tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs for Sepsis
Authors: William A. Knaus
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To develop a survival model and severity assessment method to estimate the 28-day mortality risk for patients with sepsis syndrome entering phase 2 and 3 drug evaluations.Retrospective analysis of intensive care unit admissions with sepsis syndrome by means of log-normal regression to identify risk factors for 28-day mortality. Prospective application of the model to patients with gram-negative infection meeting sepsis syndrome criteria from separate data collection (validation group).A total of 58,737 intensive care unit admissions at 107 hospitals in the United States and Western Europe screened to yield 1195 patients meeting entry criteria for the sepsis syndrome study for the original model; 295 hospitalized patients with gram-negative infection meeting criteria for sepsis syndrome for validation.Survival time and mortality at 28 days after fulfillment of the sepsis syndrome criteria.Acute physiologic abnormalities were the most important prognostic factors influencing outcome (82% of total chi 2). Specific disease resulting in intensive care unit admission and the time the patient was in the hospital and intensive care unit before qualification were also independent risks, as were age and a clinical history of cirrhosis. The model's overall classification accuracy was a Somers' Dyx of .52 (rank correlation between predicted risk and 28-day mortality) (receiver operating characteristic area, 0.76), with equal accuracy (Dyx = .59; receiver operating characteristic area, 0.80) in the independent group of patients.We created an accurate independent estimate for 28-day mortality risk for patients with sepsis syndrome (severe sepsis). This estimate could improve the evaluation of new drugs by investigating whether the drug's benefit varies by patient risk and then determining the amount of benefit for individual patients.
Canadian police charge tobacco companies with smuggling cigarettes
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have charged several Canadian and American tobacco companies and eight current and former senior executives with fraud for allegedly smuggling cigarettes from the United States into Canada and so evading $C1.2bn (£0.51bn; $0.81bn; ‡0.74bn) in uncollected duties and taxes.

After a criminal investigation lasting four and a half years, the police alleged that between 1991 and 1996 the companies channelled cigarettes manufactured in Canada and Puerto Rico to criminals …
Which patients should undergo laparoscopy?
Authors: E. P. Perry, A. Rhodes
Journal: BMJ (1988)

part in autoaggressive diseases, particularly in inflammatory joint disease in predisposed people, so the association between HIV infection and inflammatory joint disease is no longer a surprise.Moreover, the data, although preliminary, may shed some light on the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection and autoaggressive disorders.The investigation of y interferon concentrations in the serum of people with HIV infection has to be extended.The increased y interferon concentrations in HIV infection suggest the presence of pre- activated cellular immunity despite severe immunodeficiency.Thus in these patients im- munodeficiency is, in general, not the result of diminished release of y interferon by T lymphocytes but is caused by persistent exposure ofcells to various immunogens.The reduced ability of T cells in AIDS to release y interferon is, therefore, restricted to in vitro studies.4
ASSESSMENT OF PERIPROCEDURAL MYONECROSIS BY MEANS OF MAGNETIC REZONANSE DELAYED ENHANCEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH BIFURCATION LESIONS AFTER MAIN VESSEL STENTING ONLY
Authors: Aleksandra Michalek, Dobrin Vassilev, Jerzy Walecki, Tomasz Kulawik, Tomasz Pawlowski, Robert Gil
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Early Detection of Airway Wall Remodeling and Eosinophilic Inflammation in Preschool Wheezers
Authors: Sejal Saglani, Donald N. Payne, Jie Zhu, Zhuo Wang, Andrew G. Nicholson, Andrew Bush, Peter K. Jeffery
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

