tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Affiliation Agreements Between the University and the Community Hospital
Authors: Robert E. Mack
Journal: JAMA (1974)

AS MEDICAL schools have expanded their enrollment in the last decade with the coincident decline of the usefulness of public hospitals for medical education, there has been a considerable increase in university-community hospital affiliations. Although a number of problems have been encountered in these arrangements, the major difficulty is a failure of the affiliating institutions to identify clearly their objectives. The most important objective of the university seeking community hospital affiliation is an expansion of its educational capability without having to develop or build additional hospital facilities. The community hospital's major objective should relate to a strengthening of the quality of its medical services, which it anticipates will result from the university presence. Inevitably, there are secondary objectives for the university, for the hospital, and for the participating physicians, which may be important when one attempts to define a workable relationship.<sup>1</sup>Since these secondary objectives may be in conflict,
Superantigen properties of a human sialoprotein involved in gut-associated immunity.
Authors: G J Silverman, P Roben, J P Bouvet, M Sasano
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Protein Fv (pFv) is a recently described 175-kD gut-associated sialoprotein with a potent capacity for augmentation of antibody-dependent immune functions. To investigate the molecular basis for Fab-mediated binding of pFv, we evaluated a panel of 52 monoclonal IgM and found that approximately 40% bound pFv. Whereas the majority (> or = 75%) of V H3 and V H6 IgM strongly bound pFv, only a small minority (< 20%) of IgM from other V H families bound pFv, and these antibodies had weaker binding interactions. Inhibition studies suggested that all binding occurred at the same (or overlapping) site(s) on pFv. Surface plasmon resonance studies demonstrated binding affinity constants up to 6.7 x 10(8) M-1 for pFv. Biopanning of IgM and IgG Fab phage-display libraries with pFv preferentially selected for V H3 and V H6 antibodies, but also obtained certain V H4 IgM. V H sequence analyses of 36 pFv-binding antibodies revealed that binding did not correlate with CDR sequence, JH, or L chain usage. However, there was preferential selection of pFv binders with V H CDR3 of small size. These studies demonstrate that a protein which enhances immune defense in the gut has structural and functional properties similar to known superantigens.
Clinical trials funded by profit making organisations tend to find positive results
Authors: Janice Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Cardiovascular clinical trials funded by profit making organisations, such as drug companies, report more positive results than trials funded by non-profit making organisations. This is the finding of a study published in JAMA (2006;295:2270-4). Trials funded by partnerships of for profit and not for profit organisations report results in between.

The findings are broadly in line with previous surveys, which have shown that studies sponsored by for profit organisations were more likely to report positive findings.

This paper surveyed outcomes in “high impact” cardiovascular clinical trials published between 2000 and 2005 in JAMA , the Lancet , …
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ABCB1 POLYMORPHISMS, THROMBELASTOGRAPHY AND RISK OF BLEEDING EVENTS IN CLOPIDOGREL-TREATED CHINESE PATIENTS AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
Authors: Jia-Hui Zhang, Jinqing Yuan, Xianmin Meng, Xiao-Fang Tang, Jing Wang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
The cardiovascular effects and implications of peroxynitrite
Authors: R Ronson
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Nitric oxide is an endogenous autacoid produced primarily by the vascular endothelium. Under basal conditions, nitric oxide undergoes a rapid biradical reaction with superoxide anions to form peroxynitrite. This reaction, and hence the formation of peroxynitrite is augmented in inflammatory-like conditions such as ischemia–reperfusion injury when both substrates are present in high concentrations. Peroxynitrite has been implicated as a physiologically active toxic metabolite of nitric oxide leading to vascular and myocardial dysfunction. Recent evidence, however, has suggested that peroxynitrite may actually have beneficial properties under in vivo biological conditions when thiol-containing agents (glutathione, albumin, cysteine) agents are available to convert the peroxynitrite anion to nitrosothiols and related products demonstrating antineutrophil and cardioprotective properties. The dichotomy of physiologically relevant properties of peroxynitrite has important clinical applications with respect to nitric oxide therapy for cardiac, vascular, cerebral and pulmonary disease states. This review summarizes the biological properties of peroxynitrite relevant to the cardiovascular system.
Investigation of Tumor Angiogenesis in an Id Mouse Model: Role of Host-Tumor Interactions
Authors: R. A. Kreisle, W. B. Ershler
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1988)

