tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is Placebo Surgery Unethical?
Authors: Sam Horng, Franklin G Miller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Surgical procedures are often introduced into practice without rigorous evaluation. Moreover, clinical trials of surgery have seldom included placebo surgery as a control, owing to ethical concerns. In 1959, the Journal published the results of a placebo-controlled trial of ligation of the internal thoracic artery for the treatment of angina.1 In this issue of the Journal, Moseley et al. report on a placebo-controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee.2 In both studies, the surgical interventions were no more effective than placebo operations. A major difference between the use of placebo surgery 43 years ago and its use . . .
Success story: how exercise physiologists improve the health of Australians
Authors: Ian Gillam
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

There is now irrefutable evidence that physical inactivity plays a major role in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases that result in reduced life expectancy.1 In addition, maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness and regular physical activity throughout the lifespan are important not only to reduce morbidity and mortality, but also to maintain health, functional capacity and enhance quality of life in later years.2 The focus on the health impact of increasing body weight and central adiposity has been countered by recent evidence that, to preserve cardiometabolic health and longevity, maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness during middle age is more important than changes in body weight.2 However, the importance of maintaining physical fitness and regular physical activity throughout the lifespan has yet to be fully recognised by the general public and indeed by many medical practitioners.

While epidemiological data are important, cohort studies cannot prove cause and effect. Thus, exercise training studies that investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying improvements in cardiometabolic health and longevity …
Cloning, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of human aquaporin of collecting duct.
Authors: S Sasaki, K Fushimi, H Saito, F Saito, S Uchida, K Ishibashi, M Kuwahara, T Ikeuchi, K Inui, K Nakajima
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

We recently cloned a cDNA of the collecting duct apical membrane water channel of rat kidney, which is important for the formation of concentrated urine (Fushima, K., S. Uchida, Y. Hara, Y. Hirata, F. Marumo, and S. Sasaki. 1993. Nature [Lond.]. 361:549-552). Since urine concentrating ability varies among mammalian species, we examined whether an homologous protein is present in human kidney. By screening a human kidney cDNA library, we isolated a cDNA clone, designated human aquaporin of collecting duct (hAQP-CD), that encodes a 271-amino acid protein with 91% identity to rat AQP-CD. mRNA expression of hAQP-CD was predominant in the kidney medulla compared with the cortex, immunohistochemical staining of hAQP-CD was observed only in the collecting duct cells, and the staining was dominant in the apical domain. Functional expression study in Xenopus oocytes confirmed that hAQP-CD worked as a water channel. Western blot analysis of human kidney medulla indicated that the molecular mass of hAQP-CD is 29 kD, which is the same mass expected from the amino acid sequence. Chromosomal mapping of the hAQP-CD gene assigned its location to chromosome 12q13. These results could be important for future studies of the pathophysiology of human urinary concentration mechanisms in normal and abnormal states.
Multiple mechanisms deregulate EZH2 and histone H3 lysine 27 epigenetic changes in myeloid malignancies
Authors: S N Khan, A M Jankowska, R Mahfouz, A J Dunbar, Y Sugimoto, N Hosono, Z Hu, V Cheriyath, S Vatolin, B Przychodzen, F J Reu, Y Saunthararajah, C O'Keefe, M A Sekeres, A F List, A R Moliterno, M A McDevitt, J P Maciejewski, H Makishima
Journal: Leukemia (2013)
The magnetic resonance egg timer
Authors: Brian Witcombe
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Unless something is happening, an x ray department can seem as uninteresting as an empty garage or aircraft hangar, but it is unethical to let visitors watch patients being examined. Fortunately, when the distinguished members of the Cirencester Science and Technology Society visited us to learn about radiological scanning, one of our secretaries agreed to act as a model, so demonstrating ultrasonography was not a problem. The visitors could see her heart and aorta pulsating, learn how a Doppler signal can be used to assess vascular flow, and witness how abdominal anatomy can be obscured by …
A molecular revolution in the study of intestinal microflora
Authors: E Furrie
Journal: Gut (2006)

Bacterial colonisers of the colon comprise several hundred bacterial species that live in a complex ecosystem. Study of this complex ecosystem has been carried out, until recently, by traditional culture techniques with biochemical methods to identify organisms. The development of molecular techniques to investigate ecological microbial communities has provided the microbiologist with a vast array of new techniques to investigate human intestinal microflora. Metagenomics, the science of biological diversity, combines the use of molecular biology and genetics to identify and characterise genetic material from complex microbial environments. The combination of metagenomics and subsequent quantitation of each identified species using molecular techniques allows the relatively rapid analysis of whole bacterial populations in human health and disease
Regulation of Ovarian Follicular Development in Primates: Facts and Hypotheses
Authors: ALAIN GOUGEON
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1996)

