tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin-containing cells in the small intestine during acute enteritis
Authors: J. Soltoft, B. Soeberg
Journal: Gut (1972)

Jejunal mucosal biopsies were obtained from 13 patients with acute enteritis. Ten patients were examined again after recovery. Quantitative analysis of the findings in immunofluorescence microscopy showed a significant increase of IgA- and IgM-containing cells during acute enteritis. After recovery the number of immunoglobulin-containing cells and their distribution within the different immunoglobulin classes were within normal limits.
Renal Papillary Necrosis Unmasking Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Michalis Voulgarelis, Panayiotis D Ziakas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

A 26-year-old healthy Greek woman was evaluated because of new-onset painless hematuria. The physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory data were notable for a hemoglobin concentration of 7.6 g per deciliter and a serum creatinine level of 0.7 mg per deciliter (61.9 μmol per liter). Pyelography that was performed with the use of contrast material revealed bilateral deformities of the renal papillae, including hooks, spurs, and ring-shaped filling defects (sloughed papilla) of the calyxes (arrows), suggestive of papillary necrosis. Interstitial nephritides, such as pyelonephritis and nephritis due to obstructive uropathy, diabetes mellitus, or analgesic abuse, that are associated with papillary . . .
Long–term correction of mouse dystrophic degeneration by adenovirus–mediated transfer of a minidystrophin gene
Authors: Nathalie Vincent, Thierry Ragot, Hélè Gilgenkrantz, Dominique Couton, Philippe Chafey, Anne Grégoire, Pascale Briand, Jean-Claude Kaplan, Axel Kahn, Michel Perricaudet
Journal: Nature Genetics (1993)
Endotracheal intubation: friend or foe?
Authors: M. Beech
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Here, we examined long-term synaptic plasticity in the avian auditory midbrain, a region involved in experience-dependent learning. We found that coactivation of <i>N</i>-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R) induces long-term depression (LTD) at the synapse between the central shell and the external portion of the inferior colliculus of the chicken. Although endocannabinoids are commonly thought of as presynaptic modulators, recent reports have suggested that they can also modulate the postsynaptic site. In the avian midbrain, we found that LTD is mediated by both presynaptic and postsynaptic changes. The presynaptic mechanism consists of a decrease in neurotransmitter release, whereas a depression of NMDAR-mediated current takes place on the postsynaptic side. Both the presynaptic and the postsynaptic effects depend on CB1R activation. The reduction of postsynaptic NMDAR currents represents a novel role of endocannabinoids in synaptic modulation.
Apgar scores for dads
Authors: H. J Bennett
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Fathers become anxious during labour and delivery.1 This is especially true for first time dads, who have been observed shouting expletives at anyone wearing booties and a face mask. In the past no one quantified this stress or proposed effective ways to help nervous fathers to be. After years of unfunded research, I have come up with a scoring system like the one Virginia Apgar developed 45 years ago.2 My test is performed in the same way as the traditional Apgar score, only in this case the examiner pays attention to the father instead of the baby (not a bad idea since dads are woefully underevaluated during the entire birthing process).

Apgar scores for dads (ASDs) are assigned right before delivery …
Assessment of Cardiac Contractility
Authors: DEAN T. MASON, EUGENE BRAUNWALD, JAMES W. COVELL, EDMUND H. SONNENBLICK, JOHN ROSS
Journal: Circulation (1971)

