tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Atropine for the Treatment of Childhood Myopia: Safety and Efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% Doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2)
Authors: Audrey Chia, Wei-Han Chua, Yin-Bun Cheung, Wan-Ling Wong, Anushia Lingham, Allan Fong, Donald Tan
Journal: Ophthalmology (2011)
Self screening for risk of melanoma: validity of self mole counting by patients in a single general practice
Authors: P. Little, M. Keefe, J. White
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To validate self screening by patients of high mole counts, assess the within family association of sun protection behaviour and mole counts, and estimate prevalence of risk factors for melanoma. <b>Setting and subjects</b>: Systematic sample of families from a single affluent general practice population in Wessex. <b>Design</b>: Subjects completed a questionnaire about risk factors for melanoma and counted their moles. Subsequently a mole count was done by a general practitioner trained at dermatology clinics. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Validation of self counts by observer9s count. Within family association of sun protection behaviour and mole counts; self reported risk factors. <b>Results</b>: 199/237 subjects (84%) returned the questionnaire; 212/237 (89%) were examined. High counts by patients on the front of the trunk (&gt;7 moles of &gt;/=2 mm) were reasonably sensitive (79%), predictive (75%), and specific (97%) of the observer9s mole counts ((kappa)=0.74), unlike arm or total body counts. Sun protection behaviour correlated between individuals and other family members (Spearman9s coefficient r=0.50, P&lt;0.01). In the past three months 15/114 adults (13.2%, 95% confidence interval 7.0% to 19.4%) reported any change in a mole and 6/114 (5.3%, 2.0% to 11.1%) "major" changes; 6/109 adults (5.5%, 2.1% to 11.6%) had both high mole counts and freckling. <b>Conclusions</b>: Asking patients to count trunk moles could be a feasible way of identifyng patients at high risk of melanoma. Concentrating on reported major changes in moles should avoid considerable workload in general practice. The generalisability of these findings and the adverse effects, net benefit in earlier diagnosis and prevention, and workload implications of such self screening need further research. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages Simple self screening of trunk moles may be feasible to identify high risk individuals Sun protection behaviour is associated within families Advice about changes in moles should emphasise the need to report only major changes (size, shape, colour), otherwise the assessment workload may increase substantially
Précis of <i>Sensory Analysis</i>
Authors: Donald Laming
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1988)

Abstract Sensory analysis is that initial, preconscious stage of perception at which primitive features (edges, temporal discontinuities, and periodicities) are picked out from the random fluctuations that characterize the physical stimulation of sensory receptors. Sensory analysis may be studied by means of signal-detection, psychometric-function, and threshold experiments, and Sensory Analysis presents a succinct, quasi-quantitative account of the phenomena revealed thereby. This account covers all five sensory modalities, emphasising the similarities between them. A succinct account depends on identifying simple principles of wide generality, of which the most fundamental are that (a) sensory discriminations are differentially coupled to the physical stimuli and that (b) small stimuli are subject to a square-law transform which makes them less detectable than they would otherwise be. These two principles are established by comparisons between different configurations of two stimulus levels to be discriminated; they are realized within a simple physical-analogue model which affords certain low-level comparisons with neurophysiological observation. That physical-analogue model consists of a sequence of elementary operations on the stimulus constituting a stage of sensory processing. The concatenation of two or three stages in cascade accommodates an increased range of experimental phenomena, especially the detection of sinusoidal gratings. This précis is organized in three parts: Part I surveys Sensory Analysis as economically as may be, beginning from the simplest, most fundamental ideas and working toward phenomena of increasing complexity. A rather shorter Part II reviews the most important alternative models addressed to some part or other of the phenomena surveyed. Finally, a very short Part III contributes some metatheoretic remarks on the function of a theory of sensory discrimination.
THE PHYSICIAN AND THE CRIMINAL.
Authors: J. B. RANSOM
Journal: JAMA (1896)

