tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sorting Reality from What We Think We Know About Breast Cancer in Africa
Authors: Sulma I. Mohammed, Joe B. Harford
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2014)

Much attention has been paid to thefeatures of breast cancer in Africa and theparallels between breast cancer in indige-nous Africans and in African Americanwomen, including a shift toward earlieronset; a tendency toward poorer out-comes; and an increased likelihood forthe tumors to be negative for the estrogenreceptor (ER), the progesterone receptor(PR), and/or the human epidermal growthfactor receptor-2 (HER2) [1,2]. One of themore aggressive forms of breast cancer istermed ‘‘triple negative,’’ i.e., ER2,PR2,HER22 [3]. Patients with triple negativebreast cancer tend to be younger thanpatients with other forms of the disease,and at all ages, the triple negative subtypeis more common in women of Africandescent than in the white women in theUnited States [4–6].
Predictors of change in sports participation in Latino and non-Latino children
Authors: Kirsten Corder, Noe C Crespo, Esther M F van Sluijs, James F Sallis, Lisa M Shadron, Jamie S Moody, John P Elder
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Few prospective studies have examined predictors of change in specific physical activity (PA) behaviours in different ethnic groups. Purpose To assess predictors of change in sports participation in Latino and non-Latino 5–8 year-old children in San Diego, California. Methods Average sports participation frequency (days/week) was assessed by validated parent-report at baseline (Nov 2006–May 2008) and 1 year later in 541 children (45.0% male, 41.1% Latino; mean±SD age: 6.6±0.7 years) taking part in an obesity prevention study (Project MOVE). Biological (sex, age, Body Mass Index z-score), socio-cultural (ethnicity, income, care giver education), parental (PA rules, PA encouragement) and environmental factors (home PA equipment, PA location) were assessed at baseline. Associations between change in sports participation and potential predictors were studied using multilevel linear regression stratified by Latino ethnicity, adjusted for sex, baseline sport participation, study condition and recruitment area. Results Sports participation increased over 1 year (mean change: +0.5 days; p&lt;0.001) and change was similar for boys and girls (p=0.95), but Latino children showed a greater increase (p=0.03). The number of locations used for PA (p=0.024) and the total frequency of PA location use (p=0.018) were positively associated with increased sports participation among Latinos. No predictors were identified for non-Latino children. Conclusions Only factors relating to PA location were identified as predictors of change in sports participation for Latino children. Interventions targeting specific PA behaviours such as sports participation may need to consider PA locations for Latino children and be tailored for specific ethnic groups.
Persistent ST segment depression in precordial leads V5–V6 after Q-wave anterior wall myocardial infarction is associated with restrictive physiology of the left ventricle
Authors: Abid Assali, Samuel Sclarovsky, Itzhak Herz, Mordechai Vaturi, Irit Gilad, Alejandro Solodky, Nili Zafrir, Yehuda Adler, Alex Sagie, Yochai Birnbaum, David Hasdai
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2000)
Gobelin's History of Medicine and Science
Authors: William C. Gibson
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The acquisition of a modern Gobelin tapestry (see cover picture) by the University of British Columbia has caused some excitement among members of our profession addicted to history. One of Canada's best-known philanthropists, P. A. Woodward, the prime mover in the Health Science Centre in Vancouver, has recently presented to the Memorial Room of his Bio-Medical Library a colorful Gobelin measuring 16 feet by 11 feet, depicting some forty figures famous in the annals of medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy and philosophy (Figure). The tapestry which has just arrived in Canada was produced by the head of the Gobelin house, Monsieur J. Cochery, in Paris in 1948, and is the artist's proof for one commissioned for the Thesis Room of the Sorbonne. Of particular interest to medical readers will be those depicted in the tapestry, who were connected with the clinical and basic medical sciences. One might commence a brief
TREATMENT OF STRANGULATED HERNIA.
Authors: JOHN F. ERDMANN
Journal: JAMA (1900)

