tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Genetics and the control of evolution
Authors: C. Loring Brace
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract This book presents a survey of the molecular basis for the genetic control of living organisms and their evolution. The authors consider four dimensions of control over what shapes life forms: genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic/cultural. They pay particular attention to the epigenetic realm, and they defend a view recognizing the genetic incorporation of acquired characteristics – a neo-Lamarckian tack.
Complications and Limitations of Direct-Current Countershock
Authors: Michael D. Rabbino, William Likoff, Leonard S. Dreifus
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Elective direct-current countershock was applied to 65 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation to define the most exact criteria for safe use of this method. The 35 patients of group 1 were selected because of uncontrollable ventricular rate, persistent congestive heart failure, or a disabling awareness of the irregular rhythm. Sinus rhythm was reestablished in 31 patients (88%), but was maintained for two months in only ten (32%). Conversion following open heart surgery for mitral stenosis was successful in 28 of 30 (93%) patients; only three (10%) remained in sinus rhythm for more than two weeks. Fatal ventricular fibrillation occurred 30 to 120 seconds following shock for paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with block in two patients and intermittent ventricular tachycardia in one. Digitalis intoxication was implied and must be identified as a potential hazard.
Risk of Renal Allograft Loss from Recurrent Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Esther M. Briganti, Graeme R. Russ, John J. McNeil, Robert C. Atkins, Steven J. Chadban
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Recurrent glomerulonephritis is a known cause of renal allograft loss; however, the incidence of this complication is poorly defined. We determined the incidence, timing, and relative importance of allograft loss due to the recurrence of glomerulonephritis.
METHODS OF ESTIMATING CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY IN PATIENTS WITH MANIC-DEPRESSIVE AND SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOSES
Authors: EDWIN F. GILDEA, EVELYN B. MAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1943)

Methods of evaluating capacity for recovery, including conventional psychiatric procedures and determination of serum lipoids, have been investigated in 142 patients with manic-depressive and schizophrenic psychoses. The conventional clinical psychiatric methods yielded relatively dependable results in patients presenting clear-cut symptoms of manic-depressive psychosis provided all patients with catatonic symptoms and other schizophrenic symptoms were excluded. Eighty-one per cent of 90 patients so selected were doing well five to ten years after the onset of their illnesses. In the case of the schizophrenics the results were little better than chance when patients with catatonic symptoms were included. This was also true of the patients presenting mixtures of symptoms of both syndromes. Exclusion of patients with catatonic symptoms and queer states of excitement, however, yielded a group of schizophrenics in which 74 per cent were showing no signs of capacity for recovery five or more years after the onset of their illnesses. The serum lipoids, fatty acids and cholesterol, were found to be associated in some way with subsequent capacity for recovery. High lipoids occurred in most patients who subsequently recovered, while low lipoids were found in those who did not. Serum lipoid determinations, therefore, when considered in conjunction with other historical and clinical data offer a promising supplement to methods of estimating the capacity for recovery of patients with schizophrenic and manic-depressive symptoms.
Pulmonary embolism caused by Candida albicans
Authors: J Villaquiran, S M Allen, A J Marshall, N J Ring
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

Native valve infective endocarditis usually affects the mitral or aortic valve and the incidence of systemic embolization is about 20%. Fungal endocarditis, which accounts for 1% of cases, has special features.
Correlative Neuroanatomy and Functional Neurology
Authors: Robert E. McMasters
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The student of clinical neurology should welcome the 13th edition of this concise but comprehensive volume. It remains compact enough to be defined as a handbook with the primary emphasis on enuroanatomy and clinical neurology. The text has been improved by the addition of a chapter entitled Ophthalmologic Tests, several new and improved illustrations, and a number of helpful tables of well-summarized data.  The portion of the book dealing with basic neuroanatomy remains adequately detailed, although it is unfortunate that the Paris Nomina Anatomica is not used consistently. The newer concepts of synaptic transmission, an improved paragraph on spinal reflexes, and the new pharmacologic aspects of the autonomic nervous system have considerably improved the neurophysiologic presentation.  The greatest changes reflect the considerable accumulation of clinical data in the three years since the last edition appeared. The chapters on electroencephalogram and electromyogram have been modified and expanded, and the discussions of
DANGER TO HANDS FROM BROKEN TAPS
Authors: Russell Keizer
Journal: JAMA (1933)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Within the past two years we have been called on to treat five cases of severe lacerations of the palm of the hand, caused from porcelain tap handles. In each instance the history given was that the tap handle suddenly broke as the water faucet was being turned on or off. A sudden striking of the faucet with the palm of the hand caused a breaking of the handle, and the palm was cut against the sharp, jagged portion of the handle that remained attached. These lacertions were all deep and involved the palmar arch, causing profuse bleeding. In one case a terminal branch of the ulnar nerve was cut, resulting in a permanent paralysis of the portion of the hand supplied by that nerve. In the most recent case the cut was deep enough to sever the superficial and deep flexor tendons supplying the fourth and
Effects of mouth opening on upper airway collapsibility in normal sleeping subjects.
Authors: J C Meurice, I Marc, G Carrier, F Sériès
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

