tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chemokine involvement in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice: Roles for macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and kupffer cells
Authors: Alex B. Lentsch, Hiroyuki Yoshidome, William G. Cheadle, Frederick N. Miller, Michael J. Edwards
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Hepatic injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion is an important clinical problem after liver resection or transplantation. Neutrophils are known to mediate the organ injury, but the precise mechanisms leading to hepatic neutrophil recruitment are undefined. Two CXC chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and KC, are potently chemotactic for neutrophils in vitro and have been reported to be involved in neutrophil-dependent inflammatory tissue injury. The objective of the present study was to determine the roles of MIP-2 and KC in the induction of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 90 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion. Hepatic injury was associated with neutrophil sequestration, edema, and elevated serum levels of hepatic transaminases. The expression of MIP-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) was induced within 3 hours after reperfusion, before any detectable increase in neutrophil accumulation, and was also increased to a greater extent in the ischemic lobe after 9 hours of reperfusion. These data suggest that MIP-2 may be involved in the initial recruitment of neutrophils to the ischemic lobe. In contrast, KC mRNA expression was not increased after 3 hours of reperfusion but after 9 hours increased equivalently in both ischemic and non-ischemic lobes, suggesting a more generalized role in neutrophil recruitment. Neutralization of MIP-2 or KC resulted in significant decreases in hepatic neutrophil accumulation, edema, and hepatocellular injury. These data suggest that the local expression of MIP-2 and KC are important mediators involved in neutrophil-dependent hepatic injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion in mice.
REVIEW OF MASS CHEST X-RAY SURVEYS
Authors: Robert J. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1952)

As the community-wide chest x-ray survey has developed in recent years, it has become, today more than ever, a concentrated attack on tuberculosis. Through the use of the photofluorograph, we now screen entire communities—the adult population of whole cities or large metropolitan areas—and, in so doing, find tuberculosis and gather the information we need to build more effective tuberculosis control. In the achievement of these purposes, the communitywide chest x-ray survey is based on a blending together of the efforts of all the resources, skills, interests, and knowledge of an entire community. This blending together of resource and effort becomes apparent even before the photofluorographic units begin their screening operations. It becomes apparent in the modification of local tuberculosis control resources and practices to meet the special needs of the survey—in the provision of special laboratory services to aid the physician in the essential task of diagnosis, in the provision
Hepatotoxicity of fast food?
Authors: G. Marchesini, V. Ridolfi, V. Nepoti
Journal: Gut (2008)

In the dictionary, fast food is defined as any food which may be cooked easily, and is sold by restaurants to be eaten quickly or taken away. Changes in the dietary pattern of the last decades have made fast food a relevant component of Western diets, but a diet largely based on fast food has detrimental effects on health, which have been a matter of discussion for 20 years.1 Two potential mechanisms have been suggested: (1) fast feeding does not suppress appetite, leading to increased calorie consumption; and (2) fast food is usually richer in fats and saturated fats (and thus richer in calories), as well as in other components which may cause harm to several organs, namely widespread cardiovascular disease. Both mechanisms are likely to promote obesity, but is there evidence for a direct hepatotoxicity?

The issue came to public attention in the movie Super Size Me . After consuming three meals a day in a fast-food restaurant for 1 month, Morgan Spurlock increased by nearly 10 kg, and liver enzymes peaked at 290 U/l [alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] from baseline values of 20 U/l, accompanied by increased total cholesterol, uric acid and the onset of clinical features of the metabolic syndrome. There is no doubt that elevated aminotransferase levels are a marker of hepatic dysfunction, but are they related to any specific dietary component of fast food-based diet, or simply to weight gain and obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)? 

