tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Putting revenge and forgiveness in an evolutionary context
Authors: Michael E. McCullough, Robert Kurzban, Benjamin A. Tabak
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

In this response, we address eight issues concerning our proposal that human minds contain adaptations for revenge and forgiveness. Specifically, we discuss (a) the inferences that are and are not licensed by patterns of contemporary behavioral data in the context of the adaptationist approach; (b) the theoretical pitfalls of conflating proximate and ultimate causation; (c) the role of development in the production of adaptations; (d) the implications of proposing that the brain’s cognitive systems are fundamentally computational in nature; (e) our preferred method for considering the role of individual differences in computational systems; (f) applications of our proposal to understanding conflicts between groups; (g) the possible implications of our views for understanding the operation of contemporary criminal justice systems; and (h) the question of whether people ever “genuinely” forgive.
Case of Hashimoto's Disease With Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: J. J. Daly, E. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Recent work has suggested that an autoimmune factor may be present in myasthenia gravis.The present report describes a case of Hashimoto's disease in which myasthenia gravis developed. CASE REPORTA postwoman of 51 complained of tiredness, increase in weight, and swelling of the face of four years' duration.She felt the cold more than usual and developed a hoarse voice.After treatment with thyroid extract for three weeks there was considerable symptomatic improvement.Examination revealed a moderately obese woman with a coarse dry skin.Her voice was hoarse and the thyroid was diffusely enlarged, firm, and slightly tender.Immstigations.-Hb 91 % ; E.S.R., 45 mm./hr.(Wintrobe); serum cholesterol 330 mg./100 ml.; B.M.R. (average) + 3%;
Respiratory health among retired grain elevator workers.
Authors: S M Kennedy, H Dimich-Ward, A Desjardins, A Kassam, S Vedal, M Chan-Yeung
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Previous studies of grain elevator workers have shown exposure-related increased rates for respiratory symptoms and reduced levels of lung function compared with those of other employed populations. However, some reports have suggested that this effect may be reversible after cessation of exposure. To investigate this, we conducted a respiratory health survey among 75 retired grain elevator workers and 37 retired civic workers. Methods included a standard respiratory questionnaire, routine spirometry, chest radiography, a 6-min walk test, and a specialized questionnaire to assess the impact of breathing trouble on the activities of daily life. Grain retirees were slightly older than civic retirees (69 versus 67 yr, p < 0.05) and less likely to be atopic (7 versus 35%, p < 0.01). Grain elevator retirees reported more dyspnea (44 versus 11%, p < 0.01) and had significantly lower levels for both FEV1 (78.6 versus 88.2% pred) and FVC (90.0 versus 97.7% pred) (both p < 0.05). Compared with civic retirees, grain retirees reported the same average level of breathlessness after the 6-min walk test, but they walked a significantly shorter distance (p < 0.01); they also scored higher on the impairment of activities scale and had a greater proportion of persons reporting impairment of daily activities caused by breathing trouble (p < 0.05). Comparison of the changes in lung function from 1975 to the present study (i.e., from active employment to retirement) showed that grain workers had consistently lower levels of lung function than did civic workers while still employed, with no reversibility after retirement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Retinopathy of Prematurity in Infants Weighing Less Than 500 Grams at Birth Enrolled in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study
Authors: David T. Wheeler, Velma Dobson, Michael F. Chiang, Don L. Bremer, Ira H. Gewolb, Dale L. Phelps, Robert J. Hardy, William V. Good, Rae Fellows, Betty P. Tung, Earl A. Palmer
Journal: Ophthalmology (2011)
The Growth of Gastroenterologic Knowledge During the Twentieth Century
Authors: Frederick H. Opper
Journal: JAMA (1995)

It is easy to lose perspective without an occasional rearward glance. It's true for individuals and entire disciplines. Today's gastroenterologists have little time to muse about the art's humble beginnings or the century of painstaking efforts that led to the development of our current diagnostic and therapeutic arsenal. Yet without a historical perspective we would be blind to the fact that some of the mainstays of modern dogma and therapy are as certain to be cast aside as the turn-of-the-century theories of auto-intoxication or the treatment of gastric ulcers by freezing or gastric irradiation. Dr Joseph Kirsner's<i>The Growth of Gastroenterologic Knowledge During the Twentieth Century</i>supplies this much-needed historical perspective. The book's 31 chapters are organized by organ system to cover the major advances that brought the field of gastroenterology to its current level. The chapters are authored by established experts offering remarkable insights into their areas. Many chapters
Diseases causing end-stage renal failure in New South Wales.
Authors: J H Stewart, S W McCarthy, B G Storey, B A Roberts, E Gallery, J F Mahony
Journal: BMJ (1975)