The axiom that the proper study of mankind is man has evidently not long been applied to criminal man, for careful search reveals a striking dearth of records in this regard. Until 1841 nothing worth recording had been done in the special observation of criminals, and the science of criminal anthropology, strictly speaking, was only begun in 1854, and not until Lombroso's work "The Criminal," was published in 1876 did criminal anthropology assert itself as an independent science. There are several instances where observations have been published as to the characteristics of criminals, but no connected and definite work was done. (Immediately after the publication of "The Criminal," however, numerous works on criminal anthropology were published, especially in Italy.) All the valuable work done in this line is of recent date; good literature in this field is therefore limited, and carries with it the conclusion that the whole subject has
Quality Assurance and the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Edward T. Wong
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The fundamental role of the laboratory is to provide information to help answer questions about the diagnosis of illness and the care of patients. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) requires that clinical laboratories participate in hospitalwide quality-assurance programs to monitor and evaluate the appropriateness of medical laboratory services and to correct problems that are identified and deal with clinical situations that require improvement.<sup>1</sup>Quality-control programs now in place in clinical laboratories address only the integrity of the process that produces laboratory test results, not whether those tests benefit patient care. See also p 2549. In response to the new standard, it has been suggested that laboratories gather a plethora of statistics (so-called<i>quality indicators</i>).<sup>2</sup>Such indicators may identify trends in laboratory operations but tell little about how those laboratory services relate to patient care. Unless it is interpreted and used to improve patient care,
Vascular permeability and neurotoxicity.
Authors: J M Jacobs
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

Neurotoxic substances affect the nervous system in a selective manner. One possible basis for this selectivity is blood vessel permeability. In general, the central nervous system and the peripheral nerve trunks have impermeable blood vessels, but in certain parts the capillaries are "leaky," allowing the passage of a plasma filtrate. Intravenously injected protein tracers rapidly reach nerve cells in these regions, with the implication that these nerve cells are also readily accessible to circulating neurotoxic substances. Some examples of neurotoxicity in the central nervous system show a selectivity that could be due to capillary permeability. In experimental methylmercury poisoning, cranial nerve V and sensory dorsal root ganglia, which lie in regions of vascular permeability, are particularly susceptible. A number of drug and chemically induced neuropathies are predominantly sensory, and may be due, directly or indirectly, to the accessibility of neurotoxic substances to sensory neurons. Examination of areas of potential vulnerability to circulating toxic substances may be of value in the experimental testing of substances for neurotoxicity, where pharmacological tests may be negative and clinical symptoms difficult to assess.
Tie trees generated by distance methods of phylogenetic reconstruction
Authors: N. Takezaki
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

In examining genetic data in recent publications, Backeljau et al. showed cases in which two or more different trees (tie trees) were constructed from a single data set for the neighbor-joining (NJ) method and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). However, it is still unclear how often and under what conditions tie trees are generated. Therefore, I examined these problems by computer simulation. Examination of cases in which tie trees occur shows that tie trees can appear when no substitutions occur along some interior branch(es) on a tree. However, even when some substitutions occur along interior branches, tie trees can appear by chance if parallel or backward substitutions occur at some sites. The simulation results showed that tie trees occur relatively frequently for sequences with low divergence levels or with small numbers of sites. For such data, UPGMA sometimes produced tie trees quite frequently, whereas tie trees for the NJ method were generally rare. In the simulation, bootstrap values for clusters (tie clusters) that differed among tie trees were mostly low (< 60%). With a small probability, relatively high bootstrap values (at most 70%-80%) appeared for tie clusters. The bias of the bootstrap values caused by an input order of sequence can be avoided if one of the different paths in the cycles of making an NJ or UPGMA tree is chosen at random in each bootstrap replication.
Gastrointestinal Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management
Authors: Duane W. Taebel
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The striking advances in gastroenterology since 1963 have required an updated textbook. The 57 authors in this new work have been preeminent investigators largely responsible for these advances and fortunately, under the dual editorship, have been able to incorporate this newer knowledge into a very readable standard textbook of gastroenterology. The book itself is divided into two parts. The first, entitled "Pathophysiology," describes basic physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and alterations thereof. By itself, it would make an admirable presentation of gastrointestinal physiology. Particularly well expounded is the section on diarrhea that incorporates newer understandings of pathophysiology into a logical approach to the patient who suffers from this often vexing diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Similarly, a discussion of the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease is as comprehensive as any available. Other sections deal with basic physiological principles such as immune mechanisms in gastrointestinal disease and motility studies and, to a
Jabbering about jabs
Authors: D. Kamerow
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Why are rates of immunisation of children now falling in the US?

