tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Burn Shock with Plasma and Serum
Authors: D. A. K. Black
Journal: BMJ (1940)

The use of plasma or serum protein in the treatment of shock from extensive burns has frequently been advo- cated, and there is ample theoretical justification for protein-containing infusions, in view of the constant presence of haemoconcentration and reduced plasma volume in any severe burn.Nevertheless, published accounts of the effects of such treatment are few, and the data given are somewhat incomplete, particularly with regard to blood volume and serum electrolyte concentra- tion.Trusler et al. (1940) and Elkinton (1939) have each reported two patients who were treated by plasma infusion with benefit.This paper deals with eight patients with burns or scalds, of whom seven were treated by plasma or serum, or both.The.plasma used was obtained by separation irom blood taken into standard M.R.C. bottles contain- ing 180 c.cm. of citrate solution, so that the final product may best be described as " half-strength plasma."The solution of serum protein was made up by the addition of sterile water to dried serum, and the solution used was four times the concentration of the original serum.The schedule of investigations which we proposed to our- selves included the determination of blood and plasma voltme, haematocrit, haemoglobin and red cells, protein and albumin, chloride, bicarbonate and urea, sodium and potassium.These were to be determined before and after the infusion of plasma or serum and after complete recovery from the burn.It was not possible to carry out the full programme in all cases, since one or both arms were often involved in the burn; but a complete record was obtained in Cases 3 and 5; and, with the exception of blood volume, all the proposed data were obtained in the other cases.Besides the blood examination, records were kept of the pulse and blood pressure, and frequent notes of the patient's general condition were taken.
THE PRECIPITATION TEST FOR SYPHILIS OF CONCENTRATED ARACHNOID FLUID AND SERUM
Authors: RUSSELL D. HERROLD
Journal: JAMA (1923)

I have already described the application of a ring or contact method of precipitation test for syphilis.1Moody2has confirmed the results and, in a series of 1,500 tests, he obtained a close similarity in the results with the Wassermann and the precipitation tests.  Briefly, the ring method requires the clear, activated or inactivated serum and the 0.4 per cent. cholesterolized antigen first described by Neymann and Gager,3and later applied in a flocculation test by Kahn.4The antigen is an alcoholic extract of pig or beef heart that has been freed of ether extractives; cholesterol is then added to make a 0.4 per cent. solution. The antigen is diluted rapidly to 1: 10 with physiologic sodium chlorid solution and placed, by means of a small capillary pipet, into small precipitin tubes approximately 5 mm. in diameter. The serum is placed at the bottom of the
AN IMPROVED TEST FOR OCCULT BLOOD, ESPECIALLY IN THE URINE
Authors: WILLARD J. STONE
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Orthotolidine<sup>1</sup>was first proposed by E. B. Phelps<sup>2</sup>in 1909 as a qualitative test for minute amounts of free chlorine or hypochlorites in water. It is a crystalline basic body of the aromatic series obtained by reduction from orthonitrotoluene. It has a melting point of 129-130 centigrade and is quite insoluble in distilled water. It is quite soluble in acid solutions and in alcohol and ether. Ruttan and Hardisty<sup>3</sup>in 1912 described the use of orthotolidine as a test for the detection of blood. They used a 4 per cent solution in glacial acetic acid and added a small amount of perhydrol (Merck) as an oxidizing agent to obtain a blue color in the presence of blood. They stated that the solution would detect hemoglobin in a dilution of one part in 7,000,000 parts of water, in a dilution of one part in 24,000 parts of urine,
Neuropathy of the feet due to running on cold surfaces.
Authors: M Reichl
Journal: BMJ (1987)

25 participants sur 160 d'une course de 5 miles par temps froid (air ambiant −5°, sol−9°), ayant couru nu-pieds, ont presente ensuite des lesions identiques de la plante des pieds, ressemblant a des brulures, avec pertes de substance. Le froid, qui supprime les sensations douloureuses, est responsable de la gravite de ces lesions
Benign Gastric Ulcers Occurring in the Presence of Achlorhydria
Authors: Elmer W. Heffernon, Everett D. Kiefer, Martin L. Tracey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

