tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
VEGF levels in the alveolar compartment do not distinguish between ARDS and hydrostatic pulmonary oedema
Authors: L. B. Ware, R. J. Kaner, R. G. Crystal, R. Schane, N. N. Trivedi, D. McAuley, M. A. Matthay
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

Although overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 165 in the lung causes pulmonary oedema, its role in human acute lung injury (ALI) is unclear. VEGF levels are reported to be lower in bronchoalveolar lavage from ALI patients compared with normals, but these studies did not include a comparably ill control group with noninflammatory pulmonary oedema. The current authors hypothesised that VEGF levels in pulmonary oedema fluid would be lower in ALI patients compared with control patients with severe hydrostatic pulmonary oedema. VEGF was measured in pulmonary oedema fluid and plasma from 56 patients with ALI and 46 controls with severe hydrostatic pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary oedema fluid levels of VEGF did not differ between patients with hydrostatic oedema (median 799 pg x mL(-1), interquartile range (IQR) 226-2,281) and ALI (median 507, IQR 0.8-1,031). Plasma levels were also the same (median 20.5 pg x mL(-1), IQR 0-152 versus 4.8, IQR 0-99.8). There was no association between plasma or oedema fluid VEGF levels and outcomes including mortality. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels in pulmonary oedema fluid were depressed both in acute lung injury and hydrostatic pulmonary oedema. The decrease in air space concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in acute lung injury may not be a function of the degree of lung injury, but rather may result from alveolar flooding.
The Interleukin 1β Gene (IL1B) is Upregulated in CD14+ Monocytes But Not Alveolar Macrophages after Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Stimulation by Genomic Expression Profiling
Authors: Y.J. Tsai, P. Gao, M.A. Williams, D. Grigoryev, M. Stockton, T. Watkins, C. Cheadle, S. Georas, M.C. Liu, L. Breslin, K.C. Barnes
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Reply to the letter by Mosca et al.
Authors: M. H. Kim, S. K. Lee, S. J. Myung
Journal: Endoscopy (1998)

See also: Forward-Viewing Endoscope or Side-Viewing Duodenoscope for ERCP in Patients after Billroth II Gastrectomy?Endoscopy 1998; 30(01): 51-51DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-993730
Development of Cell-Based Tuberculosis Vaccines: Genetically Modified Dendritic Cell Vaccine Is a Much More Potent Activator of CD4 and CD8 T Cells Than Peptide- or Protein-Loaded Counterparts
Authors: Janet I. Malowany, Sarah McCormick, Michael Santosuosso, Xizhong Zhang, Naoko Aoki, Patricia Ngai, Jun Wang, Jaina Leitch, Jonathan Bramson, Yonghong Wan, Zhou Xing
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Genetically modified dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines have not been explored for immunization against tuberculosis. A gene-modified DC vaccine expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) antigen 85A (Ag85A) was developed by using a recombinant replication-deficient adenoviral gene transfer vector (AdAg85A). AdAg85A-transduced DC vaccine (AdAg85/DC) expressed higher levels of IL-12 and was much more immunogenic than Ag85 protein-loaded (pro/DC) or CD4/CD8 T cell peptide-loaded (pep/DC) DC vaccines. Compared to pro/DC or pep/DC, AdAg85/DC elicited a remarkably higher level of ex vivo IFN-gamma production by CD4 and CD8 T cells at weeks 2, 6, and 12 postimmunization, which was coupled with higher frequencies of antigen-specific T cells. By an in vivo CD8 or CD4 T cell cytotoxicity (CTL) assay, AdAg85/DC was shown to provoke much higher and more sustained levels of CD8 and CD4 CTL activity up to 12 weeks postimmunization. Intramuscular (im) AdAg85/DC immunization was more potent than the iv route of AdAg85/DC immunization. Such stronger immunogenicity of im AdAg85/DC vaccination was corroborated with better protection from M.tb challenge. Our results thus suggest that genetically modified DC-based TB vaccine is superior to subunit DC vaccines and has the potential for therapeutic applications.
