tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN THE FROG
Authors: Jean Oliver, Eshref Shevky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. A method of testing the frog's kidney by means of perfusion is described. 2. This is made possible by dissociating, as far as possible, from the total function of the organ the functions of its constituent parts. 3. The characteristics by which tubular, glomerular, and combined tubular-glomerular lesions may be recognized are described.
State Mental Hospitals: Problems and Potentials
Authors: Elissa P. Benedek
Journal: JAMA (1980)

State hospitals, once the primary source of treatment for seriously mentally ill patients, are changing their roles and responsibilities, as community hospitals and community mental health services are established and made functional. The impetus for deinstitutionalization is both humane and financial. It appears that long-term institutionalization adds additional burdens to the mentally ill patient, and it is thought that community treatment is more cost-effective. As the state hospitals empty out, there remain a variety of options, including destruction or conversion of facilities, or maintaining state hospitals as small, tertiary care institutions. States have adopted various plans with measured degrees of success. This small volume is a potpourri that provides an overview of the problems encountered by state mental hospitals and describes in detail specific state hospitals at discrete stages of evolution, future roles for state hospitals, and the relationship of state hospitals and universities. Personally, I found this small volume
619 Serial phenotypic profiling of intrahepatic lymphocytes in patients with chronic hepatitis C before and after combination interferonα-2B and ribavirin therapy
Authors: S YAMAGIWA, T ICHIDA, S OKOSHI, X YANG, Y ISHIMOTO, T GENDA, Y MATSUDA, T ABO, Y AOYAGI, H WATANABE
Journal: Hepatology (2003)
Prognosis and Decisions in Pneumonia
Authors: Barry M. Farr
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

At the turn of the century, Sir William Osler described pneumonia as “the captain of the men of death.” Pneumonia remains a major cause of death worldwide, accounting for an estimated 5 million deaths per year. In developed countries, the antimicrobial era has brought a 66 percent reduction in the crude mortality rate associated with the disease, but pneumonia remains the most frequent infectious cause of death and the sixth leading cause overall in the United States.1 Over the past three decades there have been more than 100 reports on the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia.2 A decade ago a study . . .
Benign Asbestos Pleurisy
Authors: H. B. Eisenstadt
Journal: JAMA (1965)

