tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Journalists as Change Agents in Medicine and Health Care
Authors: Miriam Shuchman
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Although the reporters failed in these cases to accuratelyexplainscientificinformation,notmedicreportsareascare-less.Responsiblereportingbyjournalistscanilluminateim-portant issues for the general public that might have oth-erwise remained obscured in the scientific arena. In somecases,investigativereportershaveexposedaspectsofmedi-cineandmedicalsciencethatpromptedlegislativeandpolicychanges in the health care system.Forexample,a
The role of in vivo confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of eyelid margin tumors: Reply from the authors
Authors: Elisa Cinotti, Jean-Luc Perrot, Nelly Campolmi, Bruno Labeille, Marine Espinasse, Damien Grivet, Gilles Thuret, Philippe Gain, Catherine Douchet, Fabien Forest, Maher Haouas, Frédéric Cambazard
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2015)
18F-FDG PET/CT and MR Findings of Ovarian Carcinoid Within a Dermoid Cyst
Authors: Masahiro Horikawa, Hiroshi Shinmoto, Shigeyoshi Soga, Kosuke Miyai, Tastumi Kaji
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Ovarian carcinoid is a rare neoplasm of low-grade malignancy occurring within a dermoid cyst or mucinous tumor, predominantly in perimenopausal women. Reports with radiologic features are scarce. We present a case of a 57-year-old woman with an ovarian carcinoid within a dermoid cyst manifested as a multilocular cystic mass with a solid component showing 18F-FDG PET uptake (SUVmax=6.02).
Depression With Atypical Features and Increase in Obesity, Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Fat Mass
Authors: Aurélie M. Lasserre, Jennifer Glaus, Caroline L. Vandeleur, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Julien Vaucher, François Bastardot, Gérard Waeber, Peter Vollenweider, Martin Preisig
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Depression and obesity are 2 prevalent disorders that have been repeatedly shown to be associated. However, the mechanisms and temporal sequence underlying this association are poorly understood. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine whether the subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD; melancholic, atypical, combined, or unspecified) are predictive of adiposity in terms of the incidence of obesity and changes in body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), waist circumference, and fat mass. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> This prospective population-based cohort study, CoLaus (Cohorte Lausannoise)/PsyCoLaus (Psychiatric arm of the CoLaus Study), with 5.5 years of follow-up included 3054 randomly selected residents (mean age, 49.7 years; 53.1% were women) of the city of Lausanne, Switzerland (according to the civil register), aged 35 to 66 years in 2003, who accepted the physical and psychiatric baseline and physical follow-up evaluations. <h3>Exposures</h3> Depression subtypes according to the<i>DSM-IV</i>. Diagnostic criteria at baseline and follow-up, as well as<i>s</i>ociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle (alcohol and tobacco use and physical activity), and medication, were elicited using the semistructured Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Changes in body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass during the follow-up period, in percentage of the baseline value, and the incidence of obesity during the follow-up period among nonobese participants at baseline. Weight, height, waist circumference, and body fat (bioimpedance) were measured at baseline and follow-up by trained field interviewers. <h3>Results</h3> Only participants with the atypical subtype of MDD at baseline revealed a higher increase in adiposity during follow-up than participants without MDD. The associations between this MDD subtype and body mass index (β = 3.19; 95% CI, 1.50-4.88), incidence of obesity (odds ratio, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.24-11.35), waist circumference in both sexes (β = 2.44; 95% CI, 0.21-4.66), and fat mass in men (β = 16.36; 95% CI, 4.81-27.92) remained significant after adjustments for a wide range of possible cofounding. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> The atypical subtype of MDD is a strong predictor of obesity. This emphasizes the need to identify individuals with this subtype of MDD in both clinical and research settings. Therapeutic measures to diminish the consequences of increased appetite during depressive episodes with atypical features are advocated.