Cocaine use rises in Europe while overall drug use levels out
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The drug industry is "burying its head in the sand" when dealing with health in developing countries and denying poorer people access to life saving drugs, a report claims this week.A critical report by the international agency Oxfam says that the drug industry is refusing to change the way it does business in poor countries, despite promising that it would, and is undermining its own future.Oxfam's report looks at the world's top 12 drug companies, including their drug pricing policies, their record in developing drugs that are relevant to health care in poor countries, and their stance on protecting intellectual property rights.The report says that the industry shows various shortcomings, including:• Failure to implement a systematic and transparent tiered pricing policy that is based on people's ability to pay • Continuing to neglect research and development concerning diseases that affect developing countries, and • Inflexibility in protecting intellectual property, which includes challenging poor countries in court to stop them using legal safeguards to protect public health.Oxfam interviewed 12 companies in preparing the report: Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, and Wyeth
Management of haemorrhoids
Authors: Austin G Acheson, John H Scholefield
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Haemorrhoids or "piles" are enlarged vascular cushions within the anal canal that have been described for many centuries and continue to form a large part of a colorectal surgeon's workload.The exact incidence of this common condition is difficult to estimate as many people are reluctant to seek medical advice for various personal, cultural, and socioeconomic reasons, but epidemiological studies report a prevalence varying from 4.4% in adults in the United States to over 30% in general practice in London. 1 2 The treatment of haemorrhoids is still evolving, and this article provides an update on the role of established and innovative treatments (fig 1). Sources and selection criteriaArticles were retrieved from the Medline database and Cochrane library under the MeSH subheadings "hemorrhoid" and "haemorrhoid".We included randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses. What is the pathogenesis and aetiology?The anal canal consists of three fibrovascular cushions that are fed directly by arteriovenous communications.
Tumor-associated neutrophils stimulate T cell responses in early-stage human lung cancer
Authors: Evgeniy B. Eruslanov, Pratik S. Bhojnagarwala, Jon G. Quatromoni, Tom Li Stephen, Anjana Ranganathan, Charuhas Deshpande, Tatiana Akimova, Anil Vachani, Leslie Litzky, Wayne W. Hancock, José R. Conejo-Garcia, Michael Feldman, Steven M. Albelda, Sunil Singhal
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Infiltrating inflammatory cells are highly prevalent within the tumor microenvironment and mediate many processes associated with tumor progression; however, the contribution of specific populations remains unclear. For example, the nature and function of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in the cancer microenvironment is largely unknown. The goal of this study was to provide a phenotypic and functional characterization of TANs in surgically resected lung cancer patients. We found that TANs constituted 5%-25% of cells isolated from the digested human lung tumors. Compared with blood neutrophils, TANs displayed an activated phenotype (CD62L(lo)CD54(hi)) with a distinct repertoire of chemokine receptors that included CCR5, CCR7, CXCR3, and CXCR4. TANs produced substantial quantities of the proinflammatory factors MCP-1, IL-8, MIP-1α, and IL-6, as well as the antiinflammatory IL-1R antagonist. Functionally, both TANs and neutrophils isolated from distant nonmalignant lung tissue were able to stimulate T cell proliferation and IFN-γ release. Cross-talk between TANs and activated T cells led to substantial upregulation of CD54, CD86, OX40L, and 4-1BBL costimulatory molecules on the neutrophil surface, which bolstered T cell proliferation in a positive-feedback loop. Together our results demonstrate that in the earliest stages of lung cancer, TANs are not immunosuppressive, but rather stimulate T cell responses.
