tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Underwater medicine: a neglected area in Accident and Emergency specialist training.
Authors: G D Braatvedt, B G Mathew, R J Corrall
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1991)

We have evaluated the available medical care to sports divers by a postal questionnaire sent to consultants and senior registrars in Accident and Emergency medicine in the UK, assessing their training in underwater medicine. Replies were received from 60 of 96 consultants (63%) and 32 of 58 (55%) senior registrars. Thirty-two per cent of consultants and 50% of senior registrars had previous personal experience in managing an underwater diving accident. Thirty per cent of consultants and only 19% of senior registrars had prior formal postgraduate training in underwater medicine. Twenty-seven per cent of consultants and 13% of senior registrars replying did not know the pattern of referral for specialist advice nor where the nearest recompression chamber was to be found. We believe that more formal postgraduate training in underwater medicine is needed by A and E medical staff. Furthermore, clear guidelines about emergency management and patterns of referral for diving accidents should be displayed prominently in all A and E departments.
Multiantigen/multiepitope–directed immune-specific suppression of “complex autoimmune encephalomyelitis” by a novel protein product of a synthetic gene
Authors: Ming-Chao Zhong, Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo, Avraham Ben-Nun
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Systemic administration of antigen/peptide for peripheral T cell tolerance has long been investigated as a potential approach to therapy of autoimmune diseases. The multiple antimyelin T cell reactivities likely to be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) impose major difficulties in devising such an immune-specific therapeutic approach to the disease, because targeting T cells specific for a single autoantigen/epitope is unlikely to be sufficiently effective. Here, we present a pilot study on the possibility of concomitantly inhibiting multiple potentially pathogenic antimyelin T cell reactivities by tolerogenic administration of an artificial "multiantigen/multiepitope" protein. A synthetic gene was constructed to encode selected disease-relevant epitopes of myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The protein product, hmTAP (synthetic human multitarget autoantigen protein), was adequately processed for antigenic presentation of the relevant integral epitopes, in vitro and in vivo. Systemic administration of hmTAP not only suppressed and treated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) initiated by autoreactivity to a PLP epitope, but also abrogated complex EAE transferred by multispecific line T cells reactive against encephalitogenic epitopes of MBP, PLP, and MOG. These data indicate that multiantigen/multiepitope–directed therapy of complex autoimmune diseases is effective and can be mediated by the protein product of a specifically designed synthetic gene.
Molecular Physiology and Genetics of NIDDM: Importance of Metabolic Staging
Authors: Daryl K Granner, Richard M O'Brien
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

Insulin resistance and β-cell failure account for the complex clinical presentation of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Insulin resistance primarily involves defective regulation of hepatic glucose production and the peripheral utilization of glucose. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the basic molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of these processes. Similarly, the mechanisms involved in insulin synthesis, processing, storage, and secretion are being elucidated. The relative contributions of insulin resistance and β-cell failure are difficult to evaluate when the disease is fully established and clinically apparent but may be more obvious early, i.e., in people with impaired glucose tolerance or individuals at risk for developing the disease. The latter can be identified because there is a strong genetic determinant for NIDDM; the offspring of two diabetic parents have a markedly increased incidence of the disease. In addition to genetic factors, environmental components contribute to the multifactorial etiology of NIDDM. Efforts to establish the importance of these different factors will be assisted if a metabolic staging of NIDDM can be agreed on. This staging, which should correlate the pathophysiological events responsible for the transition from normal glucose tolerance to frank NIDDM with clinical status, would be based on what is known about insulin resistance and β-cell function. Staging will also provide for a classification of the number of causes that lead to NIDDM, if indeed, there is more than one cause of the general phenotype. Strategies for defining the gene or genes responsible for NIDDM can be subsequently devised based on the temporal sequence of appearance of pathophysiological defects and what is known about the molecular biology of insulin action. Understanding the defective metabolic code that results in NIDDM will require the concerted efforts of investigators from various disciplines. This is used throughout the text to avoid confusion with those people who have impaired glucose tolerance but not NIDDM.
Why Not Vaccinate Against Tuberculosis
Authors: DONALD W. SMITH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Whether to use Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination as a means of tuberculosis control in high-risk populations in the United States is controversial. The most frequently cited arguments for not using BCG in these groups include: the problem is not of sufficient magnitude; the vaccine is not effective; the vaccine is not safe; and the attendant tuberculin conversion destroys the effectiveness of the tuberculin test as a case-finding tool. The validity of these arguments is challenged, and it is concluded that BCG vaccination should be recommended for high-risk groups in the United States.
Psychosocial and Ethical Implications of Organ Retrieval
Authors: Stuart J. Youngner, Martha Allen, Edward T. Bartlett, Helmut F. Cascorbi, Toni Hau, David L. Jackson, Mary B. Mahowald, Barbara J. Martin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

