tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Direct measurement of papillary collecting duct sodium transport in the rat. Evidence for heterogeneity of nephron function during Ringer loading.
Authors: J H Stein, R W Osgood, R T Kunau
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

It has been suggested that collecting duct sodium transport was inhibited by extracellular volume expansion. To directly evaluate this possibility, micropuncture of the papillary collecting duct of young rats was performed during hydropenia and Ringer loading. The possibility of heterogeneity of nephron function was evaluated during Ringer and hyperoncotic albumin loading by comparing the delivery of sodium to the end of the distal tubule of superficial nephrons with papillary base delivery. During hydropenia (n = 14), sodium delivery to the base averaged 0.95% of the filtered sodium load and reabsorption along the collecting duct was noted from base to tip in each collection pair averaging 0.80% of the filtered load. During Ringer loading, sodium delivery to the base was markedly greater than in hydropenia, 11.8 vs. 0.95% of the filtered load (P less than 0.001). Yet, sodium reabsorption was also much greater, 6 vs. 0.8% (P less than 0.001). In 13 paired collections, during Ringer loading, sodium delivery to the papillary base, 12.2% of the filtered load, was consistently greater than late distal tubular delivery from superficial nephrons. 8% (P less than 0.005). In contrast, reabsorption of sodium from late distal tubule to papillary base was found during albumin infusion, 6.2 vs. 3.1% (P less than 0.001). Therefore, these studies demonstrate that: (a) the delivery of sodium to and reabsorption along the papillary collecting duct were markedly greater during Ringer loading than in hydropenia; (b) the amount of sodium delivered to the papillary base was greater than the delivery to the end of the distal tubule of superficial nephrons during Ringer loading, suggesting that deeper nephrons deliver more sodium to the collecting duct in this setting; and (c) the difference in sodium excretion between Ringer loading and hyperoncotic albumin infusion is due to events occurring between the late distal tubule of superficial nephrons and the base of the papillary collecting duct.
Electrophysiologic effects of coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Observations of dispersion of refractoriness and ventricular automaticity.
Authors: R Levites, V S Banka, R H Helfant
Journal: Circulation (1975)