As an American, one of the (few) things about the US healthcare “system” that I have always taken pride in is our ability to fully vaccinate virtually all of our children by the time they start school. When I was growing up, before measles vaccine, thousands of cases of measles encephalitis and hundreds of measles related deaths occurred every year in the United States. By the turn of the current century, though, vaccination programmes had eliminated endemic measles, and the few remaining cases reported in the US were related to travel and immigration.

Not so in Europe. Vaccination coverage is low in several European countries, leading to ongoing outbreaks. And in the United Kingdom in June the Health Protection Agency announced that, because of declining vaccination coverage, measles had again become endemic in England and Wales ( BMJ 2008;337:a1254, doi:10.1136/bmj.a1254).

Because it is so contagious, measles is a great harbinger of vaccine coverage. As long as there is measles somewhere in the world, it will be exported by travel …
Predicting Death in Mechanically Ventilated Recipients of Bone Marrow Transplants
Authors: Brian J. Hennessy
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Letters1 July 1997Predicting Death in Mechanically Ventilated Recipients of Bone Marrow TransplantsBrian J. Hennessy, MB, Mary White, MB, and Gerard M. Crotty, MBBrian J. Hennessy, MBSt. James's Hospital; Dublin 8, IrelandSearch for more papers by this author, Mary White, MBSt. James's Hospital; Dublin 8, IrelandSearch for more papers by this author, and Gerard M. Crotty, MBSt. James's Hospital; Dublin 8, IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-127-1-199707010-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Rubenfeld and Crawford [1] describe the experience of Seattle's 865 bone marrow transplant recipients who required mechanical ventilation. They propose the introduction of evidence-based guidelines for ventilatory support after transplantation. Their study sample represents the largest cohort to date, and their study consolidates the findings of previous studies. The guidelines represent a reasonable and logical approach to patients with an extremely low survival rate.In the past 7 years, 141 patients received allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in our center. Fifteen percent (n = 21) of patients required mechanical ventilation for lung injury; all 21 of these patients ...References1. Rubenfeld GD, Crawford SW. Withdrawing life support from mechanically ventilated recipients of bone marrow transplants: a case for evidence-based guidelines. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 125:625-33. Google Scholar2. Denardo SJ, Oye RK, Bellamy PE. Efficacy of intensive care for bone marrow transplant patients with respiratory failure. Crit Care Med. 1989; 17:4-6. Google Scholar3. Torrecelia C, Cortes JL, Chamorro C, Rubio JJ, Dominquez de Villota E. Prognostic assessment of the acute complications of bone marrow transplantation requiring intensive therapy. Intens Care Med. 1988; 14:393-8. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: St. James's Hospital; Dublin 8, Ireland PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byUncommon Causes of ThyrotoxicosisAssessment of Outcome over a 10-year Period of Patients Admitted to a Multidisciplinary Adult Intensive Care Unit with Haematological and Solid TumoursOutcome of children requiring admission to an intensive care unit after bone marrow transplantation* 1 July 1997Volume 127, Issue 1Page: 88KeywordsBone marrowBone marrow transplantationCohort studiesIntensive care unitsLungsTransplantationVentilatorsVentilatory support Issue Published: 1 July 1997 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1997 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Reply to Riccardo Autorino, Luis Osorio and Estevão A. Lima’s Letter to the Editor re: Christian Seitz, Enis Tanovic, Zeljko Kikic, Mazda Memarsadeghi and Harun Fajkovic. Rapid Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Proximal Ureteral Calculi in Colic versus Noncolic Patients. Eur Urol 2007;52:1223–8
Authors: Christian Seitz
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Doctors recommend corticosteroids to treat meningitis
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Giving adult patients a corticosteroid to treat bacterial meningitis may cut their risk of death and disability from the infection, according to a study in the New England Journal of Medicine .