Ischemia impairs liver regeneration after major tissue loss in rodents: Protective effects of interleukin-6
Authors: Markus Selzner, Carlos A. Camargo, Pierre-Alain Clavien
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

The effects of ischemia on the regenerative capacity of the liver after major tissue loss remain unclear. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been shown to confer protection in models of normothermic ischemia and reperfusion injury and to initiate hepatocyte proliferation after major hepatectomy. Therefore, we investigated the effects of ischemia on the regenerative capacity of the liver and evaluated the role of IL-6 in reducing reperfusion injury and enhancing hepatic proliferation in models combining ischemia and major hepatectomy. Rats subjected to 70% hepatectomy and 30 minutes of hepatic ischemia showed significantly reduced regenerative capacity (mitotic index, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and regenerated liver weight) when compared with animals subjected to hepatectomy alone. Pretreatment of animals subjected to hepatectomy and ischemia with recombinant interleukin-6 (rIL-6) completely restored each parameter of regeneration to levels comparable with those of animals subjected to hepatectomy only. Similar results were obtained in IL-6 deficient (IL-6 −/− ) mice. IL-6 −/− mice exposed to ischemia and hepatectomy showed impaired hepatic regeneration when compared with wild-type mice subjected to the same experimental conditions. The use of rIL-6 completely corrected each parameter of regeneration showing the specificity of IL-6 in this type of injury. The impact of IL-6 on animal survival was studied in a model combining 45 minutes of ischemia and 68% hepatectomy. Five of 7 (71%) animals pretreated with rIL-6 survived permanently, whereas all control animals died within 3 days of surgery ( P = .02, Fisher's exact test). In conclusion, the study shows that ischemia dramatically impairs the regenerative capacity of the liver. IL-6 appears to be a key protective molecule in reducing injury and promoting regeneration following combined ischemia and major tissue loss.
Serotonin receptor 1A–modulated phosphorylation of glycine receptor α3 controls breathing in mice
Authors: Till Manzke, Marcus Niebert, Uwe R. Koch, Alex Caley, Steffen Vogelgesang, Swen Hülsmann, Evgeni Ponimaskin, Ulrike Müller, Trevor G. Smart, Robert J. Harvey, Diethelm W. Richter
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Rhythmic breathing movements originate from a dispersed neuronal network in the medulla and pons. Here, we demonstrate that rhythmic activity of this respiratory network is affected by the phosphorylation status of the inhibitory glycine receptor α3 subtype (GlyRα3), which controls glutamatergic and glycinergic neuronal discharges, subject to serotonergic modulation. Serotonin receptor type 1A–specific (5-HTR1A–specific) modulation directly induced dephosphorylation of GlyRα3 receptors, which augmented inhibitory glycine-activated chloride currents in HEK293 cells coexpressing 5-HTR1A and GlyRα3. The 5-HTR1A–GlyRα3 signaling pathway was distinct from opioid receptor signaling and efficiently counteracted opioid-induced depression of breathing and consequential apnea in mice. Paradoxically, this rescue of breathing originated from enhanced glycinergic synaptic inhibition of glutamatergic and glycinergic neurons and caused disinhibition of their target neurons. Together, these effects changed respiratory phase alternations and ensured rhythmic breathing in vivo. GlyRα3-deficient mice had an irregular respiratory rhythm under baseline conditions, and systemic 5-HTR1A activation failed to remedy opioid-induced respiratory depression in these mice. Delineation of this 5-HTR1A–GlyRα3 signaling pathway offers a mechanistic basis for pharmacological treatment of opioid-induced apnea and other breathing disturbances caused by disorders of inhibitory synaptic transmission, such as hyperekplexia, hypoxia/ischemia, and brainstem infarction.
