tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE QUANTITATIVE COLLECTION OF DUODENAL CONTENTS
Authors: Percy B. Davidson
Journal: JAMA (1924)

While the pancreas and liver have been the objects of much experimental inquiry, the quantitative estimation of their secretions in man has been hindered by inadequate methods of collection and of reproduction in the laboratory of the physiologic chemistry involved. The introduction of the duodenal tube by Gross<sup>1</sup>and Einhorn<sup>2</sup>has shown the feasibility of intubation and the collection of contents for qualitative study, but by the ordinary tube only an unknown fraction of the total secretion for a given time can be collected. The work of McClure,<sup>3</sup>Jones<sup>4</sup>and their co-workers has brought to the clinic physicochemical methods for the study of duodenal contents which have allowed more accurate analysis of the concentration of the various constituents. It is hoped that the introduction of a satisfactory method for the quantitative collection of the contents might throw light on the normal and pathologic physiology of the
The human multidrug resistance protein 2 gene: Functional characterization of the 5′-flanking region and expression in hepatic cells
Authors: Toshiya Tanaka, Takeshi Uchiumi, Eiji Hinoshita, Akihiko Inokuchi, Satoshi Toh, Morimasa Wada, Hiroshi Takano, Kimitoshi Kohno, Michihiko Kuwano
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

The human multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2), also termed as the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT), is a member of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter superfamily. In the liver, MRP2 mediates the multispecific efflux of various types of organic anions, including glucuronate, sulfate, and glutathione conjugates, across the canalicular hepatocyte membrane to the bile. To investigate how the MRP2 gene is expressed in liver cells, the 5'-flanking region of the human MRP2 gene was isolated from a human placental genomic library. Sequence analysis of the MRP2 promoter showed a number of consensus binding sites for both ubiquitous and liver-enriched transcription factors. Transfection of human hepatic HepG2 cells with a series of 5'-deleted promoter luciferase constructs identified a putative silencer element localized in the -1,659/-491 region and a liver-specific positive regulatory element localized in the -491/-258 region. This latter region contained the liver-abundant transcription factor CCAAT-enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta). The transcriptional activity of the promoter construct containing a mutation in the C/EBPbeta binding site was significantly decreased in HepG2 cells. This study suggests that C/EBPbeta (-356 to -343) may regulate the liver expression of the MRP2 gene.
Urinary Tract Infections in Men
Authors: Benjamin A. Lipsky
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infections in men, especially insofar as they differ from those in women.Studies published between 1954 and 1988 were identified using MEDLINE (1981-1988) and Index Medicus (1981-1988), and through extensive manual searching of textbooks, symposia, monographs, and bibliographies of identified articles.More than 200 studies were reviewed; those studies most pertinent to the topics reviewed were cited. Unpublished data from the author's studies were also cited.Study quality and descriptive information about prevalence, evaluations, interventions, and outcomes were assessed. Quantitative synthesis was not done.Most men with urinary tract infection have a functional or anatomic abnormality of the genitourinary tract. Prostatic hypertrophy and genitourinary instrumentation are the major predispositions to infection in men. Signs and symptoms of bacteriuria in men are similar to those in women. Diagnosis rests on a properly collected specimen yielding 10(3) or more colony-forming units/mL of a single or predominant species. Eschericia coli is the most frequent uropathogen, but other gram-negative and gram-positive species cause up to one half of cases. Treatment of men with single-dose therapy is inadequate; men with recurrent infections require at least 6 weeks of appropriate treatment. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in elderly men, but does not usually necessitate treatment. Although genitourinary abnormalities are frequent in bacteriuric male patients, a diagnostic evaluation is probably indicated only in young boys and in men with recurrent or complicated infections.Several important aspects of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infections differ in male populations from those in the much better studied female populations. Knowledge of recently available data will help clinicians develop a rational approach to caring for bacteriuric men.
Spatio-temporal constraints of the tidal wave theory
Authors: Cornelius Schwarz
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

