tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A PURIFIED GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL PYROGENIC EXOTOXIN
Authors: Yoon Berm Kim, Dennis W. Watson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1970)

Purified pyrogenic exotoxin from Group A streptococcal filtrates (Streptococcus pyogenes, type 10, strain NY-5) has been characterized primarily as a protein complexed with hyaluronic acid. Amino acid composition and analysis revealed a typical acidic protein with an average molecular weight of 29,000. The purified exotoxin was free of streptolysins O and S, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidases (NADases), deoxyribonucleases (DNases), mucopeptide, and endotoxins. The biological activity was destroyed when the exotoxin was heated at 65 degrees C for 30 min or boiled for 2 min. The biological activities investigated were pyrogenicity in rabbits (minimal pyrogenic dose-3 hr, 0.07 microg/kg), lethality in rabbits (LD(50), 3500 microg/kg), skin test dose in human skin (> 10(9) skin test doses, per mg toxin), cytotoxicity of rabbit spleen macrophage (Cytotoxic Index 0.5-10 microg/ml), enhancement of susceptibility to endotoxin shock (in rabbits > 100,000-fold), and antigenic analysis (A-type toxin). The exotoxin was immunogenic and it was possible, therefore, to immunize animals against the various toxic activities. The immunity was specific for the A-type toxin. The clinical implications of the highly significant enhancement effect of these exotoxins are discussed. It is suggested that clinical or subclinical infection with Group A streptococci could prepare the host for fatal shock from Gram-negative infections or the inadvertent injection of small amounts of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins.
Antibiotic prescribing in England rose by 6% in four years
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

GPs’ prescribing of antibiotics in England rose by 4% from 2010 to 2013, while hospital prescribing rose by 12%, despite efforts to curb it, show figures from Public Health England.

Overall there was a 6% rise in consumption of antibiotics in England in the four years to 2013, from 25.9 to 27.4 defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants a day, said the first annual report of the English Surveillance Programme for Antimicrobial Utilisation and Resistance.1

The bulk of antibiotic prescribing, 79%, took place in general practice, with 15% in hospitals and 6.2% related to other community prescribers, predominantly dentists.

The highest combined GP …
Transcatheter ablation: comparison between laser photoablation and electrode shock ablation in the dog.
Authors: B I Lee, J S Gottdiener, R D Fletcher, E R Rodriguez, V J Ferrans
Journal: Circulation (1985)

To characterize and compare the effects of transcatheter laser and electrical energy on endocardium, 35 laser pulses were delivered to the endocardial surfaces of isolated canine hearts, and 33 endocardial lesions were produced by the transarterial delivery of either transcatheter laser irradiation or electrical shock in closed-chest anesthetized dogs. Laser-induced lesion dimensions in vitro and in vivo increased with increased total dose of energy; however, the lesions produced in vivo were different in morphology and were significantly larger than lesions produced by equivalent doses of energy delivered in vitro (p less than .05). Endocardial lesions produced in vivo by laser at 40 and 80 J (7.9 X 5.4 X 6.6 and 7.9 X 5.1 X 7.5 mm) were comparable in gross morphology and size to those produced by electrical shock at 100 and 200 J (8.5 X 6.6 X 6.6 and 10.0 X 8.5 X 8.2 mm, respectively; p = NS), but transcatheter electrode shock produced significantly more ventricular tachycardia (p less than .003), premature ventricular beats in the 7 min after energy discharge (p less than .05), and wall motion abnormality (p less than .005). Transcatheter laser photoablation can create controlled endocardial lesions with less energy and fewer deleterious effects than transcatheter electrode shock.
Screening for HIV in pregnancy
Authors: J Meadows, T Chester, J Catalan
Journal: BMJ (1994)

that of urban diets, at each level of affluence or deprivation.Regretfully, most research in this field continues to search for the holy grail rather than examine the more pedestrian reality of how the health of each of us is directly influenced by our daily food intake.Other factors, such as social cohesion and housing, also contribute, though probably to a much lower degree.
Effect of Triparanol on Adrenocortical Function of Man
Authors: Leon J. Marks, John C. Doiron, Henry T. Oyama
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