OVER a period of years there has been a great deal of controversy in the literature regarding the possibility of benign gastric ulcers in the presence of an achlorhydria. Several carefully prepared reports tend to prove that achlorhydria does not exist in the presence of an active ulcer. Palmer and Nutter1 reviewed 2200 cases of proved duodenal and gastric ulcers in 1940 and found in no case a persistent and total achylia. Bockus2 agreed with this in his textbook stating that "true achlorhydria is not found in patients with active peptic ulcer." Washburn and Rozendaal3 reported a series of 906 . . .
Deregulation of microRNA expression in the different genetic subtypes of multiple myeloma and correlation with gene expression profiling
Authors: N C Gutiérrez, M E Sarasquete, I Misiewicz-Krzeminska, M Delgado, J De Las Rivas, F V Ticona, E Fermiñán, P Martín-Jiménez, C Chillón, A Risueño, J M Hernández, R García-Sanz, M González, J F San Miguel
Journal: Leukemia (2010)
BACTERIOPHAGE TESTS ON THE MECONIUM OF ABORTED FETUSES
Authors: Everett S. Sanderson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

The theory that tissue cells are the source of bacteriophage was objected to by d'Hérelle on the grounds that bacteriophage in the intestinal contents could penetrate the intestinal mucosa and migrate throughout the body and that any demonstration of its presence within the body fluids was in accordance with this phenomenon. The present work sought to overcome this objection by using tissues which had been exposed to but a single organism,-Bacillus abortus. Filtrates of meconium from six aborted bovine fetuses were tested against several strains of Bacillus abortus, but no evidence of a lytic principle could be demonstrated. Neither could it be shown that they contained a substance which would initiate lysis when tested against numerous strains of bovine colon bacilli.
Impaired pancreatic beta cell function in the fetal GK rat. Impact of diabetic inheritance.
Authors: P Serradas, M N Gangnerau, M H Giroix, C Saulnier, B Portha
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

The Goto-Kakisaki (GK) rat is a genetic model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. At 21.5 d of age we found that GK fetuses had an increased plasma glucose concentration, a decreased plasma insulin level, and a reduced pancreatic beta cell mass. To investigate the beta cell function during fetal life we used a hyperglycemic clamp protocol applied to the mothers, which allowed us to obtain a steady-state hyperglycemia in the corresponding fetuses. At variance, with Wistar (W) fetuses, plasma insulin concentration in GK fetuses did not rise in response to hyperglycemia. In contrast, GK fetal pancreas released insulin in response to glucose in vitro to the same extent as W fetal pancreas. Such a discrepancy between the in vivo and in vitro results suggests that the lack of pancreatic reactivity to glucose as seen in vivo is extrinsic to the fetal GK beta cell. Finally, the importance of gestational hyperglycemia was investigated by performing crosses between GK and W rats. Fetuses issued from crosses between W mother and GK father or GK mother and W father had a beta cell mass close to normal values and were still able to increase their plasma insulin levels in response to hyperglycemia in vivo. Our data suggest that hyperglycemia in utero does not influence the severity of the decrease of the beta cell mass or the lack of the insulin secretory response to glucose in the fetal GK rat. Moreover they indicate that conjunction of GK genes originating from both parents is necessary in order for these defects to be fully expressed.
Intracellular Proatherogenic Events and Cell Adhesion Modulated by Extracellular Thiol/Disulfide Redox State
Authors: Young-Mi Go, Dean P. Jones
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Oxidative stress, a contributing factor to atherosclerosis, causes oxidation of biological thiols, which can be quantified in terms of the thiol/disulfide redox. The major thiol/disulfide redox couple in human plasma is cysteine (Cys) and its disulfide, cystine (CySS). Although atherosclerosis has previously been associated with Cys/CySS oxidation, whether oxidation of Cys/CySS contributes in a causal way to atherosclerosis development is not known. We examined the function of extracellular Cys/CySS redox potential (E h ) in the regulation of early events of atherosclerosis using cultured aortic endothelial cells and monocytes as a vascular model system. Methods and Results— To determine the range of thiol/disulfide redox state in human plasma, we analyzed levels of Cys, CySS, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and calculated E h according to the Nernst equation. E h of Cys/CySS and GSH/GSSG was −120 to −20 and −200 to −50 mV, respectively. To approximate this range, endothelial cells were exposed to initial E h from −150 mV (most reduced) to 0 mV (most oxidized). Compared with more reduced E h , oxidized E h of Cys/CySS stimulated H 2 O 2 but not nitric oxide production, activated nuclear factor-κB, increased expression of adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, P-selectin), and stimulated monocytes binding to endothelial cells. Extracellular E h regulated thiol/disulfide redox states of extracellular membrane proteins and H 2 O 2 production, indicating that variation in extracellular E h is detected and signaled at the cell surface. Conclusions— The extracellular thiol/disulfide E h of the Cys/CySS couple plays a key role in regulating early events of atherosclerosis and could be useful as a potential marker for vascular disease risk.
Ethical Testing of Experimental Ebola Treatments
Authors: Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Bridget Haire, Kristin Peterson
Journal: JAMA (2015)

