tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Renal Artery Pressures by Catheterization in Patients with and without Renal Artery Stenosis
Authors: STEFAN A. CARTER, GORDON W. RITCHIE
Journal: Circulation (1966)

Pressures were successfully measured by catheterization in 13 out of 18 renal arteries with stenosis and in 15 out of 16 vessels without stenosis. The pressures were measured via a small-bore, radiopaque nylon catheter threaded through a curved polyethylene catheter whose tip was placed in the renal vessel. The position of the catheters was confirmed by injections of small volumes of angiographic dye and documented by spot films. Use of the small-bore catheter was necessary to avoid alteration of the measured pressure. Strict attention to technical details is mandatory in order to obtain satisfactory pressure recordings. In patients without angiographic evidence of stenosis, pressure in the renal arteries did not differ consistently from the aortic pressure. Differences of more than 15 mm Hg in the systolic pressure are probably abnormal. Abnormal systolic pressure gradients between the aorta and the renal artery were found in some patients with renal artery stenosis, but not in others. In the patients with gradients, good correlation was obtained between the gradient and the dimensions of the stenosis measured on the angiographic films and expressed as L s /(D s /D N ), 2 where L s is the length of the narrowing, and D s and D N are respectively the diameters of the lumen of the stenotic and nonstenotic parts of the vessel in a frontal projection. Our experience suggests that more preoperative pressure measurements by catheterization across renal artery stenosis and correlation relation with angiographic and renal function studies and with the results of operation are warranted.
Hepatic angiosarcoma in south glamorgan: a rare tumour still appearing 40 years after occupational exposure
Authors: R. Stacey, M. Hassell, J. T. Green
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Hepatic angiosarcoma is a rare condition with a poor prognosis and an incidence ranging from 0.14 to 0.25 per million1 however it occurs more commonly in certain geographical areas. These centre on petrochemical processing plants which were involved in the polymerisation of vinyl chloride to make PVC. Workers acting as ‘polycleaners’ in the vats were particularly susceptible. Changes were made to the processing schedule and cleaning regimes in 1974, however the authors are continuing to see cases some four decades after occupational exposure. Hepatic angiosarcoma is an industrial disease therefore all deaths have to be reported to the coroner. Our hospital is close to a petrochemical processing plant in Barry, South Glamorgan and following a recent admission of a man with associated liver failure the authors reviewed the number of cases of hepatic angiosarcoma during the last 15 years in the Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan area to assess whether or not this was an isolated case. <h3>Methods</h3> The authors identified all cases of hepatic angiosarcoma in the Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan area in the last 15 years via a computer database search of records with the assistance of the coroner. <h3>Results</h3> Seven cases of angiosarcoma were identified as outlined in the table 1 below, six of whom had definite exposure to vinyl chloride via the petrochemicals industry, the other was uncertain. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Cases of hepatic angiosarcoma related to the petrochemical industry are still occurring and it is important that Gastroenterologists are aware of the continuing presentation of new cases despite changes in safety protocols at petrochemical plants over 35 years ago. This delayed presentation suggests a long latent period between exposure and diagnosis. Occupational history is key to the diagnosis along with a typical radiological appearance as biopsy has a high incidence of significant haemorrhage.2
In the search for the functional homology of human imitation: Take play seriously!
Authors: Ádám Miklósi
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

