tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
GIANT RENAL CALCULUS
Authors: Ralph R. Landes
Journal: JAMA (1953)

Very large renal calculi are unusual because the growth of stones is dependent on continued secretion of urine. Since most stones cause arrest of renal function before they reach giant proportions, stones weighing more than 100 gm. are not often encountered. The largest stone described in the recent literature is that reported by Duncan<sup>1</sup>to be a "mammoth" kidney stone weighing 315 gm. The largest stone from Joly's<sup>2</sup>series weighed 567 gm. The next largest stone weighed 147 gm. Legueu<sup>3</sup>lists seven "colossal" renal stones that weighed over 500 gm., but most of these were found at autopsy. Except for Joly's and Legueu's reports, there is no record of a solitary renal calculus larger than the one to be described. This case is reported not only because of the massive stone obtained at surgery but also because of the extreme degree of renal damage that still was
Meningitis due to chloramphenicol-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b.
Authors: A L Kinmonth, C N Storrs, R G Mitchell
Journal: BMJ (1978)

stances, when the alcoholic is also depressed and has suicidal ten- dencies, it would seem wise to avoid the drug altogether.I should like to thank HM Coroner for Bedfordshire for permission to publish details of these cases; the scientific officers at the Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory, Aldermaston, Reading, who performed the analyses; and Dr J C Valentine, consultant pathologist, who performed the post-mortem examination in cases
Hypoglycemia in Tolbutamide-Treated Diabetes
Authors: J. Stuart Soeldner
Journal: JAMA (1965)

THE OCCURRENCE of severe and protracted hypoglycemia in diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas is rare. Most reported cases have been related to the administration of chlorpropamide<sup>1</sup>and only a few to tolbutamide.<sup>2</sup>Recently, data collected by Christensen et al<sup>3</sup>have called attention to the relationship of tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia with the simultaneous administration of sulfonamide drugs. We have observed two patients with severe hypoglycemia, who both were under treatment with tolbutamide and sulfisoxazole. Furthermore, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of the measurement of serum insulin during such hypoglycemia; therefore, the following two cases are presented. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1 (PBBH-1-14-75).—</h3> An 81-year-old white woman was admitted because of an acute respiratory infection. Four previous admissions were for treatment of carcinoma of the rectosigmoid. On admission she was given 3 gm of erythromycin the first day, then 2 gm each day for seven days. Three
On the Pathogenetic Mechanism of Quail Myopathy
Authors: Th. Papapetropoulos
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Many cases of quail poisoning have been recently reported in Algeria,<sup>1</sup>but more have been reported in Greece.<sup>2,3</sup>Remarkable muscle stiffness, pain, and muscle weakness in conjunction with myoglobinuria are the cardinal findings in this strange myopathy. The clinical syndrome has a short duration (one to three days) and generally a good prognosis. Nevertheless, in a few cases myoglobinuria is severe enough to produce acute renal failure (myoglobinuric nephrosis), which is sometimes fatal. An enzymatic defect in skeletal muscle fibers might explain the vague pathogenetic mechanism of this peculiar syndrome that effects only sensitive persons (211:1186, 1970).<sup>2</sup>Quails are probably carriers of an unknown toxic agent that in these particular persons produces rabdomyolysis. A defect in the anaerobic glycolysis of skeletal muscle fibers of sensitive persons was suspected<sup>2,3</sup>because of some clinical similarities of the syndrome with McArdle's metabolic myopathy where myophosphorylase is
Delegation, subdivision, and modularity: How rich is Conceptual Structure?
Authors: Damián Justo, Julien Dutant, Benoît Hardy-Vallée, David Nicolas, Benjamin Q. Sylvand
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Contra Jackendoff, we argue that within the parallel architecture framework, the generality of language does not require a rich conceptual structure. To show this, we put forward a delegation model of specialization. We find Jackendoff's alternative, the subdivision model, insufficiently supported. In particular, the computational consequences of his representational notion of modularity need to be clarified.
Influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on renal vascular resistance and on renal vascular responses to vasopressor and vasodilator agents in the cat.
Authors: B M Chapnick, P W Paustian, L P Feigen, P D Joiner, A L Hyman, P J Kadowitz
Journal: Circulation Research (1977)