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade Prevents Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Che-Ping Cheng, Heng-Jie Cheng, Carol Cunningham, Zakariya K. Shihabi, David C. Sane, Thomas Wannenburg, William C. Little
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background— Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to the development of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. We evaluated the effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT 1 ) blockade on the development of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results— We serially evaluated left ventricular (LV) and cardiomyocyte function and the RAS over 6 months in 3 groups of instrumented dogs. Eight animals received alcohol (once per day orally, providing 33% of total daily caloric intake); 6 received alcohol and irbesartan (5 mg · kg −1 · d −1 PO); and 8 were controls. Compared with controls, alcohol ingestion caused sustained RAS activation with progressive increases in plasma levels of Ang II, renin activity, LV angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, and LV myocyte Ang II AT 1 receptor expression. The RAS activation was followed by a progressive fall in LV contractility (E ES , alcohol-fed dogs 3.9±0.8 versus control dogs 8.1±1.0 mm Hg/mL); reductions in the peak velocity of myocyte shortening (78.9±5.1 versus 153.9±6.2 μm/s) and relengthening; and decreased peak systolic Ca 2+ transient ([Ca 2+ ] iT ) and L-type Ca 2+ current ( I Ca,L ; P &lt;0.05). Irbesartan prevented the alcohol-induced decreases in LV and myocyte contraction, relaxation, peak [Ca 2+ ] iT , and I Ca,L . With alcohol plus irbesartan, plasma Ang II, cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, and AT 1 remained close to control values. Conclusions— Chronic alcohol consumption produces RAS activation followed by progressive cardiac dysfunction. The cardiac dysfunction is prevented by AT 1 receptor blockade.
Narrative Review: Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Heart Failure: Evidence from Recent Clinical Trials
Authors: Andrew T. Yan, Raymond T. Yan, Peter P. Liu
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Heart failure is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Clinical trials over the past 2 decades have revolutionized the care of patients with systolic heart failure, and substantial data support the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, angiotensin-receptor blockers, and aldosterone blockers in the management of this serious condition. This article reviews the evidence on the pharmacologic treatment of heart failure, with a focus on recent clinical trials.
Cecil Cameron Ewing
Authors: Edward Ewing
Journal: BMJ (2006)

​FormerFormer head of ophthalmology department, University of Saskatchewan (b 1925; q Bristol 1950), died from lung cancer on 24 March 2006.




Figure 1




Cecil completed a residency in ophthalmology at the Universities of Bristol and Liverpool during 1956-63 and was appointed lecturer in ophthalmology at the University of Saskatchewan in 1963, later becoming head of department. He was editor of the Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology and was awarded a silver medal by the Canadian Ophthalmological Society for his contributions to medical eye care in Canada. Cecil was an accomplished musician and director of the American Liszt Society. He leaves a wife, Leila; four children; and five grandchildren.
Surgical Missions
Authors: Rashna Ginwalla, Jennifer Rickard
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Surgery HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Surgery journal
RENAL DYSFUNCTION IN CADMIUM SMELTERS: RELATION TO IN-VIVO LIVER AND KIDNEY CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: D. Gompertz, J.G. Fletcher, J. Perkins, N.J. Smith, D.R. Chettle, H. Mason, M.C. Scott, M.D. Topping, M. Blindt
Journal: The Lancet (1983)
Diagnostic accuracy of biliary brush cytology
Authors: P. C. Boger, B. Foria, D. A. Collins, C. Bent, J. M. McCutcheon, E. J. Williams, R. McCrudden
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Published sensitivities for biliary brush cytology range between 18% and 77%.12 Cellular yield is frequently the limiting factor. This study aims to compare diagnostic accuracy of a new technique of tissue acquisition and cytological assessment against historical techniques employed at a single centre. <h3>Methods</h3> Bile duct brushings performed at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography between January 2008 and October 2010 were included in this study. Cytological analysis was performed using two techniques. Technique A (new technique) involved presence of a dedicated cytotechnician during tissue acquisition, use of a long biliary brush cut directly into buffered methanol, preparation of slide using ThinPrep and final analysis by dedicated Consultant Cytopathologists. Technique B involved tissue acquisition using a standard brush, smeared directly onto a slide and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Cytological diagnosis was classified as either negative (including reactive), or malignant (suspicious for or definite cancer). Cytology results were compared with final diagnosis as determined by histopathologic diagnosis, clinical follow-up, or autopsy data. <h3>Results</h3> During this period, 111 bile duct brushings were obtained. Four patients lacked a final diagnosis and were excluded from the study, leaving a final cohort of 107 patients. Technique A was employed in 48 cases (mean age: 72.6±10.1 years). Statistical analysis provided sensitivity of 73%, specificity of 91% and a positive predictive value of 96%. Technique B was used in 59 cases (mean age: 71.1±16.0 years). Statistical analysis provided sensitivity of 31%, specificity of 100% and a positive predictive value of 100%. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The introduction of this new technique of tissue acquisition and cytological assessment during biliary brushings has dramatically increased sensitivity from 31% to 73%, improving cancer detection rates.
