tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Trends in hospital necropsy rates: Scotland 1961-74.
Authors: H M Cameron, E McGoogan, J Clarke, B A Wilson
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Examination of mortality statistic for Scottish hospitals showed that from 1961 to 1974 necropsy rates fell by almost 0-6% a year; by 1974, the rate over the whole country was 23% of hospital deaths. The fall resulted from a reduction in the number of necropsies and a coincident rise in the number of number of deaths in hospital. The necropsy rate fell with increasing age, was rather lower for women than men, and was lower for some diseases than others. There were considerable inaccuracies in the figures from which these trands were drawn, and these were in turn due to inaccurate recording of clinical and necropsy data. Examination of necropsy returns from the Scottish teaching hospital departments showed that, while a similar fall in necropsy rates was seen in some, there was no consistent pattern.
Shortened Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2 or 3 — Is Less More?
Authors: T. Jake Liang
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major worldwide cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, which together represent a chief global public health burden. Therapy has improved substantially since the introduction of interferon-alfa monotherapy in the late 1980s, when the response rate was less than 10%; now, combination therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin has a success rate of about 50%.1,2 Much like the diverse outcomes of HCV infection, the response to treatment varies. Important factors associated with treatment response include the race, age, sex, weight, and biochemical and histologic characteristics of patients. However, viral genotype . . .
Frequency of Diagnoses of Schizophrenia Versus Affective Disorders from 1944 to 1968
Authors: ROSS J. BALDESSARINI
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

Frequencies of schizophrenic versus affective psychoses from 1944 to 1968 at a university psychiatric clinic revealed an abrupt increase in the rate of schizophrenic diagnoses at the start of the phenothiazine treatment era and a sharp increase in diagnoses of affective psychosis with the advent of lithiumn therapy. As one group of diagnoses increased, the other decreased. One responsible factor may be the introduction—in the setting of a complex differential diagnostic problem—of observer bias, modified by the availability of novel and effective therapies.
FMRP regulates multipolar to bipolar transition affecting neuronal migration and cortical circuitry
Authors: Giorgio La Fata, Annette Gärtner, Nuria Domínguez-Iturza, Tom Dresselaers, Julia Dawitz, Rogier B Poorthuis, Michele Averna, Uwe Himmelreich, Rhiannon M Meredith, Tilmann Achsel, Carlos G Dotti, Claudia Bagni
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2014)
Topical calcitriol in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: a double-blind study
Authors: A. LANGNER, H. VERJANS, V. STAPÓR, M. MOL, M. FRACZYKOWSKA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

A randomized, double-blind, left-right, vehicle-controlled study to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of twice daily application of 15 micrograms/g calcitriol ointment for a period of 6 weeks was performed in 32 patients suffering from bilateral, symmetrical, severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Twice daily 15 micrograms/g calcitriol ointment significantly improved erythema, induration, scaling and global severity of psoriatic plaques, and was much more effective than vehicle ointment. The difference in overall clinical efficacy between calcitriol and vehicle was statistically significant from week 1 onwards, and was maintained over the entire study. On completion of the study, clearance of psoriatic lesions was found in 47% of calcitriol-treated sides and in 13% of vehicle-treated sides. Skin histopathology of calcitriol-treated sides revealed a return to normal keratinization, with decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis and disappearance of the inflammatory infiltrate from the epidermis. Three patients had asymptomatic hypercalcaemia during the study. Mean serum levels of total calcium, albumin-adjusted total calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcitriol did not show statistically significant changes in the baseline/end-point comparisons.
Clinical features and treatment outcome of primary systemic light‐chain amyloidosis in Korea: Results of multicenter analysis
Authors: Hyun Jung Jun, Kihyun Kim, Seok Jin Kim, Yeung‐Chul Mun, Soo‐Mee Bang, Jong‐Ho Won, Chul Soo Kim, Jae Hoon Lee
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2012)

