tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Id1 is a critical mediator in TGF-β-induced transdifferentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Eliza Wiercinska, Lucia Wickert, Bernd Denecke, Harun M. Said, Jafar Hamzavi, A. M. Gressner, Midori Thorikay, Peter ten Dijke, Peter R. Mertens, Katja Breitkopf, Steven Dooley
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is critically involved in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) that occurs during the process of liver damage, for example, by alcohol, hepatotoxic viruses, or aflatoxins. Overexpression of the TGF-β antagonist Smad7 inhibits transdifferentiation and arrests HSCs in a quiescent stage. Additionally, bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced fibrosis is ameliorated by introducing adenoviruses expressing Smad7 with down-regulated collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. The aim of this study was to further characterize the molecular details of TGF-β pathways that control the transdifferentiation process. In an attempt to elucidate TGF-β target genes responsible for fibrogenesis, an analysis of Smad7-dependent mRNA expression profiles in HSCs was performed, resulting in the identification of the inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1) gene. Ectopic Smad7 expression in HSCs strongly reduced Id1 mRNA and protein expression. Conversely, Id1 overexpression in HSCs enhanced cell activation and circumvented Smad7-dependent inhibition of transdifferentiation. Moreover, knock-down of Id1 in HSCs interfered with α-SMA fiber formation, indicating a pivotal role of Id1 for fibrogenesis. Treatment of HSCs with TGF-β1 led to increased Id1 protein expression, which was not directly mediated by the ALK5/Smad2/3, but the ALK1/Smad1 pathway. In vivo, Id1 expression and Smad1 phosphorylation were co-induced during fibrogenesis. In conclusion, Id1 is identified as TGF-β/ALK1/Smad1 target gene in HSCs and represents a critical mediator of transdifferentiation that might be involved in hepatic fibrogenesis. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;43:1032–1041.)
A British Medical Association Lecture on Recent Advances in the Surgery of the Chest
Authors: H. S. Souttar
Journal: BMJ (1926)