The tidal-wave theory is inspired by the particular morphology of the cerebellar cortex. It elegantly attributes function to the anisotropy of the cerebellar wiring and the geometry of Purkinje cell dendrites. In this commentary, physiological considerations are used to elaborate temporal and spatial constraints of the tidal-wave theory. It is shown, first, that limitations of temporal precision in the cortical inputs to the mammalian cerebellum delimit the spatial resolution of an input sequence (i.e., the minimal distance along the parallel fibers which can detect sequential input) to the range of a millimeter at best. Second, temporal characteristics of Purkinje cell postsynaptic potentials are argued to predict a distance of at least several millimeters along the parallel fiber beam in order to generate a sequence in the cerebellar output. It is concluded that the implementation of tidal waves as a general principle of cerebellar function is questionable as there exist cerebelli too small to match these constraints.
Antiviral peptide nanocomplexes as a potential therapeutic modality for HIV/HCV co-infection
Authors: Jinjin Zhang, Andrea Mulvenon, Edward Makarov, Jill Wagoner, Jaclyn Knibbe, Jong Oh Kim, Natalia Osna, Tatiana K. Bronich, Larisa Y. Poluektova
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Cat-Scratch Disease
Authors: Claude Bernard
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In "Cat-Scratch Disease" (<b>207</b>:312, 1969), the authors used the criterion of erythema of 1 cm or more for 48 hours after injection of 0.1 cc of antigen intradermally. "Induration has not been as useful as erythema for interpreting the cat-scratch skin test." The data from our laboratory suggest that erythema is a poor way of defining a positive skin test to catscratch antigen. Warwick et al (<i>Proc Soc Exp Biol Med</i><b>93</b>:253, 1956) have quite clearly documented evidence that the major reactant to the skin test antigen is the migration of mononuclears and that the basis for a positive reaction must of necessity rest on this phenomena. Our major criterion has been induration of 5 mm or more at 48 hours. Frequently, erythema has not been helpful. A great discovery is a fact whose appearance in science gives rise to shining ideas, whose light dispels
The End Stage Renal Disease Program
Authors: John K. Iglehart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

What happens when the federal government is virtually the only payer for a medical service that is privately provided? The best example of this is Medicare's End Stage Renal Disease Program. For 20 years, the government has essentially frozen the level of payments to facilities and physicians providing dialysis treatment, sharply reducing the real value of their remuneration. The End Stage Renal Disease Program is the subject of this report, my fifth on the American medical system15.To provide medical care in a program so constrained, providers have lowered operating costs, boosted productivity, and aggressively sought new patients. . . .
An Address on the Spread of Enteric Fever by Means of Sewage-Contaminated Shellfish
Authors: A. Newsholme
Journal: BMJ (1896)