GOITER IN PREGNANCY
Authors: LEIGH F. WATSON
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Exophthalmic goiter in pregnancy is rare, owing to the restraining influence the disease exerts on conception. Halliday-Croom1reports only one case in 15,000 dispensary patients, while in his private practice he found twelve cases, causing him to believe that this complication is more prevalent among the upper classes. Bonnaire2found two cases in 30,000 dispensary patients. Seitz3in 1913 was able to collect 112 cases from his own material, literature and circular letters. Additional cases have been reported by Gellhorn,4Ward,5Markoe,6Crotti,7Davis,8Porter,9Stowe10and others.  I want to report seven cases of toxic goiter with exophthalmos and nine cases of toxic nonexophthalmic goiter occurring during pregnancy, seen during the past five years.  I believe that occasionally patients with goiter of brief duration ascribe their increase in symptoms at pregnancy to the pregnancy itself, while in reality the
THE PERNICIOUS INFLUENCE OF ALBINISM UPON THE EYE.Read in the Section on Ophthalmology at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: GEORGE M. GOULD
Journal: JAMA (1893)

I have had the good fortune to examine and treat the eyes of two families of albinos, and the results of my studies have led me to some conclusions that I trust may be of interest and value to the profession, and may ultimately be of benefit to these most unfortunate beings. I shall first describe my cases: the first family is composed of rugged, healthy, normal parents, of American descent and birth, the father a strong and robust farmer, the mother an equally well-developed woman, who has borne seven children, all living and healthy, now ranging from the ages of four to twenty-two. The most diligent inquiry has failed to elicit a single instance of albinism, or of pathologic taint in the ancestry of either parent; there has been no intermarriage of cousins, and nothing to lead one to suspect syphilis, intermixture of negro blood, other dyscrasia or disease-abnormality,
Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles and Momentous Discoveries
Authors: Virginia U. Collier
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In 1896 Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor of dynamite, created through his will annual awards for important discoveries in physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine. Since 1901, when the first Nobel Prizes were awarded, over 300 men and only nine women have received this honor.<i>Nobel Prize Women in Science</i>examines in a series of informative and easily read biographical chapters the lives of these nine women as well as those of five other female scientists who played crucial roles in Nobel Prize—winning projects. The first female scientist described is Marie Curie, who, with her husband, won the first of two Nobel Prizes in 1903 for her work on radioactivity. Of note, initially only Pierre Curie was considered for the award, and he wrote, "If it is true that one is seriously thinking about me [for the prize], I very much wish to be considered together with Madame Curie [for]
Identification of a Chromosome 11q23.2-q24 Locus for Familial Aortic Aneurysm Disease, a Genetically Heterogeneous Disorder
Authors: Carl J. Vaughan, Mairead Casey, Jie He, Mark Veugelers, Kiersten Henderson, Dongchuan Guo, Robert Campagna, Mary J. Roman, Dianna M. Milewicz, Richard B. Devereux, Craig T. Basson
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Aortic aneurysms cause significant mortality, and &gt;20% relate to hereditary disorders. Familial aortic aneurysm (FAA) has been described in such conditions as the Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndromes, due to defects in the fibrillin-1 and type III procollagen genes, respectively. Other gene defects that cause isolated aneurysms, however, have not thus far been described. Methods and Results —We studied 3 families affected by FAA. No family met the diagnostic criteria for either Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Echocardiography defined involvement of both the thoracic and abdominal aorta. In family ANA, candidate gene analysis excluded linkage to loci associated with aneurysm formation, including fibrillin-1 , fibrillin-2 , and type III procollagen , and chromosome 3p24.2-p25. Genome-wide linkage analysis identified a 2.3-cM FAA locus ( FAA1 ) on chromosome 11q23.3-q24 with a maximum multipoint logarithm of the odds score of 4.4. In family ANB, FAA was linked to fibrillin-1 . In family ANF, however, FAA was not linked to any locus previously associated with aneurysm formation, including fibrillin-1 and FAA1 . Conclusions —FAA disease is genetically heterogeneous. We have identified a novel FAA locus at chromosome 11q23.3-q24, a critical step toward elucidating 1 gene defect responsible for aortic dilatation. Future characterization of the FAA1 gene will enhance our ability to achieve presymptomatic diagnosis of aortic aneurysms and will define molecular mechanisms to target therapeutics.
Serum retinol and the inverse relationship between serum cholesterol and cancer.
Authors: J D Kark, A H Smith, C G Hames
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Several human studies have shown an inverse relation between vitamin A intake (and serum concentrations of retinol and carotene) and cancer. Serum cholesterol concentrations have also been reported in inverse relation to cancer. In a study of 3102 people in Evans County, Georgia, who were followed for over 12-14 years to assess the incidence of cancer there was an inverse association between the risk of cancer and both serum retinol and serum cholesterol concentrations. The data also showed an unexpectedly strong correlation between serum retinol and total cholesterol concentrations. The inverse relationship with cancer was stronger with serum retinol than with cholesterol, which suggested that the association with cholesterol might be secondary. This suggestion may also explain the cholesterol-cancer association reported in several other cohort studies. Further studies of the relation between serum concentrations of cholesterol, retinol, and carotene and the incidence of cancer are needed.
