tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Size homoplasy in chloroplast microsatellites of wild perennial relatives of soybean (Glycine subgenus Glycine)
Authors: J. J. Doyle, M. Morgante, S. V. Tingey, W. Powell
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

Microsatellites are a rich and readily assayed source of variation for genetic and evolutionary studies. Recently, simple sequence repeats have been identified in the chloroplast genomes of pine (Powell et al. 1995b) and rice (Provan et al. 1996), and also in the cultivated soybean (Glycine max: Leguminosae) and its wild congeners (Powell et al. 1995a). The chloroplast genome has seen wide use in plant systematic studies, but its utility is often limited at lower taxonomic levels by the low amount of divergence frequently observed among closely related taxa (Olmstead and Palmer 1994). Hypervariable chloroplast microsatellites could therefore find wide use if they were shown to be reliable markers for chloroplast phylogeny. As is true with any character, the utility of a given microsatellite in revealing relationships is limited if identical states can arise independently in different taxa—if ‘‘size homoplasy’’ (Estoup et al. 1995) occurs. Size homoplasy can be assessed by comparing the distribution of microsatellite sizes with the phylogeny of the gene (in the coalescent sense) in which the microsatellite resides. For the effectively nonrecombining genome of the chloroplast, this phylogeny can be estimated using characters distributed throughout the entire chloroplast genome. Phylogenetic information of this sort is available for chloroplast genomes of the wild perennial relatives of soybean (Glycine subgenus Glycine). Three major chloroplast genome lineages (‘‘plastome’’ groups) were identified in species of the subgenus based on the occurrence of recognition sites for 29 restriction endonucleases distributed throughout the genome (Doyle, Doyle, and Brown 1990a). Further study with additional enzymes subdivided one of these lineages (Bplastome) into 27 distinct chloroplast haplotypes and showed that the haplotype phylogeny was not concordant with relationships among the diploid species bearing these chloroplast genomes (Doyle, Doyle, and Brown 1990b). Other studies used the same endonuclease site characters to associate B-plastome haplotypes found in polyploids of G. tabacina with those of putative diploid progenitors (Doyle et al. 1990a, 1990b). We studied two chloroplast microsatellites in 54 accessions bearing B-type chloroplast genomes, using DNA samples from previous studies; three G. tabacina polyploid individuals with A-type plastomes were also
GAMMA GLOBULIN TURNOVER IN RABBITS BEFORE AND DURING HYPERIMMUNIZATION
Authors: Stig Bryde Andersen, Mogens Bjørneboe
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1964)