In the general population, the majority of obese individuals do not have high liver enzymes. Also, in the presence of morbid obesity, more than half of individuals have liver enzymes within normal limits,2 although a significant correlation exists between the prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes and the degree of obesity. Accordingly, excess calorie intake cannot be the …
Neurologic Complications of Head and Neck Manipulations
Authors: Roger A. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Two cases of neurological injury during manipulation of the head and neck are described. In the first case, a 33-year-old woman, who had already had one chiropractic manipulation without ill effects, suddenly vomited during a second manipulation, became comatose, and died 3 days later. In the second case, a 48-year-old woman had manipulations which included forceful rotations of the head. During the "adjustment" she began to complain of headache and nausea, became unable to walk, and presented the clinical picture of Wallenberg's syndrome. In the ensuing 4 years, the headache continued, but most of the other neurological symptoms gradually subsided. The nature of these vascular accidents and the means of prevention are discussed.
Text messaging and improved data help cut missed and cancelled appointments in London
Authors: T. Moberly
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The proportion of outpatient appointments missed or cancelled in London fell by 8.8% from 2008-09 to 2012-13, figures released by the Department of Health show.

Data listing the number of outpatient appointments recorded as cancelled or not attended in each NHS provider have been deposited in the House of Commons Library by Department of Health officials.1 The data cover 114 NHS providers in London and list the details of cancelled or missed appointments from 49 providers for 2008-09 and 97 for 2012-13.

The figures show that in 2008-09, 24 in every 100 appointments booked were either missed or cancelled. By 2012-13, the rate was …
Development of a prostate-specific promoter for gene therapy against androgen-independent prostate cancer
Authors: Souichi Furuhata, Hisamitsu Ide, Yoshiaki Miura, Teruhiko Yoshida, Kazunori Aoki
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

Androgen ablation has been the standard treatment for metastasized prostate cancer. In most cases, however, prostate cancer cells eventually lose androgen dependency and become refractory to the conventional endocrine therapy. Androgen-independent prostate cancer is characterized by a heterogeneous loss of androgen receptor (AR) expression among tumor cells. Prostate-specific promoters such as prostate-specific antigen and rat probasin (rPB) promoters have been examined in the development of gene therapy targeted to prostate cancer. However, those promoters require binding of the androgen-AR complex to the androgen-response element and are active only in the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell lines and not in the androgen-independent cell lines. To target transgene expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer, we designed a prostate-specific promoter that is activated by the retinoids-retinoid receptor complex instead of the androgen-AR complex. The modified rPB promoters expressed transgenes in response to retinoid in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells and not in other cancer cell lines or in human normal cells, in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the combination of retinoid treatment and adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the modified rPB-driven HSV-tk gene resulted in a significant growth suppression of the androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in the presence of the prodrug ganciclovir. This study suggests that tailoring of the hormone-responsive elements may offer a new therapeutic opportunity against the hormone-refractory stage of prostate cancer.
Role of adenosine receptor activation in myocardial infarct size limitation by ischaemic preconditioning
Authors: A. Tsuchida, T. Miura, T. Miki, K. Shimamoto, O. Iimura
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