IN THE adult ovary, folliculogenesis starts when follicles leave the pool of resting follicles (RF) to enter the growth phase. From there, the early growing follicle undergoes a developmental process including a dramatic course of cellular proliferation and differentiation. In primates, only one follicle commonly reaches the preovulatory stage every cycle; most follicles fail to complete this maturation scheme, dying in the process termed atresia. In recent years, a picture has emerged depicting the classic endocrine control of ovarian function by LH and FSH, entangled in a maze of regulatory systems hinging on cell-cell interactions between follicular cells, via action of a variety of molecules (1–3). Different types of cell-cell interactions have been described. In paracrine regulations, a molecule synthesized by one cellular type is released into the interstitial milieu to act directly on another cellular type. In autocrine regulations, molecules synthesized by one cellular type are released to act either on the same tissue (autocrine action), on immediate neighbor cells (juxtacrine action), or are not released and act inside the producing cell itself (intracrine action). These paracrine and autocrine regulations may be involved at every stage of folliculogenesis by acting either alone or by modifying the multiple functions of FSH and LH. Finally, it appears from these findings that during folliculogenesis a finely tuned process of progressive differentiation occurs in all constituents of the follicle.
Stat Bite: Regional Variations in Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: T. Reynolds
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1992)

Stat Bite : Regional Variations in Breast Cancer Treatment Tom Reynolds Tom Reynolds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 84, Issue 8, 15 April 1992, Pages 561–562, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/84.8.561 Published: 15 April 1992
Lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo effects of low density lipoprotein on the inflammatory activity of monosodium urate crystals.
Authors: T P Gordon, P Clifton, M J James, P J Roberts-Thomson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1986)

The effect of coating monosodium urate crystals (MSU) with low density lipoprotein (LDL), postulated previously as a major regulator of gouty inflammation, was studied in a neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL) assay and an air pouch model of inflammation induced by MSU. LDL crystalline coating abrogated the neutrophil CL response but, in contrast, had no inhibitory effect on leucocyte accumulation, levels of the prostaglandin (PG) metabolite 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and exudation of plasma proteins in the in vivo model. This latter observation raises doubts about the postulated physiological role of LDL in terminating the acute gouty attack.
GW25-e3207 β1-adrenoceptor Autoantibodies Induce Repolarization Abnormalities and Increase Susceptibility to Ventricular Arrhythmias in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Zhao Yuhui, Suli Zhang, Ping Liu, Haixia Huang, Yunhui Du, Huijun Zhang, Ye Wu, Peng Wang, Xiao Li, Tingting Lv, Li Wang, Huirong Liu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Religion should not put a child's health at risk
Authors: J. Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Religion cannot be used to deny reasonable medical treatment to children, said the US Supreme Court last month. The court had been asked to overturn a ruling against a Christian Scientist mother who in 1989 administered prayer instead of insulin to her diabetic 1 year old son, Ian Lundman. He died of hyperglycaemia three days after church practitioners were called in by the mother to heal him.

The lawsuit, which originated in Minnesota, was …
The fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 is a key mediator of atherogenesis
Authors: Myron I. Cybulsky, Robert A. Hegele
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Recruitment of circulating monocytes to the arterial intima contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and may participate in their destabilization. Leukocyte emigration from blood into tissues is mediated by multiple adhesion molecules and chemokines, which orchestrate specific steps of emigration and regulate preferential recruitment of different leukocytes depending on their expression patterns of chemokine receptors. Over the last several years, a number of adhesion molecules, including VCAM-1, P-selectin and ICAM-1, the chemokines MCP-1 (also known as CCL2) and IL-8 (also known as CXCL8), and their respective receptors CCR2 and CXCR2, have been functionally implicated in atherosclerosis. Two studies — one recently published in the JCI (1), and the second reported in this issue (2) — expand this list to include the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, the receptor for fractalkine (also known as CX3CL1).
What is the cat in complex settings?
Authors: Pierre-Jean Marescaux, Patrick Chambres
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Dienes &amp; Perner present a hierarchical model that addresses the nature – implicit versus explicit – of knowledge in areas as diverse as learning, memory, and visual perception. This framework appears difficult to apply to complex situations, such as those involving implicit learning, because of the indeterminacy that remains regarding knowledge at the low-level in the hierarchy. These reservations should not detract from the positive features of this model. Among its other advantages, it is well adapted to priming phenomena in which the information responsible for the individual's behavior can be precisely defined.
Haemolysis complicating ibuprofen treatment.
Authors: S Korsager
Journal: BMJ (1978)