Researchers looked at the effect of adding dexamethasone to standard antibiotic treatment (2002;347:1549-56). They randomly assigned 301 adult patients to …
The Src Inhibitor AZD0530 Blocks Invasion and May Act as a Radiosensitizer in Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Phillip R. Purnell, Philip C. Mack, Clifford G. Tepper, Christopher P. Evans, Tim P. Green, Paul H. Gumerlock, Primo N. Lara, David R. Gandara, Hsing-Jien Kung, Oliver Gautschi
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
Abstract 3773: Ability to predict breast cancer in asian women using a polygenic susceptibility model
Authors: Mikael Hartman, Suo Chen, Hui Miao, Wei-Yen Lim, Woon Puay Koh, Yik-Ying Teo, Kee Seng Chia
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Ability to predict breast cancer in Asian women using a polygenic susceptibility model Background Recently identified susceptibility alleles from Genome wide Association Studies (GWAS) for breast cancer suggest a new venue to both prevention and treatment of the disease. Given variations in allele frequency between populations this ability may vary. Methods We examined the possibility for individualized disease prevention and for population screening in Asian women based on common breast cancer risk alleles. We tested using simulations and available allele frequencies from the Singapore Genome Variation Project how these markers perform together with known environmental risk factors for the disease. Results Our analysis suggests that the risk profile generated by 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as identified thru GWAS does not provide sufficient discrimination to warrant individualized prevention. They may however be useful in risk stratification for screening programs especially together with a few reproductive risk factors for disease in breast cancer prevention in the general population (Table 1). Conclusions The clinical use of single, common, low-penetrance genes is limited, but 13 validated SNPs in combination with a few readily available reproductive factors may distinguish women who are at high risk for breast cancer from those who are at low risk, particularly in the context of population screening. Table 1: Proportion of cases of breast cancer explained by the proportion of the population at highest risk for the disease. Estimates based on 13 currently known susceptibility alleles by ethnic group and number of SNPS.Proportion of general population at risk above a given level Proportion of Cases at risk above a given level Chinese 13 SNPsMalay 13 SNPsIndian 13 SNPsChinese 13 SNPs &amp; Environment 20%30.6%30.9%32.2%33.5% 40%53.1%53.5%54.9%56.0% 60%71.9%72.4%73.5%74.2% 80%87.8%88.1%88.6%89.0% Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3773.
Abstract 2332: Oncogenic mutant KRAS modulates EZH2 expression through MEK-ERK signaling by remodeling gene expression in NSCLC
Authors: Erick M. Riquelme, Li Shen, Jing Wang, Carmen Behrens, John D. Minna, Ignacio I. Wistuba
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Abstract: Background. EZH2 overexpression occurs in lung cancer and is associated with a poor outcome. The mechanisms driving EZH2 expression in lung cancer are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether pharmacological disruption of signaling MEK-ERK pathway would affect EZH2 expression in a panel of NSCLC cell lines with and without KRAS mutation. Moreover, we analyzed the transcriptome expression following knockdown of EZH2 expression in NSCLC cell lines with different types of KRAS mutations. Methods. NSCLC cell lines were treated with different doses of MEK inhibitor AZD6244 (0, 0.5 and 1μM) and the expressions of EZH2, MEK and MAPK were determined by Western-blots. Cell lines were transfected with gene-specific EZH2 siRNA and control siRNA. Gene expression profiling was performed using the Illumina Human HT-12 v 4.0 platform. Functional pathway analysis was conducted using the software Ingenuity Pathways Analysis. Result. We found that pharmacological disruption of signaling MEK-ERK pathways with AZD6244 decreases the expression of MAPK p44/42 and phospho-MAPK p44/42 in all NSCLC cell lines analyzed wild-type and of KRAS mutant status. However, after AZD6244 treatment, EZH2 expression in NSCLC cell lines varied according to the KRAS mutation status: strong reduction only in NSCLC cell lines harboring GtoC mutation, a partial reduction in cells with GtoS and GtoR mutation, and no change in cell lines with GtoD or GtoV mutation and with wild-type KRAS. The gene expression analysis revealed that 3,235 genes were similarly regulated for mutant KRAS GtoC, GtoD and GtoV in NSCLC following EZH2 knockdown compared with KRAS wild-type (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Functional pathways analysis showed that EZH2 knockdown modulated differentially pathways commonly activated in cancer as growth factor signaling, molecular mechanism of cancer and cellular growth, proliferation and development, between cell lines that harbor mutant KRAS GtoC, GtoD or GtoV compared with KRAS wild-type. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that oncogenic mutant KRAS GtoC, GtoS and GtoR modulate EZH2 expression through MEK-ERK signaling contributing to changes of the expression of genes frequently altered in cancer (Grant support: 5 R01 CA155196 and P50CA70907) Citation Format: Erick M. Riquelme, Li Shen, Jing Wang, Carmen Behrens, John D. Minna, Ignacio I. Wistuba. Oncogenic mutant KRAS modulates EZH2 expression through MEK-ERK signaling by remodeling gene expression in NSCLC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2332. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2332
Rationale and design of the International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study (INVEST): an Internet-based randomized trial in coronary artery disease patients with hypertension
Authors: Carl J. Pepine, Eileen Handberg-Thurmond, Ronald G. Marks, Michael Conlon, Rhonda Cooper-Dehoff, Peter Volkers, Peter Zellig
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
TRENDS IN INCIDENCE, EARLY INVASIVE STRATEGY AND OUTCOMES OF NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN PATIENTS ≥75 YEARS OF AGE
Authors: Sahil Khera, Dhaval Kolte, Marjan Mujib, Chandrasekar Palaniswamy, Wilbert Aronow, Ali Ahmed, Diwakar Jain, Sachin Sule, Gregg Fonarow, William Frishman, Julio Panza
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Potential Therapeutic Targets for Cardiac Fibrosis
Authors: Andrew Leask
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