The aims were to examine the role of adenosine receptors in the mechanism of preconditioning in a chronic rabbit model of myocardial infarction; to assess whether the preconditioning effect is blocked by an adenosine receptor antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline; and to determine whether an adenosine A1 receptor agonist, R(-)N6-2-phenylisopropyl adenosine (R-PIA), mimics infarct size limitation by preconditioning.Myocardial infarction was induced in male rabbits by occlusion of the left coronary artery for 30 min, which was followed by 72 h reperfusion. Before the 30 min ischaemia, rabbits were subjected to one of the following six protocols: (1) untreated control; (2) intravenous injection of 8-phenyltheophylline; (3) preconditioning with 5 min ischaemia; (4) pretreatment with 8-phenyltheophylline plus preconditioning; (5) intravenous injection of R-PIA; or (6) R-PIA plus atrial pacing (240.min-1). Infarct size and area at risk were determined by histology and fluorescent particles, respectively.Preconditioning significantly limited infarct size, normalised as a percent of area at risk (%IS/AR), to 19.2 (SEM 2.3)% v control value of 46.5(2.8)%. 8-Phenyltheophylline alone did not modify the %IS/AR, but its injection before preconditioning attenuated the preconditioning effect such that IS/AR = 34.4(2.5)%. While R-PIA did not achieve statistically significant myocardial salvage, R-PIA plus atrial pacing limited infarct size to 33.7(3.0)% (p<0.05 v control). The R-PIA group had severe hypotension and their infarct sizes were inversely correlated with diastolic blood pressure at reperfusion. There was no such correlation in the R-PIA plus pacing group in which bradycardia and hypotension induced by R-PIA were attenuated by atrial pacing.The infarct size limiting effect of preconditioning was attenuated by 8-phenyltheophylline, and pretreatment with R-PIA was able to limit myocardial infarct size when severe hypotension was avoided by atrial pacing. These findings suggest that adenosine receptor activation plays a crucial role in the mechanism of preconditioning.
Preclinical and Early Clinical Evaluation of the Oral AKT Inhibitor, MK-2206, for the Treatment of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Marina Y. Konopleva, Roland B. Walter, Stefan H. Faderl, Elias J. Jabbour, Zhihong Zeng, Gautam Borthakur, Xuelin Huang, Tapan M. Kadia, Peter P. Ruvolo, Jennie B. Feliu, Hongbo Lu, LaKiesha Debose, Jan A. Burger, Michael Andreeff, Wenbin Liu, Keith A. Baggerly, Steven M. Kornblau, L. Austin Doyle, Elihu H. Estey, Hagop M. Kantarjian
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: Recent studies suggested that AKT activation might confer poor prognosis in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), providing the rationale for therapeutic targeting of this signaling pathway. We, therefore, explored the preclinical and clinical anti-AML activity of an oral AKT inhibitor, MK-2206. Experimental Methods: We first studied the effects of MK-2206 in human AML cell lines and primary AML specimens in vitro. Subsequently, we conducted a phase II trial of MK-2206 (200 mg weekly) in adults requiring second salvage therapy for relapsed/refractory AML, and assessed target inhibition via reverse phase protein array (RPPA). Results: In preclinical studies, MK-2206 dose-dependently inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in AML cell lines and primary AML blasts. We then treated 19 patients with MK-2206 but, among 18 evaluable participants, observed only 1 (95% confidence interval, 0%–17%) response (complete remission with incomplete platelet count recovery), leading to early study termination. The most common grade 3/4 drug-related toxicity was a pruritic rash in 6 of 18 patients. Nevertheless, despite the use of MK-2206 at maximum tolerated doses, RPPA analyses indicated only modest decreases in Ser473 AKT (median 28%; range, 12%–45%) and limited inhibition of downstream targets. Conclusions: Although preclinical activity of MK-2206 can be demonstrated, this inhibitor has insufficient clinical antileukemia activity when given alone at tolerated doses, and alternative approaches to block AKT signaling should be explored. Clin Cancer Res; 20(8); 2226–35. ©2014 AACR.
Ultrastructure of Haemic Cells: A Cytological Atlas of Normal and Leukaemic Blood and Bone Marrow
Authors: Ruth Andrea Seeler
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The field of hematology now has a compact, high-quality ultrastructure atlas of normal and malignant bone marrow elements. The 157 photomicrographs are of superior technical quality and include two common stains, acid phosphatase and peroxidase, for the elaboration on the standard electron microscopic morphology. Each of the major sections and subsections begins with a masterly, brief, but complete description of ultrastructure and its progressive development in the cellular line under consideration. Since this is a text for advanced students of hematology, no light microscopic photographs are included for orientation. The number of photomicrographs for a given stage of the cell line are generous enough to demonstrate the numerous normal variations typical of sequential development. Legends for each figure are lucid, exact, and complete. Both the textual material and the legends clearly identify areas of controversy or uncertainty as to origin, function, or artifact. The text and legends are well referenced
Radical Cure of Hernia and Other Clinical Cases
Authors: G. Buchanan
Journal: BMJ (1894)