A new highly sensitive point of care screen for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis using the leukocyte esterase method
Authors: Michel Henry Mendler, Arun Agarwal, Mateen Trimzi, Erika Madrigal, Matthew Tsushima, Elliot Joo, Marisela Santiago, Elissa Flores, Gabriel David, Adrienne Workman, Bruce Runyon
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Phase II Trial of 13-cis-Retinoic Acid Plus Interferon in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: For the National Cancer Instit ute of Canada Clinical Trials Group
Authors: A. Arnold, J. Ayoub, L. Douglas, P. Hoogendoorn, L. Skingley, K. Gelmon, V. Hirsh, E. Eisenhauer
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Journal Article Phase II Trial of 13-cis-Retinoic Acid Plus Interferon α in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: For the National Cancer Instit ute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Get access Andrew Arnold, Andrew Arnold Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Joseph Ayoub, Joseph Ayoub Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Lynn Douglas, Lynn Douglas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Patty Hoogendoorn, Patty Hoogendoorn Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Lesley Skingley, Lesley Skingley Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Karen Gelmon, Karen Gelmon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Vera Hirsh, Vera Hirsh Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Elizabeth Eisenhauer Elizabeth Eisenhauer * Correspondence to: Andrew Arnold, M.D., Division of Medical Oncology, Hamilton Regional Cancer Centre, 699 Concession St., Hamilton, On. Canada L8V 5 Cs. See “ Notes” section following “References.” Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 86, Issue 4, 16 February 1994, Pages 306–309, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.4.306 Published: 16 February 1994 Article history Received: 23 August 1993 Revision received: 10 November 1993 Accepted: 24 November 1993 Published: 16 February 1994
Transferring care of hepatitis B-infected mothers from obstetrics to hepatology: where are the barriers?
Authors: P. Orchard, A. Baxter, A. McEwan, S. D. Ryder, M. W. James
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Routine screening for HBV infection is performed during pregnancy and is identified more frequently with immigration from endemic areas. In addition to ensuring neonatal vaccination, HBV-infected women subsequently require assessment, long-term monitoring or treatment. The authors examined their referral pathway and transfer of care between obstetrics and hepatology services. <h3>Methods</h3> All women with HBV infection were identified from obstetric records from July 2008 to July 2009. Initial HBV screening bloods (HBVsAg) during pregnancy were sent to the regional Blood Transfusion Service. Confirmatory HBV testing, including quantitative PCR, was performed locally. Patient demographics and liver biochemistry were collected. Hepatology appointments offered, attendance and subsequent management were recorded. The authors aimed to identify barriers to patient identification and transfer of care for ongoing hepatology care. <h3>Results</h3> Over 5000 pregnant women were screened for HBV infection during the study period. Communication of HBV-positive results from regional Blood Transfusion Laboratories varied between general practice and hospital obstetric departments. 41 HBVsAg positive women were identified from local obstetric records (0.8% of all screened). None originated from the UK; 14 (34.1%) were African origin, 13 (31.8%) Chinese, and the remaining 14 (34.1%) from Eastern Europe, Middle East or Asia. 16 (39%) were new diagnoses. 34 (83%) had repeated confirmatory HBVsAg and/or HBV DNA testing performed locally. Median (range) HBV DNA 2.9×10<sup>2</sup> (0–1.9×10<sup>8</sup> IU/ml), and 95% were eAg negative. Liver biochemistry was assessed in 36 (88%) and was normal in 23 (64%). Mean ALT was 25.1 IU/l (range 6–110. Of 41 cases, referral to hepatology occurred in 34 (83%), 32 (78%) were offered a hepatology clinic appointment and 28 (68%) of patients actually attended. One patient received treatment (lamivudine/tenofovir combination therapy). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Almost 1% of all pregnant women screened were HBV positive. Almost all were HBV eAg-negative and all originated from outside the UK. Improved communication of positive HBVsAg results from regional laboratories may improve identification of women requiring assessment. Over 30% HBV positive women identified from pregnancy screening are not assessed in hepatology clinics. Barriers to assessment include inadequate administration of patient transfer, language difficulties and poor understanding of the importance of monitoring and treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.
