tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Molecular evolution of the ZFY and ZNF6 gene families
Authors: C. M. Johnston, S. M. Shimeld, P. T. Sharpe
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

Members of the ZFY and ZNF6 gene families have been cloned from species representing different taxa and different modes of sex determination. Comparisons of these genes show the ZFY-like and ZNF6 sequences to be strongly conserved across marsupials, birds, and lepidosaurians. Sequence analyzed by neighbor-joining indicated that both gene families are monophyletic with a high bootstrap value. Pairing of sequences from males and females of nonmammalian species showed there to be no significant difference between male and female sequences from a single species, consistent with autosomal locations. The molecular distances between murine Zfy-1, Zfy-2, and other ZFY-like sequences suggested that Zfy genes have undergone a period of rapid evolutionary change not seen in human ZFY.
Identification of Psychosomatic and Psychic Disorders in Non-Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Hans-Werner Künsebeck, Wolfgang Lempa, Hellmuth Freyberger
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1984)

In 322 in-patients from 5 different departments of the hospital of the Hannover Medical School the occurrence and characteristics of psychic disorders were studied. Patients were surveyed on 11 separate wards (medicine: 3; surgery: 2; neurology: 2; ear, nose and throat: 2; orthopaedics: 2). These patients represented about 78% of the actual population of the wards during a 3-week period. There was a selection bias because severely ill and patients older than 65 years were not surveyed. The screening was done by means of 6 self-report scales which were answered on 2 consecutive days. On the basis of conservative cut-off scores the amount of depressive disorders was estimated, within 5 % confidential limits, between 16.1 and 24.9% of the patients of the total sample. Regarding the factor of social anxiety we found 20.7–30.3% of patients with this kind of disturbance. 9.3% of the patients scored high on both kinds of symptoms. So we had a total of 31.4–42.0% of patients with depressive or/and social anxiety disorders which should be treated by psychological means. In addition, all these measures varied for the patients in the 5 departments with the maximum of 49.2% in medicine and the minimum of about 32% in surgery and ear, nose and throat. These results offer a meaningful empirical basis for establishing different concepts of cooperation in the field of consultation-liaison activities. They are discussed with regard to the consequences for psychotherapeutic patient care in non-psychiatric hospital wards.
Glycemic Control and Excess Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Marcus Lind, Ann-Marie Svensson, Mikhail Kosiborod, Soffia Gudbjörnsdottir, Aldina Pivodic, Hans Wedel, Sofia Dahlqvist, Mark Clements, Annika Rosengren
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

The excess risk of death from any cause and of death from cardiovascular causes is unknown among patients with type 1 diabetes and various levels of glycemic control. We conducted a registry-based observational study to determine the excess risk of death according to the level of glycemic control in a Swedish population of patients with diabetes.We included in our study patients with type 1 diabetes registered in the Swedish National Diabetes Register after January 1, 1998. For each patient, five controls were randomly selected from the general population and matched according to age, sex, and county. Patients and controls were followed until December 31, 2011, through the Swedish Register for Cause-Specific Mortality.The mean age of the patients with diabetes and the controls at baseline was 35.8 and 35.7 years, respectively, and 45.1% of the participants in each group were women. The mean follow-up in the diabetes and control groups was 8.0 and 8.3 years, respectively. Overall, 2701 of 33,915 patients with diabetes (8.0%) died, as compared with 4835 of 169,249 controls (2.9%) (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.06 to 4.04); the corresponding rates of death from cardiovascular causes were 2.7% and 0.9% (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.60; 95% CI, 3.47 to 6.10). The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for death from any cause according to the glycated hemoglobin level for patients with diabetes as compared with controls were 2.36 (95% CI, 1.97 to 2.83) for a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.9% or lower (≤52 mmol per mole), 2.38 (95% CI, 2.02 to 2.80) for a level of 7.0 to 7.8% (53 to 62 mmol per mole), 3.11 (95% CI, 2.66 to 3.62) for a level of 7.9 to 8.7% (63 to 72 mmol per mole), 3.65 (95% CI, 3.11 to 4.30) for a level of 8.8 to 9.6% (73 to 82 mmol per mole), and 8.51 (95% CI, 7.24 to 10.01) for a level of 9.7% or higher (≥83 mmol per mole). Corresponding hazard ratios for death from cardiovascular causes were 2.92 (95% CI, 2.07 to 4.13), 3.39 (95% CI, 2.49 to 4.61), 4.44 (95% CI, 3.32 to 5.96), 5.35 (95% CI, 3.94 to 7.26), and 10.46 (95% CI, 7.62 to 14.37).In our registry-based observational study, patients with type 1 diabetes and a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.9% or lower had a risk of death from any cause or from cardiovascular causes that was twice as high as the risk for matched controls. (Funded by the Swedish Society of Medicine and others.).
Primary Breast Lymphoma
Authors: Pejman Radkani, Devendra Joshi, Juan C. Paramo, Thomas W. Mesko
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