Abstract Primary systemic light‐chain (AL) amyloidosis a disorder characterized by accumulation of monoclonal light chains as aggregated amyloid fibrils in tissues of multiple organs to cause organ dysfunction and death (Kyle and Gertz, Semin Hematol 1995;32:45–59; Merlini and Bellotti, N Engl J Med 2003;349:583–596). Although there are quite a number of data regarding clinical features and treatment outcomes of AL amyloidosis, most of them are from western countries except for a couple of reports from Japan (Kyle and Gertz, Semin Hematol 1995;32:45–59; Yamazaki et al., Clin Exp Nephrol 2009;13:522–525; Goodman et al., Br J Haematol 2006;134:417–425; Michael et al., Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2010;10:56–61; Palladini et al., Blood 2004;103:2936–2938). Considering the effect of ethnic difference on the clinical course and outcomes of AL amyloidosis, the analysis of Asian patients may help better understanding of this disease entity. Therefore, we conducted retrospective analysis of clinical features and treatment outcomes of 84 newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis patients in six referral centers in Korea between 1995 and 2010. Am. J. Hematol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Utilisation of hormone replacement therapy by women doctors
Authors: A J Isaacs, A R Britton, K. McPherson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

To ascertain the prevalence and duration of use of hormone replacement therapy by menopausal women doctors.Postal questionnaire.General practices in the United Kingdom.Randomised stratified sample of women doctors who obtained full registration between 1952 and 1976, taken from the current principal list of the Medical Register.Prevalence and duration of use of hormone replacement therapy; menopausal status.Overall, 45.7% (436/954) of women doctors aged between 45 and 65 years had ever used hormone replacement therapy. When the results from women still menstruating regularly were excluded, 55.2% (428) were ever users and 41.2% (319) current users. The cumulative probability of remaining on hormone replacement therapy was 0.707 at five years and 0.576 at 10 years.Women doctors have a higher prevalence of use of hormone replacement therapy than has been reported for other women in the United Kingdom, and most users seem to be taking hormone replacement therapy for more than five years. The results may become generalisable to the wider population as information on the potential benefits of hormone replacement therapy is disseminated.
Protamine-reactive natural IgM antibodies in human sera. Characterization of the epitope demonstrates specificity of antigenic recognition; occurrence indicates obscurity of origin and function.
Authors: T C Rodman, F H Pruslin, Y Chauhan, S E To, R Winston
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

We have identified a set of natural IgM antibodies in human serum that are reactive with protamines, a class of low molecular weight basic nucleoproteins that are synthesized de novo in the postpubertal testis and are unique to sperm. Those antibodies were detected by ELISA in significant titer in all of 100 sera of normal adult males and females and in 26 of 28 sera of normal pediatrics aged 7 d to 2 yr. Commonality between the protamine-reactive IgM antibodies of pediatric and adult sera was established by the demonstration of similarity in antigen recognition and reaction kinetics. Therefore, the role of protamines as either immunogenic stimulus or antigenic target of that set of natural antibodies is not likely. The antigenic site recognized by the protein-reactive serum IgM antibodies was characterized by comparison with the pattern of antigen recognition by a monoclonal antibody to human sperm protamines (HPmAb). By the use of synthetic peptides simulating the amino acid sequences of various segments of human protamine 2 and of polyarginine, polylysine, and histones as test antigens, the principle characteristic of the antigenic site recognized by both HPmAb and the serum IgM antibodies was inferred to be that of clustered arginyl residues with an apparent minimum requirement of four arginyl residues, including a triplet, within a six residue piece; for both, the reaction was shown to be not dependent upon charge attraction. A series of immunoabsorption procedures indicated that the protamine-reactive serum IgM antibodies are a discrete set with a high order of specificity. A search of protein data bases revealed that the putative minimum epitope is present in four or five human autogenous proteins, all moieties of the immune system, and in a number of viral proteins. The possible implications of those findings are discussed in the light of early hypotheses concerning the origin and function of natural antibodies and the many recent reports of identification of natural antibodies in normal human sera. The set of natural antibodies identified in this study may be unique or may represent a class of antibodies present in the repertoire that, by virtue of the obscurity of their origin or function, have not been previously or extensively recognized.
Sum of the Parts
Authors: Meeta Prasad, Gregory K. Buller, Carlos I. Mena, André N. Sofair
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

