tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Researchers create designer antibody
Authors: A. Berger
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Immunologists have designed an antibody that can specifically suppress just one section of the immune system, rather than having to knock out the whole system. This antibody could revolutionise the lives of people who undergo organ transplantation because the T lymphocytes that cause organ rejection could be selectively “turned off” by it, leaving the rest of the immune system intact to fight off rejection.

Patients who receive bone marrow and other organs from donors run the risk of organ rejection. To prevent this …
Pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C: Immunological features of hepatic injury and viral persistence
Authors: Andreas Cerny, Francis V. Chisari
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

The immune response to viral antigens is thought to be responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In chronically infected patients, the T-cell response to the HCV is polyclonal and multispecific, although it is not as strong as the response in acutely infected patients who display a more vigorous T-cell response. Importantly, viral clearance in acutely infected patients is associated with a strong CD4(+) helper T-cell response. Thus, the dominant cause of viral persistence during HCV infection may be the development of a weak antiviral immune response to the viral antigens, with corresponding inability to eradicate infected cells. Alternatively, if clearance of HCV from the liver results from the antiviral effect of T-cell-derived cytokines, as has been demonstrated recently for the hepatitis B virus, chronic HCV infection could occur if HCV is not sensitive to such cytokines or if insufficient quantities of cytokines are produced. Liver cell damage may extend from virally infected to uninfected cells via soluble cytotoxic mediators and recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells forming the necroinflammatory response. Additional factors that could contribute to viral persistence are viral inhibition of antigen processing or presentation, modulation of the response to cytotoxic mediators, immunological tolerance to HCV antigens, mutational inactivation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, mutational conversion of CTL epitopes into CTL antagonists, and infection of immunologically privileged tissues. Analysis of the basis for viral persistence is hampered because the necessary cell culture system and animal model to study this question do not yet exist.
Multimodality Imaging of a Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
Authors: Brenda Cumarasingam, Robert Mansberg, Victor Mansberg, Edwin Szeto, Raymond Garrick
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

A 66-year-old woman presented with sudden onset of sixth nerve palsy and back pain after an episode of intense coughing as a result of a prolonged severe upper respiratory tract infection. Radiologic investigation did not reveal a space-occupying lesion. An MRI of the thoracic spine was reported as not demonstrating a cerebrospinal fluid leak. A radionuclide cerebrospinal fluid study was performed to identify a suspected leak and demonstrated an unusual pattern of multiple leaks at the midthoracic level. Review of the MRI then revealed a leak confirming the value of radionuclide cisternography in localizing the anatomic site of a cerebrospinal fluid leak not initially demonstrated on MRI.
OC-144 The management of low-risk primary upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the community: a 5-year observational study
Authors: C McLaughlin, H Dalton, L Vine, L Chapman, P Deering, S Whittaker, J Beckly, P Fortun, I Murray, H Hussaini, N Michell, B Stableforth, P Thatcher, N Hare, J Palmer
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage is a common medical emergency, initially managed with in-patient care. Bleeding stops spontaneously in over 80% of cases indicating patients with low-risk upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage may be more optimally managed in the community, without the need for admission to hospital. We have previously shown that using the Glasgow Blatchford Score (GBS) is an accurate method of identifying low risk cases.<sup>1 2</sup> <h3>Aims</h3> To assess the safety of managing patients with low risk upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage without admission to hospital. <h3>Methods</h3> Prospective/retrospective study of all patients presenting to a UK teaching hospital with low risk upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage who were managed without admission to hospital over 5 years. Low risk was defined as: GBS ≤2, age &lt;70 years, no other active medical problems, not taking warfarin, suspected non-variceal bleed. Outcome measures were the need for intervention (blood transfusion, endoscopic therapy or surgery) and death. <h3>Results</h3> 142 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and were managed without admission to hospital. Upper GI endoscopy was preformed at a median of 1 day (range 0–18 days). No patients required endoscopic intervention, blood transfusion or surgery. The 28-day mortality was nil. 41 patients had a normal endoscopy. 11 had significant endoscopic findings (peptic ulceration =10, oozing Mallory Weiss tear =1) but did not require intervention. Significant endoscopic findings were unrelated to age (p=0.547), and four patients &lt;30 years had significant findings (peptic ulceration n=3, Mallory Weiss tear n=1). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Patients presenting with a primary upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage aged &lt;70 years with a GBS of ≤2 are at low risk, and can be safely managed in the community. All such patients should have an upper GI endoscopy. The findings in this paper were presented to the NHS Innovation Challenge Prize Final, London, 29th September 2011. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared. <h3>References</h3> 1. <b>Stanley AJ</b>, <i>et al. Lancet</i> 2009;<b>373</b>:42–7. 2. <b>Stephens J</b>. <i>Eur J Gastro Hepatol</i> 2009;<b>21</b>:1340–6.
Leucine Aminopeptidase with Special Reference to Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: L. J. Witts, S. W. Perry
Journal: Gut (1960)

