tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Adiposity and Insulin Resistance in Humans: The Role of the Different Tissue and Cellular Lipid Depots
Authors: Samantha Hocking, Dorit Samocha-Bonet, Kerry-Lee Milner, Jerry R. Greenfield, Donald J. Chisholm
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2013)

Abstract Human adiposity has long been associated with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular risk, and abdominal adiposity is considered particularly adverse. Intra-abdominal fat is associated with insulin resistance, possibly mediated by greater lipolytic activity, lower adiponectin levels, resistance to leptin, and increased inflammatory cytokines, although the latter contribution is less clear. Liver lipid is also closely associated with, and likely to be an important contributor to, insulin resistance, but it may also be in part the consequence of the lipogenic pathway of insulin action being up-regulated by hyperinsulinemia and unimpaired signaling. Again, intramyocellular triglyceride is associated with muscle insulin resistance, but anomalies include higher intramyocellular triglyceride in insulin-sensitive athletes and women (vs men). Such issues could be explained if the “culprits” were active lipid moieties such as diacylglycerol and ceramide species, dependent more on lipid metabolism and partitioning than triglyceride amount. Subcutaneous fat, especially gluteofemoral, appears metabolically protective, illustrated by insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in patients with lipodystrophy. However, some studies suggest that deep sc abdominal fat may have adverse properties. Pericardial and perivascular fat relate to atheromatous disease, but not clearly to insulin resistance. There has been recent interest in recognizable brown adipose tissue in adult humans and its possible augmentation by a hormone, irisin, from exercising muscle. Brown adipose tissue is metabolically active, oxidizes fatty acids, and generates heat but, because of its small and variable quantities, its metabolic importance in humans under usual living conditions is still unclear. Further understanding of specific roles of different lipid depots may help new approaches to control obesity and its metabolic sequelae.
Nutrition and Endurance Performance--A Review
Authors: J. D. Brooke, G. J. Davies
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1974)

A sufficient normal diet is defined by Keele and Neil (1961) as follows:- "An adequate diet must have a caloric value sufficient to provide for the requirements of basal metabolism .., and the needs of varying degrees of muscular work.It must have adequate amounts of proteins (essential amino acids), fat, carbohydrate, water and salts (ions) in suitable proportions and an ample vitamin content."The present paper will deal with that part of the diet which provides fuel for the support of muscular work, namely, fats and carbohydrates, with a brief review of the role of protein.First, let us consider protein.Over 100 years ago von Leibig (1851) suggested protein might be the fuel for muscular work.However, Pettenkofer and Voit (1866) showed that urinary excretion of nitrogen was not affected by prolonged strenuous exercise.The utilization of protein as a source of energy, in such work, does not take place.This early work has been confirmed repeatedly, Chaveau (1896), Zuntz (1901), Cathcart (1925), Cathcart and Burnett (1926) and Margaria and Foa (1939).Hedman (1957), working with cross country skiers racing between 38 and 85 km in one day, demonstrated no noticeable change in the nitrogen output compared with resting controls.Yamaji (1951) suggested that an increased protein intake was required during training to prevent utilization of protein reserves, shown by a decrease in blood haemoglobin and serum albumin.However, the normal balanced diet will be stimulated by physical activity so that a greater expenditure of energy [possibly up to 20.93 MJ (5,000 kcal)/day, Ruffels (1962)] is met by a greater energy intake.The increased protein intake, as part of this diet, is sufficient for any increase that takes place in muscle mass.As protein can normally be excluded as a source of energy for exercise, this role must be fulfilled by fats and/or carbohydrates.In 1901, Zuntz demonstrated that the R.Q. could be altered by changes in diet and that for moderate work, after a high fat diet, fat was essentially the only source of energy.Krogh and Lindhard (1920) confirmed the importance of fat for energy during exercise and Christensen and Hansen (1939b) showed that after a high fat, low carbohydrate diet, some 70% of the energy was derived from fat during aerobic work.Carlson and Froberg (1967) showed that, during a 10 day fast and
Reversible Renal Failure Following Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusive Disease
Authors: Anatole Besarab
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Three patients with severe hypertension and rapidly progressive oliguric renal failure who required dialysis were found by aortography to have bilateral renal artery occlusion or stenosis. Each had peripheral arteriosclerosis or an abdominal bruit. Following renal artery reconstructive surgery, all three patients recovered nearly normal renal function in 3 to 12 weeks, though mild hypertension persisted in two patients. The common findings of a normal-sized kidney with collateral blood flow and nearly normal histological features were predictive of recovery of renal function. Prolonged postoperative oliguria in two patients may have been due to increased preglomerular vascular resistance mediated by the renin-angiotensin system. (<i>JAMA</i>235:2838-2841, 1976)
Targeted enhancement of the biological activity of the antineoplastic agent, neocarzinostatin. Studies in murine neuroblastoma cells.
Authors: N F Schor
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

