tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Chronic Hypoxemia and Activation of the Tumor Necrosis Factor- α System in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: NORIAKI TAKABATAKE, HIDENORI NAKAMURA, SHUICHI ABE, SUMITO INOUE, TOSHIHIKO HINO, HIROSHI SAITO, HIDEKI YUKI, SHUICHI KATO, HITONOBU TOMOIKE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Although circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α levels have been found to be increased in weight-losing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the main causes for this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. Since hypoxia itself can enhance the production of the TNF- α in vitro, we studied the relationship between hypoxemia and activities of the TNF- α system, including circulating TNF- α and soluble TNF-receptors (sTNF-R; sTNF-R55 and -R75) levels, in 27 COPD patients and 15 age-matched healthy controls. The COPD patients showed a significant weight loss (body mass index = 18.1 ± 2.8 versus 22.8 ± 2.2 [mean ± SD] kg/m2; p < 0.0001. % fat = 16.3 ± 5.9 versus 24.3 ± 4.9 %; p < 0.001), and hypoxemia (PaO2 = 62.2 ± 9.5 versus 88.6 ± 5.9 mm Hg; p < 0.0001) as compared with the healthy controls. Serum TNF- α (6.15 ± 1.08 versus 5.41 ± 1.60 pg/ml; p < 0.05) and plasma sTNF-R55 (1.15 ± 0.49 versus 0.67 ± 0.13 ng/ml; p < 0.0001) and sTNF-R75 (3.54 ± 1.16 versus 2.25 ± 0.43; p < 0.0001) levels were significantly higher in the COPD patients than in the healthy controls. There were inverse correlations between PaO2 and circulating TNF- α and sTNF-R levels in patients with COPD (TNF- α ; r = − 0.426, p = 0.0297; sTNF-R55: r = − 0.587, p = 0.0027; sTNF-R75: r = − 0.573, p = 0.0035). In addition, we found inverse correlations between sTNF-R levels and % fat in COPD patients (sTNF-R55: r = − 0.442, p = 0.0272; sTNF-R75: r = − 0.484, p = 0.0155). TNF- α levels correlated well with sTNF-R levels (sTNF-R55: r = 0.488, p = 0.0127; sTNF-R75: r = 0.609, p = 0.0019). These relationships were not observed in the healthy controls. These data suggest that systemic hypoxemia noted in patients with COPD is associated with activation of the TNF- α system in vivo, which may be a factor contributing to the weight loss in patients with the disease.
Effect of an oral contraceptive immediately post partum on initiation of lactation.
Authors: T. Kaern
Journal: BMJ (1967)

451 women who delivered at St. Josephs Hospital Copenhagen from July-September 1966 were given a daily tablet of Norinyl-1 (norethisterone 1 mg and mestranol .05 mg) or a placebo from the day after birth until discharge on Day 8.  Lactation was assessed by the patient and the nursing staff.  Significantly more women (p-< .01) who were taking Norinyl-1 used supplementary feeding.  There was no significant difference in 1) infants weight gain between the 2 groups and 2) febrile breast engorgement between the 2 groups although it seemed to be slightly lower in the drug group.
Incidence of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training in the United States
Authors: Audrey L. Blewer, Benjamin S. Abella
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Internal Medicine HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal
The Disease of the Soul: Leprosy in Medieval Literature
Authors: George L. Fite
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Leloir in his 1886 treatise wrote that there was only one leprosy, however variable its course as a disease. Yet, there has always been a second leprosy, not the mycobacterial infection but the companion mythical and mystical disturbance never entirely separated. Concepts of disease as punishment for sin, by no means unique to leprosy, have, however, pervaded and confused most inquiries into leprosy history. Those who have sought to unravel the contradictions of biblical references, or to calm the emotional response (as prevalent today as ever) to a socially awkward disease have usually succeeded only in emphasizing their own bias. Perhaps because he is a scholar and not a physician, Brody has been able to treat the mystiques of leprosy effectively without becoming entangled in its vines. Wisely staying away from the murky clinical references of ancient days, he is content that leprosy may easily have undergone much modification in
Radiology of the Liver
Authors: Yolanda T. Adler
Journal: JAMA (1978)

The average clinician who deals with liver pathology would probably place radiology low on his list of available diagnostic methods. McNulty's comprehensive work effectively makes the point that numerous radiological procedures are available, of great usefulness in studying pathological conditions of the liver. The book is divided into three main sections. After a review of normal anatomy, a chapter in the investigative techniques in liver diseases takes up approximately a third of the book. The rest is devoted to systematic reviews of pathological conditions. Investigative techniques described include plain films of the abdomen, ultrasound, isotope studies, and computerized tomography, as well as contrast studies of the gastrointestinal tract, cholangiography, arteriography, and venography. Methods, techniques, indications, contraindications, and description of some of the findings by each method are included. At times the amount of material is rather overwhelming, and such comprehensive coverage precludes in-depth study of everything. I do not believe
Closed circuit television does not reduce violence
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Closed circuit television in city centres had no obvious influence on the level of assaults recorded in inner city hospitals' accident and emergency departments in Wales, according to research based on studies at three large hospital units. The research also showed that accident and emergency departments were better barometers of levels of violence in the community than police records.