We investigated the influence of mouth opening on upper airway (UA) collapsibility in six healthy sleeping volunteers. UA collapsibility was measured during continuous negative airway pressure trials that consisted of the progressive decrease in pressure in a nasal mask, with simultaneous recording of esophageal pressure and instantaneous flow. Measurements were made under two experimental conditions: mouth closed (MC), and mouth open (MO). Cephalometric measurements were obtained with subjects awake in the same position for both experimental conditions. UA critical pressure (Pcrit) was derived from the relationship between the breath-by-breath values of the maximal inspiratory airflow and the corresponding mask pressure. Pcrit was significantly less negative during MO than during MC (MO, -12.7 +/- 4.8 cm H2O; MC, -16.4 +/- 6 cm H2O, mean +/- SD; p = 0.03). Mouth opening was associated with a significant increase in the total respiratory resistance (MO, 3.8 +/- 1.6 cm H2O/ml/s; MC, 3.0 +/- 1.6 cm H2O/ml/s-1, p = 0.03). Besides an increase in the distance between the teeth and a reduction in the distance between the hyoid bone and the mandible, no significant changes in cephalometric parameters were found between MO and MC. We conclude that mouth opening increases UA collapsibility during sleep and that mouth opening may contribute to the occurrence of sleep-related breathing abnormalities.
Diagnosis of IgE‐mediated allergy in the upper respiratory tract
Authors: G. J. Blok, D. C. Flikweert, J. J. P. Nauta, J. A. Leezenberg, A. M. Snel, S. van der Baan
Journal: Allergy (1991)

A statistical analysis was made of data concerning diagnosis of IgE‐mediated allergy in the upper respiratory tract in 292 patients. A study was made of skin test total and specific IgE (RAST). X‐sinus red blood investigation and cytology of nasal smear. It appears that screening for the presence of an IgE‐mediated allergy in the upper respiratory tract can be performed efficiently with a limited number of skin tests frye grass, timothy, buch, house dust mine and man. In this study a greater number of skin tests (15 instead of 5) yielded little additional information (in 2% of the patients). A rather poor correlation between skin test and RAST was found.
Bad for cats, good for humans? Modified feline immunodeficiency virus for gene therapy
Authors: Ronald G. Crystal
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

When the concepts of gene therapy were evolving in the late 1980s, the focus was primarily on the hereditary disorders. This was a logical choice for the budding community of gene therapists, in that most hereditary disorders are autosomal recessive deficiency diseases that can theoretically be corrected by transfer of sufficient amounts of the normal gene to the cells manifesting the disease. This concept may be logical, but putting it into practice has been a real challenge. In this issue of the JCI, Wang et al. (1) describe the adaptation of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to transfer the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cDNA to the respiratory epithelium. This strategy represents a new approach to overcoming some of the challenges in using gene therapy to correct the respiratory manifestations of CF.
Doctor accused of misrepresenting evidence in child abuse cases
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

A Scottish chemical pathologist is facing charges before the General Medical Council of misrepresenting medical evidence as an expert defence witness in child abuse cases. Dr Colin Paterson frequently testified that seemingly non-accidental injuries were actually caused by temporary brittle bone disease—a condition that he himself first described and whose existence is disputed by many experts.