It was considered that the relationship between dp/dt and simultaneously developed pressure during the course of isovolumic contraction might afford a more accurate measure of contractility than the maximum rate of intraventricular pressure rise (peak dp/dt). In six cat papillary muscles contracting isometrically from any given preload, the ratio of the rate of tension development (dT/dt) to simultaneously occurring isometric tension always varied directly with the contractile state. This ratio rose slightly as preload was increased, but it was not affected by changes in afterload. In 17 experiments in an intact canine heart preparation in which left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was constant, dp/dt at any given pressure during isovolumetric contraction again was observed to be a function of the contractile state when the latter was enhanced by norepinephrine and acetylstrophanthidin. High-fidelity left ventricular pressures and dp/dt were recorded throughout isovolumic contraction in eight patients. Isoproterenol and exercise raised the level of dp/dt at any given pressure prior to ejection. Interventions known to alter ventricular loading but not to influence the contractile state, such as elevation of ventricular end-diastolic pressure by leg raising and increases in aortic pressure induced by methoxamine, did not influence this relation significantly. In conclusion, the determination of dp/dt and intraventricular pressure throughout isovolumic contraction in the presence of variable arterial pressure and small changes of preload provides a useful, simple, and experimentally verified approach to the assessment of alterations of the contractile state of the heart in intact man.
Profound Cardioprotection With Chloramphenicol Succinate in the Swine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Javier A. Sala-Mercado, Joseph Wider, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Undyala, Salik Jahania, Wonsuk Yoo, Robert M. Mentzer, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Karin Przyklenk
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Emerging evidence suggests that "adaptive" induction of autophagy (the cellular process responsible for the degradation and recycling of proteins and organelles) may confer a cardioprotective phenotype and represent a novel strategy to limit ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our aim was to test this paradigm in a clinically relevant, large animal model of acute myocardial infarction.Anesthetized pigs underwent 45 minutes of coronary artery occlusion and 3 hours of reperfusion. In the first component of the study, pigs received chloramphenicol succinate (CAPS) (an agent that purportedly upregulates autophagy; 20 mg/kg) or saline at 10 minutes before ischemia. Infarct size was delineated by tetrazolium staining and expressed as a % of the at-risk myocardium. In separate animals, myocardial samples were harvested at baseline and 10 minutes following CAPS treatment and assayed (by immunoblotting) for 2 proteins involved in autophagosome formation: Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II. To investigate whether the efficacy of CAPS was maintained with "delayed" treatment, additional pigs received CAPS (20 mg/kg) at 30 minutes after occlusion. Expression of Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II, as well as infarct size, were assessed at end-reperfusion. CAPS was cardioprotective: infarct size was 25±5 and 41±4%, respectively, in the CAPS-pretreated and CAPS-delayed treatment groups versus 56±5% in saline controls (P<0.01 and P<0.05 versus control). Moreover, administration of CAPS was associated with increased expression of both proteins.Our results demonstrate attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury with CAPS and are consistent with the concept that induction of autophagy may provide a novel strategy to confer cardioprotection.
Deficiency of the Humoral Immune Response to Measles Vaccine in Infants Immunized at Age 6 Months
Authors: Hayley A. Gans
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—Measles causes serious morbidity in infants, with the highest risk among those who are 6 to 12 months of age. In the United States, measles vaccine has been given at age 12 to 15 months to minimize interference by passive antibodies and to achieve the high seroprevalence required for herd immunity. Infants of mothers with vaccine-induced immunity may lose passively acquired antibodies before 12 months, leaving them susceptible to measles infection.Objective.—To assess the immunogenicity of measles vaccine in infants younger than 12 months.Design.—Cohort study conducted before and after measles immunization.Setting.—Pediatric clinic in Palo Alto, Calif.Participants.—Infants 6 (n=27), 9 (n=26), and 12 (n=34) months of age were enrolled; 72 provided both initial and follow-up samples.Main Outcome Measures.—Evaluation of immunogenicity before and 12 weeks after measles vaccination, including measles neutralizing antibody titers, measles-specific T-cell proliferation, and cytokine profiles.Results.—Measles neutralizing antibodies were present before vaccination in 52% (12/23), 35% (7/20), and 0% (0/22) of 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants, respectively. In the absence of detectable passive antibodies, geometric mean titers after vaccination were significantly lower in 6-month-old infants compared with 9-month-old infants (27 vs 578, P=.01) and 12-month-old infants (27 vs 972, P=.001). The seroconversion rate, defined as a 4-fold rise in antibody titer, in these 6-month-old infants was only 67%, and only 36% of these infants achieved seroprotective neutralizing antibody titers of 120 or higher after vaccination compared with 100% of 9- and 12-month-old infants lacking detectable passive antibody prior to vaccination. T-cell proliferation and cytokine responses to measles did not differ with age.Conclusions.—Humoral immunity was deficient in 6-month-old infants given measles vaccine, even in the absence of detectable passively acquired neutralizing antibodies. Comparison of their responses with those of 9- and 12-month-old infants indicates that a developmental maturation of the immune response to measles may occur during the first year of life, which affects the immunogenicity of measles vaccine.
Isolated anterior chamber relapse in acute monoblastic leukemia
Authors: Andrew A. Hertler, George O. Rosenwasser, W. Larry Gluck
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