In our retrospective study covering the past 30 years at a tertiary cancer care institution, we review 30 patients with primary breast lymphoma (stage I or II) and analyze the different treatment modalities. All 30 patients had unilateral disease, and the median age was 67.5 years. Two patients refused treatment and, hence, were excluded from our study. Of the 28 remaining patients, 11 (39%) were treated with a single treatment modality, and 17 (61%) underwent different combinations of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Seventeen patients underwent a surgical resection as the primary modality or as part of a multimodality therapy. Seven patients (25%) experienced a local or distal recurrence of the disease. Of these 7 patients, 6 underwent surgery as the primary treatment or as part of a combined treatment modality, and 1 underwent radiation therapy only. Eighteen patients (64%) died during the follow-up period ranging from 6 to 230 months, but only 5 of these 18 patients (28% [18% of all patients]) died of disease-specific causes. Of the 2 patients who were only treated with chemotherapy, 1 had primary breast lymphoma that never went into remission. In our study, surgery as the primary modality therapy or as part of a multimodality therapy for primary breast lymphoma is associated with a higher rate of treatment failure, whereas a combination of chemotherapy and local radiation therapy provides the best results. However, because our sample size is small, for such a rare neoplasm, definitive treatment recommendations are difficult to determine.
THE PAY OF POOR-LAW MEDICAL OFFICERS IN IRELAND
Authors: G. J. H. Evatt
Journal: BMJ (1905)

<h3>Summary</h3> Basic helix-loop-helix genes, particularly proneural genes, are well-described triggers of cell differentiation, yet limited information exists on their dynamics, notably in human development. Here, we focus on Neurogenin 3 (<i>NEUROG3</i>), which is crucial for pancreatic endocrine lineage initiation. Using a double reporter to monitor endogenous <i>NEUROG3</i> transcription and protein expression in single cells in 2D and 3D models of human pancreas development, we show peaks of expression for the RNA and protein at 22 and 11 hours respectively, approximately two-fold slower than in mice, and remarkable heterogeneity in peak expression levels all triggering differentiation. We also reveal that some human endocrine progenitors proliferate once, mainly at the onset of differentiation, rather than forming a subpopulation with sustained proliferation. Using reporter index-sorted single-cell RNA-seq data, we statistically map transcriptome to dynamic behaviors of cells in live imaging and uncover transcriptional states associated with variations in motility as NEUROG3 levels change, a method applicable to other contexts.
An Integrated Network of Androgen Receptor, Polycomb, and TMPRSS2-ERG Gene Fusions in Prostate Cancer Progression
Authors: Jindan Yu, Jianjun Yu, Ram-Shankar Mani, Qi Cao, Chad J. Brenner, Xuhong Cao, Xiaoju Wang, Longtao Wu, James Li, Ming Hu, Yusong Gong, Hong Cheng, Bharathi Laxman, Adaikkalam Vellaichamy, Sunita Shankar, Yong Li, Saravana M. Dhanasekaran, Roger Morey, Terrence Barrette, Robert J. Lonigro, Scott A. Tomlins, Sooryanarayana Varambally, Zhaohui S. Qin, Arul M. Chinnaiyan
Journal: Cancer Cell (2010)
Acquisition of W135 meningococcal carriage in Hajj pilgrims and transmission to household contacts: prospective study
Authors: Annelies Wilder-Smith, Timothy M S Barkham, Arul Earnest, Nicholas I Paton
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina (Hajj) attracts more than two million pilgrims from all over the world. Overcrowding provides ideal conditions for transmission of meningococci.During the Hajj 2000 an international outbreak of meningococcal disease occurred.1 This outbreak generated particular interest as it was caused by serogroup W135, which hitherto had not played a major role in epidemics. 2 3 Furthermore, many close contacts of asymptomatic returning pilgrims were affected.2 Although vaccination can protect pilgrims against invasive disease due to W135, it does not prevent acquisition of pharyngealcarriage, which is the primary source for transmission.4 Returning pilgrims may spread the bacteria to their unvaccinated household contacts or even to the community at large. We investigated the extent of transmission of Neisseria meningitidis in Hajj pilgrims and their contacts, in order to provide evidence for developing a rationalpublic health policy.