With the development of new surgical techniques and immunosuppressive drugs, the demand for organs and donors has outpaced the supply, despite widespread legal recognition of brain death.1 2 3 4 5 6 According to a 1982 estimate, "out of some 20,000 potential donors — young or middle-aged patients classified as brain dead — only 2500 actually gave their organs."1 Although many explanations have been offered for this phenomenon, little attention has been given to the disturbing effects of organ-retrieval surgery on staff members in the intensive care unit and operating room — the health professionals who are most involved. Underlying the disturbance felt by staff . . .
Organ traffickers are targeting refugees in Egypt, warns charity
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The ongoing political turmoil in Egypt has allowed organ traffickers to continue to prey on Sudanese refugees and asylum seekers, concludes a new report by the US based charity the Coalition for Organ Failure Solutions.

Abuses include removing kidneys “by inducing consent, coercion, or outright theft.” In some cases sex trafficking was associated with incidents of organ removal. “Many of the victims came to Egypt seeking refuge from the genocide and armed conflict in their homeland,” says the report.

The coalition identified 57 Sudanese refugees and asylum seekers in Egypt who said they were victims of organ trafficking. Each case involved the removal of a kidney. It …
Weight Gain and the Risk of Developing Insulin Resistance Syndrome
Authors: Susan Everson, Debbie E Glodberg, Susan P Helmrich, Timo A Lakka, John W Lynch, George A Kaplan, Jukka T Salonen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE Obesity and weight gain have been associated independently with hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia; however, prior research has not looked at the relation between weight gain from early adulthood to middle age and the development of this cluster of risk factors, known as insulin resistance syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The association between weight gain over 30 years (defined as the difference between measured weight in middle age and participant recall of their weight at age 20) and the odds of developing insulin resistance syndrome at middle age was examined in a population-based sample of 2,272 eastern Finnish men. RESULTS Each 5% increase in weight over the reported weight at age 20 was associated with nearly a 20% greater risk of insulin resistance syndrome by middle age, after adjustment for age and height. Moreover, there was a strong graded association between categories of weight gain and risk of insulin resistance syndrome. Men with weight increases of 10–19%, 20–29%, or ≥30% since age 20 were 3.0, 4.7, or 10.6 times more likely to have insulin resistance syndrome, respectively, by middle age, compared with men within 10% of their weight at age 20. Adjustments for age, height, physical activity, smoking, education, and parental history of diabetes did not alter these findings. CONCLUSIONS The odds of having developed the hemodynamic and metabolic abnormalities that characterize insulin resistance syndrome by middle adulthood were increasingly higher the greater the weight gain over the preceding 30 years. This study adds to the literature identifying deleterious effects of weight gain from young to middle adulthood.
Antinucleosome antibody is a major autoantibody in localized scleroderma
Authors: S. Sato, M. Kodera, M. Hasegawa, M. Fujimoto, K. Takehara
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Localized scleroderma (LSc) exhibits autoimmunity, and antihistone antibody is frequently detected. The major antigens recognized by antihistone antibody are histones H1, H2A and H2B, which are located on the outer side of the nucleosome and are relatively more accessible for antibody binding. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that antihistone antibody is induced by nucleosome or native chromatin as immunogens in LSc.To determine whether antinucleosome antibody is present in patients with LSc.Antinucleosome antibody, antihistone antibody and antidouble-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results IgG or IgM antinucleosome antibody was detected more frequently in patients with LSc than was antihistone antibody: in 40 of 49 (82%) vs. 26 of 49 (53%), respectively. No patients had anti-dsDNA antibody. The prevalence of antinucleosome antibody positivity was comparable in the three subgroups of LSc (generalized morphoea, 89%; linear scleroderma, 71%; morphoea, 90%). Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exhibited a similar frequency of antinucleosome antibody positivity (13 of 15, 87%), but their IgG levels of this autoantibody were much higher than those found in patients with LSc. By contrast, IgM antinucleosome antibody levels were normal in patients with SLE, while they were significantly increased in patients with LSc compared with normal controls. Antinucleosome antibody was also detected at lower frequency in patients with systemic sclerosis (five of 20, 25%) or dermatomyositis (five of 15, 33%). Nucleosome-restricted antibodies, i.e. antibodies that react with the whole nucleosome particle but not with its individual components (histones and dsDNA) were also present in 35% of patients with LSc.Although antinucleosome antibody was not specific to LSc, its high prevalence in LSc indicates that antinucleosome antibody is a major autoantibody in this disease.
IMPACT OF PRE-HOSPITAL DIRECT NOTIFICATION TO CARDIOLOGIST AND ACTIVATION OF CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY ON DOOR-TO-BALLOON TIME IN PATIENTS WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNDERGOING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
Authors: Kwang Soo Cha, Hye Won Lee, Jong Min Hwang, Min Soo Ahn, Han Cheol Lee, Taek Jong Hong, Seok Joo Cho, Jeom Sig Choi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
British company fined for falling foul of Cancer Act
Authors: O Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1994)

