Abstract 1439: Combination of metformin plus orlistat prevents tumor progression: novel role of the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)
Authors: Shobika Sivaram, Erdene Baljinnyam, Kousaku Iwatsubo, Lydia I. Puricelli, Mariana S. De Lorenzo
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Caloric Restriction (CR) is known to be the only model to consistently increase the lifespan and postpone age-related diseases in all species. CR increases glycogenolysis, lipolysis with fatty acid and ketone body utilization and accelerates protein catabolism. We previously reported that CR induces metabolic and signaling changes that affect the tumor microenvironment preventing the growth of 4T1 mammary tumors and their metastases. 4T1 is a highly metastatic mouse breast cancer model which resembles breast cancer in patients. Obesity causes subclinical inflammation in adipose tissue that contributes to insulin resistance and cancer progression. Chronic inflammation predisposes to different forms of cancer and diabetes, and is correlated with increased risk of breast cancer. CR reduces insulin resistance, adiposity and inflammation and the anti-diabetic drug metformin (MET) is a CR mimetic agent. In this study, we evaluated whether the combination of MET with the anti-obesity drug orlistat (OR) enhances the CR mimetic and anti-cancer properties of MET on 4T1 mammary tumor cells. Female 8 week-old BALB/c mice received: vehicle, MET (in drinking water, 3mg/ml), OR i.p. injection (240mg/kg/day) or MET + OR. After 3 weeks on drugs, 4T1 cells (105) were injected into mice and drugs continued till the end of the experiment. Treated-mice had a reduced adiposity (p&amp;lt;0.05) without any signs of toxicity. At 30 days, MET + OR co-treatment reduced tumor volume (p&amp;lt;0.01) and displayed a range of cellular alterations such as decreased proliferative index (p&amp;lt;0.05); increased apoptotic rate (p&amp;lt;0.01) and altered intra-tumor collagen deposit. MET + OR treatment reduced total vessel length (p&amp;lt;0.01) and the number of spontaneous lung metastases (p&amp;lt;0.01). In addition, combinations of MET (1-2.5mM) + OR (2.5-5µM) decreased in vitro 4T1 mammary cell proliferation (p&amp;lt;0.01), adhesion (p&amp;lt;0.05) and migration (p&amp;lt;0.01) compared to vehicle and drugs alone. Interestingly, we found that levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), an endocrine factor that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, were significantly increased with MET + OR treatment (p&amp;lt;0.05). It has been shown that increased circulating levels of FGF21 correlated with decreased obesity and increased sensitivity to insulin; but up to date the role of FGF21 in tumor progression was not elucidated. We found that treatment of 4T1 cells with MET + OR increased the secretion of FGF21 (p&amp;lt;0.05) measured by ELISA assays. To elucidate the role of FGF21; we initially demonstrated that addition of recombinant protein FGF21 (0-10nM) did not change 4T1 cell proliferation. In contrast, the reduced cell proliferation and adhesion induced by MET + OR, were abolished by the pre- and co-treatment with anti-FGF21 neutralizing antibody; indicating that FGF21 may play an important role. Our results provide a new rationale basis for the use of MET plus OR as cancer therapy. Citation Format: Shobika Sivaram, Erdene Baljinnyam, Kousaku Iwatsubo, Lydia I. Puricelli, Mariana S. De Lorenzo. Combination of metformin plus orlistat prevents tumor progression: novel role of the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1439. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1439