It has been suggested that ulcerative colitis might be associated with excessive production of histamine released locally from mast cells. These cells also contain a proteolytic enzyme, leucine aminopeptidase, which might also be released at the same time if this hypothesis were correct. The studies reported do not invalidate this concept of aetiology in ulcerative colitis but provide no positive evidence in support of it.
Comparison of Short-Term Estrogenicity Tests for Identification of Hormone-Disrupting Chemicals
Authors: Helle Raun Andersen, Anna-Maria Andersson, Steven F. Arnold, Herman Autrup, Marianne Barfoed, Nicola A. Beresford, Poul Bjerregaard, Lisette B. Christiansen, Birgitte Gissel, René Hummel, Eva Bonefeld Jørgensen, Bodil Korsgaard, Remy Le Guevel, Henrik Leffers, John McLachlan, Anette Møller, Jesper Bo Nielsen, Nicolas Olea, Anita Oles-Karasko, Farzad Pakdel, Knud L. Pedersen, Pilar Perez, Niels Erik Skakkebœk, Carlos Sonnenschein, Ana M. Soto, John P. Sumpter, Susan M. Thorpe, Philippe Grandjean
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

The aim of this study was to compare results obtained by eight different short-term assays of estrogenlike actions of chemicals conducted in 10 different laboratories in five countries. Twenty chemicals were selected to represent direct-acting estrogens, compounds with estrogenic metabolites, estrogenic antagonists, and a known cytotoxic agent. Also included in the test panel were 17beta++-estradiol as a positive control and ethanol as solvent control. The test compounds were coded before distribution. Test methods included direct binding to the estrogen receptor (ER), proliferation of MCF-7 cells, transient reporter gene expression in MCF-7 cells, reporter gene expression in yeast strains stably transfected with the human ER and an estrogen-responsive reporter gene, and vitellogenin production in juvenile rainbow trout. 17beta-Estradiol, 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol, and diethylstilbestrol induced a strong estrogenic response in all test systems. Colchicine caused cytotoxicity only. Bisphenol A induced an estrogenic response in all assays. The results obtained for the remaining test compounds--tamoxifen, ICI 182.780, testosterone, bisphenol A dimethacrylate, 4-n-octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, nonylphenol dodecylethoxylate, butylbenzylphthalate, dibutylphthalate, methoxychlor, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, endosulfan, chlomequat chloride, and ethanol--varied among the assays. The results demonstrate that careful standardization is necessary to obtain a reasonable degree of reproducibility. Also, similar methods vary in their sensitivity to estrogenic compounds. Thus, short-term tests are useful for screening purposes, but the methods must be further validated by additional interlaboratory and interassay comparisons to document the reliability of the methods.
Compensation for cancelled operations
Authors: A Yates
Journal: BMJ (1992)

and placenta are identified in the four hours after the administration of the prostaglandin, it provides an opportunity for counselling and contraceptive advice as well as ensuring that the abortion has been completed.Ultrasound scanning is necessary only in those women in whom there is doubt as to whether the abortion is complete (<5%).Thus the number of clinic visits is no more than should be offered to a woman who has chosen vacuum aspiration.Unlike after vacuum aspiration, access to medical theatre and skilled medical and paramedical staff is required for only a small percentage (about 5%) of women after medical abortion.Though it is prudent to ensure that medical abortion is both safe and effective, it would be a pity if this choice was not made available to women because the estimates of the cost have been based on overelaborate facilities.
THE RESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO CARBON DIOXIDE IN HEALTH AND IN EMPHYSEMA
Authors: D. Brodovsky, J. A. Macdonell, R. M. Cherniack
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1960)