With the status of aseptic surgery at the present date, the treatment of strangulated hernia has become a matter of great simplicity, and although we still try and always will try reduction by means of taxis in the early period of the strangulation, operation will be more strongly advocated, because of the low rate of mortality in early operation and also because we can and should do a radical cure when conditions allow; thereby guaranteeing the patient not only a recovery from his strangulation, but also a cure of his hernia. Taxis is never practiced by myself for more than a few moments, if no evidence of diminution in size of the hernia be manifest, and never if previously treated by physicians or if upon examination a hard small constriction can be felt at the proximal end of the protrusion, i. e., the site of strangulation. The patient is always
Comparison of Cytogenetic and Molecular Cytogenetic Detection of Chromosome Abnormalities in 240 Consecutive Adult Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Stefan Fröhling, Silvia Skelin, Claudia Liebisch, Claudia Scholl, Richard F. Schlenk, Hartmut Döhner, Konstanze Döhner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analysis for the detection of the most relevant chromosome abnormalities in a large series of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred forty consecutive adult patients with AML entered onto the multicenter treatment trial AML HD93 were studied. Chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) applying a comprehensive set of genomic DNA probes were performed in a single reference laboratory. RESULTS: Two cases of inv(16), three cases of t(11q23), and three cases of t(8;21)var were only detected by molecular cytogenetics. By FISH, aberrations were identified in three cases with normal karyotypes: inv(16), −Y (in a patient with low metaphase yield on chromosome banding) and a 12p microdeletion. Additional aneuploidies, in particular +8q and +11q, were diagnosed by FISH; however, virtually all these aberrations occurred in patients with complex karyotypes or as an additional abnormality in leukemias with an AML-specific translocation. Finally, aberrations were detected by FISH in eight of 14 patients with no assessable metaphases. CONCLUSION: In most cases of AML, conventional cytogenetic study reliably detects chromosomal abnormalities, and this method should not be replaced by FISH. FISH should be used as a complementary method for the detection of more subtle abnormalities, such as inv(16) and t(11q23), in all patients with newly diagnosed AML and for suspected t(8;21)var. Furthermore, molecular cytogenetics using this comprehensive set of DNA probes provides a valuable diagnostic tool for patients with poor chromosome morphology, low or no yields of metaphase cells, or both.
Further Studies of the Effects on Myocardial Energy Utilization Elicited by Nitroglycerin
Authors: T. D. DARBY, E. E. ALDINGER
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

Since sympathetic stimulation could play an important part in the short term attacks of angina pectoris, the effects of nitroglycerin on the myocardial response to levarterenol were investigated. Levarterenol infusions directly increased the isometric systolic tension (IST) developed by the cardiac muscle. Nitroglycerin had no apparent direct effect on this increase in IST either in the normal heart or in the heart following partial coronary ligation. In experiments in which IST was measured with a lever system adjusted to the end-diastolic length and tension occurring just prior to the contraction, nitroglycerin was found to have an indirect depressant effect on the levarterenol response. This decrease in contractility was shown to be secondary to a decrease in hemodynamic work load elicited by nitroglycerin. It is suggested that the chief effect of nitroglycerin in the relief of angina pectoris is due to this agent's ability to decrease a work load imposed on the myocardium by sympathetic stimulation.
Comparative Morphology of the Airways in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Peter K. Jeffery
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are complex conditions with imprecise definitions that make definitive morphological comparisons difficult. Asthma may be divided into extrinsic (allergic), intrinsic (late onset), and occupational forms. The airways in fatal asthma are occluded by markedly tenacious plugs of exudate and mucus; there is fragility of airway surface epithelium, thickening of the reticular basement membrane, and bronchial vessel dilatation, congestion, and edema. There is enlargement of bronchial smooth muscle and also of submucosal gland mass, particularly in medium-sized bronchi. There is increased inflammatory infiltrate comprising activated lymphocytes and eosinophils with release of granular content in the latter; the allergic inflammation is associated with gene expression for interleukins IL-4 and IL-5 (ie, TH2 phenotype) and also GMCSF and TNFα. Many of these changes are already present in mild forms of asthma. In comparison, three conditions contribute to COPD: (1) In chronic bronchitis there is inflammation associated with mucous hypersecretion, enlargement of tracheo-bronchial submucosal glands, and a disproportionate increase of acidic mucus. The reticular basement membrane is not consistently thickened. (2) In small (peripheral) airways disease there is a macrophage bronchiolitis, mucous metaplasia and hyperplasia, increased intraluminal mucus, increased wall muscle, fibrosis, and airway stenoses. Respiratory bronchiolitis and loss of alveolar wall attachments are important lesions. (3) Emphysema involves elastolytic destruction of the alveolar wall; its overall severity, rather than type, appears to be an important determinant of chronic irreversible deterioration of airflow in COPD.
Interleukin 3-dependent mediator release in basophils triggered by C5a.
Authors: Y Kurimoto, A L de Weck, C A Dahinden
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