We present a model demonstrating that the presence of a thinned and thermally weakened crustal domain is a prerequisite for the formation of an orogenic root in mountain belts. Furthermore this mechanism permits burial to 50 to 70 km in time periods of less than 20 Myr and exhumation from these depths in less than 10 Myr. Our example from the Variscan Belt is based on field geology, petrology of metamorphic rocks and detailed geochronology. It describes an evolution from (I) sedimentation and magmatism during back-arc extension, (II) compression leading to burial, thickening of the lithosphere and granulite-facies metamorphism, followed by (III) exhumation, formation of dehydration melts, migmatites and late intrusive granites. The existing U-Pb, Ar-Ar data constrain this evolution to no more than 20 to 25 Myr. Thermorheological modelling starts from a hot thinned crust forming a narrow (50 km wide) orogenic root within 15 Myr at a maximum of 50 km depth, and subsequent exhumation by extrusion within 7 Myr. The model explains exhumation rates of 3 to 4 mm/year by compressional extrusion and shows that extension cannot do the same job within the same time. Extrusion transported the internal thermal structure into the upper crust within a short time, followed by rapid cooling, whereas exhumation through extension would cause mantle upwelling and the formation of a long-lived thermal anomaly. The latter would contradict the geochronological and petrological database. The model explains orogeny as a thermorheological process without needing to involve an external heat source from the mantle, and presents a new explanation of the high-temperature and low-pressure conditions very typical of the Variscan orogenic crust.
MRC trial of treating hypertension in older adults.
Authors: A. B. Mitchell
Journal: BMJ (1992)

the patients were lost to follow up.This would be unacceptable in any trial in acute myocardial infarction or heart failure, in which I have considerable experience; I cannot understand why a study in hypertension would be different.This loss of patients indicates that the investigators have had serious problems monitoring their patients.Furthermore, it is known that patients lost to follow up differ from patients who remain in trials.Secondly, the number of patient years during which patients received treatment as a proportion of the total number of patient years in the sub- groups was 69% in the diuretic group, 55% in the 3 blocker group, and 69% in the placebo group.Obviously, ifclose to 50% ofthe assigned treatment is not administered it will not be possible to observe any effect.Thirdly, the number of withdrawals from 6 blocker treatment in this single blind study is in contrast to the experience in the Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension (STOP trial)2: 177 patients treated with I6 blockers in the Medical Research Council's trial were withdrawn because of bradycardia compared with none in the STOP trial (B Dahlof, personal communication).Fourthly, the power of the trial was calculated to study active treatment versus placebo.There is clearly insufficient power to permit conclusions regarding lack of effects between the treatment subgroups and placebo group-even more so considering my second point above.Wisely, the STOP trial did not present its subgroup results.None of these important flaws is discussed by the authors.I suggest that the trial should be discussed more in the context of pitfalls and flaws than in the context of treatment of hypertension.
Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay For Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: David J. Gocke
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) has recently been described, 1 and a commercial version of this test (the AUSRIA = 125 HAA diagnostic kit) is rapidly becoming the standard for comparison in proficiency testing ( Federal Register , July 28, 1972). While much more sensitive in absolute terms than techniques previously licensed for HBAg detection, little clinical experience has been reported. Without some independent means of confirmation, it is difficult to interpret the significance of a positive reaction with this test, especially when dealing withlarge numbers of unknown clinical specimens. Furthermore, the extent to which this test will increase the yield of HBAg positive blood donors missed by other techniques has not been established.  We have evaluated the frequency and specificity with which this system is able to detect infectious HBAgpositive donors that had been missed by a properly performed counterimmunoelectrophoresis test (CEP). Complete
Letter: Complication of proximal gastric vagotomy.
Authors: J H Wyllie
Journal: BMJ (1974)

561 maternal intoxication and therefore the lack of maternal clinical hypervitaminosis has little relevance to the discussion of the terateg.nicpotential of vitamin A.1 It is evident that the conclusion of Mrs. Wild and her colleagues that "it seems unlikely that women who conceive soon after dis- continuing oral cont,raception run any teratogenic risk from increased vitamin A levels" may yet be more definite than is warranted by their data and should not be accepted as final.Further work is required.-I am, etc.,
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Melanoma
Authors: Gianpiero Manca, Domenico Rubello, Antonella Romanini, Giuseppe Boni, Serena Chiacchio, Manuel Tredici, Sara Mazzarri, Valerio Duce, Patrick M Colletti, Duccio Volterrani, Giuliano Mariani
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2014)

