tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Rate of late diagnosis of HIV remains too high in UK, new data show
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A quarter of people in the United Kingdom who have been infected with HIV are unaware they have it, the latest figures show. And in more than half (3450) of the 6630 people who were given a diagnosis of HIV in 2009 the diagnosis was late, after the stage at which treatment should have started.

To improve detection rates, people living in areas of high prevalence of HIV should be encouraged to be tested when they register with a GP or are admitted to hospital, says the Health Protection Agency in its latest report.

An estimated 86 500 people in the UK were living with HIV in 2009, although almost 22 500 were unaware they had the infection—a proportion that has remained static over the …
Genetic Patterns Suggest Exponential Population Growth in a Declining Species
Authors: S. Lavery, C. Moritz, D. R. Fielder
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

Recent theoretical studies have suggested that patterns of sequence divergence and relationships among alleles sampled from Populations are affected by population size and rates of growth.However, the degree of concordance between changes-to Populations and to the patterns of allelic relationships withinpopulations is not well understooL Threshold effects, time lags, or the effects of earlier demographic events may all prevent recent changes in population size from being reflected in the current patterns of ahelic relationships.This has implications for analysis of species subject to recent fluctuations in Population size.We have analyzed the patterns of sequence divergence and genealogy of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alleles in the coconut crab, Birgus Zatro, using restriction enzyme analysis.Populations from the Pacific Ocean had mtDNAs with high diversity, a starlike phylogeny, and a Poisson distribution of sequence differences, i.e., the genetic signature of a rapidly expanding Population.Yet population size in the Pacific has decreased dramatically (by at least an order of magnitude) over at least the last 100 to 1,000 years.In contrast to Pacific Ocean Populations, the large protected Population on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) had a strongly structured mtDNA phylogeny with a multimodal distribution of sequence differences, as expected from a stable population.The obvious discrepancy between genetic and census data for the Pacific population is consistent with the view that the pattern of allelic relationships that we infer to have resulted from a past period of population growth is robust to further changes in population size.Thus, if a species is not in genetic equilibrium due to past growth events, then the effects of more recent events may not be detectable.
Education and General Medical Care
Authors: WALSH McDERMOTT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Medical education needs to take into account the features of general medical care. Educators should stress the physician's capacity to come to appropriate decisions in the use of diagnostic tests and in referral and should attempt to inculcate the habit of thoroughness. The economics of present-day medical education may undermine its capacity to educate properly for general medical care. Adequate teaching of the discriminating use of diagnostic and therapeutic methods could be promoted directly through research in medical practice. Such research can be carried out despite economic constraints on research in medical schools if the right thinking is applied to important problems.
1052-224 Pre-existent left atrial scarring in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation: An independent predictor of procedural failure
Authors: Nassir Marrouche, Jennifer E Cummings, Mandeep Bhargava, J.David Burkhardt, George Joseph, Yaariv Khaykin, Atul Verma, Ahmad Abdul-Karim, Walid Saliba, Robert Schweikert, Andrea Natale
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Punctate keratoderma‐like lesions on the palms and soles in a patient with chloracne: a new clinical manifestation of dioxin intoxication?
Authors: A. Geusau, W. Jurecka, H. Nahavandi, J.B. Schmidt, G. Stingl, E. Tschachler
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Journal Article Punctate keratoderma‐like lesions on the palms and soles in a patient with chloracne: a new clinical manifestation of dioxin intoxication? Get access A. Geusau, A. Geusau Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of General Dermatology, and Alexandra Geusau. E‐mail: alexandra.geusau@akh‐wien.ac.at Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W. Jurecka, W. Jurecka Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of General Dermatology, and Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Nahavandi, H. Nahavandi Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of General Dermatology, and Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.B. Schmidt, J.B. Schmidt Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology, University of Vienna, Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G. Stingl, G. Stingl Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of General Dermatology, and Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. Tschachler E. Tschachler Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of General Dermatology, and Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 143, Issue 5, 1 November 2000, Pages 1067–1071, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03846.x Published: 01 November 2000
Review of Bernard Lown, M.D. and Howard Zinn, Ph.D.,<i>Prescription for Survival: A Doctor's Journey to End Nuclear Madness</i><sup>1</sup>
Authors: Lou-Anne Beauregard
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