The turnover of (131)I-labeled gamma globulin has been determined in rabbits before and during (8 weeks later) hyperimmunization with pneumococcic vaccine, which increased the gamma globulin concentration 5 to 10 times. Before immunization fractional turnover rate was an average of 36 per cent of the plasma pool per day, and the rate of catabolism was 133 mg/kg/day. During hyperimmunization fractional turnover rate was an average of 37 per cent per day, and the rate of catabolism was 1160 mg/kg/day. The observation that the fractional turnover rate is independent of the concentration suggests that the rate of breakdown should have the characteristic of a first order process.
Monocytes may promote myofibroblast accumulation and apoptosis in Alport renal fibrosis11See Editorial by Nikolic-Paterson, p. 1582.
Authors: Kathyrn D. Rodgers, Velidi Rao, Daniel T. Meehan, Nicole Fager, Philip Gotwals, Sarah T. Ryan, Victor Koteliansky, Ryoichi Nemori, Dominic Cosgrove
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
NCQA's Quality Compass, ver 1.0
Authors: Jay A. Gold
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), which accredits managed care plans using its HEDIS (Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set) 2.5, has produced in Quality Compass a database of comparative information about 222 different organizations. Data were collected from April to June 1996; further reports are promised. In addition to providing information about NCQA and about health plans in general, the CD enables the user to view analyses of the plans. Plans may be organized by location, keyword, line of business, and model type. One section lists the plans' accreditation status. Another, probably the most useful in the CD, provides three different levels of analysis: first, one may view comparative results using tables and graphs, comparing many plans across one HEDIS measure (for example, childhood immunization rates). Confidence intervals, national averages, and national health maintenance organization (HMO) averages are shown for comparison. Second, one may view summary reports
MIDWALL FIBROSIS AND LONG-TERM OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH AORTIC STENOSIS
Authors: Vass Vassiliou, Claire Raphael, Aamir Ali, Aris Perperoglou, Calvin Chin, Eva Nyktari, Francisco Alpendurada, Andrew Jabbour, John Baksi, Timothy Murigu, Sanjiv Joshi, Ricardo Wage, Philip Kilner, Raad Mohiaddin, David Newby, Dudley Pennell, Marc Dweck, Sanjay Prasad
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Abstract 4918: Quality assessment of DNA derived from up to 30 year old archival tissues from lung cancer patients for PCR-based methylation analysis using SMART-MSP and MS-HRM
Authors: Lasse S. Kristensen, Tomasz K. Wojdacz, Britta B. Thestrup, Henrik Hager, Lise Lotte Hansen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: The High-Resolution Melting (HRM) technology has recently been introduced as a rapid and robust analysis tool for the detection of DNA methylation. The methylation status of multiple tumor suppressor genes may serve as biomarkers for early cancer diagnostics, for prediction of prognosis and for prediction of response to treatment. Therefore, it is important that methodologies for detection of DNA methylation continue to evolve. Sensitive Melting Analysis after Real Time - Methylation Specific PCR (SMART-MSP) and Methylation Sensitive - High Resolution Melting (MS-HRM) are two methods for single locus DNA methylation detection based on HRM. Methods: Here, we have assessed the quality of DNA extracted from 30-years-old Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissue for DNA methylation analysis using SMART-MSP and MS-HRM. The quality assessment was performed on DNA extracted from 54 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) samples derived from FFPE tissue, collected over 30 years and grouped into five-years-intervals. For each sample, the methylation level of the CDKN2A (p16) and RARB promoters were estimated using SMART-MSP and MS-HRM assays designed to assess the methylation status of the same CpG positions. This allowed for a direct comparison of the methylation level estimated by the two methods for each sample. Results: The methylation level of the CDKN2A promoter was successfully determined by SMART-MSP and MS-HRM in all of the 54 samples. The same methylation estimates were obtained by the two methods in 46 of samples. The methylation level of the RARB promoter was successfully determined by SMART-MSP in all of samples. When using MS-HRM to assess RARB methylation five samples failed to amplify and 15 samples showed a melting profile characteristic for heterogeneous methylation. Out of the remainder 34 samples, for which the methylation level could be estimated, 27 gave the same result as observed when using SMART-MSP. Conclusion: MS-HRM and SMART-MSP can be successfully used for single locus methylation studies of DNA derived from up to 30-years-old FFPE tissue samples. Furthermore, it can be expected that MS-HRM and SMART-MSP will provide similar methylation estimates when assays are designed to analyze the same CpG positions. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4918.
GMC's planned study into GP selection scheme's value in predicting MRCGP performance is flawed
Authors: R. Wakeford
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Moberly reports that the General Medical Council is commissioning a study to examine the relation between performance in the National Recruitment Office’s (NRO) selection process for GP training and that in the membership examination of the Royal College of General Practitioners (MRCGP) clinical skills assessment (CSA). It aims to assess the extent to which the specialty recruitment process can predict subsequent performance in the CSA to “help the development of interventions to correct weaknesses identified in particular trainees.”1 …
Social networks and media coverage are blamed for series of teenage suicides in Russia
Authors: H. Vickers
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Social media sites where teenagers discuss how to kill themselves and irresponsible reporting of deaths in the media have been blamed by Russia’s president, Dmitri Medvedev, for the country’s high rate of teenage suicides, after a series of well publicised deaths. He has called for society to treat the issue “extremely gently.”

A United Nations Children’s Fund report published at the end of last year said that Russia has the third highest rate of youth suicide in the world, at 22 per 100 000 15 to 19 year olds in 2009, just behind other former Soviet republics Kazakhstan and Belarus. In 2009 just over 1700 adolescents aged 15 to 19 killed themselves.

The Russian Federal State Statistics Service claims that the number of suicides committed by people aged under 14 years fell to 240 in 2010, less than half the 500 recorded in 2000, yet …
Dietary Fat and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Julie A. Marshall, Daniel H. Bessesen
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

The recent release of results from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (FDPS) (1) and the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) (2) strongly confirm the hypothesis that interventions that alter diet and physical activity to achieve weight loss can prevent or postpone the development of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals. The next challenge will be to translate these impressive results into clinical practice. It seems relevant in this context to ask, “What is the best dietary intervention strategy to improve insulin action and prevent diabetes?” In the current issue of Diabetes Care , van Dam et al. (3) assess the association between diet and development of diabetes over a 12-year period in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). They find that consumption of a high-fat diet and high intakes of saturated fat are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. However, this association disappears when they adjust for BMI. They also find that frequent consumption of processed meats is associated with an increased risk for diabetes. Does this study alter the recommendations we make to individuals at risk for developing diabetes?

