tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Walking London's medical history
Authors: Wendy Moore
Journal: BMJ (2006)

As they trudge the streets of London, few residents, commuters, or visitors have any idea of the strange and wonderful medical history which has played out around them in centuries past. Unsuspecting tourists check in at a hotel which stands on the site of the outbreak of the Great Plague of 1665, parents drop their children at a nursery which once housed a mortuary, and office workers sip their lattes beside a hospital building where Victorian prostitutes once sought relief from venereal disease—all in cheerful ignorance. 

But Nick Black knows where the bodies are buried. In his delightful guide book, describing seven walks through the capital, Black tweaks aside the curtains, scratches away the paintwork, and lifts the roofs to reveal the intriguing secrets of London's hidden medical past. 

Each of the walks, none lasting more than two and a half hours, adopts a theme which traces key developments in the history of London's–and by extension Britain's—medical services, interweaving numerous anecdotes and facts en route. The experience is rather like attending a mobile lecture with an expert health academic—Black …
Asthma in low-income minority children in head start programs and middle schools in Detroit
Authors: N.M. Clark, J.A. Dodge, B.W. Nelson, L.J. Thomas, R.W. Brown, D.F. Awad, R.H. Roberts
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)

RATIONALE: Prevalence of pediatric asthma is high in inner city communities. The comparative prevalence in different age groups of low-income, minority children has not been well studied. Further, variations in the patterns of physician diagnosis and symptom experience in these populations are not well understood. METHODS: Asthma prevalence studied in 3,256 children enrolled in 66 Head Start programs (ages 2.5 to 5) and 1,940 students in 19 middle schools (ages 10 to 13). Case identification criteria: physician's diagnosis and symptoms; or physician's diagnosis and prescribed medicines; or 3 or more of 5 symptoms five or more times annually; or two exercise-induced symptoms five or more times annually; or nighttime symptoms three or more times per month. RESULTS: Preschool prevalence 27% (n=890), preteen prevalence 29% (n=557), 68% in both groups were diagnosed, 3% in both groups no diagnosis but active symptoms at night. More young children had asthma diagnoses and prescription medicine or active symptoms (18% vs. 13%, p=.02). More young children had nighttime symptoms and no diagnosis, medicines, or symptoms at other times (20% vs. 13%, p=.01). Asthma severity (NAEPP Guidelines for nighttime symptoms) showed a significantly larger fraction of younger children had persistent disease (59% vs. 51%, p=.002). CONCLUSION: Undiagnosed and under treated asthma appears to continue as a problem in low-income minority children with younger children most vulnerable. Efforts to confirm asthma through clinical assessment are needed for these populations, as is appropriate use of prescribed medicines.
Spironolactone and risk of incident breast cancer in women older than 55 years: retrospective, matched cohort study
Authors: I. S. Mackenzie, T. M. MacDonald, A. Thompson, S. Morant, L. Wei
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Objective </b>To investigate whether exposure to spironolactone treatment affects the risk of incident breast cancer in women over 55 years of age. <b>Design</b> Retrospective, matched cohort study. <b>Setting</b> General Practice Research Database, a primary care anonymised database representative of the general population in the United Kingdom. <b>Participants</b> 1 290 625 female patients, older than 55 years and with no history of breast cancer, from 557 general practices with a total follow-up time of 8.4 million patient years. We excluded patients with poor quality data and those with no contacts with their general practitioner after their current registration date. <b>Intervention </b>Exposed cohort included women who received at least two prescriptions of spironolactone after age 55 years, who were followed up from the first prescription (index date). We randomly selected two unexposed female controls for every exposed patient, matched by practice, year of birth, and socioeconomic scores (if information was available), and followed up from the same date. <b>Main outcome measure</b> New cases of breast cancer, using Read codes to confirm diagnoses. <b>Results</b> Index dates for study patients ranged from 1987 to 2010, and 29 491 new cases of breast cancer were recorded in the study population (incidence rate 0.35% per year). The exposed cohort of 28 032 patients and control cohort of 55 961 patients had unadjusted incidence rates of 0.39% and 0.38% per year, respectively, over a mean follow-up time of 4.1 years. Time-to-event analysis, adjusting for potential risk factors, provided no evidence of an increased incidence of breast cancer in patients exposed to spironolactone (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.87 to 1.12). <b>Conclusions</b> These data suggest that the long term management of cardiovascular conditions with spironolactone does not increase the risk of breast cancer in women older than 55 years with no history of the disease.
Pancreatic expression of interleukin-4 abrogates insulitis and autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice.
Authors: R Mueller, T Krahl, N Sarvetnick
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is a T cell-dependent autoimmune disease. The destructive activities of autoreactive T cells have been shown to be tightly regulated by effector molecules. In particular, T helper (Th) 1 cytokines have been linked to diabetes pathogenesis, whereas Th2 cytokines and the cells that release them have been postulated to be protective from disease. To test this hypothesis, we generated transgenic NOD mice that express interleukin (IL) 4 in their pancreatic beta cells under the control of the human insulin promoter. We found that transgenic NOD-IL-4 mice, both females and males, were completely protected from insulitis and diabetes. Induction of functional tolerance to islet antigens in these mice was indicated by their inability to reject syngeneic pancreatic islets and the failure of diabetogenic spleen cells to induce diabetes in transgenic NOD-IL-4 recipients. Interestingly, however, islet expression of IL-4 was incapable of preventing islet rejection in overtly diabetic NOD recipient mice. These results demonstrate that the Th2 cytokine IL-4 can prevent the development of autoimmunity and destructive autoreactivity in the NOD mouse. Its ability to regulate the disease process in the periphery also indicates that autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice is not a systemic disease, and it can be modulated from the islet compartment.
Accuracy of Home Blood Glucose Monitors
Authors: Phyllis F Tate, Carol A Clements, J Edward Walters
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

