tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Immediate and sustained hemodynamic and clinical improvement in chronic heart failure by an oral angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
Authors: R Ader, K Chatterjee, T Ports, B Brundage, B Hiramatsu, W Parmley
Journal: Circulation (1980)

The hemodynamic effects of an oral angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, were evaluated in 10 symptomatic patients with chronic congestive heart failure. In all patients there was a significant increase in cardiac output (average 28%), stroke volume (49%), and stroke work index (26%), along with a decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (48%), indicating improved left ventricular function. Modest decreases in heart rate and arterial pressure were also observed. In seven patients maintained on captopril therapy, repeat hemodynamic studies at 2 months revealed sustained effects. These beneficial hemodynamic effects were accompanied by clinical improvement and improved exercise tolerance during maintenance therapy. These findings suggest that captopril may be a useful therapeutic adjunct for the long-term management of patients with chronic congestive heart failure.
THE STIMULATION OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN CULTURES OF RABBIT LYMPH NODE AND SPLEEN CELL SUSPENSIONS BY HOMOLOGOUS CELLS
Authors: Niles D. Chapman, Richard W. Dutton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

An early proliferative response follows the mixing of homologous spleen or lymph node suspensions obtained from two unrelated rabbits. The rate of incorporation of radioactive thymidine has been used as a quantitative measure of this response. Thymus cells do not respond to homologous cell suspensions but may on occasion serve to stimulate the response in homologous spleen or lymph node cells. Homologous erythrocytes or autologous tissues do not stimulate a response. No response occurs if the two cell populations are separated by a Millipore membrane. Autoradiographic studies have established that 1 to 2 per cent of the intial cell population is involved in the response and they are large undifferentiated cells by the time they can first be identified as responders. There was no morphological evidence of any cellular interaction and the viability of mixed suspensions was not measurably different from that observed in separate suspension. Simultaneous additive responses could be obtained to homologous cells and to antigen when cell suspensions from immunized rabbits were used. The interaction of the cell populations from the two rabbits did not appear to suppress the response of each to antigen. The speed and magnitude of the response were in everyway comparable with the secondary response of cell suspensions from immunized rabbits exposed to the immunizing antigen. No evidence was obtained of any enhancement of the response to homologous cells by prior immunization with homologous tissues, but the possibility that it had occurred was not rigidly excluded.
Casein protein results in higher prandial and exercise induced whole body protein anabolism than whey protein in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Mariëlle P.K.J. Engelen, Erica P.A. Rutten, Carmen L.N. De Castro, Emiel F.M. Wouters, Annemie M.W.J. Schols, Nicolaas E.P. Deutz
Journal: Metabolism (2012)
OC-058 Increased morbidity in overweight and obese liver transplant recipients—a single centre experience with 1325 patients
Authors: A Hakeem, A Cockbain, S Raza, S Pollard, G Toogood, M Attia, N Ahmad, E Hidalgo, K R Prasad, K Menon
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Obesity levels in the UK have risen over the years. Studies from the US and elsewhere have reported variable outcomes in terms of post liver transplant morbidity, mortality and graft survival in obese liver transplant recipients. There are no such reports from the UK. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of BMI (Body Mass Index) on outcomes following adult liver transplantation. <h3>Methods</h3> Data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained institutional database from 1994 to 2009. Patients were stratified into four BMI categories established by the WHO: underweight (&lt;18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), normal weight (18.5–&lt;25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), over weight (&gt;25.0–&lt;30.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and obese (&gt;30.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Primary outcome was to evaluate post-operative morbidity and secondary measures were overall patient and graft survival. Categorical variables were analysed by χ<sup>2</sup>, and continuous variables by one-way ANOVA (p &lt;0.05 was considered significant). Kaplan–Meier curves were used to study the effect of BMI categories on patient and graft survival. <h3>Results</h3> 1400 adult transplants were identified. 1325 patients had height and weight measurements and were included in the study. The overall morbidity was higher in overweight (71.9%, p&lt;0.001) and obese patients (69.2%, p&lt;0.001) in comparison to normal weight recipients (64.3%). Post-operative septic events were common in overweight (60.6%, p=0.001) and obese patients (61.0%, p=0.007) in comparison to normal weight patients (50.4%). Post-operative chest infections were much more common in obese (14.2% vs 9.0%, p=0.038) and overweight recipients (17.7% vs 9.0%, p &lt;0.001) in comparison to normal weight recipients. Obese patients had significantly longer intensive care stay than normal weight patients (mean 4.1 vs 3.2 days, p=0.043). The length of post-operative hospital stay was significantly longer in obese (mean 21.5 days, p=0.009) and overweight patients (mean 22.4 days, p=0.000) in comparison to normal weight patients (mean 18.0 days). Similarly, ascitic or drain fluid sepsis was common in overweight patients in comparison to normal weight recipients (16.5 % vs 2.2%, p&lt;0.001). There was no difference in overall graft survival (p=0.222) and patient survival (p=0.196) between the four groups by log-rank test. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This is the largest and the only reported UK series on BMI and outcome following liver transplantation. Overweight and obese patients have increased morbidity in terms of septic complications following liver transplantation, with consequent increased length of intensive care and hospital stay. Identifying these patients early and introduction of measures to reduce BMI should be considered to improve outcomes following liver transplantation. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Poor description of non-pharmacological interventions: analysis of consecutive sample of randomised trials