It is unclear when the pathologic features of asthma first appear. We hypothesized that eosinophilic airway inflammation and epithelial reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickening, absent in wheezy infants, would be present in preschool children with severe, recurrent wheeze.To compare RBM thickness and inflammation in endobronchial biopsies (EBs) from wheezy preschool children and age-matched control subjects.EBs were obtained from wheezy preschool children (aged 3 mo to 5 yr), undergoing a clinically indicated fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Subjects undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy to investigate stridor acted as nonasthmatic controls. RBM thickness was measured and the density of subepithelial, immunologically distinct inflammatory cells was determined and expressed as a volume fraction (%). EBs from 16 children (median age, 29 [7-57] mo) with wheeze confirmed by video questionnaire (confirmed wheezers [CWs]), 14 with reported wheeze (reported wheezers [RWs]) (median age, 17 [8-58] mo), and 10 control subjects (median age, 19 [5-42] mo) were assessed.RBM thickness in the three groups was as follows: CWs: median, 4.6 (range, 2.9-8.0) microm; RWs: median, 3.5 (2.1-5.4) microm; control subjects: median, 3.8 (2.5-4.7) microm. RBM was significantly thicker in CWs than in control subjects (P < 0.05). Eosinophil density was as follows: CWs: median, 1.07% (range, 0.0-3.52%); RWs: median, 0.72% (0.0-2.04%); control subjects: median, 0.0% (0.0-1.05%). Eosinophilic inflammation was significantly greater in CWs compared with control subjects (P < 0.05). There were no between-group differences for any other inflammatory cell phenotype.The characteristic pathologic features of asthma in adults and school-aged children develop in preschool children with confirmed wheeze between the ages of 1 and 3 years, a time when intervention may modify the natural history of asthma.
Trends in Bacterial Virulence and Antibiotic Susceptibility: Streptococci, Pneumococci, and Gonococci
Authors: GENE H. STOLLERMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Antibiotic usage and improved living conditions may have contributed to a dilution of "rheumatogenic" strains of group A streptococci and to their replacement by attenuated streptococci with less rheumatogenic potential. Whether this is due to decreased virulence or to loss of specific bacterial antigens or toxins in prevalent strains is not yet known. The pneumococcus, which has been moderately resistant to antibiotics only in isolated cases, has appeared in South Africa in strains that are highly resistant to at least five major antibiotics; plasmid transmission of resistance is suspected. The newly available pneumococcal vaccine may become very important if such strains spread. Gonococci isolated from urogenital lesions have developed only moderate drug resistance. Gonococci causing disseminated infection have retained their exquisite sensitivity to penicillin; the most virulent strains are associated with greatest sensitivity. However, the newly discovered penicillinase-plasmid in gonococci is transferable to these virulent strains as readily as to others.
Spontaneous intraductal stent migration after endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochogastrostomy
Authors: K. Kawakubo, H. Kawakami, M. Kuwatani, S. Haba, T. Kudo, Y. Abe, N. Sakamoto
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is increasingly being reported as an alternative method of biliary decompression [1]. EUS-guided choledochogastrostomy (EUS-CGS) is considered a possible salvage therapy for patients in whom EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) or hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) is not possible [2]. We report a case of intraductal migration of a partially-covered self-expandable metallic stent (PCSEMS) after EUS-CGS, which was managed successfully with endoscopic intervention.
Identification of Serum Amyloid A Protein As a Potentially Useful Biomarker for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Eleftherios P. Diamandis
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

I read with interest the paper by Cho et al. [(1)][1] , which demonstrates that serum amyloid A protein (SAA) may be a potentially useful biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The authors discovered this biomarker by using serum proteomic profiling with the so-called SELDI-TOF-MS technology (
Fabry disease: Detection of undiagnosed hemodialysis patients and identification of a “renal variant” phenotype1
Authors: Shoichiro Nakao, Chihaya Kodama, Toshihiro Takenaka, Akihiro Tanaka, Yuichiro Yasumoto, Aichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Kanzaki, Annette L.D. Enriquez, Christine M. Eng, Hiromitsu Tanaka, Chuwa Tei, Robert J. Desnick
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
Accelerated Amyloid Deposition in the Brains of Transgenic Mice Coexpressing Mutant Presenilin 1 and Amyloid Precursor Proteins
Authors: David R Borchelt, Tamara Ratovitski, Judy van Lare, Michael K Lee, Vicki Gonzales, Nancy A Jenkins, Neal G Copeland, Donald L Price, Sangram S Sisodia
Journal: Neuron (1997)