A case of acute monoblastic leukemia relapsing in the anterior chamber of the eye is described. Despite rigorous evaluation, no systemic or central nervous system involvement was detected. All previously reported cases of anterior chamber infiltrates in AML have had coexistent systemic or central nervous system disease.
SINGLE SIROLIMUS VERSUS PACLITAXEL ELUTING STENT IMPLANTATION WITH KISSING BALLOON TECHNIQUE IN THE TREATMENT OF NON-LEFT MAIN BIFURCATION.
Authors: Masahiro Yamawaki, Toshiya Muramatsu, Reiko Tsukahara, Yoshiaki Ito, Tsuyoshi Sakai, Hiroshi Ishimori, Keisuke Hirano, Masatsugu Nakano, Shinya Sasaki, Motoharu Araki, Akiyoshi Moriyama, Hideyuki Takimura, Yasunari Sakamoto, Ikki Komatsu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Instrument or impediment? The regulatory monograph in medical communications
Authors: J. Archer
Journal: JAMA (1972)

At least one type of publication becomes important in some way to most writers involved with prescription drugs. I have in mind the monographs addressed to physicians and inserted into drug packages by manufacturers. These documents are technically part of the "labeling" of the respective drugs, and as such, their content is subject to regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Their purported mission is to inform physicians about the properties of the drugs and thus to lead to judicious prescribing practices. During the past decade, they have acquired a mystique that I propose to examine. In addition to labeling, these publications are variously spoken of as "package inserts," "package stuffers," or "full-disclosure statements." I think the term<i>regulatory monograph</i>is a better designation, for reasons to be mentioned. However, that expression could be misleading unless there is an understanding about
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Lincoln V. Johnson, Don H. Anderson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Macular degeneration is a class of blinding disorders characterized by changes in the macula, the central area of the neural retina that is responsible for high-acuity vision (see Figure 1). Such disorders are the leading causes of irreversible visual loss in elderly persons in the Western world. Newly emerging evidence implicates abnormalities in specific components of the extracellular matrix in these eye diseases. For example, in this issue of the Journal, Stone and coworkers (pages 346–353) report missense mutations in a gene encoding an extracellular-matrix protein known as fibulin 5 in patients with the highly prevalent age-related form of macular degeneration. . . .
Abstract 4852: Comparison of manual and automated scoring of androgen receptor staining in prostate tissue.
Authors: Rochelle P. Ondracek, James L. Mohler, Catherine Pilarz, Sarah McEvoy, Karin Kasza, Carl Morrison, James Marshall
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Although manual scoring is generally used to evaluate the presence of androgen receptor (AR) protein as detected by immunohistochemistry in tissue, manual evaluation is tedious, inefficient and subjective. Therefore, manual scoring is not feasible for the evaluation of large numbers of patients. In this study, a technician (CP) rated AR staining in tissue sections of 3 tissue microarrays (TMAs) constructed from 3 cores each of benign and malignant tissue from 134 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1993 and 2006 at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. The manual scorer randomly sampled 50 nuclei from each core and scored each nuclei as not stained (score =0), or lightly (score = 1), moderately (score=2) or darkly (score = 3) stained. The average staining intensity was recorded per patient across the benign cores, and across the tumor cores. Automated staining used the Image Pro image processing program, in which the entire core was scanned, all nuclei segmented and average intensity values per between 0 (completely black) and 255 (completely white) were determined for each nucleus. The mean staining score for each core is calculated by taking the average of all the identified nuclei in the core, and an average intensity is calculated per patient across the benign cores, and across the malignant cores. The Pearson correlation between manual and automated scoring was 0.76. When stratified by benign or malignant tissue, the Pearson correlation between manual and automated scoring was 0.75 (benign) and 0.78 (malignant). Automated scoring of AR staining is comparable to manual scoring of AR in prostate tissue. In light of the greater efficiency of automated scoring, future evaluations of immunohistochemical staining may be usefully conducted using automated scoring of nuclei. Citation Format: Rochelle P. Ondracek, James L. Mohler, Catherine Pilarz, Sarah McEvoy, Karin Kasza, Carl Morrison, James Marshall. Comparison of manual and automated scoring of androgen receptor staining in prostate tissue. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4852. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4852
THE INTRA-UTERINE TRANSMISSION OF TYPHOID
Authors: ELIHU S. WING
Journal: JAMA (1930)

