tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Natural History of Respiratory Symptoms in a Cohort of Adolescents
Authors: NICHOLAS J. WITHERS, LORRAINE LOW, STEPHEN T. HOLGATE, JOANNE B. CLOUGH
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

A cohort of 2,289 children, previously studied at the age of 6–8 yr, were followed up by means of a postal questionnaire when aged 14 –16 yr to examine the association between potential risk factors and the natural history of respiratory symptoms. Children with current symptoms, persistent symptoms, and late-onset symptoms were identified and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the independent association between risk factors and these various symptom-based subgroups. Personal and family history of atopy was significantly associated with all symptom groups and with the presence of doctor-diagnosed asthma. Smoking, either active or passive, was shown to be significantly associated with current, persistent, and late-onset symptoms. Other factors shown to be significantly associated with certain symptom groups were gender (late-onset wheeze), single-parent households (current cough, persistent cough), social class (late-onset wheeze), number of children in the household (persistent wheeze, late-onset cough), number of furry pets in the household (current wheeze), birth weight (late-onset wheeze), and gas cookers (current wheeze, persistent wheeze). In a subgroup of children studied in more detail in 1987, bronchial hyperresponsiveness in 1987 was positively associated with persistent wheeze in 1995, whereas positive skin-prick testing in 1987 was not.
Comparative Effectiveness of 18F-FDG PET/CT Versus Whole-Body MRI for Detection of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Thorsten Derlin, Katharina Tornquist, Silvia Münster, Ivayla Apostolova, Christian Hagel, Reinhard E. Friedrich, Ulrike Wedegärtner, Victor F. Mautner
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT and whole-body MRI for the detection of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1, and to evaluate a panel of imaging-based criteria serving that purpose. Patients and Methods Thirty-one patients were examined by whole-body MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT. A panel of imaging-based criteria including tumor region, size, shape, margin definition, contrast enhancement, heterogeneity before and after contrast, intratumoral lobulation, target sign, and mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVs) were evaluated. A SUVmax cut-off value of 3.5 was used for lesion analysis. Histopathologic evaluation and/or clinical follow-up served as the reference standard. Results 18F-FDG PET/CT had a sensitivity of 100%, whereas MRI had a sensitivity of 66.7%. On PET/CT, tumor size (P < 0.005), SUVmax (P < 0.0001), SUVmean (P < 0.0001), and tracer uptake heterogeneity (P = 0.002) were significantly associated with MPNSTs. On MRI, intratumoral lobulation (P < 0.02), ill-defined margins (P = 0.007), and irregular enhancement on T1-weighted imaging (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with MPNSTs. Conclusions Both PET/CT and whole-body MRI may distinguish benign and malignant PNSTs, but PET/CT has higher sensitivity for that purpose. Imaging-based criteria for identification of MPNSTs on both modalities were identified. False-positive results, requiring biopsy or clinical follow-up, may be reduced by using a combination of MRI and PET derived markers, but only at the price of reduced sensitivity.
Points: Hyponatraemia during treatment with chlorpropamide and Moduretic
Authors: L V K de Silva, W S Mula-Abed
Journal: BMJ (1984)

September, p 591) confirmed brain death in the usual way before resuscitation was finally abandoned after four hours.The usual tests of brain death are tests of brain stem function.These tests should be preceded by essential preconditions and necessary exclusions.An essential precondition is irremediable structural brain damage.A necessary exclusion is acute intoxication.'In their patient neither of these criteria was satisfied.Their patient had not responded to intensive resuscitation and had remained hypotensive and anuric.As there had been no recovery and no prospect of recovery it may have been reasonable to discontinue resuscita- tion.It is not possible to use tests of brain death to support this decision as it was impossible to meet the currently accepted preconditions and exclusions which are required to give the tests validity.
Some concepts in toxicology.
Authors: S D Murphy
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