In order to determine the electrophysiological changes that occur during coronary occlusion and following reperfusion, 19 mongrel dogs were studied. Refractory periods were determined by the extrastimulus method in nonischemic and ischemic zones prior to and after variable periods of left anterior descending artery occlusion and reperfusion. After 15-30 minutes of occlusion, refractory periods in the nonischemic zones remained unchanged while in the ischemic zone they shortened by 17%, resulting in a dispersion of refractoriness. Within three minutes of reperfusion, arrhythmias appeared together with a marked directional change of refractory periods to a prolongation by 34% (P less than 0.001) in the ischemic zone and by 3% (P less than 0.02) in the nonischemic zone. Refractory periods returned to baseline values after 60 minutes of reperfusion. After 60-90 minutes of occlusion, refractory periods in the nonischemic zones were unchanged whereas in the ischemic zone they demonstrated a decrease by 28% (P less than 0.01), again resulting in a dispersion of refractoriness. Within five minutes of reperfusion, refractory periods in the ischemic zone prolonged by 44% (P less than 0.001). Similar but smaller directional changes were also seen in nonischemic zones. Concomitant with the observed prolongation in refractory periods frequent ventricular ectopic activity was again documented. In addition, refractory periods did not return to control values after periods of observation up to 120 minutes in this group. In seven dogs, complete heart block was induced to ascertain the rate of idioventricular pacemaker and the effect of ventricular overdrive on the escape interval. Control ventricular rates (53.3 +/- 5.7 beats/min) remained unchanged (52.3 +/- 5.6) following coronary occlusion, but decreased to 48.0 +/- 4.4 (P less than 0.05) during reperfusion. Mean control escape intervals (1.8 +/- 0.2 sec) did not change after occlusion (1.7 +/- 0.2 sec) but prolonged to 2.1 +/- 0.2 sec (P less than 0.05) following reperfusion.1) sudden prolongation in refractory periods following reperfusion leads to an overshoot resulting in a dispersion of refractoriness temporally related to the onset of ventricular arrhythmias and 2) re-entry, and not enhanced automaticity, appears to be the mechanism for postperfusion arrhythmias.
Alterations in Haptoglobin Levels
Authors: B. S. Blumberg
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE HAPTOGLOBINS are a family of serum proteins which bind hemoglobin. The early studies of Jayle and his co-workers<sup>1</sup>demonstrated that the haptoglobin levels are elevated in a wide variety of inflammatory diseases. In some illnesses associated with hemolysis, the hemoglobin released from the breakdown of the red blood cells combines with the haptoglobin to form a strong complex which appears to be removed in the reticuloendothelial system. If the rate of breakdown of red blood cells is greater than the production of haptoglobin, the serum haptoglobin level will decrease, in some cases to undetectable levels. If the hemolytic process is arrested, the haptoglobin can be regenerated (presumably in the liver) and the serum levels may return to normal. When starch gel is used as a supporting medium for electrophoresis,<sup>2,3</sup>human sera can be separated according to haptoglobin types. Three major types, 1-1, 2-2, and 2-1, were
Screening for Colonic and Rectal Carcinoma-Reply
Authors: LaSalle D. Leffall
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I agree with the points that Dr Merlo has raised. There was an inadvertent omission in which barium colon enema and air contrast were not listed. He is absolutely correct that after positive guaiac test results, proctosigmoidoscopy and barium enema with air contrast should be performed. Colonoscopy is indicated in certain circumstances but certainly is not performed routinely on patients with stools positive for blood. Some indications for colonoscopy are as follows: Suspicious lesions on barium enema, Stools persistently positive for blood, with negative results of barium enema examination, Patients with previous history of colonic polyps, and Some patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis in whom cancer is suspected. However, as Dr Merlo correctly indicated, the value of the properly performed barium enema with air contrast to rule out colonic cancer cannot be overemphasized.
Effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced caspase-12 activation
Authors: Qing Xie, Vladimir I. Khaoustov, Charles C. Chung, Joohyun Sohn, Bhuvaneswari Krishnan, Dorothy E. Lewis, Boris Yoffe
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Activation of death receptors and mitochondrial damage are well-described common apoptotic pathways. Recently, a novel pathway via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported. We assessed the role of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in inhibition of caspase-12 activation and its effect on calcium homeostasis in an ER stress-induced model of apoptosis. The human liver-derived cell line, Huh7, was treated with thapsigargin (TG) to induce ER stress. Typical morphologic changes of ER stress preceded development of apoptotic changes, including DNA fragmentation and cleavage of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP), as well as activation of caspase-3 and -7. Elevation of intracellular calcium levels without loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was shown using Fluo-3/Fura-red labeling and flow cytometry, and confirmed by induction of Bip/GRP78, a calcium-dependent chaperon of ER lumen. These changes were accompanied by procaspase-12 processing. TUDCA abolished TG-induced markers of ER stress; reduced calcium efflux, induction of Bip/GRP78, and caspase-12 activation; and subsequently inhibited activation of effector caspases and apoptosis. In conclusion, we propose that mitochondria play a secondary role in ER-mediated apoptosis and that TUDCA prevents apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. This novel mechanism of TUDCA action suggests new intervention methods for ER stress-induced liver disease.
82 DELETION OF HYPERVARIABLE REGION 1 (HVR1) OF E2 FROM HCV GENOTYPES 1–6 HAS DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT ON INFECTIVITY IN VITRO AND CAUSES INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO NEUTRALIZATION
Authors: J. Prentoe, J.M. Gottwein, T.K.H. Scheel, T.B. Jensen, S. Serre, J. Bukh
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Vitamin D Status Is Associated With Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Dysfunction in Healthy Humans
Authors: Ibhar Al Mheid, Riyaz Patel, Jonathan Murrow, Alanna Morris, Ayaz Rahman, Lucy Fike, Nino Kavtaradze, Irina Uphoff, Craig Hooper, Vin Tangpricha, R. Wayne Alexander, Kenneth Brigham, Arshed A. Quyyumi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Association and direct activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription1alpha by platelet-derived growth factor receptor.
Authors: G G Choudhury, N Ghosh-Choudhury, H E Abboud
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