Stimulation of osteoprotegerin production is responsible for osteosclerosis in mice overexpressing TPO
Authors: Hédia Chagraoui, Micheline Tulliez, Tarek Smayra, Emiko Komura, Stéphane Giraudier, Theodore Yun, Nathalie Lassau, William Vainchenker, Françoise Wendling
Journal: Blood (2003)
Corrigendum to: “A First Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Evaluating Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for the Treatment of Peyronie's Disease” [Eur Urol 2009;56:363-70]
Authors: Alessandro Palmieri, Ciro Imbimbo, Nicola Longo, Ferdinando Fusco, Paolo Verze, Francesco Mangiapia, Massimiliano Creta, Vincenzo Mirone
Journal: European Urology (2009)
The Management of Sore Throat: Adjusting to Success
Authors: Peter E. Dans
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The remarkable change in the natural history of group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis and its sequelae is one of the great success stories of the 20th century.<sup>1,2</sup>Some physicians are now more willing to withhold cultures or defer treatment in patients with sore throat.<sup>3,4</sup>Others still prefer immediate treatment because it alters the course of GABHS pharyngitis,<sup>5,6</sup>even though in up to 50% or more of patients they treat, GABHS is not isolated. Whether to stop treatment, if cultures are negative, is also controversial depending on the weight assigned to the possibility of false-negative cultures as well as the risks and benefits of continued treatment.<sup>7</sup>Thus, the management of sore throat, which appears so simple on its face, clearly illustrates Osler's dictum that medicine is a science of uncertainty and an art of probability.<sup>8</sup> To help physicians better manage under uncertainty, a number of
Chernobyl and the media
Authors: T B Brewin
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The ironic thing about the seemingly endless coverage of the 1986 Chernobyl accident - and the relatively harmless, because much diluted, radiation that then blew around the world - is that, with few exceptions, the media have done more injury to the truth than was ever done by cover up or whitewash. Does it matter? I think it does.

Television is the worst offender. At the end of his memoirs Robin Day writes of television's “inherent tendency to distort.” Never has this been better demonstrated than in the years since Chernobyl. Firstly, there were the shots of beautiful scenery, supposedly “uncontaminated” - natural radiation is forgotten - until Chernobyl. Then came the masks, the warning signs, Geiger counters clicking, and the chilling impression - helped by suitably scary background music - of invisible contamination by mysterious, evil radiation. Someone is sent to find and photograph a child with leukaemia and another to find a child with a birth defect. Such tragedies occur all over the world and presumably always have done. But when Chernobyl is being discussed the visual impact is unforgettable. Any reasonable sense of proportion goes out of the window and little or nothing is done to explain either the need for numbers and percentages in order to make a comparison of incidence or the basic facts about radiation - natural or artificial, concentrated or dilute.

Selective and misleading reporting of the dangers of radiation started before Chernobyl but then became even worse. It is not a conspiracy or the result of pressure by any lobby. It seems to be just the operation of a free market, combined with a popular thirst for dramatic news of disasters, wrong ideas about two emotional subjects - cancer and radiation - and a misguided idea of the link between nuclear power …
Drug-Induced Blood Dyscrasias
Authors: William H. Crosby, Richard M. Kaufman
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THROMBOCYTOPENIA due to drug sensitization is an uncommon but serious complication which may cause serious bleeding or lead to death from brain hemorrhage.<sup>1,2</sup>Although thrombocytopenia is present when the platelet count falls below the normal range of 200,000 to 400,000/cu mm (direct method), a significant bleeding tendency is usually not encountered in otherwise healthy persons unless the platelet count is less than 20,000/cu mm. In a person previously sensitized to a drug, reexposure to it may provoke a fulminant thrombocytopenia and purpura. Allergic manifestations such as wheezing, skin rash, and chills and fever also may develop. The thrombocytopenia results from immunologic damage to circulating platelets, leading to their premature removal from the blood<sup>3</sup>; bone marrow examination reveals numerous megakaryocytes which appear normal morphologically. The more important sensitizing drugs include quinidine, chlorothiazide, acetazolamide, sulfisoxazole, and phenylbutazone. The antibiotic, ristocetin, causes thrombocytopenia by a different mechanism—it is directly toxic to
The diagnostic quandary of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia vs. CREST syndrome.