The nature of the original renal disease was determined in 403 consecutive cases of end-stage renal failure, in 317 of which the clinical diagnosis was corroborated by histological examination of the kidney. Five diseases accounted for 20 or more cases--glomerulonephritis (31% of the total), analgesic nephropathy (29%), primary vesicoureteral reflux (8%), essential hypertension (6%), and polycystic kidneys (5%). In only four cases did renal failure result from chronic pyelonephritis without a demonstrable primary cause. Greater use of micturating cystography and cystoscopy and routine urine testing for salicylate are advocated for earlier diagnosis of the major causes of "pyelonephritis". The incidence of end-stage renal failure in people aged 15-55 in New South Wales was estimated to be at least 34 new cases per million of total population each year.
Women Experience Greater Toxicity With Fluorouracil-Based Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Jeff A Sloan, Richard M Goldberg, Daniel J Sargent, Delfino Vargas-Chanes, Suresh G. Nair Md, Steven S Cha, Paul J Novotny, Michael A Poon, Michael J O'Connell, Charles L Loprinzi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: The toxicity profile of fluorouracil (5-FU)–based chemotherapy given on 5 consecutive days at doses of 370 to 450 mg/m2 has been well documented. A meta-analysis of six North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) cancer control trials involving 786 patients indicated that women treated with this type of regimen experienced more severe stomatitis and leukopenia than men. After these findings, an additional meta-analysis of the toxicity profiles on five NCCTG colorectal cancer treatment trials was undertaken. METHODS: Data for 1,093 women and 1,355 men from 12 different treatment arms were included. The primary end points were the incidence of stomatitis, leukopenia, alopecia, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, recorded with standard National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria. Fisher's exact test was used to compare incidence and severity across sexes, supplemented by Forrest meta-analysis plots and logistic regression. RESULTS: The incidence of four out of six toxicities studied was significantly greater for women than men; the exceptions were severe nausea and vomiting. Overall, almost half of the women compared with a third of the men experienced severe toxicity (P < .0001). Logistic regression confirmed the univariate findings while adjusting for the effects of study, dose, body mass index, and age. The differences were consistent across treatment cycles. Response rates and survival distributions were the same for both sexes. CONCLUSION: This study confirms an earlier finding that women receiving 5-FU–based chemotherapy in a 5-day bolus schedule experience toxicity more frequently and with more severity than men. These data raise the question of whether the recommended initial dose of 5-FU–based chemotherapy for women should be lower than that for men.
Peer reviewing and publishing: the yin and yang of academia
Authors: A. Anstey
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

The British Journal of Dermatology (BJD) is currently celebrating 125 years since its launch in 1888. Over the last 100 years, the BJD has evolved into one of the world's premier dermatology journals. In the August editorial I reflected on how this enduring success has been achieved and maintained. This month's editorial focuses on the day‐to‐day running of the journal and its peer review system. Peer review was described by the former editor of the BMJ as ‘a flawed process at the heart of science and journals’.1 In spite of this jaundiced view, peer review remains the gold standard for evaluation of scientific papers. It is therefore incumbent upon the BJD's editorial team to make this process as flawless as possible. The BJD now receives over 2000 manuscripts per year from over 60 different countries. With so many papers submitted, the editorial team has a challenge to select the most appropriate and highest quality manuscripts for publication. This is a major undertaking, requiring robust systems that are timely, high quality, transparent and fair. In 2012 the BJD's acceptance rate was 25% of submitted manuscripts. At face value this statistic may be off‐putting for submitting authors. However, similar rejection rates exist for all of the other elite dermatology journals. Interestingly, many of the BJD's most successful published authors are also peer reviewers for the journal. This suggests that their success as authors is built partly upon the recognition that peer review is an integral part of their job. Furthermore, by carrying out peer review for the journal, a prospective author also learns about the culture of the BJD and how it operates. A strong but supportive peer review system, as operated by the BJD, is reassuring and attractive to our peer reviewers when they themselves are contemplating where to submit their own papers.
NEAR-INFRARED FLUORESCENCE (NIRF) WHOLE BODY AND INTRA-ARTERIAL MOLECULAR IMAGING OF OXIDIZED LDL IN EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Ramzi Khamis, Kevin Woollard, Gareth Hyde, Tetsuya Hara, Adam Mauskapf, David Granger, Jason Johnson, Vasilis Ntziachristos, Paul M. Matthews, Farouc Jaffer, Dorian Haskard
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
An Endoscopic Follow-Up Study of the Development of Diffuse Antral Vascular Ectasia
Authors: M. Ikeda, H. Ishida, E. Nakamura, Y. Shirai, T. Michida, N. Hayashi, K. Yamamoto, M. Masuzawa
Journal: Endoscopy (1996)