THE classical picture of asbestosis has been divided into several stages. 1 At first, there is a latent period of ten or more years during which asbestos bodies are formed around the asbestos fibers. During this time the patient is completely asymptomatic, and results of his chest x-ray are normal. This stage is followed by the gradual appearance of respiratory symptoms in the form of dyspnea, cough, expectoration, and wheezing; the roentgenologist finds bilateral pulmonary fibrosis. As the disease advances, systemic complaints are added, such as fatigue, malaise, weakness, anorexia, and weight loss. Finally, extensive destruction of lung tissue leads to respiratory and cardiac failure.  It is well known that pleural abnormalities are commonly found in asbestosis. Most experts believe that they are associated only with advanced pulmonary disease; others describe them as secondary complications or even as coincidental lesions not directly connected with asbestos inhalation. 2   In contrast to
Combined intravenous methotrexate and cyclophosphamide for refractory childhood lupus nephritis
Authors: T J A Lehman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining monthly intravenous methotrexate (IV MTX) with monthly IV cyclophosphamide (CYTX; given on the same day) for the treatment of children who develop recurrent diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus during or after the standard 3 year course of IV CYTX.Five children were treated with nine monthly doses of IV CYTX (750-1000 mg/m(2)/month) and IV MTX (50-300 mg/m(2)/month) given on the same day. Their clinical and laboratory measurements were collected every other week throughout the nine months.All children improved dramatically. SLEDAI scores decreased from an average of 13.8 to 4.4, mean (SD) serum creatinine level fell from 100 (60) to 80 (40) micro mol/l, and serum albumin rose from 28 (11) g/l to 41 (6) g/l, while the mean (SD) C3 level increased from 0.5 (0.1) g/l to 0.9 (0.4) g/l. Clinical improvement persisted after 4 years' follow up despite discontinuing MTX and CYTX after 9 months. The average daily dose of corticosteroids has been reduced from 27.6 mg/day at the start of treatment to 12.5 mg/day at follow up.Combined IV MTX and IV CYTX treatment effectively controls recurrent or refractory lupus nephritis in children with significant disease activity after treatment with IV CYTX alone.
Costs of Oral Anticoagulation Treatment After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Henry I. Bussey
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —Drs Bussey and Chiquette point out an additional problem in taking cost-benefit data obtained from one health care system and attempting to apply it directly in another. They indicate that major bleeding in routine clinical practice in the United States is likely to be much more common than is the experience in special thrombosis centers in the Netherlands and that the costs associated with major bleeding episodes would be higher. If the frequency of bleeding were in the 10% range, as has been observed in some early reports,1,2potential cost savings from anticoagulation compared with no antithrombotic therapy could be lost.  In the absence of a good trial comparing a structured system of anticoagulant monitoring to routine clinical practice, there is uncertainty about whether the risk of major hemorrhage may be reduced and costs decreased among patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. Even assuming that the achievement of lower
'Z-Pak' vs Ice Pack: Need for Clarity and Continuous Quality Assurance-Reply
Authors: Patricia Byrns, Joseph Cranston
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The experience of this patient highlights the types of medication errors that occur even when the right drug is chosen and ordered for a patient. The United States Pharmacopeia Medication Errors Reporting Program, a Food and Drug Administration Med Watch partner, catalogs medication errors, including problems with product names. Their reporting form encourages recommendations to prevent recurrence of the error. Copies of the United States Pharmacopeia Medication Errors Reporting Program report are routinely shared with the Institute for Safe Medication Practices, the manufacturer, and the Food and Drug Administration. In the past, this process has even resulted in the change of brand names. For instance, it was noted that Losec (omeprazole) was being confused with Lasix (furosemide) and so the brand name was changed to Prilosec (omeprazole). Physicians should work with their pharmacy and therapeutics committees to routinely report such occurrences in their hospitals, call United States Pharmacopeia Medication Errors
Reduced Estriol Excretion in Patients With Breast Cancer Prior to Endocrine Therapy
Authors: Henry M. Lemon
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Cancer of the breast develops in nearly 6% of all white women. Age-adjusted mortality rates for this neoplasm have changed very little during the past four decades in spite of improved lay education and improved methods of surgical, radiological, and medical therapy. The decreased risk of mammary cancer occurrence in the Japanese and the ameliorating influence of pregnancy upon this risk, in proportion to the number of gestations, have suggested to many investigators that genetic and endocrine factors have a role in its pathogenesis. No major qualitative or quantitative differences from normal have thus far been identified in estrogen or progestin metabolism characteristic of breast cancer patients, but suggestive abnormalities have been reported for excretion of androgen metabolites in relationship to 17-hydroxysteroid excretion.<sup>1</sup> Thus far, scant attention has been paid to the possible protective role of "impeded" or blocking estrogenic steroids in modifying the carcinogenicity of estrone or estradiol