SINCE cholesterol is an important precursor of steroid hormones, interference with the formation of cholesterol might result in decreased synthesis of adrenocortical hormones. Triparanol has been shown to block cholesterol formation by inhibiting the reduction of the 24, 25 double bond of desmosterol.1 In a recent study, Melby et al.2 demonstrated that the administration of 1 gm. daily for ten days to healthy subjects reduced their basal adrenal secretion of cortisol and also impaired the adrenocortical response to pyrogen stress. Since triparanol is currently being widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic states the clinician should be aware of the . . .
WHAT DRUG STANDARDIZATION MEANS FOR THE PHYSICIAN.
Authors: A. R. L. DOHME
Journal: JAMA (1901)

is in the affirmative.Lavage of the stomach is indicated as a therapeutic measure in the following intestinal disorders: 1. Constipation due to excessive acidity of the stomach.2. Constipation due to gastric atony.3. Diarrhea resulting from excessive production of
Trimodality imaging of colonic lymphoma
Authors: J. Cyrany, M. Pintér, V. Tyčová, J. Krejsek, D. Belada, S. Rejchrt, J. Bureš
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

A 59-year-old woman with low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the colon was referred for follow-up endoscopy, which was performed with a colonoscope equipped with autofluorescence imaging (AFI) and narrow-band imaging (NBI) functions (Olympus Evis Lucera; CF FH260AZL/I). Several small flat lesions were seen during otherwise normal colonoscopy. The lesions were minimally elevated, slightly reddish, and less than 5 mm in diameter; the submucosal vascular pattern was blurred, but covering mucosa appeared glossy during white-light imaging ([Fig. 1]). The tenuous abnormal vascular pattern was enhanced in narrow-band imaging ([Fig. 2], [3]) and autofluorescence imaging indicated a decreased autofluorescence signal from pathologic tissue ([Fig. 4]). Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma tissue was revealed in biopsy samples ([Fig. 5]) and a pathologic clone of B lymphocytes was detected in flow cytometry ([Fig. 6]). To our knowledge this is the first report of trimodality imaging of colonic MALT lymphoma in the literature.
Which doctors die first? Analysis of BMJ obituary columns
Authors: D J M Wright, A P Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The obituary columns of the BMJ have become more informative since editorial policy tried to encompass all medical deaths early in 1995.Our impression was that the new columns showed that doctors born in the Indian subcontinent died earlier than those born in the United Kingdom.We tested this impression in a systematic analysis. Methods and resultsWe reviewed 572 obituaries in the BMJ from April 1995 to December 1995 and in the issue of 6 April 1996 for the doctor's age, country of birth, and specialty.Age at death was recorded in whole years, and the significance of the differences in means assessed using Student's t test.No correction for continuity was applied to take account of the month of death.To increase the size of groups for comparison, countries of origin and specialties were grouped as in table 1, com- parisons being made with the largest group, United Kingdom and primary care respectively.Three junior doctors who had not selected a specialty were excluded from the analysis of specialty.Doctors from the Indian subcontinent (P<0.001) and from the rest of the world (P = 0.00 1) died before those from the United Kingdom, while those from the rest of the English speaking world lived longer (P = 0.0 17) (table 1).The mean age at death ofthose in primary care was 74.2 years.Anaesthetists died younger than those in primary care (P = 0.014), while primary care practitioners died before physicians in hospital medicine (P = 0.028).The oldest survivor was a general practitioner, who died at 101.Differences between the United Kingdom and the Indian sub- continent and the United Kingdom and the rest of the world were maintained when anaesthetists were excluded (t = 4.21, P<0.001; t = 3.00, P<0.005 respectively) but, when we considered only those born in the United Kingdom the difference between primary Charing Cross and
Economic evaluation of hospital at home versus hospital care: cost minimisation analysis of data from randomised controlled trial
Authors: J. Jones, A. Wilson, H. Parker, A. Wynn, C. Jagger, N. Spiers, G. Parker
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To compare the costs of admission to a hospital at home scheme with those of acute hospital admission. <b>Design:</b> Cost minimisation analysis within a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting:</b> Hospital at home scheme in Leicester and the city9s three acute hospitals. <b>Participants:</b> 199 consecutive patients assessed as being suitable for admission to hospital at home for acute care during the 18 month trial period (median age 84 years). <b>Intervention:</b> Hospital at home or hospital inpatient care. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Costs to NHS, social services, patients, and families during the initial episode of treatment and the three months after admission. <b>Results:</b> Mean (median) costs per episode (including any transfer from hospital at home to hospital) were similar when analysed by intention to treat—hospital at home £2569 (£1655), hospital ward £2881 (£2031), bootstrap mean difference −305 (95% confidence interval −1112 to 448). When analysis was restricted to those who accepted their allocated place of care, hospital at home was significantly cheaper—hospital at home £2557 (£1710), hospital ward £3660 (£2903), bootstrap mean difference −1071 (−1843 to −246). At three months the cost differences were sustained. Costs with all cases included were hospital at home £3671 (£2491), hospital ward £3877 (£3405), bootstrap mean difference −210 (−1025 to 635). When only those accepting allocated care were included the costs were hospital at home £3698 (£2493), hospital ward £4761 (£3940), bootstrap mean difference −1063 (−2044 to −163); P=0.009. About 25% of the costs for episodes of hospital at home were incurred through transfer to hospital. Costs per day of care were higher in the hospital at home arm (mean £207 <i>v</i> £134 in the hospital arm, excluding refusers, P&lt;0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> Hospital at home can deliver care at similar or lower cost than an equivalent admission to an acute hospital.
Weight Gain and Diabetes
Authors: Sharon Parmet
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Weight Gain and Diabetes Diabetes is a common disorder in which the body has difficulty controlling levels of sugar in the bloodstream.Normally, the hormone insulin made by the pancreas (an organ in the abdomen) regulates blood sugar levels.The bodies of individuals with type 1 diabetes, which usually starts by the early teen years, do not make enough insulin to control blood sugar, so they must receive insulin injections.The bodies of persons with type 2 diabetes are resistant to the effects of insulin.Type 2 diabetes, also known as "adult-onset" diabetes, usually develops in adulthood but can also occur in overweight children.Family history of diabetes and excess weight, especially weight carried around the middle, are strong risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes.Losing weight greatly reduces your chances for type 2 diabetes and can help bring your blood sugar under control if you already have type 2 diabetes.Type 2 diabetes can be treated with diet, exercise, and oral prescription medications but may require insulin shots.The August 25, 2004, issue of JAMA includes an article reporting that women who increased drinking sugar-sweetened beverages to 1 or more drinks per day were more likely to gain weight and that a high consumption of these beverages was also related to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
A Simplified Technic for the Detection of Patent Ductus Arteriosus and of Other Left-to-Right Shunts Originating from the Aorta
Authors: EUGENE BRAUNWALD, WILLIAM P. CORNELL
Journal: Circulation (1961)

