tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Advocates Call for FDA to Take Tougher Stance on Postmarket Safety Studies
Authors: B. M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Analysis of cord blood gas at delivery: questionnaire study of practice in the United Kingdom
Authors: J. Waugh, A. Johnson, A. Farkas
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Now that political change is on the way in South Africa, what should be the position of doctors who are invited to visit the country? Does the "academic boycott" still have relevance? Waterston and Zwi review the case for and against an academic boycott policy, using evidence collected during the recent visit by Physicians for Human Rights (UK) and the Johannes Wier Foundation. The health system in South Africa is still inequitable, and despite progress towards desegregation in hospitals there is little momentum towards universal provision of primary health care, especially in the rapidly growing townships around big cities. The authors consider that pressure on the government should be maintained by outside organisations but that support directed towards appropriate health care should be encouraged, particularly in public health and primary health care.
Managing cows' milk allergy in children
Authors: S. Ludman, N. Shah, A. T. Fox
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Cows’ milk allergy mainly affects young children and because it is often outgrown is less commonly seen in older children and adults. It is one of the most common childhood food allergies in the developed world, second to egg allergy,1 affecting 2-7.5% of children under 1 year of age.2 The mainstay of treatment is to remove cows’ milk protein from the diet while ensuring the nutritional adequacy of any alternative.

#### Summary points

Cows’ milk allergy can often be recognised and managed in primary care. Patients warranting a referral to specialist care include those with severe reactions, faltering growth, atopic comorbidities, multiple food allergies, complex symptoms, diagnostic uncertainty, and incomplete resolution after cows’ milk protein has been excluded.

Although there are non-immune reactions to cows’ milk, such as primary lactose intolerance (when malabsorption of sugar can cause bloating and diarrhoea), these are extremely rare in very young children. Except after a gastrointestinal infection, infants with gastrointestinal symptoms on exposure to cows’ milk are more likely to have cows’ milk allergy than lactose intolerance. This article focuses on immune mediated reactions to cows’ milk in children and reviews the evidence on how to diagnose and manage the condition

#### Sources and selection criteria

Our search included PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration using the search terms …
Risk, statistics, and the individual
Authors: G. Shelford
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Six months ago, at the age of 39, I was diagnosed as having rectal cancer. Since then I have had the opportunity to consider the array of risk assessments and statistics that the medical profession presents to patients.

Because my father had a large bowel malignancy in his 50s, when I had a single episode of rectal bleeding I referred myself directly to a colorectal surgeon. He immediately diagnosed a small rectal lesion, which appeared clinically to be malignant. Following appropriate investigations I underwent major surgery. The risks of such pelvic surgery were clearly explained and I consented to the surgery–I had no realistic choice. But when I subsequently had a variety of unwanted after-effects I was able to recognise that, despite my training and knowledge, I had dealt with the risk of side effects by assuming that they would not happen to me.