THE PRESENCE AND PATTERN OF LATE GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE PREDICTS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC RESPONSE TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY IN NON-ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
Authors: Alfonso Valle-Muñoz, Jordi Estornell-Erill, Miguel Corbi-Pascual, Elena Lucas-Inarejos, Rafael Paya-Serrano, Alesandro Pirola, Oscar Fabregat-Andres, Juan Jose Restrepo-Calle, Aurelio Quesada-Dorador, Francisco Ridocci-Soriano
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Paternal radiation exposure and leukaemia in offspring: the Ontario case-control study.
Authors: J R McLaughlin, W D King, T W Anderson, E A Clarke, J P Ashmore
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVES--To test the hypothesis that there is an association between childhood leukaemia and the occupational exposure of fathers to ionising radiation before a child9s conception. DESIGN--Case-control study with eight matched controls per case. SETTING--Regions of Ontario, Canada, with an operating nuclear facility. SUBJECTS--Cases were children (age 0-14) who died from or were diagnosed as having leukaemia from 1950 to 1988 and were born to mothers living in the vicinity of an operating nuclear facility. Controls were identified from birth certificates, matched by date of birth and residence at birth. There were 112 cases and 890 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Paternal radiation exposure was determined by a record linkage to the Canadian National Dose Registry. RESULTS--Six fathers of cases and 53 fathers of controls had had a total whole body dose &gt; 0.0 mSv before the child9s conception, resulting in an odds ratio of 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.32 to 2.34). There was no evidence of an increased leukaemia risk in relation to any exposure period (lifetime or six months or three months before conception) or exposure type (total whole body dose, external whole body dose, or tritium dose), except for radon exposure to uranium miners, which had a large odds ratio that was not significantly different from the null value. CONCLUSIONS--The findings of this study in Ontario did not support the hypothesis that childhood leukaemia is associated with the occupational exposure of fathers to ionising radiation before the child9s conception.
Plasma N-Terminal Pro–Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Adrenomedullin
Authors: A. Mark Richards, M. Gary Nicholls, Tim G. Yandle, Chris Frampton, Eric A. Espiner, John G. Turner, Rona C. Buttimore, John G. Lainchbury, John M. Elliott, Hamid Ikram, Ian G. Crozier, David W. Smyth
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Newly discovered circulating peptides, N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP) and adrenomedullin (ADM), were examined for prediction of cardiac function and prognosis and compared with previously reported markers in 121 patients with myocardial infarction. Methods and Results —The association between radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and N-BNP at 2 to 4 days ( r =−.63, P &lt;.0001) and 3 to 5 months ( r =−.58, P &lt;.0001) after infarction was comparable to that for C-terminal BNP and far stronger than for ADM ( r =−.26, P &lt;.01), N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (N-ANP), C-terminal ANP, cGMP, or plasma catecholamine concentrations. For prediction of death over 24 months of follow-up, an early postinfarction N-BNP level ≥160 pmol/L had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values of 91%, 72%, 39%, and 97%, respectively, and was superior to any other neurohormone measured and to LVEF. Only 1 of 21 deaths occurred in a patient with an N-BNP level below the group median (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, P &lt;.00001). For prediction of heart failure (left ventricular failure), plasma N-BNP ≥ 145 pmol/L had sensitivity (85%) and negative predictive value (91%) comparable to the other cardiac peptides and was superior to ADM, plasma catecholamines, and LVEF. By multivariate analysis, N-BNP but not ADM provided predictive information for death and left ventricular failure independent of patient age, sex, LVEF, levels of other hormones, and previous history of heart failure, myocardial infarction, hypertension, or diabetes. Conclusions —Plasma N-BNP measured 2 to 4 days after myocardial infarction independently predicted left ventricular function and 2-year survival. Stratification of patients into low- and high-risk groups can be facilitated by plasma N-BNP or BNP measurements, and one of these could reasonably be included in the routine clinical workup of patients after myocardial infarction.
Increased Nuchal Translucency as a Marker for Fetal Chromosomal Defects
Authors: Pekka Taipale, Vilho Hiilesmaa, Riitta Salonen, Pekka Ylöstalo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