ARADICAL CURE OF HIER'QA.hkis (iiilier of shee^p's liea(l brot)).1%'hlilehis3 inoutli was full lis boy niade <Ijokt' which cl ausedIiim tG, laugh ; tli(, b>ack-
Dietary composition as a determinant of plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine in subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Hannu Päivä, Terho Lehtimäki, Juha Laakso, Inkeri Ruokonen, Riitta Tervonen, Saara Metso, Matti Nikkilä, Erkki Wuolijoki, Reijo Laaksonen
Journal: Metabolism (2004)
Modulation by beta-aminopropionitrile of vessel luminal narrowing and structural abnormalities in arterial wall collagen in a rabbit model of conventional balloon angioplasty versus laser balloon angioplasty.
Authors: J R Spears, H Zhan, S Khurana, R L Karvonen, K M Reiser
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

This study was designed to assess the potential relationship between the late loss of angiographic luminal diameter and biochemical abnormalities of arterial wall collagen in rabbits subjected to angioplasty, and to test the hypothesis that beta-aminopropionitrile (beta APN), an inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, would inhibit such changes when administered orally for 1 mo after angioplasty. Endovascular injury was induced in rabbit iliac arteries by ipsilateral balloon angioplasty (BA) and by contralateral balloon angioplasty accompanied by exposure to continuous wave neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser radiation (LBA). Computer measurement of angiographic luminal diameter demonstrated significant vessel narrowing at 1 and 6 mo after both procedures. By quantitative histology, the majority of the 1-mo loss in angiographic diameter could not be attributed to neointimal thickening. Analysis of collagen cross-linking by HPLC in collagen obtained from the LBA-injured segments of the arteries 1 mo after angioplasty revealed a significant increase, relative to values from uninjured arteries (P < 0.05), in the difunctional cross-link dihydroxylysinonorleucine (DHLNL). 6 mo after angioplasty, the content of hydroxypyridinium, the trifunctional maturational product of DHLNL, was significantly elevated in both BA- and LBA-treated arteries compared with values from uninjured arteries (P < 0.05). In animals administered beta APN, luminal narrowing at 1 mo, compared with controls, was attenuated (P < 0.01) and DHLNL content was decreased (P < 0.05) in arteries subjected to LBA, but not in arteries subjected to BA. The results suggest that lathyrogenic agents may be efficacious in favorably modulating LBA-induced alterations in vessel diameter and mural connective tissue.
Biochemical Response to Tissue Injury
Authors: Henry T. Randall
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The biochemical response to tissue injury can be considered a combination of the local events occurring within the area of injury and the systemic response induced by the local injury through humoral and neuroendocrine pathways. Tissue injury is an inevitable component of the process of living. Acute episodes of infection, infarction, external trauma, or elective or emergency surgery are common events. Survival depends upon the ability to handle both the local injury and the complex chain of responses set into motion by it. Surgeons accept the responsibility for the care of most patients suffering from accidental tissue injury and many types of infection and vascular occlusion. In addition, surgery creates, of necessity, injury to a wide spectrum of body tissues. Surgeons must have an extensive practical knowledge of both local tissue response, and of the complex of systemic reactions that patients undergo when injured. Preoperative preparation, intraoperative monitoring and support,
A NEW BITE BLOCK FOR PERORAL PROCEDURES IN CHILDREN
Authors: William Frederic Moore
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The importance of a mouth gag that can be securely held by the same assistant who holds the head is realized by laryngologists, who all, at times, must work in the throat of unanesthetized children for various purposes, such as palpation for retropharyngeal abscess, palpation for adenoids, intubation and bronchoscopy. Self-retaining mouth gags, useful in anesthetized patients, are not satisfactory for this purpose. The thimble idea, original with Dr. John W. Boyce, presents many advantages, but the thimbles so far devised are not easily kept in position by most men without encroaching so much on the relatively small oral cavity of children as to interfere with the operator. The instrument is made of brass, the lines of the old bite block being followed as far as the alveolar wedge is concerned, but in the child's size the width is decreased so that the block encroaches less on the oral cavity.
Retinoic Acid Enhances Foxp3 Induction Indirectly by Relieving Inhibition from CD4+CD44hi Cells
Authors: Jonathan A. Hill, Jason A. Hall, Cheng-Ming Sun, Qi Cai, Norbert Ghyselinck, Pierre Chambon, Yasmine Belkaid, Diane Mathis, Christophe Benoist
Journal: Immunity (2008)
P549 CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS TREATED WITH ORAL ANTIVIRAL THERAPY HAVE STILL HIGHER RISK FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA COMPARED TO INACTIVE STAGE PATIENTS
Authors: J.-Y. Cho, Y.-H. Paik, W. Sohn, H.C. Cho, G.-Y. Gwak, M.S. Choi, J.H. Lee, K.C. Koh, S.W. Paik, B.C. Yoo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Duodenal Duplication Cyst
Authors: S.-J. Tang, S. Raman, H. A. Reber, R. Bedford, B. E. Roth
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

