tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An Adolescent With Right Shin Pain
Authors: Benjamin J. Davis, A. Reed Estes
Journal: JAMA (2015)

A 15-year-old obese girl presented to clinic with increasing right shin pain of 4 weeks’ duration. The pain began after the patient began to play competitive basketball andwas localized to hermid shin. Dietary andmenstrual histories revealednoabnormalities. Examination demonstrated focal tenderness along thedistalmid shaft of the tibia anteriorly. The single-leg hop test elicited severe localized pain. Radiographs were obtained for further evaluation (Figure). Quiz at jama.com Figure. Radiography of the right lower leg. Left, Anteroposterior view. Right, Lateral view.
Effect of glycaemic control and duration of disease on overnight albumin excretion in diabetic children.
Authors: D J Rowe, M Hayward, H Bagga, P Betts
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Urine albumin excretion rates were measured in overnight timed samples from diabetic and non-diabetic schoolchildren. The excretion rates in the diabetics were significantly higher than those in the controls and were positively correlated with age, duration of diabetes, and glycaemic control. Diabetic children aged 12 years and older had significantly higher albumin excretion rates than younger diabetic children matched for duration of disease. Among the non-diabetic controls there was no correlation between albumin excretion rate and age and the girls excreted significantly more albumin than the boys. Measurement of the overnight albumin excretion rate may provide a useful early indicator of the progression to clinical proteinuria in diabetes and is free from random variations such as that due to exercise.
Cigarette smoke exposure: A novel cofactor of NAFLD progression?
Authors: Ariane Mallat, Sophie Lotersztajn
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)

Cigarette smoke exposure, whether passive or active, carries a high disease burden worldwide [1]. In a recent comprehensive assessment of the mortality attributable to modifiable risk factors in the US adult population, tobacco use was held responsible for 467,000 deaths (approximately one out of five) in 2005 [2]. Despite the large body of evidence documenting the pluriorgan morbidity of tobacco, reports investigating the impact of cigarette smoking on pathogenesis of liver injury have long remained scant.
Rubor, Dolor, Calor, Tumor, and Radionuclide Scans
Authors: Pierce Gardner, Zvi H. Oster
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

IN the radiologic search for occult infections, the armamentarium of imaging techniques can be divided broadly into those that detect anatomical abnormalities (computerized tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging) and those that detect inflammation (radionuclide scans). The techniques that show anatomical detail are most successful when reference anatomical structures are preserved; they are less sensitive and specific when normal anatomy has been altered by surgery or trauma or early in infection, before suppuration has resulted in anatomical distortion. The inflammation scans use gamma-emitting radionuclides (gallium-67, indium-111, or technetium-99m) and have been most useful when anatomical studies have been inconclusive. As . . .
Influence of acrylamide monomer addition to the acrylic denture-base resins on mechanical and physical properties
Authors: Elif Aydogan Ayaz, Rukiye Durkan
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2013)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding acrylamide monomer (AAm) on the characterization, flexural strength, flexural modulus and thermal degradation temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture-base resins. Specimens (n=10) were fabricated from a conventional heat-activated QC-20 (Qc-) and a microwave heat-activated Acron MC (Ac-) PMMA resins. Powder/liquid ratio followed the manufacturer's instructions for the control groups (Qc-c and Ac-c) and for the copolymer groups, the resins were prepared with 5% (−5), 10% (−10), 15% (−15) and 20% (−20) acrylamide contents, according to the molecular weight ratio, respectively. The flexural strength and flexural modulus were measured by a three-point bending test. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test (α=0.05) to determine significant differences between the groups. The chemical structures of the resins were characterized by the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thermal stabilities were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with a heating rate of 10 °C⋅min−1 from 35 °C to 600 °C. Control groups from both acrylic resins showed the lowest flexural strength values. Qc-15 showed significant increase in the flexural strength when compared to Qc-c (P<0.01). Ac-10 and Ac-15 showed significance when compared to Ac-c (P<0.01). Acrylamide incorporation increased the elastic modulus in Qc-10, Qc-15 and Qc-20 when compared to Qc-c (P<0.01). Also significant increase was observed in Ac-10, Ac-15 and Ac-20 copolymer groups when compared to Ac-c (P<0.01). According to the 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results, acrylamide copolymerization was confirmed in the experimental groups. TGA results showed that the thermal stability of PMMA is increased by the insertion of AAm. A small chemical compound can have a big impact on the stability of polymers for denture bases, according to Turkish scientists. Acrylic polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) find wide use in dental restoration because they are easy to fabricate and feel comfortable in the mouth. Their less-than-ideal mechanical properties, however, make PMMA dentures prone to fracture. Elif Aydogan Ayaz and Rukiye Durkan from Karadeniz Technical University compared traditional PMMA denture bases to ones incorporating varying amounts of acrylic acid, a reactive molecule that can cross-link polymer fibers together. Tests that simulated chewing motions showed that acrylic acid additions significantly reduced polymer fatigue by improving the material's resistance to bending. Their quantitative chemical analysis revealed that efficient co-polymerization between PMMA and acrylic acid provides much-needed reinforcements to the denture base.
The Clinical Significance of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGF-R) in Human Breast Cancer: A Review on 5232 Patients*
Authors: J. G. M. KLIJN, P. M. J. J. BERNS, P. I. M. SCHMITZ, J. A. FOEKENS
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1992)

