tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Kentucky, Not Kennedy. ROS, POS, and ROPO Rear Their Ugly Heads. Acronymic Archivist Seduced by Eponymy
Authors: George X. Trimble
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Scientific accuracy and research integrity are hallmarks of the medical literature. The medical press has highlighted recently widespread concerns about fraudulent reports in the literature and loss of credibility. Another aspect of the problem relates to unintentional inaccuracies. For decades, I have refuted as incorrect many "first of its kind" case reports in the literature. Helpful in these endeavors are my voluminous reprint files. Also seen occasionally are nonsense-type words and phrases due to typing or other error, overlooked in copy or proof editing. An unusual type of inaccuracy of my doing recently appeared inThe Journal.<sup>1</sup>A book reviewer's reference to Dutch-Kentucky syndrome led me to imply the term should be "Dutch-Kennedy syndrome," information about which I said was in my files. To my chagrin, I discovered from the book reviewer's gracious reply that my file data, in fact, related to Dutch-Kentucky syndrome, which term
Mortality and Weight: Insured Lives and the American Cancer Society Studies
Authors: EDWARD A. LEW
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Recent investigations of the relation of mortality to weight have involved more than 4 million insured persons in a study by insurance companies and over 1 million men and women in a study by the American Cancer Society. These studies present a large volume of information on the effects of underweight and overweight on death rates of healthy middle-class Americans, free of the confounding effects of low socioeconomic status and associated health impairments. However, only the American Cancer Society's study separates findings by smoking status. These investigations indicate that the lowest mortality occurs among persons somewhat underweight and that mortality rises steadily as weight increases. The study of insured persons shows that among underweight persons mortality is relatively high initially but declines with time, whereas among overweight persons mortality is low initially but increases to distinctly higher levels after about 15 years.
"THE INTRACUTANEOUS GUINEA-PIG TEST FOR HUMAN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DIPHTHERIA"
Authors: Abraham Zingher
Journal: JAMA (1923)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The communication inThe Journal, May 12, by Dr. Kellogg, answering my criticism that he had devised a "new" method for the determination of diphtheria immunity of human beings by testing out their serums in guinea-pigs makes one believe that Dr. Kellogg is wrong in assuming undue credit. The impression that Dr. Kellogg's letter conveys to an observer familiar with serum tests for antitoxin is well characterized by a statement in his own communication, i. e., that it consists of "quibbles as to differences or resemblances in technic." I had occasion to refer to this matter before the American Society of Immunologists at the the annual session in Boston, March 29, and was much interested to note that these very serologists, whom Dr. Kellogg calls in as witnesses, could not see the justice of his claims to originality of a laboratory test that had been carried out
High‐dose intravenous igg in the management of pregnancy in women with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Emmanuel C. Besa, Malcolm W. Macnab, Andrew J. Solan, Melvin J. Lapes, Usha Marfatia
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Abstract Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) may develop during pregnancy or affect later pregnancies, causing serious risks of bleeding to the mother and fetus. High‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) has caused an immediate and predictable rise in platelet count during the infusion in both adults and children with chronic or acute ITP. The rapid rise in platelet counts may be important in preparing pregnant women with ITP for surgery or delivery. We report our experience in managing two women at weeks 29 and 37 week of gestation who required splenectomy and/or cesarean section. Both patients demonstrated an increase in platelet counts, underwent surgery without excess bleeding, and had normal infants with normal platelets, and with mild thrombocytopenia at delivery.
Effect of the Energy to Protein Ratio on Serum and Carcass Cholesterol Levels in Chicks
Authors: M. KOKATNUR, N. T. RAND, F. A. KUMMEROW
Journal: Circulation Research (1958)

"Soft" fats were found to depress significantly serum cholesterol levels in diets of high energy to protein (E/P) ratio but not in diets of low energy to protein ratios. A low (E/P) ratio depressed serum cholesterol values, regardless of the type of fat in the diet. The E/P ratio may represent the unknown factor in the equations of workers who have tried to relate the effect of dietary fats to serum cholesterol levels.