We determined the effects of indomethacin and meclofenamate, two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, on renal vascular resistance and on renal responses to nerve stimulation, pressor and depressor hormones in the in situ feline kidney under conditions of controlled blood flow. Both inhibitors produced a gradual rise in renal vascular resistance which became maximal 15-20 minutes after administration. The increase in renal resistance after indomethacin was not attenuated during intrarenal infusion of either phentolamine or SQ 20881. Pretreatment with propranolol, in a dose sufficient to inhibit renin secretion, also did not attenuate the increase in renal resistance produced by indomethacin. However, infusion of [Sar1-, Ala8]angiotensin II, an angiotensin II antagonist, did attenuate the indomethacin-induced increase in renal vascular resistance. After indomethacin, the vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine was enhanced, whereas responses to nerve stimulation and angiotensin were unaffected. Although meclofenamate enhanced renal vascular resistance, its effects on vasoconstrictor responses were inconsistent. After indomethacin, the renal dilator response to bradykinin was enhanced; however, dilator responses to nitroglycerin were unaltered. The present data indicate that the increase in renal vascular resistance after indomethacin does not depend on the adrenergic system but may be dependent on the renin-angiotensin system. The inconsistent effect of the inhibitors of synthesis on renal constrictor responses to nerve stimulation suggests that endogenous prostaglandins do not serve to modulate the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the feline renal vascular bed. These results also indicate that renal dilator responses to bradykninin are not mediated by prostaglandins in the cat.
Abstract 2316: Itraconazole, an antifungal drug with anti-angiogenic activity, inhibits VEGFR2 trafficking, glycosylation, and signaling in endothelial cells
Authors: Benjamin A. Nacev, Paola Grassi, Anne Dell, Stuart M. Haslam, Jun O. Liu
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Itraconazole is a widely used antifungal drug that has been recently shown to inhibit angiogenesis in vivo and to block non-small cell lung cancer growth in animal models. Based on these and other results, itraconazole is currently being evaluated in four clinical trials as a cancer therapeutic. Angiogenesis, one of the hallmarks of cancer, is required for tumor growth and is driven by tumor-secreted growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We now report that in endothelial cells, itraconazole inhibits signaling of VEGF through the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) (80% inhibition; p &amp;lt; 0.05) and subsequently through a downstream substrate, PLCϒ1 (60% inhibition; p &amp;lt; 0.05). Mechanistically, we show that this was due to a nearly complete loss of VEGF binding to VEGR2 that was secondary to a loss of cell surface expression of the receptor. After itraconazole treatment, VEGFR2 was retained in a perinuclear aggregate which partially overlapped with the cis-Golgi marker GM130. Correlated with this loss of VEGFR2 signaling and trafficking, was a dramatic change in VEGFR2 mobility on SDS-PAGE which resulted from incomplete N-glycosylation. Itraconazole globally reduced poly-LacNAc and tetra-antennary glycans in endothelial cells and induced hypoglycosylation of EGFR in a renal cell carcinoma line, suggesting that the effects of itraconazole apply to multiple cell types and receptors. Importantly, small molecule inducers of lysosomal accumulation and mTOR inhibition, two previously known itraconazole-induced effects, did not interfere with VEGFR2 glycosylation. Similarly, glycosylation inhibitors did not affect cholesterol trafficking or inhibit mTOR. However, increasing cellular cholesterol levels, which was known to rescue the effects of itraconazole on mTOR and cholesterol trafficking, restored VEGFR2 glycosylation and signaling. Thus, the newly described properties of itraconazole occur in parallel to inhibition of cholesterol trafficking and mTOR but appear downstream of a single target. Taking these findings together, we propose a model in which itraconazole inhibits intracellular trafficking. This model could explain the loss of VEGFR2 signaling, incomplete VEGFR2 glycosylation, as well as disruption of cholesterol trafficking and mTOR signaling. Importantly, the effects of itraconazole we report here may significantly contribute to the in vivo efficacy of itraconazole and are relevant to ongoing clinical trials. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2316. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2316
Five Ps in mix of public health advocacy
Authors: N. Awofeso
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—The over 140 truly rapid responses to Enstrom and Kabat's smoking study demonstrate the use and abuse of the mix of public health advocacy.1 Contrary to a muted response to another article on the same theme,2 responses to this article were characterised by Smith as “more remarkable for [their] passion than [their] precision.”3 My formulation of the mix in public health advocacy includes three …
Statistics notes: Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations: Part 1--correlation within subjects
Authors: J M. Bland, D. G Altman
Journal: BMJ (1995)