The anaphylatoxin C5a is a potent trigger for basophil degranulations, but in contrast to IgE-dependent basophil activation, it does not result in the synthesis of sulfidoleukotrienes (leukotriene C4/D4/E4). Thus, degranulation and the generation of lipid mediators are separately regulated cellular responses. Exposure of human blood basophils to the cytokine IL-3 alone does not induce the release of histamine in cells from most donors and never leads to the generation of LTC4, indicating that IL-3 is not a direct agonist for basophil mediator release. However, preincubation of basophils with IL-3 enhances the degranulation response to C5a. Most importantly, IL-3 "primes" basophils to release large amounts of leukotriene C4 after challenge with C5a (mean of 50 gp LTC4 per nanograms cellular histamine), while neither peptide alone is capable of inducing the formation of bioactive lipids. This effect is dose dependent, occurring at IL-3 concentrations considerably lower than are required to stimulate the growth of bone marrow progenitor cells. IL-3 affects the extent but not the time course of basophil degranulation, and leukotriene release of cells sequentially exposed to IL-3 and C5a occurs very rapidly concomitant with degranulation. A preincubation of the basophils with IL-3 is strictly required for C5a-induced LTC4 synthesis, but not for an enhancement of degranulation. Priming for C5a-induced lipid mediator generation occurs rapidly after exposure of the cells to IL-3, starting at 1 min and reaching maximal effects at 5 min, but this altered state of responsiveness is relatively long lasting. Cell fractionation studies indicate that the basophil is the source of lipid mediators and that IL-3 affects the basophil response directly. This study demonstrates that IL-3 is a potent modifier of effector functions of mature basophils; this is possibly of greater in vivo significance than its growth factor properties. The large amounts of LTC4 formed after triggering of IL-3-primed basophils may not only enhance but also qualitatively change the pathophysiological consequences of complement activation, and this might be important in the pathogenesis of immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, shock syndromes, and inflammation.
The Effects of Diet on Performance— An Initial Review
Authors: Margaret P. Applewhite, G. Richard Jansen, Bernadette M. Marriott, Valerie McC. Breen
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Relation of FEV<sub>1</sub>to Clinical Outcomes during Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: DENNIS E. NIEWOEHNER, DOROTHEA COLLINS, MARCIA L.ERBLAND for the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIX: STUDY PARTICIPA...ReferencesCITING ARTICLES
INDIUM LABELED LEUKOCYTES FOR ACUTE APPENDICITIS DETECTION
Authors: Daniel A. Navarro, Paul M. Weber, Isamu Y. Kang, Leo V. dos Remedios, Ivan A. Jasko
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1984)

We report the successful use of Indium-111 labeled leukocytes to make the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Clinical diagnosis has a false positive rate of approximately 20%. This has been accepted as the national standard to prevent the complication of ruptured appendix and peritonitis. Patients who present to the E.R. with symptoms and signs of possible appendicitis were screened by the surgical service and those with clear-cut appendicitis went to surgery. Those assigned to observation as possible but not definite acute appendicitis were selected for study. Using standard methodology leukocytes were harvested, labeled, and re-injected. Imaging was done at 2 hours. Scans were interpreted as supportive of the diagnosis or non-diagnostic. Surgical specimens were imaged to document the presence of Indium-111. Of 11 patients studied, there were 5 with positive scans all of whom had acute appendicitis proven at laparotomy. One non-diagnostic exam eventually went to laparotomy where a necrotic appendix was found. This patient had been an in-patient on I.V. antibiotics. Scan of the surgical specimen showed good labeling of the appendix. Four patients had negative early scans and were not operated on. One scan consistent with peritonitis without localized accumulation of tracer had this diagnosis confirmed at laparotomy. We have found that positive scans correlate well with acute appendicitis. Negative scans correlate well with negative pathology. Our 1 false negative so far indicates that this test may not be useful for cases where I.V. antibiotics have been used and delayed imaging is necessary.
Missense Variations in the Fibulin 5 Gene and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Edwin M. Stone, Terry A. Braun, Stephen R. Russell, Markus H. Kuehn, Andrew J. Lotery, Paula A. Moore, Christopher G. Eastman, Thomas L. Casavant, Val C. Sheffield
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in the developed world. The study of a rare mendelian form of macular degeneration implicated fibulin genes in the pathogenesis of more common forms of this disease. We evaluated five fibulin genes in a large series of patients with AMD.
Mechanisms of reoxygenation injury in cultured ventricular myocytes.
Authors: R A Quaife, O Kohmoto, W H Barry
Journal: Circulation (1991)