EPIDERMAL growth factor (EGF) is a 53-aminoacid polypeptide (mol wt 6.045 K) that can influence proliferation and differentiation of a wide variety of cells (1–6). EGF as well as transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), both of which can activate EGF receptor (EGF-R), are probably produced locally in many tissues as local growth factors rather than as systemic hormones. There is evidence that EGF plays a role in carcinogenesis and that the EGF-stimulated growth regulatory system (apart from that of benign cells) is also involved in proliferation of malignant cells (3). Cellular events are induced by EGF via its cell membrane receptor (EGF-R). The EGF-R is a 170 K glycoprotein that can be divided into an extracellular domain binding EGF or TGF-α, a short transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain carrying tyrosine kinase activity (7). This intracellular domain shows close sequence homology with the c-erbB-2 and with neu (8), the rat homolog of c-erbB-2 oncogene. Increased expression of the EGF-R gene has been found in a variety of tumors, generally indicating a more aggressive behavior of cancers compared to those with low or normal expression (9–10) although this association is not invariant (11). EGF-R has been identified by several methods including radioligand binding assays, autoradiography, immunocytohistochemistry, immunoenzymatic assays, and measurement of EGF-R transcripts.
Effects of short chain alcohols and hydrocarbon compounds on the adenylate cyclase of the skin
Authors: K. YOSHIKAWA, K. ADACHI, K.M. HALPRIN, V. LEVINE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

The cyclic AMP content of epidermal slices is increased by incubation with ethanol, the effect of which is dose‐dependent from 1 to 5% concentration in the incubation media. n‐Propanol and acetone are also effective at a concentration equimolar to 5% ethanol. Experimental results suggest that this effect of ethanol is due to activation of adenylate cyclase, rather than to the inactivation of cyclic AMP‐phosphodiesterase.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2–dependent pathways are essential for CD8+ T cell–mediated airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation
Authors: Hiroshi Ohnishi, Katsuyuki Takeda, Joanne Domenico, Joseph J. Lucas, Nobuaki Miyahara, Christina H. Swasey, Azzeddine Dakhama, Erwin W. Gelfand
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
THE EMBARGO ON DYES AND DRUGS
Authors: James A. Honeij
Journal: JAMA (1922)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I wish to take exception to your editorial appearing in the issue of Aug. 12, 1922, on "Continue the Embargo on Dyes and Drugs." As a member of the medical profession and a member of the American Medical Association, I protest against the rôle you wish the members to assume. The embargo on dyes and drugs is not a question for the medical profession to decide —unless the question affects the quality of the drugs sold or the direct health of the public. These are not the points on which your arguments are based. Your arguments savor of politics and directly favor the manufacturers of drugs and dyes and only very indirectly the medical profession and society. At the present time the prices of drugs, medical supplies and books are exorbitant in my opinion, and any embargo on them would keep these prices up rather than lower
Is 18F-Flutemetamol PET/CT Able to Reveal Cardiac Amyloidosis?
Authors: Renaud Lhommel, Christine Sempoux, Adrian Ivanoiu, Lucienne Michaux, Bernhard Gerber
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2014)