Management of cutaneous melanoma has changed after introduction in the clinical routine of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for nodal staging. By defining the nodal basin status, SLNB provides a powerful prognostic information. Nevertheless, some debate still surrounds the accuracy of this procedure in terms of false-negative rate. Several large-scale studies have reported a relatively high false-negative rate (5.6%-21%), correctly defined as the proportion of false-negative results with respect to the total number of "actual" positive lymph nodes. In this review, we identified all the technical aspects that the nuclear medicine physician, the surgeon, and the pathologist should take into account to improve accuracy of the procedure and minimize the false-negative rate. In particular, SPECT/CT imaging detects more SLNs than those found by planar lymphoscintigraphy. Furthermore, the nuclear medicine community should reach a consensus on the radioactive counting rate threshold to better guide the surgeon in identifying the lymph nodes with the highest likelihood of housing metastases ("true biologic SLNs"). Analysis of the harvested SLNs by conventional techniques is also a further potential source for error. More accurate SLN analysis (eg, molecular analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) and more extensive SLN sampling identify more positive nodes, thus reducing the false-negative rate.The clinical factors identifying patients at higher-risk local recurrence after a negative SLNB include older age at diagnosis, deeper lesions, histological ulceration, and head-neck anatomic location of the primary lesion.The clinical impact of a false-negative SLNB on the prognosis of melanoma patients remains controversial, because the majority of studies have failed to demonstrate overall statistically significant disadvantage in melanoma-specific survival for false-negative SLNB patients compared with true-positive SLNB patients.When new more effective drugs will be available in the adjuvant setting for stage III melanoma patients, the implication of an accurate staging procedure for the sentinel lymph nodes will be crucial for both patients and clinicians. Standardization and accuracy of SLN identification, removal, and analysis are required.
Alternative Views on Alternative Medicine
Authors: Charles M. Bagley
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Letters3 August 1999Alternative Views on Alternative MedicineCharles M. Bagley Jr., MDCharles M. Bagley Jr., MDWashington Cancer Center; Seattle, WA 98133 (Bagley)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-3-199908030-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Science as we have known it is increasingly under siege, nowhere better exemplified than in the recent article by Kaptchuk and Eisenberg (1). The authors purport to explore the “fundamental premises” of alternative medicine, including nature, vitalism, “science” (the authors' quotation marks) and spirituality. The hidden message, however, is an attack on the nature of science itself. The authors claim the existence of “ … chiropractic science, homeopathic science, psychic science, and even occult science.” What do they mean by this? One reads further that “The person-centered experience is the ultimate verification and reigns supreme in alternative ...References1. Kaptchuk T, Eisenberg D. The persuasive appeal of alternative medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:1061-5. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Bagley C. Advising patients who seek alternative medicine [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:328. LinkGoogle Scholar3. Kaptchuk T. Powerful placebo: the dark side of the randomized, controlled trial. Lancet. 1998;351:1722-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Washington Cancer Center; Seattle, WA 98133 (Bagley) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoThe Persuasive Appeal of Alternative Medicine Ted J. Kaptchuk and David M. Eisenberg Alternative Views on Alternative Medicine Allen F. Shaughnessy Alternative Views on Alternative Medicine Arunabha Ganguly Alternative Views on Alternative Medicine Edzard Ernst Alternative Views on Alternative Medicine Ted J. Kaptchuk and David M. Eisenberg More on Alternative Medicine Michael J. Sergeant More on Alternative Medicine Ted J. Kaptchuk Metrics Cited byThe other medicine: complementary and alternative—why, why not?1,2 1We welcome your response to this commentary. Your letters in response to this and any other editorial may be published in an upcoming issue. The Editor reserves the right to shorten letters, delete objectionable comments, and make other changes to comply with the style of the journal. 2Edited by Stephen P. StoneVarieties of Healing. 1: Medical Pluralism in the United StatesTed J. Kaptchuk, OMD and David M. Eisenberg, MDMore on Alternative MedicineMichael J. Sergeant, MD 3 August 1999Volume 131, Issue 3Page: 229KeywordsAssaultChiropracticPerceptionTraditional medicine Issue Published: 3 August 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...