Screening for trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) by measuring maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, chorionic gonadotropin, and estriol concentrations and then performing chorionic-villus sampling or amniocentesis identifies approximately 60 percent of fetuses with this disorder. We used ultrasonography to detect increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma, which are characteristic features of fetuses with chromosomal defects.
THE THYMIC SUPPRESSOR CELL
Authors: Tai-You Ha, Byron H. Waksman, H. Peter Treffers
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

This study confirms the finding that washed thymocytes from rats given 100 mg of BGG 48 h earlier, when transferred to syngeneic recipients, exert a specific suppressor effect on immunological responses to BGG in the latter. The active cells are found in a subpopulation of low density, making up less than 10% of the total thymocytes, and are partially resistant to hydrocortisone.
Insulin Sensitivity Indexes From a Single Sample in Nonobese Japanese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Ataru Taniguchi, Mitsuo Fukushima, Shoichoro Nagasaka, Kazunari Matsumoto, Kumpei Tokuyama, Kentaro Doi, Itaru Nagata, Takahide Okumura, Masahiko Sakai, Yoshikatsu Nakai
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

Insulin resistance is important not only in obesity and diabetes but also in essential hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (1). We recently demonstrated that the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) proposed by Matthews et al. (2) is validated against the minimal model–derived insulin sensitivity index (MINMOD-SI) in type 2 diabetic patients (3). Although the relationship between HOMA-IR and MINIMOD-SI in these patients was statistically significant, the correlation coefficient was low ( r = 0.459, P = 0.021) (3). Therefore, a more highly correlated simple index is needed to measure insulin resistance in large type 2 diabetic populations.

The major drawback of HOMA-IR is that when the glucose or insulin concentration increases, the value is overestimated. Furthermore, HOMA-IR is not linear over wide ranges of insulin sensitivity in man (4). Katz et al. (5) recently proposed the quantitative insulin sensitivity check …
Auscultation of the Neck in Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: JOHN GILROY, JOHN S. MEYER
Journal: Circulation (1962)

D URING the last decade the importance of atherosclerosis of the carotid and vertebral arteries in the neck as a eause of cerebral ischemia or infaretion has become recognized.This has led to revision of older views that cerebral infaretion almost invaria- bly resulted from oeclusion of the middle cerebral or the intracranial arteries.Recent arteriographic and pathologic studies have demonstrated frequent stenosis of one or both carotid or vertebral arteries in the neck in patients with cerebrovascular symptoms.1-'It is evident from routine examination of the cervical and cranial vessels in unselected cases at necropsy,j in subjects dying of stroke and by arteriography in the living, that atherosclerotic plaques occur most frequently- in well-defined sites of the internal.carotid vessels.The commonest site for plaque for- mation is in the internal carotid artery witlh atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion in the re- gion of the carotid sinus, usually at the origin of the internal from the comnmion carotid artery or a few eentimeters distal to this point.7Surgical removal of atheroselerotic.plaques at this site is quite feasible anid an impressive number of successful.cases have been reported.3'"-16 Atherosclerotic plaques of the vertebral-basilar arterial svstem are usually more diffuse.The commonest site is the basilar artery itself.Meyer, Sheehan, and Bauer17 in an arteriographic study of sub- jects admitted to a general hospital with From the Departments of Neurology, Wayne State
Cranberry Products and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Ruth Jepson, Jonathan Craig, Gabrielle Williams
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Are cranberry products (juice, tablets, capsules, and syrup) associated with prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) compared with placebo or other treatments?Cranberry products are not associated with prevention of UTIs. However, lack of association of cranberry products with a reduced incidence of UTIs in clinical trials may be due to lack of participant adherence, lack of sufficient active ingredient in the cranberry product, or lack of sufficient statistical power.
Parkinson’s disease: don’t mess with calcium
Authors: Mark P. Mattson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

The hallmark of the movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD) is progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of α-synuclein, and ER stress are each implicated in the complex and poorly understood sequence of events leading to dopaminergic neuron demise. In this issue of the JCI, Selvaraj et al. report that in a mouse neurotoxin-based model of PD, reduced Ca2+ influx through transient receptor potential C1 (TRPC1) channels in the plasma membrane of dopaminergic neurons triggers a cell death-inducing ER stress response. These new findings suggest that TRPC1 channels normally function in Ca2+-mediated signaling pathways that couple adaptive/neurotrophic responses to metabolic and oxidative stress and suggest that disruption of these pathways may contribute to PD.
Headaches and Sleepwalking
Authors: Brooks A. Mick
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Over the last few years, I have become impressed with the relationship between severe headaches and nocturnal phenomena such as sleepwalking and sleeptalking. To verify this, I questioned 12 consecutive patients coming to the office with the chief complaint of severe or frequent headaches, and as a control, I questioned 20 consecutive patients who did not have frequent or severe headaches. The Table illustrates the responses. There is an obvious difference between the two groups in that patients without severe or frequent headaches had a much lower incidence of personal or family sleepwalking or sleeptalking. In patients with severe or frequent headaches, the incidence of either family or personal sleepwalking or sleeptalking approaches 95%. The relationship between nocturnal phenomena and temporal lobe epilepsy has been reported,<sup>1</sup>and it is widely accepted that there is some relationship between migraine and epilepsy.<sup>2</sup>Various vasospastic phenomena have been
Plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin, CCK-8, and CCK-33, 39 in rats, determined by a method based on enzyme digestion of gastrin before HPLC and RIA detection of CCK.
Authors: A Linden, M Carlquist, S Hansen, K Uvnas-Moberg
Journal: Gut (1989)