To the Editor In his Viewpoint, Dr Joffe1 sought to justify the need for randomization of experimental drugs used for the management of the Ebola crisis due to the need for scientific information. He explicitly argued against the compassionate use of experimental interventions.
Specific protease deficiency in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome and beige mice.
Authors: J D Vassalli, A Granelli-Piperno, C Griscelli, E Reich
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Peripheral blood leukocytes of three patients with Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) contained very low or undetectable levels of elastase, the major neutral protease in these cells. Likewise, peritoneal exudate leukocytes of beige mice (the murine counterpart of CHS) contained correspondingly reduced levels of their major neutral protease, a serine enzyme of mol wt 27,000. The elastase deficiency in CHS polymorphonuclear leukocytes might account in part for the high incidence of infections in these patients.
Tuberculosis and the Health Care Worker: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Kent A. Sepkowitz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Many hospital outbreaks of tuberculosis have occurred in recent years in the United States, resulting in tuberculosis infection and disease among health care workers and patients. Several hospital workers have died of nosocomially acquired multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Assuring the safety of the health care worker with respect to tuberculosis has become an urgent priority. A review of the medical literature of the past 100 years reveals that our current view of tuberculosis care as an occupational hazard emerged only in the 1950s, after a fierce and extensive debate. Many authorities had felt that care of the tuberculous patient conferred a health advantage to the care provider. This paper reviews this debate and considers steps taken decades ago, before our current environmental interventions were available to ensure the safety of the health care worker.
The Prevalence of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus over a 10-Year Period in Rural Zaire
Authors: N Nzilambi, K M De Cock, D N Forthal, H Francis, R W Ryder, I Malebe, J Getchell, M Laga, P Piot, J B McCormick
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

In 1985 we tested 659 human serum samples, collected in the remote Equateur province of Zaire in 1976, for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Five (0.8 percent) were positive, and HIV was isolated from one of these. Follow-up investigations in 1985 revealed that three of the five seropositive persons had died of illnesses suggestive of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and two remained healthy but seropositive. In 1986, a serosurvey we conducted using a cluster-sampling technique in the same region showed a seroprevalence of 0.8 percent in 389 randomly selected residents. The seroprevalence in 283 prostitutes was 11 percent. Patients with AIDS were identified in various hospitals in the province. Risk factors for AIDS included a greater than average number of sexual partners and residence outside the area. We believe that the long-term stability of HIV infection in residents of rural Zaire suggests that social change may have promoted the spread of AIDS in Africa.In 1985, 659 human serum samples, collected in rural Zaire in 1976 were tested for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 5 (0.8%) were positive, and HIV was isolated from 1 of these. Follow-up questions in 1985 revealed that 3 of the 5 seropositive persons had died of illnesses suggestive of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and 2 remained healthy but seropositive. In 1986, a serosurvey conducted using a cluster-sampling technique in the same region showed a seroprevalence of 0.8% in 389 randomly selected residents. The seroprevalence in 283 prostitutes was 11%. Patients with AIDS were identified in various hospitals. Risk factors for AIDS included a greater than average number of sexual partners and residence outside the area. Long-term stability of HIV infection in residents of rural Zaire suggests that social change may have promoted the spread of AIDS in Africa.
A limp with an unusual cause
Authors: R. Metcalfe, M. Reed, A. Winter
Journal: BMJ (2015)

