tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Clinical Considerations in the Use of Corticosteroids
Authors: George W. Thorn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

IT is a great pleasure as well as a significant honor to present this, the second George Miner Mackenzie Memorial Lecture. To many of you associated with Cooperstown and the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, George Mackenzie was well known. His untimely death removed from the American scene a man of great vision. His knowledge and interest in problems concerned with the area of medical and social economics were matched by his contributions to patient care, teaching and research.Today, there is a ground swell of sentiment that academic departments must furnish leadership in developing ways and means for improving the . . .
Enhanced gene expression of chemokines and their corresponding receptors in mononuclear blood cells in chronic heart failure—modulatory effect of intravenous immunoglobulin
Authors: Jan K Damås, Lars Gullestad, Halfdan Aass, Svein Simonsen, Jan G Fjeld, Lisbeth Wikeby, Thor Ueland, Hans G Eiken, Stig S Frøland, Pål Aukrust
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Infections After Splenectomy
Authors: MATHIOS CONSTANTOULAKIS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Comments and Corrections1 May 1973Infections After SplenectomyMATHIOS CONSTANTOULAKIS, M.D., PH.D., PANAYOTIS ECONOMOPOULOS, M.D., ATHANOSIOS CONSTANTOPOULOS, M.D.MATHIOS CONSTANTOULAKIS, M.D., PH.D.Search for more papers by this author, PANAYOTIS ECONOMOPOULOS, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ATHANOSIOS CONSTANTOPOULOS, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-5-780_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In a recent editorial in your journal (Ann Intern Med77:143-146, 1972), Desser and Ultmann emphasize the increased risk of severe infections after splenectomy for Hodgkin's disease or lymphoma. In their review of the literature they point out an increased incidence of postsplenectomy infections in various other diseases, especially homozygous β-thalassemia. In our experience the incidence of severe infections after splenectomy in β-thalassemia is much lower than the 20% to 30% of cases mentioned in the editorial. In 72 splenectomized thalassemic patients (with an age range of 5 to 15 years at the time of the operation)...References1. ECONOMIDOUCONSTANTOULAKIS JM: Streptococcal infection in thalassemia (letter). Lancet 2:1160, 1971 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. CONSTANTOULAKISAUGOUSTAKI MO: Pre- and post-splenectomy immunoglobulin levels in thalassemic children (abstract), in Book of Abstracts, VII Middle Eastern-Mediterranean Pediatric Congress, Teheran, 1970, p. 86 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: MATHIOS CONSTANTOULAKIS, M.D., PH.D.; PANAYOTIS ECONOMOPOULOS, M.D.; ATHANOSIOS CONSTANTOPOULOS, M.D.Affiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byThe spleen? Who needs it anyway?Postsplenectomy sepsis and its mortality rate: Actual versus perceived risksPostsplenectomy InfectionInfections in Splenectomized Patients: A Study of 131 PatientsPseudomonas Septicemia and SplenectomyM. G. RAJURKAR, M.B.Einflu� der Splenektomie auf Magensaftsekretion und Ulcusentstehung der Ratte 1 May 1973Volume 78, Issue 5Page: 780-781KeywordsHodgkin lymphomaInfectious diseasesSplenectomy ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1973 PDF downloadLoading ...
Maximum Forced Expiratory Flow Rate as a Measure of Ventilatory Capacity
Authors: B. M. Wright, C. B. McKerrow
Journal: BMJ (1959)

plasma (indicating approximately the level of free haemoglobin in the plasma: see above) reached about 3% of the total amount of haemoglobin injected in the form of intact red cells (Fig. 9).Apparently the proportion of haemoglobin liberated into the plasma depends upon the amount of red cells injected.Thus, Jandl et al. (1957) found that when 100 .
TARTRATE NEPHRITIS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOME OF THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH IT MAY BE PRODUCED
Authors: Frank P. Underhill, H. Gideon Wells, Samuel Goldschmidt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1913)