SURGICAL procedures in connexion with the chest differ from those in other regions of the body in the peculiar mechanical difficulties which they present.On the one hand, the chest and its contained viscera are in constant motion; on the other hand, in the pleural cavity alone of all regions of the body is there a constant negative pressure.The latter is by far the most important consideration in dealing with the thorax, since it means that unless very special precautions are taken an opening into the pleural cavity will generally be followed by the immediate collapse of the lung on that side.This pleural suction, as it might well be called, varies between 6 mm. of mercury in expiration and 30 mm. on deep inspiration, but it must be remembered that on closing the glottis and coughing it may be converted into a positive pressure of 100 mm. or more of mercury.So long as the thorax is closed the mechanical conditions are not affected by the existence of a potential pleural cavity, but the moment it is opened the conditions on the two sides of the chest become entirely different.If the opening is large the viscera on this side are subject simply to atmospheric pressure, whilst on the opposite side they are subject to pressures which may vary, as we have seen, between 30 mm. and + 100 mm. of mercury.If the two sides of the chest were separated by a rigid partition no great harm might result.It would simply mean that one side was thrown out of action so far as respiration was concerned.They are, however, separated not by a rigid partition but by a very mobile mediastinum, anid, moreover, this mobile mediastinum contains the heart, the great vessels, and a mass of important nervous struc- tures.Such variations in the pressures on its two sides, often as sudden as they are violent, will literally throw the mediastinum from side to side, producing the condition known as flapping of the mediastinum.The dangers of such a condition need scarcely be stressed, and yet it is the immediate result of a large opening made into the chest without due precautions.Such a state of affairs is of common occurrence in the ordinary treatment of acute empyema.Its recognition and the elaboration of means to avoid it form an important advance in thoracic surgery.ACUTE EMPYEMA.Acute empyemata occur in two forms-the adherent and the non-adherent.
Systematic examination of the influence of carbohydrate supplementation on physical and mental performance in warm conditions
Authors: P Watson, F van Langen, J Quigley, R J Maughan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Exercise performance in the heat is not limited by the availability of carbohydrate (CHO), and the provision of more dilute CHO-electrolyte solutions may confer a greater benefit during prolonged exercise in a warm environment. The present study evaluated the effects of low concentrations of CHO on physical and mental performance. Twelve healthy males (mean±SD Age 21±2 years; Height 179±8 cm; Mass 80.2±7.1 kg; VO 2max 4.2±0.5 l/min) exercised to volitional exhaustion at a workload corresponding to 60% VO 2max at 30°C, 60% RH. Subjects ingested 3 ml/kg body mass of a 0%, 2%, 4% or 6% CHO solution before exercise and a further 1.5 ml/kg body mass of the appropriate solution every 10 min during exercise. Heart rate, core temperature, RPE and perceived thermal stress were recorded at regular intervals. Expired gas samples were collected to determine rates of substrate utilisation. Cognitive function was assessed using a computerised test battery. Exercise time to exhaustion was 94.5±24.5 min, 104.1±20.1 min, 105.5±26.7 min and 112.0±28.7 min in the 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% trials respectively (P=0.046). Drink CHO content did not influence heart rate (P=0.464) or core temperature (P=0.516). Rates of CHO (P=0.105) and fat (P=0.339) oxidation were not influenced by the drink ingested. The exercise bout resulted in a slowing of response times to a visual search task in the 0% and 2% trials (p&lt;0.05). The present data demonstrate a positive relationship between drink CHO content and exercise time to exhaustion. There was some suggestion that CHO may attenuate decrements in motor skills tasks performed after exhausting exercise. The study was carried out in relation to the product Powerade and was funded in part by The Coca-Cola Company.
Abstract 511: Adipocyte-derived fibroblasts contribute to the desmoplastic reaction in breast cancer: A new link between breast cancer and obesity
Authors: Ludivine Bochet, Stéphanie Dauvillier, Béatrice Dirat, Marta Dabek, Sophie Le Gonidec, Pierre-Olivier Mari, Ghislaine Escourrou, Philippe Valet, Catherine Muller
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Now, it is widely established that malignant tumors, not merely grow into a preexisting interstitial tissue, but they actively form a new stroma and modify their composition. Accordingly, one of the features of many carcinomas, particularly breast, is the presence of a dense collagenous stroma, the so-called desmoplastic response, comprising fibroblast-like cells which play a crucial role in tumor progression. Peritumoral fibroblasts are composed of several subpopulations that are morphologically undistinguishable and their origins remain debated. Our results suggest that a part of this fibroblast could arise from the “reorientation” of mature adipocytes, highly represented in breast tumour microenvironment. Using an original 2D coculture system, we show that mature adipocytes cocultivated with breast tumour cells for 3 to 8 days lose their lipid content as well as their adipocyte differentiation markers (HSL, Adipsin, Adiponectin, C/EBPα, PPARγ, Resistin). This process is associated with intense morphological and functional changes leading to an activated fibroblast phenotype (exhibition of actin stress fibers, increase of focal adhesion sites). In this way, we have identified for the first time a new fibroblastic population called Adipocyte Derived Fibroblast (ADF). Interestingly, the reorientation occur in vivo since the injection of far red fluorescent tumour cells into a mice fatpad containing GFP-expressing adipocytes induce the apparition of GFP-fibroblast-like cells that interdigitate with tumour cells. Moreover, our results show that the ADF phenotype depends on the reactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Finally, ADFs exhibit an increase of migratory and invasive abilities, with enhanced profibrotic secretions (fibronectin and collagen 1) suggesting that these cells could be key players in desmoplastic reaction. Ongoing experiments are performed to assess the presence of ADFs in breast human tumors. Our results might provide an explanation for the poor prognosis observed in localized breast cancer in obese women, since the nature of the desmoplastic reaction and the secretion pattern of ADF might be profoundly altered in this physiopathogical condition. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 511. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-511
Lifetime Tobacco Use
Authors: R.T. RAVENHOLT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Letters and Corrections1 September 1986Lifetime Tobacco UseR.T. RAVENHOLT, M.D.R.T. RAVENHOLT, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-105-3-472_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The strong case made against the utility of routine chest radiographs by Tape and Mushlin (1) should prompt many physicians to limit the use of chest radiographs, as recommended. Unfortunately, as rampant tuberculosis subsided and lung cancer rapidly increased (2, 3), continued routine chest radiography was widely believed to be essential for early diagnosis. In remunerative pursuit of the fascinating yet still elusive goal of lung cancer cure, the medical and surgical professions have continued "dancing to tobacco-interest tunes" several decades beyond the time when epidemiologic evidence and common sense should have focused overwhelming action on primary...References1. TAPEMUSHLIN TA. The utility of routine chest radiographs. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:663-70. LinkGoogle Scholar2. GRIGG E. The arcana of tuberculosis with a brief epidemiologic history of the disease in the USA, Part IV. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis. 1958;78:51-71. Google Scholar3. RAVENHOLTFOEGE RW. Epidemiology and treatment of lung cancer in Seattle. J Dis Chest. 1963;44:174-85. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Smoking and Health Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Washington, D.C.: Department of Health, Education and Welfare; 11 January 1964. Google Scholar5. POLLINRAVENHOLT WR. Tobacco addiction and tobacco mortality: implications for death certification. JAMA. 1984;252:2849-54. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: R.T. RAVENHOLT, M.D.Affiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byB 1 September 1986Volume 105, Issue 3Page: 472-473KeywordsCancer epidemiologyDiagnostic radiologyLung and intrathoracic tumorsThorax ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 September 1986 PDF downloadLoading ...
A nonhuman primate perspective on affiliation
Authors: Tamara A. R. Weinstein, John P. Capitanio
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

