tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Xanthine oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide which contributes to reperfusion injury of ischemic, isolated, perfused rat hearts.
Authors: J M Brown, L S Terada, M A Grosso, G J Whitmann, S E Velasco, A Patt, A H Harken, J E Repine
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Three lines of investigation indicated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from xanthine oxidase (XO) contributes to cardiac dysfunction during reperfusion after ischemia. First, addition of dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a highly permeant O2 metabolite scavenger (but not urea) simultaneously with reperfusion improved recovery of ventricular function as assessed by ventricular developed pressure (DP), contractility (+dP/dt), and relaxation rate (-dP/dt) in isolated Krebs-Henseleit-perfused rat hearts subjected to global normothermic ischemia. Second, hearts from rats fed tungsten or treated with allopurinol had negligible XO activities (less than 0.5 mU/g wet myocardium compared with greater than 6.0 mU/g in control hearts) and increased ventricular function after ischemia and reperfusion. Third, myocardial H2O2-dependent inactivation of catalase occurred after reperfusion following ischemia, but not after ischemia without reperfusion or perfusion without ischemia. In contrast, myocardial catalase did not decrease during reperfusion of ischemic hearts treated with DMTU, tungsten, or allopurinol.
Accuracy of exercise 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy in asymptomatic young men.
Authors: R S Schwartz, W G Jackson, P V Celio, L A Richardson, J R Hickman
Journal: Circulation (1993)

Little is known about the diagnostic usefulness of 201Tl scintigraphy for detecting asymptomatic coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men. We thus evaluated planar 201Tl exercise myocardial scintigraphy in 845 asymptomatic male military aircrew undergoing coronary arteriography because of abnormal noninvasive tests suggesting possible myocardial ischemia.Patients were stratified by prior disease risk into six subgroups using age (< 45 and > or = 45 years) and ratio of total to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (< 4.5, 4.5-6.0, and > 6.0). Significant coronary artery disease (> or = 50% diameter stenosis in any major coronary artery) was present in 143 (16.9% prevalence). Overall sensitivity and specificity of 201Tl scintigraphy adjusted for verification bias were estimated to be 45 +/- 4% and 78 +/- 1%, respectively. These values are lower than corresponding values accepted for clinical populations. Positive and negative predictive values varied across subgroups. A normal thallium scan indicated low risk of disease, but an abnormal test was likely to be a false-positive result. A logistic equation was retrospectively fit to the data for estimating the probability of disease given age, cholesterol ratio, and thallium results. Within each quintile of estimated risk, the average risk did not differ significantly from the observed disease prevalence.Exercise 201Tl scintigraphy is limited by the frequent occurrence of false-positive tests in detecting asymptomatic, anatomic coronary artery disease in young men in accordance with Bayesian probability theory.
Pachydermoperiostosis (Idiopathic Clubbing and Periostosis)
Authors: David L. Rimoin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

PACHYDERMOPERIOSTOSIS (idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy) is a syndrome characterized by clubbing of the digits, periosteal new bone formation, especially over the distal ends of the long bones, and coarsening of the facial features, with thickening, furrowing and oiliness of the skin of the face and forehead.1 The furrowing may also involve the scalp, where it is known as cutis verticis gyrata.The skin exhibits marked seborrheic hyperplasia with wide-open sebaceous pores filled with plugs of sebum. Ptosis, caused by hypertrophy of the eyelids, may be so severe as to obstruct vision.2 , 3 The skin over the hands and feet is often thickened . . .
Continuous and intermittent levamisole. A controlled trial.
Authors: J Scott, P A Dieppe, E C Huskisson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1978)

A double-blind comparative trial showed that intermittent levamisole therapy (150 mg daily for 3 days of each week) was as effective as continuous therapy (150 mg daily) in rheumatoid arthritis and with slightly fewer side effects.
Enriching the Doctor-Patient Relationship by Inviting the Patient's Perspective
Authors: Thomas L. Delbanco
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

▪ Doctors and patients alike are saddened and angered by the distance that increasingly interferes with their interactions. Two complementary strategies may enhance the human quality of clinical care and improve outcomes. First, the doctor and patient can undertake a systematic "patient's review" that addresses seven dimensions of care: 1) respect for patient's values, preferences, and expressed needs; 2) communication and education; 3) coordination and integration of care; 4) physical comfort; 5) emotional support and alleviation of fears and anxieties; 6) involvement of family and friends; and 7) continuity and transition. Incorporating the "review" into the clinical encounter encourages both patient and doctor to confront individual preferences and values and offers patients an explicit framework for participating actively in their care. Second, using survey instruments designed to solicit focused reports from patients that address each dimension of care, doctors can gather aggregate feedback about their practices. Such reports move beyond anecdote and can serve as screening tests that uncover areas in doctors' practices that merit improvement. In addition, patients can join doctors in developing solutions to problems uncovered by patients' reports.
PSYCHIATRIC VALUES IN A NEW METHOD OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
Authors: KENNETH E. APPEL, JOHN MCK. MITCHELL, WILLIAM T. LHAMON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1952)