Salts of tartaric acid administered subcutaneously to fasting phlorhizinized animals exert a markedly detrimental influence upon the secretory efficiency of the kidney, which is indicated by a greatly lessened output of certain typical urinary constituents. A histological study of the nephritic kidney demonstrates that the salts act specifically upon the epithelium of the convoluted tubules, and to a less extent upon the tubules of the loops of Henle, the glomerules, and interstitial tissue remaining unharmed. In the disintegrative process taking place, vacuolation first occurs, is rapidly followed by necrosis, and finally the dead cells or their debris may entirely fill the lumina of the tubules and form granular and hyaline casts. There is no strict relation between the dose of tartrate and the extent of damage inflicted. While large doses invariably induce a well marked response small doses may at times produce effects equally significant. Tartrates introduced into fasting animals call forth symptoms practically identical with those observed in fasting phlorhinized animals. It is therefore apparent that in the establishment of the pathological condition under discussion phlorhizin is without significant influence. Neither the liver nor the adrenal exhibits any detrimental effect from the injection of tartrates. The introduction of tartrates by way of the mouth to fasting rabbits is not nearly so effective in the production of nephritic symptoms as the administration of much smaller doses subcutaneously. In general, under the former circumstances the initial stages only of epithelial disintegration of the convoluted tubules obtain, which, however, are scarcely sufficient to account for the rapidity with which death usually ensues. Although in well fed animals distinct pathological changes in the kidney are induced by the introduction of tartrates per os, these abnormalities are less in degree, but similar in kind, than those provoked under like conditions in the fasting animal. When tartrates are given subcutaneously to well fed rabbits the effects evoked are somewhat less pronounced than when the salts are injected into fasting animals. From these facts it is evident that the state of nutrition plays a part in the development of tartrate nephritis. It is indicated that the introduction of a sufficiency of alkali to animals in a state of fasting permits a greater elimination of urinary constituents during tartrate nephritis than obtains under similar circumstances when the alkali is omitted. Histologically there is evidence that the administration of alkali exerts a slight modifying action.
Airway calibre as a confounder in interpreting bronchial responsiveness in asthma.
Authors: A Dirksen, F Madsen, T Engel, L Frolund, J H Heinig, H Mosbech
Journal: Thorax (1992)