internal remedies for a fortnight only and "cured."No secondary manifestations were noticed.2. The pains in the legs were markedly worse at night, and he also had occasionally slight nocturnal headache.3. He married in Xi884 at the age of 30.The following record :gives the issue of his wife's pregnancies:.(a) Six months' child, stillborn, March, I882.(b) Seven months' child, stillborn; rash on trunk.(c) Eight months' child; said to have been dead for 2 weeks 'before birth.(d) Six months' child, stiAborn.(e) Female child, at full time, apparently healthy; is now 5 years old, and is in the Royal Infirmary with disease of the mlna and tibia.(f) Miscarriage at two or three months.(g) Male child, apparently healthy; died a fortnight after 'birth of " collapse of lungs."(h) Miscarriage at 2nd month in I893.The condition of the patient, then, before treatment was as ,ollows :-Paraplegia absolute (only slight movement of toes), 4aniesthesia complete, nearly up to umbilicus.Constant and severe pains in the legs and feet; absence of knee-jerks; kparesis of the upper extremities; retention of urine; incon- tinence of faeces.; four large, deep bedsores over the sacral ,region, so that it would be difficult to find a more unpromis- Ding case for treatment.He was put upon a water bed, the bladder and bowels were ;attended to, and the bedsores dressed with boracic powder.'Daily inunction of 3 j of mercurial ointment was commenced -on January 9th, and for some time antipyrin (gr.xv) was .givenevery evening on account of the pain in the legs.A fortnight thereafter he could draw up his legs in bed, and -every day further recovery was observed: the ansesthesia also was less marked, and gradually disappeared.By January28th 'the retention of urine and incontinence of faeces, had passed away, and the antipyrin was stopped because the pains in the 'legs were gone.The bedsores healed rapidly, and were quite cicatrised :about the same time.On February ioth he was able to rise .andwalk a short distance in the ward, and after time massage was added to the other treatment.He could walk a longer distance every day, although his legs were tremulous at first.'By February 28th the grasp of the hands was much stronger, the dynamometer registering 36 kilos in the right and 30 in the left hand, as compared with io kilos on admission.He ;left the infirmary on March 13th, and before leaving he was -shown at a meeting of the Glasgow Pathological and Clinical Society.His recovery was perfect.He could walk as well as ever he did, and the knee-jerks even had returned.Did time permit I might give you many other illustrations ,of the curious vagaries of syphilis, but I have said enough, I trust, to put you upon your guard, and to point the moral that in cases of a suspicious nature, it is well to give the patient the benefit of the doubt by inaugurating an energetic vcourse of antisyphilitic treatment.
Gastrointestinal motility: the intergration of physiological mechanisms
Authors: M. Case
Journal: Gut (1986)

In conclusion, it seems that any benefit from raising gastric pH, in critically ill patients, must be balanced against possible problems of Gram-ve pneumonia, crossinfection and wound infection.Because this is the largest study on cimetidine usage in an intensive care unit, it might be valuable for the authors to review their data to ascertain if these problems were significant.
Therapeutic Theophylline Levels and Adverse Cardiac Events
Authors: Paulo Raggi
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters15 May 1994Therapeutic Theophylline Levels and Adverse Cardiac EventsPaulo Raggi, MDPaulo Raggi, MDThe Long Island College Hospital; Brooklyn, NY 11201Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-10-199405150-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The recent article by Shannon and colleagues [1] clearly showed the severity of theophylline intoxication. Nearly one quarter of their patients had clinically significant complications when theophylline concentrations were in the toxic range. Of particular interest were patients who developed myocardial infarctions. Adverse cardiovascular effects can occur even when serum theophylline concentrations are in the therapeutic range. We followed a 61-year-old white woman who experienced an unusual combination of complications during treatment with intravenous aminophylline and nebulized albuterol. She had no history of heart disease except for left ventricular hypertrophy confirmed by echocardiography. A dynamic left ventricular ...References1. Shannon M. Predictors of major toxicity after theophylline overdose. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119:1161-7. Google Scholar2. Bittar G, Friedman HS, Dominguez A, Voperian V. Theophylline produces an adverse effect on myocardial lactate metabolism at a therapeutic blood concentration: an effect blocked by verapamil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991; 257:214-8. Google Scholar3. Davies H. Subaortic stenosis induced by drug therapy in a patient with an apparently normal heart. Guys Hospital Report. 1970; 119: 357. Google Scholar4. Gerlach E, Becker BF, eds. Topics and Perspectives in Adenosine Research: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Adenosine. Berlin: Springler-Verlag; 1987. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: The Long Island College Hospital; Brooklyn, NY 11201 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byClinical Pharmacology of CilomilastAminophylline 15 May 1994Volume 120, Issue 10Page: 891KeywordsAttentionCardiovascular therapyCoronary arteriesIntoxicationIschemiaLeft ventricular hypertrophyLeft ventricular outflow tractMyocardial infarctionStenosisTachycardia ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 May 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Effects of adenosine and its analogues on isolated intracerebral arterioles. Extraluminal and intraluminal application.
Authors: A C Ngai, H R Winn
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