primate research suggests that affiliation is a highly complex construct. studies of primate affiliation demonstrate the need to distinguish between various affiliative behaviors, consider relationships as emergent properties of these behaviors, define affiliation in the context of general environmental responsiveness, and address developmental changes in affiliation across the lifespan.
Thiazide-Induced Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone
Authors: Stephen Hamburger
Journal: JAMA (1981)

FIRST described in 1957 by Schwartz and associates,<sup>1</sup>the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) has been recognized more frequently in recent years.<sup>2</sup>The following are characteristic signs of SIADH: (1) no clinical evidence of intravascular volume depletion or edema; (2) simultaneous hyponatremia and hypoosmolality of the serum; (3) inappropriate hyperosmolality of the urine for the concomitant tonicity of the plasma; and (4) inappropriate urinary sodium excretion in relation to total-body sodium stores.<sup>3</sup>The syndrome has been associated with a variety of clinical disorders and drugs. In 1971, Fichman et al<sup>4</sup>reported 25 cases of diureticinduced (all of the patients were taking thiazide diuretics) hyponatremia that resembled classic SIADH except that the hyponatremia was usually accompanied by hypokalemia and alkalosis. Withdrawal of the diuretic was associated with a return of the serum sodium concentration to normal and appropriate excretion of a water load within ten
Anti‐IgG Antibodies during Immunotherapy with Purified Grass Pollen Extracts
Authors: O. ØSterballe, Else‐Marie Egeskjold, A. S. Johansen, P. Skov
Journal: Allergy (1982)

In a double blind study 40 patients were allocated specific immunotherapy (hyposensitization) with partially partially purified timothy extract or two timothy major allergens 19, 25. All patients had typical grass pollen hay level, in 27% associated with grass pollen asthma and in 13% with birch pollen allergy. Serum IgG anti‐IgG antibodies were determined after dithiothreitol treatment. Before hyposensitization, IgG anti‐IgG times ≥9 were demonstrated in 45% of the patients During hyposensitization IgG anti‐IgG titres showed a slight initial increase followed by a decrease below pretreatment level. Neither increase nor decrease was statistically significant. Reactions to rabbit IgG F(ab) 2 fractions were only obtained during hyposensitization. The occurrence of anti‐IgG antibodies did not correlate with symptoms, side effects, or the level of allergen‐specific IgG. In a previous study it was demonstrated that patients with multiallergy hyposensitized with combined allergen extracts showed a statistrated significant increase in IgG anti‐IgG titres during treatment. This increase failed to appear in the resent patients allergic only to pollen and treated with purified allergen extracts. It is therefore suggested that a multiallergic condition and the combination and/or purification of allergen extracts administered during hyposensitization may influence the production of IgG anti‐IgG antibodies.
Malignant melanoma in childhood
Authors: D.J. Eedy
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