BACKGROUND: The relation between airway responsiveness to constrictor agents and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is important when interpreting change in airway responsiveness after an intervention. The aim of the study was to analyse the relation between FEV1 as a percentage of predicted values (% predicted) and airway responsiveness between and within asthmatic subjects. METHODS: Results of non-specific bronchial challenge tests were pooled from two randomised crossover studies comparing the effect of a non-sedative antihistamine with placebo in 35 patients with moderate asthma. The design of the two studies was similar: the provocative concentration of either histamine (first study) or methacholine (second study) resulting in a 20% decrease in ventilatory capacity (PC20) was repeated at two week intervals while patients were treated with the antihistamine or placebo. The dose of inhaled corticosteroid was gradually reduced during the study. Data were analysed with PC20 as the dependent variable in a general linear model so that the influence on PC20 of inhaled corticosteroid dose, antihistamine, and choice of bronchoconstricting agent could be separated from the influence of FEV1% predicted. RESULTS: The correlation coefficient between mean PC20 and mean prechallenge FEV1 for each patient was 0.45. In the general linear model two thirds (65%) of the variation in PC20 was due to variation between subjects. One third of the within subject variation in PC20 could be explained by variation in prechallenge FEV1% predicted (a change in FEV1 of 27% predicted was associated with one doubling or halving of PC20). Treatment with the antihistamine had no influence on PC20, except when histamine was used as the bronchoconstricting agent. The dose of inhaled corticosteroid had a small but significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: The variation in a patient9s PC20 over time (several months) is related to changes in FEV1% predicted. Variation in FEV1% predicted explains less of the variation in bronchial responsiveness between subjects where a patient specific factor, which is probably related to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, seems to dominate.
Loss of interferon-γ inducibility of the MHC class II antigen processing pathway in head and neck cancer: evidence for post-transcriptional as well as epigenetic regulation
Authors: M. Meissner, T.L. Whiteside, P. van Kuik-Romein, E.M. Valesky, P.J. van den Elsen, R. Kaufmann, B. Seliger
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Abnormalities of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens by tumour cells impair the cellular immune response and promote tumour evasion from immune surveillance. So far, studies analysing the MHC class II expression levels in head and neck cancer have been limited.Therefore, we investigated the constitutive and interferon (IFN)-gamma-regulated expression profiles of MHC class II antigen processing machinery (APM) in various head and neck cancer cell lines and also analysed the MHC class II expression in head and neck cancer lesions.Using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses we investigated the expression pattern of various components of the MHC class II APM in biopsies and cell lines from head and neck cancers. Furthermore, we analysed the class II transactivator (CIITA) and HLA-DR promoter activity in head and neck cancer cells by transient transfection of specific luciferase promoter constructs and finally studied the methylation pattern of the CIITA promoter using methylation sensitive restriction enzymes.Head and neck cancer cell lines analysed in vitro lacked constitutive MHC class II surface expression. Despite the IFN-gamma-mediated induction at the mRNA level, six out of 10 cell lines did not show any relevant MHC class II surface expression. This phenomenon might be attributed to a post-transcriptional dysregulation of specific MHC class II APM components. One cell line displayed a loss of IFN-gamma-induced CIITA-expression that corresponded to impaired MHC class II surface expression, which could be linked to hypermethylation of the IFN-gamma-responsive CIITA-promoter IV. In vivo, immunohistochemistry analyses of 35 patients revealed that about 86% of head and neck cancer tissues exhibit a negative or only marginally positive staining, whereas 14% displayed a heterogeneous or highly positive MHC class II surface expression. There was no statistical correlation between tumour differentiation and the MHC class II expression in head and neck cancer lesions.Taken together these results suggest a high frequency of MHC class II abnormalities in head and neck cancer in vitro and in vivo, which could occur at different steps of the antigen processing pathway. This information may have a significant impact on practical and clinical aspects of tumour immunotherapeutic strategies.
Similarity of colorectal cancer in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: implications for carcinogenesis and prevention.
Authors: P M Choi, M P Zelig
Journal: Gut (1994)