PDGF stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1alpha). However, it is not known whether JAKs are required for STAT1alpha phosphorylation or if the PDGF receptor itself can directly tyrosine phosphorylate and activate STAT1alpha. In vitro immunecomplex kinase assay of PDGF beta receptor (PDGFR) or STAT1alpha immunoprecipitates from lysates of mesangial cells treated with PDGF showed phosphorylation of a 91- and an 185-kD protein. Incubation of lysates prepared from quiescent mesangial cells with purified PDGFR resulted in STAT1alpha activation. Immunodepletion of Janus kinases from the cell lysate before incubation with the purified PDGFR showed no effect on STAT1alpha activation. Moreover, lysates from mesangial cells treated with JAK2 inhibitor, retained significant STAT1alpha activity. To confirm that STAT1alpha is a substrate for PDGFR, STAT1alpha protein was prepared by in vitro transcription and translation. The addition of purified PDGFR to the translated STAT1alpha resulted in its phosphorylation. This in vitro phosphorylated and activated protein also forms a specific protein-DNA complex. Dimerization of the translated STAT1alpha protein was also required for its DNA binding. Incubation of pure STAT1alpha with autophosphorylated PDGFR resulted in physical association of the two proteins. These data indicate that activated PDGFR may be sufficient to tyrosine phosphorylate and thus directly activate STAT1alpha.
Does cytogenetic mosaicism in CD34+CD38low cells reflect the persistence of normal primitive hematopoietic progenitors in myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis?
Authors: Chrystèle Bilhou-Nabéra, Christophe Brigaudeau, Denis Clay, Joris Andrieux, Jean-Luc Lai, Danielle Brouty-Boyé, Christine Vignon, Marie-Josée Gharbi, Marie-Caroline Le Bousse-Kerdilès, Vincent Praloran
Journal: Blood (2003)
Mitochondrial DNA deletions in dilated cardiomyopathy: A clinical study employing endomyocardial sampling
Authors: Anne M. Remes, Ilmo E. Hassinen, Markku J. IkÄheimo, Riitta Herva, Jorma Hirvonen, Keijo J. Peuhkurinen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)
Activation and growth of colony-stimulating factor-dependent cell lines is cell cycle stage dependent.
Authors: L London, J P McKearn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

Hematopoietic cell development is regulated by a series of growth factors that are progressively restricted in their biological activity. IL-3 is a multi-lineage growth factor that supports the growth and differentiation of progenitor cells belonging to multiple lineages. However, the mechanism by which IL-3 induces proliferation and differentiation of these cells is not completely understood. In this report, we have used two IL-3-dependent cell lines, FDC-P1 (a myeloid progenitor) and F15.12 (a lymphoid progenitor) to investigate IL-3-mediated growth and differentiation. When either FDC-P1 or FL5.12 cells are deprived of IL-3, greater than 90% of all cells accumulate in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Upon readdition of IL-3, the cells will reenter the active phases of the cell cycle. Therefore, IL-3 can act as both a competence (G0----G1) factor, and a progression (G1----M) factor for hematopoietic precursor clones. FDC-P1 cells can also proliferate in response to granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (G/M-CSF) and IL-4 (B cell stimulatory factor 1 [BSF-1]). However, resting (G0) FDC-P1 cells have lost their ability to grow in response to both G/M-CSF and IL-4, even though both factors can induce a G0----G1 transition. Therefore, G/M-CSF or IL-4 behave as progression factors among certain IL-3-responsive clones, and in those cases only in defined points in the cell cycle. Both IL-4 and G/M-CSF can maintain long-term growth of FDC-P1 cells. Upon removal of factor for 24 h, these clones accumulate in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and do not appear to enter G0 even after 36 h of factor deprivation. Therefore, cells maintained in G/M-CSF or IL-4 have altered growth requirements compared with the IL-3-dependent lines from which they were derived. The ability of various hematopoietic growth factors to regulate cell cycle progression in IL-3-dependent cell lines is dependent not only upon the lineage from which these cells were derived, but also the phase of the cell cycle in which those cells reside. The consequences of these interactions dictate the manner by which various clones will respond to CSFs and whether the cells will grow and/or differentiate.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO MENTAL HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: SVEN LUNDSTEDT
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1965)

To continue to remain effective mental hospital administration personnel may require a reevaluation of the organizations in which they are working members. This paper has discussed some aspects of an alternative approach to management, in contrast to the traditional military model, which has been the rule in many organizazations. While the manifest goals of organizations will vary widely, their internal social structure, and their patterns of human relations, have many things in common. In this paper research findings from business and industry have been discussed in terms of hospital administration. This form of social psychological research on organizations suggests that many facets of hospital management can be improved, thus leading to increased on-the-job effectiveness, such as less error, less absenteeism and lateness, less turnover, improved communication, and better morale among the members. The job of achieving these things is not easy, but the return of investments in these newer approaches in other organizations suggests that mental hospital personnel may benefit from them also.
A Comparison of Single Blood Sample and Multiple Blood Sample Methods to Measure GFR in a Pediatric Population
Authors: ROBERT J. BOUDREAU, ROSEMARY T. CARPENTER, BRUCE E. HASSELQUIST, RENE P. DU CRET, CHRISTOPHER C. KUNI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Several single-sample, Cr-51 EDTA based methods of estimating glomerular filtration rate in children have been proposed. The authors retrospectively reviewed our experience in 467 pediatric patients using Tc-99m DTPA and 4 ultrafiltered serum samples drawn 2-4 hours postinjection. The authors used the 2-hour specimens for the single-sample method. Regression analysis of the 2 techniques revealed significant scatter. Mathematically, it was shown that the error of the single-sample method was minimized when the clearance t 1/2 equalled the sampling time x 0.693. This model predicted a 300% error when the t 1/2 was varied to its observed extremes. The observed error of the single-sample method fit this theoretical prediction very well. Analysis of a two-sample method versus the four-sample method showed no improvement in results. In a subset of 18 unfiltered plasma samples, the glomerular filtration rate was falsely low in 12 patients. The authors conclude that multiple blood samples and serum ultrafiltration are required to accurately measure glomerular filtration rate when using Tc-99m DTPA.
PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS TREATED WITH CORTISONE
Authors: Felix Demartini
Journal: JAMA (1952)