A new specific method for determination of cholecystokinin, CCK-8, and CCK-33, 39 in rat plasma is described. Plasma CCK radioimmunoassay (RIA) is difficult, because of cross-reactivity with gastrin. In the rat, problems because of difficulties in separating gastrin from CCK by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) exist. These were solved by enzyme digestion of gastrin before HPLC separation of molecular variants of CCK from gastrin fragments. Cholecystokinin immunoreactive forms in the HPLC fractions were determined by an antibody, which recognises the carboxyl terminus of CCK and gastrin. Fasting concentrations of small (CCK-8) and large (CCK-33, 39) molecular forms of CCK averaged 1.9 (0.3) pM and were raised to 13.4 (3.8) pM in rats fed ad libitum. Cholecystokinin in lactating rats rose two-fold after suckling, compared with 2.8 fold in response to feeding. The basal ratio between CCK-8 and CCK-33, 39 was approximately 1:1, but increased in favour of CCK-8 after feeding and in response to suckling. Gastrin like immunoreactivity measured in unextracted plasma was found to rise after feeding, but was unchanged in response to suckling.
CHANGES IN THE METHODOLOGY OF PRE-HEART TRANSPLANT ANTI-HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIBODY ASSESSMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF THE UNITED NETWORK FOR ORGAN SHARING DATABASE
Authors: Matthew J. O'Connor, Britton Keeshan, Kimberly Lin, Dimitrios Monos, Curt Lind, Stephen Paridon, Christopher Mascio, Robert Shaddy, Joseph Rossano
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Outcomes of advance directive education of pulmonary rehabilitation patients.
Authors: J E Heffner, B Fahy, L Hilling, C Barbieri
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

We performed a two-site prospective, controlled interventional study of patients enrolled in pulmonary rehabilitation to assess effects of advance directive education on completion of (1) living wills, (2) durable powers of attorney for health care (DPAHC), (3) patient-physician discussions about advance directives, and (4) discussions about life support, in addition to (5) patient impressions that their physicians understood their end-of-life preferences. The educational group had an increase (p < 0.05) in all five study outcomes compared with baseline values; the control group had an increase in three of five outcomes. The effect strength was greater in the educational compared with the control group for completion of DPAHC (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 12.9), advance directive discussions (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.1 to 8.3), initiation of life-support discussions (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.0 to 7.7), and development of patient assurance that their physicians understand their preferences (OR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 13.4). The educational intervention was an independent explanatory factor by multivariate analysis. We conclude that patients enrolled in pulmonary rehabilitation are receptive to advance care planning, which is promoted by education on end-of-life issues.
Life Adjustment After Severe Persecution
Authors: PETER OSTWALD, EGON BITTNER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

To study the life adjustment of victims of Nazi persecution and its relationship to their past experiences and psychiatric problems, the authors interviewed and reviewed the case records of 60 persecution victims who had sought or been referred for psychiatric evaluation. They found that the seemingly successful life adjustment attained by most of these individuals was often based on an aggressive and single-minded pursuit of outward signs of success which in fact brought them little satisfaction. This "synecdoche of success" seems to result from a massive threat to existence not only felt in memory but seen as an ever-present reality.