The development of chemotherapeutic approaches to cancer has been hampered by the toxicity of proposed agents for normal rapidly dividing cells. By using neocarzinostatin, a "pro-drug" which is activated by reduction by thiol compounds, adjunctively with 6-mercaptodopamine, a thiol-containing dopamine analogue, we have been able to enhance neocarzinostatin toxicity for cells of the neural crest tumor neuroblastoma. Thiol compounds that are not neurotransmitter analogues do not act synergistically with neocarzinostatin in this system. Since most normal rapidly dividing cells do not have surface dopamine receptors, we propose this approach for the selective targeting of toxicity for neuroblastoma cells. We further introduce cell-selective activation of prodrugs as a new chemotherapeutic strategy which demands further development.
Pathology of the Liver
Authors: I. Dawson
Journal: Gut (1980)

Dr P B Cotton) was held jointly with the Associa- tion of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (President, Professor G W Taylor) in Bournemouth on 26 to 28 March.Numerous scientific sessions and social functions contributed to the success of the meeting, which enhanced the existing close contact between the medical and the surgical aspects of gastroenterology.The Surgikos Lecture was given by Professor R Y Calne on 'Current status of transplant surgery'.Dr Anne
Adherence to candesartan and placebo and outcomes in chronic heart failure in the CHARM programme: double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Bradi B Granger, Karl Swedberg, Inger Ekman, Christopher B Granger, Bertil Olofsson, John JV McMurray, Salim Yusuf, Eric L Michelson, Marc A Pfeffer
Journal: The Lancet (2005)
Causes of Hypertension in the Young
Authors: B. S. Ooi, B. T. M. Chen, C. C. S. Toh, O. T. Khoo
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Of 127 hypertensive patients aged 12 to 40 investigated by intravenous pyelography, abdominal aortography, and renal biopsy an underlying cause was found in 57%. The proportion with secondary hypertension was higher in young patients and in those with severe hypertension. Primary arteritis of the aorta was an important cause of renovascular hypertension in an Asian population.
New Diagnostic Sign in Sciatica
Authors: A. J. Mester
Journal: BMJ (1942)

There appears to be a significant rise in the incidence of F-haemolytic streptococci on the face in group A, but not else- where.Here again recovery of the organism varies with the area sampled.The figures seem to demonstrate that the presence of a localized skin lesion produces a wide-spread increase in pathogens on the normal skin.If this be so it must materially alter our conception of the results to be expected from localized forms of treatment for pyogenic skin infections.Table of Skini Carriers Carrying Coag.+ Staphs.Carrying P-haemolytic Streps.Group A Group B Group A Group B Face only .. 131% 15-0% 6-5/. 30%/.Wrist only .. 8-0% 3-0 1-4% 1-0% Chest only .. 36% 1-0% Nil Nil Face and chest . 5.
Immediate-Type Allergy Against Insulin Itself: Clinical and Immunologic Studies on a Diabetic Patient with Insulin Intolerance
Authors: G Schernthaner, H Ludwig, R Jarisch, H Bruneder
Journal: Diabetes Care (1981)