Missense mutations in two related genes, termed presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2), cause dementia in a subset of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) pedigrees. In a variety of experimental in vitro and in vivo settings, FAD-linked presenilin variants influence the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), leading to elevated levels of the highly fibrillogenic Aβ1–42 peptides that are preferentially deposited in the brains of Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients. In this report, we demonstrate that transgenic animals that coexpress an FAD-linked human PS1 variant (A246E) and a chimeric mouse/human APP harboring mutations linked to Swedish FAD kindreds (APP swe) develop numerous amyloid deposits much earlier than age-matched mice expressing APP swe and wild-type Hu PS1 or APP swe alone. These results provide evidence for the view that one pathogenic mechanism by which FAD-linked mutant PS1 causes AD is to accelerate the rate of β-amyloid deposition in brain.
The Operative Treatment of Trichiasis with or without Entropion, and a Short Note on Argyll Robertson's Operation for Ectropion
Authors: A. H. Benson
Journal: BMJ (1887)

sary is to remove the affected tract ; that the sclerotic performs an entirely passive part, and may safely be left.Now, it seems to me very doubtful if we are justified in thus looking upon the sclerotic as a mere packing-case.It undergoes changes in cyclitis and posterior staphyloma.The vessels that supply i-s ciliary zone come from common trunks with those which supply the ciliary body, and they are dilated from the same causes.Can we conclude that a chronic inflammation, whose chief characteristic is its tendency to spread along certain lines, attacking the anterior segment of the uveal tract, will never invade the tissues over it, or that, having done so, will subside when the starting-point is removed?It is difficult to believe that the micro-organisms that have been found in the choroid, aqueous, and vitreous, of the exciting eye, may not also exist in the lymph-spaces around the dilated vessels of the sclerotic.It is true that in evisceration an attempt is made to render the cavity of the sclerotic aseptic; but everyone knows the difficulty of ensuring this when once septic inflammation has commenced.Can there be any doubt that, were septic inflammation to take place in the cavity of the sclerotic, it would be at least as liable to extend -along the optic nerve and its sheaths as a similar inflammation of the vitreous or choroid ?There is, however, another point in which evisceration is inferior to enucleation, namely, that there must always be more doubt as to whether the process that eventually implicates the other eye has not already passed beyond the seat of operation.It may be thought that the few millimetres of the optic nerve removed in enucleation can afford no additional safeguard; but I think it quite probable that
Complementary Roles for Biomarkers of Biomechanical Strain ST2 and N-Terminal Prohormone B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Marc S. Sabatine, David A. Morrow, Luke J. Higgins, Catherine MacGillivray, Wei Guo, Christophe Bode, Nader Rifai, Christopher P. Cannon, Robert E. Gerszten, Richard T. Lee
Journal: Circulation (2008)

