tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Grendon, the Barlinnie Special Unit, and the Wormwood Scrubs Annexe: experiments in penology.
Authors: R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Generally the British  system is not much interested in innovation, experimentation, or research, but occasionally it is forced to innovate. Grendon Underwood, the psychiatric  in Buckinghamshire, the Special Unit at Barlinnie for prisoners who are hard to manage, and the Wormwood Scrubs Annexe for sex offenders and drug addicts are all examples of bold experiments that the  authorities have eventually had to accept. I have visited all of them. Each arose as an attempt to deal with a longstanding problem and yet had to overcome great resistance to establish itself. All have been strongly criticised both from within and without the  system, and all are vulnerable. They are vulnerable because they are seen as giving prisoners a  time. Popular newspapers and hawks within the  system do not like this softness, and they watch eagerly for the experiments to go wrong. If a prisoner is released from an ordinary  and murders his mother that is accepted as typi? cal recidivist behaviour and he is promptly returned to prison. But if a prisoner released from a  prison murders his wife then all hell breaks loose. Thus these experiments are not allowed to fail, and the  authorities and politicians are nervous of them?despite the failure of conventional prisons to stop prisoners reoffending (26 November, p 1614). In fact these prisons are far from soft. They offer prisoners slightly more freedom than the average  (and usually not much more), and in exchange the prisoners are asked to be much more responsible for themselves and each other; and responsibility is painful. In an ordinary  the prisoner's every move is directed: he has neither control over his own actions nor responsibility, which is comfortable and un? demanding for both prisoner and  officer. But in the experimental units both groups must think more for themselves, and when first transferred to the units both groups find it difficult to cope. They hanker for the old rigidity, and some han? ker so much they return. It is not by any means soft to sit in the hot  in the Barlinnie Special Unit and explain to your angry mates why you broke the rules of the unit (see third box) ; many of those who find themselves in that seat long for the peace and quiet of solitary confinement. Having to take responsibility for your own actions is one of the key differences between free? dom and  life, and the hope of these units is that they should give their inmates more self confidence and maybe just a little more chance of surviving in the outside community without reoffending. Grendon
EULAR online course on rheumatic diseases
Authors: J W J Bijlsma, R Buff
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2006)

EULAR considers education to be a very important task and has a specific EULAR Standing Committee on Education and Training (ESCET) to develop and organise educational initiatives. ESCET has now developed an exciting updated educational programme, offering comprehensive coverage of rheumatology, which is available to both training and qualified rheumatologists and to those who wish increase their knowledge of rheumatic diseases.

The course is conducted completely through the Internet and is designed to last for 2 years. The complete version of the course consists of 42 modules. Each of these modules, is dedicated to a specific topic and will run for 2 weeks. In four of the modules participants will be allowed to choose from among three optional topics. Each module corresponds to approximately 5 h of work for the student, in total …
Crossed Renal Ectopia
Authors: PAUL R. JOLLES, NABIL A. YASSA, HEMENDRA SHAH, GARY L. PURNELL
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