A simplified technic for the detection of left-to-right shunts originating from the aorta is described. A thin, radiopaque catheter is introduced into the aortic arch through a Cournand needle placed in the femoral artery, and injections of a solution of Kr 85 are made. In the presence of a shunt the injected Kr 85 is rapidly detected in the expired air but in the absence of a shunt the appearance time of Kr 85 in the expired air is delayed. When an aortic shunt is present it may be localized by means of injections of cardiogreen dye at various points in the aorta by sampling the blood from the right brachial artery. The value of these technics is illustrated by descriptions of their application in five patients with various forms of congenital or acquired heart disease.
Folic Acid Deficiency: Early Onset of Megaloblastosis
Authors: David Steinberg
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It took 133 days for a healthy young man on a folicacid-deficient diet to develop megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow.<sup>1</sup>In contrast, I would like to report two patients dependent on parenterally administered nutrition devoid of folic acid who had megaloblastic abnormalities in the marrow only 16 days and 66 days after cessation of their customary dietary intake. In both instances, there was sepsis and hepatic failure. This experience emphasizes the need for supplemental folic acid in certain clinical situations. <h3>Report of Cases.—Case 1.—</h3> A 57-year-old white woman with known gastric ulcer disease underwent a subtotal gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy on Dec 15, 1971, because of bleeding. Prior to admission, she had consumed a normal diet. Fever, a postoperative complication, was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. On Dec 24, because of recurrent bleeding, the serum bilirubin level was 3.1 mg/100 ml, and when she underwent
Inadvertent Transbronchial Insertion of Narrow-Bore Feeding Tubes Into the Pleural Space
Authors: Robert W. Hand
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Four patients had soft, narrow-bore feeding tubes passed transbronchially into the pleural space. Guide wires were used to aid passage and may have contributed to this complication. The errant positioning of the tube was first noted roentgenographically in each case. Alternate methods of inserting such tubes in patients with altered airway and swallowing reflexes may be needed. Radiographic confirmation of the tube's position is essential before starting tube feedings.
Carpal tunnel syndrome and subsequent rheumatoid arthritis in the 'fibrositis' syndrome.
Authors: A J Richards
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1984)

