tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diabetes and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Joshua A. Beckman, Mark A. Creager, Peter Libby
Journal: JAMA (2002)

ContextComplications of atherosclerosis cause most morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Despite the frequency and severity of disease, proven medical therapy remains incompletely understood and underused.ObjectiveTo review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and medical and invasive treatment of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus.Data SourcesUsing the index terms diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular diseases, cerebrovascular accident, endothelium, vascular smooth muscle, platelets, thrombosis, cholesterol, hypertension, hyperglycemia, insulin, angioplasty, and coronary artery bypass, we searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1976 to 2001. Additional data sources included bibliographies of identified articles and preliminary data presented at recent cardiology conferences.Study SelectionWe selected original investigations and reviews of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of atherosclerosis in diabetes. We selected randomized, double-blind, controlled studies, when available, to support therapeutic recommendations. Criteria for data inclusion (168 of 396) included publication in a peer-reviewed journal or presentation at a national cardiovascular society–sponsored meeting.Data ExtractionData quality was determined by publication in peer-reviewed literature. Data extraction was performed by one of the authors.Data SynthesisDiabetes mellitus markedly increases the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, amputation, and death. The metabolic abnormalities caused by diabetes induce vascular dysfunction that predisposes this patient population to atherosclerosis. Blood pressure control, lipid-lowering therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, and antiplatelet drugs significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Although diabetic patients undergo revascularization procedures because of acute coronary syndromes or critical limb ischemia, the outcomes are less favorable than in nondiabetic cohorts.ConclusionsSince most patients with diabetes die from complications of atherosclerosis, they should receive intensive preventive interventions proven to reduce their cardiovascular risk.
STETHOSCOPIC RECORDS OF HEART SOUNDS
Authors: George D. Geckeler
Journal: JAMA (1942)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In a communication toThe Journalof Dec. 20, 1941, Col. J. E. Ash, curator of the Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C., refers to my stethoscopic records of heart sounds, murmurs and arrhythmias and states that there are "on file at the Army Medical Museum records... prepared... in 1939." Quite a number of men in this and other countries have made recordings of heart sounds, and from the standpoint of priority no claim is made. An article in the<i>American Journal of the Medical Sciences</i>of November 1941 clearly sets forth this point of view. The only claims that I make for this series of records are (1) their "high fidelity," (2) completeness, (3) a short explanation of what is to be heard before the illustration, (4) availability to any one at a reasonable price, (5) satisfactory reproduction even with a cheap radio-phonograph in a living
Clinical and pharmacodynamic activity of bortezomib and decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: William Blum, Sebastian Schwind, Somayeh S. Tarighat, Susan Geyer, Ann-Kathrin Eisfeld, Susan Whitman, Alison Walker, Rebecca Klisovic, John C. Byrd, Ramasamy Santhanam, Hongyan Wang, John P. Curfman, Steven M. Devine, Samson Jacob, Celia Garr, Cheryl Kefauver, Danilo Perrotti, Kenneth K. Chan, Clara D. Bloomfield, Michael A. Caligiuri, Michael R. Grever, Ramiro Garzon, Guido Marcucci
Journal: Blood (2012)
Hammer and eye.
Authors: M J Gilkes
Journal: BMJ (1973)

digitalization, during which they used an arbitrary fixed dosage schedule.They also give no information on the severity of the cardiac failure in their series of 43 children and the only comment on the clinical re- sponse is that "no toxic symptoms were noted on this regimen, and heart rate and failure were well controlled."Digoxin was administered to all their patients by mouth as an elixir.Are they suggesting that intramuscular digoxin is un- necessary in cardiac failure or is the implication that in all their patients the failure was mild enough to permit oral therapy?If the authors could provide the supplementary data on the clinical aspects of their cases, this would help considerably in the evaluation of their suggested dosage regimen.
Rabies in Bats in Southern New England
Authors: Kenneth F. Girard, Harold B. Hitchcock, Geoffrey Edsall, Robert A. MacCready
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