In this report clinical and immunologic data of a female diabetic patient with immediate-type allergy against insulin preparations of different species, including pancreatic human insulin, biosynthetic human insulin and semisynthetic human insulin are described. The determination of insulin-specific antibodies showed relatively high IgE-antibody titers in contrast to low IgG-antibody concentrations, which is in accordance with the assumption that the ratio of IgE- to IgG-insulin antibodies is important in the outcome of clinically manifest allergic reactions. Negative results for cutaneous delayed-type insulin hypersensitivity and for stimulation of lymphocyte blastogenesis exclude type IV immunopathogenic reaction in this insulin-allergic patient. Preliminary data suggest that inherited individual factors--such as DR2, DR3 positivity in this diabetic individual--might predispose diabetic patients to insulin allergy.
Blood donors at high risk of transmitting the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Authors: M Contreras, P E Hewitt, J A Barbara, P Z Mochnaty
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurs most commonly in homosexual men. This group carries the greatest risk of transmitting AIDS by blood transfusion. Both promiscuous and nonpromiscuous male homosexuals should refrain from giving blood. A leaflet stating this advice was prepared by the Department of Health and Social Security, United Kingdom. In July 1984 a questionnaire was given to all donors attending a blood donor clinic in the west end of London, England. 53% were male. Donors were given a leaflet on AIDS and a questionnaire to complete in private. Those who considered themselves to be in a high risk group were asked to designate their blood for research purposes only. Serum samples from donors who confirmed that they were in the high risk category were tested for antihepatitis B core antigen and anti-human T lymphotropic virus type III (anti-HTLV-III) in addition to the routine screening of donors for hepatitis B surface antigen and syphilis. All high risk donors were men. Homosexuality was the only high risk factor. Of 5000 questionnaires administered between July and October, 614 were not completed or had ambiguous answers. 38 donors who completed the questionnaire beonged to a high risk group. Of these, 7 were positive for antihepatitis B core antigen; none were positive for anti-HTLV-III, T pallidum hemagglatination, or hepatits B surface antigen. Although the homosexual donors had a much lower incidence of sexually transmitted disease than those attending special clinics, this should not encourage complacency. All possible measures must be taken to prevent homosexuals from donating blood.
Ten-year follow-up of hepatitis B relapse after cessation of lamivudine or telbivudine treatment in chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: H.-Y. Pan, H.-Y. Pan, L. Chen, D.-H. Yang, H.-J. Huang, Y.-X. Tong, C.-R. Chen, J. Yan
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2015)

The high rate of relapse after cessation of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) treatment in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients leads us to reassess the feasibility for off-therapy, but long-term follow-up data are scarce. We assessed the feasibility for off-therapy by a long-term observation of relapse in response to lamivudine (LAM) and telbivudine (LdT). Eighty-six NUC-naive CHB patients, treated with LAM (n = 46) or LdT (n = 40) who reached the guidelines recommended for off-therapy, were followed for up to 10 years. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), viral serology and biochemistries were periodically determined. COX model was used to predict the risk of relapse. A total of 52.3% of patients experienced relapse within a median of 115 months (range, 61-122 months). A total of 93.3% of relapses occurred within 48 months. Relapse rates in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive (n = 56) and HBeAg-negative (n = 30) patients were 39.3% and 76.7%, respectively (p < 0.01). HBeAg-positive patients who achieved an early viral response (EVR), defined as undetectable HBV DNA within 6 months, had a lower relapse rate compared to non-EVR patients (21.4% vs. 59.2%, p < 0.01). EVR patients who had both lower HBV DNA (<10(6) copies/mL) at baseline and lower hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at end of treatment had a relapse rate of 10.7%. The high relapse rates in CHB patients over this 10-year follow-up make LAM or LdT off therapy infeasible in most of the cases, except in the case of HBsAg loss and/or seroconversion. HBeAg-positive patients with EVR, lower HBV DNA and HBsAg had lower relapse rates and could be good candidates for off-therapy. Long-term monitoring, especially during the first 4 years, is critical for patients off-therapy.
Pediatric erythromelalgia: A?retrospective review of 32 cases evaluated at Mayo Clinic over a 37-year period
Authors: Robert H. Cook-Norris, Megha M. Tollefson, Andres E. Cruz-Inigo, Paola Sandroni, Mark D.P. Davis, Dawn M.R. Davis
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Vitamin B12 deficiency in a child.
Authors: M Rossiter
Journal: BMJ (1977)

