tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cup‐like blasts in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Edgar Jost, Reinhild Herwartz, Mareike Hoß, Lucia Vankann, Roland Fuchs
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2015)

A patient with AML with normal karyotype and the cytological pattern of cup-like blasts (CLB) is reported. The typical morphology on Pappenheim stained blood smears is shown. In addition transmission electron microscopy pictures demonstrate impressively the invaginated nuclear pocket compressing the chromatin. Cup-like blasts usually do not express CD34. There is a close relationship of CLB-AML with the molecular aberrations of NPM1 and/or FLT3-ITD.
Technique. Use of a duodenal capsule for localization of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Authors: R R Babb, C B Beal
Journal: Gut (1974)

Patients with acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage may initially be too ill or uncooperative to undergo diagnostic procedures such as endoscopy, barium x-ray studies, or selective abdominal arteriography.Determination of the bleeding site, however, can be an early and useful clue as to the most likely source.Thus, bleeding mucosal lesions of the oesophagus will show blood at approximately 25 to 40 cm, of the stomach at 40 to 55 cm, and of the proximal duo- denum at 55 to 75 cm.The use of various 'string tests' for localization of gastrointestinal haemorrhage has been the subject of several previous articles (Einhorn, 1909; Hayes and Pittman, 1960; Smith, 1961; Pittman, 1964; Nissenbaum, Attia, DiBianco, and Groisser, 1965).Our experience with over 60 patients using umbilical tapes and either a small lead shot (Smith, 1961) or mercury-filled finger cot (Haynes and Pittman, 1960) as the weighted end has shown 40% unable to swallow the string or to keep it down.Switz and Roth (1970) reported that seven of 22 subjects who were not bleeding could not swallow a i in.braided tape.They also found that 12 of the 15 subjects had blood on the retrieved string, and six tests were strongly positive.The cause of these false- positive tests was attributed possibly to mucosal trauma from the weighted ends.Nissenbaum et al (1965) noted that six of 91 patients could not swallow a 50-in.length of a weighted plastic tube used as a fluorescein string test.In previous studies (Beal, Viens, Grant, and Hughes, 1970; Bezjak, 1972), using a capsule designed by one of us (CBB), over 600 patients have swallowed the device without difficulty.We believe that this capsule is superior to previous string devices in terms of safety, acceptability to patients, and reliability, and would like briefly to describe its use in 50 patients with upper gastrointestinal haemor- rhage.
Changes in intestinal permeability and epithelial differentiation during inflammation in the rat.
Authors: J K Ramage, R H Hunt, M H Perdue
Journal: Gut (1988)

We examined changes in gut permeability in a controlled model of inflammation produced in rats after infection with the nematode parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The probe, 51Cr-EDTA, was injected into ligated loops of jejunum in vivo and recovery of radioactivity was measured in urine, kidney, and intact loop at five hours. Urinary recovery was significantly increased during the early (day 7) and acute (day 10) stages of the infection compared with values in control rats but subsequently returned to normal. Urinary clearance of the probe after iv injection was unaltered during infection. Villus atrophy occurred only at the stage, whereas crypt hyperplasia was evident at both the early and acute stages. The terminal ileum appeared normal and showed normal permeability when compared with controls. We conclude that permeability changes are local to the site of inflammation, are reversible after healing and may be related to an increase in the proportion of relatively undifferentiated epithelium.
Strontium 90 in Pterygium Surgery
Authors: O. D. Pinkerton
Journal: JAMA (1965)