MASSACHUSETTS has for some years been considered a rabies-free area — for instance, no rabies in man has occurred since 1935, and from 1949 to 1961 no rabid animals were identified in the State. Nevertheless, the possibility that bat rabies would appear in this area had been under consideration ever since rabies in insectivorous bats was first shown to exist in the United States in 1954.1 Subsequent reports of several human deaths from rabies after exposure to bats or their bites2 prompted the Massachusetts Department of Public Health to include a search for rabies infection in a bat study carried . . .
New Diuretics and Antihypertensive Agents
Authors: Mark L. Armstrong
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The drugs covered in this volume are restricted to those which have appeared within the past 4 years: the benzothiadiazine, phthalimidine, and spirolactone diuretics, and the antihypertensive agents guanethidine and bretylium, and inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and dopadecarboxylation. The specific investigations reported are introduced by 6 review articles to provide appropriate context. Thus Grollman summarizes the most widely held views of the mechanisms of urine formation and diuretic action; Kirkendall reviews concepts of the mechanisms involved in hypertension; and Imbriglia reviews the pathology of hypertension. In addition, Rennick presents a lucid account of the pharmacodynamics of the new diuretics, based largely on animal studies. Parallel articles for the antihypertensive drugs are presented by Sjoerdsma on monoamine oxidase inhibitors and α-methyl dopa, and by Brodie and Kuntzman on agents selectively depleting catechol amines. Most of the information contained in this volume has been replicated in numerous publications. Bound together as a
Aid Workers Face More Complex Hurdles
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (2009)

tious Disease Research Institute in Seattle, Wash, worked with the Corixa Corporation, now GlaxoSmithKline, to develop the first candidate vaccine for leishmaniasis, which sickens about 2 million a year, including 500 000 who contract the potentially fatal visceral form. Phase 1 clinical trials have been completed in Peru and Brazil; additional trials are under way in India, Sudan, and Venezuela. TheDNDI is anotherexampleof such partnerships.WithinternationalpharmaceuticalmakerSanofi-AventisandtheBraziliangovernment instituteFarmanguinhos, now Fiocruz, the DNDI in the last 2 years has ushered in 2 new artesunate combination treatments for malaria. With field support from MSF, the DNDI also supported clinical trials on the eflornithine-nifurtimox combination for sleeping sickness. Pecoul said the DNDI is beginning a phase 1 clinical trial of the antifungal fexinidazole, an oral treatment. “We need to have a very simple treatment to change the dynamic of control of sleeping sickness,” he noted. In addition, the DNDI is working on development of a pediatric formulation of benznidazole for Chagas disease and ways to combine existing medications for more effective treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. “The next step for us is to continue to strengthen the portfolio and make progress,” said Pecoul.
Avoiding the issues
Authors: David G Green
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Comparing manifestos tells us as much about what the three main parties don't say as what they do.All three main parties agree that the NHS should continue to be a public sector monopoly.But the NHS is only one way to achieve the ideal shared across Europe: that no one should be denied health care because they lack money.A strong case can be made that the social insurance schemes of Germany, France, and Switzerland have been more successful than the NHS system.The poorest people in those countries enjoy a higher standard of care than in the United Kingdom, not having to face rationing and restricted choice.However, the differences in policy between the three parties are not trivial.All three parties accept that the private sector should supply services to the NHS.The Tories are the keenest and want private providers to
Morphology of Gastric Microcirculation in Cirrhosis
Authors: Makoto Hashizume, Kenzo Tanaka, Kiyoshi Inokuchi
Journal: Hepatology (1983)

Morphologic alterations in the gastric microcirculation in cirrhosis were investigated following infusion of a silicone rubber compound into vessels of the excised stomach which was then cleared with methyl salicylate. In cirrhosis, arteriovenous anastomoses 15 to 50 micron in diameter were present in 5 of 10 patients; spiral arterioles were less than one-tenth as numerous as in stomachs from noncirrhotic patients. The arterioles mainly had a straight pattern and precapillaries, capillaries, and submucosal and subserosal veins were dilated in cirrhotics (p less than 0.05). The number of arteriovenous anastomoses was unrelated to the degree of vascular dilatation and the number of spiral arterioles. These morphological alterations are consistent with decreased arteriovenous flow resistance in the stomach of cirrhotic patients.
New Zealand bans synthetic cannabinoids
Authors: K. Brown
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The New Zealand government has changed its drugs law to ban all synthetic cannabinoids for a year.