In an earlier Statistics Note1 we commented on the analysis of paired data where there is more than one observation per subject, as shown in table I. We pointed out that it could be highly misleading to analyse such data by combining repeated observations from several subjects and then calculating the correlation coefficient as if the data were a simple sample. This note is a response to several letters about the appropriate analysis for such data.

View this table:

TABLE I 
Repeated measurements of intramural pH and PaCO2 for eight subjects2



The choice of analysis for the data in table I depends on the question we want to …
Computerized Quantitation of Synergism and Antagonism of Taxol, Topotecan, and Cisplatin Against Human Teratocarcinoma Cell Growth: a Rational Approach to Clinical Protocol Design
Authors: T.-C. Chou, R. J. Motzer, Y. Tong, G. J. Bosl
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Journal Article Computerized Quantitation of Synergism and Antagonism of Taxol, Topotecan, and Cisplatin Against Human Teratocarcinoma Cell Growth: a Rational Approach to Clinical Protocol Design Get access Ting-Chao Chou, Ting-Chao Chou Correspondence to: Ting-Chao Chou, Ph.D., Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Program. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert J. Motzer, Robert J. Motzer Genitourinary Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Youzhi Tong, Youzhi Tong Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar George J. Bosl George J. Bosl Genitourinary Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical CollegeMolecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell Graduate School of Medical SciencesNew York, N.Y. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 86, Issue 20, 19 October 1994, Pages 1517–1524, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.20.1517 Published: 19 October 1994 Article history Received: 26 January 1994 Revision received: 20 July 1994 Accepted: 03 August 1994 Published: 19 October 1994
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the coding region of ABL and its effects on sensitivity to imatinib
Authors: L C Crossman, T O'Hare, T Lange, S G Willis, E P Stoffregen, A S Corbin, S G O'Brien, M C Heinrich, B J Druker, P G Middleton, M W N Deininger
Journal: Leukemia (2005)
Victims of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Authors: H. C. Grant
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Dispensing doctorsEDITOR, -David Roberts has grossly misinter- preted the statistics from the Prescription Pricing Authority in his letter on dispensing doctors.' Closer examination of the detail provided in the authority's annual report for 1990-1 shows that savings could be made if all dispensing was undertaken by pharmacists.
Outcome of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Who Are Ineligible for Thrombolytic Therapy
Authors: David R. Cragg, Harold Z. Friedman, John D. Bonema, Ishmael A. Jaiyesimi, Renato G. Ramos, Gerald C. Timmis, William W. O'Neill, Theodore L. Schreiber
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Objective: To determine what proportion of patients with acute myocardial infarction are not eligible for thrombolytic therapy and to assess their natural history. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: A large community-based hospital. Patients: All patients with acute myocardial infarction hospitalized during a 27-month period. Measurements: Of 1471 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 230 (16%) received thrombolytic therapy according to the protocol and an additional 97 (7%) received nonprotocol thrombolytic therapy, primary coronary balloon angioplasty, or both because of contraindications. The other 1144 patients (78%) did not receive reperfusion therapy. Main Results: The patients who did not receive thrombolytic therapy were older, more likely to be women, and more likely to have a history of hypertension, previous myocardial infarction, or chronic angina (all