To the Editor:—  Dr. Walter H. Benedict ( JAMA  192 :339 [April 26] 1965) discusses the strontium 90 beta-ray applicator.  A cataract will result most assuredly if the large dosages recommended, such as those between 4,000 and 6,000 rep, are given at a rate of 1,500 to 1,800 rep per treatment, one week apart. Larger doses in the neighborhood of 10,000 to 12,000 rep are necessary for attempted eradication of larger, more deeply placed vessels in the cornea, he says. He concludes, Cataract formation can result from excessive beta radiation to the cornea also. This latter condition is discovered, however, only with a widely dilated pupil, which then reveals punctate opacities in the cortex of the lens in that quadrant lying directly under the area of beta-ray application. The cataract formed is not progressive nor does it become dense enough to interfere with vision.  The lens changes he refers to are
Abstract 2426: Differential effects of liver metastatic and brain metastatic subset of murine breast carcinoma cells
Authors: Nuray Erin, Gamze Tanrιöver, Şule Kale, Özlem DuymuŞ
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Carcinomas are formed by heterogeneous group of cells which differ in their aggressiveness as well as metastatic potential. Understanding the characteristics of cells that form distant metastasis is crucial to design effective treatments. We previously isolated liver metastatic cells (4TLM) formed by 4THMpc murine breast carcinoma using an orthotopic model. Here we observed that 4THMpc cells also generated macroscopic brain metastasis. Cells from brain metastasis were cultured in-vitro and named as 4THM-BM in order to determine differential characteristics of brain metastatic cells from liver metastatic cells. Specifically following features were compared: 1. Metastatic characteristics after mammary pad (MP) injection; 2. The effects of conditioned medium (CM) prepared from ex-plants of primary tumors as well as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) on tumor cell growth. 3. MIP-2 levels found in CM of ex-plants of primary tumors and associated fibroblasts. Methods: 4TLM and 4THM-BM cells (100000 cells /mouse) were inoculated into the right upper MP of 8-10 weeks old female Balb-c mice. Necropsies were performed 25-27 days after injection. CM of ex-plants from primary tumors and surrounding fibroblasts were prepared. Results: Cells that were previously metastasized to liver (4TLM) produced significantly more macroscopic (52.2± 8.5 vs. 16.3 ±2.84 as mean number of nodules per animal) as well as microscopic lung metastasis (12.75 ±4.26 vs. 3.17±1,1 as mean % area involved with metastatic cells per animal) compared to brain metastatic cells (4THM-BM). Similarly number of macroscopic liver metastases was significantly higher (3.4± 0,6 vs. 7,3 ±1,23 as mean number of nodules per animal) in 4TLM injected animals. CM from ex-plants of 4TLM and 4THM-BM primary tumors as well as from corresponding CAF significantly enhanced growth of 4TLM cells but not 4THM-BM cells. MIP-2 levels in CM from ex-plants of CAF were higher from CM of 4TLM and 4THM-BM primary tumors. These results not only demonstrate the heterogeneous nature of the carcinomas but also suggest that cells that metastasize to liver are more aggressive in nature and produce more visceral metastasis. MIP-2, murine equivalent to human IL-8, is involved in angiogenesis as well as inflammation and reported to be highly expressed in metastatic cells. Here we found that both primary tumors formed by metastatic cell lines and associated fibroblasts produce MIP-2 which may contribute to the metastatic behavior. Study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK Grant no:109S449). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2426. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2426
Vacuum extraction and symphysiotomy in difficult vaginal delivery in a developing community.
Authors: D. A. Gebbie
Journal: BMJ (1966)

