Studies on the Epidemiology of Adverse Drug Reactions
Authors: JAY W. SMITH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1966)

Article1 October 1966Studies on the Epidemiology of Adverse Drug ReactionsV. Clinical Factors Influencing SusceptibilityJAY W. SMITH, M.D., LARRY G. SEIDL, M.D., LEIGHTON E. CLUFF, M.D., F.A.C.P.JAY W. SMITH, M.D., LARRY G. SEIDL, M.D., LEIGHTON E. CLUFF, M.D., F.A.C.P.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-65-4-629 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAdverse pharmacological effects or allergic reactions produced by drugs are determined not only by differences among drugs but also by differences among individuals. Some of the personal or clinical variables and factors influencing drug effects are known, but for the most part it has not been possible to predict which patients are most likely to have adverse reactions after administration of a drug or drugs. The epidemiological studies reported here have been done to examine these personal variables or clinical factors which may be responsible for predisposition to the untoward effects of drugs. The observations define some of these factors,...References1. SEIDLTHORNTONSMITHCLUFF LGGFJWLE: Studies on the epidemiology of adverse drug reactions. III. Reactions in patients on a general medical service. Bull. Hopkins Hosp. 119, in press, 1966. Google Scholar2. GREEN DM: Pre-existing conditions, placebo reactions, and "side effects." Ann. Intern. Med. 60: 255, 1964. LinkGoogle Scholar3. DINGLEBADGERJORDAN JHGFWS: Gastrointestinal Illnesses in Illness in the Home. The Press of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 1964, pp. 188-218. Google Scholar4. SMITHJOHNSONCLUFF JWJELE: Studies on the epidemiology of adverse drug reactions. II. An evaluation of penicillin allergy. New Eng. J. Med. 274: 998, 1966. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. BERTIDIMASECHRISTIANSON SJJDCS: Isoniazid, para-aminosalicyclic acid, and streptomycin intolerance in 1,744 patients. An analysis of reactions to single drugs and drug groups plus data on multiple reactions, type and time of reactions, and desensitization. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 90: 598, 1964. MedlineGoogle Scholar6. LOWNMARCUSLEVINE BFHD: Digitalis and atrial tachycardia with block. New Eng. J. Med. 260: 301, 1959. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. HAY G: Severe reaction to monoamine-oxidase inhibitor in a dexamphetamine addict. Lancet 2: 665, 1962. CrossrefGoogle Scholar8. CUCINELLCONNEYSANSUR SAAHM: Drug interactions in man. I. Lowering effect of phenobarbital on plasma levels of bishydroxycoumarin (Dicumarol) and diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin). Clin. Pharm. Ther. 6: 420, 1965. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. CHRISTENSENHANSENKRISTENSEN LKJMM: Sulphaphenazole-induced hypoglycaemic attacks in tolbutamide-treated diabetics. Lancet 2: 1298, 1963. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10. GOODMANGILMAN LSA: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. The MacMillan Co., New York, 1965. Google Scholar11. DOHERTYPERKINSWILSON JEWHMC: Studies with tritiated digoxin in renal failure. Amer. J. Med. 37: 536, 1964. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. PACKMANUTIGER RCRD: Manual of Medical Therapeutics. Little, Brown and Co., Waltham, Mass., 1964. Google Scholar13. SMALLLONGARINIZAMCHECK MDAEN: Observations of liver function in chlorpromazine-treated alcoholic patients. New Eng. J. Med. 256: 932, 1957. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. LAIDLAWREADSHERLOCK JAES: Morphine tolerance in hepatic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 40: 389, 1961. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. FUHRMANFUHRMAN GFFA: Effects of temperature on the action of drugs. Ann. Rev. Pharm. 1: 65, 1961. CrossrefGoogle Scholar16. HOLLISTER LE: Adverse reactions to drugs. Postgrad. Med. 37: 94, 1965. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. ALEXANDER HL: Reactions with Drug Therapy. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1955, p. 8. Google Scholar18. THOBURNJOHNSONCLUFF RJELE: Studies on the epidemiology of adverse drug reactions. IV. Reactions to cephalothin in patients with penicillin hypersensitivity. JAMA. In press. Google Scholar19. HARVEYSHULMANTUMULTYCONLEYSCHROENRICH AMLEPALEEH: Systemic lupus erythematosus: review of the literature and clinical analysis of 138 cases. Medicine (Balt.) 33: 291, 1954. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20. ROMAN G: Sur la production des antitoxines. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 181: 157, 1925. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: JAY W. SMITH, M.D.; LARRY G. SEIDL, M.D.; LEIGHTON E. CLUFF, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Baltimore, Maryland, and Gainesville, FloridaFrom the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., and the University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Fla.This study was supported by a program project grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.Drs. Smith and Seidle were Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers of the USPHS, CDC, assigned as Research Fellows in Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.Requests for reprints should be addressed to Leighton E. Cluff, M.D., University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Fla. 32601. Nextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPrescribing errors in post - COVID-19 patients: prevalence, severity, and risk factors in patients visiting a post - COVID-19 outpatient clinicMedication therapy in older adultsThe Perioperative Management of the Patient with Chronic Kidney DiseaseInvestigation of the Synergistic Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals on Aliivibrio fischeri in Major River Basins in South KoreaSafer Medication Administration Through Design and ErgonomicsRisk Factors Associated with the Requirement for Pharmaceutical Intervention in the Hospital Setting: A Systematic Review of the LiteratureNumber of drugs most frequently found to be independent risk factors for serious adverse reactions: a systematic literature reviewThe Perioperative Management of the Chronic Kidney Disease PatientSystemic review on drug related hospital admissions – A pubmed based searchSingle dose metformin kinetics after co-administration of nisha-amalaki powder or mamejwa ghanavati, ayurvedic anti-diabetic formulations: A randomized crossover study in healthy volunteersReliable predictive computational toxicology methods for mixture toxicity: toward the development of innovative integrated models for environmental risk assessmentIntroduction to Drug Pharmacokinetics in the Critically III PatientPrimary Medical Record DatabasesBio-Surveillance and Claims DatabasesDrug Therapy in the ElderlyEarly Research on Renal Function and Drug ActionPeriferik Nöropatik Ağrı Tedavisinde Pregabalin ile Oluşan İlaç Advers EtkileriThe Relationship Between Study Characteristics and the Prevalence of Medication-Related HospitalizationsAdverse Drug Reactions in Hospital In-Patients: A Prospective Analysis of 3695 Patient-EpisodesPHARMACOLOGY ACROSS THE AGING CONTINUUMAllergies to sulfonamide antibiotics and sulfur-containing drugsRisks and DisastersEffect of drug-test interactions on length of hospital stayDrug Therapy in the ElderlyAdverse drug reactions in hospital in-patients: a pilot studyPerioperative Management of Patients with Renal DiseaseThe Economics of Adverse Drug Reactions—Case StudiesMédicaments et anesthésieProspective, randomized, and active controlled study of the efficacy of alginic acid and antacid in the treatment of patients with endoscopy-negative reflux diseaseComplexity of Medication Use in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: Part I: Outpatient Use in Relation to Age and Number of PrescribersPerioperative care of the patient with renal failureLack of Awareness of Community-Acquired Adverse Drug Reactions Upon Hospital AdmissionAdverse Drug ReactionsPrinciples of drug therapy in older patients: rational drug prescribingMedicamentos y anestesiaDrug interactions: An introductionCan the Frequency and Risks of Fatal Adverse Drug Events Be Determined?Clinical-Pharmacological Strategies to Assess Drug Interaction Potential During Drug DevelopmentDrug Dosing in Critically Ill Patients with Renal Failure: A Pharmacokinetic ApproachDrug Dosing in Critically Ill Patients with Renal Failure: A Pharmacokinetic ApproachAdverse drug events and near misses: who's counting?Ketamine potentiates cerebrocortical damage induced by the common anaesthetic agent nitrous oxide in adult ratsDiabetes, hemoglobin A1c, cholesterol, and the risk of moderate chronic renal insufficiency in an ambulatory populationWe are all in this together (ISPE Presidential Address, 15th Annual Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology, Boston, 27 August 1999)Aging: Its Influence on Drug Disposition and EffectPolypharmacy in a Major Australian Teaching HospitalPrevention of Iatrogenic Illness: Adverse Drug Reactions and Nosocomial Infections in Hospitalized Older AdultsDrug-related hospitalization at a tertiary teaching center in Lebanon: Incidence, associations, and relation to self-medicating behavior*The influence of information provided by patients on the