I will argue that we cannot understand imitation unless we know more about its function. By comparing the two examples presented by Byrne &amp; Russon I show how the imitative behaviour of orangutans can be interpreted as a homologue of human imitation during play. In contrast, the lack of data leave the role of imitation in gorillas doubtful.
Abstract 4262: NR2F1 and SOX9 mediate reprogramming of tumor cells into dormancy: Potential role in dormant bone marrow DTCs
Authors: Maria S. Sosa, Yeriel Estrada, Falguni Parikh, Almudena Bosch-Gutierrez, Esther Ekpin, Ajish George, Eduardo F. Farias, Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Single disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) found in secondary organs (i.e. bone marrow BM, lung, liver) appear to activate a quiescence program and undergo a dormancy phase triggered by specific tissue microenvironment signals. The timing of this asymptomatic clinical phase may rely on specific signals that convert a previous non-permissive/non-proliferative environment into a permissive one, fueling metastasis development. The mechanisms underlying dormancy and means to maintain this state remain unknown. Here we show that the orphan nuclear receptor NR2F1/COUP-TF1 is silenced in breast and HNSCC tumors, cancer cell lines and MMTV-Neu and -Myc mouse tumor models. Surprisingly, retinoid signaling, stress signaling and microenvironmental cues from target organs (i.e. bone marrow) can induce re-expression of NR2F1 and dormancy of HNSCC cells. Forced NR2F1 re-expression resulted in induction of tumor cell quiescence in vivo and this effect depended on the expression of the transcription factor SOX9 and p27 induction. In contrast, RNAi-mediated silencing of NR2F1 or SOX9 interrupted the quiescence of dormant tumor cells. Further, quiescence induction was associated with p27, p15, p16 and HES-1. Mechanistic analysis revealed that NR2F1 is primarily nuclear and that its expression is activated by MKK6-p38α stress signaling and is negatively regulated by DNA promoter methylation. Lastly, we showed that atRA treatment followed 5-Aza-C treatment reprograms tumorigenic cells into dormancy in an NR2F1-dependent fashion. Our data suggest that re-expression of NR2F1 may promote reprogramming of aggressive tumor cells into dormancy identifying a new target for maintenance therapies for residual disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4262. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4262
98.6°F
Authors: Mark E. Shaw
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The critical appraisal of 37.0°C (98.6°F) by Mackowiak et al<sup>1</sup>is a welcome examination of a health paradigm. Given the authors' comments about the challenges that Wunderlich had in measuring body temperature compared with today, it would be amazing if his conclusions were in fact exactly correct. I therefore applaud the authors' initiative to reopen this subject. However, I believe the authors have not come to statistically valid conclusions because of inappropriate sample size. In order to determine appropriate sample size when estimating the mean of anything there are at least two questions to consider: (1) How close do we want the estimate to be to the true value (eg, the true mean temperature ±0.05°F)? and (2) How much confidence do we want to place in the estimated mean (eg, do we want to be 90%, 95%, or 99% certain)? If we assume that human body
Abstract 4523: Chaetoglobosin K, a dual Akt and JNK inhibitor, modulates Akt phosphorylation in an mTORC2 independent manner
Authors: Amna Ali, Diane F. Matesic
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Chaetoglobosin K (ChK) is a natural indolylcytochalasin that has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of human lung and ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro. We have previously shown that ChK concomitantly down-regulates Akt and JNK activation, and have recently determined that the inhibition of Akt by ChK is not via direct inhibition of the upstream enzyme PI3 kinase. The reduction in Akt activation after ChK treatment is also not related to changes in phosphorylation of the upstream modulators PDK1 or PTEN. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a kinase that regulates cell growth and protein synthesis and can be both upstream (mTORC2) and downstream (mTORC1) of Akt. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ChK: 1) decreases the activation of upstream mTORC2, as this may lead to a decrease in Akt phosphorylation; 2) alters the phosphorylation of downstream mTORC1 mediators 4E-BP1 and p70 S6 kinase. In these studies, ras-transformed rat liver epithelial cells were treated with either a non-cytotoxic dose of ChK or vehicle. Western blot analysis was performed using phosphorylation site-specific antibodies to monitor changes in 4E-BP1, p70 S6 kinase, and mTOR protein activation levels. The results of this study indicate that ChK treatment did not decrease mTORC2 activation levels and suggest that ChK decreases Akt phosphorylation through an alternate mechanism. ChK treatment decreased the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and p70 S6 kinase, confirming that ChK modulates downstream Akt/mTOR pathway effectors. Further investigations are warranted to determine the exact mechanism by which ChK down-regulates Akt, as well as JNK, activation in tumorigenic cells. This project was funded by NIH grant 1R15CA135415 Citation Format: Amna Ali, Diane F. Matesic. Chaetoglobosin K, a dual Akt and JNK inhibitor, modulates Akt phosphorylation in an mTORC2 independent manner. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4523. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4523
Intra-arterial 166 Holmium-Chitosan complex injection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: J.T. Lee, K.H. Han, D.Y. Lee, J.Y. Won, H.J. Moon, N.C. Yoo, C.Y. Chon, Y.M. Moon, M.J. Kim
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
The defense motivation system: A theory of avoidance behavior
Authors: Fred A. Masterson, Mary Crawford
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1982)