A company in Britain that sells herbal medicines was convicted last week under the Cancer Act 1939 of making illegal claims about one of its products. Eladon Ltd, which operates from Bangor, north Wales, was fined pounds sterling 500 and ordered to pay pounds sterling 3500 costs after being found guilty by magistrates in Whitminster of contravening the act in its promotional material.

Eladon's product, Elagen, is an extract of Siberian eleutherococcus, a root widely used by doctors in Russia, where it is credited with curing a wide range of ailments. The claims about its efficacy were sent to potential customers who had …
Taste learning in rodents: Compounds and individual taste cues recognition
Authors: Milagros Gallo
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract Contrary to the outstanding simplistic view of the taste system, learning studies show a more complex picture. Behavioral data using conditioned taste preference and aversion tasks support the idea that mixtures involve complex interactions between individual taste cues. Evidence from taste conditioned blocking, taste perceptual learning, and taste learned preferences is considered to support such a view. Greater support for research in taste learning and memory is required for a complete understanding of taste recognition.
“Stand-alone” percuteous excimer laser coronary angioplasty
Authors: Donald Rothbaum, Frank Litvack, James Margolis, Neal Eigler, Thomas Linnemeier, Spencer King, John Douglas, Daniel Tsoi, Stephen Cook, Lisa Hestrin, Tsvi Goldenberg, Jacob Segalowitz, Warren Grundfest, James Forrester
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
Lyell's Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: D. J. Stoker
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Lyelrs Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis SIR,--We were very interested to read the article on Lyell's disease by Dr. J. Jefferson (24 June, p. 802), particularly as we admitted a similar case on 12 June which caused a great deal of diagnostic difficulty.This was a 2-week-old female child who had been restless and irritable for two days.On the day of admission the mother had taken her to the local child welfare clinic, where it was noted that she had a blepharitis, and was given sulpha- cetamide eye ointment to apply.Five hours later the mother noticed the skin was peeling off the child's buttocks and brought her to hos- pital.The main clinical findings were a tem- perature of 990 F. (37.50 C.), general erythema of the skin (boiled lobster appearance), patchy areas of moist erythema with yellow crusts on the face, particularly around the mouth, nose, and eyes, and large patches of what appeared to be scalds of the perineum, buttocks, and trunk.In view of the appearance of the child's skin and the state of agitation of the mother (who was 17 years old, and this was her first child) it was suspected that she had been accidentally scalded, but the mother was emphatic that there was no possibility of this.In addition, the child showed no evidence of shock, dehydration, or systemic disturbance.A swab from the facial lesions yielded a heavy growth of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to benzylpenicillin.Treatment was on the same lines as that described by Dr. Jefferson, except that the child was nursed in a gallows splint to keep the perineum exposed.All the skin lesions healed completely within two weeks, and at no time throughout her stay did the child show any evidence of systemic disturbance.-We are, etc.,
THE PALLIATIVE TREATMENT OF ACUTE MASTOIDITIS AND ITS LIMITATIONS.
Authors: PHILIP HAMMOND
Journal: JAMA (1904)