An amendment to the Misuse of Drugs Act was passed by parliament in early August to ban the products from 16 August. A new temporary drug class notice listing 16 synthetic cannabis-like substances makes it illegal to manufacture, import, export, sell, or supply the substances or any product containing them.

The government says that mixes of the substances occur in all 43 synthetic cannabinoid products known in New Zealand as kronic, which are used solely for recreational purposes.

Peter Dunne, associate health minister, told the BMJ that the ban applies for a year to every product listed.

He said that he “wanted to get an interim regime here that was sufficiently broad …
COLON EN ARAÑAZO DE GATO. UNA ENTIDAD POCO SIGNIFICATIVA
Authors: JS Baudet, I Redondo, A Arencibia
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Introducción: Recientemente se ha descrito una entidad denominada colon en arañazo de gato (CAG) o „cat scratch colon“. Se trata de la aparición durante la colonoscopia de roturas lineales de la mucosa, de color rojo brillante. Estas lesiones, que se han descrito asociadas colitis colágena, colitis por diversión e incluso en colon con mucosa normal, se atribuyen al barotrauma producido por la insuflación de aire durante la realización de la exploración. Aunque generalmente carecen de significado clínico, existen en la bibliografía médica casos de neumoperitoneo secundario a su aparición.
DIETARY STUDIES OF UNDERNOURISHED SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NEW YORK CITY
Authors: E. MATHER SILL
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The average person selects the different food materials in the market with very little knowledge of their actual nourishment value.When the income of the family is so limited that every cent must be made to go as far as possible, which is true of the average family living in the "poor" quarters of our great cities, then it is evident that ignorance of food values must mean much unnec- essary expense, and perhaps suffering to those who can ill afford it.
Mesangial cell apoptosis: the major mechanism for resolution of glomerular hypercellularity in experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis.
Authors: A J Baker, A Mooney, J Hughes, D Lombardi, R J Johnson, J Savill
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Increases in mesangial cell number may herald glomerular scarring, but they are not irreversible. This study sought mechanisms by which surplus glomerular mesangial cells can be cleared. A small proportion of cultured mesangial cells exhibited typical morphological features of apoptosis (programmed cell death), which was increased by growth factor deprivation or exposure to cycloheximide, stimuli known to increase apoptosis in other cell types. Apoptosis was confirmed by typical internucleosomal chromatin cleavage. In vivo, clear morphological evidence of mesangial apoptosis leading to phagocytosis by neighboring mesangial cells was obtained in self-limited mesangial proliferation induced in rats by Thy1.1 antibody, apoptosis occurring approximately 10-fold more frequently than in the healthy rat glomerulus. Indeed, changes in glomerular cell number in Thy1.1 nephritis strongly suggested that apoptosis is the major cell clearance mechanism counterbalancing cell division, thereby mediating resolution of glomerular hypercellularity in experimental mesangial proliferation.
Dietary aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in young children from Benin and Togo: cross sectional study
Authors: Y Y Gong
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Profiling low concentrations of Th1/Th2 and proinflammatory cytokines can yield valuable information about immune system status in clinical and subclinical disease states. To facilitate cytokine profile analysis, Invitrogen has recently developed an UltraSensitive Cytokine 10-Plex Assay for the Luminex xMAP™ Platform. Analytes include human GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α. This assay system is validated for high content, high sensitivity serum, plasma, and tissue culture medium applications. Through careful choice of antibody pairs and use of proprietary buffer formulations, we are able to achieve an improvement in sensitivity of approximately 10-fold compared to our conventional cytokine assays for the Luminex xMAP™ platform. Sensitivities for all 10 analytes are 1 picogram per milliliter or less. Other performance characteristics, including assay precision, recovery, linearity of dilution, and calibration to NIBSC reference preparations, are similar to our conventional assays.
Right Atrial Stimulation in the Treatment of Atrial Flutter
Authors: Howard J. Zeft, Fred R. Cobb, Menashe B. Waxman, Noel C. Hunt, James J. Morris
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

