tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
US medical authorities are accused of failing to act over doctors in Guantanamo
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The US medical establishment is failing to enforce professional ethics among doctors who serve in the US military, charges a letter signed by doctors from 16 countries that was published in last week's Lancet . The letter compares military doctors working in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to doctors who helped the South African police question detainees in the apartheid era.

“The attitude of the US medical establishment appears to be one of ‘See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil,'” the letter says, pointing out that no military doctor has been charged or disciplined for offences committed in what President George Bush describes as …
The promise of and problems with evidence‐based medicine for paediatric asthma management
Authors: R. L. Smyth, P. M. O'Byrne
Journal: Allergy (2002)

The concept of ‘evidence‐based medicine’ has now been in widespread use in clinical practice for over a decade. There are different types of clinical study, which may provide evidence on which to base clinical decisions, but some are much less robust than others. In making decisions about treatment, one of the highest levels of evidence in primary research is the randomized controlled trial. This study design has been used in clinical research for over 50 years. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trial are scientific studies that review, critically appraise and, where appropriate, aggregate results from a number of different randomized controlled trials. They are increasingly being used throughout health care to provide guidance about treatment. Under the auspices of The Cochrane Collaboration, systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are being conducted across the whole of health care. One of the most active areas for this work is within the field of asthma and clinicians are now able to access a large number of different systematic reviews on The Cochrane Library. If used appropriately, they can aid the clinician in making decisions about individual patients and provide a sound evidence base from which clinical guidelines can be developed.
Glia-dependent TGF-β signaling, acting independently of the TH17 pathway, is critical for initiation of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Jian Luo, Peggy P. Ho, Marion S. Buckwalter, Tiffany Hsu, Lowen Y. Lee, Hui Zhang, Dae-Kee Kim, Seong-Jin Kim, Sanjiv S. Gambhir, Lawrence Steinman, Tony Wyss-Coray
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model for multiple sclerosis, is characterized by the activation of immune cells, demyelination of axons in the CNS, and paralysis. We found that TGF-β1 synthesis in glial cells and TGF-β–induced signaling in the CNS were activated several days before the onset of paralysis in mice with autoimmune encephalomyelitis. While early production of TGF-β1 was observed in glial cells TGF-β signaling was activated in neurons and later in infiltrating T cells in inflammatory lesions. Systemic treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of TGF-β signaling ameliorated the paralytic disease and reduced the accumulation of pathogenic T cells and expression of IL-6 in the CNS. Priming of peripheral T cells was not altered, nor was the generation of TH17 cells, indicating that this effect was directed within the brain, yet affected the immune system. These results suggest that early production of TGF-β1 in the CNS creates a permissive and dangerous environment for the initiation of autoimmune inflammation, providing a rare example of the brain modulating the immune system. Importantly, inhibition of TGF-β signaling may have benefits in the treatment of the acute phase of autoimmune CNS inflammation.
Reviews and Notes: Epidemiology: Screening in Chronic Disease
Authors: Lawrence E. Klein
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Literature of Medicine1 June 1994Reviews and Notes: Epidemiology: Screening in Chronic DiseaseLawrence E. KleinLawrence E. KleinJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00030 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Screening in Chronic DiseaseSecond edition. Alan S. Morrison. 254 pages. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992. $45.00.Discussions, sometimes heated, abound on the value of various screening procedures in reducing mortality from disease. Whether it is the value of annual stool guiac testing, screening mammography in women aged 40 to 49 years, or various other screening procedures, little agreement seems to exist. Understanding why this is and knowing how to apply this understanding is Dr. Morrison's goal.Screening in Chronic Disease is a thoughtful and logically constructed text devoted to the myriad of issues affecting the validity of studies ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1994Volume 120, Issue 11Page: 976KeywordsBreast cancerCancer screeningCardiovascular diseasesCervical cancerEpidemiologyMammographyMedical conditionsMedical risk factorsMortalityPrevention, policy, and public health ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 June 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Simple clinical method of measuring gastric emptying of solid meals.
Authors: D G Ostick, K Howe, G Green, I W Dymock, D J Cowley
Journal: Gut (1976)