Authors: J.B. Lee, D. Ben-Aviv, S.P. Covello
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

The distribution and clinical appearance of the telangiectasia in the CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, oesophageal involvement, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia) and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are very similar. Several previously reported cases of the CREST syndrome simulating HHT illustrate this diagnostic quandary. We report a patient who met the diagnostic criteria for both the CREST syndrome and HHT, and discuss the distinguishing features of the two diseases, including the distinctive histopathological findings of telangiectasia in HHT.
Regulation of histamine release from human bronchoalveolar lavage mast cells by stem cell factor in several respiratory diseases
Authors: R. Louis, P. Tilkin, M. Poncelet, J. L Corhay, P. Mendez, T. Weber, M. Radermecker
Journal: Allergy (1995)

We investigated the effects of stem cell factor (SCF) on histamine release (HR) from human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) mast cells. BAL cells were recovered from lavage performed in patients undergoing clinical bronchoscopy. SCF (0.02–20 ng/ml), which is by itself a poor secretagogue (mean ± SEM HR: 3.7 ± 0.9%; n = 27), strongly enhanced HR induced by anti‐IgE in a concentration‐related manner. Significant potentiation began at 0.2 ng/ml (30 ± 10°0; p &lt;0.05; n = 12) and reached a plateau at 2 ng/ml (40 ± 10%; P &lt;0.01 at 2 ng/ml and 45 ± 10%; P &lt;0.01 at 20 ng/ml; n = 12). In contrast, SCF failed to enhance HR induced by calcium ionophore A23187. Among the BAL cell samples initially unresponsive to anti‐IgE (55° of samples), 36% (10/28) were converted to responders if the cells were shortly preincubated with SCF. In 25% of samples (7/27), SCF (20 ng/ml) caused direct HR of 10 ± 2.1 %. The mast cells which released histamine when challenged with SCF also secreted higher levels of histamine in response to anti‐IgE and calcium ionophore than those nonresponsive to SCF. While interleukin (IL)‐3 and IL‐5 (20 ng/ml) were unable to modulate immunologic HR. GM‐CSF (20 ng/ml) produced significant potentiation ( P &lt;0.05), which was, however, smaller than that observed with SCF. The rate of responders to anti‐IgE in atopic asthma (47 %) was greater than that in control (9%) and intrinsic asthma (10%) but not different from that in some other respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis (44%), lung cancer (47%), or interstitial disease (68%,). The potentiation of HR afforded by SCF did not differ significantly among the several disease groups. We conclude that, whatever the underlying respiratory disease, SCF selectively enhances IgE‐mediated HR from human BAL mast cells. Furthermore, this cytokine is sometimes necessary to render mast cells able to release histamine in response to anti‐IgE.
Frequency of Fatal Legionnaires' Disease
Authors: Arthur L. Reingold
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent article by Fay et al (1980;243:2311-2313), which determined the frequency of unrecognized Legionnaires' disease (LD) among patients coming to autopsy in their hospital, concluded that there may be as many as 71,370 unrecognized adult LD-associated deaths each year in the United States. The accuracy of this estimate depends on whether findings of this study are applicable elsewhere. We believe that it is inappropriate to apply these results to the general population and that the resultant estimate substantially overstates the likely number of LD-associated deaths. The applicability of these findings to hospital patients in general is questionable because of the following reasons: The hospital under study has had a continuing problem with nosocomial LD. During the period examined, there was a well-documented cluster of cases that were most likely hospital acquired.<sup>1</sup> Serosurveys have shown substantial geographic variability in the frequency of exposure to Legionella
229 GLUTEN/CASEIN-FREE DIET AND LIVER ENCEPHALOPATY
Authors: L. Sturniolo, F. Balzola, A. Ottobrelli, M. Torrani, S. Martini, E. Morello, A. Smedile, D. Leotta, C. Orrù, A. Marchet, B. Capellero, S. Balla, A. De Magistris, A. Palmo, A. Mollo, B. Bianco, M. Rizzetto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)