We conducted a prospective study of meningococcal carriage in Singaporean pilgrims before the Hajj 2001 and in pilgrims and their household contacts two weeks after …
Somalia's Death Toll Underlines Challenges of Post-Cold War World
Authors: Annette Flanagin
Journal: JAMA (1992)

MORE THAN 1000 people died from starvation and disease each day in Somalia on the east-coast Horn of Africa during the past month. Experts predict that as many as one third of the faminestricken, wartorn country's 6 million people may die before the end of the year. How in this post-Cold War era of global détente and technological abililites could the international community have allowed this situation to become so dire? Why has this famine, the fourth of such drought-caused disasters to strike Somalia since 1979, taken such a devastating toll? Why weren't the early warning signals of impending famine, which began surfacing more than a year ago, noticed? And if they were known, why were governmental, international, and public responses muted until only recently? The answers to these and many related questions were debated during a symposium on health, human rights, and humanitarian assistance in conflicts and disasters, cosponsored
Right ventricular infarction: role of the moderator band artery in determining infarct size.
Authors: H M Haupt, G M Hutchins, G W Moore
Journal: Circulation (1983)

We studied 19 patients with proximal right coronary artery occlusions associated with acute myocardial infarcts less than 30 days old. Right ventricular infarct size, determined as a percentage of right ventricular surface area, ranged from 0% to 29%. Correlation of 24 variables measuring infarct size, chamber size and coronary artery disease failed to demonstrate a significant correlation with the extent of right ventricular infarction. However, estimates of the degree of obstruction to potential collateral flow into the right coronary arterial system from the left anterior descending coronary artery, especially through the moderator band artery, showed a significant positive correlation with infarct size (p less than 0.02). Among the five patients with massive (greater than 25%) right ventricular infarction, four had significant (greater than 75%) obstruction of the left anterior descending system, resulting in potentially impaired collateral blood flow; the other patient had normal coronary arteries and embolic occlusion of the proximal right coronary artery with contraction band necrosis. The study suggests that collateral flow to the right ventricular myocardium, especially through the moderator band artery, protects against massive infarction in the presence of proximal right coronary artery occlusion.
Increase GP trainees by 450 a year to avoid crisis, says taskforce
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The general practice workforce in England is shrinking, while people’s healthcare needs continue to grow—a situation that “must be addressed immediately” to avoid a crisis, a task force has concluded.

It would take only a small shift of patients away from primary to secondary care because of limited access to GPs to “put the whole healthcare system under unmanageable pressure,” it said. 

The GP Taskforce was commissioned by the government to recommend how numbers of GPs could be increased, with a target set for 3250 trainees to enter GP training in England each year by 2015. Recruitment to GP training has stayed below target for the past four years at about 2700 trainees a year.

The report also found “disturbing” evidence that the GP workforce was shrinking. The number of GPs per 100 000 people across England fell from 62 …
Universals in cognitive theories of language
Authors: Paul Smolensky, Emmanuel Dupoux
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract Generative linguistics' search for linguistic universals (1) is not comparable to the vague explanatory suggestions of the article; (2) clearly merits a more central place than linguistic typology in cognitive science; (3) is fundamentally untouched by the article's empirical arguments; (4) best explains the important facts of linguistic diversity; and (5) illuminates the dominant component of language's “biocultural” nature: biology.
SUCCESSFUL DESENSITIZATION TO PENICILLIN
Authors: FRANK GARAI
Journal: JAMA (1949)

Penicillin is so widely used in antisyphilitic treatment that it is inevitable to have reactions occur in some instances. The Herish-Herxheimer reaction is negligible, especially if the penicillin is used at the beginning of treatment in small doses and if the patient has received some previous treatment with a bismuth compound. For the most part the reactions are allergic, usually so severe that penicillin therapy has to be discontinued. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> H. J., a man aged 56, was married but had no children. Apparently he had been healthy all his life. The last serologic test for syphilis had been made thirty-five years ago and resulted negatively. The patient denied having had an initial lesion on the penis or any rash on his body. He had difficulty in breathing, had pain across the chest occasionally and tired easily. He appeared ill. Pulsations of the blood vessels in his neck were
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Modulates Cockroach Allergen Induced TGF Beta 1 Secretion In Fibroblasts
Authors: Sarah Mirza, Yufeng Zhou, Priya Tripathi, Liang Yuan, Beverly Plunkett, Allen Myers, Peisong Gao
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Lightning Injury: Two Case Histories and a Review of Management
Authors: G. C. Hanson, G. R. McIlwraith
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Two cases of fatal lightning injury are described. Fixed dilated pupils should not be taken as an indicator of death after a lightning strike. Persons who fail to breath spontaneously within one minute of lightning shock should receive external cardiac massage and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Paralysis may persist as result of cerebral oedema or prolonged hypoxia—it is therefore suggested that adequate ventilation and metabolic balance should be maintained until recovery or death.
Asking "how?" rather than "what, why, where, and who?"
Authors: M Chopra
Journal: BMJ (2000)

EDITOR—Over the past two decades experienced health policymakers and practitioners have noted a widening gap between scientific knowledge and policies on the one hand and their implementation on the other.1 For example, despite the availability of powerful drugs and the existence of comprehensive programme policies many developing countries are still struggling to maintain acceptable cure rates for tuberculosis.2 This …
German law to cuts drug costs angers doctors
Authors: Annette Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2006)

GPs and specialist doctors in Germany will face a cut in income if they exceed their budget for drugs, under a new law that came into effect this week. But doctors who prescribe fewer and less expensive drugs will be able to increase their income.