The radioisotope techniques used for the measurement of gastric emptying of solid meals in man require complex and expensive scintiscanners of cameras. We have evaluated a simple technique which uses a fixed scintillation detector and compared the results with those obtained from a gamma camera. The rates and patterns of gastric emptying recorded by the two methods correlated well in both healthy volunteers (mean r= 0.95) and patients with duodenal ulcer (mean r =0.89). The scintillation detector provides a reliable and inexpensive method for measurement of gastric emptying of solid meals.
Doctors, Drug Companies, and Gifts
Authors: Joseph J. Nidiry
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I would like to congratulate Chren et al<sup>1</sup>for the timely article regarding drug companies' gifts to physicians. It is indeed a serious problem, which the medical profession has been unwilling to address probably because we are the beneficiaries of this practice. I believe it is high time that we as a profession start to address this issue before outside agencies do. Indeed the American Medical Association and other professional organizations have a great responsibility to provide guidelines and set ethical standards in this area. In addition to endorsing the steps recommended by the authors, I suggest the following: Professional societies should discourage the "wining and dining" that occurs at the sites of all conventions. While there is no legal framework under which this could be implemented, simple requests made by professional organizations to their membership and to the pharmaceutical companies would have a salutary
LOCAL TREATMENT OF INTERSTITIAL GINGIVITIS.
Authors: M. H. FLETCHER
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Talbot, when treating of interstitial gingivitis, says: "The exciting causes are either constitutional or local, but as a rule are local, or have local action." Regarding his experiments on dogs, he says: "While it is by no means improbable that constitutional factors assist in its early progress in man, still the exciting cause of this disease is tartar." Dr. G. P. Carpenter's experiments tend to establish the law that without a locally exciting cause the disease would not exist as such. The writer is in full accord with these opinions; consequently, from his standpoint, the natural and all-important treatment is to first remove the local cause, by cleansing away the deposits found about the teeth, either superficial or deep-seated. This being accomplished, local germicidal and palliative treatment should be adopted and continued until health is the result, or failure established. To accomplish these ends many methods are pursued, but all
Orthotopic Growth of Human Glioma Cells Quantitatively and Qualitatively Influences Radiation-Induced Changes in Gene Expression
Authors: Kevin Camphausen, Benjamin Purow, Mary Sproull, Tamalee Scott, Tomoko Ozawa, Dennis F. Deen, Philip J. Tofilon
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract The effect of radiation on gene expression has been most frequently studied using tissue culture models. To determine the influence of experimental growth condition on radiation-induced changes in gene expression, microarray analysis was done on two human glioma cell lines (U87 and U251) grown in tissue culture and as s.c. or i.c. xenografts. Compared with tissue culture, the number of genes, whose expression was affected by radiation in both cell lines, was increased in the s.c. xenografts and further increased in the orthotopic tumors. Furthermore, in each growth condition, radiation modulated the expression of a different set of genes. In addition, whereas there were few commonly affected genes after irradiation of U87 and U251 in tissue culture, there were 729 common changes after orthotopic irradiation. These results indicate that the influence of the orthotopic environment on radiation-induced modulation of gene expression in glioma cells was both quantitative and qualitative. Moreover, they suggest that investigations of the functional consequence of radiation-induced gene expression will require accounting for experimental growth conditions.
Modified Ghoneim&amp;rsquo;s Technique Using a Single Serous&amp;ndash;Lined Extramural Tunnel in Detubularized Orthotopic Ileal W&amp;ndash;Bladder
Authors: S. Siracusano, G. Liguori, C. Trombetta, G. d&rsquo;Aloia, E. Belgrano
Journal: European Urology (2000)
Efficacy and Tolerability of Benzodiazepines versus Antidepressants in Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Emanuela Offidani, Jenny Guidi, Elena Tomba, Giovanni Andrea Fava
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2013)

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Placebo-controlled trials showed that both benzodiazepines (BDZ) and antidepressant drugs (AD) are effective in treating anxiety disorders. However, in the last years a progressive shift in the prescribing pattern from BDZ to newer AD has taken place. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyze whether controlled comparisons support such a shift. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; CINHAL, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed and Web of Science were searched from inception up to December 2012. A total of 22 studies met the criteria for inclusion. They were mostly concerned with tricyclic antidepressants (TCA; 18/22) and involved different anxiety disorders. In order to reduce clinical heterogeneity, only the 10 investigations that dealt with the comparison between TCA and BDZ in panic disorder were submitted to meta-analysis, whereas the remaining papers were individually summarized and critically examined. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; According to the systematic review, no consistent evidence emerged supporting the advantage of using TCA over BDZ in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), complex phobias and mixed anxiety-depressive disorders. Indeed, BDZ showed fewer treatment withdrawals and adverse events than AD. In panic disorder with and without agoraphobia our meta-analysis found BDZ treatments more effective in reducing the number of panic attacks than TCA (risk ratio, RR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.01-1.27). Furthermore, BDZ medications were significantly better tolerated than TCA drugs, causing less discontinuation (RR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.20-0.57) and side effects (RR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.34-0.50). As to newer AD, BDZ trials resulted in comparable or greater improvements and fewer adverse events in patients suffering from GAD or panic disorder. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The change in the prescribing pattern favoring newer AD over BDZ in the treatment of anxiety disorders has occurred without supporting evidence. Indeed, the role and usefulness of BDZ need to be reappraised.
Crohn's disease in married couples.
Authors: G K Holmes, N S Painter
Journal: Gut (1986)