Journal Article Investigation of Tumor Angiogenesis in an Id Mouse Model: Role of Host-Tumor Interactions Get access Regina A. Kreisle, Regina A. Kreisle 3Department of Medicine, University of WisconsinMadison, WI4William S. Middleton Veterans Administration HospitalMadison. WI Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William B. Ershler William B. Ershler * 3Department of Medicine, University of WisconsinMadison, WI4William S. Middleton Veterans Administration HospitalMadison. WI *Correspondence to: Dr William B. Ershler, Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin, 2550 Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 80, Issue 11, 3 August 1988, Pages 849–854, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/80.11.849 Published: 03 August 1988 Article history Received: 14 March 1988 Accepted: 04 May 1988 Published: 03 August 1988
Loss of Transgene following ex vivo Gene Transfer is Associated with a Dominant Th2 Response: Implications for Cutaneous Gene Therapy
Authors: Zhenmei Lu, Soosan Ghazizadeh
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Host responses to therapeutic gene products are potentially serious complications in cutaneous gene therapy. Controlling immune responses to the therapeutic antigen may therefore be critical for an effective therapy. Both ex vivo and in vivo gene transfer to epidermal stem cells has been shown to induce transgene-specific immune responses; however, whether the mechanism of immune activation is the same is not clear. In this study, we have characterized transgene-specific immune responses in an ex vivo model of epidermal gene transfer using green fluorescent protein as a model antigen and retrovirus-mediated gene delivery. Contrary to T helper (Th)1-type responses induced following in vivo gene transfer to epidermis, rejection of ex vivo-transduced keratinocytes was associated with Th2/eosinophilc responses. These responses were characterized by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 production by T cells, a predominance of anti-green fluorescent protein IgG1 in serum, the presence of numerous eosinophils within rejected skin, and a lack of class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. Pretreatment of mice receiving ex vivo transduced keratinocytes with neutralizing anti-IL-5 antibody prevented eosinophil infiltration and prolonged survival of transduced epidermis. These data indicate a role for the Th2/eosinophilic pathway in rejection of ex vivo-transduced keratinocytes, suggesting different requirements for achieving tolerance for ex vivo and in vivo approaches to gene therapy.
Xylitol chewing gum in prevention of acute otitis media: double blind randomised trial
Authors: M Uhari, T Kontiokari, M Koskela, M. Niemela
Journal: BMJ (1996)

To examine whether xylitol, which reduces the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae, might have clinical importance in the prevention of acute otitis media.A double blind randomised trial with xylitol administered in chewing gum.Eleven day care nurseries in the city of Oulu. Most of the children had had problems with recurrent acute otitis media.306 day care children: 149 children in the sucrose group (76 boys; mean (SD) age 4.9 (1.5) years) and 157 in the xylitol group (80 boys; 5.0 (1.4) years).Either xylitol (8.4 g a day) or sucrose (control) chewing gum for two months.The occurrence of acute otitis media and antimicrobial treatment received during the intervention and nasopharyngeal carriage of S pneumoniae.During the two month monitoring period at least one event of acute otitis media was experienced by 31/149 (20.8%) children who received sucrose compared with 19/157 (12.1%) of those receiving chewing gum containing xylitol (difference 8.7%; 95% confidence interval 0.4% to 17.0%; P = 0.04). Significantly fewer antimicrobials were prescribed among those receiving xylitol: 29/157 (18.5%) children had at least one period of treatment versus 43/149 (28.9%) (difference 10.4%; 0.9% to 19.9%; P = 0.032). The carriage rate of S pneumoniae varied from 17.4% to 28.2% with no difference between the groups. Two children in the xylitol group experienced diarrhoea, but no other adverse effects were noted among the xylitol users.Xylitol seems to have a preventive effect against acute otitis media.
Abstract LB-145: Astrocytes directly influence tumor cell invasion and metastasis in vivo
Authors: Ling Wang, Stephanie Cossette, Kevin Rarick, Jill Gershan, Michael Michael, David Harder, Ramani Ramchandran
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Brain metastasis is a defining component of tumor pathophysiology, and the underlying mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are not well understood. Current dogma is that tumor cells stimulate and activate astrocytes, and this mutual relationship is critical for tumor cell sustenance in the brain. Here, we provide evidence that primary rat neonatal and adult astrocytes secrete factors that proactively induced human lung and breast tumor cell invasion and metastasis capabilities. Among which, tumor invasion factors namely matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were partly responsible for the astrocyte media-induced tumor cell invasion. Inhibiting MMPs reduced the ability of tumor cell to migrate and invade in vitro. Further, injection of astrocyte media-conditioned breast cancer cells in mice showed increased invasive activity to the brain and other distant sites. More importantly, blocking the preconditioned tumor cells with broad spectrum MMP inhibitor decreased the invasion and metastasis of the tumor cells, in particular to the brain in vivo. Collectively, our data implicate astrocyte-derived MMP-2 and MMP-9 as critical players that facilitate tumor cell migration and invasion leading to brain metastasis. Citation Format: Ling Wang, Stephanie Cossette, Kevin Rarick, Jill Gershan, Michael Michael, David Harder, Ramani Ramchandran. Astrocytes directly influence tumor cell invasion and metastasis in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-145. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-145
Deprivation and volunteering by general practices: cross sectional analysis of a national primary care system
Authors: Daniel Mackay, Matt Sutton, Graham Watt
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Since the inception of the NHS, primary medical services in the United Kingdom have been mainly delivered by a large number of general practices operating as independent businesses. As well as providing general medical services, practices can participate in several voluntary activities associated with quality care and service development.