Colorectal cancer is the most frequent malignant complication in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eighty patients with colorectal cancer complicating Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) with median ages at diagnosis of colorectal cancer of 54.5 years and 43.0 years respectively were studied. The median duration of disease to the diagnosis of cancer was long (CD 15 years; UC 18 years). Most cancers developed after more than eight years of disease (CD 75%; UC 90%). Patients with multiple carcinomas at diagnosis were equally common (CD 11%; UC 12%). Carcinoma occurred in the area of macroscopic disease in most patients (CD 85%; UC 100%). Mucinous and signet ring histological features were equally common (CD 29%; UC 21%). Dysplasia was present with similar frequency in both diseases (CD 73%; UC 79%). The overall five year survival rates were also similar (CD 46%; UC 50%). These findings show that carcinomas complicating CD and UC have strikingly similar clinicopathological features and suggest that a common underlying process, such as chronic inflammation, maybe important in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma.
Abstract IA18: A brain metastasis-promoting role for cathepsin S identified from analysis of tumor- and stroma-supplied proteolytic networks
Authors: Lisa Sevenich, Robert Bowman, Steve Mason, Daniela Quail, Franck Rapaport, Benelita Elie, Edi Brogi, Priscilla Brastianos, William Hahn, Leslie Holsinger, Joan Massagué, Christina Leslie, Johanna A. Joyce
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Cancer cells in an aggressive primary tumor are adept at exploiting their local tissue microenvironment. In contrast, when metastatic cells leave these favorable surroundings, they must possess or acquire traits that will allow them to survive and colonize foreign, potentially hostile tissue environments. The obstacles that metastasizing tumor cells encounter vary from organ to organ, and are highly influenced by non-cancerous stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment. For example, the blood-brain barrier, composed of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes, presents a far more formidable structure for tumor cells to penetrate, compared to the fenestrated capillaries in the bone marrow. While the primary tumor microenvironment has emerged as an important regulator of cancer progression, it is less well understood how different tissue environments influence metastatic processes. We used a dual species-specific microarray platform to uncover tumor-stroma interactions that modulate organ tropism of brain, bone and lung metastasis in animal models of cancer. Among the differentially regulated tumor- and stroma-specific genes, we identified cathepsin S as a novel regulator of breast-to-brain metastasis. In breast cancer patients, high cathepsin S expression at the primary site correlated with decreased brain metastasis-free survival. Both macrophages and tumor cells produce cathepsin S, and only the combined depletion significantly reduced brain metastasis in experimental models in vivo. We show that cathepsin S specifically mediates blood-brain barrier transmigration via proteolytic processing of the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-B. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin S significantly reduced experimental brain metastasis, supporting its consideration as a therapeutic target for this disease. Citation Format: Lisa Sevenich, Robert Bowman, Steve Mason, Daniela Quail, Franck Rapaport, Benelita Elie, Edi Brogi, Priscilla Brastianos, William Hahn, Leslie Holsinger, Joan Massagué, Christina Leslie, Johanna A. Joyce. A brain metastasis-promoting role for cathepsin S identified from analysis of tumor- and stroma-supplied proteolytic networks. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA18. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-IA18
Tuberculosis Case Finding
Authors: John A. Foley, John B. Andosca
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

THE continuous decline in the mortality and morbidity from tuberculosis since the beginning of the century has been most gratifying. Comparison of present rates with those of preceding years has engaged the attention of all public-health and allied workers.Less publicized and perhaps less understood generally are the facilities now available for case finding as compared with those of twenty-five years ago. At that time no well organized plan or agencies for intensified case finding existed. The major question was not where or how to look for additional cases but what to do with the known cases. The hospital beds . . .
The Health Hazards of Asbestos Removal
Authors: Lynn MacDonald
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To the Editor.  —The JAMA article Asbestos Removal, Health Hazards, and the EPA, prepared by the American Medical Association (AMA) Council on Scientific Affairs, 1 was stunning in its unbalanced research and shallow analysis.  The Council on Scientific Affairs ignores two central issues:   How do you manage asbestos in a building if you don't know it's there?
A New Truss—The Nagler Shield.
Authors: Fred W. D'Evelyn
Journal: JAMA (1895)

San Francisco, Cal., Dec. 29, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —For the past few months I have been carefully investigating the virtues of a new mechanical device to act as a truss and abdominal supporter wherever such is indicated. It absolutely controls all protrusion and reduces to a minimum all discomfort from pressure or friction. It consists in its main features of an aluminium shield, carefully molded to the abdominal periphery, and suitably modified to conform to the anatomic requirements of either sex. The shield is lined with soft felt, in which pockets are formed, which can be filled with additional packing, should any particular case demand such support. In extreme cases a padded metallic ring, surrounding the penis is fastened underneath on top of arched cut away portion of the shield, and this ring is pressed against that part of the pad where the opening for the scrotum is set
Update in Infectious Diseases
Authors: Richard I. Frankel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Letters15 July 1997Update in Infectious DiseasesRichard I. Frankel, MD, MPHRichard I. Frankel, MD, MPHUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI 96813Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-127-2-199707150-00023 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In the Update in Infectious Diseases, Bartlett [1] states that “worldwide, about 1.7 billion persons currently have tuberculosis … .” This statement implies that these persons have clinical tuberculosis. In 1991, Kochi [2] estimated that approximately 1.7 billion persons were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This figure reflected the prevalence of tuberculous infection, not tuberculosis itself.In Table 2, “incidence” is defined as “the number of deaths per epidemic period, unless otherwise noted.” I assume that this is a typographical error and that incidence is referring to the number of cases rather than the number of deaths.In ...References1. Bartlett JG. Update in infectious diseases. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126:48-56. Google Scholar2. Kochi A. The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of the World Health Organization. Tuberele. 1991; 72:1-6. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Richard I. Frankel, MD, MPHAffiliations: University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI 96813 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 July 1997Volume 127, Issue 2Page: 165KeywordsInfectious diseasesMycobacterium tuberculosisPneumocystis carinii pneumoniaToxoplasmosisTuberculosis ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 July 1997 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1997 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Simultaneous Drug Reactions in the Same Patient
Authors: Donald D. Stevenson
Journal: JAMA (1970)