We report here the case of a 56-year-old man with well-documented cardiac light chain amyloidosis successfully imaged with F-flutemetamol PET/CT in 2011. A matched pair healthy volunteer was imaged in the same conditions, and no specific heart uptake could be detected. The present report suggests the potential benefit of this new pharmaceutical in this indication, as it has been recently reported for C-Pittsburgh compound B, but with the main advantage to benefit from the more practical half-life of F. Further prospective trials would, however, be required to define the potential impact of F-flutemetamol PET/CT in cardiac amyloidosis.
Ticking Time Bomb? Climate Change and <i>Ixodes scapularis</i>
Authors: Sharon Levy
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Climate Change and Ixodes scapularisLyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, first emerged in the northeastern United States in the 1970s. 1 Since then, the geographic range of the illness has expanded to the west, south, and north, and it has become by far the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in North America. 2 Evidence is mounting that, on its northern front, the expanding range of Lyme disease is driven by climate change; warming temperatures allow new populations of
Autoantigen-specific T cell proliferation induced by the ribosomal P2 protein in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: M K Crow, G DelGiudice-Asch, J B Zehetbauer, J L Lawson, N Brot, H Weissbach, K B Elkon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

A role for helper T cells in the induction of pathogenic lupus autoantibodies is increasingly supported by data from studies of murine lupus and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the poor in vitro function of SLE T cells has hampered the identification and characterization of autoantigen-specific T cells. We used recombinant fusion proteins to study the T cell proliferative response of 31 lupus patients and 27 healthy subjects to a well-characterized SLE autoantigen, the ribosomal P2 protein. Although PBMC from SLE patients showed marked impairment in the proliferative response to the common recall antigen tetanus toxoid when compared with normal subjects, a significantly greater proportion of SLE patients (32%) than normal individuals (0%) showed a T cell response to a recombinant P2 fusion protein. When the SLE patients were subgrouped according to the presence of serum anti-P autoantibody, 7 of 10 anti-P antibody-positive patients, but 0 of 20 anti-P antibody-negative SLE patients, demonstrated > 2,000 cpm [3H]thymidine incorporation and a P2 stimulation index > 5. The specificity of the T cell proliferative response for the P2 protein was confirmed by studies using a second recombinant human P2 fusion protein and by the specific activation of P2-primed T cells by recombinant P2 in secondary cultures. Moreover, the T cell proliferative response to the P2 autoantigen was mediated by CD4-positive T cells and was inhibited by anti-MHC class II antibodies. These data demonstrate the presence of autoantigen-specific T helper cells in patients with SLE and suggest that these T cells drive the production of autoantibodies by B lymphocytes.
Heading Down the Wrong Path
Authors: Michael E. Detsky, Leo Chiu, Maureen R. Shandling, Melanie E. Sproule, Melanie R. Ursell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

A 52-year-old woman experienced the sudden onset of bilateral arm tingling and numbness, and noted that the words on her computer screen appeared "mixed up." She improved over the next 24 hours, but then difficulty swallowing and slurred speech developed, progressing over the next three days to no speech.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis D virus infection with low and high doses of interferon-α2a: Utility of polymerase chain reaction in monitoring antiviral response
Authors: Antonio Madejón, Teresa Cotonat, Javier Bartolomé, Inmaculada Castillo, Vicente Carreño
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