A 36-year-old Pakistani woman presented to the emergency department with a 10-day history of a nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and fever. She reported no night sweats and no contact with anyone who was ill, including anyone with tuberculosis. She had been seen 1 week earlier at a walk-in clinic, where she received a prescription for moxifloxacin for presumed bronchitis, but her symptoms persisted.
13th Meeting of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC): alternative testing methodologies for ecotoxicity.
Authors: C Walker, K Kaiser, W Klein, L Lagadic, D Peakall, S Sheffield, T Soldan, M Yasuno
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

There is growing public pressure to minimize the use of vertebrates in ecotoxicity testing; therefore, effective alternatives to toxicity tests causing suffering are being sought. This report discusses alternatives and differs in some respects from the reports of the other three groups because the primary concern is with harmful effects of chemicals at the level of population and above rather than with harmful effects upon individuals. It is concluded that progress toward the objective of minimizing testing that causes suffering would be served by the following initiatives--a clearer definition of goals and strategies when undertaking testing procedures; development of alternative assays, including in vitro test systems, that are based on new technology; development of nondestructive assays for vertebrates (e.g., biomarkers) that do not cause suffering; selection of most appropriate species, strains, and developmental stages for testing procedures (but no additional species for basic testing); better integrated and more flexible testing procedures incorporating biomarker responses, ecophysiological concepts, and ecological end points (progress in this direction depends upon expert judgment). In general, testing procedures could be made more realistic, taking into account problems with mixtures, and with volatile or insoluble chemicals.
Extrapyramidal side effects with lithium treatment
Authors: J Kane, A Rifkin, F Quitkin, D F Klein
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1978)

The authors neurologically examined 38 patients who had received lithium carbonate for from 3 months to 5 years to determine the presence of extrapyramidal side effects. No patient had received neuroleptics for 3 months before examination. Definite cogwheeling was found in 2 patients. The results confirm previously reported occurrence of cogwheeling in lithium-treated patients.
Tetanus following Appendicectomy
Authors: A. Jolleys
Journal: BMJ (1944)

5L1NALform deep gangrenous excavations between the bones of the forearm, in which muscular aponeuroses could be seen.She required a great deal of omnopon during the terminal stage of her illness to combat pain.On May 18, 1943, she died.A post-mortem examination was unfortunately out of the question, and pathological confirmation is therefore lacking,
Changes in Insulin Sensitivity in Response to Troglitazone Do Not Differ Between Subjects With and Without the Common, Functional Pro12Ala Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ2 Gene Variant
Authors: Soren Snitker, Richard M. Watanabe, Ifeanyi Ani, Anny H. Xiang, Aura Marroquin, Cesar Ochoa, Jose Goico, Alan R. Shuldiner, Thomas A. Buchanan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

We have tested whether the Pro12Ala variant of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma nuclear receptor involved in thiazolidinedione (TZD) action accounted for the failure of troglitazone to increase insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic Hispanic women with previous gestational diabetes treated in the Troglitazone in Prevention of Diabetes (TRIPOD) study.Ninety-three women assigned to troglitazone had intravenous glucose tolerance tests at randomization and after 3 months of treatment with troglitazone, 400 mg/day, and were genotyped for the Pro12Ala variant of the PPAR-gamma gene. Subjects were divided into tertiles based on their change in minimal model insulin sensitivity (S(i)) during the first 3 months of troglitazone treatment.The mean changes in S(i) in the bottom, middle, and top tertiles of S(i) response were -0.21 +/- 0.57, 0.91 +/- 0.26, and 2.58 +/- 1.32 min(-1) per microU/ml. 10(-4), respectively. Frequencies of the Ala/- genotype were 30, 22, and 26% in the same three tertiles (P = 0.77). Analysis of phenotypes by genotype revealed only small differences between the Pro/Pro and Ala/- groups, respectively, in baseline S(i) (2.76 +/- 0.19 vs. 2.33 +/- 0.33 x 10(-4) min(-1) per microU/ml; P = 0.27), the change in S(i) after 3 months of troglitazone treatment (1.19 +/- 0.17 vs. 0.93 +/- 0.30; P = 0.46), and the cumulative incidence of diabetes during a median follow-up of 30 months (13 vs. 17%; P = 0.66).Among young Hispanic women at high risk for type 2 diabetes, the Pro12Ala variant of the PPAR-gamma receptor gene did not explain the failure of approximately 1/3 of subjects to increase their insulin sensitivity when placed on troglitazone at a dose of 400 mg/day.
Hepatobiliary Study
Authors: HAROLD MOSKOWITZ, RICHARD P. SENCER, HOWARD R. SHAPIRO, MOZAFAREDDIN K. KARIMEDDINI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