Crohn's disease in married couples SIR,-We were interested to read of Crohn's disease occurring in two married couples (Gut 1985; 26: 1086) and would like to draw attention to a further example:Mr DH, born 1931, caucasian, presented in late 1960 with abdominal pain.A laparotomy was done and revealed Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum.In February 1966 a right hemicolectomy was carried out for a stricture of the terminal ileum and an abscess in the right iliac fossa.The gross appear- ances and histology were typical of Crohn's disease.Since then he has remained well apart from a mild recurrence of symptoms in 1980.Mrs SH, born 1933, caucasian, married Mr DH in 1954.A laparotomy was done in September 1965 for pain in the right iliac fossa.Just before surgery a mass had developed in this area.The terminal ileum and caecum were involved in Crohn's disease and a right hemicolectomy undertaken, after which she made a straightforward recovery.She had no further recurrence of this condition but subsequently de- veloped a carcinoma of the breast and died in March 1985 of disseminated malignancy.Crohn's disease in both these patients followed a remarkably benign course and neither had a dis- charge from a sinus or fistula unlike in the report of Rhodes et dl.This is the fifth example and according to Rhodes and coworkers the p value for five or more
Initial report of the National Registry of Elective Cardiopulmonary bypass supported coronary angioplasty
Authors: Robert A. Vogel, Fayaz Shawl, Carl Tommaso, William O'Neill, Paul Overlie, James O'Toole, Michel Vandormael, Eric Topol, K.Kam Tabari, John Vogel, Sidney Smith, Robert Freedman, Christopher White, Barry Jeorge, Paul Teirstein
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
Growth and Development of Twins Dissimilar in Size at Birth
Authors: S. Gorham Babson, David S. Phillips
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Serial observations on nine pairs of monozygous twins who differed in birth weight on the average of 36 per cent indicated that the undersized members continue to be inferior in both growth and intelligence into adult life. Some equalization occurs in school performance, as opposed to test scores, suggesting that the smaller twin has made a compensatory effort. The twin who was smaller at birth remained the smaller in height, weight and head circumference. In the eight pairs who have reached maturity, mean differences continue to have the same order of magnitude as in previous comparisons, but head circumference is less affected than height and weight. Although monozygotic pairs are a useful model for study of the effect of fetal undergrowth on later development, interpretation must be done cautiously in view of the complex interaction of placental and environmental factors. (N Engl J Med 289:937–940, 1973)
Liver-Spleen Imaging for Trauma-Revisited
Authors: ROBERT CARTER, RAJINDER P. SAMBHI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1977)

99mTc-sulfur colloid scans for acute abdominal trauma have an approximate clinical accuracy of 80-85% in the diagnosis of hepatosplenic laceration or hematoma. Various details of liver-spleen injury in the acutely traumatized patient are discussed with a previously unassociated subtle scan finding, which may increase the diagnostic accuracy of this radioisotope procedure to over 90%. This subtle scan finding in the trauma patient consists of a significant uptake of sulfur colloid by the reticuloendothelial system in the spine, a finding heretofore associated with such processes as hepatocellular disease and anemia. This spine “shine through,” in our experience, can be asociated with significant abdominal or thoraco-abdominal trauma with hemorrhage. The pathogenesis is most likely related to splanchnic vessel vasospasm with shunting of blood and radiocolloid from the visceral pool. This additional information has served to significantly increase the positive yield in trauma cases where hepatosplenic trauma with hemorrhage has been suspect.
Congenital Subluxation and Dislocation of the Hip
Authors: Robert L. Larson
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Among patients admitted to a state hospital for crippled children in the years 1949 through 1958 there were 49 hips congenitally subluxated and 109 congenitally dislocated. A comparative study of these cases was made, and 19 additional cases of congenital subluxation for the period 1938 through 1941 were reviewed. The diagnosis of subluxation was made when the roentgenogram showed any part of the displaced cartilaginous femoral head to be in contact with any part of the acetabulum. Avuscular necrosis occurred in 9 of the 68 subluxated hips and in 58 of the 109 dislocated hips. Satisfactory results were obtained in 38 (95%) of 40 cases of subluxation and in 75 (69%) of 109 cases of dislocation.
Bronchial Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis Treated with Hydrocortisone Acetate Inhalations
Authors: W. H. Helm, F. Heyworth
Journal: BMJ (1958)

Foulds et al. (1955) reported good results in 12 out of 15 patients with asthma who were treated with inhalations of hydrocortisone acetate in fine-particle powder.Brockbank and Pengelly (1958) and Helm and Heyworth (1958) carried out short-term controlled trials which showed that a statistically significant number of patients responded well to these inhalations as compared with the number responding to inhalations of placebo powder.The purpose of the present paper is to record the results of two years' experience with inhalations of hydrocortisone acetate powder in patients with asthma and wheezy bronchitis and to suggest some indications
Contamination of Commercially Packaged Urinary Catheter Kits with the Pseudomonad EO-1
Authors: Pat C. Hardy, Grace Mary Ederer, John M. Matsen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