To investigate factors contributing to reperfusion and reoxygenation myocardial injury, we exposed layers of cultured chick ventricular myocytes to severe hypoxia for up to 3 hours in the presence of 20 mM 2-deoxyglucose, zero glucose, and 5 mM pyruvate, and then exposed the myocytes to reoxygenation. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was moderately increased during 3 hours of hypoxia but was increased markedly during reoxygenation. Coincident changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and cell motion were also measured during hypoxia and reoxygenation. During hypoxia, [Ca2+]i increased to more than 1 microM, and with reoxygenation, [Ca2+]i abruptly decreased slightly but remained elevated more than 1 microM. Cells developed a stable rigor after 30 minutes of hypoxia. Reoxygenation caused a marked hypercontracture within 5 minutes. Pretreatment of myocytes with either 2,3-butanedione monoxime, which inhibits Ca2(+)-dependent force development, or cyanide inhibited reoxygenation hypercontracture. LDH release after reoxygenation was also significantly reduced in the presence of 2,3-butanedione monoxime. Treatment of myocytes with superoxide dismutase and catalase during hypoxia also resulted in a decrease in LDH release during reoxygenation. We conclude that an abrupt increase in [Ca2+]i during reoxygenation does not account for reoxygenation injury. However, in the presence of elevated [Ca2+]i, reoxygenation and the resulting probable resynthesis of ATP causes [Ca2+]i-dependent myofilament crossbridge cycling, and the resulting hypercontracture contributes to myocyte damage. The generation of oxygen free radicals after reoxygenation also appears to contribute to cell injury in this system.
REMARKS ON ACUTE PANCREATITIS: WITH NOTES OF SEVEN CASES
Authors: A. J. Blaxland, G. P. C. Claridge
Journal: BMJ (1913)

HEIBTsiff I42Leprosy is so far-reaching in its social results, for the indi- vidual affected is cut off to such an extent from his fellow beings as to render his earning a livelihood very pre- carious, that whether we look at the matter from the standpoint of humanity or from that of sound policy, it is seen to be the duty of every Government to prevent its further spread.It does not seem to have been sufficiently understood that all measures of preventive medicine which are based on sound scieintific principles are excellent business propo- sitions.I believe that the money invested in tlle study of Malta fever, now that the cause has been found, is saving the Government yearly a sum which would be sufficient to pay a dividend of 100 per cent.or more.Such examples could easily be multiplied; one which lately came under my notice in Russia deserves mention here.Relapsing fever in Moscow alone attacked about 1,500 to 3,M00 individuals each winter.Each patient remained in hospital from three to five weeks.Since the invention of salvarsan, whichl is a wonderful specific for similar diseases of the blood, the stay has been shortened to five days or a week.The resulting saving is about 30,000 to 50,000 roubles (£3,000 to £5,000) a year I The sanitation of Khartoum, which owes so much to the work of Dr. Andrew Balfour, lately Directorof the Wellcome Laboratories at the Gordon College, has also made itself pay over and over again in hard cash by the resulting influx of visitors and saving in hospital expenses for inhabitants and officials.How are these comforting examples applicable to the problem of leprosy in tlle British Empire?By a system- atic and persevering attempt to get rid of the disease by
NHS is "withering away" as result of government policies, open letter from 140 senior doctors says
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2015)

More than 140 UK senior doctors have attacked the coalition government’s record on the NHS, claiming that the health service has been left weaker than at any point in history.

In an open letter to the Guardian newspaper the doctors delivered a damning verdict on the coalition’s tenure and urged voters to “consider carefully how the NHS has fared over the last five years” ahead of the general election on 7 May.1 The Conservative party accused the opposition Labour party of orchestrating the letter and of appealing to party members and supporters to sign it.

But Clare Gerada, the former chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners, who organised the letter, said that it was not ordered by Labour and …