A 41 year old Ghanaian man resident in the United Kingdom presented with a five hour history of pain and swelling of the right ankle, left wrist, and right middle finger.He felt generally unwell but had no other specific symptoms on systemic inquiry.He had just returned from a two week visit to Ghana.There was no medical history of note, he was taking no regular drugs, and he had no known drug allergies.The appropriate travel prophylaxis had been adhered to.He had had unprotected intercourse with a new female partner about 10 days ago.On examination, his temperature was 37.8°C.There was evidence of synovitis (joint swelling, redness, tenderness, and reduced range of movement) of the right ankle, left wrist, and the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger of his right hand.Initial investigations confirmed that his neutrophil count, C reactive protein concentration, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were raised.Radiographs of the affected joints showed soft tissue swelling but were otherwise normal.The pain did not ease with oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and he was admitted to hospital.Questions 1.What is the differential diagnosis?2. What is the most likely diagnosis and why? 3. What further investigations are necessary?4. What are the treatment options? Answers 1. What is the differential diagnosis? AnswerThe main differential diagnosis is between polyarticular septic arthritis and reactive arthritis.Other possibilities include seronegative inflammatory arthritis, connective tissue disorder, and polyarticular gout.
Methodological concerns about studies on oseltamivir for flu
Authors: M. H. Ebell
Journal: BMJ (2013)

We recently published a meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies on the effectiveness of oseltamivir for treating flu.1 Unlike industry sponsored meta-analyses,2 3 we found no reduction in complications requiring antibiotics (after excluding acute bronchitis, which does not require treatment with antibiotics according to current practice guidelines) and no reduction in hospital admission rates. …
Autoantibodies in lupus and its variants
Authors: L C Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1984)

<h3>Background</h3> Patients with advanced cancer are increasingly discharged from inpatient settings following focused symptom management admissions. Thromboprophylaxis (TP) is recommended for patients with cancer admitted to acute care settings; less is known about TP use in palliative care (PC) settings. This study explored the opinions of Canadian medical oncologists (MO) and PC physicians regarding the use of TP for inpatients with advanced cancer. <h3>Methods</h3> A fractional factorial survey designed to evaluate the impact of patient factors (age, clinical setting, reason for admission, pre-admission performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; ECOG), and risk of bleeding on anticoagulation) and physician demographics on recommending TP was administered by email to Canadian MO and PC physicians. Each respondent received eight vignettes randomly selected from a set of 32. Hierarchical regression was used to evaluate the odds of prescribing TP adjusted for patient factors. <h3>Results</h3> 606 MO and 491 PC physicians were surveyed; response rates were 11.1% and 15.0%, respectively. MO were predominantly male (59.7%); PC female (60.3%); most worked in academic environments (90.3% MO; 73.9% PC). Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression demonstrated that all patient factors except age were associated with prescribing TP (ORs range: from 1.34 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.77) for good ECOG, to 2.53 (95% CI 1.9 to 3.37), for reversible reason for admission). Controlling for these factors, medical specialty was independently associated with recommending TP (OR for MO 2.09 (95% CI 1.56 to 2.8)). <h3>Conclusions</h3> MO have higher odds of recommending TP for inpatients with advanced cancer than PC physicians. Further research exploring the drivers of these differing practices is warranted.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF MASTICATION
Authors: GEORGE M. NILES
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The chewing of our food is a subject of more or less interest to all of us. Beginning with the precept inculcated in every nursery, we are constantly admonished throughout life that thorough mastication is a prerequisite to health; while a rather recent school of thought contends that the whole process of bodily nutrition is markedly affected by the preliminary treatment of food in the mouth.  Mastication is an entirely voluntary act, while the performance of swallowing is a complicated reflex movement, which may be initiated voluntarily, but is, for the most part, completed independently of the will. Under normal conditions the presence of moist food on the tongue seems essential to the completion of this act, and I might add that a pleasant taste, coupled with a favorable mental attitude, still further facilitates the passage of food down the esophagus.  Too rapid eating, or tachyphagia, is a frequent fault,
Induction of cytolytic activity by anti-T3 monoclonal antibody. Activation of alloimmune memory cells and natural killer cells from normal and immunodeficient individuals.
Authors: M Suthanthiran, P S Williams, S D Solomon, A L Rubin, K H Stenzel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