Eight of 11 patients who satisfy Smythe's criteria for the 'fibrositis' syndrome have subsequently developed carpal tunnel syndrome. Six of the 8 patients have gone on to develop an inflammatory polyarthritis, 3 of whom are seropositive and satisfy the criteria for classical rheumatoid arthritis. The relationship between the 'fibrositis' syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, but the additional complication of carpal tunnel syndrome in 'fibrositis' points to certain patients with 'fibrositis' developing an inflammatory polyarthritis of rheumatoid type. Acceptance on a definition of 'fibrositis' would enable further prospective studies to take place, but at present the term is used to describe many other nonarticular conditions that do not satisfy Smythe's criteria.
The earliest thymic T cell progenitors sustain B cell and myeloid lineage potential
Authors: Sidinh Luc, Tiago C Luis, Hanane Boukarabila, Iain C Macaulay, Natalija Buza-Vidas, Tiphaine Bouriez-Jones, Michael Lutteropp, Petter S Woll, Stephen J Loughran, Adam J Mead, Anne Hultquist, John Brown, Takuo Mizukami, Sahoko Matsuoka, Helen Ferry, Kristina Anderson, Sara Duarte, Deborah Atkinson, Shamit Soneji, Aniela Domanski, Alison Farley, Alejandra Sanjuan-Pla, Cintia Carella, Roger Patient, Marella de Bruijn, Tariq Enver, Claus Nerlov, Clare Blackburn, Isabelle Godin, Sten Eirik W Jacobsen
Journal: Nature Immunology (2012)
GRAFTS OF PRESERVED CARTILAGE IN RESTORATIONS OF FACIAL CONTOUR
Authors: CLAIRE L. STRAITH
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Our purpose in this paper is to consider the materials that may be used as the foundation on which to reconstruct deformed faces. A brief presentation is made of the experiences encountered by us with 100 consecutive cases in which grafts of preserved homocartilage were employed. It is felt that this subject is of importance at this time because the conclusions reached are applicable in war injuries as well as in industrial and domestic accidents. <h3>HISTORY</h3> Medical literature for the past century is dotted with reports of various materials that have been used as the supportive structure on which to rebuild facial contour. Among the materials mentioned may be found such items as ivory, bronze, steel, paraffin, silver, celluloid, fat,<sup>1</sup>cartilage,<sup>2</sup>dermis,<sup>3</sup>fascia, bone and practically anything that may be formed into a shape to fill out the defect in question. By a process of elimination, based
A Benign Cause for Extra???Cardiac Thallium Accumulation
Authors: MEENA VIJ, DANIEL S. MARKS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

Extra–cardiac TI-201 accumulation was noted on myocardial imaging of a patient, and was subsequently shown to relate to normal uptake in a displaced stomach. It is important to recognize that–non–cardiac activity may relate to an unsuspected disease process, either benign or malignant.
A microRNA-21 surge facilitates rapid cyclin D1 translation and cell cycle progression in mouse liver regeneration
Authors: Raymond Ng, Guisheng Song, Garrett R. Roll, Niels M. Frandsen, Holger Willenbring
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is thought to be an oncomir because it promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, and survival. miR-21 is also expressed in normal cells, but its physiological role is poorly understood. Recently, it has been found that miR-21 expression is rapidly induced in rodent hepatocytes during liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (2/3 PH). Here, we investigated the function of miR-21 in regenerating mouse hepatocytes by inhibiting it with an antisense oligonucleotide. To maintain normal hepatocyte viability and function, we antagonized the miR-21 surge induced by 2/3 PH while preserving baseline expression. We found that knockdown of miR-21 impaired progression of hepatocytes into S phase of the cell cycle, mainly through a decrease in levels of cyclin D1 protein, but not Ccnd1 mRNA. Mechanistically, we discovered that increased miR-21 expression facilitated cyclin D1 translation in the early phase of liver regeneration by relieving Akt1/mTOR complex 1 signaling (and thus eIF-4F-mediated translation initiation) from suppression by Rhob. Our findings reveal that miR-21 enables rapid hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration by accelerating cyclin D1 translation.
THE RESEARCH IDEA AND METHODS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE.
Authors: JOHN MILTON DODSON
Journal: JAMA (1905)