Abstract A motivational system approach to avoidance behavior is presented. According to this approach, a motivational state increases the probability of relevant response patterns and establishes the appropriate or “ideal” consummatory stimuli as positive reinforcers. In the case of feeding motivation, for example, hungry rats are likely to explore and gnaw, and to learn to persist in activities correlated with the reception of consummatory stimuli produced by ingestion of palatable substances. In the case of defense motivation, fearful rats are likely to flee or freeze, and to learn to persist in activities correlated with consummatory stimuli produced by flight from a dangerous place. Defense system activation is distinct from alarm reactions. The latter prepare the animal for probable noxious events, involve relatively intense negative affect and extinguish rapidly in situations where the noxious event no longer occurs. In contrast, defense system activation potentiates innate and modified defense reactions, thus preparing the animal for possible, but not necessarily probable, noxious events; it involves little or no negative affect and extinguishes very slowly when the noxious event no longer occurs. With these assumptions and the resulting model we attempt to resolve several long-standing problems in avoidance learning, including the low correlation between negative affect and avoidance performance, differential rates of extinction for avoidance performance and conditioned emotional responses, and evidence that some avoidance responses are much more easily learned than others. In addition, the model has implications for the study of parallels between appetitive and aversive motivation, sign tracking in aversive conditioning, and orientation of flight responses. Historical antecedents and alternative approaches are discussed.
Comparison of the in vitro susceptibility of rifaximin versus norfloxacin against multidrug resistant bacteria in a hospital setting. A proof-of-concept study for use in advanced cirrhosis: Table 1
Authors: J M Ramos, I Vidal, P Bellot, I Gómez-Hurtado, P Zapater, J Such
Journal: Gut (2015)

We read with interest the recent letter to the editor from Waidmann et al 1 investigating the effect of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria intestinal colonisation on the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis. The authors concluded that infections due to MDR bacteria and asymptomatic intestinal colonisation with MDR bacteria are a risk factor for mortality in cirrhosis. That information expands the relevance of preventing and treating infections due to MDR bacteria in patients with cirrhosis.

Infections due to MDR bacteria are mostly nosocomial in origin and represent an increasing threat in decompensated cirrhosis, due to the high requirement of changing antibiotics and its associated mortality.2 According to the actual pathogenic hypothesis of spontaneous infections in cirrhosis, a nosocomial spontaneous infection due to MDR bacteria should be preceded by its colonisation of the intestinal lumen and …
PM-05 * TUMOR LOCATION REMODELS TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILES IN A PEDIATRIC MEDULLOBLASTOMA XENOGRAFT
Authors: G. Friedman, L. Nan, B. Moore, T. Etminan, B. Orr, J. Chewning, D. Crossman, G. Y. Gillespie
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2015)