The tension of carbon dioxide in the cells of the medullary respiratory center stimulates it to transmit efferent nervous impulses to the muscles of respiration. These, in turn, perform mechanical work upon the lung and thorax, and result in the complex movement of air known as ventilation. Ideally, therefore, the stimulus (tissue carbon dioxide tension) and the response (efferent impulses) should be measured in order to assess the response of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide. Arterial carbon dioxide tension is generally considered to be a satisfactory approximation of the stimulus delivered to the respiratory center, but the response is far more difficult to measure. While most investigations have reported the response in terms of ventilation (1-3), this may be modified by the ventilatory capacity and the degree of airway obstruction (4). The response of the respiratory muscles, therefore, should be a more accurate measure of respiratory center activity. This can be assessed by measuring the total amount of mechanical work done by these muscles.
Randomised double blind trial of single dose doxycycline for treating cholera in adults.
Authors: A N Alam, N H Alam, T Ahmed, D A Sack
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To compare the efficacy of a single dose of doxycycline (200 or 300 mg) with the standard multiple doses of tetracycline in patients with cholera. DESIGN--Randomised double blind controlled trial. Patients were given a single 200 mg dose of doxycycline, a single 300 mg dose of doxycycline, or multiple doses of tetracycline (500 mg, six hourly intervals). SETTING--Hospital in Bangladesh treating diarrhoea. PATIENTS--261 Patients aged over 15 admitted to the hospital with severe dehydration due to acute watery diarrhoea associated with Vibrio cholerae. All vibrios isolated from the stools and rectal swabs of patients, including those patients with prolonged excretion of vibrios, were sensitive to tetracycline. The stools of all patients at admission were negative for shigella and salmonella. INTERVENTIONS--All patients received rapid intravenous acetate solution for the first four hours after admission to hospital. They were then entered in the study and randomised. Oral rehydration was started immediately after the intravenous treatment. If signs of severe dehydration reappeared during oral treatment patients were given rapid intravenous acetate solution until dehydration was fully corrected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Stool output in first 24 hours and till diarrhoea stopped, total intake of oral rehydration fluid, duration of diarrhoea, and excretion of vibrio after receiving antibiotic treatment. RESULTS--The median stool outputs during the first 24 hours (275 ml/kg body weight) and till diarrhoea stopped (296 ml/kg body weight) were significantly higher in patients receiving 200 mg doxycycline as a single dose than in patients receiving either standard tetracycline (242 ml/kg body weight and 254 ml/kg body weight) or 300 mg doxycycline (226 ml/kg body weight and 255 ml/kg body weight). Similarly, median consumption of oral rehydration solution (18.45 l) was significantly higher in patients receiving 200 mg doxycycline than in patients receiving either 300 mg doxycycline (16.10 l) or standard tetracycline (14.80 l). Almost equal numbers of patients in each group required unscheduled intravenous acetate solution to correct dehydration during antibiotic treatment. Patients treated with doxycycline (low or high dose), however, had more prolonged excretion of bacteria. CONCLUSIONS--A single 300 mg dose of doxycycline is as effective as the standard multiple dose tetracycline treatment for cholera in terms of stool output, duration of diarrhoea, vomiting, and requirement for oral rehydration solution.
Four-Limb Acute Ischemia Induced by Ergotamine in an AIDS Patient Treated With Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Leopoldo Marine, Pablo Castro, Andres Enriquez, Douglas Greig, Luis Manuel Sanhueza, Renato Mertens, Michel Bergoeing, Albrecht Kramer, Francisco Valdes, Michel Serri
Journal: Circulation (2011)
Isoflurane pretreatment lowers portal venous resistance by increasing hepatic heme oxygenase activity in the rat liver in vivo
Authors: Rene Schmidt, Alexander Hoetzel, Tilo Baechle, Torsten Loop, Matjaz Humar, Michael Bauer, Heike L. Pahl, Klaus K. Geiger, Benedikt H.J. Pannen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Community-Oriented Primary Care
Authors: Robert D. Gillette
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a SPECIAL COMMUNICATION (1982;248:1622), Rogers has correctly identified many of the forces that hinder general acceptance of the concept of community-oriented primary care. I would like to suggest three additional impeding factors. The first is that there are too many different kinds of "providers" trying to address the same problem in sometimes incompatible ways. It is clearly essential to define health care in terms of what people actually need, but endeavors to do so have moved under a variety of banners—family medicine, holistic treatment, practices sponsored by hospitals and private corporations, and now community-oriented primary care. As a family physician, I see this as constantly reinventing the wheel, each time using new words that confuse people and creating new and overlapping constituencies. Why not support and perhaps augment a people-oriented specialty (family practice) that already has about 400 residency programs and one of the largest specialty
The Association of Patients' Socioeconomic Characteristics with the Length of Hospital Stay and Hospital Charges within Diagnosis-Related Groups
Authors: Arnold M. Epstein, Robert S. Stern, Janet Tognetti, Colin B. Begg, Robert M. Hartley, Edward Cumella, John Z. Ayanian
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