Anatomic variants of the kidneys are often noted during renal scintigraphy and other imaging studies. These conditions have a variable effect on overall renal function and can cause confusion, both clinically and on initial imaging. The authors describe a case of unfused, crossed renal ectopia in an elderly woman that appeared to be an abdominal mass and was subsequently evaluated by computed tomography, ultrasound, and scintigraphy.
Adrenergic effects on the biology of the adult mammalian cardiocyte.
Authors: D L Mann, R L Kent, B Parsons, G Cooper
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND To delineate the mechanism(s) of catecholamine-mediated cardiac toxicity, we exposed cultures of adult cardiac muscle cells, or cardiocytes, to a broad range of norepinephrine concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS Norepinephrine stimulation resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in cardiocyte viability, as demonstrated by a significant decrease in viable rod-shaped cells and a significant release of creatine kinase from cells in norepinephrine-treated cultures. Norepinephrine-mediated cell toxicity was attenuated significantly by beta-adrenoceptor blockade and mimicked by selective stimulation of the beta-adrenoceptor, whereas the effects mediated by the alpha-adrenoceptor were relatively less apparent. When norepinephrine stimulation was examined in terms of cardiocyte anabolic activity, there was a concentration-dependent decrease in the incorporation of [3H]phenylalanine and [3H]uridine into cytoplasmic protein and nuclear RNA, respectively. The decrease in cytoplasmic labeling was largely attenuated by beta-adrenoceptor blockade and mimicked by selective stimulation of the beta-adrenoceptor, but alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation resulted in relatively minor decreases in cytoplasmic labeling. The norepinephrine-induced toxic effect appeared to be the result of cyclic AMP-mediated calcium overload of the cell, as suggested by studies in which pharmacological strategies that increased intracellular cyclic AMP led to decreased cell viability, as well as studies that showed that influx of extracellular calcium through the verapamil-sensitive calcium channel was necessary for the induction of cell lethality. Additional time-course studies showed that norepinephrine caused a rapid, fourfold increase in intracellular cyclic AMP, followed by a 3.2-fold increase in intracellular calcium [( Ca2+]i). CONCLUSIONS These results constitute the initial demonstration at the cellular level that adrenergic stimulation leads to cyclic AMP-mediated calcium overload of the cell, with a resultant decrease in synthetic activity and/or viability.
The effects of imatinib on pregnancy outcome
Authors: Seonaid M. Pye, Jorge Cortes, Patricia Ault, Alan Hatfield, Hagop Kantarjian, Richard Pilot, Gianantonio Rosti, Jane F. Apperley
Journal: Blood (2008)

Abstract Imatinib has now been in use for almost 10 years. Despite this cumulative experience, little is known about its effects on pregnancy; as a result, there are few published data to facilitate the counseling of women who conceive while taking imatinib. The results we now present provide information which may be of use in such circumstances. Of 180 women exposed to imatinib during pregnancy, outcome data are available for 125 (69%). Of those with known outcomes, 50% delivered normal infants and 28% underwent elective terminations, 3 following the identification of abnormalities. There were a total of 12 infants in whom abnormalities were identified, 3 of which had strikingly similar complex malformations that are clearly a cause for concern. It appears that although most pregnancies exposed to imatinib are likely to have a successful outcome, there remains a risk that exposure may result in serious fetal malformations.
Gene Scene: Earlier, Eventually More Specific, Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis in Realm of Possibility
Authors: Teri Randall
Journal: JAMA (1990)

A NEW genetic technique that can amplify the DNA of a single cell has flung open the window of opportunity for prenatal genetic diagnosis to just 3 days after conception, and even to the unfertilized egg. In vitro fertilization (IVF) specialists at the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology at London's Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, have determined the sex of human embryos at the eight-cell stage of development from five couples at risk for X chromosome—linked diseases. The female embryos, which do not risk inheriting the disease, were then successfully implanted in the uterus and carried to full term. Calling the implantation success rate "staggering," Alan Handyside, PhD, senior lecturer at the institute's Department of Reproduction, reports that three of the five women became pregnant with the "biopsied" embryos, two with twins and the third with a singleton. All three gave birth to unaffected daughters, although one baby died of
Blood Lipids and Human Atherosclerosis
Authors: JOHN W. GOFMAN, HARDIN B. JONES, FRANK T. LINDGREN, THOMAS P. LYON, HAROLD A. ELLIOTT, BEVERLY STRISOWER
Journal: Circulation (1950)

The transport of cholesterol and other lipids of serum is almost wholly in the form of very large molecular complexes of these lipids with variable amounts of protein. The exact components present in the blood of a particular individual may be quantitatively described both as to character and concentration by ultracentrifugal flotation of these components in the analytic ultracentrifuge. With this technic it is possible to demonstrate the presence of certain lipid and lipoprotein components which are related to coronary atherosclerosis, to hypertension and to other diseases associated with atherosclerosis, such as diabetes mellitus, the nephrotic syndrome and hypothyroidism. The blood level of these components may be influenced by dietary means. The blood level of these components is poorly correlated with the analytic serum cholestrol determined by the Schoenheimer-Sperry method.
Smooth-Muscle Tumors of the Colon
Authors: Victor A. Lookanoff
Journal: JAMA (1966)