A large body of experimental data generated in laboratory animals strongly supports the notion that high-fat diets are associated with impaired insulin action. It appears from animal studies that saturated fats, in particular, have the most detrimental effects. Based on this information, along with the known risks of high saturated fat intake on cardiovascular disease risk, professional organizations such as the American Diabetes Association, the American Heart Association, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture have made recommendations that Americans aim for a total fat intake of no more than 30% of calories and choose foods low in saturated fat. However, some authors have criticized the evidence on which these public health recommendations have been based (4), and it …
Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythrodermia Treated by Hypnosis
Authors: C. A. S. Wink
Journal: BMJ (1961)

conscious experience of these harmonics.This being the case, the use of D.S.U.H. as a research tool in this field could open up the possibility of labelling the sensation of pitch as distinct from the total auditory experience, thereby facilitating research into the general mechanisms involved in hearing and the conscious distinction of different sorts of sounds.The evidence of the conditioned-reflex experiments would seem to support the clinical and audiometric evidence that deafness to tones of specific frequency can be produced by D.S.U.H.However, it is recognized that the case is still, in some respects, unproved.Further work with conditioned reflexes, involving a variety of physiological responses other than heart rate, is now in progress.Finally, it may be important that such selective deafness produced by D.S.U.H. appears to have been extended in all cases to include a loss of peripheral vibratory sense to the same frequency and in some cases to other frequencies.We are not, however, aware of evidence that any kind of deafness of psychopathological origins shows this association, but clinical investigation of this possibility could presumably settle the point.SummaryThe auditory thresholds of six deep-trance hypnotic subjects were measured in the waking state and again after deafness to tones of specific frequency had been suggested under hypnosis.This deafness was then further examined clinically and by means of experiments with positive conditioned reflexes, using heart rate as the conditioned response.In certain subjects this selective deafness sometimes included not only the test frequency but also half and occasionally twice this frequency, and on one occasion one-third of the frequency.Some evidence was found to support the thesis that these variations in responses were related to the semantics of the words used by the hypnotist when making his suggestions, although the subjects were not aware of any such distinctions in the waking state.There was also evidence of an associated loss of peripheral vibratory sense to the same frequency as the test tone, and in some cases to other frequencies.
Abstract 3932: High resolution imaging mass spectrometry reveals the breast cancer cell-related profiles of phosphatidylinositol unsaturation.
Authors: Masahiro Kawashima, Noriko Iwamoto, Nobuko Kawaguchi-Sakita, Masahiro Sugimoto, Takayuki Ueno, Kazuya Terasawa, Taka-Aki Sato, Koichi Tanaka, Kazuharu Shimizu, Masakazu Toi
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Lipid metabolism is supposed to be altered in breast cancer, and several literatures have suggested the possible compositional change of phospholipids in breast cancer tissues and its correlations with the tumor grade, sex hormone receptor status and patient's prognosis. However, the breast cancer cell-related alteration of phospholipid profiles and its underlying metabolic change remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the cancer cell-related phospholipid alteration by using high resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). We evaluated the spatial distributions and the proportions of phosphatidylinositols (PIs) in seven breast cancer tissues (three luminal cases and four non-luminal cases including one Her2 positive case) and one normal breast tissue. MS images of PIs and their mass spectra showed that the fatty acyl chain compositions of observed PIs remarkably changed in cancer cell region, compared with those in normal duct epithelium or surrounding stromal cells. PIs containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were the major components in normal duct epithelium. In five of seven cancer cases, PIs containing monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) were the most dominant in the observed PIs and specifically upregulated in cancer cells. In the rest of the cases, the MUFA upregulation was less obvious than the aforementioned five cases, and PIs containing PUFA still constituted a large percentage of observed PIs. In non-luminal cases, the MUFA upregulation in cancer cells was well correlated with the expression level of stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), a key enzyme in de novo MUFA synthesis. This observation suggested that the upregulation of de novo MUFA synthesis in cancer cells could contribute to the increase of PIs containing MUFA. In conclusion, high resolution MALDI-IMS revealed the breast cancer cell-related changes of PI profiles according to the degree of the fatty acyl chain unsaturation, which implied the existence of cancer cell-related PI remodeling process. Citation Format: Masahiro Kawashima, Noriko Iwamoto, Nobuko Kawaguchi-Sakita, Masahiro Sugimoto, Takayuki Ueno, Kazuya Terasawa, Taka-Aki Sato, Koichi Tanaka, Kazuharu Shimizu, Masakazu Toi. High resolution imaging mass spectrometry reveals the breast cancer cell-related profiles of phosphatidylinositol unsaturation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3932. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3932
Lisch Nodules in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Marie-Louise E. Lubs, Mislen S. Bauer, Maria E. Formas, Borivoje Djokic
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