Prescription for Survival: A Doctor's Journey to End Nuclear Madness by Bernard Lown, MD, is a semi-autobiographical recounting of the founding of the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuc...
SOME PARASITES INFESTING THE HUMAN INTESTINE.DESCRIPTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.
Authors: JOHN RITTER
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Parasites which inhabit the human alimentary canal are usually described as entozoa or intestinal worms. There are about 20 different known species of the entozoa, all of which infest the alimentary canal of vertebrate animals or man. Entozoa of the order of<i>Cestoda</i>are commonly known as tapeworms, and of this particular worm about 10 different varieties have been observed and studied. They inhabit either the intestines of some vertebrate animal or man, but it is the parasite infesting the alimentary canal of man with which the physician is chiefly concerned. <h3>DESCRIPTION AND VARIETIES.</h3> Three species of tapeworm are of special interest to the medical practitioner and all are usually found in the upper third of the small intestines. <h3>1. Tænia Solium (Pork Tapeworm).</h3> —This is an armed parasite, the head of which is provided with a circle of minute hooklets for the better attachment of the worm to the
Safety and efficacy of recombinant gamma interferon in the treatment of systemic sclerosis.
Authors: P G Vlachoyiannopoulos, N Tsifetaki, I Dimitriou, D Galaris, S A Papiris, H M Moutsopoulos
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1996)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of recombinant gamma interferon (rIFN gamma) in the treatment of patients with systemic sclerosis. METHODS: Sixteen patients with systemic sclerosis were treated with r-IFN gamma, 60 micrograms m-2 (low dose, n = 10) and 150 micrograms m-2 (high dose, n = 6), three times weekly in an open phase I/II trial of eight months duration. The patients were stratified in low and high dose according to the severity and the extent of scleroderma; the two groups were comparable. RESULTS: The treatment was well tolerated. The most common side effects, almost certainly related to r-IFN gamma, were fever, chills, dizziness, headache, and severe flu-like syndrome with decreasing intensity with the time of treatment. Severe aphthous stomatitis (n = 1), ventricular tachycardia (n = 1), severe oesophageal ulcers due to gastro-oesophageal reflux (n = 1), disease exacerbation alone with frank arthritis and slight pericardial effusion (n = 1), and inability to conform to the requirements of the study (n = 1) were the reasons for discontinuing treatment. Side effects and degree of response were evident during the first five months of treatment. A significant decrease in mean skin thickness score was observed and was higher in the high dose group. Reactive oxygen species of peripheral neutrophils and soluble interleukin-2 receptor serum concentrations were higher than those of normal individuals at study entry and decreased in parallel with clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of systemic sclerosis patients with r-IFN gamma was relatively safe and well tolerated for doses as high as 150 micrograms m-2 three times weekly. Side effects and the degree of response can be seen during the first months of therapy and can be used as predictors of ultimate toxicity or response. The drug seems to be effective in treating cutaneous scleroderma.
THE VALUE OF HOMATROPIN IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF AMETROPIA.
Authors: EDWARD JACKSON
Journal: JAMA (1896)

<h3>Its control over the ciliary muscle.</h3> —In 1881, soon after its introduction, I commenced the use of homatropin hydrobromate as a cycloplegic for the determination of refraction. At first it was used occasionally, then more frequently, and after a year or two for the majority of cases of ametropia encountered in private practice. It was known to be less powerful than the other drugs employed for the same purpose. On that account its results were always regarded with some doubt, and where there seemed to be any especial uncertainty as to the findings made with it, it was followed by the instillation of one of the stronger mydriatics. In 1886 I published (<i>Medical News</i>, July 24) the results obtained in these cases where the use of homatropin had been followed by one of the stronger mydriatics. "In but fifteen out of the fifty-two eyes was there any difference between the
Effects of Intravenous Levosimendan on Human Coronary Vasomotor Regulation, Left Ventricular Wall Stress, and Myocardial Oxygen Uptake
Authors: Andrew D. Michaels, Barry McKeown, Michael Kostal, Kalpesh T. Vakharia, Mark V. Jordan, Ivor L. Gerber, Elyse Foster, Kanu Chatterjee
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Levosimendan is a calcium-sensitizing agent and an inodilator under current investigation in the treatment of decompensated heart failure. The effects of intravenous levosimendan on the human coronary vasculature, together with myocardial wall stress and oxygen uptake, have not been adequately studied. Methods and Results— Ten adult patients underwent right- and left-heart catheterization. Baseline coronary blood flow was determined with quantitative coronary angiography and an intracoronary Doppler-tipped guidewire. Myocardial oxygen uptake was measured with a coronary sinus catheter. Echocardiography was performed before and 30 minutes after an intravenous infusion of levosimendan (24-μg/kg bolus over 10 minutes) was begun. Pulmonary capillary wedge decreased 37% ( P =0.009), cardiac output increased 9% ( P =0.04), and systemic vascular resistance decreased 18% ( P &lt;0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction increased 20% ( P =0.009), and meridional systolic wall stress decreased 48% ( P =0.009). Coronary artery diameter increased 10% at 15 minutes ( P =0.001) and 11% at 30 minutes ( P =0.01). Coronary artery velocity increased 10% over baseline ( P =0.04). Coronary blood flow increased 45% ( P =0.02), whereas coronary resistance decreased 36% at 30 minutes ( P =0.03). Myocardial oxygen extraction decreased 9% at 30 minutes ( P =0.04). Conclusions— Levosimendan given intravenously exerts vasodilator effects on human coronary conductance and resistance arteries. Despite a decrease in coronary perfusion pressure, coronary blood flow is increased. A reduction in coronary vascular resistance and a decrease in coronary venous oxygen content indicate primary coronary vasodilation by levosimendan. Improved left ventricular systolic function and decreased myocardial oxygen extraction suggest improved myocardial efficiency.
Antral Infection in Children
Authors: M. R. Sheridan, T. M. Banham
Journal: BMJ (1948)