The Difference between the Copyrights on Medical Books and the Patents on Mechanical Appliances.
Authors: Leartus Connor
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Detroit, Mich., May, 1894. <h3>To the Editor.</h3> In the<i>Medical News</i>for May 19, our esteemed friend, Dr. Gould, states his view of the difference between the copyrighting of medical books and the patenting of mechanical appliances. Thus he says,"one is payment for instruction, while the other is tribute for permission to use a certain instrument." The fallacy of this statement is evident. Granted that the book instructs, does not the instrument also instruct? The buyer of the book pays for the brain work of the author, and in like manner the buyer of the mechanical appliance pays for the brain work of the inventor. If both are good articles they will both instruct the profession who use them. Both are teachers. Most medical books introduce into their pages the work of inventors of mechanical appliances, and even introduce cuts of the same. It is said that the book copyright
"Golf ball liver": agent orange hepatitis.
Authors: C Leonard, C M Burke, C O'Keane, J S Doyle
Journal: Gut (1997)

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a selective weedkiller which works by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and is in widespread use. It is known as "agent orange". A 65 year old man had acute hepatitis, thought to be caused by exposure to 2,4-D. The patient ingested 2,4-D as a result of habitual licking of his golf ball. Clinical and histological data together with a challenge test confirmed the diagnosis of "golf ball liver".
Antibodies to T- and L-isoforms of the cytoskeletal protein, fimbrin, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: E C De Mendonca Neto, A Kumar, N A Shadick, A M Michon, P Matsudaira, R B Eaton, P Kumar, P H Schur
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of proteins that maintain cell shape, mobility, and organelle function. Its components can be divided into three distinct classes: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Fimbrins are microfilament proteins, a family of cytoplasmic phosphoproteins. Expression of the L-fimbrin isoform is restricted to replicating blood cells and expression of the T-fimbrin isoform to replicating cells of solid tissues. Sera from normals and from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), juvenile arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, osteoarthritis, vasculitis, scleroderma, and mixed connective tissue disease were tested for the presence of antibodies to T- and L-fimbrin by ELISA, using purified recombinant fimbrin. The mean OD of sera from SLE patients was significantly higher than in normals (T-fimbrin, P less than 0.0001; L-fimbrin, P less than 0.001). 48 of 98 SLE sera had antibodies to T-fimbrin; 32 had antibodies to L-fimbrin; 20 had antibodies to both; 28 had only anti-T, and 12 had only anti-L-fimbrin. The mean OD for sera of the other rheumatic diseases was not significantly different from normals. The presence of either L- or T-fimbrin antibody was associated with pleuropericarditis (P = 0.015), photosensitivity (P = 0.011), and anti-Sm antibody (P = 0.010). Central nervous system SLE was associated with the presence of the L-fimbrin antibody alone (P = 0.016). There was a strong association between DR7 (but not other MHC alleles) and anti-L-fimbrin antibodies in SLE patients (chi square = 18; P less than 0.00002). No MHC association was observed with anti-T-fimbrin antibodies.
Indomethacin and the Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Isam H. Shehadeh, Laurence M. Demers, Arthur B. Abt, Anton C. Schoolwerth
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Treatment of membranous nephropathy and the nephrotic syndrome with 2 mg/kg/day of indomethacin resulted in prompt and sustained reduction in urinary protein excretion and the loss of edema fluid, which allowed the withdrawal of diuretic therapy and liberalization of salt intake. The reduction in proteinuria was paralleled by a decrease in urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) and F (PGF) levels. Plasma PGE and PGF levels did not change appreciably. Withdrawal of indomethacin therapy resulted in an increase in urinary protein and urinary PGE excretion. Reinstitution of therapy resulted in reductions in both values. Indomethacin may provide a useful means of reducing proteinuria and controlling edema in some patients with the nephrotic syndrome.