accuracy of medication recordsGENERALIZED EXANTHEMATOUS PUSTULOSIS INDUCED BY MEDICATIONSUse of morning report to enhance adverse event detectionAdverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: An operational procedure to improve reporting and investigate underreportingAre medication record cards useful?The radiology of drug-induced disorders in the gastrointestinal tractChanges of Hepatic Microsomal Oxidative Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) Rats by Partial NephrectomyPreventing Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized PatientsPrevalence of Drug Related Admissions to a Hospital Geriatric ServiceAdverse Events Related to Drugs and Drug Withdrawal in Nursing Home ResidentsThe impact of age on risk of adverse drug reactions to digoxinPerioperative drug interactionsThe Drug Monitoring-Oriented Medical Record: A New Resource for Drug SurveillanceDrug-Related Hospital AdmissionsExpression of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s as altered by uremiaFeasibility Study of Surveying the Adverse Drug Reaction Surveillance Systems in a Large Community of HospitalsMedication Usage Patterns in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Comparison of Patient-Reported Medication Usage with Medical Chart ReviewIs Age an Independent Risk Factor of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Medical Patients?*The Ambiguous Relation between Aging and Adverse Drug ReactionsJerry H. Gurwitz, MD, Jerry Avorn, MDReduction of polypharmacy by feedback to cliniciansPitfalls of pharmacokinetic dosage guidelines in renal insufficiencyDetecting Drug Interactions: A Review of the LiteratureThe Effectiveness of Computerized Drug Interaction Screening Programs in HospitalsPathophysiology of the Aging KidneyOld Age — Is It a Risk for Adverse Drug Reactions?Use and abuse of drugs in the elderlyReducing Polypharmacy in the ElderlyPsychiatric admissions due to adverse drug reactionsRecognizing Hospital Adverse Drug ReactionsThe need for reassessment of digoxin prescribing for the elderly.Therapeutic Measures Other than Dietary Treatment for Chronic Uremic PatientsPharmacological Considerations for Renal Failure and DialysisHyposalivatory drug use, whole stimulated salivary flow, and mouth dryness in older, long-term care residentsAn Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Program in a Community HospitalCommon complications in critically ill patientsPrescribing for the Elderly Part I: Sensitivity of the Elderly to Adverse Drug Reactions*Practical Guidelines for Drug Therapy in Dialysis Antibiotics: The AminoglycosidesDrug interactions in surgical patientsAdrenergic Stress and the Asthmatic Child I. Historical BackgroundPolypharmacy in an Australian teaching hospital: Preliminary analysis of prevalence, types of drugs and associationsDrug-Induced FeverSocial Policy and Drug SafetyThe role of drug-induced illness in admissions to an intensive care unitFrequency, severity and risk factors for adverse drug reactions in adult out-patients: A prospective studyPotential Medication-Related Problems in Noninstitutionalized ElderlyCancer in the Elderly: Basic Science and Clinical AspectsDAVID A. LIPSCHITZ, M.D., Ph.D., SAMUEL GOLDSTEIN, M.D., ROBERT REIS, Ph.D., MARC E. WEKSLER, M.D., RUBIN BRESSLER, M.D., BARBARA A. NEILAN, M.D.The effect of nutritional factors on hepatic drug and toxicant metabolismGeriatric Pharmacology for the DentistMorbidity and Mortality of Long-Term Haemodialysis: A ReviewIatrogenic Disease on a Medical ServiceHepatic drug metabolism in rats with experimental chronic renal failureGeneral Symptomatology of Pathogenic Drug Usage in Old PatientsUse of Drugs in Uremia and DialysisAspects of Modern Drug UseEfficacy of psychotherapy in the treatment of late-life depressionDocumentation of Drug Allergy in CCU PatientsDrug Prescribing for Patients in Renal FailureThe Drug-Consuming Patient and His DrugsImmunopathological Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects of Allergic Reactions to DrugsEpidemiology of Drug Allergy: Drug MonitoringPharmacological Aspects of Renal Failure and DialysisPolypharmacy in the Dialysis CenterDRUG-RELATED HOSPITALIZATION IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTSElderly Patients at Risk of Potential Drug Interactions in Long-Term Care FacilitiesPharmacology and AgingAdverse Drug Reactions Among the Elderly: A ReassessmentDrugs and the KidneyDrug-related problems causing admission to a medical clinicProblems with MedicinesDrug Therapy in Renal Insufficiency and During Dialytic TreatmentPharmacokinetics In Geriatric PsychopharmacologyHospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions: A comparative study from