Toxicology seeks to understand and quantify injurious chemico-biological interactions. The application of this understanding is prediction of the likelihood of occurrence of injury to human health or to undesirable alteration of ecological balance. The key to understanding chemical induced biological injury is development of improved methods of measuring changes in cellular function and structure and the application of these methods to elucidate the mechanisms and factors that modulate chemical injuries. The key to application of this understanding is appropriately designed dose-response and time-response studies which will, with appropriate consideration of biological mechanisms, allow prediction of conditions of exposure (and their confidence limits) that represent finite levels of risk of injury. The underlying data base required is extensive and will be drawn from traditional studies as well as new methods of testing and risk assessment.
Prognostic Impact of Metabolic Syndrome by Different Definitions in a Population With High Prevalence of Obesity and Diabetes
Authors: Giovanni de Simone, Richard B. Devereux, Marcello Chinali, Lyle G. Best, Elisa T. Lee, James M. Galloway, Helaine E. Resnick
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

This study analyzed which definition of the metabolic syndrome is more predictive of cardiovascular events in both diabetic and nondiabetic members of a population-based sample.A 10-year, longitudinal follow-up of the Strong Heart Study cohort has been evaluated. The analysis included 3,945 participants (2,384 female) with complete data (1,700 with diabetes and 1,468 with arterial hypertension) for evaluation of metabolic syndrome. Those with prevalent cardiovascular disease were excluded (n = 287, of whom 127 were female). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was assessed based on the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP) III, and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions. The main outcome was 10-year incidence of combined fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, including stroke, coronary heart disease, and congestive heart failure.Fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events occurred in 1,120 participants. After adjusting for age, sex, and diabetes, metabolic syndrome by all definitions was significantly associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular events (all P < 0.0001). In nondiabetic individuals, incident cardiovascular event rates were about 30-40% higher in those with metabolic syndrome, without a significant difference among definitions (0.03 < P < 0.001), and remained significant in WHO and NCEP ATP III definitions even after further adjustment for obesity, hypertension, and low HDL cholesterol. In the diabetic group, metabolic syndrome risk for cardiovascular events was greatest using the WHO definition (P < 0.002 vs. other models).In individuals without diabetes, metabolic syndrome is associated with incident cardiovascular disease, especially with WHO and NCEP ATP III definitions. Metabolic syndrome also predicts higher cardiovascular event rates in diabetic participants, a prediction that is greatest using the WHO definition.
Coagulation Defects in Hypoxic Full-term Newborn Infants
Authors: M. A. Chadd, P. C. Elwood, O. P. Gray, S. M. Muxworthy
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Blood clotting was examined in 24 consecutive full-term newborn infants with hypoxia and 23 normal control infants. There was evidence of a gross alteration in the clotting process in the hypoxic infants. The degree of disturbance in clotting seemed to be dependent on the severity of the hypoxia, suggesting a causal relationship. The mechanism involved seemed to be intravascular coagulation. The consumption of clotting factors involved led to the appearance of a haemorrhagic diathesis. This effect seemed to be of short duration, suggesting that direct liver damage plays at most a minor part.Though there was no evidence of damage in the infants who survived, it is possible that intravascular coagulation induced by hypoxia, by leading to deposition of fibrin, may cause damage to vital organs. Further studies will be required to examine this possibility.
Reducing risks from intravenous cannulae.
Authors: J T Macfarlane, M J Ward, D C Banks, R Pilkington, R G Finch
Journal: BMJ (1981)

CommentAddiction to benzodiazepines has been denied in some quarters on the basis that reported case histories do not fulfil the criteria of drug dependence.2This case illustrates dramatically the four main features of dependence-namely, use of a drug to achieve its psychic effects, increase of dosage with time to achieve the same effects, experience of withdrawal symptoms on stopping the drug or reducing the dose, and abolition of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is reinstated.Short-acting benzodiazepine hypnotics may have some advantage as regards hangover3 but they share the addiction potential of all benzodiazepines.
QUALITY CONTROL OFTc-99m RADIOIMMUNOPHARMACEUTICALS
Authors: T R Sykes, T K Woo, A L Borowski, G J Murphy, G Stanczyk, A J McEwan, G D MacLean, A A Noujaim
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1991)