Authors: T. C. Hoffmann, C. Erueti, P. P. Glasziou
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Objectives</b> To evaluate the completeness of descriptions of non-pharmacological interventions in randomised trials, identify which elements are most frequently missing, and assess whether authors can provide missing details. <b>Design</b> Analysis of consecutive sample of randomised trials of non-pharmacological interventions. <b>Data sources and study selection</b> All reports of randomised trials of non-pharmacological interventions published in 2009 in six leading general medical journals; 133 trial reports, with 137 interventions, met the inclusion criteria. <b>Data collection</b> Using an eight item checklist, two raters assessed the primary full trial report, plus any reference materials, appendices, or websites. Questions about missing details were emailed to corresponding authors, and relevant items were then reassessed. <b>Results</b> Of 137 interventions, only 53 (39%) were adequately described; this was increased to 81 (59%) by using 63 responses from 88 contacted authors. The most frequently missing item was the “intervention materials” (47% complete), but it also improved the most after author response (92% complete). Whereas some authors (27/70) provided materials or further information, other authors (21/70) could not; their reasons included copyright or intellectual property concerns, not having the materials or intervention details, or being unaware of their importance. Although 46 (34%) trial interventions had further information or materials readily available on a website, many were not mentioned in the report, were not freely accessible, or the URL was no longer functioning. <b>Conclusions</b> Missing essential information about interventions is a frequent, yet remediable, contributor to the worldwide waste in research funding. If trial reports do not have a sufficient description of interventions, other researchers cannot build on the findings, and clinicians and patients cannot reliably implement useful interventions. Improvement will require action by funders, researchers, and publishers, aided by long term repositories of materials linked to publications.
Training clinicians to lead
Authors: H. Lee, D. King, M. MacDonnell
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Accurately regulated ciliary beating in time and space is critical for diverse cellular activities, which impact the survival and development of nearly all eukaryotic species. An essential beating regulator is the conserved central apparatus (CA) of motile cilia, composed of a pair of microtubules (C1 and C2) associated with hundreds of protein subunits per repeating unit. It is largely unclear how CA plays its regulatory roles in ciliary motility. Here, we present high-resolution structures of <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> CA by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and its dynamic conformational behavior in multiple scales. The structures show how functionally related projection proteins of CA are clustered onto a spring-shaped scaffold of armadillo-repeat proteins, facilitated by elongated rachis-like proteins. The two halves of CA are brought together by elastic chain-like bridge proteins to achieve coordinated activities. We captured an array of kinesin-like protein (KLP1) in two different stepping states, which are actively correlated with beating wave propagation of cilia. These findings establish a structural framework for understanding the role of CA in cilia.
Targeted High-Resolution Ultrasound Is Not an Effective Substitute for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients With Primary Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Amira Sanki, Roger F. Uren, Marc Moncrieff, Kayla L. Tran, Richard A. Scolyer, Hui-Yi Lin, John F. Thompson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Purpose To reassess traditional ultrasound descriptors of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases, to determine the minimum cross-sectional area (CSA) of an SLN metastasis detectable by ultrasound (US), and to establish whether targeted, high-resolution US of SLNs identified by lymphoscintigraphy before initial melanoma surgery can be used as a substitute for excisional SLN biopsy. Methods US was performed on SLNs identified in 871 lymph node fields in 716 patients. SLN biopsy was performed within 24 hours of lymphoscintigraphy and US examination. The CSA of each SLN metastatic deposit was determined sonographically and histologically. Results The sensitivity of targeted US in the detection of positive SLNs was 24.3% (95% CI, 19.5% to 28.7%), and the specificity was 96.8% (95% CI, 95.9% to 97.7%). The sensitivity was highest for neck SLNs (45.8%) and improved with greater Breslow thickness. The median histologic CSA of the SLN metastatic deposits was 0.39 mm 2 (12.75 mm 2 for US true-positive results and 0.22 mm 2 for US false-negative results). True-positive, US-detected SLNs had significantly greater CSAs (t test P &lt; .001) than undetected SLN metastases and were more likely to be spherical in cross-section. More than two sonographic descriptors of SLN metastases or rounding of the node alone were factors highly suggestive of a melanoma deposit. Conclusion US is not an appropriate substitute for SLN biopsy, but it is of value in preoperative SLN assessment and postoperative monitoring.
Surgery to Cure the Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome
Authors: Jeffrey A. Norton, Douglas L. Fraker, H. Richard Alexander, David J. Venzon, John L. Doppman, Jose Serrano, Stephan U. Goebel, Paolo L. Peghini, Praveen K. Roy, Fathia Gibril, Robert T. Jensen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