Abstract : Fibrosis is one of the largest groups of diseases for which there is no therapy but is believed to occur because of a persistent tissue repair program. During connective tissue repair, “activated” fibroblasts migrate into the wound area, where they synthesize and remodel newly created extracellular matrix. The specialized type of fibroblast responsible for this action is the α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)–expressing myofibroblast. Abnormal persistence of the myofibroblast is a hallmark of fibrotic diseases. Proteins such as transforming growth factor (TGF)β, endothelin-1, angiotensin II (Ang II), connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) appear to act in a network that contributes to myofibroblast differentiation and persistence. Drugs targeting these proteins are currently under consideration as antifibrotic treatments. This review summarizes recent observations concerning the contribution of TGFβ, endothelin-1, Ang II, CCN2, and PDGF and to fibroblast activation in tissue repair and fibrosis and the potential utility of agents blocking these proteins in affecting the outcome of cardiac fibrosis.
Parvalbumin interneurons mediate neuronal circuitry–neurogenesis coupling in the adult hippocampus
Authors: Juan Song, Jiaqi Sun, Jonathan Moss, Zhexing Wen, Gerald J Sun, Derek Hsu, Chun Zhong, Heydar Davoudi, Kimberly M Christian, Nicolas Toni, Guo-li Ming, Hongjun Song
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2013)