tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hormone receptors and human breast cancer.
Authors: C R Franks
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The most recent leading article on hormone receptors and human breast cancer (September 13, P. 694) was both succinct and up-to-date, but was also surprisingly deficient in its references to the postulated effects of hormones on the so-called hormone-related cancers. Although the association between endocrine function and immunity has only recently been recognized, the gross effect of hormones on lymphoid tissue has, in fact, been documented in experimental animals for at least 75 years. With the development of more sophisticated techniques, this and other findings have been shown to be crude indications of more subtle immunological changes. From the latter investigations in particular, it was concluded that hormonal manipulation can profoundly influence cell-mediated immunity. As a direct effect of these animal studies, a prospective study was carried out in patients with advanced breast cancer receiving hormone treatment, the results of which showed a high degree of correlation with the earlier animal findings. In the hormonal treatment of cancer there is now mounting evidence for concurrent mechanisms governing the process of tumor regression, which undoubtedly should be considered in any analysis. Nevertheless, some observers continue to ignore such data and attribute positive responses solely to the genetic hormonal responsiveness of a particular tumor. Since regression is a highly complex phenomenon, it would seem reasonable that this will involve multiple biological mechanisms and is unlikely to be due to 1 factor in isolation of others.
Does short bowel syndrome increase the risk of food allergy and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease? Observations in Shah-Waardenburg syndrome
Authors: Evelyn Leechawengwongs, Brian E. Tison, G.S. Gopalakrishna, Barbara S. Reid, Carlos A. Bacino, Andrea L. Haws, Milton J. Finegold, William T. Shearer
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Abstract 2300: Insulin receptor kinase inhibition is better tolerated than hypoinsulinemia and more effective than metformin in treating breast cancer
Authors: Carly Dool, Haider Mashhedi, Mahvash Zakikhani, Stephanie David, Yunhua Zhao, Elena Birman, Joan M. Carboni, Marco Gottardis, Marie-Jose Blouin, Michael N. Pollak
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggest that a subset of breast cancer is insulin-responsive, but it is unclear if safe and effective therapies that target the insulin receptor can be developed. We demonstrate that both insulin receptor family tyrosine kinase inhibition and insulin deficiency have anti-neoplastic activity in a model of insulin-responsive breast cancer in mice metabolically normal at baseline. In contrast to insulin deficiency, insulin receptor inhibition does not lead to hyperglycemia and is well-tolerated. We show that pharmacokinetic factors explain the safety of receptor inhibition relative to ligand deficiency, as BMS-536924 does not accumulate in muscle at levels sufficient to block insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Metformin, which lowers the elevated insulin levels present in settings of insulin resistance, had minimal activity in this model. The findings highlight the importance of tissue-specific drug accumulation as a determinant of efficacy and toxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and suggest that therapeutic targeting of the insulin receptor family for cancer treatment is practical. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2300. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2300
We wish you a merry x-ray-mas: Christmas signs in radiology
Authors: R. J. Wiles, A. Gulati, R. Dwivedi, S. Avula, J. Curtis, L. Abernethy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Radiological signs act as memory aids for clinicians and radiologists when attempting to recognise and recall how a particular radiological appearance relates to a condition. These signs are often associated with well known objects and several are related to Christmas. This article describes some familiar and more unusual Christmas related radiological signs that might be useful for trainees revising for examinations, as well as practising clinicians and radiologists.

Christmas in Britain is anecdotally associated with snow—for example, snowy scenes are found on many greetings cards. Despite this, snow rarely falls on Christmas Day or in December. On average, snow or sleet falls on five days in December, compared with six days in March. Snow was seen on the ground somewhere in Britain on Christmas Day in 23 of the years between 1959 and 2010 (51 years). Snowfall itself (without settling on the ground) is more common, occurring on 29 Christmas Days over the same period.1

Despite the lack of evidence, Christmas is still traditionally associated with snow and several radiological signs are related to this frozen form of precipitation.

