tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Small-Intestinal Structure and Function After Residence in the Tropics
Authors: John Lindenbaum, Charles D. Gerson, Thomas H. Kent
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Forty-one former Peace Corps volunteers previously living in India or Pakistan for 18 to 24 months were studied after they had returned to the United States. Most noted cessation of diarrhea and began to gain weight immediately after their return. Some continued to have diarrhea for months or years after repatriation. In those subjects previously studied in Pakistan, xylose and vitamin B12 absorption and jejunal biopsy appearance improved significantly after return. The rate of clinical, functional, and morphologic recovery was variable. The small-intestinal disorder acquired by Peace Corps volunteers living in the tropics appeared to be reversible and to have no permanent sequelae in most subjects.
Amantadine-Resistant Influenza A (H3N2) Virus in Japan, 2005–2006
Authors: Reiko Saito, Danjuan Li, Hiroshi Suzuki
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

To the Editor: Strains of influenza A (H3N2) virus with a specific mutation (Ser31Asn) have recently shown a dramatic increase in resistance to amantadine in communities in Asia and North America. This resistance in 70 to 90% of strains has occurred despite the absence of sustained selective drug pressure.1,2 We conducted a multicenter study to assess the prevalence of such resistance during the 2005–2006 influenza season in Japan. The study included molecular analysis of the hemagglutinin gene of resistant and sensitive influenza A (H3N2) viruses. We examined a total of 415 isolates of influenza A virus, sampled from November . . .
The Missing Ingredient in Health Reform Quality of Care
Authors: Mark R. Chassin
Journal: JAMA (1993)

The current public debate over health reform has focused on issues of access and cost, on what benefits will be in or out, and on how competition will be "managed." Very little attention has been paid to how quality of care will be assured and improved, to how the health of the public will be protected in the headlong rush to control costs. Assured quality must be a principal goal of health reform, fully equal to the goals of universal access and affordable cost. We must measure the success of any health reform effort by how well it accomplishes all three goals. In fact, I would argue that the goal of assured quality holds the key to our ability to control costs safely, without jeopardizing health. See also p 331. It is by now a truism that costs will be controlled. Our only choice is how—by medically irrational means (such
Sedatives and Tranquilizers
Authors: Ronald L. Katz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Ronald L. Katz, M.D.THIS article discusses the use of sedatives and tranquilizers in the treatment of anxiety or as calming agents. Since their pharmacology is well covered in standard textbooks and review articles,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 therapeutic use and associated problems are the main interests here. Table 1 lists the agents to be included, the dose range and the price.Sedation has been defined as "The act of making calm or allaying nervous excitement or the state of being calmed, specifically by the use of sedatives.10 Tranquil has been defined as "Quiet, calm, undisturbed, not agitated."10 To this one might add "not anxious." In . . .
WATER AND SALT ABSORPTION IN THE HUMAN COLON*†
Authors: Ruven Levitan, John S. Fordtran, Belton A. Burrows, Franz J. Ingelfinger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1962)

Most knowledge about absorptive colonic func- tion in man is derived from the study of patients with ileostomies (1, 2) and the comparison of results with the composition of stools of normal subjects.To obtain more direct and quantitative information concerning water and salt absorption from the intact and healthy human colon, the fol- lowing studies were performed.
Sulfasalazine toxic reactions. Hepatitis, fever, and skin rash with hypocomplementemia and immune complexes
Authors: A. A. Mihas
Journal: JAMA (1978)

SINCE its discovery in 1942, sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) has been the most commonly used sulfonamide for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Its merit has been well established in ulcerative colitis, and it possibly has a place in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Although minor adverse effects (anorexia, nausea, vomiting) are recognized frequently, serious reactions are considered rare. In recent years, however, severe adverse reactions to sulfasalazine therapy have been reported with greater frequency.<sup>1,2</sup>We report a generalized allergic reaction with fever, skin rash, arthralgias, lymphadenopathy, and hepatitis coincident with the administration of this drug. This reaction was accompanied by decreased complement levels and circulating immune complexes. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 26-year-old man was seen because of a three-year history of intermittent cramping abdominal pain, diarrhea, and a 9-kg weight loss. A sigmoidoscopy, small bowel series, and barium enema examination showed Crohn's disease involving the terminal ileum and rectum.
Persistence of Abnormally High Vascular Tone in Vessels of the Finger after Digital Nerve Block in Patients with Chronic High Blood Pressure
Authors: P. GASKELL, A. DIOSY
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