IN 1863 Virchow reported a case of gastric smooth-muscle tumor. In 1923 Scott<sup>1</sup>operated on the first patient in the United States. The pathological diagnosis was leiomyoma malignum. Baker and Good<sup>2</sup>defined these tumors as smooth-muscle tumors of the alimentary tract and include both benign leiomyoma and malignant leiomyosarcoma. <h3>Incidence</h3> These large-bowel tumors comprise about 1% of all gastrointestinal tumors. The incidence of tumors of the colon in various authors' reports were as follows: MacKenzie et al,<sup>3</sup>nine of 269; Ripstein and Flint,<sup>4</sup>one half of 1% of 202; Golden and Stout,<sup>5</sup>eight of 60. A 4-week-old infant was the youngest patient having involvement of the colon in a case reported by Kriss.<sup>6</sup>The oldest patient was 81 years of age. Meszaros<sup>7</sup>saw six out of 13 patients below 27 years of age. Bockus<sup>8</sup>reported 37 large-bowel, smooth-muscle tumors, 24 of which were
Pollen‐food syndromes associated with weed pollinosis: an update from the molecular point of view
Authors: M. Egger, S. Mutschlechner, N. Wopfner, G. Gadermaier, P. Briza, F. Ferreira
Journal: Allergy (2006)

Pollinosis patients often display adverse reactions upon the ingestion of plant‐derived foods as a result of immunoglobulin E (IgE) cross‐reactive structures shared by pollen and food allergen sources. The symptoms of such pollen‐food syndromes (PFS) or class 2 food allergies range from local oral allergy syndrome to severe systemic anaphylaxis. Two clinical syndromes, the celery‐mugwort‐spice syndrome and the mugwort‐mustard‐allergy syndrome have been described in association with weed pollinosis. However, other associations between weed pollinosis and hypersensitivity to certain kinds of food have also been observed, like the mugwort–peach, the ragweed–melon–banana, the plantain–melon, the pellitory–pistachio, the goosefoot–fruit, the Russian thistle–saffron, and the hop–celery association. The number of allergen sources involved, the allergens, and influencing factors including geography, diet, and food preparation contribute to the high clinical complexity of PFS. So far, known causative cross‐reactive allergens include profilins, lipid transfer proteins, and high‐molecular weight allergens and/or glycoallergens. The current usage of nonstandardized allergen extracts poses additional problems for both diagnosis and therapy of PFS patients. Further identification and characterization of involved allergens is inescapable for better understanding of PFS and vaccine development. Panels of recombinant allergens and/or hypo‐allergens are promising tools to improve both PFS diagnostics and therapy.
Obesity-Related Hormone
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (2006)

A rare mutation in a brain chemical called β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH) can increase a person's risk of severe early-onset obesity, according to new studies by European researchers (Lee YS et al. Cell Metab. 2006;3:135-140 and Biebermann H et al. Cell Metab. 2006;3:141-146).
IN AID OF AMERICAN MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY
Authors: F. H. Garrison
Journal: JAMA (1930)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dr. Isidor Fischer of Vienna is engaged in the preparation of supplementary volumes to the second edition of Hirsch's Biographisches Lexikon der hervorragenden Aerzte aller Zeiten und Völker (Berlin and Vienna, 1884-1886), which is the only international dictionary of medical biography in existence. The supplement will contain biographies of recent and living physicians, and Dr. Fischer is particularly anxious to obtain American material, the only condition being original laboratory and clinical work, important discoveries and inventions, publications, editorial work and suchlike. Any help that may be given him by the donation of Who's Whos, volumes of biographic sketches, clippings of important obituaries from medical periodicals, and the like, will be much appreciated. Such material may be transmitted directly to Dr. Fischer himself (address: Biberstrasse 15, Vienna, I, Austria).
Alcohol and Alcoholism
Authors: Donald W. Goodwin
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Bela Schick once observed that after 20 years scientists are no longer quoted in the medical literature. "Every 20 years sees a republication of the same ideas." If the generation gap in scientific communication is unfortunate, so, too, is the geographical gap—ie, the poor flow of information from country to country. International symposia help to bridge the gap, but only for those able to attend. An even more useful device is the book that often results from a symposium. The present volume consists of papers presented at the International Symposium on Alcohol and Alcoholism held in Santiago, Chile, in 1966. Authorities from more than a dozen countries participated. Although, as editor Robert Popham points out in the preface, alcohol studies on the Continent are fairly well known to American investigators, this is less true of similar studies conducted in Central and South America. The book performs a genuine service by
D'Almero (“Darrell”) Kok
Authors: Nigel Gibbons
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Epidemiologist who showed that smoking caused cancer and heart disease Sir Richard Doll was the world's most distinguished medical epidemiologist.He established his reputation alongside Sir Austin Bradford Hill, showing that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer.He then went on to show it caused bladder and other cancers, and cardiovascular disease.He did seminal work with Richard Peto on the health of doctors and their families, demonstrating an increased incidence of suicide and liver disease.He also carried out major research on the risks and benefits of the contraceptive pill, on low level radiation, and the dietary treatment of gastric ulcers.Doll went to work with Bradford Hill at the Medical Research Council in January 1948.Government statisticians had drawn the MRC's attention to a huge recent increase in lung cancer deaths, and the MRC held a conference to decide whether the increase was real and, if so, whether a cause could be identified.
PROGNOSIS SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTRAST-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUSLY NORMAL RENAL FUNCTION (UP TO 2 YEARS FOLLOW UP)
Authors: Ester Canovas Rodriguez, Lorenzo Hernando Marrupe, Alfonso Freites Esteves, Adriana De La Rosa Riestra, Javier Alonso Bello, Pablo Salinas Sanguino, Roberto Del Castillo Medina, Javier Botas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Lupus nephritis: Lessons from the path lab
Authors: Michael Kashgarian
Journal: Kidney International (1994)