After a motor vehicle accident, an 18-year-old woman reported cough and dyspnea. A chest radiograph revealed an intrathoracic mass blending with the cardiac shadow. Hepatobiliary imaging showed that this was due to herniation of the left hepatic lobe and a portion of the right lobe and gallbladder into the right hemithorax.
Nilotinib (formerly AMN107), a highly selective BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effective in patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase following imatinib resistance and intolerance
Authors: Hagop M. Kantarjian, Francis Giles, Norbert Gattermann, Kapil Bhalla, Giuliana Alimena, Francesca Palandri, Gert J. Ossenkoppele, Franck-Emmanuel Nicolini, Stephen G. O'Brien, Mark Litzow, Ravi Bhatia, Francisco Cervantes, Ariful Haque, Yaping Shou, Debra J. Resta, Aaron Weitzman, Andreas Hochhaus, Philipp le Coutre
Journal: Blood (2007)
Accepting Critically Ill Transfer Patients: Adverse Effect on a Referral Center's Outcome and Benchmark Measures
Authors: Andrew L. Rosenberg, Timothy P. Hofer, Cathy Strachan, Charles M. Watts, Rodney A. Hayward
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Common methods of benchmarking clinical performance rarely, if ever, account for admission source and, in particular, the effect of a patient being transferred from one medical center to another. Small biases in comparisons of observed versus expected deaths can substantially affect how high-quality institutions compare with peer hospitals. With the most sophisticated and validated set of case-mix measures available for patients, the intensive care unit is an ideal setting in which to study the effect of a patient's being transferred from another hospital.To determine the extent of bias in benchmarking outcomes when performance measures do not account for transfer patients' greater severity of illness.Prospectively developed cohort study.Medical intensive care unit (MICU) at a tertiary care university hospital.4579 consecutive admissions for 4208 patients from 1 January 1994 to 1 April 1998.MICU and hospital lengths of stay, MICU readmission, and hospital mortality rates.Compared with directly admitted patients, MICU patients transferred from another hospital had significantly higher Acute Physiology Scores at the time of admission and discharge (P = 0.001). Even after full adjustment for case mix and severity of illness, transfer patients had a 38% longer MICU stay (95% CI, 32% to 45%), a 41% longer hospital stay (CI, 34% to 50%), and a 2.2 times greater odds of hospital mortality (CI, 1.7 to 2.8) than directly admitted patients. With identical efficiency and quality, a referral hospital with a 25% MICU transfer rate compared with another with a 0% transfer rate would be penalized by 14 excess deaths per 1000 admissions when a benchmarking program adjusts only for case mix and severity of illness and not for the source of admission.In a setting with the most thorough diagnostic-based, case-mix adjustment and the most physiologically precise severity-of-illness information, accepting transfer patients can adversely affect efficiency and quality benchmarks. Benchmarking and profiling efforts beyond intensive care units must also recognize and account for this phenomenon; otherwise, referral centers may have an incentive to refuse care for patients who could benefit from being transferred to their facility.
Pharmaceutical Advertisements in Leading Medical Journals: Experts' Assessments
Authors: Michael S. Wilkes, Bruce H. Doblin, Martin F. Shapiro
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Objective: To assess both the accuracy of scientific data presented in print pharmaceutical advertisements and the compliance of these advertisements with current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Measurements: Each full-page pharmaceutical advertisement (n = 109) appearing in 10 leading medical journals, along with all available references cited in the advertisement (82% of the references cited were available) were sent to three reviewers: two physicians in the relevant clinical area who were experienced in peer review and one academic clinical pharmacist. Reviewers, 95% of whom responded, were asked to evaluate the advertisements using criteria