The critical opening pressure of vessels supplying the nailfold capillaries of the finger was estimated as an index of the force being exerted by vascular smooth muscle in normal subjects and patients with various kinds of hypertension after the digital nerves were blocked. It was greater in the hypertensive patients, suggesting the existence of an abnormally high force being exerted by the smooth muscle in hypertensive patients which is not under the immediate control of the nervous system.
There Is a Mismatch Between the Medicare Benefit Package and the Preferences of Patients With Cancer and Their Caregivers
Authors: Donald H. Taylor, Marion Danis, S. Yousuf Zafar, Lynn J. Howie, Gregory P. Samsa, Steven P. Wolf, Amy P. Abernethy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Purpose To identify insured services that are most important to Medicare beneficiaries with cancer and their family caregivers when coverage is limited. Methods A total of 440 participants (patients, n = 246; caregivers, n = 194) were enrolled onto the CHAT (Choosing Health Plans All Together) study from August 2010 to March 2013. The exercise elicited preferences about what benefits Medicare should cover for patients with cancer in their last 6 months of life. Facilitated sessions lasted 2.5 hours, included 8 to 10 participants, and focused on choices about Medicare health benefits within the context of a resource-constrained environment. Results Six of 15 benefit categories were selected by &gt; 80% of participants: cancer care, prescription drugs, primary care, home care, palliative care, and nursing home coverage. Only 12% of participants chose the maximum level of cancer benefits, a level of care commonly financed in the Medicare program. Between 40% and 50% of participants chose benefits not currently covered by Medicare: unrestricted cash, concurrent palliative care, and home-based long-term care. Nearly one in five participants picked some level of each of these three benefit categories and allocated on average 30% of their resources toward them. Conclusion The mismatch between covered benefits and participant preferences shows that addressing quality of life and the financial burden of care is a priority for a substantial subset of patients with cancer in the Medicare program. Patient and caregiver preferences can be elicited, and the choices they express could suggest potential for Medicare benefit package reform and flexibility.
Na+-H+ Exchanger and Its Role in Essential Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Stephen J. Huot, Peter S. Aronson
Journal: Diabetes Care (1991)

The Na+-H+ exchanger is a ubiquitous transport system that is involved in the regulation of intracellular pH, cell growth and proliferation, cell volume regulation, and transepithelial absorption of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-. Altered activity of the Na+-H+ exchanger has been implicated as a mechanism contributing to the development of high blood pressure in subgroups of patients with essential hypertension and in various animal models of hypertension. Many of these studies measured Na+-Li+ exchange rather than Na+-H+ exchange, hypothesizing that Na+-Li+ exchange represents a functional mode of the Na+-H+ exchanger. However, this is a controversial assumption. Several studies have also shown an association between erythrocyte Na+-Li+–exchange rate and predisposition to nephropathy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The recent cDNA cloning of at least one isoform of the Na+-H+ exchanger will help clarify the cellular mechanisms of regulation of the exchanger and its possible role in pathophysiological states such as hypertension.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Mild Renal Insufficiency in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Francesco Perticone, Raffaele Maio, Giovanni Tripepi, Carmine Zoccali
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Mild to moderate renal insufficiency in individuals with essential hypertension is currently considered the expression of a renal microvasculopathy characterized by preglomerular arteriolar involvement and tubulo-interstitial changes. Whether endothelial dysfunction plays a role in this alteration is still undefined.We investigated the relationship between endothelial function (hemodynamic response to acetylcholine [ACh] in the forearm) and renal function in 500 patients with uncomplicated, never-treated, essential hypertension and serum creatinine within the normal range (ie, < or =1.5 mg/dL). Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR, by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula) were related to the forearm blood flow response to ACh (all P< or =0.003), and these relationships held true in multiple regression analyses that included age, gender, systolic pressure, serum cholesterol and glucose, smoking, and body mass index. Accordingly, on multiple logistic regression analysis, the risk of moderate renal dysfunction (ie, an estimated GFR <60 mL x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2)) was 64% lower (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.70) in patients in the third ACh tertile (ie, those showing the higher vasodilatory response) than in those in the first tertile (ie, showing the lower response). C-reactive protein was related directly to serum creatinine and inversely to GFR and vasodilatory response to ACh, which suggests that endothelial dysfunction is a possible mechanism linking inflammation and impaired renal function in essential hypertension.An impaired vasodilatory response to ACh appears to be associated with renal function loss in patients with essential hypertension. This association suggests that systemic endothelial dysfunction is involved in mild to moderate renal insufficiency in patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension.
Where Have All the Doctors Gone?
Authors: Joseph P. Newhouse
Journal: JAMA (1982)

As the supply of physicians grew during the 1970s, medical and surgical specialists diffused into smaller communities. In 1979, nearly every town with a population of more than 2,500 had ready access to a physician. The overall pattern of physician distribution was quite similar in the four disparate geographic regions chosen for study. The data strongly suggest that competitive forces play a major role in determining where physicians choose to practice. As the pool of physicians expands during the 1980s, a wide range of services will become increasingly available to populations outside metropolitan areas. The methods developed here provide an important tool for evaluating and shaping health manpower policy. (<i>JAMA</i>1982;247:2392-2396)
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with renal allografts
Authors: M. Byrne, J R. Smith, P. Munday, D. Taylor-Robinson
Journal: BMJ (1989)