The appropriate treatment for the inflamed mastoid is a vexed question, occupying much the same position with reference to otology at the present time that the treatment of the inflamed appendix held in abdominal surgery a few years ago. Aurists differ but little as to the treatment of the acute abscess formation in the middle ear, but when it becomes apparent that the mastoid process is involved the greatest diversity of opinion exists as to the method of procedure which shall be employed. A few years ago conservatism in the treatment of mastoiditis was absolute, and the operation of perforating the cortex rare. During the past decade great changes have taken place in our attitude toward this disease, until to-day the tendency is almost toward the opposite extreme. I am well aware that much has been written of recent years on the subject of treatment of acute mastoiditis versus operation,
Standing Prone Positioning in Establishing Causality Between Matched Ventilation-Perfusion Defects and Pleural Effusion
Authors: Joseph S. Fotos, Mark Tulchinsky
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2014)

Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is routinely performed in patients with suspected pulmonary thromboembolism. Pleural effusions in such patients are common and can cause matched ventilation-perfusion defects. This is especially true of the posterior projections in the supine patient. Prone positioning has been described as a useful technique to redistribute pleural fluid anteriorly, exposing perfusion in posterior lung fields; however, some patients have a concurrent condition that renders prone positioning difficult. This report discusses a modified technique that allows patients to be imaged in a standing prone position with excellent results.
Glucose Tolerance in Cirrhosis of the Liver.
Authors: William M. Schreiber
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

s1 May 1967Glucose Tolerance in Cirrhosis of the Liver.William M. Schreiber, M.D., Harold O. Conn, M.D.William M. Schreiber, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Harold O. Conn, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-1032_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptPatients with hepatic disease may have carbohydrate intolerance. We have observed an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and portal systemic shunting. Preliminary observations indicated that standard oral glucose tolerance tests were impaired (75%) in cirrhosis of the liver.This investigation was undertaken in an attempt to find the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in cirrhosis and to correlate the rate of portal systemic shunting with abnormal glucose tolerance. Standard oral tests (1.75 g glucose/kg body weight) and intravenous (25 g) were done on consecutive days in proved cirrhotic patients and in ten normal controls... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: William M. Schreiber, M.D.; Harold O. Conn, M.D.Affiliations: New Haven, Connecticut PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byCirrhosis and diabetes 1 May 1967Volume 66, Issue 5Page: 1032-1032KeywordsBody weightCarbohydratesCirrhosisDiabetes mellitusGlucose toleranceLiverOral glucose tolerance test ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1967 PDF downloadLoading ...
Local Adaptation and Vector-Mediated Population Structure in Plasmodium vivax Malaria
Authors: D. A. Joy, L. Gonzalez-Ceron, J. M. Carlton, A. Gueye, M. Fay, T. F. McCutchan, X.-z. Su
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

Plasmodium vivax in southern Mexico exhibits different infectivities to 2 local mosquito vectors, Anopheles pseudopunctipennis and Anopheles albimanus. Previous work has tied these differences in mosquito infectivity to variation in the central repeat motif of the malaria parasite's circumsporozoite (csp) gene, but subsequent studies have questioned this view. Here we present evidence that P. vivax in southern Mexico comprised 3 genetic populations whose distributions largely mirror those of the 2 mosquito vectors. Additionally, laboratory colony feeding experiments indicate that parasite populations are most compatible with sympatric mosquito species. Our results suggest that reciprocal selection between malaria parasites and mosquito vectors has led to local adaptation of the parasite. Adaptation to local vectors may play an important role in generating population structure in Plasmodium. A better understanding of coevolutionary dynamics between sympatric mosquitoes and parasites will facilitate the identification of molecular mechanisms relevant to disease transmission in nature and provide crucial information for malaria control.
Pain Guidelines Encourage Vigilance
Authors: Brian Vastag
Journal: JAMA (2002)

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