### Snowcap sign

A snowcap is a cap-like crown of snow on the top of a mountain.2 The snowcap sign (fig 1⇓) refers to the appearance of diffuse homogeneous sclerosis of the head of the humerus or femur during the revascularisation stage of avascular necrosis.3



Fig 1 Snowcap sign. (A) Frontal radiograph of the left shoulder showing increased sclerosis of the superior aspect of the humeral head, with flattening of the head (arrow) in keeping with avascular necrosis of the humeral head. (B) This has been likened to the appearance of a snow capped mountain 



Avascular necrosis is caused by interruption of the blood supply of the femoral or humeral head, which leads to cell death. The disease process is …
Perfluorooctanoic Acid–Induced Immunomodulation in Adult C57BL/6J or C57BL/6N Female Mice
Authors: Jamie C. DeWitt, Carey B. Copeland, Mark J. Strynar, Robert W. Luebke
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an environmentally persistent compound of regulatory concern, has been reported to reduce antibody responses in mice at a single dose.The aim of this study was to evaluate PFOA effects on humoral and cellular immunity using standard assays for assessing immune function, and to derive dose-response data.C57BL/6J mice received 0 or 30 mg PFOA/kg/day for 10 days; half of the exposed groups were switched to vehicle and half continued on PFOA for five days. C57BL/6N mice received 0-30 mg/kg/day of PFOA in drinking water for 15 days. Mice were immunized with sheep red blood cells or sensitized to bovine serum albumin in Freund's complete adjuvant on day 10 of exposure; immune responses were determined 1 day post-exposure.We found that 30 mg PFOA/kg/day given for 10 or 15 days reduced IgM synthesis; serum collected 1 day postexposure contained 8.4 x 10(4) or 2.7 x 10(5) ng PFOA/mL, respectively. IgM synthesis was suppressed at exposures > or = 3.75 mg PFOA/kg/day in a dose-dependent manner, and IgG titers were elevated at 3.75 and 7.5 mg PFOA/kg/day. Serum PFOA at 3.75 mg/kg/day was 7.4 x 10(4) ng/mL 1 day postexposure, or 150-fold greater than the levels reported in individuals living near a PFOA production site. Using a second-degree polynomial model, we calculated a benchmark dose of 3 mg/kg/day, with a lower bound (95% confidence limit) of 1.75 mg/kg/day. Cell-mediated function was not affected.IgM antibodies were suppressed after PFOA exposure. The margin of exposure for reduced IgM antibody synthesis was approximately 150 for highly exposed human populations.
Virus Isolations from Throats of Children Admitted to Hospital with Respiratory and Other Diseases, Manchester 1962-4
Authors: A. Holzel, L. Parker, W. H. Patterson, D. Cartmel, L. L. R. White, R. Purdy, K. M. Thompson, J. O. Tobin
Journal: BMJ (1965)