Most obstetric problems are universal.Nutritional, environ- mental, and geographical factors influence them to add local colour, emphasizing some of these problems and minimizing others.Their solution will not necessarily be similar throughout the world, but will vary according to the conditions prevail- ing within the community.The Lancet (1962) has drawn attention to some aspects of obstetric practice in the developing world, and Lister (1960), Rendle-Short (1960), and Trussell (1962) have shown how much the environment will affect the final outcome of pregnancy.In Uganda the commonest obstetric difficulty is cephalo- pelvic disproportion.Rendle-Short (1960) has described uterine rupture as it occurs there, and the triennial reports from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mulago Hos- pital, emphasize the extent to which disproportion exists (Clinical Reports, 1956-8, 1959-61).The frequency of maternal and foetal death and the number of vesicovaginal fistulae seen in the gynaecology wards are all related to the prevalence of disproportion. Caesarean SectionThe best method of dealing with disproportion in a sophisticated community is by caesarean section.In a developing country this operation has to be viewed in a different light.Tables I andII show some of the dangers inherent in performing caesarean section in Southern Uganda.
Beer binging and mortality: results from the kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study, a prospective population based study
Authors: J. Kauhanen, G. A Kaplan, D. E Goldberg, J. T Salonen
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To examine the association between beer binging (regular sessions of heavy beer drinking) and mortality. <b>Design:</b> Prospective population based study with the baseline assessment of level of alcohol intake (dose), by type of drink and drinking pattern, previous and existing diseases, socioeconomic background, occupational status, involvement in organisations during leisure time, physical activity in leisure time, body mass index, blood pressure, serum lipids and plasma fibrinogen concentration, during an average of 7.7 years9 follow up of mortality. <b>Setting:</b> Finland. <b>Subjects:</b> A population sample of 1641 men who consumed beer who were aged 42, 48, 54, or 60 years at baseline. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> All cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, death due to external causes, fatal myocardial infarctions. <b>Results:</b> The risk of death was substantially increased in men whose usual dose of beer was 6 or more bottles per session compared with men who usually consumed less than 3 bottles, after adjustment for age and total alcohol consumption (relative risk 3.01 (95% confidence interval 1.54 to 5.90) for all deaths; 7.10 (2.01 to 25.12) for external deaths; and 6.50 (2.05 to 20.61) for fatal myocardial infarction). The association changed only slightly when smoking, occupational status, previous diseases, systolic blood pressure, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, plasma fibrinogen concentration, body mass index, marital status, leisure time physical activity, and involvement in organisations were controlled for. <b>Conclusion:</b> The pattern of beer binging is associated with increased risk of death, independently of the total average consumption of alcoholic drinks. The relation is not explained by known behavioural, psychosocial, or biological risk factors. Death due to injuries and other external causes is overrepresented among beer bingers, but a strong association with fatal myocardial infarction suggests that the pathway may also involve other acute triggers of severe health events. <h3>Key messages</h3> The effects of drinking pattern on mortality and morbidity are less well known than the effects of total alcohol consumption The binging style of drinking beer was associated with the risk of death from any cause and from cardiovascular and external causes and with fatal myocardial infarctions in middle aged men in Finland The association was not explained by the total amount of alcohol consumption, and it remained after adjustments for several potential confounders Strong association of beer binging with deaths from external causes and fatal myocardial infarction suggests that this type of drinking pattern may involve triggers of severe acute events
Population screening for genetic susceptibility to disease
Authors: A. Clarke
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Genetic screening for susceptibility to common diseases, such as the common cancers, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, may soon be technically feasible. Commercial interests should not be allowed to introduce such screening before proper evaluation or without adequate counselling and support. The evaluation of such testing should include psychosocial and medical outcomes and outcomes for those given low risks as well as high risks. These tests may distract attention away from environmental factors contributing to disease, for which social and political measures may be more appropriate than individualised susceptibility screening and lifestyle modification.
Abstract 674: A pilot study of physical activity and breast cancer risk in Africa
Authors: Ningqi Hou, Antony Gakwaya, Paul Ndom, Oladosu Ojengbede, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, Dezheng Huo
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: As a modifiable risk factor, physical activity (PA) has been linked to breast cancer, and there is cumulative evidence for a beneficial effect of PA on breast cancer risk. However, most of the studies were conducted in developed countries, with little knowledge on PA level and its relation to breast cancer risk among indigenous African populations, where breast cancer may have unique etiology. Methods: We used preliminary data from the African Breast Cancer Study (ABCS), a recently launched, multicenter case-control study, conducted in Cameroon, Nigeria, and Uganda in Africa. After consulting with native investigators in Africa, we developed a physical activity questionnaire to assess the type, frequency, intensity, and duration of various activities. Based on the questionnaire, we calculated sub-scores of housework PA, occupational PA, and leisure PA, as well as a total PA score estimating daily energy expenditure (MET-hours/day). Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the total score and sub-scores of PA and case-control status, age, and study sites. Results: To date, 98 cases and 120 controls have been enrolled and the PA questionnaires were administered. The mean age was 48.6 years, ranging from 19-84 years. The overall PA score averaged at 29.6 MET-hours/day, mainly composed by housework PA (an average of 20.5 MET-hours/day) and occupational PA (an average of 16.2 MET-hours/day), with relatively low level of leisure PA (an average of 1.3 MET-hours/day). PA scores were the highest in the Cameroon study site, and the lowest in the Nigerian study site. PA score varied by age, but there was no clear trend. In the multivariable regression model, case-control status was significantly associated with the total PA score: cases were estimated to have 14.0 MET-hours/day lower PA compared to controls, after adjusting for age and study site (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: African women's physical activity mainly consists of housework activities and work-related activities, with little activities conducted for recreational purposes. The preliminary data show physical activity may be significantly associated with reduced breast cancer risk, but further investigation and a larger sample size are to be followed. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 674. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-674
The Problem of Quality of Life in Medicine
Authors: Alain Leplège
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The use of the term "quality of life" to encompass the values and perceptions of patients has created doubt, confusion, and misunderstanding among practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and patients. The principal reason for this state of affairs is that a clear conceptual basis for quality-of-life measures is lacking. In this article, the current rationale for quality-of-life measurement in the health field is examined, and the drawbacks of the various models being used are outlined. Our suggestion is that quality of life as an outcome could be explored more clearly (ie, defined) if quality of life were replaced with a more easily handled notion such as that of "subjective health status." However, the idea that the patient's perspective is as valid as that of the clinician when it comes to evaluating outcomes has a great deal of legitimacy and should certainly not be abandoned.
Abstract B62: Proteomic dynamics of stromal exosomes during processing in cancer cells
Authors: Ainsley Q. Underhill, Yingyi Amy Zhang, Liang Zhang, Valbona Luga, Jeff Wrana
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Within the tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are capable of releasing exosomes, small extracellular vesicles, which are then used by breast cancer cells to aid in metastasis. Exosomes are uptaken by the cancer cells and gain Wnt11 through processing, thus allowing them to stimulate Wnt-signaling pathways that causes increased cell motility. Our current research has focused on understanding the events that exosomes undergo as they pass through breast cancer cells. Exosomes from L cells carry the tetraspanin, Cd81, and two of its known transmembrane interactors Igsf8 and Ptgfrn. By using immunoprecipitation, we were able to isolate Cd81-exosomes, and analyze them by mass spectrometry. Furthermore, comparison of Cd81-exosomes before and after processing in MDA-MB-231, a human breast cancer cell line, revealed differences in protein content of the exosomes. Additionally, since L cells are a mouse fibroblast cell line, we could identify the origin of each protein based on variance between human and mouse proteins. Several families of proteins were identified, such as RNA-binding proteins, kinases, phosphatases, and secretory and endocytic proteins. Our data allows us to postulate that Cd81-exosome processing involves the use of the cancer cell endocytic and secretory pathways. By determining the mechanism whereby breast cancer cells use Cd81-exosomes as signals, it may be possible to block this process and prevent or slow metastatic events. Citation Format: Ainsley Q. Underhill, Yingyi Amy Zhang, Liang Zhang, Valbona Luga, Jeff Wrana. Proteomic dynamics of stromal exosomes during processing in cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B62.
Will a market deliver quality and efficiency in health care better than central planning ever could? Yes
Authors: J. Gubb
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>James Gubb</b> and <b>Stephen Smith</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.c1299) are convinced that market forces will improve the NHS, but <b>Neal Lawson</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.c1300) and <b>Jonathon Tomlinson</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.c1302) have their doubts
INFECTION OF NURSES WITH TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: C. A. Stewart
Journal: JAMA (1935)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The communication of Dr. H. J. Ustvedt inThe Journal, March 9, page 851, touches several important problems. The nurses who enter the Ullevaal Hospital in Oslo with negative tuberculin reactions are all apparently infected with tubercle bacilli during a three year period of training. This experience, combined with the additional observation that in this interval 4.8 and 34.6 per cent of the nurses who entered the institution with positive and negative tuberculin reactions respectively developed clinical tuberculosis, illustrates the need for the routine observance of strict contagious technic by all who are attending tuberculous patients. Violations of basic principles of communicable disease control by the staffs of hospitals retard the progress of programs designed to eradicate tuberculosis. This situation, prevalent doubtless in hospitals throughout the world, merits immediate correction under the leadership of the medical profession; otherwise a penalty in the form of new cases of
The 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure profile with verapamil.
Authors: B A Gould, S Mann, H Kieso, V B Subramanian, E B Raftery
Journal: Circulation (1982)