Lisch nodules are melanocytic hamartomas that appear as well-defined, dome-shaped elevations projecting from the surface of the iris and are clear to yellow or brown. Multiple Lisch nodules appear to be found only in patients with peripheral neurofibromatosis (neurofibromatosis type 1, or von Recklinghausen's disease), an autosomal disorder with a prevalence of 1 in 3500.1 , 2 Although these nodules were first described by Waardenburg in 1918,3 the association between them and neurofibromatosis 1 was not fully appreciated until the report by Lisch in 1937,4 after whom they were then named. Lisch nodules are the most common clinical feature of neurofibromatosis 1 . . .
Bone marrow graft-versus-host disease: early destruction of hematopoietic niche after MHC-mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Yusuke Shono, Satoshi Ueha, Yong Wang, Jun Abe, Makoto Kurachi, Yoshihiro Matsuno, Tatsuki Sugiyama, Takashi Nagasawa, Masahiro Imamura, Kouji Matsushima
Journal: Blood (2010)
Lighting the fat furnace without SFRP5
Authors: Alexander Rauch, Susanne Mandrup
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

WNT signaling plays a central role in the regulation of cellular growth and differentiation. In this issue of the JCI, Mori et al. link WNT signaling to the oxidative capacity of adipocytes during obesity. They show that secreted frizzled-related protein 5 is an extracellular matrix–residing protein that is highly induced during obesity and inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in a tissue-autonomous manner, possibly by sequestering WNT3a. These results implicate local WNT signaling as an attractive target for combating obesity.
Abstract PD07-08: Zoledronic acid specifically inhibits development of bone metastases in the post-menopausal setting – evidence from an in vivo breast cancer model
Authors: I Holen, N Wang, KJ Reeves, AM Fowles, PI Croucher, CL Eaton, PD Ottewell
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: A number of recent clinical trials have suggested that the benefits of adjuvant bone targeted treatments on risks of recurrence or death in early breast cancer are restricted to women with established menopause. We have used a model system that mimics pre- and post-menopausal status to investigate the effects of zoledronic acid on breast tumour growth in bone, demonstrating a differential anti-tumour effect in these two settings. Methodology: Tumour growth was assessed by in vivo imaging following intra-cardiac inoculation of luciferase expressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in 12-week old female Balb-c nude mice. Animals underwent ovariectomy (OVX, mimicking the post-menopausal setting) or a sham operation (mimicking the pre-menopausal setting) 7 days after tumour cell implantation (n = 10/group). In treatment experiments, OVX and sham operated animals received either saline or 100ug/kg zoledronic acid (ZOL) weekly s.c. from day 4. Effects on bone were assessed by uCT analysis, bone histomorphometry and measurement of serum bone markers. Presence of tumour cells in bone was detected by multiphoton microscopy. Results: OVX induced significant bone loss compared to sham within 2 weeks, which was completely inhibited by ZOL. Tumour growth was detected in the long bones of 29% of animals in the sham group on day 35 following tumour cell inoculation, and this was not affected by ZOL treatment. In contrast, 83% of the OVX animals had detectable tumours in the long bones, demonstrating that OVX mediated changes to the bone microenvironment that stimulated tumour growth. Crucially, this OVX-induced increase in tumour growth was completely prevented by weekly ZOL treatment, with only 17% of animals in the OVX+ZOL group having detectable bone tumours compared to 83% in the OVX+saline group. Multiphoton microscopy revealed that numerous individual tumour cells were present in long bones of animals in the OVX+ZOL group, supporting that ZOL acts by inhibiting an OVX-mediated trigger of tumour cell proliferation. Conclusions: Our data are in agreement with those reported from clinical trials of adjuvant zoledronic acid, showing an anti-cancer effect exclusively in the post-menopausal setting. This is the first demonstration that zoledronic acid prevents tumour progression in bone specifically through inhibition of OVX-induced proliferation of tumour cells resident in the bone marrow. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD07-08.
How the US Drug Safety System Should Be Changed
Authors: Brian L. Strom
Journal: JAMA (2006)

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The gynaecologist in winter
Authors: J. O. Drife
Journal: BMJ (1997)

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One of the saddest sights in the natural world at this time of year is that of little groups of bedraggled gynaecologists with nothing to do. Up and down the country these normally busy, elegant creatures have been forced to stop working until April. Ever mindful of doctors' morale, the NHS Executive has set up a working party to suggest ways of filling their time. Here are some of its recommendations:

Teach undergraduates : Medical schools should concentrate all gynaecological teaching into semester two (formerly the “spring term”). Doctors may object that clinical teaching is impossible without patients but this outdated view …

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