BRITISHbetween disturbances of the hair cycle and disturbances of hair pattern.In conclusion, I am tempted to quote a former President of this College.John Ayrton Paris (1785-1856) wrote in 1822: " For any problem which involves the phenomenon of life is unavoidably embarrassed by circumstances so complicated in their nature, so fluctuatipg in their operation, as to set at defiance any attempt to appreciate their influence."
Molecular Mechanism of Chemoresistance by Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1
Authors: Byoung Kwon Yoo, Dong Chen, Zhao-zhong Su, Rachel Gredler, Jinsang Yoo, Khalid Shah, Paul B. Fisher, Devanand Sarkar
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Our recent findings show that astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is overexpressed in &amp;gt;90% of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples, and AEG-1 plays a central role in regulating development and progression of HCC. In the present study, we elucidate a molecular mechanism of AEG-1–induced chemoresistance, an important characteristic of aggressive cancers. AEG-1 increases the expression of multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) protein, resulting in increased efflux and decreased accumulation of doxorubicin, promoting doxorubicin resistance. Suppression of MDR1 by small interfering RNA or chemical reagents, or inhibition of AEG-1 or a combination of both genes, significantly increases in vitro sensitivity to doxorubicin. In nude mice xenograft studies, a lentivirus expressing AEG-1 short hairpin RNA, in combination with doxorubicin, profoundly inhibited growth of aggressive human HCC cells compared with either agent alone. We document that although AEG-1 does not affect MDR1 gene transcription, it facilitates association of MDR1 mRNA to polysomes, resulting in increased translation, and AEG-1 also inhibits ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of MDR1 protein. This study is the first documentation of a unique aspect of AEG-1 function (i.e., translational and posttranslational regulation of proteins). Inhibition of AEG-1 might provide a means of more effectively using chemotherapy to treat HCC, which displays inherent chemoresistance with aggressive pathology. Cancer Res; 70(8); 3249–58. ©2010 AACR.
Senate Delays Prompt Budget Uncertainty
Authors: D. A. Tisevich
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Senate Delays Prompt Budget Uncertainty Get access Dorothy A. Tisevich Dorothy A. Tisevich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 17, 5 September 1990, Page 1390, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.17.1390 Published: 05 September 1990
MicroRNA expression in tumor cells from Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia reflects both their normal and malignant cell counterparts
Authors: L S Hodge, S F Elsawa, D M Grote, T L Price-Troska, Y W Asmann, R Fonseca, M A Gertz, T E Witzig, A J Novak, S M Ansell
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2011)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes including hematopoiesis, with the aberrant expression of differentiation-stage specific miRNA associated with lymphomagenesis. miRNA profiling has been essential for understanding the underlying biology of many hematological malignancies; however the miRNA signature of the diverse tumor clone associated with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), consisting of B lymphocytes, plasmacytes and lymphoplasmacytic cells, has not been characterized. We have investigated the expression of over 13 000 known and candidate miRNAs in both CD19+ and CD138+ WM tumor cells, as well as in their malignant and non-malignant counterparts. Although neither CD19+ nor CD138+ WM cells were defined by a distinct miRNA profile, the combination of all WM cells revealed a unique miRNA transcriptome characterized by the dysregulation of many miRNAs previously identified as crucial for normal B-cell lineage differentiation. Specifically, miRNA-9*/152/182 were underexpressed in WM, whereas the expression of miRNA-21/125b/181a/193b/223/363 were notably increased (analysis of variance; P<0.0001). Future studies focusing on the effects of these dysregulated miRNAs will provide further insight into the mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of WM.
1123-188 Role of amiodipine in preventing and reversing monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats
Authors: Eiichiro Mawatari, Minoru Hongo, Akio Sakai, Ruan Zonghai, Fumiaki Ogiwara, Noboru Watanabe, Yuichi Kamiyoshi, Osamu Kinoshita, Keishi Kubo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
HÆMOPHILIA. NOTES FROM PRACTICE; BY S. HARVEY LAMBERT, M. D., ASSUMPTION, ILL.
Authors: Frank W. Reilly
Journal: JAMA (1883)

Mrs. R. K., aged 63, enjoyed general good health until she was 44 years old, when her menses became irregular and painful, for five years, and then ceased. Her health slowly returned, and remained good for about four years, when she was attacked with gastralgia, the pain recurring once a month for near a year, and, after six months rest, returned with renewed vigor. About this time she noticed a small lump in her right breast just above the nipple, which, at times, would pain her at night. July 20, 1882, Mrs. K. came under my observation, and said for the past six or seven years, she had had neuralgia of the stomach, and a tumor in her right breast. The neuralgia occurs irregularly, from twice a week to once a month, and, evidently, was due to chronic malarial poisoning. The breast contains a firm, roundish, nodulated tumor, about the
Epidemiology of food allergy/food intolerance in adults: associations with other manifestations of atopy
Authors: T. Schäfer, E. Böhler, S. Ruhdorfer, L. Weigl, D. Wessner, J. Heinrich, B. Filipiak, H‐E. Wichmann, J. Ring
Journal: Allergy (2001)