Despite fierce demonstrations by doctors and protests by the drug industry, the so called Arzneimittelversorgungs-Wirtschaftlichkeitsgesetz, a law which tries to stop the increase in spending on drugs, has been introduced.

“This law is a …
Mucosal polyamine profile in normal and adapting (hypo and hyperplastic) intestine: effects of DFMO treatment.
Authors: M Hosomi, F Lirussi, N H Stace, S Vaja, G M Murphy, R H Dowling
Journal: Gut (1987)

The polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, are believed to play an important role in modulating normal and adaptive intestinal mucosal growth. Polyamine synthesis is rate limited by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and ODC activity is specifically inhibited by -difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO). To assess the importance of polyamines in adaptive growth we first measured mucosal polyamine profiles at different sites in the normal rat intestine and compared the results with those obtained in adaptive hypoplasia (seven days parental nutrition, TPN), in the adaptive hyperplasia of two weeks after 90% small bowel resection (SBR) or pancreatico biliary diversion (PBD). We then examined the effects of DFMO (2% in drinking water, daily from two days before surgery) on the polyamine concentrations and the adaptive response to PBD. The hyperplasia of SBR and PBD was associated with increases in all the polyamine concentrations particularly putrescine. TPN induced a modest degree of hypoplasia and little change in polyamine synthesis resulting in subnormal polyamine concentrations and significantly inhibited the mucosal adaptive response. Changes in polyamine metabolism are important in intestinal mucosal adaptation and by controlling these changes adaptive growth can be controlled.
STUDIES ON THE NASAL HISTOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN THE FERRET
Authors: C. H. Stuart-Harris, Thomas Francis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1938)

Because of the marked morphological abnormality of the nasal respiratory epithelium in ferrets recovering from epidemic influenza virus infection, attempts were made to determine whether the anatomical changes were associated with functional changes in the epithelial cells. It was found that on the 7th or 8th day after infection, at which time an immature transitional type of epithelium covers the respiratory area, the cells are resistant not only to reinfection with influenza virus but to a severe physicochemical stimulus supplied by iontophoresis or prolonged irrigation with zinc sulfate. Later, as the ciliated columnar cells return, susceptibility to physicochemical injury returns although resistance to influenza virus persists. The ciliated columnar cells are the ones which are damaged by the physicochemical agent while the deeper cells in the regenerating area remain unaffected. 5 weeks after infection the epithelium is anatomically normal but tissue resistance to zinc sulfate is still present to some degree as evidenced by foci of undamaged cells remaining after ionization. The olfactory epithelium which is undamaged by the PR8 strain of epidemic influenza virus also becomes resistant to ionization after infection. As soon as the respiratory epithelium exhibits any loss of resistance to zinc sulfate the chemical produces complete necrosis of the olfactory area. The refractory state to physicochemical agents exhibited by the regenerating nasal mucosa of the ferret after influenza virus infection is thought to be a non-specific resistant state, significant for a time at least, in the mechanism of immunity to influenza virus.
450K-array analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells reveals global DNA methylation to be relatively stable over time and similar in resting and proliferative compartments
Authors: N Cahill, A-C Bergh, M Kanduri, H Göransson-Kultima, L Mansouri, A Isaksson, F Ryan, K E Smedby, G Juliusson, C Sundström, A Rosén, R Rosenquist
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
Resection of Carotid Body for Asthma
Authors: Richard H. Overholt
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dr. Comroe's reasonable and thoughtful criticisms deserve comment. First, he would require sham operations for a control series. This, in effect, has been done. Professor Nakayama accepted 50 unrelieved patients who had been operated upon by other surgeons but with no change in their asthmatic statuses. The carotid bulb area had been previously exposed, but apparently the carotid body was overlooked. Dr. Nakayama reoperated, located the carotid body, and removed it. Relief in this group paralleled that obtained in other cases where removal was documented histologically. After our initial success with glomectomy in certain desperate asthmatic patients, we have had an increasing number of patients referred to us specifically for cartoid body removal. In balancing a negligible risk against the probable benefits of glomectomy, we could do nothing but proceed with excision of one carotid body in all those patients in whom we considered it to be