Abstract To determine whether the hospital stays are longer and charges within a given diagnosis-related group (DRG) are higher for poor patients, we examined patterns of care for patients hospitalized at the Brigham and Women's Hospital for connective-tissue disorders (DRGs 240 and 241) from 1981 to 1985. The socioeconomic characteristics of 402 patients were determined through interviews, and the severity of their illness was measured by means of a standard scale of function — the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale. After excluding outliers and adjusting for DRG, we found that hospital stays were significantly longer for subgroups of patients of lower socioeconomic status, whether this was defined by occupation, education, or income (P<0.05 for all three). Patients of low socioeconomic status also had higher total hospital charges, although the differences were not statistically significant. The differences between patients of low socioeconomic status and those of high socioeconomic status were as great as 25 percent for length of stay and 16 percent for charges. These trends persisted after we adjusted for patients' age and sex, the severity of illness, the year of discharge, the doctor's specialty, whether the patient had a regular doctor, and whether the patient lived alone. Our results suggest that for at least some conditions, hospital care for poor patients entails longer stays and probably requires the use of more resources. (N Engl J Med 1988; 318:1579–85.)
The RHOA G17V gene mutation occurs frequently in peripheral T-cell lymphoma and is associated with a characteristic molecular signature
Authors: Rebeca Manso, Margarita Sánchez-Beato, Silvia Monsalvo, Sagrario Gómez, Laura Cereceda, Pilar Llamas, Federico Rojo, Manuela Mollejo, Javier Menárguez, Javier Alves, Mónica García-Cosio, Miguel A. Piris, Socorro M. Rodríguez-Pinilla
Journal: Blood (2014)
Urinary ortho-tyrosine excretion in diabetes mellitus and renal failure: Evidence for hydroxyl radical production
Authors: Gergõ A. Molnár, Zoltán Wagner, Lajos Markό, Tamás kőszegi, Márton Mohás, Béla Kocsis, Zoltán Matus, Lászlό Wagner, Mόnika Tamaskό, István Mazák, Boglárka Laczy, Judit Nagy, István Wittmann
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
Colonic carcinoma: clinicopathological correlation with immunoreactivity.
Authors: E Pihl, E S Hughes, A P Nind, R C Nairn
Journal: BMJ (1975)

The relation between tumour spread, histological differentiation, and in-vitro antitumour immunoreactivity was studied in 132 cases of carcinoma of the large bowel. Positive correlations were found between blood lymphocyte antitumour cytotoxicity and both tumour differentiation and absence of recurrence or metastatic spread.
The Effect of Acetazolamide on Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Utilization in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: B. E. Laux, M. E. Raichle
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