Our study population comprised 5.35 million people served by 1050 general practices and is a complete national sample of patients and practices.

We ranked general practice populations using a modified version of the Scottish Indices of Deprivation 2003 ,1 including currently available data for education, income, and employment, but excluding data for access and health. We used practice mean values to divide the population into 10 groups of equal size, from tenth 1 (least deprived) to tenth 10 (most deprived). We analysed the deprivation related distribution of population health indicators, practice characteristics, and participation in voluntary development schemes, using data for 2001-2 (table).

View this table:

Characteristics of populations, medical manpower and general practices in tenths of the general population stratified by socioeconomic deprivation



By design, the composite deprivation index increases …
Response to Comment on Hillis et al. The Relative and Combined Ability of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Predict Cardiovascular Events and Death in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014;37:295–303
Authors: Graham S. Hillis, Paul Welsh, John Chalmers, Mark Woodward, Naveed Sattar
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

We are grateful to Neuhold et al. (1) for their interest in our article (2) and agree with their insightful comments. They highlight an interesting juxtaposition in the field of preventative medicine. While there is increasing disquiet being aired by many regarding the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of some conditions in developed countries, at the same time guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the general populations of these countries …
CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTEROL ESTER IN THE BLOOD SERUM OF CATTLE LATE IN PREGNANCY AND DURING THE EARLY LACTATION PERIOD
Authors: Richard E. Shope, John W. Gowen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1928)

1. The total cholesterol and cholesterol ester of bovine blood serum during the "dry" period of late pregnancy is low. 2. Following parturition the total cholesterol and cholesterol ester of bovine blood serum show a still greater, very transient decrease followed by a gradual rise to reach a rather constant level 40 to 50 days post partum. This lactation level is very much higher than the "dry" level.
Are Clinical Trials Cost-effective?
Authors: Stephen F. Jencks
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Detsky<sup>1</sup>provides a carefully designed analysis of how we might evaluate the cost-effectiveness of clinical trials in improving health. He argues, and Dr Fletcher<sup>2</sup>seems to concur, that the evidence of cost-effectiveness is so overwhelming that policymakers would provide more money for research if they understood the evidence. As Dr Fletcher points out, Dr Detsky substantially overstates the cost-effectiveness of trials because he does not include the cost of providing the tested treatment. A more serious problem, however, is that neither considers the extent to which the results of the trials actually change medical outcomes. The impact of a clinical trial on outcomes tends to be limited by at least five factors: (1) physicians remain unaware of the results, (2) not all physicians agree as to what the trial "really" proved or whether the results are generalizable, (3) many physicians believe that changes in
Serum fetuin-A in nondialyzed patients with diabetic nephropathy: Relationship with coronary artery calcification
Authors: Rajnish Mehrotra, Ralf Westenfeld, Peter Christenson, Matthew Budoff, Eli Ipp, Junichiro Takasu, Ajay Gupta, Keith Norris, Markus Ketteler, Sharon Adler
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
Mitochondrial TCA cycle intermediates regulate body fluid and acid-base balance
Authors: János Peti-Peterdi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Intrarenal control mechanisms play an important role in the maintenance of body fluid and electrolyte balance and pH homeostasis. Recent discoveries of new ion transport and regulatory pathways in the distal nephron and collecting duct system have helped to better our understanding of these critical kidney functions and identified new potential therapeutic targets and approaches. In this issue of the JCI, Tokonami et al. report on the function of an exciting new paracrine mediator, the mitochondrial the citric acid(TCA) cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate (αKG), which via its OXGR1 receptor plays an unexpected, nontraditional role in the adaptive regulation of renal HCO(3⁻) secretion and salt reabsorption.
Relationship between urinary albumin excretion, body composition, and hyperinsulinemia in normotensive glucose-tolerant adults.
Authors: S Nielsen, M D Jensen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