An experiment in medical education at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School has been described, namely, "The Family Health Advisor Service." This has become another educational device, which facilitates learning through the implementation of motivation by personal contact with medical and family problems early in the medical curricula, and the encouragement of maturation through the development of responsibility. Students become Family Health Advisors on admission, and remain so throughout the 4 years of medical school work. During this period every sort of problem comes up in connection with the health of the individual members of the family—the treatment of a pregnant mother with syphilis, the diagnosis of measles and the community resources for supplying preventive inoculations of globulin, the advisability of an operation, enuresis, or helping a man of 82 to meet the anxieties of old age. The student has experience in interpreting the doctors and hospital to the patient, and the patient and his family to the doctors and hospital. Educationally this course has supplied practical, vivid, and important motivation for learning. It affords one of the best methods of teaching, viz., contact with actual situations. There is the challenge of human problems as well as disease. There is participation in actual work, not just laboratory exercises. As an introduction to psychiatry, it has great value. It is a laboratory course in human relations, in which the student is a responsible participant. He experiences medical problems not as isolated disease entities, but as suffering people with feelings, whose troubles—physical and otherwise—are affected by family relationships and the impact of social and economic factors. He learns that his own attitudes and feelings are helpful or hindering in his effectiveness with patients. He learns that there is an objective, therapeutic approach to personal, emotional, familial, and sociological aspects of medical care. Furthermore, the student becomes aware of the need painstakingly to search for and understand the driving forces of patients' feelings. The therapeutic value of discussion and interpretation becomes evident as does also the healing value of human interest. By means of the Family Advisor Service the student is introduced to the field of psychiatry not as mental disease but, in the natural setting of the home, as a study of emotions, relationships, and motivations and their effect on medical disease and on human happiness and effectiveness. Thus the student is offered experience in the broad and basic aspects of psychiatry—where medicine, public health, social work, and psychiatry have common ground.
Letter: Acute myelofibrosis and chromosome damage after procarbazine treatment.
Authors: H M Pinedo, J O Van Hemel, M A Vrede, J Van der Sluys Veer
Journal: BMJ (1974)

for the fasting group (-8'7%) but not for the conventional managed patients (+ 0 5 %).Proportionate weight loss was greater for men than for women, for the 30-49 years age group than for the younger or older subjects, for diabetics than for non-diabetics, and for persons whose weight exceeded 250 pounds (114 kg).The initial fasting pro- gramme inproved the long-term results of conventional low-calorie dietary treatment for obesity.-Weare, etc.,
Presentation of Prescription and Nonprescription Opioid Overdoses to US Emergency Departments
Authors: Michael A. Yokell, M. Kit Delgado, Nickolas D. Zaller, N. Ewen Wang, Samuel K. McGowan, Traci Craig Green
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Opioid overdose is a leading cause of injury-related mortality in the United States.1,2 However, little is known nationally regarding the characteristics of opioid overdose presentations to emergency departments (EDs).
Glaucoma and Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Diagnostic Practices and Malpractice Liability
Authors: William J. Curran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

ONE of the "old saws" of the law of medical practice used to be that physicians were not liable for mere failure to diagnose an illness correctly. Defense lawyers were frequently heard to comfort their doctor clients by assuring them that they would not be required to pay damages in court for errors of judgment. Like most dogmatic statements in the law, this one was never fully true. Five years ago, several important cases were pointed out in which physicians were held liable for incorrect diagnoses.1 Now, however, two very much more important new cases may well bury the old . . .
N-Acetyltransferase phenotype and risk in urinary bladder cancer: approaches in molecular epidemiology. Preliminary results in Sweden and Denmark
Authors: G. M. Lower, T. Nilsson, C. E. Nelson, H. Wolf, T. E. Gamsky, G. T. Bryan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