Objective To determine the accuracy of five home blood glucose monitors (HBGM) in reference to a standard laboratory reference method. Research Design and Methods The study took place in the laboratory of a 350-bed private acute-care hospital. Subjects were a sample of convenience of 207 diabetic and nondiabetic adult and pediatric patients scheduled for fasting blood work that included a blood glucose test. Venous blood samples were collected for laboratory determination of blood glucose level. A separate sample was collected for testing on two each of five HBGMs: AccuChek II M, Tracer II, ExacTech, Glucometer II with Memory, and One Touch. Results Multiple regression analysis showed that all 10 monitors could be used to predict laboratory blood glucose values. The monitors with the highest predictabilities were One Touch, Tracer II, and AccuChek II M. Consistency between monitors of the same brand was lowest with One Touch. AccuChek II M had the smallest SD between the 2 monitors used in the study. Conclusions HBGM can be used to predict actual laboratory values of blood glucose. However, the controlled environment of the study should be considered and patient education made a high priority when recommending monitors.
Americans Studying Abroad
Authors: Merlin K. DuVal
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Last night, after I completed a reading of the article entitled "Americans Studying Abroad" by Donald D. Goldberg, MD (232:632, 1975), I sat and stared into space for what I am sure was an extended period of time, wondering whether or not I had unfairly judged Dr Goldberg's conclusions about the problems of the US foreign medical graduate. As I understand it, Dr Goldberg holds the view that there is a shortage of physicians in the United States (p 632, column 3, paragraph 3), yet the United States should meet its own medical manpower needs (p 635, column 2, paragraph 5); nevertheless, we should encourage our students to study abroad even while recognizing that the certificate or diploma they receive is not the equivalent of the MD degree (p 633, item No. 5 in column 3). Dr Goldberg then makes the point that of course this will
Regulation and revalidation of doctors: Response from the General Medical Council
Authors: Graeme Catto
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<i>Francisella tularensis</i> is the causative agent of the human disease tularemia. <i>F. tularensis</i> infects a variety of cells, including macrophages, in order to cause pathogenicity. As few as 10 inhaled microorganisms cause a lethal infection by over-activating the host’s own inflammatory response. Differences in the intensity of the inflammatory response exist between the sexes which leads to differences in sensitivity to autoimmune and infectious disease. Males tend to be more susceptible to infectious diseases whereas females tend to be more susceptible to autoimmune diseases. However, our preliminary data unexpectedly demonstrated that female mice were more susceptible to <i>F. tularensis--</i>mediated disease than male mice. We hypothesized that female macrophages respond to <i>F. tularensis</i> infection by generating a more intense inflammatory response which makes females more susceptible to <i>F. tularensis.</i> Indeed, female mice infected with <i>F. tularensis</i> generate significantly more inflammatory M1 macrophages compared to male mice. Furthermore, naïve M1 and M2 macrophages were infected <i>in vitro</i> to directly compare cellular responses between male and female mice. On a per cell basis, M1 macrophages from female mice generated a more robust inflammatory response compared with M1 macrophages from male mice. This suggests that M1 macrophages from females respond more strongly to infection resulting in the heightened inflammatory response.