based on FDA guidelines, to judge the educational value and overall quality of the advertisements, and to make a recommendation regarding publication. Results: In 30% of cases, two or more reviewers disagreed with the advertisers' claim that the drug was the "drug of choice." Reviewers felt that information on efficacy was balanced with that on side effects and contraindications in 49% of advertisements but was not balanced in 40%. Reviewers agreed with advertisements' claims that the drug was safe in 86% of the cases but judged that headlines in 32% of the advertisements containing headlines misled the reader about efficacy. In 44% of cases, reviewers felt that the advertisement would lead to improper prescribing if a physician had no other information about the drug other than that contained in the advertisement. Fifty-seven percent of advertisements were judged by two or more reviewers to have little or no educational value. Overall, reviewers would not have recommended publication of 28% of the advertisements and would have required major revisions in 34% before publication. Conclusion: In the opinion of the reviewers, many advertisements contained deficiencies in areas in which the FDA has established explicit standards of quality. New strategies are needed to ensure that advertisements comply with standards intended to promote proper use of the products and to protect the consumer.
Published criteria for evaluating health related web sites: review
Authors: P. Kim, T. R Eng, M. J. Deering, A. Maxfield
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To review published criteria for specifically evaluating health related information on the world wide web, and to identify areas of consensus. <b>Design:</b> Search of world wide web sites and peer reviewed medical journals for explicit criteria for evaluating health related information on the web, using Medline and Lexis-Nexis databases, and the following internet search engines: Yahoo!, Excite, Altavista, Webcrawler, HotBot, Infoseek, Magellan Internet Guide, and Lycos. Criteria were extracted and grouped into categories. <b>Results:</b> 29 published rating tools and journal articles were identified that had explicit criteria for assessing health related web sites. Of the 165 criteria extracted from these tools and articles, 132 (80%) were grouped under one of 12 specific categories and 33 (20%) were grouped as miscellaneous because they lacked specificity or were unique. The most frequently cited criteria were those dealing with content, design and aesthetics of site, disclosure of authors, sponsors, or developers, currency of information (includes frequency of update, freshness, maintenance of site), authority of source, ease of use, and accessibility and availability. <b>Conclusions:</b> Results suggest that many authors agree on key criteria for evaluating health related web sites, and that efforts to develop consensus criteria may be helpful. The next step is to identify and assess a clear, simple set of consensus criteria that the general public can understand and use. <h3>Key messages</h3> Many organisations and individuals have published criteria to evaluate health related information on the world wide web A literature and world wide web search found that the most frequently cited criteria were those dealing with content, design and aesthetics of site, disclosure of authors, sponsors, or developers, currency of information, authority of source, and ease of use Criteria related to confidentiality and privacy were only cited by one author Consensus regarding critical criteria for evaluation of web based health information seems to be emerging Our results indicate that many authors agree on key criteria for evaluating health related web sites, and that efforts to develop a set of key criteria may be helpful
A multicenter randomized open-label study of rituximab plus rhTPO vs rituximab in corticosteroid-resistant or relapsed ITP
Authors: Hai Zhou, Miao Xu, Ping Qin, Hai-yan Zhang, Cheng-lu Yuan, Hong-guo Zhao, Zhong-guang Cui, Yue-sheng Meng, Lei Wang, Fang Zhou, Xin Wang, Da-qi Li, Ke-hong Bi, Chuan-sheng Zhu, Cheng-shan Guo, Xiao-xia Chu, Qing-chao Wu, Xin-guang Liu, Xiao-yuan Dong, Jie Li, Jun Peng, Ming Hou
Journal: Blood (2015)