Preclinical testing of novel therapeutics increasingly relies on patient tumor tissue maintained as xenograft models in immunodeficient mice. Xenograft response to treatment informs which agents are likely to advance to human clinical trials. Frequently, pediatric brain tumor models are grown and tested in a heterotopic location. We sought to determine if growing a pediatric medulloblastoma xenograft (D341) heterotopically in the flank or cerebrum compared to orthotopically in the cerebellum of athymic nude mice altered the gene expression profile of the tumor. Flank tumors were harvested and tumor pieces were injected into the flank or dissociated and 500,000 cells injected into the cerebrum or cerebellum. After tumor regrowth, tumors were harvested and cells were prepared for mRNA-sequencing (Illumina HiSeq2500). Duplicate biological samples were run for each location. TopHat was used to align the raw RNA-Seq fastq reads to the reference genome. Cufflinks was used to determine gene differences between each location of tumor growth that met a fold change ≥±2 and a q-value <0.05. When growing a tumor in the cerebellum versus the flank or cerebrum, 123 and 73 significant gene differences were seen, respectively. Gene upregulation accounted for 88% of the differences when comparing cerebellum to flank, whereas 71% of the changes were downregulation of genes in the cerebellum versus cerebrum. Gene ontology analysis revealed that approximately half of the gene differences between the cerebellum and the flank or cerebrum were related to metabolic and cellular processes. The most common molecular function changes were related to binding and catalytic activity. These results suggest that significant gene expression changes occur when a medulloblastoma xenograft is implanted in a heterotopic location instead of orthotopically in the cerebellum. Further analysis is required to identify the drivers of these changes and to determine whether these differences modify treatment sensitivity.
Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Domestic Homicide
Authors: Brandon S. Centerwall
Journal: JAMA (1995)

A study of 222 intraracial domestic homicides in Atlanta, Ga, found that when black and white populations were unstratified, the relative risk of homicide in black populations was 5.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3 to 8.0); when black and white populations were stratified by rates of household crowding, the relative risk of homicide in black populations was no longer significantly elevated (relative risk [RR], 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.0). The current study sought to replicate, or not replicate, these findings in New Orleans, La.Retrospective study of 349 intraracial domestic homicides perpetrated against residents of Orleans Parish in 1979, 1982, 1985, and 1986.Relative risk of homicide in the black and white populations of New Orleans when they are stratified by rates of household crowding.When black and white populations of New Orleans were unstratified, the relative risk of intraracial domestic homicide in black populations was 6.3 (95% CI, 4.3 to 9.5). When black and white populations were stratified by rates of household crowding, the relative risk of homicide in black populations was no longer significantly elevated (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.4 to 2.9).The findings of the Atlanta homicide study are replicated in the current study of homicide in New Orleans. In both cities, sixfold differences in black and white rates of intraracial domestic homicide are entirely accounted for by differences in socioeconomic status between the respective black and white populations. There are no significant residual differences requiring cultural explanations.
Darfur crisis intensifies
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Torrential rain has fallen on displaced people's camps in the Darfur region of Sudan, increasing the risk of the spread of disease. Meanwhile the World Food Programme has begun to airdrop supplies to cut-off areas, and a contingent of Rwandan troops has arrived in Darfur to protect African Union ceasefire monitors (see News Extra, BMJ 2004;329:310 (7 August)).

Meanwhile the UN Security Council is considering whether Sudan has done enough to avoid sanctions, and the country's government in Khartoum accused the West of exaggerating the scale of the crisis as a pretext for intervention.