comparisons, P < 0.002). An average of 1.9 reasons for exclusion were identified per patient among the ineligible patients. Mortality was fivefold higher among ineligible patients (19%; Cl, 16% to 21%) than among protocol-treated patients (4%; Cl, 1% to 6%) (P < 0.001). In-hospital mortality rates for excluded patients were 28% (Cl, 23% to 32%) in elderly patients (age, > 76 years; n = 396); 29% (Cl, 23% to 35%) in patients with stroke or bleeding risk (n = 209); 17% (Cl, 14% to 20%) in patients with delayed presentation (> 4 hours after the onset of chest pain; [n = 599]); 14% (Cl, 11% to 16%) in patients with an ineligible electrocardiogram (ECG) (n = 673); and 26% (Cl, 21% to 32%) in patients with a miscellaneous reason for exclusion (n = 243). Independent predictors of increased mortality were: age greater than 76 years, stroke or other bleeding risk, ineligible ECG, or the presence of two or more exclusion criteria. Conclusions: Thrombolytic therapy is currently used in the United States for only a minority of patients with acute myocardial infarction: those who have low-risk prognostic characteristics.
P134 Lung function in post-transplant Hodgkin's lymphoma patients
Authors: H. McConkey, S. Sachchithanantham, M. Gillion, K. Raj, M. Kazmi, P. Fields, M. Streetly, H. Milburn
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Pulmonary complications are a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality following stem cell transplant (SCT) accounting for more than 30% of transplantation-related deaths. Exposure to agents associated with pulmonary toxicity (bleomycin, radiotherapy) is common in patients with Hodgkins lymphoma (HL) for whom SCT is a standard approach at relapse, making them potentially more susceptible to pulmonary toxicity post-transplant. Sequential pulmonary function tests (PFTs), are sensitive measures of lung disease after SCT allowing early diagnosis and treatment, thereby improving outcome. We report a retrospective analysis of serial PFT monitoring of patients with relapsed HL who underwent SCT. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients were assessed with serial PFTs pre (T=0) and post SCT (initially 6 weeks and then 3 monthly thereafter). Standardised PFTs were expressed as a percentage of the pre-transplant value (100%). Tests were carried out by the same personnel, to ensure standardisation and eliminate variability in patient performance. <h3>Results</h3> 29 patients were studied with median age at SCT of 35.3 years (range 17.1–60.7 years). Pre-transplant conditioning utilised chemotherapy (predominantly BEAM—carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan) for all except two transplants (TBI based). The median follow up was 18 months (range 3–117 months) and a median of four PFTs performed (range 2–16). FEV<sub>1</sub> was decreased &gt;10% in 13/29 and &gt;20% in five of these patients, FVC was reduced &gt;10% in 12/29 and &gt;20% in 5/29. TLCO reduction &gt;10% was observed in 21/29 and &gt;20% in 13/29 and KCO decrease &gt;10% occurred in 18/29 and &gt;20% 9/29 patients. Reductions in TLCO/KCO occurred earlier than FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC reductions (median 1.5 and 3 months respectively). Recovery of lung function occurred in &gt;50% of patients who had repeat investigation within 24 m. Significant reduction of TLCO/KCO was observed in only 1/10 patients who had PFTs &gt;3 years from transplant (Abstract P134 Figure 1). <h3>Conclusion</h3> PFTs initially deteriorated in a significant proportion of patients but tended to recover by 30–40 months post transplant. This could be due to pulmonary toxicity from conditioning therapy, post-transplant lung injury, or a combination of both. During the first 3 years post-transplant, patients have an increased risk of developing pulmonary complications providing a rationale for serial PFTs.
Free radicals and myocardial injury: pharmacologic implications.
Authors: S W Werns, M J Shea, B R Lucchesi
Journal: Circulation (1986)