During treatment with cortisone or corticotropin (ACTH) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, most of the clinical features that have been described in Cushing's syndrome have been encountered, and it has been anticipated that the osteoporosis and fractures characteristic of this disorder would become manifest in patients sustained on hormonal therapy over long periods of time. Since some degree of osteoporosis is common in patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis and because it is difficult to make accurate comparative studies owing to variations in radiological technique, it has not been possible in most instances to appraise the possible progression of osteoporosis resulting from treatment withcorticotropin or cortisone. It might be expected in severe rheumatoid arthritis with marked osteoporosis that fractures would occur frequently, but actually it is one of the rarer complications of the disease.<sup>1</sup>The development, however, of pathological fractures in five patients who received hormonal therapy for periods
NECROSIS OF THE BONES OF THE FACE.
Authors: STEWART L. McCURDY
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Pathologic changes about the tissues of the face resulting in death of bone are most common. It is quite usual for the dentist to remove portions of bone during the management of pyorrhea alveolaris and other suppurative conditions about the teeth. A cardinal symptom suggestive of beginning destruction of bone is swelling that pits on pressure, or what is known as edema. When this is found either on the alveolar process or tibia, a careful study of associated symptoms should be made, since it is on the proper and early management of such cases that the subsequent history depends. When the existence of a periostitis is fully determined a free incision should be made down to the bone, for just so soon as the colony of bacteria that is causing the trouble is reached and disconcerted, their activity ceases and repair begins. When, however, myriads of
A controlled clinical pilot trial to study the effectiveness of ice as a supplement to the exercise programme for the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy
Authors: P Manias, D Stasinopoulos
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Background: The use of ice as a supplement to an exercise programme has been recommended for the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET). No studies have examined its effectiveness. Objectives: To investigate whether an exercise programme supplemented with ice is more successful than the exercise programme alone in treating patients with LET. Methods: Patients with unilateral LET for at least four weeks were included in this pilot study. They were sequentially allocated to receive five times a week for four weeks either an exercise programme with ice or the exercise programme alone. The exercise programme consisted of slow progressive eccentric exercises of wrist extensors and static stretching of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon. In the exercise programme/ice group, the ice was applied after the exercise programme for 10 minutes in the form of an ice bag to the facet of the lateral epicondyle. Patients were evaluated at baseline, at the end of treatment, and three months after the end of treatment. Outcome measures used were the pain visual analogue scale and the dropout rate. Results: Forty patients met the inclusion criteria. At the end of treatment there was a decline in visual analogue scale of about 7 units in both groups compared with baseline (p&lt;0.0005, paired t test). There were no significant differences in the magnitude of reduction between the groups at the end of treatment and at the three month follow up (p&lt;0.0005, independent t test). There were no dropouts. Conclusions: An exercise programme consisting of eccentric and static stretching exercises had reduced the pain in patients with LET at the end of the treatment and at the follow up whether or not ice was included. Further research to establish the relative, absolute, and cost effectiveness as well as the mechanism of action of the exercise programme is needed.
Targeted retroviral vectors displaying a cleavage site-engineered hemagglutinin (HA) through HA–protease interactions
Authors: Judit Szécsi, Rosybel Drury, Véronique Josserand, Marie-Pierre Grange, Bertrand Boson, Irene Hartl, Richard Schneider, Christian J. Buchholz, Jean-Luc Coll, Stephen J. Russell, François-Loïc Cosset, Els Verhoeyen
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

We report here a targeting method that exploits the expression pattern of cell surface proteases to induce gene delivery to specific tissues. We describe retroviral vectors harboring modified surface glycoproteins derived from an avian influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) for which the cell entry properties, dependent on HA cleavage by producer cells, were conditionally blocked at a postbinding step by insertion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) substrates. We demonstrate that such vectors induce gene transfer, both in vitro and in mice harboring human tumor xenografts, only through contact with target cells expressing MMPs that cleave the substrate introduced into the recombinant HA. This selective gene transfer in MMP-rich cells was specifically inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, a broad-range MMP inhibitor. Importantly, such MMP-activatable vectors selectively transduced MMP-rich cells in heterogeneous populations containing MMP-rich and MMP-poor cells. These vectors will allow useful gene transfer applications into target cells exhibiting specific protease activities.