This case is reported because it is probably unique. A search of the literature has revealed a number of reported cases of intra-uterine transmission of typhoid, but none in which a mother convalescing from typhoid gave birth to a convalescent baby with positive stools and positive Widal reaction. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3><h3>History.</h3> —Mrs. F., an American housewife, aged 22, entered the Rhode Island Hospital, Sept. 17, 1929, complaining of cough, weakness and fever. She had been feeling generally below par for a week but did not consult a physician until two days prior to admission. He found that her temperature was above normal and advised hospitalization. On admission, in addition to the symptoms mentioned, she complained of headache, anorexia and constipation. The family history was irrelevant. She had a husband and three children living and well. She had not had a menstrual period for the past six months; otherwise her
The Aging Brain and Cognition
Authors: Natalie L. Marchant, Bruce R. Reed, Nerses Sanossian, Cindee M. Madison, Stephen Kriger, Roxana Dhada, Wendy J. Mack, Charles DeCarli, Michael W. Weiner, Dan M. Mungas, Helena C. Chui, William J. Jagust
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

β-Amyloid (Aβ) deposition and vascular brain injury (VBI) frequently co-occur and are both associated with cognitive decline in aging. Determining whether a direct relationship exists between them has been challenging. We sought to understand VBI's influence on cognition and clinical impairment, separate from and in conjunction with pathologic changes associated with Alzheimer disease (AD).To examine the relationship between neuroimaging measures of VBI and brain Aβ deposition and their associations with cognition.A cross-sectional study in a community- and clinic-based sample recruited for elevated vascular disease risk factors.Clinically normal (mean age, 77.1 years [N = 30]), cognitively impaired (mean age, 78.0 years [N = 24]), and mildly demented (mean age, 79.8 years [N = 7]) participants.Magnetic resonance imaging, Aβ (Pittsburgh Compound B-positron emission tomographic [PiB-PET]) imaging, and cognitive testing.Magnetic resonance images were rated for the presence and location of infarct (34 infarct-positive participants, 27 infarct-negative participants) and were used to quantify white matter lesion volume. The PiB-PET uptake ratios were used to create a PiB index by averaging uptake across regions vulnerable to early Aβ deposition; PiB positivity (29 PiB-positive participants, 32 PiB-negative participants) was determined from a data-derived threshold. Standardized composite cognitive measures included executive function and verbal and nonverbal memory.Vascular brain injury and Aβ were independent in both cognitively normal and impaired participants. Infarction, particularly in cortical and subcortical gray matter, was associated with lower cognitive performance in all domains (P < .05 for all comparisons). Pittsburgh Compound B positivity was neither a significant predictor of cognition nor interacted with VBI.In this elderly sample with normal cognition to mild dementia, enriched for vascular disease, VBI was more influential than Aβ in contemporaneous cognitive function and remained predictive after including the possible influence of Aβ. There was no evidence that VBI increases the likelihood of Aβ deposition. This finding highlights the importance of VBI in mild cognitive impairment and suggests that the impact of cerebrovascular disease should be considered with respect to defining the etiology of mild cognitive impairment.
Data show "alarming" rise in oral cancers among people in their 40s
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The incidence of oral cancers, such as cancers of the mouth, tongue, and lip, in the United Kingdom has risen by around a quarter in the past decade among people in their 40s, new figures show.