ST2 is a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family with a soluble form that is markedly upregulated on application of biomechanical strain to cardiac myocytes. Circulating ST2 levels are elevated in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, but the predictive value of ST2 independent of traditional clinical factors and of an established biomarker of biomechanical strain, N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), has not been established.We measured ST2 at baseline in 1239 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction from the CLopidogrel as Adjunctive ReperfusIon TherapY-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 28 (CLARITY-TIMI 28) trial. Per trial protocol, patients were to undergo coronary angiography after 2 to 8 days and were followed up for 30 days for clinical events. In contrast to NT-proBNP, ST2 levels were independent of clinical factors potentially related to chronic increased left ventricular wall stress, including age, hypertension, prior myocardial infarction, and prior heart failure; levels also were only modestly correlated with NT-proBNP (r=0.14). After adjustment for baseline characteristics and NT-proBNP levels, an ST2 level above the median was associated with a significantly greater risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure (third quartile: adjusted odds ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 3.57; fourth quartile: adjusted odds ratio, 3.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.87 to 6.81; P<0.0001 for trend). When both ST2 and NT-proBNP were added to a model containing traditional clinical predictors, the c statistic significantly improved from 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 0.87) to 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 0.90) (P=0.017).In ST-elevation myocardial infarction, high baseline ST2 levels are a significant predictor of cardiovascular death and heart failure independently of baseline characteristics and NT-proBNP, and the combination of ST2 and NT-proBNP significantly improves risk stratification. These data highlight the prognostic value of multiple, complementary biomarkers of biomechanical strain in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
Colored Tents for Hospital Corps.
Authors: T. B. Perry
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Mobile, Ala., June 28, 1900. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —A medical officer of the British Army, operating in South Africa, has recently pointed out the difficulty of distinguishing the red cross as now displayed, at distances even of three or four hundred yard during calm weather, when the Red Cross flag hangs limp from the flagstaff. Recent reports of opposing forces firing on the Red Cross have been published, and no doubt, in some instances, these attacks might be accounted for by this fact. Would it not appear advisable to equip the hospital corps with tents of different color from those of the troops in the field, and to uniform the members of the corps in a color so distinctive that they could be recognized at a distance. If the hospital tent were of solid green color, and the hospital corps wore a red jacket, it would be possible to readily
Effect of volume expansion on renal citrate and ammonia metabolism in KCl-deficient rats.
Authors: S Adler, B Zett, B Anderson, D S Fraley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

When rats with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-induced potassium chloride deficiency are given sodium chloride there is simultaneously a partial correction of metabolic alkalosis and a marked reduction in urinary citrate excretion and renal citrate content. To examine DOCA's role in this phenomenon and to determine how sodium chloride alters renal metabolism, rats were made KC1 deficient using furosemide and a KC1-deficient diet. Renal citrate and ammonia metabolism were then studied after chronic oral sodium chloride administration or acute volume expansion with isotonic mannitol. Although both maneuvers partially corrected metabolic alkalosis, sodium chloride raised serum chloride concentration while mannitol significantly decreased it. Urinary citrate excretion decreased to 10% of control in rats given NaCl and to 50% of control in rats infused with mannitol. The filtered load of citrate was constant or increased indicating increased tubular citrate reabsorption. Renal cortical citrate content also decreased approximately 50%. Renal cortical slices from KCl-deficient rats incubated in low or normal chloride media produced equal amounts of 14CO2 from (1, 5-14C) citrate. In addition, urinary ammonia excretion increased by over 300% in both groups. This occurred in the mannitol group despite increased urinary pH and flow rate indicating a rise in renal ammonia production. It seems that neither DOCA nor an increase in serum chloride concentration explains the experimental results. Rather, it appears that volume expansion is responsible for increased renal tubular citrate reabsorption and renal ammonia production. As these renal metabolic responses ordinarily occur in response to acidosis, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that volume expansion reduces renal cell pH in 3KCl-deficient rats.
Strategies in the Treatment of Systemic Fungal Infections
Authors: Gerald Medoff, George S. Kobayashi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