Macrophages play a crucial role in the innate immune response against the human pathogen <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>, yet the innate immune response against the bacterium is poorly characterized. In the present study, we show that caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion were induced by live, but not killed, <i>S. pyogenes</i>, and required expression of the pore-forming toxin streptolysin O. Using macrophages deficient in inflammasome components, we found that both NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (Nlrp3) and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (Asc) were crucial for caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion, but dispensable for pro-IL-1β induction, in response to <i>S. pyogenes</i> infection. Conversely, macrophages deficient in the essential TLR adaptors Myd88 and Trif showed normal activation of caspase-1, but impaired induction of pro-IL-1β and secretion of IL-1β. Notably, activation of caspase-1 by TLR2 and TLR4 ligands in the presence of streptolysin O required Myd88/Trif, whereas that induced by <i>S. pyogenes</i> was blocked by inhibition of NF-κB. Unlike activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome by TLR ligands, the induction of caspase-1 activation by <i>S. pyogenes</i> did not require exogenous ATP or the P2X7R. In vivo experiments revealed that Nlrp3 was critical for the production of IL-1β but was not important for survival in a mouse model of <i>S. pyogenes</i> peritoneal infection. These results indicate that caspase-1 activation in response to <i>S. pyogenes</i> infection requires NF-κB and the virulence factor streptolysin O, but proceeds independently of P2X7R and TLR signaling.
BILATERAL ADRENALECTOMY IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS: 6 YEARS AFTER
Authors: NATHANIEL S. APTER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1958)

1. Four bilaterally adrenalectomized chronic schizophrenic patients have been maintained in good physiological states for 6 years in a state hospital setting. Another patient, continuously hospitalized since 1908, died of carcinomatous spread at age 66, 5 years after the operation. A paranoid psychotic male with cancer of the prostate and metastases was discharged from the hospital 8 months after bilateral adrenalectomy. 2. A generalized, non-specific psychological response to the operation was observed in all patients. For one month, bizarre behavior and preoccupations with delusional material subsided while the previously noted ambivalent tendencies emerged in sharp focus. The period of heightened ambivalence was succeeded by a phase in which 4 patients exhibited a temporary reversal of their usual clinical behavior through abandonment of reaction formations. This sequence of behavior can be reproduced by reducing the cortisone level to near threshold maintenance levels or by providing inadequate amounts of Compounds S, B or F. The sequence is seen in the ordinary clinical course of chronic schizophrenia. 3. Bilateral adrenalectomy does not significantly influence the clinical course of chronic schizophrenic patients nor does the procedure followed by adequate replacement therapy interfere with the potentialities for remissive or reversible states. 4. This study does not differentiate patients for whom certain biological factors are etiologically significant from those for whom psychological events are crucial. 5. The hypothesis: adrenocortical activities are significant etiologically in some schizophrenic patients, is not supported by these observations. 6. The therapeutic efficacy of various and varying combinations of adrenosteroids was not observed.
Atypical facial scarring after isotretinoin therapy in a patient with previous dermabrasion
Authors: Bruce E. Katz, Deborah F. Mac Farlane
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1994)