Abstract 258: The role of EGFR on RAF inhibitor resistance in B-RAFV600E melanoma and colon tumors
Authors: Ivana Yen, Steve Sideris, Kyung Song, Bonnie Liu, Stephen Schmidt, Hartmut Koeppen, Marcia Belvin, Lori Friedman, Georgia Hatzivassiliou, Shiva Malek
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Constitutive activation of the RAS, RAF, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is a common finding in many human cancers. Activating mutations in K-RAS or B-RAF constitute over 30% of all mutations in human tumors. It has been demonstrated that RAF inhibitors selectively inhibit B-RAFV600E tumors and not RAS mutant tumors, despite functioning as one of the key effector enzymes downstream of RAS and upstream of MEK. Recent Phase I clinical data with RAF inhibitors has demonstrated a significant response rate (81% response rate) in metastatic melanoma patients with B-RAFV600E-positive tumors (N Engl J Med. 2010 363:809-19). In contrast, the response rates in B-RAFV600E-positive colon tumors have been relatively low. In this work we examine the molecular mechanism of EGFR pathway activation as a mechanism of resistance by comparing the effects of RAF inhibitors against a panel of B-RAFV600E, mutant K-RAS, and WT RAS/RAF tumor lines in the presence and absence of EGF stimulation. We demonstrate that in B-RAF WT lines, pathway induction is observed for RAF inhibitors as evidenced by increases in phospho-MEK and phospho-ERK levels. RAF-inhibitor induced pathway activation in this setting mimics the kinetics and mechanism of EGF-induced pathway stimulation where RAS-GTP levels, C-RAF kinase activity and pERK levels are elevated. Upon stimulation with EGF or serum in B-RAF WT or K-RAS mutant lines, RAF inhibitor induced pathway activation is attenuated. In contrast in B-RAFV600E tumor lines, RAF inhibitors effectively block the MAPK pathway under basal conditions but become ineffective in a subset of B-RAFV600E lines when cells are stimulated with EGF. Additional studies across a broader panel of colon and melanoma mutant B-RAF lines demonstrate that B-RAFV600E lines with high basal levels of EGFR tend to be more resistant to selective B-RAFV600E inhibitors. Immunohistochemistry of colorectal tumor patient samples with either wildtype B-RAF or B-RAFV600E illustrates that colorectal B-RAFV600E tumors are associated with a higher percentage of membrane EGFR. Taken together, these results provide insight into the therapeutic utility of MAPK pathway inhibitors, and emphasize not only the importance of targeting defined genetic backgrounds in cancer treatment but the value in assessing other key pathway markers (such as EGFR) in B-RAFV600E-positive tumor subsets as a factor in sensitivity or resistance to therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 258. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-258
Granulomatous Hepatitis Secondary to Carbamazepine
Authors: MICHAEL LEVY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

Three cases of carbamazepine-induced granulomatous hepatitis are reported. Each patient had ingested carbamazepine for less than 1 month before presenting with a febrile illness suggestive of biliary tract infection. After withdrawal of carbamazepine, symptoms disappeared rapidly. Histologically, all patients had granulomatous hepatitis. Two patients also had acute cholangitis. Carbamazepine-induced liver injury can be confused clinically and pathologically with biliary tract infection.