Defects in osteoblast function but no changes in long-term repopulating potential of hematopoietic stem cells in a mouse chronic inflammatory arthritis model
Authors: Yunglin D. Ma, Changwon Park, Haibo Zhao, Kwadwo A. Oduro, Xiaolin Tu, Fanxin Long, Paul M. Allen, Steven L. Teitelbaum, Kyunghee Choi
Journal: Blood (2009)
CARDIOLOGIST CONCORDANCE WITH THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA FOR CARDIAC TESTING IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: RESULTS FROM A MULTIMODALITY CASE-BASED SURVEY
Authors: Fay Lin, Lisa R. Rosenbaum, Dan Gebow, Robert Kim, Michael Wolk, Manesh Patel, Allison M. Dunning, Troy LaBounty, Millie Gomez, Leslee Shaw, Jagat Narula, Pamela Douglas, Subha Raman, Daniel Berman, James Min
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Authors: Joanna Moncrieff
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Background</h3> Knowledge of the epidemiology and potentially modifiable factors associated with musculoskeletal disease is an important first step in injury prevention among elite athletes. <h3>Aim</h3> This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with pain and osteoarthritis (OA) at the hip and knee in Great Britain’s (GB) Olympians aged 40 and older. <h3>Methods</h3> This is a cross-sectional study. A survey was distributed to 2742 GB Olympians living in 30 countries. Of the 714 (26.0%) who responded, 605 were eligible for analysis (ie, aged 40 and older). <h3>Results</h3> The prevalence of hip and knee pain was 22.4% and 26.1%, and of hip and knee OA was 11.1% and 14.2%, respectively. Using a multivariable model, injury was associated with OA at the hip (adjusted OR (aOR) 10.85; 95% CI 3.80 to 30.96) and knee (aOR 4.92; 95% CI 2.58 to 9.38), and pain at the hip (aOR 5.55; 95% CI 1.83 to 16.86) and knee (aOR 2.65; 95% CI 1.57 to 4.46). Widespread pain was associated with pain at the hip (aOR 7.63; 95% CI 1.84 to 31.72) and knee (aOR 4.77; 95% CI 1.58 to 14.41). Older age, obesity, knee malalignment, comorbidities, hypermobility and weight-bearing exercise were associated with hip and knee OA and/or pain. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study detected an association between several factors and hip and knee pain/OA in retired GB Olympic athletes. These associations require further substantiation in retired athletes from other National Olympic Committees, and through comparison with the general population. Longitudinal follow-up is needed to investigate the factors associated with the onset and progression of OA/pain, and to determine if modulation of such factors can reduce the prevalence of pain and OA in this population.
The Palpable Nodule of Prostatic Cancer
Authors: Hugh J. Jewett
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Until Jan 1, 1951, radical perineal prostatectomy was performed on 111 patients with clinically localized and discrete cancer. Of these, 103 patients were followed for 15 years or longer. No patient with high-grade cancer or with cancer extending microscopically beyond the prostate survived without recurrence. Of 86 patients with locally limited cancer, 28 lived 15 years free of the disease (33%). This represents twice the success rate achieved with endocrine treatment of patients with what was thought to be comparable conditions. One patient died in the hospital. Complications were infrequent, minor, and temporary. In 82 recent cases an improved technique has provided complete urinary control in 80 instances.
Measurement of the effects of limb exercise on femoral arterial and venous flow during surgery
Authors: S. SABRI, V. C. ROBERTS, L. T. COTTON
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1972)