Mental health aspects of shoplifting.
Authors: P Tomson
Journal: BMJ (1971)

47sarcoma, the histological appearances were those of a "hard fibroma," and the long history and complete lack of metastases do not suggest a malignant neoplasm.In retro- spect this was almost certainly the first account of the disease described some 10 years later by Riedel, and incidentally, of its association (and contiguity) with idio- pathic mediastinal fibrosis.Perhaps this tantalizing group of diseases, with its cumbersome and variable nomenclature, should be called "Bowlby's disease".-I am, etc.
Commentary: Nongenotoxic Carcinogens: An Extension of the Perspective Provided by Perera
Authors: J. Ashby, I. F. H. Purchase
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

Perera recently discussed the very real problems that accompany any attempt to classify rodent carcinogens into two groups-genotoxic or nongenotoxic. Not the least of these problems is that no agreed definition of these two terms exist. Nonetheless, the current carcinogen databases, for example, that of the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), clearly comprise two broad groups of carcinogens-DNA reactive, mutagenic and multiply carcinogenic chemicals, and others. The others appear to be nonreactive to DNA, are inactive in the primary mutagenicity assays, and usually elicit highly selective carcinogenic responses in animals. These two classes of carcinogen are illustrated by examples taken from the NTP database and are discussed within the possible context of the latter group not being active in humans or, if they are, only when a threshold dose has been exceeded, chronically.
461 SPONTANEOUS CLEARANCE OF ACUTE HCV INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH FEMALE SEX, IL28B GENOTYPE AND HCV GENOTYPE 1 INFECTION
Authors: J. Grebely, K. Page, R. Sacks-Davis, M. Schim van der Loeff, T.M. Rice, J. Bruneau, M.D. Morris, B. Hajarizadeh, J. Amin, A.L. Cox, A.Y. Kim, B.H. McGovern, J. George, N. Shoukry, G. Lauer, L. Maher, A.R. Lloyd, M. Hellard, G.J. Dore, M. Prins
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Relationship between cigarette yields, puffing patterns, and smoke intake: evidence for tar compensation?
Authors: S R Sutton, M A Russell, R Iyer, C Feyerabend, Y Saloojee
Journal: BMJ (1982)

The relationship between cigarette yields (of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide), puffing patterns, and smoke intake was studied by determining puffing patterns and measuring blood concentrations of nicotine and carboxy-haemoglobin (COHb) in a sample of 55 smokers smoking their usual brand of cigarette. Regression analyses showed that the total volume of smoke puffed from a cigarette was a more important determinant of peak blood nicotine concentration than the nicotine or tar yield of the cigarette, its length, or the reported number of cigarettes smoked on the test day. There was evidence of compensation for a lower tar yield over and above any compensation for nicotine. When nicotine yield was controlled for, smokers of lower-tar cigarettes not only puffed more smoke from their cigarettes than smokers of higher-tar cigarettes but they also had higher plasma nicotine concentrations, suggesting that they were compensating for the reduced delivery of tar by puffing and inhaling a greater volume of smoke. The results based on the COHb concentrations were consistent with this interpretation. If an adequate intake of tar proves to be one of the main motives for smoking, then developing a cigarette that is acceptable to smokers and also less harmful to their health will be much more difficult.