We examined the efficacy of decreasing high doses (beginning at 18 MU/day) of interferon-alpha 2a vs. that of daily low doses (3 MU) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis delta virus infection. Patients treated with 18 MU had a somewhat higher frequency of normalization of serum ALT levels than patients treated with low doses (31% and 12%, respectively, on an intention-to-treat basis). A decrease in the percentage of hepatitis D virus RNA positivity was observed in both groups at the end of treatment. Thus, whereas in baseline samples 10 (62%) of the patients in each group were positive for hepatitis D virus RNA in serum on slot-blot hybridization, these numbers decreased to 5 (31%) and 4 (25%) patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively, at the end of therapy. However, hepatitis D virus RNA, detected by means of nested polymerase chain reaction, remained in all but two (one in each group) patients who completed the treatment. Finally, during posttreatment follow-up, hepatitis D virus RNA levels returned to baseline values, and only one patient remained negative for this marker. The beneficial effect of interferon-alpha was only transient. Only two patients (one from each treatment group) had persistently normal serum ALT levels after 18 mo of follow-up. Finally, the presence of serum hepatitis D virus RNA at the end of therapy, detected with nested polymerase chain reaction, might be a good marker for the prediction of viral replication relapse.
Induction of a Systemic Immune Response by a Polyvalent Melanoma-Associated Antigen DNA Vaccine for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Maki Tanaka, Yasufumi Kaneda, Shigeyuki Fujii, Tomoki Yamano, Kahoko Hashimoto, Sharon K.S. Huang, Dave S.B. Hoon
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2002)

Studies have demonstrated that active-specific immunotherapy has potential for controlling melanoma progression. We developed a polyvalent melanoma gene vaccine using a plasmid vector to deliver the immunogenic human melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs) gp100 and TRP-2. The MAA-containing plasmids were delivered individually in vivo using the hemagglutinating virus Japan (HVJ)-anionic liposome delivery system. C57BL/6 mice were immunized weekly by intramuscular (i.m.) injection or intranasal (i.n.) inoculation for 3 weeks. Although both i.m. and i.n. immunization induced Th1 (T helper) and Th2 cell responses to gp100 and TRP2, the i.m. route induced a better Th1 response. MAA-specific IgG2a, IgG1, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses were induced against both MAAs by i.m. immunization. We assessed the vaccine for its prophylactic and therapeutic effect against the murine B16 F10 melanoma. Animals vaccinated and subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of B16 cells were significantly (P<0.01) protected against tumor progression and had significantly (P<0.01) enhanced survival compared with treatment using control plasmid. We also developed a therapeutic model in which mice were given B16 cells and subsequently immunized with the vaccine or treated with control plasmid. In animals treated with the vaccine, tumor growth was significantly (P<0.01) controlled, and survival was prolonged compared with controls. These studies demonstrate that the polyvalent DNA vaccine induces an effective systemic Th response.
Thoughts for a Countdown
Authors: Lewis Thomas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

THERE is ambiguity, and some symbolism, in the elaborate ritual observed by each returning expedition of astronauts from the moon. They celebrate first of all the inviolability of the earth, and they re-enact, each time, in stereotyped choreography, our long anxiety about the nature of life. They do not, as one might expect, fall to their knees and kiss the carrier deck; this would violate, intrude upon, contaminate the deck, the vessel, the sea around, the whole earth. Instead, they wear surgical masks. They walk briskly, arms up, untouching, into a sterile box. They wave enigmatically, gnotobiotically, to the President . . .
Landmark perspective: Tularemia
Authors: J. P. Sanford
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The landmark studies on tularemia by Dr Francis have been recognized by designating the causative organism Francisella tularensis rather than Bacterium tularense. A review of his original 1925 article clearly demonstrates the lasting value of critical clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory studies. Except for expansion of knowledge concerning some aspects of the epidemiology and clinical spectrum and advances in treatment and prevention, the 1925 article is as contemporary as the current literature and textbooks.
Personality Profile of HIV Outpatients: Preliminary Results and Remarks on Clinical Management
Authors: Secondo Fassino, Paolo Leombruni, Federico Amianto, Giovanni Abbate-Daga
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2004)