Dr Betty Spivack, an American expert in the biomechanics of abusive child injury, giving evidence to the GMC via a video link, said that temporary brittle bone disease was not “a recognised disease” or “generally …
miR145 Targets the SOX9/ADAM17 Axis to Inhibit Tumor-Initiating Cells and IL-6–Mediated Paracrine Effects in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Cheng-Chia Yu, Lo-Lin Tsai, Mong-Lien Wang, Chuan-Hang Yu, Wen-Liang Lo, Yun-Ching Chang, Guang-Yuh Chiou, Ming-Yung Chou, Shih-Hwa Chiou
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract ALDH1+CD44+ cells are putative tumor-initiating cells (TIC) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNC). miR-145 regulates tumorigenicity in various cancers but the breadth of its mechanistic contributions and potential therapeutic applications are not completely known. Here, we report that ALDH1+CD44+-HNC cells express reduced levels of miR145. SPONGE-mediated inhibition of miR-145 (Spg-miR145) was sufficient to drive tumor-initiating characteristics in non-TICs/ALDH1−CD44-negative HNC cells. Mechanistic analyses identified SOX9 and ADAM17 as two novel miR145 targets relevant to this process. miR-145 expression repressed TICs in HNC in a manner associated with SOX9 interaction with the ADAM17 promoter, thereby activating ADAM17 expression. Notably, the SOX9/ADAM17 axis dominated the TIC-inducing activity of miR-145. Either miR-145 suppression or ADAM17 overexpression in non-TICs/ALDH1−CD44−-HNC cells increased expression and secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and soluble-IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Conversely, conditioned medium from Spg-miR145–transfected non-TICs/ALDH1−CD44−-HNC cells was sufficient to confer tumor-initiating properties in non-TICs/ALDH1−CD44−-HNC and this effect could be abrogated by an IL-6–neutralizing antibody. We found that curcumin administration increased miR-145 promoter activity, thereby decreasing SOX9/ADAM17 expression and eliminating TICs in HNC cell populations. Delivery of lentivral-miR145 or orally administered curcumin blocked tumor progression in HNC-TICs in murine xenotransplant assays. Finally, immunohistochemical analyses of patient specimens confirmed that an miR-145low/SOX9high/ADAM17high phenotype correlated with poor survival. Collectively, our results show how miR-145 targets the SOX9/ADAM17 axis to regulate TIC properties in HNC, and how altering this pathway may partly explain the anticancer effects of curcumin. By inhibiting IL-6 and sIL-6R as downstream effector cytokines in this pathway, miR-145 seems to suppress a paracrine signaling pathway in the tumor microenvironment that is vital to maintain TICs in HNC. Cancer Res; 73(11); 3425–40. ©2013 AACR.
California defeats tax increase on cigarettes to fund research
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Voters in California have narrowly rejected a $1 a packet increase in the state sales tax on cigarettes. The measure was lost by about 50 000 votes of 3.8 million cast in the 5 June primary election, despite the fact that early polls showed 2:1 support for it.

The measure had been promoted by charities such as the American Cancer Society and the Lance Armstrong Foundation as a way to suppress tobacco sales and to generate about $735m (£475m; €590m) a year for tobacco related health research. …
THE CAUSE AND RELIEF OF ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: CHARLES H. MAYO
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Ileus is one of the most serious conditions that confront the medical attendant, since if it is not relieved death is inevitable. In order to lower the death rate in such conditions, much depends on early diagnosis, judgment and promptness of action. Relief is by no means possible in all cases; for instance, there is necessarily a high mortality in cases of mesenteric embolism and thrombosis. Therefore, the discussion of the subject of acute intestinal obstruction, from time to time, is of value, not so much for the older practitioners as for those who have more recently entered the profession, so that they may acquire knowledge without encountering the tragedies which fixed the memory of such conditions in the minds of those long in practice.  Cases of acute intestinal obstruction may be regarded as falling naturally into four groups: (1) apparent obstruction, really intestinal stasis, a reflex symptom occurring with
Osteoporosis of the Cranial Vault
Authors: G. Wherry
Journal: BMJ (1894)

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Immediate versus deferred beta-blockade following thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) II-B Study.
Authors: R Roberts, W J Rogers, H S Mueller, C T Lambrew, D J Diver, H C Smith, J T Willerson, G L Knatterud, S Forman, E Passamani
Journal: Circulation (1991)