A variable but often significant proportion of urinary bladder cancer in urban areas can be attributed to occupational and cultural (cigarette smoking) situations associated with exposures to various arylamines. The variable N-acetylation of carcinogenic arylamines by human hepatic enzyme systems, the known genetic regulation and polymorphic distribution of this enzyme activity in humans, and the known enhanced susceptibility of individuals with the genetically-distinct "slow acetylator" phenotype to various arylamine toxicities, has prompted examination of possible correlations between N-acetyltransferase phenotype and urinary bladder cancer risk in rural and urban populations. In this context, N-acetylation is viewed as a component of detoxication pathways with respect to arylamine bladder carcinogenesis. In preliminary utilizations of this approach, a population of urban urinary bladder cancer patients from Copenhagen, Denmark displayed a 13% excess (p = 0.065) of individuals with the slow acetylator phenotype (46/71 = 64.8%) when compared to a Danish control population (38/74 = 51.4%). These data are consistent with the possibility that arylamines may play an etiological role in bladder cancer in this locale and that slow acetylator individuals may be at higher relative risk (1.74) than rapid acetylator individuals. As 95% of patients reported histories of smoking, it was not possible to isolate and examine smoking factors. In contrast, a population of rural urinary bladder cancer patients from Lund, Sweden, where bladder cancer incidence (20/100,000) (1971) is lower than in Copenhagen (43.8/100,000) (1968-72), no difference in slow acetylator distribution was observed between bladder cancer (80/115 = 69.6%) and Swedish control (79/118 = 66.9%) populations, indicating a relative lack of involvement of arylamines in the etiology of rural bladder cancer. Populations of "spontaneous" bladder cancer patients would be expected to contain variable portions of disease related to arylamine exposure and would be less likely to display a detectable correlation than would an industrial population with documentable arylamine exposure. Consequently, confirmation of this hypothesis is being pursued by examination of industrial populations in an effort to obtain an empirical estimate of relative risk for slow and rapid acetylator phenotypes. These studies involve exposure-matched workmen both with and without bladder cancer.
Weighing Risks and Benefits of Liraglutide — The FDA's Review of a New Antidiabetic Therapy
Authors: Mary Parks, Curtis Rosebraugh
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

On January 25, the FDA approved liraglutide, a glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonist that can improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Drs. Mary Parks and Curtis Rosebraugh discuss the benefits and potentially serious safety concerns associated with this new therapy.
P171 Impact of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the incidence of childhood pneumonia seen in hospital in the North East of England
Authors: M. A. Elemraid, K. M. Eastham, S. P. Rushton, M. D. F. Shirley, D. A. Spencer, M. F. Thomas, F. Hampton, R. Gorton, K. Pollard, A. R. Gennery, J. E. Clark
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common childhood infection. In September 2006, heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was added into the UK national immunisation programme. Data from this study were compared with those from a similar study undertaken in the same hospitals in 2000–2001 to describe the disease epidemiological trend. <h3>Aim</h3> To evaluate the impact of PCV7 on the incidence of all causes childhood CAP. <h3>Methods</h3> A prospective population-based study including 11 hospitals in the North East of England from August 2008 to July 2009. Eligible cases were all children aged 0–16 years who presented with clinical and radiological features of pneumonia. Demographic and clinical details were recorded. <h3>Results</h3> Five hundred and seventy-six cases were initially identified, 34 of them had normal chest x-ray and were removed after validation, leaving a total of 542 cases eligible for enrolment (57.7% males; 73.8% under-five). The rate of empyema complication was 5.3%. Lobar consolidation was reported in 29.9%, and pleural effusion was present in 9.6% of the chest x-rays. PCV7 uptake was 88.9% among the eligible group, which is similar to that recorded nationally in the NHS Immunisation Statistics for England 2008–2009. In comparison with the data from 2001 study, there were 28% fewer cases of CAP in 2009 study. The incidence of CAP decreased from 14.4 cases per 10 000 children in 2001 to 11.8 cases per 10 000 children in 2009 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.92). <h3>Conclusion</h3> This study suggests that following the introduction of PCV7, the incidence of childhood pneumonia seen in hospital has decreased since 2001.
Blunted muscle angiogenic training-response in COPD patients<i>versus</i>sedentary controls
Authors: Fares Gouzi, Christian Préfaut, Aldjia Abdellaoui, Emilie Roudier, Philippe de Rigal, Nicolas Molinari, Dalila Laoudj-Chenivesse, Jacques Mercier, Olivier Birot, Maurice Hayot
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

The impaired skeletal muscle of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients reduces exercise capacity. Similar to the oxidative muscle fibres, the angio-adaptation of muscle to training may be blunted in these patients, as in other chronic conditions. We therefore compared muscle functional responses and angio-adaptations after training in COPD patients and sedentary healthy subjects (SHS). 24 COPD patients (forced expiratory volume in 1 s 45.6±17.5% predicted) and 23 SHS (&lt;150 min·week −1 of moderate-to-vigorous exercise) completed a 6-week rehabilitation programme based on individualised moderate-intensity endurance training. Histomorphological muscle analysis and measurements of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and anti-angiogenic thrombospondin (TSP)-1 were conducted before and after training. COPD patients and SHS showed improved symptom-limited oxygen consumption and muscle endurance, although improvements were lower in COPD patients (+0.96±2.4 versus +2.9±2.6 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 , p&lt;0.05, and +65% versus +108%, p=0.06, respectively). The capillary-to-fibre (C/F) ratio increased less in COPD patients than SHS (+16±10% versus +37±20%, p&lt;0.05) and no fibre type switch occurred in COPD patients. The VEGF-A/TSP-1 ratio increased in COPD patients and SHS (+65% versus +35%, p&lt;0.05). Changes in C/F and symptom-limited oxygen consumption were correlated (r=0.51, p&lt;0.05). In addition to a lack of fibre switch, COPD patients displayed a blunted angiogenic response to training.
Hierarchical Fibrillar Scaffolds Obtained by Non‐conventional Layer‐By‐Layer Electrostatic Self‐Assembly
Authors: Sara M. Oliveira, Tiago H. Silva, Rui L. Reis, João F. Mano
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