A 22-year-old woman came to the Yale-New Haven Hospital 25 years ago with arthralgias and a malar rash. A lupus preparation was positive, and treatment with prednisone moderately improved her arthralgias. Three years later, her urine contained protein, red cells, and red cell casts. The serum creatinine was normal. A renal biopsy performed 21 years ago revealed a diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis with necrosis and subendothelial deposits. This lesion currently would be classified as WHO class IV-B with an activity index of 9 and a chronicity index of 0. She was treated with azathioprine and prednisone; her proteinuria resolved and treatment was discontinued after a total of 24 months of therapy. Nineteen years ago the proteinuria returned, the urine sediment again became active, and the DNA binding was elevated, as evidenced by the Fahr test. The blood pressure was normal and serum creatinine was 1.4 mg/dl. Because of the clinical reactivation of her disease, a second renal biopsy was performed, which disclosed diffuse lupus glomerulonephritis with necrosis and sclerosis. Classification under the current system would be WHO class IV-C with an activity index of 12 and a chronicity index of 2. Prednisone and azathioprine therapy was reinitiated. A repeat biopsy, performed 17 years ago to determine whether cytotoxic therapy could be discontinued, showed persistence of a diffuse lupus glomerulonephritis and increased sclerosis. The current classification would assign this lesion an activity index of 4 and a chronicity index of 4. The cytotoxic therapy was continued, and her proteinuria remitted, She had no proteinuria between 13 and 17 years ago. Her creatinine clearance was stable, and renal biopsy was performed to determine the usefulness of continuing azathioprine. This fourth biopsy revealed
Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension Increases Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Rat Aorta
Authors: Nobukazu Ishizaka, Héctor De León, Jørn Bech Laursen, Toshiki Fukui, Josiah N. Wilcox, Gilles De Keulenaer, Kathy K. Griendling, R. Wayne Alexander
Journal: Circulation (1997)