In the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Phase II trial, patients received intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and were randomized to either a conservative or an invasive strategy. Within this study, the effects of immediate versus deferred beta-blocker therapy were also assessed in patients eligible for beta-blocker therapy, a group of 1,434 patients of which 720 were randomized to the immediate intravenous group and 714 to the deferred group. In the immediate intravenous group, within 2 hours of initiating rt-PA metoprolol was given (5 mg intravenously at 2-minute intervals over 6 minutes, for a total intravenous dose of 15 mg, followed by 50 mg orally every 12 hours in the first 24 hours and 100 mg orally every 12 hours thereafter). The patients assigned to the deferred group received metoprolol, 50 mg orally twice on day 6, followed by 100 mg orally twice a day thereafter. The therapy was tolerated well in both groups and the primary end point, resting global ejection fraction at hospital discharge, averaged 50.5% and was virtually identical in the two groups. The regional ventricular function was also similar in the two groups. Overall, there was no difference in mortality between the immediate intravenous and deferred groups, but in the subgroup defined as low risk there were no deaths at 6 weeks among those receiving immediate beta-blocker therapy in contrast to seven deaths among those in whom beta-blocker therapy was deferred. These findings for a secondary end point in a subgroup were not considered sufficient to warrant a recommendation regarding clinical use. There was a lower incidence of reinfarction (2.7% versus 5.1%, p = 0.02) and recurrent chest pain (18.8% versus 24.1%, p less than 0.02) at 6 days in the immediate intravenous group. Thus, in appropriate postinfarction patients, beta-blockers are safe when given early after thrombolytic therapy and are associated with decreased myocardial ischemia and reinfarction in the first week but offer no benefit over late administration in improving ventricular function or reducing mortality.
Abstract 5478: A novel chloroquine derivative inhibits proteasome function, deregulates centrosome cycle and has selective anti-tumor activity
Authors: Sheetal Pundir
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract The use of chloroquine as a lead compound in anticancer drug discovery is being widely explored because of its low toxicity and ability to sensitize cancer cell killing when used in combination with radiotherapy. Therefore we designed and screened chloroquine analogs using hybrid pharmacophore approach. We report here anti-cancer activity and characterization of a novel anti-cancer compound VR23 derived from chloroquine. Biological investigation revealed that the derivative VR23 inhibits proteasome function, selectively kills cancer cells, causes the formation of supernumerary centrosomes, tri- and multi-polar mitosis, and slows down the progression of cells through cell cycle. In addition VR23 has shown promising anti-cancer activity in animal work. Further, proteasome inhibition deregulates the translocation of cyclin E and other centrosomal proteins including plk4 and plk1 on centrosomes. This, in turn, leads to formation of supernumerary centrosomes, mitotic catastrophe, p38 stress kinase mediated activation of apoptosis, and eventually cancer cell death. The work elucidates the consequences of the use of proteasome inhibitor on centrosome duplication cycle which, in turns also delays cell cycle progression and leads to the formation of irregular microtubule asters. Interestingly such phenotype was absent from non-malignant cell line. Citation Format: Sheetal Pundir. A novel chloroquine derivative inhibits proteasome function, deregulates centrosome cycle and has selective anti-tumor activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5478. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5478
Physiological and Biochemical Evidence for Coordinate Increases in Muscarinic Receptors and G <sub>i</sub> During Pacing-Induced Heart Failure
Authors: Dorothy E. Vatner, Naoki Sato, Jonas B. Galper, Stephen F. Vatner
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background It is not clear whether the increase in the myocardial guanylyl nucleotide inhibitory protein (G i ), frequently observed in heart failure, is associated with any functional effects. Methods and Results Eight sham-operated dogs and 10 dogs were studied with pacing-induced heart failure (240 bpm for 4 to 7 weeks), characterized by reduced ( P &lt;.05) left ventricular dP/dt (from 2926±99 to 1303±126 mm Hg/s). The muscarinic agonist acetylcholine (10 μg/kg IV) in the presence of ganglionic blockade reduced left ventricular dP/dt more ( P &lt;.05) in heart failure (−23±2%) than before heart failure (−8±2%), despite lesser reductions in arterial pressure. G i α 2 was increased by 55% in heart failure. Dose-response curves for carbachol (10 − 8 to 10 − 3 mol/L) inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase demonstrated significantly greater ( P &lt;.05) inhibition in heart failure compared with sham-operated dogs. These changes were associated with a coordinate increase in muscarinic receptor density, determined by antagonist binding with 3 H-quinuclidinyl benzilate, in heart failure (153±6.2 fmol/mg protein) compared with sham-operated dogs (124±7.4 fmol/mg protein). Agonist binding with carbachol also revealed an increase in total muscarinic receptors in heart failure without a change in fraction of high- and low-affinity receptors. Conclusions These data, in the aggregate, provide physiological and biochemical evidence to support the concept that the coordinate increases in muscarinic receptor number and G i levels in heart failure are coupled to increased inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and an increased inhibition of myocardial contractility.