Psychotherapy in General Practice
Authors: M. B. Clyne
Journal: BMJ (1959)

<b>Background and aims:</b> In mice, the B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is sufficient to induce a series of events leading to the formation of organised lymphoid tissue. Its receptor, CXCR5, is required for normal development of secondary lymphoid tissue. However, the human counterpart, B cell attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1) has only been detected in the stomach and appendix and not in other parts of normal or diseased gut. Hence to elucidate the potential role of this chemokine and its receptor in human gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), we analysed their expression in normal intestine and ulcerative colitis (UC). <b>Methods:</b> Frozen sections of surgical specimens were studied by multicolour immunofluorescence staining, in situ mRNA hybridisation, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. <b>Results:</b> BCA-1 mRNA was detected in all normal colonic and UC specimens. BCA-1 was produced and accumulated in relation to peripheral dendritic elements of lymphoid follicles in Peyer9s patches and normal colon, as well as in irregular lymphoid aggregates in UC lesions. BCA-1 was partially associated with the traditional follicular dendritic cell phenotype but also with extracellular fibrils in GALT structures. CXCR5 protein was expressed by mantle zone B cells and appeared at a high level on scattered germinal centre T cells. <b>Conclusions:</b> BCA-1 and CXCR5 are expressed in normal GALT structures as well as in irregular lymphoid aggregates in UC. This strongly suggests that BCA-1 plays an important role not only in the formation of normal GALT but also in the generation of aberrant lymphoid tissue in inflammatory bowel disease.
An Efficient and Safe Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Amplicon Vector for Transcriptionally Targeted Therapy of Human Hepatocellular Carcinomas
Authors: Paula YP Lam, Kian Chuan Sia, Jenn H Khong, Bart De Geest, Kar S Lim, Ivy AW Ho, Grace Y Wang, Lv Miao, H Huynh, Kam M Hui
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

Our previous studies have shown that transgene expression could be targeted to proliferating cells when cell cycle transcriptional regulatory elements were incorporated into herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) amplicon backbone vectors. In the study reported here, we further demonstrated the transcriptional activation of transgene expression in association with the onset of cellular proliferation using the mouse partial hepatectomy model. Moreover, transcriptional regulation could be rendered specific to human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by inserting the chimeric gene Gal4/NF-YA under the regulation of the HCC-specific hybrid promoter. The hybrid promoter, which consists of four copies of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) enhancer element inserted upstream of the human alpha1-antitrypsin(hAAT) promoter, induced an higher level of transcription than other liver-specific promoters such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin (Alb) promoter. As a consequence, the enhancement of tissue-specific expression in the context of Gal4/NF-YA fusion proteins enabled the monitoring of transgene expression using a bioluminescence imaging system. Furthermore, these vectors have been shown to be non-toxic and exhibited potent infectivity for proliferating primary HCC cells and HCC cell lines. Together, these results demonstrated that the new hybrid vectors could provide options for the design of safe and efficient systemic gene therapeutic strategies for human HCC.
An old problem solved in child care.
Authors: K L Dodd
Journal: BMJ (1993)

deal between large purchasers and powerful providers.Furthermore, many of the larger purchasing authorities have inherited a higher uptake of these services than the more peripheral purchasers, to the financial disadvantage of the peripheral purchasers if the cash devolved by the regional health authority to the districts has been determined mainly by past patterns of uptake.Regional services are not exclusively high in cost and low in volume.Similar problems may be facing other services.Recent publicity has focused on a highly specialised soft tissue tumour pathology service which has until now been funded by a charity, which rightly believes that the service should now be the NHS's responsibility.This reference service receives about 1100 specimens a year, of which 800 are from several hundred different British hospitals.Its total running cost is over CJ1 60000 a year.Not being a clinical service, it is ineligible for support from the Supra Regional Services Advisory Group.The Department of Health has, however, just issued guidance on the operation, from 1 April, of notification arrangements for tertiary extracontractual referrals.5The guidelines cover referrals of pathological specimens for a second opinion or extra tests where such referrals amount to a significant