Then things got more complicated. The tumour had appeared–and indeed was–very localised with minimal invasion of muscle, but the nearest lymph node (out of 17 …
Retinal Images in Oblique Astigmatism.
Authors: F.C. Hotz
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Chicago, March 24, 1895. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dr. Savage's letter in the issue of March 16 reminds me very much of the comment on a book of which the reviewer has read only the title page and imagined the rest. Indeed, Dr. Savage would be a mind reader of extraordinary ability if he could have guessed correctly the full extent of my remarks before the Chicago Ophthalmological Society from the simple sentence of the report, "he proved by demonstrations that oblique astigmatism does not cause obliquity of the retinal images." Since Dr. Savage did not know anything about my arguments it is not surprising that his criticism is so little to the point and consists simply in "threshing over old straw." The object of my remarks was to demonstrate the fallacy of the proposition that in oblique astigmatism the retinal images of horizontal or vertical objects are not themselves horizontal
Inducible nitric oxide synthase deficiency ameliorates skeletal muscle insulin resistance but does not alter unexpected lower blood glucose levels after burn injury in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Michiko Sugita, Hiroki Sugita, Minhye Kim, Ji Mao, Yoshikazu Yasuda, Mayu Habiro, Shohei Shinozaki, Shingo Yasuhara, Nobuyuki Shimizu, J.A. Jeevendra Martyn, Masao Kaneki
Journal: Metabolism (2011)
Abstract 1040: Most putative BH3 mimetics preferentially antagonize the anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1 rather than BCL-2
Authors: Tina C. Albershardt, Alexandre A. Pletnev, Alan Eastman
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The anti-apoptotic proteins of the BCL-2 family (BCL-2, BCL-X and MCL-1) have been variously implicated in the resistance of tumors to anti-cancer therapies. Numerous small molecules have been developed to mimic the binding of BH3-only proteins to the BH3 pocket of anti-apoptotic proteins. These “BH3 mimetics” thereby disrupt the ability of anti-apoptotic proteins to bind and inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins. ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic that inhibits BCL-2 and BCL-X but not MCL-1 and kills cells in a BAX/BAK-dependent manner. The ability of other BH3 mimetics to inhibit anti-apoptotic proteins has been questioned because they kill cells in a BAX/BAK-independent manner. It has thus been assumed that the actions of these BH3 mimetics must be mediated by off-target effects. In the NB4 leukemia cell line, we show for the first time that most BH3 mimetics preferentially inhibit MCL-1. Six putative BH3 mimetics investigated (GX015-070, gossypol, apogossypol, methoxy-antimycin A, HA14-1 and S1) led to an increase in both NOXA and MCL-1. NOXA binds to MCL-1 and targets the NOXA/MCL-1 complex for degradation. Hence, their accumulation is consistent with these BH3 mimetics disrupting the formation of the complex and preventing its degradation. The rapid increase in NOXA observed within 6 h is associated with the induction of apoptosis within 24 h. Considering a recent report that NOXA can induce cell death through a calcium-dependent pathway, our findings suggest that the BAX/BAK-independent cell death induced by BH3 mimetics may in fact be the result of their on-target mechanism of action. ABT-737 did not increase the levels of NOXA or MCL1, which is consistent with its inability to inhibit the binding of MCL-1 to NOXA. Furthermore, ABT-737 was the only BH3 mimetic that disrupted the binding of BCL-2 to BAD, suggesting that the other BH3 mimetics did not inhibit BCL-2. Lastly, gossypol, S1, and HA14-1 at a concentration that increased NOXA but not apoptosis, sensitized NB4 cells to ABT-737, inducing apoptosis within 6 h. We thus conclude that most BH3 mimetics inhibit MCL-1 but not BCL-2 or BCL-X, while combinations can be used to inhibit all these anti-apoptotic proteins and rapidly induce apoptosis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1040.
TCT-473 Genetic Polymorphisms of Platelet and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and their relationship with Stent Restenosis and Coronary Events at Long Term Follow Up.
Authors: Diego D. Grinfeld, Fernando Fuertes, Liliana Grinfeld, Jose Luis Parmisano, Ricardo Pastene, Pablo Pollono, Ignacio Rifourcat, Florencia Rolandi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
New Turkish law forbids medical treatment of injured protesters without state permission
Authors: S. Arie
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Turkey’s parliament has passed a bill that international medical and human rights organisations have warned will expose doctors to prosecution if they provide first aid in emergency situations without state authorisation.

Under the bill, medical professionals who provide independent assistance once official health services are on the scene could face up to three years’ imprisonment or a fine of two million Turkish lira (£560 000; €675 000; $920 000).

Critics of the bill are now urging the Turkish president, Abdullah Gul, not to sign it into law later this month.