Jerusalem and BerlinExperimental chronic renal failure in the ratThe use of drugs in renal failureThe impact of infectious and allergic diseases on the quality of lifePROCEEDINGS OF THE British Pharmacological SocietyElimination of nadolol by patients with renal impairment.Drug Utilization and Prescribing Patterns in a Skilled Nursing Facility: The Need for a Rational Approach to TherapeuticsPharmacologic Aspects of Regular Dialysis TreatmentThe impact of infectious and allergic diseases on the quality of lifeDrug use in renal failureClinical Pharmacy Services in a Community HospitalTHE MONITORING OF DRUG USE AND REGIONAL THERAPEUTIC HOSPITAL FORMULARIES (RTHF)A Clinical Approach to the Education of Pharmacy Residents at a Veterans Administration HospitalEducating the Doctor of Pharmacy Student in the Family Practice SettingA Computerized Detection System for Potentially Significant Adverse Drug-Drug InteractionsDrug Misuse Among the Elderly: A Hidden MenaceMethods of monitoring adverse reactions to drugsArzneimittelnebenwirkungen in Abhängigkeit von dem VerordnungsmusterMethodology and results of a survey of adverse reactions to a drug in private practiceIncreased Prescribing of Valium, Librium, and other Drugs—An Example of the Influence of Economic and Social Factors on the Practice of MedicineArzneimittelsicherheit ? Nahziel oder Utopie?Bedeutung und klinische Anwendung verschiedener elektromyographischer Parameter: Erfahrungen mit Cephacetril bei 15 DialysepatientenAdverse drug reactions leading to hospitalization in childrenCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY IN A DISTRICT GENERAL HOSPITALFactors affecting drug binding in plasma of elderly patients.Drug Therapy and the Developing Human: Who Cares?Errors of drug prescribing.Extensive Drug Surveillance-A Pilot StudyDrug interactions in cardiovascular therapyA Survey of the Prescribing and Administration of Drugs in a Long-Term Care Institution for the ElderlyIntense Surveillance of Adverse Drug ReactionsA Cost Effectiveness Comparison of a Pharmacist Using Three Methods for Identifying Possible Drug Related ProblemsPharmacokinetic Mechanisms of Drug InteractionsArzneimitteltoxicitätA Seven-Nursing Home Study Frequency of Potential Drug-Drug InteractionsMonitoring Patient Drug Therapy The Pharmacist's Involvement in the Long-Term Care FacilityThe Application of Basic Principles of Drug Interaction to Clinical PracticeSex As a Factor in Metabolism, Toxicity, and Efficacy of Pharmacodynamic and Chemotherapeutic AgentsDocumentation of Clinical Pharmacy Activities in a VA HospitalTissue Sensitivity to Drugs in Disease StatesCyclophosphamide: Use in PracticeM. ERIC GERSHWIN, M.D., EDWARD J. GOETZL, M.D., ALFRED D. STEINBERG, M.D.Pharmakotherapie bei chronischer NiereninsuffizienzGastrointestinal manifestations of adverse drug reactionsThe Medico-Legal Aspects of Drug InteractionsApproval of New DrugsApproval of New DrugsDrug-Induced Change in the Distribution of Sulfonamides in the Mother Rat and Its FetusCase Number 12 Hypertension with NephrosclerosisRecurrent and Persistent Fever in Bacterial Meningitis with Adequate Response to Antimicrobial TherapyShort‐Term Intense Surveillance of Adverse Drug ReactionsDrug Therapy in the AgedInteraction of DrugsDrug Interactions: The Potential for Adverse EffectsAcodynamicsAdvantages of a Unit Dose Drug Distribution System in Surveillance of Adverse Drug ReactionsAdverse Drug Reactions in a Veterans Administration HospitalInhibition of Drug MetabolismSecondary and prolonged fevers in bacterial meningitisSELECTED ASPECTS OF PENICILLIN ALLERGYINTERACTION BETWEEN BARBITURATES, ALCOHOL AND SOME PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGSUsing the Patient Drug ProfileA Practical Approach to the Problem of Drug InteractionsAllergic Reactions to AntibioticsThe epidemiology of digoxinPHARMACY: How patient-drug profiles help clinical pharmacistReactions to Prescribed DrugsRate of drug metabolism in obese volunteers before and during starvation and in azotemic patientsHost Determinants of Response to Antimicrobial AgentsMechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial AgentsThe Pharmacist's Role in Drug SurveillanceRole of a Pharmacist in Improving Rational Drug Therapy as Part of the Patient Care TeamThe Economics of Adverse Drug Reactions—Case Studies 1 October 1966Volume 65, Issue 4Page: 629-640KeywordsAdverse reactionsAllergy and immunologyDrug administrationDrugsEpidemiologyInfectious diseasesIntelligencePneumoniaSedation ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1966 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright ©, 1966, by The American College of PhysiciansPDF downloadLoading ...