The blood pressure response in hypertensive subjects to chronic treatment with verapamil, a calcium antagonist (or, more precisely, a slow-channel inhibitor), was studied using the Oxford system for continuous monitoring of intraarterial blood pressure. Sixteen patients underwent continuous monitoring over a 48-hour period before and after at least 6 weeks of therapy (dose range 120-160 mg three times daily). Each monitoring period included physiologic tests designed to show the effects of different types of exercise. Verapamil produces a consistent reduction of blood pressure over 24 hours, but particularly during the day. Heart rate was similarly reduced. There was no evidence of postural hypotension, and the absolute responses to dynamic and isometric exercise were reduced. The degree of reduction of the blood pressure was consistent, suggesting that slow-channel inhibitors may be appropriate for antihypertensive therapy.
Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Tumors*
Authors: PAOLO BECK-PECCOZ, FRANÇOISE BRUCKER-DAVIS, LUCA PERSANI, ROBERT C. SMALLRIDGE, BRUCE D. WEINTRAUB
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1996)

The term "TSH-secreting pituitary tumors" includes two opposite clinical conditions: true thyrotroph neoplasia that results in secondary hyperthyroidism, also called "central hyperthyroidism," and pituitary hyperplasia resulting from longstanding primary hypothyroidism. The latter condition was first recognized 145 yr ago (1), while the former was not clearly identified until the RIA era (2–8). However, in the 1950s and 1960s, while it became clear that Graves' disease was not caused by hyperpituitarism (9, 10), scattered reports suggested a possible association between pituitary tumors and hyperthyroidism (11–15), although no measurement of TSH levels was available during this time. The first case of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSH-oma) was documented in 1960 by measuring serum TSH levels with a bioassay (16). In 1970, Hamilton et al. (17) reported the first case of TSH-oma proved by a RIA that was much more sensitive and specific than the previously used bioassays. Classically, TSH-omas were diagnosed at the stage of invasive macroadenoma and had the reputation of being difficult to cure. However, with the introduction of ultrasensitive immunometric assays, routinely performed as a first-line thyroid function test, patients with TSH-oma are more often recognized earlier, before the stage of macroadenoma.