Currently, HIV is one of the most widely spread epidemics in the world. The specificity of the mode of transmission, the well-known severity of the prognosis, and the kind of therapies used are peculiarities of this illness. Personality traits of individuals with HIV may influence conditions for the infection itself. On the other hand, it is possible that personality traits may influence the course of the illness and the willingness of the patients to adhere to treatment. The present study assessed the personality traits of a heterogeneous group of seropositive subjects compared with healthy controls to determine specific temperament and character traits of this population.The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was administered to 126 HIV-positive outpatients belonging to different risk categories for HIV infection and to a sample of healthy individuals matched for sex, age, and socioeconomic parameters.Drug-dependent HIV-positive patients displayed higher scores in novelty seeking and harm avoidance and lower scores in self-directedness compared with healthy controls. Non-drug-dependent HIV-positive subjects scored significantly higher in self-transcendence.Temperament and character features significantly differentiate the HIV-positive subjects from controls and those belonging to the different risk categories for HIV infection. Drug-dependent subjects with HIV display more impulsiveness, which possibly predates the HIV infection. They are also more fearful and lack self-directedness. Non-drug-dependent subjects express higher self-transcendence resources, possibly to overcome their difficulties. Both the temperament and character features may influence compliance with treatment and require specific interventions considering these subgroups.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TESTIS
Authors: CARL R. MOORE
Journal: JAMA (1941)

The testicle performs two principal functions that make it the specific and primary organ of reproduction. The basic one is the formation of mature spermatozoa capable of fertilizing the egg: this is, of course, essential for the perpetuation of the race. The second function— the secretion of hormones—must be regarded as one supplementary to the formation of germ cells, since it contributes toward insuring delivery of mature spermatozoa in the proximity of mature eggs where fertilization can occur. Two concrete essentials are involved here: (1) the induction of behavioristic reactions, sometimes designated as sex drive or mating instincts, and (2) the provision of a vehicle of transportation for spermatozoa and of control of the ejaculate—either its discharge into the aquatic medium surrounding the egg in the case of lower vertebrates or its introduction into female passages by an organ of intromission. Just so far as either the formation of germ
Protein C values in coronary artery disease.
Authors: N T O'Connor, A W Broekmans, R M Bertina
Journal: BMJ (1984)

of endogenous dopamine in the visual cortex.5 Photic stimulation, in our patients brought about by television, might exacerbate a latent dopaminergic deficiency in the visual cortex due to alcohol withdrawal and lead to seizure.The presenting feature in all three patients was that they had had a seizure when watching or adjusting the television set.We suggest that when a patient presents after a television induced seizure the possibility of alcoholism should be considered, because management is completely different from that of idiopathic photosensitive epilepsy.
The Early Days of Anglo-America's First Hospital
Authors: William H. Williams
Journal: JAMA (1972)

By 1750 Philadelphia's population of 15,000 made her the second largest city in the 13 colonies. So rapid was the Quaker City's growth that on the eve of the American Revolution she surpassed all other English-speaking cities in the British Empire save London. Social problems grew apace with the population. One salient social problem was the sick-poor. As early as 1731 Benjamin Franklin's<i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>called attention to this problem but made no mention of a need for a hospital. Some 20 years later the<i>Gazette</i>again called attention to the sick-poor, but then declared that the idea of a hospital as a partial solution to the problem had met with such encouragement "that there is reason to expect it may be carried into execution the ensueing year." Back in 1709 a group of Philadelphia Quakers talked of establishing a hospital, but nothing came of their efforts. Some 33 years