IN the past few years, there has been an increase in the number of systemic fungal infections seen in clinical practice. These infections have been of two types: those due to primary pathogens such as Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix schenckii, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Blastomyces dermatitidis; and those due to secondary or opportunistic pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Torulopsis glabrata, and species of candida, mucor, and aspergillus. The former have been appreciated as important causes of infection for many years; the latter are being recognized as major causes of disease, particularly in patients with impaired defense mechanisms.In . . .
Health impact assessment of air pollution: providing further evidence for public health action
Authors: M. Martuzzi, M. Krzyzanowski, R. Bertollini
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated the importance of air pollution as a risk factor and characterised dose-response relationships between health endpoints and pollutants. The association between particulate matter (PM) and health is generally regarded as causal, and a nonthreshold linear relationship with, for example, mortality and hospital admission has been observed in several settings. The ubiquitous PM air pollution is likely to have a large overall impact on human health, even if risks are relatively small. There have recently been a large number of papers reporting quantitative estimations of the health impact of PM on health, as measured by the proportion of excess events that are attributable to PM exposures in the general population, mainly in industrialised countries. For example, in the eight largest Italian cities it has been estimated that concentrations beyond 30 µg·m −3 are responsible for about 3,500 extra deaths per year. A similar study has been carried out for France, Austria and Switzerland. These evaluations fill a knowledge gap between the laboratory and clinical studies on the pathophysiological mechanisms, the epidemiological research on the nature and strength of the association at the population level, and the risk management needs for developing appropriate preventive policies. Some limitations in the methodology deserve further research, however health impact assessment type studies are informative and effective tools of communication with the general public and policy makers.
TCT-654 Comparison of Lumen Measurements Between Quantitative Coronary Angiography and Intravascular Ultrasound: A PROSPECT substudy
Authors: Kosaku Goto, Gary S. Mintz, Alexandra Lansky, Giora Weisz, John McPherson, Bernard De Bruyne, Patrick W. Serruys, Ke Xu, Gregg W. Stone, Akiko Maehara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Abstract 3046: Cathepsin B and uPAR downregulation sensitizes glioma initiating cells to radiation induced cell cycle arrest
Authors: Sreelatha Gopinath, Rama Rao Malla, Kiranmai Alapati, Andrew J. Tsung, Jasti S. Rao
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Ionizing radiation is the standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Radiation and chemoresistance have been attributed to a small population of cells known as glioma stem cells (GSCs) or glioma initiating cells (GICs). In the present study, we studied the effect of ionizing radiation on the progression of cell cycle of glioma initiating cells, non glioma initiating cells (non-GICs), and the respective parental cell lines (U251 and U87). Initial experiments showed that GICs were resistant to lower doses of radiation (3 and 5 Gy) as compared to parental and non-GICs. Radiation dosage of 10 Gy induced significant G2/M arrest as early as 12 and 24 hours in non-GICs (U251 and U87) and parental cell lines (U251 and U87), respectively and a low percentage of GICs were observed in the G2/M phase 48 hours after radiation. Apart from cathepsin B and uPAR, expression levels of cyclin B1, pcdc2, pchk2 and pERK were also elevated when cells were exposed to radiation. shRNA-mediated simultaneous knockdown of cathepsin B and uPAR (pCU) decreased radiation-induced expression of cyclin B1, pcdc2, pchk2 and pERK and induced apoptosis. Further, immunoblot analysis indicated that cathepsin B and uPAR downregulation reduced the expression of neural stem cell markers, such as CD133, Sox-2 and Bmi-1. Activation of pERK played an important role in inducing the G2/M arrest of GICs of both cell lines as its inhibition induced cell differentiation and sensitized the cells to radiation. Irradiation induced aggressive tumors in vivo and the knockdown of uPAR and cathepsin B significantly decreased radiation-induced tumor growth. Thus, these results indicate that uPAR and cathepsin B downregulation sensitized GICs to ionizing radiation and targeting these proteins could be an efficient approach to eradicate tumors, particularly GICs in the tumor bulk. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3046. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3046
Contact Lenses and Oral Contraceptives
Authors: M. Sarwar
Journal: BMJ (1966)

BJoRn L 1235 cubic foot.I have read that a child produces 0.3 cubic foot of carbon dioxide in one hour, Assuming that a baby may produce 0.15 cubic foot, this gives about 61 hours to fill a whole cubic foot, but much less to displace the comparatively small pocket of air in which the baby's head may rest.It would be easy to determine the increase in level of the carbon dioxide at the bottom of different types of cots over several hours by taking samples of the polluted air.