No endoscopic follow-up studies are available on the development of diffuse antral vascular ectasia (DAVE). We present here a ten-year follow-up study from discrete initial lesions to the full picture of DAVE. In a 72-year-old female patient with liver cirrhosis, the earliest findings of DAVE were several red spots, with or without a white halo, in the distal antrum. During follow-up, the spots increased in number, coalesced, and extended to the proximal antrum. Three years after the initial findings, latent hemorrhage occurred at a time when confluent lesions were formed. One year later, diffuse distribution of the antral lesions was observed, which led to the diagnosis of DAVE and developed to the full picture within three more years. Two years later, the patient presented with hematemesis, which confirmed the diagnosis of DAVE clinically. Treatment consisted of monopolar electrocoagulation, leading to a stable hemoglobin value for one year. This case study provides some substantial clues to the early detection and treatment of DAVE.
Development of cutaneous gangrene during continuous peripheral infusion of vasopressin.
Authors: J R Anderson, G W Johnston
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Five patients given vasopressin by infusion to reduce portal hypertension developed signs of cutaneous gangrene 18-24 hours after the start of the infusion. Four patients were treated by application of local dressings; in three cases the lesions healed, but the fourth patient died from variceal haemorrhage. The remaining patient required split skin grafting but died 48 hours after operation. The mechanism of this effect of vasopressin is not clear, but if local blanching of the skin is noted during infusion the catheter should be flushed immediately with a vasodilator in an effort to counteract the drug9s vasoconstrictor effect.
Central bronchogenic cyst: treatment by extrapleural percutaneous aspiration.
Authors: M. K. Whyte, C. T. Dollery, A. Adam, P. W. Ind
Journal: BMJ (1989)

FIG 1 (right)-Posteroanterior chest radiograph showing a subcarinal opacity with splaying ofmain bronchi FIG 2 (below)-Computed tomo- gram showing 6 French dilator of Cope catheter introduction set lying extrapleurally, adjacent to cyst wall
Liver-targeted antiviral nucleosides: Enhanced antiviral activity of phosphatidyl-dideoxyguanosine versus dideoxyguanosine in woodchuck hepatitis virus infectionin vivo
Authors: B A Korba, H Xie, K N Wright, W E Hornbuckle, J L Gerin, B C Tennant, K Y Hostetler
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

It would be desirable to develop antiviral agents that can be targeted to liver to enhance their antiviral effects and reduce nonhepatic toxicity. 2′,3′-Dideoxyguanosine (ddG) has been found to be a potent and selective antihepatitis B agent both in vitro and in vivo . To evaluate ddG and its liver-targeted analog, we synthesized a series of phosphatidyl-ddGs and incubated them with 2.2.15 cells, which chronically produce hepatitis B virus. 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidyl- dideoxyguanosine (DPP-ddG) inhibited the production of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the culture medium by 90% at 4.5 mumol/L versus 9.1 mumol/L for ddG, while the liposome vehicle itself had no effect. To compare the efficacy of free ddG with its lipid prodrug in vivo , we treated woodchucks that were experimentally infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) for 4 weeks by intraperitoneal injection of 2.6 mumol/kg/d of free ddG or liposomes containing 2.6 mumol/kg/d of DPP- ddG. Liposomal DPP-ddG reduced serum WHV DNA by 23- to 46-fold at the end of the fourth week, while free ddG reduced serum WHV DNA by 2.2- to 10.4-fold. Treatment with small unilamellar liposomes containing DPP- ddG is substantially more effective than free ddG in reducing WHV-DNA levels in serum in WHV-infected woodchucks. The data suggest that the use of lipid prodrugs to target the liver may be useful in enhancing antiviral therapy of hepatitis.
What Is Placebo?
Authors: David M. Collins
Journal: JAMA (1964)