THE pseudomonad EO-1 (Eugonic OxidizerGroup 1) has been identified sporadically from various patient sources since 1966 in the University of Minnesota Hospitals. An unusually high frequency of isolation of EO-1 strains from urine cultures was noted in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory during the months of August and early September, 1969. This observation led to the discovery that all patients from whom these strains were isolated during this period had undergone a recent urethral catheterization with the use of a commercially packaged catheter tray.MethodsCatheter kits stored on hospital stations and in operating rooms were randomly collected, and items contained . . .
Short-term Economic and Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation
Authors: James M. Lightwood, Stanton A. Glantz
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Most analyses of the economic benefits of smoking cessation consider long-term effects, which are often not of interest to public and private policy makers. These analyses fail to account for the time course of the short-run cost savings from the rapid decline in risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke.We estimate the time course of the fall in risk of AMI and stroke after smoking cessation and simulate the impact of a 1% absolute reduction in smoking prevalence on the number of and short-term direct medical costs associated with the prevented AMIs and strokes. In the first year, there would be 924+/-679 (mean+/-SD) fewer hospitalizations for AMI and 538+/-508 for stroke, resulting in an immediate savings of $44+/-26 million. A 7-year program that reduced smoking prevalence by 1% per year would result in a total of 63,840+/-15,521 fewer hospitalizations for AMI and 34,261+/-9133 fewer for stroke, resulting in a total savings of $3.20+/-0.59 billion in costs, and would prevent approximately 13,100 deaths resulting from AMI that occur before people reach the hospital. Creating a new nonsmoker reduces anticipated medical costs associated with AMI and stroke by $47 in the first year and by $853 during the next 7 years (discounting 2.5% per year).Although primary prevention of smoking among teenagers is important, reducing adult smoking pays more immediate dividends, both in terms of health improvements and cost savings.
Perinatal Bisphenol A Exposure Increases Estrogen Sensitivity of the Mammary Gland in Diverse Mouse Strains
Authors: Perinaaz R. Wadia, Laura N. Vandenberg, Cheryl M. Schaeberle, Beverly S. Rubin, Carlos Sonnenschein, Ana M. Soto
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

BackgroundStudies of low-dose effects of xenoestrogens have yielded conflicting results that may be attributed to differences in estrogen sensitivity between the rodent strains examined. Perinatal exposure of CD-1 mice to low doses of the xenoestrogen bisphenol A (BPA) alters peripubertal mammary gland development. Future studies to assess the role of estrogen receptors as mediators of BPA action require estrogen receptor knock-out mice that were generated on a C57Bl6 background. The sensitivity of the C57Bl6 strain to estradiol and BPA is unknown.ObjectivesIn the present study we examined whether the mammary glands of CD-1 and C57Bl6 mice exhibited similar responses to 17β-estradiol (E2) and whether perinatal exposure to BPA equally enhanced sensitivity of the mammary glands to E2 at puberty.MethodsImmature mice were ovariectomized and treated for 10 days with one of eight doses of E2. Morphological mammary gland parameters were examined to identify doses producing half-maximal effects. Mice were exposed perinatally to 0 or 250 ng BPA/kg body weight (bw)/day from gestational day 8 until postnatal day (PND) 2. On PND25, female offspring were ovariectomized and given an estrogen challenge of 0, 0.5, or 1 μg E2/kg bw/day for 10 days. Morphometric parameters of the mammary gland were compared between strains.ResultsBoth strains exhibited similar responses to E2. Perinatal BPA exposure altered responses to E2 at puberty for several parameters in both strains, although the effect in CD-1 was slightly more pronounced.ConclusionBoth mouse strains provide adequate models for the study of perinatal exposure to xenoestrogens.
Treatment of Osgood-Schlatter Injury-Reply
Authors: Bernard R. Cahill
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To quote Smillie's<sup>1</sup>opinion of the cause of the Osgood-Schlatter condition, "no acceptable evidence has ever been produced that the condition is a disease. It is a traction epiphysitis, the result of a single injury or repeated minor trauma." In my sports medicine practice, I see several cases each year of complete detachment of the tibial tubercle epiphysis, and it is a well-recognized entity in sports medicine. I know of no scientific rationale for the use of hydrocortisone or local anesthetics to promote the healing of Osgood-Schlatter condition or any other avulsion. To the contrary, the patient's awareness of his symptom level, not masked by local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory injections, is important in controlling activities, thus preventing avulsion of the epiphysis. As long as syringes exist and bumps develop on young athletes' tibiae, there will be physicians who continue the practice of injection because they think Osgood-Schlatter