeoch, Edward M. Brown, Karen Krapcho, Margaret Neville, John J. Wysolmerski
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

The transfer of calcium from mother to milk during lactation is poorly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP) production and calcium transport in mammary epithelial cells are regulated by extracellular calcium acting through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). The CaR becomes expressed on mammary epithelial cells at the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Increasing concentrations of calcium, neomycin, and a calcimimetic compound suppress PTHrP secretion by mammary epithelial cells in vitro, whereas in vivo, systemic hypocalcemia increases PTHrP production, an effect that can be prevented by treatment with a calcimimetic. Hypocalcemia also reduces overall milk production and calcium content, while increasing milk osmolality and protein concentrations. The changes in milk calcium content, milk osmolality, and milk protein concentration were mitigated by calcimimetic infusions. Finally, in a three-dimensional culture system that recapitulates the lactating alveolus, activation of the basolateral CaR increases transcellular calcium transport independent of its effect on PTHrP. We conclude that the lactating mammary gland can sense calcium and adjusts its secretion of calcium, PTHrP, and perhaps water in response to changes in extracellular calcium concentration. We believe this defines a homeostatic system that helps to match milk production to the availability of calcium.
Stress management: How the unfolded protein response impacts fatty liver disease
Authors: Dru Imrie, Kirsten C. Sadler
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)

Induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is recognized as central to fatty liver disease (FLD) pathophysiology. This pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for FLD, as well as other diseases. However, fundamental questions as to how UPR contributes to FLD remain unanswered. Conflicting data suggest that this pathway can both protect against and augment this disease. Here, we review the relationship between protein secretion, endoplasmic reticulum function (ER), and UPR activation. The UPR serves to maintain secretory pathway homeostasis by enhancing the protein folding environment in the ER, and we review data investigating the role for individual UPR players in fatty liver (steatosis). We explore a novel concept in the field that all cases of UPR activation do not equal "ER stress". Rather, different types of UPRs that can either protect against or cause FLD are discussed. Refining our current understanding of this complex pathway is particularly important, as drugs that affect the protein folding environment in the ER and affect UPR activation are being successful in clinical trials for FLD.
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSIONS IN THE RIGHT AND LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES: AN INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND STUDY
Authors: Tadayuki Yakushiji, Akiko Maehara, Araki Hiroshi, Shigeo Saito, Martin Leon, Gregg Stone, Jeffrey Moses, Gary Mintz, Masahiko Ochiai
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Chronic Inflammation Induces a Novel Epigenetic Program That Is Conserved in Intestinal Adenomas and in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Monther Abu-Remaileh, Sebastian Bender, Günter Raddatz, Ihab Ansari, Daphne Cohen, Julian Gutekunst, Tanja Musch, Heinz Linhart, Achim Breiling, Eli Pikarsky, Yehudit Bergman, Frank Lyko
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Chronic inflammation represents a major risk factor for tumor formation, but the underlying mechanisms have remained largely unknown. Epigenetic mechanisms can record the effects of environmental challenges on the genome level and could therefore play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated tumors. Using single-base methylation maps and transcriptome analyses of a colitis-induced mouse colon cancer model, we identified a novel epigenetic program that is characterized by hypermethylation of DNA methylation valleys that are characterized by low CpG density and active chromatin marks. This program is conserved and functional in mouse intestinal adenomas and results in silencing of active intestinal genes that are involved in gastrointestinal homeostasis and injury response. Further analyses reveal that the program represents a prominent feature of human colorectal cancer and can be used to correctly classify colorectal cancer samples with high accuracy. Together, our results show that inflammatory signals establish a novel epigenetic program that silences a specific set of genes that contribute to inflammation-induced cellular transformation.
Nonanticoagulant heparin prevents histone-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and improves survival in sepsis
Authors: Karin C. A. A. Wildhagen, Pablo García de Frutos, Chris P. Reutelingsperger, Roy Schrijver, Cristina Aresté, Almudena Ortega-Gómez, Niko M. Deckers, H. Coenraad Hemker, Oliver Soehnlein, Gerry A. F. Nicolaes
Journal: Blood (2013)
Comparison of the mechanical behaviors of biological tissues subjected to uniaxial tensile testing: pig, calf and ostrich pericardium sutured with Gore-Tex
Authors: J.M Garcı́a Páez, E Jorge Herrero, A Carrera Sanmartı́n, I Millán, A Cordon, M Martı́n Maestro, A Rocha, B Arenaz, J.L Castillo-Olivares
Journal: Biomaterials (2003)
Letter: Laparoscopic tubal ligation.
Authors: F E Loeffler
Journal: BMJ (1974)