At the present day, there exists in our country an interesting and peculiar condition of affairs in the matters of medical education and of licensure to practice, —a condition totally different from that which existed here twenty or even ten years ago, or from that which is to be found in any other country in the world. The medical observer from a foreign land—for example Germany—finds here a situation in striking contrast to that which obtains in his own country. In Germany, twenty medical schools suffice for the needs of 60,000,000 of people,—each is the medical department of a university of which it is an intimate and integral part, and these twenty universities are all under the one central control of the secretary of education for the empire. The admission requirement, uniform for all, is the completion of the course in a gymnasium,—about equal to the completion of the sophomore
Adverse reactions to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in Swedish travellers: implications for prophylaxis.
Authors: U Hellgren, L Rombo, B Berg, J Carlson, B E Wiholm
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Adverse reactions to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in Swedish traveliers: implications for prophylaxis Fansidar (500 mg sulphadoxine and 25 mg pyrimethamine tablets) has been widely use for malaria prophylaxis.The risk of severe cutaneous adverse reactions has been debated and, in particular, whether the high risk of such reactions among American travellers (1/5000-8000) compared with that among Swiss travellers (1/150000) might be explained by concomitant on 17 July
Anlotinib as Third-Line Treatment in Patients with Refractory Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: a Multicentre, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase Ii Trial (NCT01924195)
Authors: B. Han, K. Li, Y. Zhao, B. Li, Y. Cheng, J. Zhou, Y. Lu, Y. Shi, Z. Wang, L. Jiang
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Unknown Complication of Arterial Switch Operation: Resistant Hypertension Induced by a Strong Aortic Arch Angulation”
Authors: Magalie Ladouceur, Pierre Boutouyrie, Younes Boudjemline, Hakim Khettab, Alban Redheuil, Antoine Legendre, Sarah Cohen, Laurence Iserin, Damien Bonnet, Elie Mousseaux
Journal: Circulation (2014)
Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care
Authors: Charles D. Weller
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The widely reported finding that hospital costs were "substantially higher" in "more competitive markets" discussed in a June 19, 1987,<i>JAMA</i>article by Robinson and Luft<sup>1</sup>is seriously flawed and flatly erroneous for reasons incisively pointed out by a physician nearly a decade ago. Robinson and Luft's basic error is fundamental: in effect, they turn competitive analysis of health care on its head by labeling as "competitive" what has long been known to make hospital markets<i>non</i>competitive under elementary economic theory—a virtual absence of price competition. Robinson and Luft conclude that "the identification of the important cost-increasing effect of<i>nonprice</i>competition among hospitals suggests that a degree of caution be exercised in predicting costreducing effects of recent 'marketoriented' policy initiatives." The exact opposite is true. It was the very preponderance of nonprice competition in health care markets that led the principal architects of marketoriented policies
Properties of the Na+-K+ pump in human red cells with increased number of pump sites.
Authors: J A Halperin, C Brugnara, A S Kopin, J Ingwall, D C Tosteson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

We studied the Na+/K+ pump in red cells from an obese human subject (MAJ) in which the number of pumps/cell was 10-20 times higher than normal. Through measurements of the kinetic properties of several modes of operation of the Na+/K+ pump we determined that the pumps in MAJ cells are kinetically normal. In the presence of adequate metabolic substrate the maximum rates of Na+ pumping and lactate production saturated at 60 and 12 nmol/1 cell per h, respectively. Under physiological conditions pump and "leak" Na+ fluxes were similar in MAJ and normal cells. Since internal Na+ was lower in MAJ than in normal cells (Nai+ approximately 2 and 8 mmol/1 cell, respectively), we conclude that the reduction in cell Na+ allows the Na+/K+ pump in MAJ cells to operate at lower fraction of maximum capacity and to compensate for the increased number of pumps.