The brain is critically dependent for its moment to moment function and survival on an adequate supply of oxygen. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) may play an important role in oxygen delivery to brain tissue by facilitating the hydration of metabolically produced carbon dioxide in erythrocytes in brain capillaries, thus permitting the Bohr effect to occur. We examined the effect of 30 mg/kg i.v. acetazolamide, a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, upon cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in lightly anesthetized, passively ventilated rhesus monkeys. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption were measured with oxygen-15-labeled water and oxygen-15-labeled oxyhemoglobin, respectively, injected into the internal carotid artery and monitored externally. Acetazolamide produced an immediate and significant increase in cerebral blood flow (from a mean of 64.7 to 83.8 ml/100 g per min), an increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension (from a mean of 40.7 to 47.5 torr), and a decrease in cerebral oxygen consumption (from a mean of 4.16 to 2.82 ml/100 g per min). Because the change in cerebral oxygen consumption occurred within minutes of the administration of acetazolamide, we believe that this effect probably was not due to a direct action on brain cells but was achieved by an interference with oxygen unloading in brain capillaries. A resultant tissue hypoxia might well explain part of the observed increase in cerebral blood flow.
Modified siRNA Structure With a Single Nucleotide Bulge Overcomes Conventional siRNA-mediated Off-target Silencing
Authors: Pooja Dua, Jae Wook Yoo, Soyoun Kim, Dong-ki Lee
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2011)

Off-target gene silencing is a major concern when using RNA interference. Imperfect pairing of the antisense strand with unintended mRNA targets is one of the main causes of small interfering RNA (siRNA) off-target silencing. To overcome this, we have developed "bulge-siRNA," a modified siRNA backbone structure with a single nucleotide (nt) bulge placed in the antisense strand. We found that siRNAs with a bulge at position 2 of the antisense strand were able to discriminate better between perfectly matched and mismatched targets, with no loss in silencing of the intended target. Genome-wide analysis also revealed that the bulge-siRNAs significantly reduced off-target silencing of transcripts with complementarity to the seed region of the siRNA antisense strand. When compared to 2'-methoxy ribosyl (2'-OMe) modified siRNAs previously developed to alleviate antisense off-target silencing; the bulge modification could better discriminate between on- versus off-targets. Our results suggest that the bulge-siRNA structure is a simple, yet superior alternative to chemical modifications for minimizing off-target silencing triggered by conventional siRNA structures.
Hardy's Textbook of Surgery
Authors: W. G. Abel
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This attractive surgical text is "dedicated to all students of surgery," which would include medical students, residents, and practicing surgeons. It presents its subject well in 1,338 pages divided into two broad categories, "Basic and Support Considerations" and "Specific Organs and Organ Systems." These are further divided into 48 sections. It is unusually complete, precise, and clinically relevant. In planning, the book chapter assignments were carefully outlined by the editorial staff to avoid omissions of pertinent material and duplication. This has succeeded admirably. Avoiding extensive discussion of conflicting theories and simply acknowledging the fact where indicated enhances the "book plan" of presenting material as precisely as possible. In keeping with this theme the references are kept to a minimum and limited to ones that are thought to afford access to further information in the referenced field. A pleasant surprise in leafing through the book was in its remarkably up-to-date material
Smoking Bans in US Hospitals
Authors: Daniel R. Longo
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To examine compliance and characteristics of hospitals with tobacco control standards enacted by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). <h3>Design and Setting.</h3> —On-site national survey of hospitals as part of routine JCAHO accreditation visits. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 3327 US hospitals received site visits in 1992 and 1993 and were matched with American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals data. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Compliance or noncompliance with tobacco control standards; location in a tobacco-producing state; and organizational characteristics, including provision of psychiatric/alcohol—chemical dependency services. <h3>Results.</h3> —Two years after implementation, 95.6% of hospitals met the new JCAHO smoking ban standard; 90.9% of hospitals were in compliance with a second smoking standard requiring development and use of medical criteria for physician-ordered exceptions to the ban. Hospitals in tobacco-producing states had higher-than-average rates of compliance when compared with hospitals in other states. Hospitals providing psychiatric and/or substance abuse services had lower-than-average rates of compliance. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —This first industry-wide smoking ban has been successful. However, hospitals should consider evaluating the use of medical exceptions to this policy. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:488-491)