We evaluated the responses of brain parenchymal arterioles to intraluminal and extraluminal application of adenosine and its analogues. Intracerebral arterioles (28.4- to 60.3-microns diameter) were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats, cannulated with micropipettes, and perfused in vitro. Both extraluminal and intraluminal adenosine, 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine (NECA), R-N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA), and S-N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine (S-PIA) elicited concentration-dependent dilation of these arterioles, but intraluminal application was less potent and efficacious than extraluminal application. Inosine was not vasoactive. A common order of agonist potency (NECA &gt; adenosine &gt; R-PIA &gt; or = S-PIA) was determined for both extraluminal and intraluminal application. Theophylline (10 microM) caused a rightward shift of the adenosine concentration-response curve and a 50-fold reduction in potency. Intraluminal theophylline was one sixth as effective as extraluminal theophylline in antagonizing the extraluminal adenosine response, whereas intraluminal 8-sulfophenyltheophylline, a polar theophylline derivative, was ineffective. Polyadenylic acid (PolyA, 1 microM), an adenosine polymer that does not penetrate the endothelium, induced a dilation of 44.2 +/- 5.3% when applied extraluminally but had no effect when infused intraluminally. The dilator effect of PolyA was antagonized by theophylline. We conclude that: (1) intraluminal adenosine and its analogues are effective dilators of intracerebral arterioles, (2) the dilator effects of both intraluminally and extraluminally applied adenosine are predominantly mediated by A2-type receptors, and (3) adenosine receptors mediating vasodilation are not present on the luminal surface of the endothelium.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes: Time for evidence of efficacy
Authors: Laurence Kennedy
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

The second half of the 20th century saw a major shift away from the paternalistic “doctor knows best” philosophy, which characterized patients as passive unquestioning recipients of care at the hands of all-powerful, all-knowing medical practitioners. Most patients, given sufficient information, now wish to be active participants, fully involved (usually with a multidisciplinary health care team rather than a single autocratic doctor) in making decisions relating to their medical assessment and management. Because diabetes is a complex lifelong condition, the good sense of such an approach seems obviously self-evident. The development of glucose meters that combine technological sophistication with speed and ease of use has greatly enhanced the potential for all diabetic patients to monitor their blood glucose. Detection of subtle hypoglycemia, asymptomatic hyperglycemia, and unnaturally wide glycemic excursions should, in theory, empower patients to make appropriate changes in lifestyle and/or pharmacological treatment, which will lead to more physiological glucose profiles and lower HbA1c levels.