Background: Food allergy and food intolerance (FA/FI) are believed to be frequent medical problems; however, information from epidemiologic studies in adults is scarce. The objective was to determine the frequency of FA/FI and allergic sensitization to food in a large adult sample. Furthermore, the associations between FA/FI and other outcomes of atopy were studied. Methods: Within a population‐based, nested, case‐control study, a standardized interview was performed to obtain detailed information on FA/FI and the history of atopic diseases. In addition, a skin prick test with 10 common food and nine aeroallergens was performed. Results: Overall, 20.8% of the 1537 studied subjects (50.4% female, age median 50 years) reported FA/FI (women 27.5%, men 14.0%; OR 2.35, CI 1.80–3.08). Nuts, fruits, and milk most frequently led to adverse effects, and the sites of manifestation were oral (42.9%), skin (28.7%), gastrointestinal (13.0%), systemic (3.2%), and multiple (12.2%). One‐quarter of the subjects (25.1%) were sensitized to at least one food allergen in the prick test, with hazelnut (17.8%), celery (14.6%), and peanut (11.1%) accounting for most of the positive reactions. The corresponding frequency estimates for the representative study base ( n =4178) were 15.5% for reported adverse reactions and 16.8% for allergic sensitization. Relevant concomitant sensitization to food and aeroallergens was observed. Food‐allergic subjects (positive history and sensitization to corresponding allergen) suffered significantly more often from urticaria, asthma, atopic eczema, and especially hay fever (73.1%) than controls (3.0%). Furthermore, hay fever was treated significantly more often in subjects who suffered from concomitant food allergy. Conclusions: FA/FI in adults is frequently reported and associated with other manifestations of atopy. Hay fever in conjunction with FA/FI tends to be clinically more severe since therapeutic needs are enhanced.
Tuberculosis in Developing Countries
Authors: P. W. Hutton
Journal: BMJ (1964)

MEDXCsJOURNALtrue, but the significance of the appeal is all too often overlooked.Mr. Philipp writes: " Vomiting in early pregnancy is almost physiological."May I modify this statement with my own view that vomiting in early pregnancy is almost cer- tainly physiological.In a lecture to the Royal College of Midwives (1963) on the " Emo- tional Hygiene of Pregnancy " I outlined my theory of the protective function of preg- nancy sickness.In support of this theory, in a study of 100 first pregnancies, I adduced a quantity of evidence of a kind which is commonly withheld.This evidence will appear in detail in an article now in course of publication, and it is summarized briefly as follows: (1) The risk of abortion is greatest during the early weeks of pregnancy, when sickness is common.(2) Sickness is far commoner in first pregnancies, when the amorous relationship of recent marriage is most intense. (3)Paradoxically, sickness seldom occurs if there is a frank threat of abortion, even though this be no more than a trace of blood.(4) Sickness is significantly less common in unmarried primigravidae when they are removed from the probability of intercourse.-Iam, etc.,
Hematogenous Infection in Total Joint Replacement
Authors: Gary L. Lattimer
Journal: JAMA (1979)