A World Health Organization …
Only a strong, multispecific, and longlasting CD4+ T cell response is associated with viral elimination in patients with recurrent HCV-infection after OLTx
Authors: C.A. Schirren, R. Zachoval, M.C. Jung, J.T. Gerlach, N. Gruener, H.M. Diepolder, M. Houghton, H.G. Rau, G.R. Pape
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Alcohol limit for drink driving should be much lower
Authors: Ediriweera B R Desapriya
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Research on preventing road traffic injuries in developing countries is neededEditor-The dedication of the World Health Organization's World Health Day 2004 to road safety is recognition of the global threat of road traffic injuries.Increasing population size, vehicle ownership, road infrastructure, and transnational transportation have created a substantial public health burden.However, little epidemiological research has been conducted into preventing road traffic injuries in developing countries.Currently global research and development funding per disability adjusted life year for HIV, asthma, and blindness are $26.2,$10.8, and $5.4, respectively, while only $0.40 for road traffic injuries. 1 Epidemiological studies of successful interventions preventing road traffic injuries have been conducted in developed countries. 2But to assume the same effectiveness in developing countries is inappropriate because of behavioural, vehicular, and environmental differences.A pooled analysis of street lighting intervention data from developed countries shows a protective effect, 3 particularly in pedestrian injury (relative risk 0.56), the most common road traffic injuries in developing countries.Annually, 1.2 million deaths are attributed to road traffic crashes, 85% occurring in developing countries. 4If an intervention such as street lighting could reduce deaths by as much as 30%, there is a potential to save thousands of lives.Various international aid agencies are investing in road infrastructure development.These initiatives could be coupled with the need to develop concrete epidemiological data.Innovative strategies, such as step wedge study design, 5 could lead to the evolution of an evidence based public health approach to this problem.
Alternatives to the Use of Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: JoAnn V. Pinkerton, Richard Santen
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1999)

I. Introduction II. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease A. Estrogens and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease B. Comparison of statins with estrogens for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease C. Effects of statins on new coronary events and survival D. Other agents with potential for prevention of cardiovascular disease E. Secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease III. Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis A. Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis B. Bisphosphonates for prevention of osteoporosis C. Nasal calcitonin for osteoporosis D. SERMs for prevention of osteoporosis E. Comparison among therapeutic agents for treatment of osteoporosis IV. Urogenital Atrophy V. Vasomotor Instability A. Alternative/herbal therapy VI. Central Nervous System (CNS) Symptoms VII. Safety and Side Effects of Alternatives to Estrogen VIII. Conclusions
Examples of in vivo isotype class switching in IgM+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells.
Authors: F Fais, B Sellars, F Ghiotto, X J Yan, M Dono, S L Allen, D Budman, K Dittmar, J Kolitz, S M Lichtman, P Schulman, M Schuster, V P Vinciguerra, K Rai, F K Stevenson, P K Gregersen, M Ferrarini, N Chiorazzi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) usually involves the expansion of a clone of CD5+ B cells synthesizing IgM antibodies. These B cells appear to be blocked at the antigen receptor-expressing stage of B cell differentiation and are thought not to undergo an isotype class switch to IgG or IgA production. In vivo and in vitro studies suggest, however, that in some instances terminal differentiation and isotype switching can occur. To test the hypothesis that in vivo isotype class switching occurs in IgM+ B-type CLL cells, we analyzed the PBMC of 19 CLL patients for the presence of transcripts encoding the rearranged CLL V(H)DJ(H) associated with either gamma or alpha H chains. The molecular data indicate that approximately 50% of B-CLL patients have amplifications of IgM+ B cells that undergo an isotype class switch. Switching to IgA appears to occur more often than to IgG; also, switching can involve different IgG subclasses in individual patients. In many instances, these CLL-related gamma and alpha transcripts are much more plentiful than those of normal B cells that produce the same isotype. These switched transcripts do not reveal evidence for the accumulation of significant numbers of new V(H) gene mutations. The cellular data indicate that B cells with lesser amounts of surface membrane IgD and higher IgM/IgD ratios are more likely to undergo this switching process. Furthermore, B cells expressing IgG and IgA of the same idiotype or V(H) family and the same CDR3 length as those of the CLL IgM+ clone can be identified in the blood of patients studied using multiparameter immunofluorescence analyses. Collectively, these data suggest that not all members of a B-CLL clone are frozen at the surface membrane Ig-expressing stage of B cell maturation, and that some members can switch to the production of non-IgM isotypes. The occurrence of switching without the accumulation of V gene mutations indicates that the processes of differentiation and diversification are not linked.