The increased use of isotretinoin therapy for severe cystic acne has posed new problems for dermatologic surgeons. There have been recent reports in the literature of unexpected "atypical" scarring after dermabrasion in patients who have previously taken isotretinoin. This scarring was considered atypical because it occurred outside the typical "danger zones" (e.g., mandible and malar eminences) where scarring most often occurs after dermabrasion. This is the first reported case of atypical scarring in a patient who began isotretinoin therapy 2 months after dermabrasion.
Pulmonary Varix
Authors: JAMES E. DAVIA, MICHAEL S. GOLDEN, HERMAN L. PRICE, JAMES E. HASTINGS, MELVIN D. CHEITLIN
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Pulmonary varix is a rare lesion consisting of aneurysmal dilatation of a pulmonary vein. Its radiologic appearance may be indistinguishable from a neoplasm, granuloma, or pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. Pulmonary angiography with follow-up through the venous phase is the only method of diagnosis. Reported herein is an illustrative case.
THE PRO-DIABETIC IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE IN NON-DIABETIC PEOPLE IS “ATHEROPROTECTIVE”, ONLY TO BE MODIFIED BY METABOLIC SYNDROME
Authors: Altan Onat, Mesut Aydin, Gunay Can, Huseyin A. Cakmak, Bayram Koroglu, Aysen Kaya, Evin Ademoglu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
A New "Heroin Epidemic"?
Authors: MARY JEANNE KREEK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Editorials1 September 1975A New "Heroin Epidemic"?MARY JEANNE KREEK, M.D., F.A.C.P., ELIZABETH KHURI, M.D., HERMAN JOSEPH, B.A.MARY JEANNE KREEK, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, ELIZABETH KHURI, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, HERMAN JOSEPH, B.A.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-83-3-420 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn the New York City area, as well as elsewhere in the United States, there are now many indirect indications that a new "heroin epidemic" may be on the way. The causes are unclear and may be multiple.During the first 3 months of 1974, there were 1349 arrests for heroin-related felonies and misdemeanors in New York City, whereas during the same 3-month period in 1975, there were 2046 arrests. This increase was paralleled by 125 arrests for possession or sale of hypodermic syringes in the same 3-month period in 1974 and 216 during that period in 1975. Conversely, the...References1. CLINE S: Turkish Opium in Perspective. Washington, D.C., Drug Abuse Council, Inc., 1974 Google Scholar2. New York Times, 21 May 1975, p. 47 Google Scholar3. New York Times, 25 May 1975, p. 48 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: The Rockefeller University New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center New York, New York PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byUsing Trend Theory to Explain Heroin Use TrendsMethadone Maintenance Treatment for Harm Reduction Approach to Heroin AddictionInfective endocarditis in heroin addicts: Epidemiological observations and some unusual casesHeroin Abuse Trends in Los Angeles County Between 1960 and 1975 1 September 1975Volume 83, Issue 3Page: 420-421KeywordsHeroin Issue Published: 1 September 1975 PDF downloadLoading ...
Rapid Progression of a Saphenous Vein Graft Aneurysm Followed as a Thymoma
Authors: Erkan Iriz, Mustafa Hakan Zor, Gonca Erbas, Irfan Tastepe, Adnan Abaci
Journal: Circulation (2012)

A 76-year-old man who had undergone 2-vessel coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operation 21 years ago was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis and had been under follow-up for the past 3 years.An anterior mediastinal mass was detected with chest x-ray, and he was consulted by a thoracic surgeon for a possible thymoma.Computed tomography (CT) scans revealed that the mass could be an aneurysm originating from saphenous vein graft (SVGA) or from the aorta.The patient was referred to the cardiovascular surgery department.The results of his physical examination were normal.ECG showed R-wave progression loss in leads V 1 through V 3 and sinus rhythm.Echocardiography showed mild apical hypokinesia with an ejection fraction of 57%.Although there was nothing evident on chest x-ray 3 years before, a new chest x-ray showed a circular mediastinal mass of 8.7ϫ7.5 cm (Figures 1 and2).Because he had previously had a CABG operation, he was consulted by a cardiologist, and coronary angiography was performed.Angiography showed an occluded left internal mammary artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery graft, and saphenous vein graft to the diagonal artery was not visualized.CT angiography was scheduled.Previous CT scans were reexamined, and a saphenous vein aneurysm was detected that was also present 3 years earlier.At that time, CT reports depicted the mass as a possible thymoma or an aneurysm originating from the aorta with the dimensions of 2.5ϫ2.3 cm, but the differential diagnosis was not made (Figure 3).Hounsfield units also did not allow for discrimination of thymoma from other pathologies.After having new dedicated ECG-triggered CT angiography of both coronary arteries and the mediastinum, it was clear that the mass was an aneurysm originating from saphenous vein graft of diagonal artery, and the left anterior descending coronary artery was suitable for a CABG operation.Dimension of the aneurysm was 8.6ϫ7.5 cm, which had showed rapid progression in past 3 years (Figures 4 and5).