The bill, which is part of a larger package of health bills, was passed by parliament on 2 January. Some see …
436. shRNAs Target HIV-1 Vif Gene Coding for SOCS-Box Motif Prevent Virus Escape from RNA Interference-Mediated Inhibition
Authors: Jianfei Ji, John J. Rossi
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

RNA interference (RNAi) is powerful cellular mechanism in which double-stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) induce sequence-specific degradation of homologous RNA molecules. Recent studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication can be effectively inhibited by intracellularly expressed siRNA or shRNA for short term. Since RNAi is highly sequence specific and HIV mutates rapidly, long-term inhibition of HIV replication is still a challenge for RNAi mediated virus gene therapy. Several groups report that HIV can escape RNAi inhibition as early as 21 days post challenge by target site point or deletion mutations. In this study, we developed a novel strategy to target the HIV Vif protein SOCS-box motif coding region using stably expressed shRNAs. HIV-1 Vif (viral infectivity factor) protein overcomes the antiviral activity of the host cellular DNA deaminase APOBEC3G by acting through Cul5-ElonginB-ElonginC E3 ubiquitin ligase. Sequence alignment of the Vif protein with other well-studied E3 ubiquitin complex binding proteins shows Vif contains the highly conserved SOCS-box motif that is the important binding domain to Cul5 complex. Mutations in this motif impeded the protein's ability to bind to this complex. For this reason, we designed two shRNAs targeting the highly conserved Vif SOCS-box motif-coding regions. Wild type virus will be directly inhibited by shRNA mediated RNAi. Although the virus may mutate and escape from RNAi via mutations in the target sites, the mutated SOCS-box motif will lose its ability to direct APOBEC3G to the proteasome, thereby allowing its incorporation into the virion, which will lead to defective virus. Our preliminary data shows the two stably expressed shRNAs can effectively inhibit HIV replication in the short term and reduce virus infectivity over long-term culture. There are no virus mutations with the shRNA target sites that we could detect up to one month after the initial challenge with HIV-1 IIIB. However, extended incubation shows one of the two target sites acquired a single point mutation after two months in culture. This point mutation is considerably delayed in comparison comparing with other reported escape mutations. The amino acid encoded by this mutation resulted in a very conservative change from Leu to Ile. The function of Vif with this amino acid changed mutation needs to be further studied. Nevertheless, we have yet to detect a mutation at the other conserved site in Vif. Thus, our results provide a novel strategy in targeting a highly conserved motif in an essential viral protein coding region which directly or indirectly can prevent virus escape from RNAi inhibition.
Protein 1 (Clara cell protein) serum levels in healthy subjects and patients with bacterial pneumonia.
Authors: H Nomori, H Horio, G Fuyuno, R Kobayashi, S Morinaga, Y Hirabayashi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Serum levels of protein 1 (P1), a Clara cell secretory protein, were studied in 942 healthy subjects in relation to sex, age, and smoking habits and in 117 patients with bacterial pneumonia in relation to prognosis. P1 values in bacterial pneumonia patients at disease onset were compared with those in 234 healthy control subjects matched by sex and age. P1 values in healthy males were highest in those 30 to 39 yr of age and highest in healthy females > or = 70 yr of age but lowest in those 30 to 49 yr of age. P1 values in healthy males were significantly higher than those in females in the 30- to 39-yr age group (p < 0.05). Male smokers showed higher P1 values than nonsmokers, but without a significant difference. P1 values in patients with pneumonia were significantly lower than in control subjects (p < 0.0001). P1 values were significantly lower in patients treated with a respirator than in in patients treated without a respirator (p < 0.05). In 59 patients, whose P1 values could be followed up until the outcome of pneumonia, all 37 recovered patients showed significantly increased P1 values after recovery (p < 0.001), and all 22 who died of their illness showed significantly decreased P1 values just before death (p < 0.01). We thus conclude that P1 serum levels were significantly affected by sex and by the degree of seriousness in bacterial pneumonia.
TYPE A AORTIC DISSECTION AT A DIAMETER &lt;5.5 CENTIMETERS: DOES MODERATE ENLARGEMENT OF THE AORTIC ROOT CARRY GREATER RISK THAN MODERATE SUPRACORONARY ASCENDING AORTIC ENLARGEMENT?
Authors: Asvin Ganapathi, Mark Peterson, Mark E. Lindsay, Himanshu Patel, Reed Pyeritz, Santi Trimarchi, Stuart Hutchison, Kevin Harris, Kevin Greason, Takeyoshi Ota, Daniel Montgomery, Christoph Nienaber, Kim Eagle, Eric Isselbacher, G. Chad Hughes
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Unusual Foreign Body
Authors: A. Ronald
Journal: BMJ (1965)