Journal Article Malignant melanoma in childhood Get access D.J. Eedy D.J. Eedy Department of Dermatology, Craigavon Area Hospital Group Trust, Lurgan Road, Craigavon, Northen Ireland BT63 5QQ Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 136, Issue 1, 1 January 1997, Pages 137–138, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb08769.x Published: 01 January 1997
Effect of downregulation of germline transcripts on immunoglobulin A isotype differentiation.
Authors: Y Wakatsuki, W Strober
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

In this study we determined the role of immunoglobulin (Ig) germline transcripts in the isotype switch differentiation of the cloned lymphoma B cell line CH12.LX. In initial studies, we showed that addition of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), either alone or in combination, augment switching from membrane (m)IgM+ to mIgA+ cells, and that increased switching is preceded and paralleled by an increase in the steady-state level of alpha germline transcripts (alpha GLT). Interestingly, TGF-beta and IL-4 affect switching in different ways, as shown by the fact that IL-4 increases and TGF-beta decreases the number of dual-positive (mIgM+/mIgA+) cells; in addition, TGF-beta and IL-4 have different effects on the time course of induction of alpha GLT. In subsequent studies, we established that we could downregulate alpha GLT levels in CH12.LX B cells by transfecting an expression vector that can be induced to produce transcripts antisense to the I alpha exon. Using this approach we downregulated alpha GLT in CH12.LX B cells undergoing switching in the presence of TGF-beta and IL-4 and showed that such downregulation led to decreased switching, as evidenced by decreased appearance of dual-positive B cells as well as decreased IgA synthesis relative to IgM synthesis. This result was corroborated by the fact that incubation of CH12.LX cells with phosphorothio-oligo antisense DNA to I alpha sequence also led to a decrease in the number of dual-positive cells and in the IgA/IgM secretion ratio. In summary, IgA isotype differentiation in CH12.LX B cell, particularly the steps necessary for the elaboration of mIgM+/mIgA+ switch intermediate cells, is inhibited by downregulation of alpha GLT; it is therefore apparent that alpha GLT plays a key role in the initial stage of isotype switch differentiation.
GPs in deprived areas do more out of hours work
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

GPs working in deprived areas have 44% more out of hour contacts than GPs in other areas, according to new research.

The researchers, who also found that there was a higher number of surgery consultations and more same day consultations in deprived areas, say the results show that such areas need a smaller ratio of GPs to patients.

“Currently, GPs are inversely distributed with fewer in deprived areas,” says a report of the research ( Journal of Public Health Medicine 2002;24:41-38). “It is difficult to recommend a simple list size adjustment to account for the extra workload …
Cardiac Problems in Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management of Maternal and Fetal Disease
Authors: Borys Surawicz
Journal: JAMA (1990)

The multiauthor textbook has become the most convenient way of collating a comprehensive body of new information. Elkayam and Gleicher state that their purpose is to acquaint the adult and pediatric cardiologist with the developing field of fetal cardiology and to offer the obstetrician an understanding of maternal cardiology. The two editors, a cardiologist and an obstetrician, have accomplished both goals in their collaborative effort. They have written, either alone or together, about one third of the 49 chapters of the text and delegated the remainder to about 60 of their colleagues with established expertise in cardiology, pediatrics, obstetrics, surgery, anesthesiology, and pertinent basic sciences. The second edition has maintained the original organization, which combines in a single volume two loosely related surveys of maternal and fetal cardiology. Several chapters have been added, and some of the older ones have been updated or rewritten, but only a few of the
Book: Making Babies: Is There a Right to Have Children
Authors: A. J. Klotzko
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Mary Warnock Oxford University Press, £9.99, pp 120 ISBN 0 19 280334 4 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img>![Graphic][4]</img> Would you care to spend a day or two—or perhaps some short periods of free time in your hectic and stressful schedule—in the company of a philosopher? While that prospect might not immediately sound enticing, it would and should make a difference if you knew that the philosopher in question was Mary Warnock. Since she chaired the Committee on Human Fertilisation and Embryology, from 1982 to 1984, Mary Warnock has been the most influential voice in the United Kingdom on these matters. The committee's recommendations formed the basis for the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990, which created … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
Patterns of flow and conduction during early ventricular arrhythmias following coronary arterial occlusion in the dog
Authors: D. C RUSSELL, R. A RIEMERSMA, J. S LAWRIE, M. F OLIVER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1982)