The role of surgery in patients with the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome is controversial. To determine the efficacy of surgery in patients with this syndrome, we followed 151 consecutive patients who underwent laparotomy between 1981 and 1998. Of these patients, 123 had sporadic gastrinomas and 28 had multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with an imaged tumor of at least 3 cm in diameter. Tumor-localization studies and functional localization studies were performed routinely. All patients underwent surgery according to a similar operative protocol, and all patients who had surgery after 1986 underwent duodenotomy.
PTH-069 Does Diverticulosis Protect Against Sigmoid Cancer?: Abstract PTH-069 Table 1
Authors: Z P Tsiamoulos, B P Saunders, S T Peake, C Nickerson, M Rutter
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> With the advent of the English National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP), a higher proportion of left-sided cancers than expected has been documented<sup>1</sup>. A high incidence of diverticular disease in the left colon has also been seen<sup>2</sup>. Anecdotally we observed that within the BCSP, relatively few sigmoid colon cancers were detected in people with sigmoid diverticulosis. <h3>Methods</h3> An observational, retrospective analysis was performed of all BCSP FOB diagnostic colonoscopies between July 2007 and end June 2012. Patients reported to have sigmoid diverticulosis were identified and the incidence of colorectal cancer in the sigmoid colon was recorded. Chi sqaure with Yates correlation statistical analysis was performed with a p value of &lt; 0.05 considered significant. <h3>Results</h3> In the 5 year study period, 140,459 BCSP colonoscopies were performed for a positive faecal occult blood (FOB) indication. Sigmoid colon cancers were found in 3.4% of procedures (n = 4738). Sigmoid diverticulosis was documented in 27.4% of procedures (n = 38480). Patients with sigmoid diverticulosis were less likely to have co-existing sigmoid colorectal cancer (3.99% of those patients without sigmoid diverticulosis had sigmoid colorectal cancer versus 2.23% of those patients with sigmoid colorectal cancer, p &lt; 0.0001). <h3>Conclusion</h3> This inverse association between sigmoid cancer and diverticulosis has not previously been reported but warrants further investigation. Potential explanations include increased likelihood of FOB positive result with diverticulosis (false positive; we consider this the most likely explanation), under-reporting of diverticulosis when a cancer is detected, missed lesions within the diverticular segment (unlikely, as for this to account for the difference this would mean almost half of sigmoid cancers being missed), or possibly a protective effect due to changes in bacterial flora in the diverticular segment. Further study in non-FOB populations is appropriate. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared. <h3>References</h3> Logan RFA <i>et al.</i> Gut 2011 Almy TP <i>et al.</i> N Engl J Med 1980
Providing child safety equipment to prevent injuries: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Michael Watson, Denise Kendrick, Carol Coupland, Amanda Woods, Deb Futers, Jean Robinson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