A 42-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of vague epigastric discomfort, intermittent nausea and vomiting. The patient denied weight loss. Results of the laboratory studies were normal except for a persistently elevated lipase level within a range of 150 - 300 U/l (normal range, 17 - 55). The serum albumin level was 3.8 g/dl (normal range, 3.4 - 4.7) and the CA 19-9 was 4 U/ml (normal range, 0 - 37). A high resolution computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen (Figure [1 A]) revealed a circumferential intramural cystic lesion (arrow) extending from the descending duodenum to the transverse duodenum. The cystic lesion measured 5.5 × 5 cm at the level of the pancreatic head and significantly constricted the lumen of the second and third portion of the duodenum. A coronal reconstruction of the axial CT images provided a better delineation of a complex multilobular circumferential cyst (Figure [1 B]). An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was attempted but cannulation of the ampulla failed due to luminal narrowing. Upper endoscopy demonstrated a narrowed duodenal lumen and a lumpy mucosal surface with patchy erythema (Figure [2]). Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) examination of the duodenum was difficult, but confirmed a large cystic lesion in the duodenum. Because of the progressively obstructing symptoms and the inability to completely exclude a cystic tumor, the patient chose to undergo surgical resection. Intraoperatively, a cystic mass, approximately 11 cm in length, was found. It appeared to involve the head of the pancreas, and the second, third, and fourth portions of the duodenum (Figure [3]). Because of the uncertain nature of the lesion, as well as its intimate involvement with the head of the pancreas, a pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. Reconstruction included an end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy, a hepaticojejunostomy and a retrocolic duodenojejunostomy.
Avoiding Hypoglycemia at All Costs Is Crucial for Some With Diabetes
Authors: Anita Slomski
Journal: JAMA (2013)

N Engl J Med. 2001;344[1]:3-10). The DASHdietemphasizes fruits,vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, whole grains, poultry, fish, and nuts. But Suzanne Oparil, MD, a past president of the AHA and American Society of Hypertension and a professor of medicine and physiology and biophysics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, said there is no science to support reducing sodium consumption to 1500 mg a day. She added that it “irritates” her when the DASHSodium study is presented as evidence: “They always throw it up to people to justify low sodium, but the big benefit was from the DASH diet itself.” Strom said his committee and the AHA are not in disagreement regarding excessive sodium; he just wants everyone to stick with the evidence. “Our hope is when the AHA and others look at what we found, they may consider revising their recommendations,” Strom said. “The bigger point is we’re mostly in agreement with the AHA, but you shouldn’t make public health recommendations where there are no data to defend them.”