The use of right atrial stimulation in the treatment of atrial flutter was evaluated in 10 patients. Atrial flutter was present in these patients from 6 to 96 hr before the procedure. Eight patients were receiving digitalis preparations. In seven patients a unipolar platinum-tipped electrode was positioned in the right atrium by monitoring the intra-atrial electrocardiogram; in three patients a bipolar pacing catheter was positioned in the right atrium under fluoroscopic guidance. Atrial stimulation was performed utilizing either a battery-powered or electrically powered pulse generator. Right atrial stimulation was performed at 180/min in seven patients and 400 to 600/min in three patients. Right atrial stimulation produced conversion to a stable sinus rhythm in seven patients and a transient sinus rhythm in an additional patient. In all but one patient transient unstable atrial fibrillation was observed immediately before conversion to a sinus mechanism. Postconversion arrhythmias or complications directly attributed to the procedure were not observed. In certain patients with atrial flutter-especially those unable to tolerate anesthesia, large doses of antiarrhythmic drugs, or withdrawal from digitalis—atrial stimulation seems to be the initial treatment of choice.
Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy (Myocarditis)
Authors: Joseph E. Parrillo
Journal: Circulation (2001)

n patients presenting with congestive heart failure in the United States, approximately one-quarter have idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC).IDC is thought to result from a number of mechanisms that injure the myocardium and lead to a common pathway of cardiac dilatation and heart failure.Known mechanisms of myocardial injury include alcohol, toxins, infections, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and metabolic abnormalities. 1 Recent studies have highlighted important genetic links, suggesting that familial transmission is important in a subgroup of IDC patients.However, in most IDC patients, a cause cannot be determined.
Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, alcohol, and coronary mortality in male smokers
Authors: M. Paunio, J. Virtamo, C.-G. Gref, O. P Heinonen
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To determine whether the increase in mortality from coronary heart disease with high concentrations (&gt;1.75 mmol/l) of high density lipoprotein cholesterol could be due to alcohol intake. <b>Design</b>: Cohort study. <b>Setting</b>: Placebo group of the (alpha) tocopherol, β carotene cancer prevention (ATBC) study of south western population in Finland. <b>Participants</b>: 7052 male smokers aged 50-69 years enrolled to the ATBC study in the 1980s. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: The relative and absolute rates adjusted for risk factors for clinically or pathologically verified deaths from coronary heart disease for different concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol with and without stratification for alcohol intake. Similar rates were also calculated for different alcohol consumption groups. <b>Results</b>: During the average follow up period of 6.7 years 258 men died from verified coronary heart disease. Coronary death rate steadily decreased with increasing concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol until a high concentration. An increase in the rate was observed above 1.75 mmol/l. This increase occurred among those who reported alcohol intake. Mortality was associated with alcohol intake in a J shaped dose response, and those who reported consuming more than five drinks a day (heavy drinkers) had the highest death rate. Mortality was higher in heavy drinkers than in non-drinkers or light or moderate drinkers in all high density lipoprotein categories from 0.91 mmol/l upward. <b>Conclusions</b>: Mortality from coronary heart disease increases at concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol over 1.75 mmol/l. The mortality was highest among heavy drinkers, but an increase was found among light drinkers also. <h3>Key messages</h3> Heavy drinkers have increased coronary death rates and often have high concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol Mortality from coronary heart disease increased at concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol above 1.75 mmol/l, which was due to drinking alcohol but was not associated with the amount of alcohol intake Heavy drinkers (&gt;5 drinks a day) had 1.5 to 5 times higher coronary mortality than non-drinkers or light or moderate drinkers at concentrations of 0.91 mmol/l upward
The prognostic value of cardiac myosin light chains in acute ischemic syndromes - results from TIMI 3B
Authors: A.Y. Fung, Y. Gawad, C.R. Thompson, G. Jackowski, R. Leitmann, E.M. Antman, M.J. Tanasijevic, J. Canner, B. Thompson, E. Braunweld
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Polyarthritis in Behçet's Multiple Symptom Complex
Authors: R.W. Strachan, F.W. Wigzell
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1963)