S of the Society of Nuclear Medicine in Canada and Prairie Provinces Chapter, SNM Conjoint Meeting: PDF Only
RELATION BETWEEN REGULAR INTAKE OF PHENACETIN-CONTAINING ANALGESICS AND LABORATORY EVIDENCE FOR URORENAL DISORDERS IN A WORKING FEMALE POPULATION OF SWITZERLAND
Authors: U.C. Dubach, B. Rosner, A. Müller, P.S. Levy, H.R. Baumeler, A. Peier, T. Ehrensperger
Journal: The Lancet (1975)
Insulin infusion systems, diabetic control, and microvascular complications.
Authors: P J Watkins
Journal: BMJ (1980)

<h3>Objective</h3> Hearing loss caused by high levels of noise is a potential occupational health disorder among train drivers around the world. This study aims to investigate the relationship between tunnel driving occupational environment and hearing loss in train drivers, to provide some insights into helping reduce hearing loss among train drivers. <h3>Methods</h3> This study analysed cross-sectional data for 1214 train drivers who work at China Railway Guangzhou Group. Health examination was taken by physicians with professional licences, and audiometric testing was performed by health technicians in a sound-isolated room. T/R is defined as the ratio of the length of the tunnels to the length of the railway along drivers’ work routes. Different multivariate models and stratified models were established for sensitivity analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the ORs of hearing loss associated with tunnel driving occupational environment. <h3>Results</h3> The adjusted OR for high-frequency hearing loss in association with the highest T/R levels (30%–45%) versus the lowest T/R levels (&lt;15%) was 3.72 (95% CI 1.43 to 9.69). The corresponding OR for speech-hearing loss was 1.75 (95% CI 0.38 to 8.06). The sensitivity analysis shows our results are suitable for various alternative models. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study found that there was a significant association between tunnel driving occupational environment and hearing loss. Train drivers who work in a higher T/R environment have worse hearing loss.
Abstract 3517: Role of primary cilia in breast and prostate cancer
Authors: Nadia B. Hassounah, Martha Nunez, Raymond Nagle, Kimberly M. McDermott
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles expressed on many mammalian cell types and help sense the extracellular environment. Signaling pathways important in development, tissue homeostasis, as well as cancer are known to be regulated by primary cilia, such as the Wnt and Hedgehog pathways. However, little is known about the role of primary cilia in cancer. We have previously demonstrated in a published study that primary cilia expression was significantly decreased through human prostate cancer progression (PLoS ONE 8 (7), 2013). We also discovered that primary cilia lengths were shorter through prostate cancer progression, which suggests dysfunction. In addition, we observed that primary cilia expression and length correlated with canonical Wnt signaling in normal human prostate tissue, premalignant lesions, and a subset of cancers. This data suggested that primary cilia dysfunction may alter Wnt signaling in the human prostate. We have also characterized primary cilia in human breast cancers, and similarly found a significant loss of primary cilia with breast cancer progression. We therefore hypothesize that primary cilia suppress tumorigenesis in these tissues, and consequently that primary cilia loss promotes cancer formation by altering signaling pathways. We