A GROWING NUMBER of articles purport to demon- strate the importance of oxygen free radicals in a variety of pathophysiologic processes, including injury due to radiation, inflammation, and oxygen toxicity.The purpose of this essay is to examine the hypothesis that activated oxygen species may play a role in the extension of myocardial injury due to ischemia fol- lowed by reperfusion.Activated oxygen species include-superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical.By virtue of an unpaired electron, they react with virtually all cell components, especially the sulfhydryl-containing ami- no acids and the unsaturated fatty acids.The potential consequences of unimpeded free-radical reactions in- clude denaturation of proteins, peroxidation of mem- brane lipids, generation of chemotactic factors, and impairment of collagen synthesis.As a result, there may be a loss of enzyme activity, disturbed membrane permeability, and increased inflammatory cell infiltra- tion.The intracellular defenses against oxygen radi- cal-mediated tissue damage include superoxide dis- mutase (SOD), an enzyme that catalyzes dismutation of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide.Two addi- tional cytoplasmic enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase, degrade hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
Tob is a negative regulator of activation that is expressed in anergic and quiescent T cells
Authors: Dimitrios Tzachanis, Gordon J. Freeman, Naoto Hirano, Andre A. F. L. van Puijenbroek, Michael W. Delfs, Alla Berezovskaya, Lee M. Nadler, Vassiliki A. Boussiotis
Journal: Nature Immunology (2001)
The Biliary Tract
Authors: Robert S. Sparkman
Journal: JAMA (1970)

In his preface the author describes this work as representing a study of the surgical anatomy of the pancreatobiliary system in 100 autopsy specimens and a study of 2,285 consecutive operations on the biliary tract, together with a thorough review of the literature. The book is divided into 14 chapters, beginning with history, embryology, anatomy, physiology, and proceeding through various clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of biliary-tract disease. There is a comprehensive bibliography at the end of each chapter. The last two chapters, "Complications of Biliary Tract Surgery" and "Importance of Coexistent Factors in Biliary Tract Surgery," are to a large extent a repetition of articles previously published by the author on these subjects. The section on anatomy is especially detailed and contains 36 pages. In contrast, only eight pages are devoted to periampullary carcinoma and only 29 pages to the entire field of surgery of the biliary tract. A
REPORT OF SIX CASES OF ABDOMINAL SECTION.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D. C., May, 1891.
Authors: A. C. WILSON
Journal: JAMA (1891)

originally on the nervous system from observations made not only 1888-1889, but from the cases that I treated in the years from i860 to 1863, that the real cause of this disease is malaria.The symptoms of malarial blood poison are as protean in their manifestations as the shades of the chamelion.The three cases in the family of Mr. H. cov¬ ered the extremes of these manifestations.The prodromata in the father's case was clearly indi¬ cative of nerve lesion, the same as usually pro¬ duced by malaria.The shifting and shooting pains in the body, the headache, pain in back and limbs, all point in that direction.The epistaxis was evidently dependent on malarial toxaemia.A bleeding nose in the early history of a fever is strong evidence of malarial origin.Herpes labialis is also often observed in the milder types of malarial trouble.If we take the three com¬ mon types of malarial fever, intermittent, re¬ mittent, and pernicious, we have extremes wide enough to cover all the phenomena and peculiar¬ ities of the so-called cerebro-spinal meningitis.The young man, Mr. C, had just one week previous to his fatal attack, the most intense pains in his legs and knee-joints; the red eruptions on the knuckles of his hands.This all subsided within twenty-four hours and he was at his usual occupation for the succeeding week.I observed this periodic return of the symptoms in several cases.While the ordinary types of malaria are developed in the autumn and spring, and seldom in the winter, it is true that the pernicious cases are as apt to be developed in February and March as at any other season.I do not think the fact that cerebro-spiual meningitis has been
The Potential Health Effects of<i>Citizens United</i>
Authors: Lainie Rutkow, Jon S. Vernick, Stephen P. Teret
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

On January 21, 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court reached one of its most controversial decisions in years, with Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.1 The opinion overturned long-standing precedents that forbade corporations from using unlimited monies from their general funds for political speech — specifically, for advertisements supporting or opposing candidates for elected office, in the weeks and months before certain elections. Although it may not initially appear to concern health, Citizens United has important implications for health care providers and public health. The Court has effectively opened the financial floodgates to give corporations unprecedented influence over the election . . .