Behqet's syndrome (pronunciation BWh-chett) is usually regarded as a rare condition which lies in the fields of only three specialties-dermatology, ophthalmology, and gynaecology.The convenient label, triple symptom complex, encourages this, the picture entertained being dominated by the three arresting features-recurrent oral and genital ulceration and relapsing iritis.Our debt to this type of concept is recognized, but if this disorder is to be uncovered more frequently, it has outlived its usefulness.
Penile Hematoma: Gander Gated
Authors: William H. B. Howard
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I read with interest Dr Olsen's response to Dr Carr in the Dec 5 LETTERS section.<sup>1</sup>It reminded me of a patient I recently saw in the emergency room—a man in his early 30s with a penile hematoma. This injury had occurred during a rather gymnastic dalliance several hours before. I treated the patient appropriately and recommended to him that he be somewhat less athletic in his future encounters. I made no such recommendation to his partner. It seems to me that Dr Carr's advice to the patient with "honeymoon cystitis"<sup>2</sup>was entirely reasonable and based on common sense. Dr Olsen might want to seek the advice of a dermatologist for what seems to be an acute case of "thin-skinned syndrome."
When and How to Assess Fast-changing Technologies: A Comparative Study of Medical Applications of Four Generic Technologies
Authors: J. Bunker
Journal: BMJ (1998)

G Mowatt, D J Bower, J A Brebner, J A Cairns, A M Grant, L McKee

Health Technology Assessment, £52 (free to NHS and learned bodies), pp 149

ISSN 1366 5278

Every encounter with a patient is an experiment, according to the old saying. Certainly, every encounter during which a new treatment is first used should be. What that experiment should be, however, is not self evident. Whether it should be a randomised clinical trial, as some have urged, is highly debatable and cannot be easily resolved.

It may not ever be possible or desirable to randomise the first patient for a new operation or invasive diagnostic procedure, for much the same reason that the first clinical use of a new drug should not be randomised until preliminary assessments of toxicity have been completed. The introduction of new drugs offers a useful model, as one of my American colleagues suggested in a commentary entitled “Why not an FDA for surgery?”

In phase I of the standard procedure for introducing a new drug its toxicity is first assessed in animals. Similarly, a new surgical technique can be developed in animals. Norman Shumway spent 10 years perfecting cardiac transplantation in the animal laboratory. Anti-vivisectionists …
Effect of targeted disruption of STAT4 and STAT6 on the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Tanuja Chitnis, Nader Najafian, Christina Benou, Alan D. Salama, Michael J. Grusby, Mohamed H. Sayegh, Samia J. Khoury
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is mediated by myelin-specific CD4+ T cells secreting Th1 cytokines, while recovery from disease is associated with expression of Th2 cytokines. Investigations into the role of individual cytokines in disease induction have yielded contradictory results. Here we used animals with targeted deletion of the STAT4 or STAT6 genes to determine the role of these signaling molecules in EAE. The STAT4 pathway controls the differentiation of cells into a Th1 phenotype, while the STAT6 pathway controls the differentiation of cells into a Th2 phenotype. We found that mice deficient in STAT4 are resistant to the induction of EAE, with minimal inflammatory infiltrates in the central nervous system. In contrast, STAT6-deficient mice, which have a predominantly Th1 phenotype, experience a more severe clinical course of EAE as compared with wild-type or STAT4 knockout mice. In addition, adoptive transfer studies confirm the regulatory functions of a Th2 environment in vivo. These novel data indicate that STAT4 and STAT6 genes play a critical role in regulating the autoimmune response in EAE.