To the Editor:—  I would like to comment on the definition of placebo given by Dr. Arthur K. Shapiro in his communication, Etiological Factors in Placebo Effect ( JAMA  187 :712 [March 7] 1964). Dr. Shapiro states that a placebo is a procedure and that it has an effect. On these two points he is explicit. Concerning the object on whom the procedure is carried out, he is less definite. It can be a person (patient), or a part of a person, or just a disease or symptom which a person happens to have. And he makes no mention of the other important element in the placebo effect, namely, the person who is carrying out the procedure. A placebo is what a somebody does to a somebody; what a doctor does to a patient which is seen by the patient as helpful. Hence, the criterion for judging the placebo effect is
Diffuse Gastric Polyposis
Authors: Roger T. Doyle, Harold E. Nash, James H. Graham
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

SINCE diffuse gastric polyposis was first classified by Menetrier1 in 1888, over 125 cases have been reported.2 3 4 5 6 7 Other cases in the literature are described under the heading of "giant hypertrophic gastritis,"8 9 10 11 12 which has been suggested as being synonymous with the second group of cases discussed by Menetrier — the rarer type, polyadenome en nappe. The case reported below belongs in this classification. Although it is a benign disease there are reports of associated cancer in 51 per cent of cases,5 and the more recent reports therefore advocate total gastrectomy. All observers confirm the difficulty that both the radiologist and . . .
Abstract P2-19-04: Latissimus dorsi muscle onlay patch alternative to acellular dermal matrix is useful for implant-based breast reconstruction
Authors: J Lee, Y Bae, S Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Introduction: The implants-based breast reconstruction is very useful method for breast conserving surgery in breast cancer. Recently, acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is applied to release the inferior pectoralis muscle for maintaining breast contour and to prevent burst out from the implant pocket. Authors applied latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle onlay patch instead of ADM for implant-based breast reconstruction. Patients and methods: From January to December 2012, a total of 20 patients with breast tumor underwent 22 cases of implant-based breast reconstruction with ADM or LD muscle onlay patch. The cosmetic outcome is assessed with 4-point scoring system at 4 weeks after from chemotherapy or radiotherapy. And the statistical analysis was evaluated between 2 groups. &amp;lt;Surgical technique&amp;gt; After conventional breast conserving surgery was done, the origin of the pectoralis major muscle are released and the window is checked pectoralis major muscle medially, rectus sheath inferiorly, and serratus anterior muscle laterally. Then, LD flap is sutured to cover this window with avoiding the vessel injury. The implant is inserted in the subpectoral pocket and breast reconstruction is finished with LD flap. Results: Mean operation time of ADM group and LD muscle onlay patch group was 153.9 and 299.7 minutes, respectively. (p = 0.054). Demographic characteristicsCharacteristicsADM (n = 10)LD muscle onlay patch (n = 12)p-valueAge (years)36.8±10.145.8±12.50.820BMI (kg/m2)19.0±2.023.4±3.430.065Volume loss (g)153.9±120.29299.7±116.030.030OP time (minutes)198±86.06342.5±54.70.054Hospital stay (days)6.9±1.528.7±1.560.059Follow-up period (Mo)6.2±2.668.7±1.560.232Interval period (days)19.9±6.2427.9±7.580.516Chenotherapy5110.056Radiotherapy590.378Complication 0.571Inflammation10 Seroma11 Cosmetic outcome 1.000Excellent34 Good55 Fair23 There were no significant differences between 2 groups; postoperative complication, cosmetic outcomes, and tumor characteristics. Tumor characteristicsCharacteristicsADM (n = 10)LD muscle onlay patch (n = 12)p-valueTumor type 0.088Atypical ductal hyperplasia20 Carcinoma in situ31 Invasive carcinoma511 Dermal invasion011.00Tumor size2.0±1.453.8±2.270.586Multicentricity310.293Stage 0.440031 I21 IIA24 IIB13 IIIA01 IIIB02 Microcalcification230.594Differentiation 0.038Well20 Moderate35 Poor06 Perineural invasion 0.706Positive01 Negative1011 Lymphovascular invasion 0.261Positive04 Negative108 Estrogen receptor 0.770Positive87 Negative05 Progesterone receptor 0.013Positive85 Negative07 c-erbB2 protein 0.074Positive04 Negative88 However, ADM was found to be much more expensive than LD muscle onlay patch.(p&amp;lt;0.001) Conclusion: Implant-based breast reconstruction with LD muscle onlay patch would be a feasible surgical technique alternative to ADM, when LD flap is planned for breast reconstruction. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-19-04.