treatment of abscesses of different aetiology, with which we dealt in our second report.;We regard this omission as dangerous.Your preoccupation with a single chemo- therapeutic agent, effective only against strict anaerobes, is misleading, since we have demonstrated that aerobic and microaerophilic organisms predominate in cerebral abscesses.Of the patients in our study, 76 0 were infected only with microbes that were demonstrably resistant to metronidazole.Further, we remind you that lincomycin and chloramphenicol are effective against anaerobic bacteria and that they were used in the treatment of some abscesses in both series of cases discussed in the leading article.Carbenicillin, not used in either series, and fusidic acid also have some activity against anaerobic bacteria.The treatment of cerebral abscesses is primarily surgical and it remains so.Rapid and accurate location of the lesion followed by prompt evacuation of the pus and internal decompression continues to save lives.Factors other than the choice of antibiotics, such as measures taken against cerebral oedema, should be taken into account in any discussion of mortality.
Evaluation of recent thymic emigrants (TRECs) in patients affected by HCV chronic hepatitis
Authors: Cristiana Di Campli, Franco Pandolfi, Riccardo Urgesi, Rossella Cianci, Luca Miele, Barbara Alfei, Giulia Pignataro, Marcello Candelli, Antonio Grieco, Gianludovico Rapaccini, Giovanni Gasbarrini, Antonio Gasbarrini
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Class VI intermediate filament protein nestin is induced during activation of rat hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Toshiro Niki, Milos Pekny, Karine Hellemans, Pieter De Bleser, Kit Van Den Berg, Freya Vaeyens, Erik Quartier, Frans Schuit, Albert Geerts
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Hepatic stellate cells are considered to be liver-specific pericytes that play a key role in liver fibrosis. Because these cells express desmin and smooth muscle α-actin, they were assumed to be of myogenic origin. This hypothesis became doubtful when it was reported that stellate cells also express glial fibrillary acidic protein and neural cell adhesion molecule. In the present study, we show that activated stellate cells express nestin, a class VI intermediate filament protein originally identified as a marker for neural stem cells. Expression of nestin was first studied during spontaneous activation of stellate cells in culture. Immunohistochemistry showed that nestin-positive stellate cells already appeared at day 3, and nearly all the cells became positive for nestin at day 6 and 15. The immunoreaction was present in filaments except in dividing cells. The presence of messenger RNA transcript for nestin was shown by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of amplified complementary DNA. We then compared the presence of nestin with that of other intermediate filament proteins and smooth muscle α-actin. Immunoblotting showed that the relative concentrations of nestin, desmin, and vimentin increased between day 2 and 6 in primary culture. After the initial increase vimentin leveled off, while nestin and desmin showed a tendency to decrease. This pattern was quite different from that of glial fibrillary acidic protein, which kept declining, and smooth muscle α-actin, which increased continuously up to day 13 in culture. We then studied the presence of nestin in normal and CCl4-injured rat liver. In normal liver, minimal immunoreaction for nestin was observed within the liver parenchyma. During induction of fibrosis by carbon tetrachloride, nestin-positive stellate cells appeared at 6 weeks, which was late in comparison with the induction of desmin and smooth muscle α-actin. We conclude that nestin is induced in stellate cells during transition from the quiescent to the activated phenotype; culture activation is a stronger stimulus than in vivo activation by injection of CCl4. Taken together with reports on expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and neural cell adhesion molecule by stellate cells, new experimental studies on the embryonic origin of these cells are required
De novo mutation of the β-globin gene initiation codon (ATG→AAG) in a Northern European
Authors: John S. Waye, Barry Eng, Margaret Patterson, Ronald D. Barr, David H. K. Chui
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1997)