TOTAL joint replacement has been accepted as effective treatment for painful arthritis by the medical community. Indeed, between 1972 and 1976, an estimated 0.5 million joint prostheses were implanted in the United States.<sup>1</sup>Infection of a prosthesis is one of the most serious complications of total joint replacement and is associated with serious morbidity and mortality.<sup>2,3</sup>The pathogenesis of this infection, including portals of bacterial entry, is currently under debate, but evidence is accumulating to suggest that organisms are introduced by two routes: first, by local contamination at the time of surgery,<sup>4</sup>and later, by the hematogenous route.<sup>5-7</sup>Prophylactic antibiotics and local wound care precautions can substantially reduce the incidence of early infections, but appear to have little effect on late sepsis.<sup>8</sup>We report here a case of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>hip sepsis occurring five years after total hip replacement, in association with an infected ulcer
Abstract 569: Shear stress radiatiosensitizes colon cancer cells by downregulating FAK via integrin β1
Authors: Chi-Wen Luo, Chia-Ching Wu, Hui-Ju Mandy Ch'ang
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction: Interstitial fluid flow plays important role in delivering anticancer agents to tumor tissue. Recent studies suggested that anti-angiogenic or vasculature disrupting agents may enhance the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy by regulating tumor blood flow and interstitial fluid pressure. Although the importance of interstitial fluid flow in modulating tumor microenvironment has been studied, the molecular mechanisms of shear flow on tumor cell survival and sensitivity to therapeutic agents have not been much explored. We would like to investigate the interaction of shear stress with irradiation on tumor cells. Materials and methods: Human T84 and SW480 colon adenocarcinoma cells were used in this study. Cells were seeded onto glass slides pre-coated with fibronectin, and then subjected to 0-12 dyne/cm2 laminar shear stress in parallel plate flow chamber (PPFC) system for 0-24 hours. Cells were then exposed to 0-8Gy irradiation (IR) by a RS2000 X-ray irradiator. MTT and clonogenic assays were used to study cell survival. Tumor cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry and Western blot. Candidate signal molecules were measured by real time PCR and immunoblots with or without pretreatment with cyclohexamide or MG132. Results: MTT and clonogenic assays revealed a synergistic effect of 24 hour- shear stress and IR on tumor cytotoxicity. Shear stress downregulates FAK, phosphor-FAK, AKT and phosphor-AKT expression but not ILK and GSK3B through integrin β1. Decreased protein expression was mainly through proteosomal degradation but not transcriptional suppression. By enhancing G2/M phase cell accumulation, shear stress increases tumor apoptosis after IR. The above phenomenon was not observed in IR pretreated with 3 hour-shear stress. Conclusion: The above observation suggests that shear stress may enhance colon cancer cell radiation sensitivity by inducing G2/M arrest, and FAK protein degradation via integrin β1 signaling pathway Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 569. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-569
Inappropriate and Appropriate Selection of 'Peers' in Grant Review
Authors: Stanton A. Glantz
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess the members of the California Tobacco Related Diseases Research Program Behavioral and Public Health Research on Tobacco Study Section and those of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) Dissemination Study Section as "peers" to review tobacco policy research. Both study sections reviewed a similar grant application on tobacco policy research written by one of us (S.A.G.). <h3>Design.</h3> —Search of MEDLINE for 1989 through 1993 with the keyword<i>tobacco</i>for Tobacco Related Diseases Research Program and AHCPR reviewers. As a control, the National Institutes of Health Cardiovascular Study Section, which reviewed a ventricular function grant submitted by the same author with the keyword<i>heart</i>, was analyzed. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Not applicable. <h3>Patients or Other Participants.</h3> —Study section members. Interventions.—None. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Publications by study section members in areas germane to the proposal being reviewed. <h3>Results.</h3> —Six (33%) of 18 Tobacco Related Diseases Research Program reviewers had no "tobacco" publications (median, two publications; interquartile range, zero to four). The members' "tobacco" publications concentrated on well-controlled experimental interventions on smoking cessation and prevention strategies, not tobacco policy. Only one member had primary expertise in tobacco policy research. None of the AHCPR reviewers had "tobacco" publications. All 31 (100%) of the National Institutes of Health reviewers had "heart" publications (median, nine publications; interquartile range, seven to 19). Five members had a primary interest in the subject of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute application. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Study section members' professional interests play a critical role in the level of interest and enthusiasm they will have for a proposal, which affects the priority score. In contrast to the study section that reviewed the heart grant, the study sections that reviewed the tobacco control grant were not "peers." The membership of these review committees has effectively precluded research on tobacco control policy. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;272:114-116)
Fundamentals of Clinical Immunology
Authors: Larry E. Millikan
Journal: JAMA (1978)

In the last decade, numerous publications have appeared, indicating an increased interest in both immunology and immunologic mechanisms in clinical disease. Most of these books have been at one of two levels: either basic introductory texts or highly sophisticated reviews. Useful books on this subject require careful balance between readability and presentation of hard scientific data.<i>Fundamentals of Clinical Immunology</i>successfully approaches this balance. It is another of several books previously coauthored by Dr Good, a pioneer in the field, noted for the clarity of his style in verbal and written presentations. The chapters dealing with basic concepts are well presented and form an adequate base for chapters dealing with more complex subjects. Highlights in this category are the chapters on development of immune response, tumor immunology, and allergic diseases. Presentations in these areas reflect the broad and long experience of Dr Good's team research in these areas. These chapters