Trends in mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma in Europe, 1980‐2004
Authors: Cristina Bosetti, Fabio Levi, Paolo Boffetta, Franca Lucchini, Eva Negri, Carlo La Vecchia
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Upward trends in mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were recently reported in the United States and Japan. Comprehensive analyses of most recent data for European countries are not available. Age-standardized (world standard) HCC rates per 100,000 (at all ages, at age 20-44, and age 45-59 years) were computed for 23 European countries over the period 1980-2004 using data from the World Health Organization. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify significant changes in trends, and annual percent change were computed. Male overall mortality from HCC increased in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and other western countries, while it significantly decreased over recent years in countries such as France and Italy, which had large upward trends until the mid-1990s. In the early 2000s, among countries allowing distinction between HCC and other liver cancers, the highest HCC rates in men were in France (6.8/100,000), Italy (6.7), and Switzerland (5.9), whereas the lowest ones were in Norway (1.0), Ireland (0.8), and Sweden (0.7). In women, a slight increase in overall HCC mortality was observed in Spain and Switzerland, while mortality decreased in several other European countries, particularly since the mid-1990s. In the early 2000s, female HCC mortality rates were highest in Italy (1.9/100,000), Switzerland (1.8), and Spain (1.5) and lowest in Greece, Ireland, and Sweden (0.3). In most countries, trends at age 45-59 years were consistent with overall ones, whereas they were more favorable at age 20-44 years in both sexes. Conclusion: HCC mortality remains largely variable across Europe. Favorable trends were observed in several European countries mainly over the last decade, particularly in women and in young adults. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Nonmalignant Respiratory Effects of Chronic Arsenic Exposure from Drinking Water among Never-Smokers in Bangladesh
Authors: Faruque Parvez, Yu Chen, Paul W. Brandt-Rauf, Alfred Bernard, Xavier Dumont, Vesna Slavkovich, Maria Argos, Jeanine D’Armiento, Robert Foronjy, M. Rashidul Hasan, HEM Mahbubul Eunus, Joseph H. Graziano, Habibul Ahsan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Arsenic from drinking water has been associated with malignant and nonmalignant respiratory illnesses. The association with nonmalignant respiratory illnesses has not been well established because the assessments of respiratory symptoms may be influenced by recall bias or interviewer bias because participants had visible skin lesions.We examined the relationship of the serum level of Clara cell protein CC16--a novel biomarker for respiratory illnesses--with well As, total urinary As, and urinary As methylation indices.We conducted a cross-sectional study in nonsmoking individuals (n = 241) selected from a large cohort with a wide range of As exposure (0.1-761 microg/L) from drinking water in Bangladesh. Total urinary As, urinary As metabolites, and serum CC16 were measured in urine and serum samples collected at baseline of the parent cohort study.We observed an inverse association between urinary As and serum CC16 among persons with skin lesions (beta = -0.13, p = 0.01). We also observed a positive association between secondary methylation index in urinary As and CC16 levels (beta = 0.12, p = 0.05) in the overall study population; the association was stronger among people without skin lesions (beta = 0.18, p = 0.04), indicating that increased methylation capability may be protective against As-induced respiratory damage. In a subsample of study participants undergoing spirometric measures (n = 31), we observed inverse associations between urinary As and predictive FEV(1) (forced expiratory volume measured in 1 sec) (r = -0.37; FEV(1)/forced vital capacity ratio and primary methylation index (r = -0.42, p = 0.01).The findings suggest that serum CC16 may be a useful biomarker of epithelial lung damage in individuals with arsenical skin lesions. Also, we observed the deleterious respiratory effects of As exposure at concentrations lower than reported in earlier studies.
TCT-639 Two Year Outcomes Following Implantation of the Resolute Zotarolimus-eluting Stent in Vessels ≤2.5 mm Diameter
Authors: Ronald Caputo, Martin Leon, Patrick Serruys, Franz-Josef Neumann, Alan Yeung, Stephan Windecker, Jorge Belardi, Sigmund Silber, Ian Meredith, Petr Widimsky, Shigeru Saito, Laura Mauri
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)