SIR,-Mr M I Alloub and colleagues reported an increased incidence of cervical intraepithelial neo- plasia in women with renal allografts.' Immuno- suppression has been proposed as a high risk factor in the development of cervical dysplasia.2This suggestion prompted us to investigate the cervices of 27 women who attended the sexually trans- mitted diseases clinic at St Mary's Hospital and were found to be infected by HIV.Examination included cytology, colposcopy, and histology when indicated.Ten of the 27 women had an abnormal smear, 14 an abnormal colposcopic cervical appearance, and 12 of the 14 who underwent biopsy a histological abnormality (table).Cytological findings did not always correlate with the histological outcome.Results of cervical investigation of 27 women with HIV' tnfection No of patients Cytology: Normal
Effect of Nissen fundoplication on competence of the gastro-oesophageal junction.
Authors: R J Goodall, J G Temple
Journal: Gut (1980)

The changes produced by the Nissen fundoplication were measured in 12 patients, who required surgery to control their reflux oesophagitis. The gastro-oesophageal junction of each patient was studied before and three months after operation by station pullthrough manometry and prolonged pH monitoring of the distal oesophagus. All patients were free from reflux symptoms post-operatively. The Nissen fundoplication resulted in a significant increase in the pressure, but not the length, of the lower oesophageal high pressure zone. A greater proportion of this zone was situated in the abdomen postoperatively. Prolonged pH monitoring showed a significant improvement in all the measured indices of acid reflux. Nissen fundoplication restores competence to the gastro-oesophageal junction as judged by manometry and pH monitoring. This kind of study should be performed to document the efficiency of other anti-relfux procedures.
DISEASES OF THE RECTUM AS A CAUSE OF AUTO-INFECTION, WITH REPORT OF CASES.
Authors: J. R. PENNINGTON
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Auto-infection is not altogether a new subject, yet it has remained for modern bacteriology and chemistry to demonstrate its relation to, and importance in, the production of disease; and, today no subject commands greater interest or demands more serious thought and careful study, because when more thoroughly understood it will be found to be at the root and foundation of many of the so-called reflex and other obscure diseases. There are many sources of auto-intoxication, but this paper deals more especially with that variety of infection caused by the absorption of toxic substances generated within the alimentary canal by chemic, putrefactive or fermentative changes or bacterial development, aided and influenced by the existence of a pathologic condition of the rectum and contiguous structures. That I may more clearly elucidate the subject, it will be necessary to call attention to the fact that the physiologic processes of the abdominal and pelvic
Principles of Hematology
Authors: Thomas G. Gabuzda
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Dr. Linman has brought forth a textbook of clinical hematology, moderate in price and in length, intended especially for medical students, interns, residents, and medical practitioners in specialties other than hematology. But his work is of sufficient depth and breadth to prove useful to many clinical hematologists. The prospective buyer will find that it competes favorably with several other recently published entries in the same category. There are large numbers of photomicrographs which are of particular value. Generally these are of good quality, but a few are under-exposed or poorly focused. The absence of color may be a drawback to the unpracticed eye, especially in white blood cell interpretation. The prose reads well, and clear explanations of mechanisms introduce each chapter. Frequent references to hematologic history, with an occasional dash of philosophy, contribute to the interest. One abbreviation is disconcerting; even nimble clinical reflexes may stumble on "BGN." Some readers
The Origins of Sexually Transmitted HIV Among Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: David M. Butler, Wayne Delport, Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond, Malcolm K. Lakdawala, Pok Man Cheng, Susan J. Little, Douglas D. Richman, Davey M. Smith
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2010)

Cell-free virus in seminal plasma is the origin of sexually transmitted HIV among men who have sex with men.
Targeting of the prostacyclin specific IP1 receptor in lungs with molecular conjugates comprising prostaglandin I2 analogues
Authors: Johannes Geiger, Manish K. Aneja, Günther Hasenpusch, Gülnihal Yüksekdag, Grit Kummerlöwe, Burkhard Luy, Tina Romer, Ulrich Rothbauer, Carsten Rudolph
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
Pigmentation and oral contraceptives.
Authors: E. Sotaniemi, K. E. Kreus, W. J. Kaipainen
Journal: BMJ (1968)