Journal Article Measurement of the effects of limb exercise on femoral arterial and venous flow during surgery Get access S. SABRI, S. SABRI From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College Hospital Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar V. C. ROBERTS, V. C. ROBERTS 1 From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College Hospital Medical School, London 1 Correspondence and requests for reprints: Dr. V. C. Roberts. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. T. COTTON L. T. COTTON From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College Hospital Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 6, Issue 4, July 1972, Pages 391–397, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/6.4.391 Published: 01 July 1972
Safety and efficacy of 90Y radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with and without portal vein thrombosis
Authors: Laura M. Kulik, Brian I. Carr, Mary F. Mulcahy, Robert J. Lewandowski, Bassel Atassi, Robert K. Ryu, Kent T. Sato, Al Benson, Albert A. Nemcek, Vanessa L. Gates, Michael Abecassis, Reed A. Omary, Riad Salem
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

This study was undertaken to present data from a phase 2 study in which patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with and without portal vein thrombosis underwent radioembolization with Yttrium (90Y) microspheres. Patients treated were stratified by Okuda, Child-Pugh, baseline bilirubin, tumor burden, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), presence of cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) (none, branch, and main). Clinical and biochemical data were obtained at baseline and at 4-week intervals following treatment for up to 6 months. Tumor response was obtained using computed tomography (CT). Patients were followed for survival. One hundred eight patients were treated during the study period. Thirty-seven (34%) patients had PVT, 12 (32%) of which involved the main PV. The cumulative dose for those with and without PVT was 139.7 Gy and 131.9 Gy, respectively. The partial response rate using world Health Organization (WHO) criteria was 42.2%. Using European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), the response rate was 70%. Kaplan-Meier survival varied depending on location of PVT and presence of cirrhosis. The adverse event (AE) rates were highest in patients with main PVT and cirrhosis. There were no cases of radiation pneumonitis. Conclusion: The use of minimally embolic 90Y glass microspheres to treat patients with HCC complicated by branch/lobar PVT may be clinically indicated and appears to have a favorable toxicity profile. Further investigation is warranted in patients with main PVT. (Hepatology 2007.)
No sneezing--or dozing--seen with new H1 blocker
Authors: J. Henahan
Journal: JAMA (1983)

It is now possible for some allergy patients to breathe more easily and remain alert, as demonstrated by European clinical trials of a potent new antihistamine, terfenadine. The drug does not produce sedation or other adverse effects associated with older antihistamine preparations. In addition, there are no apparent contraindications for its use in adult allergy sufferers, nor have any carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects been seen in animals.  Terfenadine, manufactured by Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cincinnati, is like other antihistamines—an H 1 receptor antagonist; that is, it specifically blocks the chain of cellular events following the release of histamine that triggers the typical symptoms of acute and perennial rhinitis and allergic dermatitis. However, terfenadine does not affect the CNS, as indicated by a series of clinical trials reported at a Milan symposium to introduce the agent in Italy.
Ulcerative proctitis in men who have sex with men: an emerging outbreak
Authors: Deborah Williams, Duncan Churchill
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, and L3.1 Although endemic in some tropical countries, lymphogranuloma venereum is usually uncommon in the United Kingdom.1 The classical presentation of LGV is with genital ulceration (which may be asymptomatic or transient) and associated painful inguinal lymphadenopathy (or bubo), but it may also present with proctitis, extragenital lymphadenopathy, and systemic symptoms, including fever.1 Response to treatment of early infection is usually excellent. Untreated infection, however, can result in lymphatic obstruction and fibrosis, leading to genital elephantiasis, or, if involving the rectum, the formation of strictures and fistulas.

In January 2004, genitourinary doctors in Europe were alerted to the existence of a cluster of cases of lymphogranuloma venereum presenting as a rectal syndrome in men who have sex with men with HIV infection.2 We describe three cases of LGV for which diagnosis was considerably delayed because the possibility of this infection was not considered.

### Case 1

A 33 year old HIV positive man who has sex with men presented to his general practitioner in May 2003 with a short history of perianal pain accompanied by discomfort on sitting. His HIV disease was well controlled with antiretroviral therapy, and his CD4 lymphocyte count was 799 × 109/l. His symptoms persisted and he developed rectal bleeding accompanied by the passage of mucus, with alternating diarrhoea and …
Human growth hormone gene and the highly homologous growth hormone variant gene display different splicing patterns.
Authors: N E Cooke, J Ray, M A Watson, P A Estes, B A Kuo, S A Liebhaber
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Stably transfected cell lines containing the normal human growth hormone (hGH-N) and human growth hormone-variant (hGH-V) genes have been established in order to study the expression of these two highly homologous genes. Each gene was inserted into a bovine papillomavirus shuttle vector under the transcriptional control of the mouse metallothionein gene promoter and the resultant recombinants were transfected into mouse C127 cells. The transfected cells containing the hGH-N gene secrete two hGH proteins, 91% migrating at 22 kD and 9% migrating at 20 kD, the same relative proportions synthesized in vivo by the human pituitary. S1 nuclease analysis of mRNA from these cells confirms that 20 kD hGH is encoded by an alternatively spliced product of the primary hGH-N gene transcript in which the normal exon 3 splice-acceptor site is bypassed for a secondary site 15 codons within exon 3. Although the hGH-V gene is identical to the hGH-N gene for at least 15 nucleotides on either side of the normal and alternative exon 3 AG splice-acceptor sites, hGH-V synthesizes only a 22-kD protein. Reciprocal exchange of exon 3 and its flanking intron sequences between the hGH-N gene and the hGH-V gene, eliminates the synthesis of the 20-kD protein in both resultant chimeric genes. These results directly demonstrate that both the major 22-kD and the minor 20-kD forms of pituitary hGH are encoded by the alternative splicing products of a single hGH-N gene transcript. This alternative splicing is neither species nor tissue-specific and appears to be regulated by at least two separate regions remote from the AG splice-acceptor site.
Dromedary Camels and MERS
Authors: M. J. Friedrich
Journal: JAMA (2014)

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