A new application of layer-by-layer assembly is presented, able to create nano/micro fibrils or nanocoatings inside 3D scaffolds using non-fibrillar polyelectrolytes for tissue-engineering applications. This approach shows promise for developing advanced scaffolds with controlled nano/micro environments, and nature and architectures similar to the natural extracellular matrix, leading to improved biological performance. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Endothelial-derived FGF2 contributes to the progression of pulmonary hypertension in humans and rodents
Authors: Mohamed Izikki, Christophe Guignabert, Elie Fadel, Marc Humbert, Ly Tu, Patricia Zadigue, Philippe Dartevelle, Gerald Simonneau, Serge Adnot, Bernard Maitre, Bernadette Raffestin, Saadia Eddahibi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive, lethal lung disease characterized by pulmonary artery SMC (PA-SMC) hyperplasia leading to right-sided heart failure. Molecular events originating in pulmonary ECs (P-ECs) may contribute to the PA-SMC hyperplasia in PH. Thus, we exposed cultured human PA-SMC to medium conditioned by P-EC from patients with idiopathic PH (IPH) or controls and found that IPH P-EC–conditioned medium increased PA-SMC proliferation more than control P-EC medium. Levels of FGF2 were increased in the medium of IPH P-ECs over controls, while there was no detectable difference in TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, or EGF levels. No difference in FGF2-induced proliferation or FGF receptor type 1 (FGFR1) mRNA levels was detected between IPH and control PA-SMCs. Knockdown of FGF2 in P-EC using siRNA reduced the PA-SMC growth-stimulating effects of IPH P-EC medium by 60% and control P-EC medium by 10%. In situ hybridization showed FGF2 overproduction predominantly in the remodeled vascular endothelium of lungs from patients with IPH. Repeated intravenous FGF2-siRNA administration abolished lung FGF2 production, both preventing and nearly reversing a rat model of PH. Similarly, pharmacological FGFR1 inhibition with SU5402 reversed established PH in the same model. Thus, endothelial FGF2 is overproduced in IPH and contributes to SMC hyperplasia in IPH, identifying FGF2 as a promising target for new treatments against PH.
Dysregulated CD1 profile in myeloid dendritic cells in CVID is normalized by IVIg treatment
Authors: Dominic Paquin-Proulx, Bianca A. N. Santos, Karina I. Carvalho, Myrthes Toledo-Barros, Ana Karolina Barreto de Oliveira, Cristina M. Kokron, Jorge Kalil, Markus Moll, Esper G. Kallas, Johan K. Sandberg
Journal: Blood (2013)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: To Screen or Not to Screen?
Authors: David Simmons, Robert G. Moses
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

Discussion about gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is slowly creating traction on the best way forward. Recent evidence has confirmed that there is a continuum of risk for adverse maternal and fetal outcomes as the maternal glucose level rises (1,2). There is an increasing number of studies supporting the importance of fuel-mediated teratogenesis, including epigenetic influences, that are leading to intergenerational transmission of type 2 diabetes, features of the metabolic syndrome, and overall amplification of the current diabetes pandemic (3,4).

Treatment of women with GDM, variously defined, improves outcomes (5,6). New consensus guidelines for the diagnosis of GDM have been recommended by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) (7) based on the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, rather than the long-term maternal diabetes risk, alignment with diabetes complication risks outside of pregnancy, workload, or local consensus (8).

Although there has been a vigorous debate about the validity of the IADPSG diagnostic criteria, less attention has been paid to the other recommendations of universal testing and using a one-stage diagnostic glucose tolerance test (GTT) without preliminary risk factor screening and/or a glucose challenge test (GCT). The National Institutes of Health has recently highlighted the need for action toward standardization of GDM diagnostic criteria, but has not advocated adopting any of the IADPSG recommendations. Thus, there remains a recommendation to continue with risk factor screening and the use of a GCT (9).

In this issue of Diabetes Care , Avalos …
Feasibility of a new non invasive method for the evaluation of coronary blood flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery: contrast-enhanced transthoracic harmonic echo Doppler
Authors: C. Caiati, N. Zedda, C. Montaldo, A. Bina, G. Lai, M. Cadeddu, S. Iliceto
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)