We investigated the in vivo effects of angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension on heme oxygenase (HO) mRNA and protein expression, activity, and localization in rat aortas.Infusion of Ang II (0.7 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) increased HO-1 mRNA levels to 169+/-31%, 251+/-47%, 339+/-26%, and 370+/-74% of the control level at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after operation, respectively. The HO-1 protein level at 7 days was markedly upregulated, as was HO activity. Treatment with either losartan (25 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) or hydralazine (15 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)), both of which prevented the Ang II-induced hypertension, blocked HO-1 mRNA upregulation. Norepinephrine infusion (2.8 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) produced a degree of hypertension and degree of HO-1 mRNA upregulation similar to those of Ang II infusion, which was again blocked by treatment with hydralazine (382+/-18% and 150+/-30% of the control level, respectively). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that HO-1 is expressed in medial smooth muscle and adventitial cells in normotensive rat aortas, and this is markedly increased in adventitial and endothelial cells in Ang II-induced hypertensive rat aortas. In contrast, HO-2 protein expression was not changed in hypertensive rat aortas.These findings indicate that HO-1 is upregulated in hypertensive rat aortas, apparently by mechanisms unique to Ang II and by hemodynamic stress.
Hydroxyurea therapy of a murine model of sickle cell anemia inhibits the progression of pneumococcal disease by down-modulating E-selectin
Authors: Jeffrey D. Lebensburger, Thad Howard, Yunming Hu, Tamara I. Pestina, Geli Gao, Melissa Johnson, Stanislav S. Zakharenko, Russell E. Ware, Elaine I. Tuomanen, Derek A. Persons, Jason W. Rosch
Journal: Blood (2011)
An Address on Some Subjects in Obstetric Medicine
Authors: W. O. Priestley
Journal: BMJ (1877)

GENTLEMEXN,-To-night we terminate another session and mark another year in the age of the Obstetrical Society.The past year has not been uneventful, and several contributions have been brought before the Society of more than passing interest.At the very beginning of the session, Dr. Routh brought before the Society an instance of the Removal of a large Fibroid Tumour of the Uterus by abdominal section.The case was interesting in several re- spects, and specially so in the way that hyperpyrexia following the operation was successfully controlled by the use of an ice-bath.Five flays after the operation, the temperature rose to I05 and io6 deg., and other grave symptoms accompanied this increase of temperature.The patient was then placed bodily in an ice-bath, and kept in it for three-quarters of an hour, after the plan recommended in cases of -acute rheumatism with perilous rise of fever-heat.The temperature sank under this treatment to ioo deg., and shortly afterwards to 97 deg., while consciousness returned.A second rise of temperature a week later to I04 deg. was treated in the same way, with a like result; and the patient, after being tapped by the vagina and relieved of intensely foetid pus which had gravitated into the retro-uterine cul-de-sac, eventu- .allyrecovered.The results which have hitherto attended the attempts to remove fibroid tumours of the uterus by surgical proceeding have not been very encouraging.With the exception of one other success- ful case by Mr. Bryant in an early volume of the Transactions, I be- lieve Dr. Routh's is the only instance of recovery after removal of a large uterine fibroid by abdominal section recorded in the proceedings -of this Society.A considerable number of like operations have been undertaken by Dr. Atlee, Dr. H. R. Storer, Mr. Spencer WVells, Pro- fessor Koeberle, and others, in various parts of the world; but of these more than two-thirds of the patients died-a much larger proportion than after ovariotomy.The treatment of fibroid tumours of the uterus is no doubt one of the problems of the future.Fibroid tumours are much more frequent in women than ovarian tumours; but fortunately they are, in the majority of instances, of much slower growth and attended by less grave symptoms in progress, and the ultimate results are less threatening.By far the largest proportion of fibroids, when once discovered, are most judiciously treated by non-interference sur- gically.The discomforts may be relieved by appropriate remedies; the hzemorrhage, if occurring, can be controlled by rest and styptics; and a prospect may be afforded that, with the arrival of the climac-
Immunomodulatory molecule PD-L1 is expressed on malignant plasma cells and myeloma-propagating pre-plasma cells in the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients
Authors: S Yousef, J Marvin, M Steinbach, A Langemo, T Kovacsovics, M Binder, N Kröger, T Luetkens, D Atanackovic
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2015)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy and develops from a malignant plasma cell (PC) clone within the human bone marrow (BM).The proliferation and expansion of the malignant PC producing a monoclonal immunoglobulin eventually results in BM failure with anemia, skeletal involvement with osteolytic lesions and hypercalcemia, and renal failure due to the excessive production of paraprotein. 1 CD45-CD28+ CD45+ CD28+
Histological Subtyping and Nuclear Grading of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Their Implications for Survival: A Retrospective Nation-Wide Study of 629 Patients
Authors: Tomas Gudbjartsson, Sverrir Hardarson, Vigdis Petursdottir, Asgeir Thoroddsen, Jonas Magnusson, Gudmundur V. Einarsson
Journal: European Urology (2005)