part of the receiving unit's workload.In such situations the receiving unit will have, firstly, to ensure that the referring unit is aware that a charge will apply and, secondly, arrange for invoicing and collection of payments.This obviously represents a considerable improvement for such laboratories under threat of closure.Nevertheless, taking into account the time and cost associated with the whole process, one cannot help wondering whether it could not be done more simply given that the refusal of a purchasing authority or general practice fundholder to pay for such a request is inconceivable.In the case of the soft tissue tumour pathology service the charge would amount to about C150, excluding administrative costs.If the referring laboratories ended up paying several such referrals it could decimate their budget for consumables.Finally, there are high volume and low cost services which
Understating under-reporting
Authors: F. W. Arnold
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Lamont and colleagues’ article contains a masterful understatement: “Between April 2005 and April 2010, the NPSA [National Patient Safety Agency] received reports of 11 deaths and 37 serious incidents in patients who had deteriorated after laparoscopic surgery. These incidents are probably greatly under-reported.”1

A survey of members of the Association of Laparoscopic Surgeons last year found 31 reports of deaths and 333 serious injuries.2 Data from the NHS Litigation Authority showed 327 successful claims for such injuries over …
Thirty-four Pregnancies After Repair of Stricture of Bile Duct
Authors: Waltman Walters
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The effect of pregnancy on patients operated on for stricture of the bile duct has been speculative, and some have been advised not to risk pregnancy. This report concerns 34 pregnancies in 24 such patients. All infants were normal and in good health at birth. Fourteen patients had had two or three surgical procedures for repair of the bile duct and nine had had four or five such procedures. Fourteen of the 24 patients had no ill effects from their pregnancies. All had had excellent or good results from operations on the biliary tract. Six, who were having signs or symptoms of biliary obstruction prior to pregnancy, had moderate symptoms during their pregnancies. The pregnancies, however, did not appear to increase the severity of symptoms or jeopardize results of previous operations on the biliary tract.
Cardioprotective effects of monophosphoryl lipid A, a novel endotoxin analogue, in the dog
Authors: Z. Yao, J. A Auchampach, G. M Pieper, G. J Gross
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Objective: The major objective of the present study was to determine the effects of a new endotoxin analogue, monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), on myocardial infarct size in dogs. A second aim was to determine if potential cardioprotective effects of MLA might be mediated via an enhancement of antioxidant defence mechanisms. Methods: Barbiturate anaesthetised dogs were subjected to a 60 min left circumflex coronary artery occlusion followed by 5 h reperfusion. Either of two different doses of MLA (30 and 100 μg·kg−1) or an equivalent volume of vehicle were given intravenously 24 h prior to the infarct experiments. Transmural myocardial blood flow was measured at 30 min of occlusion by the radioactive microsphere technique and infarct size was determined at the end of 5 h of reperfusion by triphenyltetrazolium staining. Tissue catalase and myeloperoxidase activities were measured at 5 h of reperfusion as indices of antioxidant activity and neutrophil infiltration, respectively. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in systemic haemodynamic variables, myocardial oxygen demand, ischaemic bed size, or coronary and collateral blood flow to the ischaemic region. However, administration of MLA produced a marked dose dependent reduction in myocardial infarct size: 19.8(SEM 3.7)% and 14.1(2.5)%, respectively, v 32.7(2.9)% in the vehicle control group, p < 0.05. Pretreatment with either 30 or 100 μg·kg−1 of MLA resulted in small increases in tissue catalase activity in the non-ischaemic region of the heart: 0.169(0.033) and 0.197(0.013) K·g−1, respectively, v 0.136(0.013) K·g−1 tissue in the control; however, the increases were not statistically significant by ANOVA. Myeloperoxidase activity in the border zone immediately adjacent to the infarct was markedly decreased in both MLA treated groups: MLA 30 μg·kg−1, 2.69(0.82); MLA 100 μg·kg−l, 2.49(0.47), v control group, 5.81(1.20) units·g−1 tissue; p < 0.05. Conclusions: These data are the first to show a marked cardioprotective effect of a lipid A derivative of endotoxin in an in vivo model of myocardial infarction. Although the mechanism responsible for the reduction in infarct size by MLA is unknown, a reduction in neutrophil migration at the site of ongoing tissue injury, the border zone, may be partially responsible. Cardiovascular Research 1993;27:832-838