The data, from Cancer Research UK, show that from 1996 to 2006 the annual number of cases of oral cancer in men in their 40s rose from 2470 to 3540 (equivalent after adjustment for population change and annual fluctuation to a rise in incidence of 25%), while that of women in their 40s rose from 1352 to …
Falling sperm quality
Authors: D S Irvine
Journal: BMJ (1994)

documented in the narrative of the notes they may not be apparent on a rapid skim through the notes and an entry about resuscitation status that is not the most up to date may be found.A sheet at the back of the notes giving sequential decisions on resuscitation status perhaps solves this problem, but if the sheet is not updated the information can be misleading.I would be interested to know whether any other departments have managed to find a system that really works in a busy department (at least 1100 admissions a year per consultant).I also wonder whether, if communication between doctors and nurses is accurate (and this can easily be audited), the requirement for the consultant to generate updates in the notes each day results in unnecessary bureaucracy.
Hepatic Niemann-Pick C1–like 1 regulates biliary cholesterol concentration and is a target of ezetimibe
Authors: Ryan E. Temel, Weiqing Tang, Yinyan Ma, Lawrence L. Rudel, Mark C. Willingham, Yiannis A. Ioannou, Joanna P. Davies, Lisa-Mari Nilsson, Liqing Yu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) is required for cholesterol absorption. Intestinal NPC1L1 appears to be a target of ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor that effectively lowers plasma LDL-cholesterol in humans. However, human liver also expresses NPC1L1. Hepatic function of NPC1L1 was previously unknown, but we recently discovered that NPC1L1 localizes to the canalicular membrane of primate hepatocytes and that NPC1L1 facilitates cholesterol uptake in hepatoma cells. Based upon these findings, we hypothesized that hepatic NPC1L1 allows the retention of biliary cholesterol by hepatocytes and that ezetimibe disrupts hepatic function of NPC1L1. To test this hypothesis, transgenic mice expressing human NPC1L1 in hepatocytes (L1-Tg mice) were created. Hepatic overexpression of NPC1L1 resulted in a 10- to 20-fold decrease in biliary cholesterol concentration, but not phospholipid and bile acid concentrations. This decrease was associated with a 30%-60% increase in plasma cholesterol, mainly because of the accumulation of apoE-rich HDL. Biliary and plasma cholesterol concentrations in these animals were virtually returned to normal with ezetimibe treatment. These findings suggest that in humans, ezetimibe may reduce plasma cholesterol by inhibiting NPC1L1 function in both intestine and liver, and hepatic NPC1L1 may have evolved to protect the body from excessive biliary loss of cholesterol.
Dicroceliasis: A Fluke Diagnosis or a False Infection?-Reply
Authors: Joseph J. Drabick
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Unfortunately, we were unable to procure further stool specimens for study on our patient because he had been discharged from the hospital and had returned to New Jersey by the time the eggs were discovered on a routine specimen for ova and parasite examination performed at the end of his hospital stay. Treatment and follow-up were arranged with the patient through his infectious disease specialist in New Jersey. We are certain that the eggs were indeed those of<i>Dicrocoelium dendriticum</i>, as stated previously. The presence of the eggs implies either true infection, with an adult fluke producing them in the biliary tract, or false parasitosis (spurious infection) due to the comsumption of the liver of an infected definitive host (usually sheep), with subsequent digestion of gravid worms and release of ova into the stool. The patient vehemently denied ever consuming liver of any type, and during his week
Loss of AML1/Runx1 accelerates the development of MLL-ENL leukemia through down-regulation of p19ARF
Authors: Nahoko Nishimoto, Shunya Arai, Motoshi Ichikawa, Masahiro Nakagawa, Susumu Goyama, Keiki Kumano, Tsuyoshi Takahashi, Yasuhiko Kamikubo, Yoichi Imai, Mineo Kurokawa
Journal: Blood (2011)
Population and Women's Reproductive Health: An International Perspective
Authors: Kate Miller, Allan Rosenfield
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (1996)

This paper gives a brief overview of current world population or demographic issues, followed by a discussion of the ICPD proceedings and various notable aspects of the ICPD Programme of Action. It then focuses on six of the most pressing reproductive health concerns facing women today: gender inequalities, access to contraceptive services, sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV), maternal mortality, unsafe abortion, and adolescent pregnancy. Because the ICPD Programme of Action is intended to have far-reaching consequences for each of these issues, it is taken as a focal point of analysis.