The early ventricular arrhythmias of acute myocardial ischaemia arise against a background of rapid alterations in regional myocardial blood flow and electrophysiological properties. The relation between patterns of flow and epicardial activation has been examined in eight open chest anaesthetised dogs at time of onset of these arrhythmias following a proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Data were derived from 80 epicardial and endocardial sites within a 4 × 5 cm area of left ventricular free wall and processed utilising a three-dimensional computer plotting program. Mean flow within the ischaemic zone was reduced to 0.27 and 0.24 cm3·g−1·min−1 in epicardium and endocardium respectively. Marked epicardial activation delays and fragmentation of conduction were observed confined to areas of flow less than 0.3 cm3·g−1·min−1. 74% of endocardial and 71% of epicardial tissue samples within the ischaemic zone derived from this area and analysis of flow distribution between adjacent samples demonstrated spatial heterogeneity of flow. It is suggested that local spatial variability in flow within the central ischaemic region may be a prerequisite for abnormal fractionation of conduction leading to re-entrant excitation at the time of onset of early ventricular arrhythmias.
Snoring and sleep apnoea
Authors: I Mortimore
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Ellis and Cunningham cite a study in which patients were randomised to fluorouracildoxorubicin-methotrexate or to best supportive care.2They comment that randomisation was stopped in mid-study because of the apparent survival benefit in the chemotherapy arm.Subse- quent patients recruited to the study were assigned only to the chemotherapy arm.Only 10 patients had been accrued in the control group and 12 in the treatment arm when randomisation was stopped.No formal assessment of quality of life was included.
Emotional Reactions to Long-Term Anticoagulation
Authors: John A. Udall
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Our observations of patients' emotional reactions to long-term anticoagulant therapy are essentially opposite to those cited in the editorial. It seems possible that the responses were artifacts of an excessive discussion of anticoagulation therapy in a small clinic and the presence of a psychiatrist-observer at regular clinic visits. The near-magic perception of this therapy is uncommon. Most patients learn little beyond the blood-thinning idea and the need to watch for bleeding. They usually want only the simple facts—how many pills to take and how often the blood is to be tested—and most do not invest the subject with magical thinking and rich emotional interest. Our patients assign more magical powers to nitroglycerin than to the coumarin drugs, for obvious reasons. And this matter of factly, rather than with emotional preoccupation, even though these pills may be just as explosive. Most of our patients accept coumarin dose changes
Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate activation of the purinergic receptor P2Y enhances in vitro vascular calcification
Authors: Mirjam Schuchardt, Markus Tölle, Jasmin Prüfer, Nicole Prüfer, Tao Huang, Vera Jankowski, Joachim Jankowski, Walter Zidek, Markus van der Giet
Journal: Kidney International (2011)
Subdural haematoma as a complication of spinal anaesthetic.
Authors: P Newrick, D Read
Journal: BMJ (1982)

High incidence of amiodaroneinduced photosensitivity in North-west England Amiodarone is a potent cardiac antiarrhythmic agent which has been used in Europe for more than a decade but which has only recently become available in Britain.Facial pigmentation and photosensitivity are well recognised side effects,'-4 but their incidence is disputed.We report the incidence of photosensitivity in a large group of patients receiving amiodarone at a regional cardiothoracic centre.