We have recently encountered one such case in a boy aged four years with pneumonia from whose throat swab adenovirus type 7 was isolated.His sera on 9th, 21st, and 37th days of illness gave complement fixation titres for adenovirus of 1/256, 1/4,096, and 1/2,048 respectively; the titre for Q fever (phase 2) showed a rapid rise and fall, the corresponding figures being <1/8, 1/128, and <1/8 respectively.-Weare, etc.,
Non-A, non-B hepatitis: dead ends or new horizons?
Authors: S A Iwarson
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Researchers who work on hepatitis may sometimes think that they have come to a dead end with non-A, non-B hepatitis, but in recent years there has been gradual progress in knowledge about these diseases.A hepatitis A like agent that causes epidemic waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis has been characterized, and the epidemiology of the different forms of non-A, non-B hepatitis has been clarified.The diagnosis of non-A, non-B hepatitis, which may be a problem in routine clinical work, is usually based in scientific reports on serum alanine transferase activity being raised to at least twice the upper normal limit on at least two occasions one or more weeks apart.Other causes of raised serum alanine transferase activity, such as drug reactions and infections with cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, have also to be excluded.TABLE i-Reported incidence ofnon-A, non-B hepatitis among patients with hepatitis in different parts ofthe world Study No of % with period patients non-A, non-B Place (and reference) (years) studied hepatitis Gothenburg, Sweden (Norkrans et a!3)
Immunoregulation of Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: Richard Lynch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

In 1963 Oudin and Michel1 and Kunkel et al.2 independently reported that antibodies of a given specificity expressed serologically defined determinants of their own that distinguished them from other antibodies. These unique antigens on immunoglobulin molecules were designated idiotypes, and the antibodies that recognized them were designated anti-idiotypes.In 1974 Jerne3 proposed that antibody-producing cells were autoregulated by a network of idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions. A considerable body of experimental data4 supports Jerne's concept. Since the monoclonal immunoglobulin produced by each B-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or myeloma expresses a unique idiotype, it is conceivable that patients with these neoplasms could benefit . . .
Proceedings: Relationship between antinuclear antibodies, DNA binding capacity, and electroprecipitation, serum complement level, and the presence of soluble complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: G D Johnson, I I Onyewotu, E J Holborrow
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1975)

Serum from 88 patients thought likely to have circulating soluble complexes were examined.The underlying clinical disorders varied from established SLE through probable SLE, rheumatoid arthritis with complications (particularly cutaneous vasculitis) to seronegative arthritides and mis- cellaneous medical conditions.This paper reports only the serological correlations.The presence of antinuclear antibodies detectable by immunofluorescence, ANA (Holborow and Johnson, 1969), was associated with electroprecipitating antibody to DNA (Johnson, Edmonds, and Holborow, 1973) and high levels of soluble complexes (Onyewotu, Holborow, and Johnson, 1974), but not with increased DNA-binding capacity and reduced C3 levels.This suggests that antibody avidity may have an important role in the procedures employed.Results of the soluble complex tests, however, were correlated with all the other serological findings except in SLE in which condition ANA positivity was independent of the level of complexes.It is therefore apparent that the ANA test alone does not provide an adequate screen for other serological abnormalities in the group of diseases studied.All possible combinations of results of the tests for DNA-binding capacity and electro- precipitating activity were obtained with serum from patients with SLE and complicated RA who had positive ANA tests and significant levels of circulating complexes.This finding accorded with the clinical overlap seen in the cases selected for study.A better understanding of the contribution of immune complexes to connective tissue disease may be achieved by the use of the five tests reported here.
Ordering Tests in the United States and England
Authors: Donald B. Milligan
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the article by Epstein et al<sup>1</sup>in the Oct 5 issue ofThe Journal, two important factors were not mentioned by the authors in their discussion of their results. The disparity in test-ordering behavior between the two groups might not be nearly so large if the comparison were made between more nearly comparable groups. British general practitioners might be considered much more comparable with American general or family practitioners than either group is with American internists. The comparison between board-certified internists in the Boston area and board-certified family practitioners in the central United States might also show a rather wide disparity. The second factor is one that is woven into the fabric of American medical education. The term<i>rule out</i>has been used so commonly that it is even a basis for hospital admission (as in "R/O MI [myocardial infarction]"). Any medical student or resident
Neuropeptides in Identified <i>Aplysia</i> Neurons
Authors: Rashad-Rudolf J. Kaldany, John R. Nambu, Richard H. Scheller
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1985)

Extensive electrophysiological experiments on Aplysia neurons have resulted in an understanding of simple behaviors in terms of the activities of a single identified neurons. Beginning with the work of Kupfermann & Kandel, neuropeptides in Aplysia have become increasingly implicated as chemical agents that control or affect behavior. Several neuropeptides have been isolated and characterized; recently, the genes that code for several of these neuropeptides have been isolated. Studies of neuropeptide gene expression and the behaviors affected thereby have been bridged in the egg-laying hormone neuroendocrine system. The role of polyproteins in coordinating complex, fixed-action patterns is beginning to emerge. The continued investigation of this neuroendocrine system, and the other cell-specific polyproteins that have been characterized more recently, promises to yield further insights into the roles of neuropeptides in governing behavior.