The ability of the monoclonal antibody directed at the T3 antigen (anti-T3) to induce cytolytic activity was investigated since several agents that can activate T cells induce the acquisition of cytolytic activity in a variety of test systems. Pretreatment of human alloimmune memory cells, generated in primary long-term mixed lymphocyte cultures, with anti-T3 resulted in the induction of statistically significant specific secondary cytolytic activity and natural killer (NK) cell-like activity. No such augmentation or induction of cytolytic activity was found with anti-T3 pretreatment when syngeneic cells or inappropriate allogeneic cells (HLA-A, B antigens different from the original priming stimulus) were used as target cells and pretreatment of memory cells with anti-T4 or anti-T8 did not induce cytolytic activity to allogeneic or syngeneic target cells. Differential effects were observed when anti-T3 was added to the cytotoxicity assay in which anti-T3 pretreated alloimmune memory cells were effectors. The addition of anti-T3 to the assay prior to the introduction of target cells resulted in 39 +/- 8% inhibition of specific secondary cytolytic activity and only 5 +/- 8% inhibition of NK cell activity. NK cell activity mediated by large granular lymphocyte-enriched fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) obtained from normal individuals was significantly augmented by anti-T3 when NK-sensitive cell lines MOLT-4 or K-562 were used as target cells. This augmentation in NK cell activity was not associated with nonspecific cytotoxicity to syngeneic or allogeneic PBM, and anti-T3 failed to activate the LGL fraction depleted of T cells. The monoclonal antibodies, anti-T4 or anti-T8, did not increase NK cell activity. NK cell activity mediated by PBM from eight immunodeficient individuals (four with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and four with renal allografts) was also significantly augmented by anti-T3 pretreatment. Our findings, in addition to providing a rationale for the frequent occurrence of re-rejection episodes in renal graft recipients treated with anti-T3, suggest that anti-T3 might be utilized to enhance the cytotoxic armamentarium of immunodeficient patients.
Forodesine has high antitumor activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and activates p53-independent mitochondrial apoptosis by induction of p73 and BIM
Authors: Roberto Alonso, Mónica López-Guerra, Ramanda Upshaw, Shanta Bantia, Caroline Smal, Françoise Bontemps, Chantal Manz, Thomas Mehrling, Neus Villamor, Elias Campo, Emili Montserrat, Dolors Colomer
Journal: Blood (2009)
The End of Medicine
Authors: Harry B. Greenberg
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Mr Carlson does not like what many physicians do and, I suspect, does not think highly of many physicians. He wonders whether most persons are better or worse off for having consulted doctors who try to relieve the symptoms of disease but ignore the causes. He cites some statistics about the removal of normal ovaries and mentions the ill effects that have been reported to follow use of drugs such as chloramphenicol, isoproterenol, and thalidomide. Medical treatment, he comments, is judged without reference to the outcome for the patient. He finds the modern hospital the unhealthiest place around, because it lacks fresh air, sunshine, nutritious food, and opportunities for recreation and exercise. The key to health, as Mr Carlson conceives it, lies in the relationship between human beings and their environment. The medicine of today pits man against a hostile world. It cannot manage the environmental insults that threaten him.
Prospects for Medicine in Europe — Restrictions on Advertising — Moment of Truth
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

NOW that the doubts about Britain's continuing membership of the European Economic Community have been resolved by the decisive outcome of the recent referendum in which the British electorate voted convincingly in favor of staying in Europe, it is clearly important to consider the medical implications of this decision. These implications will derive from the content of the medical directives that have been signed by the political representatives of the member states and provide for the free movement of doctors within the European Economic Community and for full reciprocal medical benefits for nationals of all member states.During the long . . .