1: 16).After the epidemic 89 (77%) had a four-fold titre rise.Of those under 20 years of age 46 out of 50 had posi,tive titres after the infection.Clinical illness occurred in over 50% of infected subjects.Five years later a follow-up study was done using 75-g oral carbohydrate load glucose tolerance test.Serum neutralizing antibody titres and two-hour plasma glucose levels were measured.Of the 136 persons under 25 years of age (M.= 65, F.= 71) the highest two-hour plasma glucose was 133 mg/100 ml.Persistence of positive titre levels was also documented since 77% of these subjects had a positive neutralizing antibody titre level.Even though it was in the young diabetic that Dr. Gamble and his colleagues were able to show the strongest association with positive Coxsackie B4 titres we could not show that Coxsackie B4 infection caused a single case of diabetes, though the attack rate in the 136 under 20 years of age at the time of the epidemic was extremely high.-We are, etc.,
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update
Authors: Alan S. Go, Dariush Mozaffarian, Véronique L. Roger, Emelia J. Benjamin, Jarett D. Berry, William B. Borden, Dawn M. Bravata, Shifan Dai, Earl S. Ford, Caroline S. Fox, Sheila Franco, Heather J. Fullerton, Cathleen Gillespie, Susan M. Hailpern, John A. Heit, Virginia J. Howard, Mark D. Huffman, Brett M. Kissela, Steven J. Kittner, Daniel T. Lackland, Judith H. Lichtman, Lynda D. Lisabeth, David Magid, Gregory M. Marcus, Ariane Marelli, David B. Matchar, Darren K. McGuire, Emile R. Mohler, Claudia S. Moy, Michael E. Mussolino, Graham Nichol, Nina P. Paynter, Pamela J. Schreiner, Paul D. Sorlie, Joel Stein, Tanya N. Turan, Salim S. Virani, Nathan D. Wong, Daniel Woo, Melanie B. Turner
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Author(s): Go, Alan S; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Roger, Veronique L; Benjamin, Emelia J; Berry, Jarett D; Borden, William B; Bravata, Dawn M; Dai, Shifan; Ford, Earl S; Fox, Caroline S; Franco, Sheila; Fullerton, Heather J; Gillespie, Cathleen; Hailpern, Susan M; Heit, John A; Howard, Virginia J; Huffman, Mark D; Kissela, Brett M; Kittner, Steven J; Lackland, Daniel T; Lichtman, Judith H; Lisabeth, Lynda D; Magid, David; Marcus, Gregory M; Marelli, Ariane; Matchar, David B; McGuire, Darren K; Mohler, Emile R; Moy, Claudia S; Mussolino, Michael E; Nichol, Graham; Paynter, Nina P; Schreiner, Pamela J; Sorlie, Paul D; Stein, Joel; Turan, Tanya N; Virani, Salim S; Wong, Nathan D; Woo, Daniel; Turner, Melanie B; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
A case of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the skin associated with Epstein–Barr virus infection
Authors: Rui Aoki, Hiroshi Mitsui, Kazutoshi Harada, Tatsuyoshi Kawamura, Naotaka Shibagaki, Katsuhiko Tsukamoto, Shin-ichi Murata, Shinji Shimada
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2010)