BmmuNAL 925 complete inversions).The aqueous phase is then discarded, and the ether extract is then partition extracted with 50 ml. of distilled water for half a minute.This is repeated with a further 50 ml. of distilled water.The ether extract is decanted into a test-tube, free from any water, and evaporated to 0.1-0.2ml. by means of immersion in a water-bath and use of an air-condenser.Since it is important that the ether extract is not completely evapora- ted (when any drug present may be lost by volatilization) it is probably easier to evaporate the ether in two stages, using a smaller tube for the second stage.The ether extract is seeded completely on to a sheet of Whatman No. 1 chromatography paper with a 0.1 ml.micropipette, the area of seeding not exceeding 1.0 cm. in diameter.A 1.0 g./100 ml.solution of p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde in methanol is seeded, sprayed, or dropped on to the extract spot and the paper is heated in a hot air oven at 90-100' C. for three minutes.A positive result is indi- cated by the development of a yellow spot, and it is simple to run control positive and negative tests in parallel with a number of urine ex- tracts from patients.-We are, etc.
Effect of abnormal coronary flow reserve and coronary endothelial dysfunction on debutamine stress echocardiography: pilot phase data from the NHLBI women's ischemia syndrome evaluation (WISE)
Authors: L. Lin, J.F. Lewis, A. Boyette, R.A. Korensky, S.P. McGorray, B.L. Sharat, C.N.B. Morz, C.J. Pepine
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Anophthalmia and gaps in public health policy.
Authors: A Watterson
Journal: BMJ (1993)