are currently testing this hypothesis by knocking out primary cilia in a tumorigenic mammary mouse model and measuring changes in tumor growth, as well as changes in signaling pathways, like Wnt and Hedgehog signaling. Preliminary data demonstrates enhanced tumor growth in the absence of primary cilia, thus supporting our hypothesis that primary cilia may act as tumor suppressor organelles. Citation Format: Nadia B. Hassounah, Martha Nunez, Raymond Nagle, Kimberly M. McDermott. Role of primary cilia in breast and prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3517. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3517
Patterns of low‐affinity immunoglobulin receptor polymorphisms in stroke and homozygous sickle cell disease
Authors: James G. Taylor VI, Delia Tang, Charles B. Foster, Graham R. Serjeant, Griffin P. Rodgers, Stephen J. Chanock
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Symptomatic stroke is a major complication of homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease, with a prevalence of approximately 10%. An elevated peripheral leukocyte count has been identified as a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke in adults with SS disease. It has been observed that sickle cells coated with immunoglobulin have increased adherence to endothelial cells or phagocytes, possibly via binding to the low-affinity Fcgamma receptors. Common polymorphisms have been described in three low-affinity receptors: FCGR2A, FCGR3A, and FCGR3B; each has been shown to alter biological function, and each has also been associated with disease susceptibility. On the basis of this information, we evaluated common genetic variants of the low-affinity Fcgamma receptors for an association with symptomatic stroke in SS disease in a pilot case-control study of 51 Jamaican adult SS disease stroke cases and 51 SS disease-matched controls. Comparison of allelic distributions between cases and controls at 3 loci, FCGR2A (P = 0.39), FCGR3A (P = 0.67), FCGR3B (P = 0.35), failed to demonstrate a significant association. In a separate analysis, the FCGR2A/FCGR3A two-locus combination does not appear to segregate randomly (P(COR) = 0.0053), suggesting that these two loci could be linked in this population. We conclude that polymorphisms of the low-affinity Fcgamma receptors are not associated with stroke in SS disease.
Assessment and Prediction of Suicide
Authors: L. D. Hankoff
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Suicide is not a neglected area in the medical and mental health fields. Even before the 1897 publication of Emile Durkheim's anchoring work on the subject, efforts at preventing suicide were well known. This work of Ronald W. Maris and 44 others, structured around the question of predicting suicide, provides an excellent update on empirical findings and theory in suicidology. When the issues of assessing and predicting the act of suicide are addressed, we quickly learn that these tasks are best separated. In brief, the conclusion offered is that for several reasons the prediction of the individual suicide is an insuperable task (pp 4, 128, 218, 632, 641). Rather, the rational effort of the clinician and researcher is most constructively directed at assessing or predicting the probable risk of suicide within a given time frame. The failure to predict individual suicides is rooted in several factors. The attempt at prediction
The Pharmacology of Extrapyramidal Movement Disorders
Authors: E. Richard Blonsky
Journal: JAMA (1973)