To assess the effectiveness of safety advice and safety equipment in reducing unintentional injuries for families with children aged under 5 years and living in deprived areas.Randomised controlled trial.47 general practices in Nottingham.3428 families with children under 5.A standardised safety consultation and provision of free and fitted stair gates, fire guards, smoke alarms, cupboard locks, and window locks.Primary outcome measures were whether a child in the family had at least one injury that required medical attendance and rates of attendance in primary and secondary care and of hospital admission for injury over a two year period. Secondary outcome measures included possession of safety equipment and safety practices.No significant difference was found in the proportion of families in which a child had a medically attended injury (odds ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.50) or in the rates of attendance in secondary care (incidence rate ratio 1.02, 0.90 to 1.13) or admission to hospital (1.02, 0.70 to 1.48). However, children in the intervention arm had a significantly higher attendance rate for injuries in primary care (1.37, 1.11 to 1.70, P = 0.003). At both one and two years' follow up, families in the intervention arm were significantly more likely to have a range of safety practices, but absolute differences in the percentages were relatively small.The intervention resulted in significant improvements in safety practices for up to two years but did not reduce injuries that necessitated medical attendance. Although equipment was provided and fitted free of charge, the observed changes in safety practices may not have been large enough to affect injury rates.
Prospective nonrandomized comparison of two modes of argon beamer (APC) tumor desobstruction: effectiveness of the new pulsed APC versus forced APC
Authors: A. Eickhoff, R. Jakobs, D. Schilling, D. Hartmann, U. Weickert, M. Enderle, J. Eickhoff, J. Riemann
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

See also: Commentaire de travail de A. Eickhoff et al., pp. 637Endoscopy 2007; 39(07): 760-760DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1306958
THE EFFECT OF THE DIGITALIS BODIES ON THE VELOCITY OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE LUNGS AND ON OTHER ASPECTS OF THE CIRCULATION. A STUDY OF NORMAL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 1
Authors: Soma Weiss, Herrmann L. Blumgart
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1929)

Knowledge of the efficiency of the circulation in man before and after the administration of therapeutic measures is essential to es- tablish a rational basis for the treatment of circulatory failure.Circu- latory measurements in normal subjects and in patients before and after the administration of digitalis bodies are few.Burwell, Neighbors, and Regen (1) studied the changes in the minute volume output of the heart after the administration of large therapeutic doses of digitalis powder to four normal subjects.Following the administration of digitalis they observed, by the method of Field, Bock, Gildea, and Lathrop (2); no increase in the cardiac output per minute.On the
Constitutive and Cytokine-Stimulated Expression of Eotaxin by Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: OMAR GHAFFAR, QUTAYBA HAMID, PAOLO M. RENZI, ZOULFIA ALLAKHVERDI, SOPHIE MOLET, JAMES C. HOGG, STEPHANIE A. SHORE, ANDREW D. LUSTER, BOUCHAIB LAMKHIOUED
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Airway eosinophilia is a prominent feature of asthma that is believed to be mediated in part through the expression of specific chemokines such as eotaxin, a potent eosinophil chemoattractant that is highly expressed by epithelial cells and inflammatory cells in asthmatic airways. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) has been identified as a potential source of cytokines and chemokines. The aim of the present study was to examine the capacity of human ASM to express eotaxin. We demonstrate that airway myocytes constitutively express eotaxin mRNA as detected by RT-PCR. Treatment of ASM for 24 h with different concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta alone or in combination enhanced the accumulation of eotaxin transcripts. Maximal mRNA expression of eotaxin was shown at 12 and 24 h following IL-1beta and TNF-alpha stimulation, respectively. The presence of immunoreactive eotaxin was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry, and constitutive and cytokine-stimulated release of eotaxin was confirmed in ASM culture supernatants by ELISA. Strong signals for eotaxin mRNA and immunoreactivity were observed in vivo in smooth muscle in asthmatic airways. In addition, chemotaxis assays demonstrated the presence of chemoattractant activity for eosinophils and PBMCs in ASM supernatants. The chemotactic responses of eosinophils were partly inhibited with antibodies directed against eotaxin or RANTES, and a combined blockade of both chemokines causes > 70% inhibition of eosinophil chemotaxis. The results of this study suggest that ASM may contribute to airway inflammation in asthma through the production and release of eotaxin.
Emerging Issues and Controversies in Infectious Disease
Authors: Amesh A. Adalja
Journal: JAMA (2010)

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The Future of Organ and Tissue Transplantation
Authors: David M. Harlan, Allan D. Kirk
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Transplantation therapies have revolutionized care for patients with end-stage organ (kidney, liver, heart, lung, and pancreatic β-cell) failure, yet significant problems persist with treatments designed to prevent graft rejection. Antirejection therapies are not always effective, must be taken daily, and are both expensive and associated with well-known toxic effects. Recent advances have suggested that the immune system has more self-regulatory capability than previously appreciated. In this review, we discuss immune system function and new therapeutic agents that modify so-called costimulatory receptor signaling to support transplant function without generally suppressing the immune system.