This matter is of sufficient importance that we encourage others to perform the analysis and report their findings.We believe that it is unsatisfactory to compare selected peer reviewed publications of prospective trials with unpublished or not peer reviewed summary data.Spencer and his colleagues cited only two of the three published studies using triple markers in women of all ages.The study not cited reported a detection rate of 91% (20/22) when amniocentesis was offered to 6% of the study population5 (this latter rate is identified as the false positive rate in the letter by Spencer and his colleagues).When evaluating prospective trials, it is essential to give details of the methods used to ensure complete ascertainment of all cases of Down's syndrome.Equally important is a comparison of the number of cases of Down's syndrome expected to be found in the second trimester (on the basis of the maternal age distribution of the screened population) with the actual number identified.The overall prevalence of Down's syndrome in the four studies using free ,B is lower than the prevalence in the two studies using triple markers, suggesting that incomplete identification of Down's syndrome pregnancies missed by the screening test may have led to an exaggerated detection rate.This possibility can be explored only if complete information is available.
Transcytosis of HTLV-1 across a tight human epithelial barrier and infection of subepithelial dendritic cells
Authors: Sandra Martin-Latil, Nina F. Gnädig, Adeline Mallet, Marion Desdouits, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Patricia Jeannin, Marie-Christine Prevost, Olivier Schwartz, Antoine Gessain, Simona Ozden, Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
Journal: Blood (2012)
181 FOXA1 and FOXA2 are required for the specification of the liver
Authors: J FRIEDMAN, C LEE, K KAESTNER
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Hepatic epithelial morphogenesis, including hepatoblast migration and proliferation in the septum transversum, requires the interaction of hepatic epithelium with the embryonic sinusoidal wall. No factors that mediate this interaction have yet been identified. As the β-catenin pathway is active in hepatoblast proliferation, then Wnt ligands might activate the canonical Wnt pathway during liver development. Here, we investigated the role of Wnts in mediating epithelial vessel interactions in the developing chick liver. We found that Wnt9a was specifically expressed in both endothelial and stellate cells of the embryonic sinusoidal wall. Induced overexpression of Wnt9a resulted in hepatomegaly with hyperplasia of the hepatocellular cords, and in hyperproliferation of hepatocytes. Knockdown of Wnt9a caused a reduction in liver size, with hypoplasia of hepatocellular cord branching, and hypoproliferation of hepatoblasts, and also inhibited glycogen accumulation at later developmental stages. Wnt9a promoted in vivo stabilization of β-catenin through binding with Frizzled 4, 7, and 9, and activated TOPflash reporter expression in vitro via Frizzled 7 and 9. Our results demonstrate that Wnt9a from the embryonic sinusoidal wall is required for the proper morphogenesis of chick hepatocellular cords, proliferation of hepatoblasts/hepatocytes, and glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes. Wnt9a signaling appears to be mediated by an Fzd7/9-β-catenin pathway.
Fatal Results From Diphenylhydantoin Administered Intravenously
Authors: Maria A. Russell
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Diphenylhydantoin sodium, originally introduced for the treatment of epilepsy, has been increasingly used in recent years for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, particularly those secondary to digitalis.<sup>1-3</sup>Although the drug has been considered safe,<sup>3</sup>several reports have appeared of fatalities after intravenous administration due to ventricular standstill,<sup>2,4,5</sup>ventricular fibrillation,<sup>6</sup>or hypotension and apnea.<sup>7</sup>The purpose of the present report is to describe an additional death with a different mechanism, a central nervous system toxic condition manifested by tonic seizure and respiratory arrest, and to comment upon possible means of preventing fatalities from intravenously administered diphenylhydantoin and other antiarrhythmic agents. <h3>Report of a Case:—</h3> The 67-year-old male patient was admitted to the Albany Veterans Administration Hospital on March 10, 1968, for increasing shortness of breath and orthopnea of one week's duration. The patient had had documented myocardial infarctions in 1957, 1966, and 1967.
Intratumor CD4 T-Cell Accumulation Requires Stronger Priming than for Expansion and Lymphokine Secretion
Authors: Nathalie T. Joncker, Julie Helft, Alexandra Jacquet, Virginie Premel, Olivier Lantz
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract T cells need to migrate to and accumulate inside tumors before mediating rejection of the tumor. The number of specific T cells inside tumors may depend on the efficiency of priming in the draining lymph node (DLN), intratumor deletion, suppressive phenomena, or both. We used monoclonal anti-male antigen CD4 (Marilyn) T cells and tumor cell lines expressing or not the corresponding antigen (Dby) to analyze CD4 T-cell accumulation in tumors. Priming by MHC II+ or MHC II− male splenocytes or Dby+ tumor cells induced similar Marilyn T-cell expansion in the DLN and recirculation in other lymph nodes and capacity to produce IFN-γ. However, intratumor accumulation was different for each priming condition. In mice with Dby− tumors, MHC II+ male splenocyte priming induced greater, although not statistically significant, Marilyn T-cell accumulation in the tumors than MHC II− male splenocyte priming. In mice with Dby+ tumors, priming in the tumor DLN induced less Marilyn T-cell intratumor accumulation than priming by MHC II+ male splenocytes. We saw comparable differences for Marilyn T-cell accumulation in gut lamina propria, suggesting that priming affects effector T-cell accumulation in inflamed tissues. Mature dendritic cells were loaded with graded doses of Dby peptide to control for antigen-presenting cell characteristics during priming. We observed similar proliferation, with higher concentrations inducing higher intratumor accumulation. Thus, intratumor accumulation requires stronger stimulation than for proliferation or the capacity to secrete lymphokines. In this system, priming intensity alone can explain the number of intratumor T cells without having to call for intratumor deletion or suppression phenomena. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(10): 5443-51)
Epigenetic regulation of the alternatively activated macrophage phenotype
Authors: Makoto Ishii, Haitao Wen, Callie A. S. Corsa, Tianju Liu, Ana L. Coelho, Ronald M. Allen, William F. Carson, Karen A. Cavassani, Xiangzhi Li, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Cory M. Hogaboam, Yali Dou, Steven L. Kunkel
Journal: Blood (2009)
Reconviction rates of drug dependent patients treated in a residential therapeutic community: 10 year follow up.
Authors: S Wilson, B Mandelbrote
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Reconviction rates of drug dependent patients treated in a residential therapeutic community: 10 year follow up A 10 year follow up study of criminal records and reconvictions of 61 drug dependent patients treated at the Ley Community, Oxford, is reported.