In the past decade the neurological community has witnessed a resurgence of interest in the extrapyramidal system and the disease states associated with its dysfunction. The recognition of a deficiency of dopamine in parkinsonism, and the subsequent introduction of levodopa in its treatment, have acted as stimuli for recent research.  Innovative research techniques have permitted localization of catecholamine-containing neuronal systems. Levodopa has become an important tool in investigations, and has shown research results just as important as clinical benefits. Both excitatory and inhibitory pharmacologic agents have been administered to man and animals, and the effects studied by histochemical and biochemical means as well as by observation of gross clinical changes. The author of this monograph has sorted through this vast array of data and produced a comprehensive yet concise description of the various biochemical factors involved in the normal and diseased extrapyramidal states.  Fully one third of the book is
Idiopathic Hypertrophy of the Heart in African Children
Authors: H. Altman, H. Stein
Journal: BMJ (1956)

MEDICAL JOURNALof this investigation are reported, with particular reference to influenza and adenoidal-pharyngealconjunctival virus infections.Specimens of blood were taken from 1,001 volunteers in December, 1954, and again from 711 of these in March, 1955.Evidence of influenza B infection was found in 134 (19%) of those from whom two specimens were taken, the proportion in individual stations varying from 4 to 43 %.A few cases of influenza A infection were detected, but only two volunteers showed evidence of A.P.C. virus infection.
A CASE STUDY OF TWO PREMIERSHIP FOOTBALLERS WITH SICKLE CELL TRAIT USING NOVEL TESTS OF REDOX HOMEOSTASIS
Authors: P Catterson, B Moore, A Hodgson, N Lewis, J Newell, P Charles
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Sickle cell trait (SCT) is considered a benign heterozygous carrier state (both normal haemoglobin and abnormal HbS) compatible with elite level sport, whereas the autosomal recessive state of sickle cell disease is considered incompatible with strenuous exercise. Increased production of reactive oxygen species occurs in sickle cell disease, evident as increased pro-oxidants (FORT) and reduced anti-oxidants (FORD). This has been demonstrated using a novel point-of-care test (Gizi et al. 2011). No FORT/FORD data exist in athletes with SCT. Objective and Participants It was hypothesized that premiership football players with SCT (n=2) would show altered redox homeostasis compared to non-SCT players (n=19). These data were compared to previously published data on patients with sickle cell disease and controls. Setting English Premiership Football Team. Design and Arisk factor assessment A cross sectional comparison study design was adopted, and descriptive data are reported. Resting whole blood samples were collected at pre-season and mid-season and analysed immediately for FORT and FORD values. Mean values for non-SCT players were plotted against mean SCT player values (Figure 1). Results Figure 1 FORD/FORT values for all players (grey diamonds), SCT players (black squares) and previous data for sickle cell disease (black triangle) and controls (black diamond). Conclusions The 2 SCT players in this case study exhibited elevated FORT values, compared to non-SCT players, although they were not extreme outliers, perhaps because athletes are exposed to other sources of pro-oxidants such as exercise. Further research is necessary with a larger cohort in order to further establish the relationship between redox homeostasis and SCT in athletes. References Gizi et al. (2011) Assessment of oxidative stress in patients with sickle cell disease: The glutathione system and the oxidant–antioxidant status. Blood cells, Molecules and Diseases 46, pp. 220–225.
Premixed Gas and Oxygen for Midwives
Authors: C. W. Gale, M. E. Tunstall, C. C. Wilton-Davies
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Bronchitis-Francis et al. MNftCAL70MRNALmethoxypyridazine (" lederkyn ") and tetracycline (" achromycin "); and to both firms for a grant towards the expenses of the trial.To Messrs. Eli Lilly we express our thanks for their invaluable assistance in the preparation, bottling, and distribution of the capsules in code numbers to the participating chest clinics.It is a particular pleasure to thank all the chest physicians, their staffs and health visitors, the bacteriologists, and general practitioners for their tireless co-operation.The names of the participating chest physicians are given below, together with the clinics and hospitals at which the investigation was carried out.
Periodic Physician Recredentialing-Reply
Authors: Alfred Gellhorn
Journal: JAMA (1991)

ABSTRACT In Reply. — Validation of peer review of patients' records to determine compliance with guidelines developed by the pertinent medical specialty societies demonstrates that the process is feasible. Further, the method not only detects substandard practice patterns but identifies deficiencies that, when corrected, will improve the general quality of care and encourage change of physician behavior. The Physician Enhancement Program mentioned by Drs Sherman and Farnsworth, which may be developed in New York, is a model for correction of deficiencies.It is interesting that Dr Suter, a specialist in aviation medicine, takes such violent exception to recredentialing but presumably approves that airplane pilots must undergo periodic physical and skill recertification.Dr Thomas should know that the requirement of standard procedures for monitoring intraoperative anesthesia has led to a reduction in malpractice premiums for many anesthesiologists in many states. Tort reform is unlikely without strong public support based on assurance that
Translating Research into Clinical Practice: Deliberations from the American Association for Cancer Research
Authors: William N. Hait
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Translational research is difficult to define but recognizable to all who engage in it. Academic medical centers struggle to participate effectively, in contrast to the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry, which are designed for nothing else. The process of translational research can be viewed as a cycle with defined phases and identifiable checkpoints. From the original hypothesis, through early scientific testing, investigators with different skill sets are required to move a fundamental observation through preclinical tests of clinical relevance then ultimately into the clinic. The various investigators must be able to organize effective research teams, whose compositions will differ as one moves closer to treating patients. Each phase, from discovery through application, has a set of barriers that can be summarized as culture, human resources/education, infrastructure, and regulatory. At a retreat of the Clinical Translational Research Committee of the American Association for Cancer Research, many of the issues facing academic centers were discussed and several recommendations are summarized here.