A Negro soldier developed an acute episode of urticaria and angioedema after ingesting a chloroquine phosphate-primaquine phosphate tablet. A few days later, he also experienced an episode of hemolytic anemia due to a primaquine insult to his glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient red blood cells.
Cancer of the Urogenital Tract: Bladder Cancer
Authors: Philip Rubin
Journal: JAMA (1968)

There is a stage in bladder cancer where the disease is circumscribed and noninfiltrative (Introductory Figure). At this stage, the cancer can be eradicated easily, but care must be taken to preserve organ integrity. Careful judgment is essential in order to predict the eventual outcome and select the method which offers the best control without compromise of function. At first thought, this problem would seem to offer little therapeutic challenge, since fulguration with transurethral resection should contain and even "cure" this phase of the cancer. The dilemma arises in the continual exposure of the bladder epithelium to substances in the urine which can incite the process again. The recurrent lesion or a multiplicity of new lesions each increase the likelihood of deeper penetration, lymphnode invasion, and metastases. Identification of the patient whose cancer will recur and extend is possible only through repeated follow-up cystoscopic examinations. The therapeutic line that the
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Prucalopride for Severe Chronic Constipation
Authors: Michael Camilleri, René Kerstens, An Rykx, Lieve Vandeplassche
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

In this 12-week trial, we aimed to determine the efficacy of prucalopride, a selective, high-affinity 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptor agonist, in patients with severe chronic constipation.In our multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 trial, patients with severe chronic constipation (< or =2 spontaneous, complete bowel movements per week) received placebo or 2 or 4 mg of prucalopride, once daily, for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was the proportion of patients having three or more spontaneous, complete bowel movements per week, averaged over 12 weeks. Secondary efficacy end points were derived from daily diaries and validated questionnaires completed by patients. Adverse events, clinical laboratory values, and cardiovascular effects were monitored.Efficacy was analyzed in 620 patients. The proportion of patients with three or more spontaneous, complete bowel movements per week was 30.9% of those receiving 2 mg of prucalopride and 28.4% of those receiving 4 mg of prucalopride, as compared with 12.0% in the placebo group (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Over 12 weeks, 47.3% of patients receiving 2 mg of prucalopride and 46.6% of those receiving 4 mg of prucalopride had an increase in the number of spontaneous, complete bowel movements of one or more per week, on average, as compared with 25.8% in the placebo group (P<0.001 for both comparisons). All other secondary efficacy end points, including patients' satisfaction with their bowel function and treatment and their perception of the severity of their constipation symptoms, were significantly improved with the use of 2 or 4 mg of prucalopride as compared with placebo, at week 12. The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were headache and abdominal pain. There were no significant cardiovascular effects of treatment.Over 12 weeks, prucalopride significantly improved bowel function and reduced the severity of symptoms in patients with severe chronic constipation. Larger and longer trials are required to further assess the risks and benefits of the use of prucalopride for chronic constipation. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00483886 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).