We present a case of β-thalassemia intermedia involving a 13-year-old boy of Northern European descent. His mother, father and older sister have normal hematologic indices. Molecular studies demonstrate that the proband carries a novel mutation of the β-globin gene initiation codon (ATG→AAG) which should give rise to β°-thalassemia trait. The possibility of non-paternity was excluded, indicating that the novel mutation was the result of a de novo event. A review of the literature indicates that mutations involving the β-globin gene initiation codon can give rise to a more severe phenotype than is generally associated with most other β+ or β° mutations. Am. J. Hematol. 56:179–182, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vitamin E Levels in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: V. O. R. C. De Bevere
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It is still common practice to supplement diets of hemodialysis patients with multivitamin preparations.<sup>1,2</sup>Yet several reports in the literature warn about the administration of vitamin A, since considerably elevated plasma levels of this compound occur in renal failure.<sup>1-3</sup>By analogy, it is generally assumed that no supplements of other fat-soluble vitamins, ie, vitamins E and K, are required either.<sup>3</sup> Ito and co-workers (1971;217:699) previously reported subnormal vitamin E levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Their findings have been interpreted as providing a basis for diet supplementation with vitamin E. Unfortunately, these authors studied only six patients and used an assay of questionable reliability. We successfully applied a previously described specific high-performance liquid chromatography method<sup>4</sup>for the determination of serum vitamin E in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Normal levels were found before as well as after dialysis, ie, 11.3 ±5.4 μg/mL and 11.3 ±5.2 μg/mL,
Lymphocyte Adherence in the Reperfused Rat Liver: Mechanisms and Effects
Authors: Pierre-Alain Clavien, Robert P. C. Harvey, Juan R. Sanabria, Robert Cywes, Gary A. Levy, Steven M. Strasberg
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Leukocyte adhesion may play a central role in the pathogenesis of preservation-reperfusion injury to liver grafts. We previously showed that lymphocyte adhesion to sinusoids is dependent on the length of cold ischemia. In the present study we examined the mechanisms of lymphocyte adherence after harvesting combined with a short and a long preservation time. The effects of lymphocyte adherence on liver function were also examined. Rat livers were stored at 1 degrees C in University of Wisconsin solution for 45 min or 30 hr and then reperfused at 37 degrees C in the isolated perfused rat liver with isogeneic lymphocytes in an asanguineous perfusate. The role of reactive oxygen intermediates was investigated with allopurinol, a vitamin E analog and ascorbate or superoxide dismutase and catalase. For us to determine the role of Kupffer cells, Kupffer cell blockade was produced by gadolinium chloride. Leukotriene B4 effects were examined with the lipooxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid. We evaluated the possible presence of mechanical obstruction by studying flow rates and the circulation of red blood cells. We examined the role of adhesion molecules by pretreating lymphocytes with trypsin or neuraminidase and by exposing livers to arabinogalactan. We investigated the effects of lymphocyte adhesion on liver function by comparing perfusate liver enzymes in livers reperfused with and without lymphocytes, with trypsinized lymphocytes and with an increased number of lymphocytes. Allopurinol significantly reduced hypoxanthine degradation, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibited leukotriene B4 release into the perfusate. The ability of gadolinium chloride to inhibit Kupffer cells was shown by colloid carbon uptake. In livers harvested and preserved for 45 min, lymphocytes decreased about 40% during reperfusion. In livers preserved for 30 hr, the reduction was significantly greater (about 80%). Lymphocyte adherence was lessened in livers preserved for 45 min by all three of the reactive oxygen intermediate protectants and by gadolinium chloride. In contrast, neither reactive oxygen intermediate protectants nor gadolinium chloride reduced adherence in livers preserved for 30 hr. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid had no effect in livers preserved for either 45 min or 30 hr. Portal flow in livers preserved for 45 min and 30 hr was similar, suggesting an absence of mechanical obstruction, and this finding was supported by a complete absence of red cell trapping. Trypsinization of lymphocytes and exposure of livers to arabinogalactan significantly lessened lymphocyte adherence in livers preserved for 30 hr but not in those preserved for 45 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
"Delayed" Appearance of Positive Bone Scan Following Fracture
Authors: JOSEPH J. SKARZYNSKI, JOHN J. SZIKLAS, RICHARD P. SPENCER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

A bone scan was negative at the L-3 level in a 73-yearold at 10 days following pain onset. On day 12, CT of the area showed a compression fracture. The bone scan was positive at day 18.