However, another late 20th century philosophical shift—toward the practice of evidence-based medicine and away from a combination of anecdote, personal bias, and instinct—renders “obviously self-evident,” as a verdict, “obviously insufficient.” For sure, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) was a key component, but not the only one, in landmark studies such as the Stockholm Diabetes Intervention Study, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, and the Kumamoto study, which proved beyond doubt that intensive insulin treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can result in lower HbA1c and less risk of microvascular complications. It is worth noting, however, that the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study essentially achieved the same scientific goal of improved glycemic control (as reflected by …
Leptin increases serotonin turnover by inhibition of brain nitric oxide synthesis
Authors: Gioacchino Calapai, Francesco Corica, Andrea Corsonello, Lidia Sautebin, Massimo Di Rosa, Giuseppe M. Campo, Michele Buemi, Vittorio Nicita Mauro, Achille P. Caputi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Leptin administration inhibits diencephalic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and increases brain serotonin (5-HT) metabolism in mice. We evaluated food intake, body-weight gain, diencephalic NOS activity, and diencephalic content of tryptophan (TRP), 5-HT, hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio after intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intraperitoneal (IP) leptin injection in mice. Five consecutive days of ICV or IP leptin injections induced a significant reduction in neuronal NOS (nNOS) activity, and caused a dose-dependent increase of 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio. Diencephalic 5-HT metabolism showed a significant increase in 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio 3 hours after a single leptin injection. This effect was maintained for 3 hours and had disappeared by 12 hours after injection. After a single IP leptin injection, the peak for 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was achieved at 6 hours. Single injections of ICV or IP leptin significantly increased diencephalic 5-HT content. Leptin-induced 5-HT increase was antagonized by the coadministration of L-arginine only when the latter was ICV injected, whereas D-arginine did not influence leptin effects on brain 5-HT content. Finally, in nNOS-knockout mice, the appetite-suppressant activity of leptin was strongly reduced, and the leptin-induced increase in brain 5-HT metabolism was completely abolished. Our results indicate that the L-arginine/NO pathway is involved in mediating leptin effects on feeding behavior, and demonstrate that nNOS activity is required for the effects of leptin on brain 5-HT turnover.
Fatty Acid Oxidation Enzyme Gene Expression Is Downregulated in the Failing Heart
Authors: Michael N. Sack, Toni A. Rader, Sonhee Park, Jean Bastin, Sylvia A. McCune, Daniel P. Kelly
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background During the development of heart failure (HF), the chief myocardial energy substrate switches from fatty acids to glucose. This metabolic switch, which recapitulates fetal cardiac energy substrate preferences, is thought to maintain aerobic energetic balance. The regulatory mechanisms involved in this metabolic response are unknown. Methods and Results To characterize the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in the failing heart, levels of mRNA encoding enzymes that catalyze the first and third steps of the FAO cycle were delineated in the left ventricles (LVs) of human cardiac transplant recipients. FAO enzyme and mRNA levels were coordinately downregulated (&gt;40%) in failing human LVs compared with controls. The temporal pattern of this alteration in FAO enzyme gene expression was characterized in a rat model of progressive LV hypertrophy (LVH) and HF [SHHF/Mcc- fa cp (SHHF) rat]. FAO enzyme mRNA levels were coordinately downregulated (&gt;70%) during both the LVH and HF stages in the SHHF rats compared with controls. In contrast, the activity and steady-state levels of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes a rate-limiting step in FAO, were not significantly reduced until the HF stage, indicating additional control at the translational or posttranslational levels in the hypertrophied but nonfailing ventricle. Conclusions These findings identify a gene regulatory pathway involved in the control of cardiac energy production during the development of HF.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PHENOLTETRACHLORPHTHALEIN IN BLOOD SERUM
Authors: William Bloom
Journal: JAMA (1924)

The clinical determination of hepatic function by means of phenoltetrachlorphthalein was first proposed by Rowntree, Hurwitz and Bloomfield. Rosenthal<sup>1</sup>improved the technic of the test by injecting the dye intravenously and examining the blood serum after from fifteen to sixty minutes for its dye content. The technic he employed entailed the addition of several drops of 5 per cent. sodium hydroxid to the serum, and the comparison of the test specimen with known concentrations of the dye. He found retention of phenoltetrachlorphthalein in the blood serum of both patients and experimental animals in which there was severe damage to the liver. We have made use of Rosenthal's technic in a clinical and experimental study of liver function. These results are to be published elsewhere. In carrying out the test, not infrequently specimens were found in which the presence of slight amounts of hemolysis, lipemia and icteric serum greatly interfered
GUIDELINES ON PREPARING A MEDICAL REPORT FOR COMPENSATION PURPOSES
Authors: E.M. McMillon, W.B. McKenna, C.M. Milne
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

Journal Article GUIDELINES ON PREPARING A MEDICAL REPORT FOR COMPENSATION PURPOSES Get access E.M. McMillon, E.M. McMillon Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow, Anderson College Building, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W.B. McKenna, W.B. McKenna Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow, Anderson College Building, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C.M. Milne C.M. Milne Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow, Anderson College Building, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 106, Issue 4, 1 April 1982, Pages 489–494, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb04547.x Published: 01 April 1982