OBJECTIVE: Elevated urinary albumin excretion (UAE) has been associated with insulin resistance and is suggested to be elevated in prediabetic individuals. Upper body obesity, especially visceral obesity, predicts insulin resistance and development of type 2 diabetes. We examined whether UAE clusters with obesity-associated insulin resistance traits in healthy glucose-tolerant normotensive subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: There were 49 volunteers with a wide range of body fat and body fat distribution studied. All had normal blood pressure and glucose tolerance and were maintained on a controlled diet for 2 weeks. UAE was assessed from three overnight urine collections, and body composition was assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning and abdominal computed tomography scanning. RESULTS: Fasting insulin and insulin responses to oral glucose were significantly increased in obese subjects, who also tended to have more dyslipidemia, greater blood pressure, and more visceral fat than lean subjects. These differences were more apparent in upper body obese subjects. UAE was normal in obese and upper body obese subjects and not different from that of lean subjects. UAE ranged from 0.3 to 8.3 micrograms/min in lean subjects and from 0.2 to 7.2 micrograms/min in obese subjects. UAE was not significantly correlated with body composition, plasma insulin, glucose, or lipids. CONCLUSIONS: Obese subjects (even upper body obese subjects) with increased visceral and total body fat, high plasma insulin and triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol concentrations do not have elevated UAE. This suggests that UAE is not closely associated with these characteristics and implies a later onset of abnormal albuminuria in the course of the insulin resistance syndrome.
Red Cell Distribution Width in Alcohol Abuse and Iron Deficiency Anemia
Authors: Pekka Sillanaukee
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —According to Bessman and McClure,<sup>1</sup>automated blood cell count, when it includes the red cell distribution width (RDW), is sufficient to detect iron deficiency in an ambulatory population. This seems to be true, especially with a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of 99 fL or less. We have also found that a high RDW is frequently connected with alcohol abuse. The combination of a high MCV and a high RDW may indicate immune hemolytic anemia or a deficiency of folate or vitamin B<sub>12</sub>.<sup>2</sup>Our previously reported results<sup>3</sup>using a Coulter Counter S-Plus IV (Coulter Electronics Inc, Hialeah, Fla) showed that this combination may, however, also indicate alcohol abuse among male patients, even though the combination is seen more often with pernicious anemia. A combination of four Coulter parameters can distinguish nonanemic, macrocytic alcohol abusers from macrocytic patients with early, nonanemic pernicious anemia; 94%
DEFI 2005
Authors: Daniel Jost, Hervé Degrange, Catherine Verret, Olivier Hersan, Isabelle L. Banville, Fred W. Chapman, Paula Lank, Jean Luc Petit, Claude Fuilla, René Migliani, Jean Pierre Carpentier
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— Using automated external defibrillators (AEDs) that implement the Guidelines 2000 resuscitation protocol constrains administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to &lt;50% of AED connection time. We tested a different AED protocol aimed at increasing the CPR administered to patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods and Results— In a randomized controlled trial, patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest requiring defibrillation were treated with 1 of 2 AED protocols. In the control protocol, based on Guidelines 2000, sequences of up to 3 stacked countershocks were delivered, with rhythm analyses initially and after the first and second shocks. The study protocol featured 1 minute of CPR before the first shock, shorter CPR interruptions before and after each shock, and no stacked shocks. The primary end point was survival to hospital admission. Of 5107 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients connected to an AED, 1238 required defibrillation, and 845 were included in the final analysis. Study patients (n=421) had shorter preshock pauses (9 versus 19 seconds; P &lt;0.001), had shorter postshock pauses (11 versus 33 seconds; P &lt;0.001), and received more CPR (61% versus 48%; P &lt;0.001) and fewer shocks (2.5 versus 2.9; P &lt;0.001) than control patients (n=424). Similar proportions survived to hospital admission (43.2% versus 42.7%; P =0.87), survived to hospital discharge (13.3% versus 10.6%; P =0.19), achieved return of spontaneous circulation before physician arrival (47.0% versus 48.6%; P =0.65), and survived to 1 year ( P =0.77). Conclusions— Following prompts from AEDs programmed with a protocol similar to Guidelines 2005, firefighters shortened pauses in CPR and improved overall hands-on time, but survival to hospital admission of patients with ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest did not improve. Clinical Trial Registration— http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00139542.