The levels of violence were studied …
Antiviral activity of boceprevir monotherapy in treatment-naive subjects with chronic hepatitis C genotype 2/3
Authors: Marcelo O. Silva, Michelle Treitel, Donald J. Graham, Stephanie Curry, Maria J. Frontera, Patricia McMonagle, Samir Gupta, Eric Hughes, Robert Chase, Fred Lahser, Richard J.O. Barnard, Anita Y.M. Howe, John A. Howe
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Active Smoking and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Carole Willi, Patrick Bodenmann, William A. Ghali, Peter D. Faris, Jacques Cornuz
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Observational studies have suggested an association between active smoking and the incidence of type 2 diabetes.To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis of studies assessing the association between active smoking and incidence of type 2 diabetes.A search of MEDLINE (1966 to May 2007) and EMBASE (1980 to May 2007) databases was supplemented by manual searches of bibliographies of key retrieved articles, reviews of abstracts from scientific meetings, and contact with experts.Studies were included if they reported risk of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes in relationship to smoking status at baseline; had a cohort design; and excluded persons with diabetes at baseline.Two authors independently extracted the data, including the presence or absence of active smoking at baseline, the risk of diabetes, methods used to detect diabetes, and key criteria of study quality. Relative risks (RRs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Associations were tested in subgroups representing different patient characteristics and study quality criteria.The search yielded 25 prospective cohort studies (N = 1.2 million participants) that reported 45 844 incident cases of diabetes during a study follow-up period ranging from 5 to 30 years. Of the 25 studies, 24 reported adjusted RRs greater than 1 (range for all studies, 0.82-3.74). The pooled adjusted RR was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-1.58). Results were consistent and statistically significant in all subgroups. The risk of diabetes was greater for heavy smokers (> or =20 cigarettes/day; RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.43-1.80) than for lighter smokers (RR,1.29; 95% CI, 1.13-1.48) and lower for former smokers (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.14-1.33) compared with active smokers, consistent with a dose-response phenomenon.Active smoking is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Future research should attempt to establish whether this association is causal and to clarify its mechanisms.
Septic Retinitis Due to Injection of a Homemade Alcoholic Beverage
Authors: Harvey L. Eichner
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<i>Partially fermented mixtures of yeast, sugar, and potato peelings or canned peaches were ingested by four young men and injected intravenously by seven. The ingestors experienced gastrointestinal irritation and mild transient neurotoxic effects while the injectors had in addition, more severe systemic symptoms and septic retinitis as well as mild pancytopenia. The febrile reaction and funduscopic findings were probably due to bacterial contaminants of the mixture although</i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<i>was a possible cause. Septic retinitis is an occasional finding in subacute bacterial endocarditis and septicemia, but its presence in the seven injectors was unexpected and perhaps the result of a toxin in the fermented mixture damaging vessel walls or an immune response. With the current difficulty in obtaining the usually abused drugs, physicians should be alert to possible homemade intoxicants causing unusual syndromes in susceptible populations.</i>
Color Doppler regurgitant characteristics of normal mechanical mitral valve prostheses in vitro.
Authors: H Baumgartner, S Khan, M DeRobertis, L Czer, G Maurer
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND To evaluate normal regurgitant characteristics of St. Jude (SJ) and Medtronic-Hall (MH) mitral valves, four sizes (25-31 mm) of each were studied in a pulsatile flow model. METHODS AND RESULTS Regurgitant flow was measured by flowmeter at left ventricular pressures of 80, 130, and 180 mm Hg. Peak regurgitant flow rates ranged from 6.2 to 12.7 cm3/sec in SJ valves and from 7.9 to 17.5 cm3/sec in MH valves. Regurgitant orifice areas calculated from the Doppler continuity equation ranged from 1.6 to 2.0 mm2 in SJ valves and from 2.2 to 2.9 mm2 in MH valves. Regurgitant volumes across the closed valve at a left ventricular pressure of 130 mm Hg were normalized to an ejection time of 280 msec and ranged from 1.5 to 1.9 cm3 in SJ valves and from 2.1 to 2.8 cm3 in MH valves. Jets were imaged by color Doppler in six rotational planes, and jet size and morphology were compared with those of regurgitant jets from circular orifices with sizes comparable to the calculated prosthetic valve regurgitant orifices (1.1-3.1 mm2). SJ valves showed two converging jets from the pivot points, one central jet, and a variable number of peripheral jets. The mean color jet area derived from the six image planes ranged from 1.6 to 5.3 cm2. Aliasing occurred only close to the valve (maximal distance 0.5-2.0 cm). MH valves showed a large central jet with a maximal length of aliased flow between 2.0 and 5.5 cm. Depending on valve size, driving pressure, and image plane, one or two small peripheral jets were found. These jets did not show aliasing in any case. The mean color jet area ranged from 5.1 to 11.0 cm2. Jets originating from circular orifices of comparable size showed jet areas from 5.5 to 13.9 cm2 and aliasing distances from 3.3 to 7.3 cm. At similar regurgitant orifice areas, driving pressures, and regurgitant flows, the measured color areas and aliasing distances were smallest in SJ valves, larger in MH valves, and largest in simple circular orifices. CONCLUSIONS Large, complex regurgitant jets can be found in normal closed SJ and MH valves by color Doppler, although regurgitant flow volume is minimal. Jet size and velocity distribution differs markedly between SJ valves, MH valves, and circular orifices, even with comparable driving pressure, regurgitant orifice area, and regurgitant volume. The characteristic patterns of normal regurgitation must be recognized to avoid incorrect diagnoses of pathological regurgitation in SJ and MH prosthetic valves. MH valves should not be removed solely on the basis of a central regurgitant jet with a long aliasing distance. Peripheral jets in MH valves and all jets in SJ valves should be considered normal as long as no or only minimal aliasing is present. In contrast, peripheral jets with significant aliasing may represent strong evidence of pathological regurgitation.
84. RNA Silencing: Role of Interferon System Components in Non_Specific Effects Induced by Chemically Synthesized Small Interfering RNAs, Enzymatically Synthesized Small Interfering RNAs and Short Hairpin RNAs
Authors: Christopher S. McAllister, Charles E. Samuel
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

In mammalian cells, long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) activate interferon (IFN) signaling as well as interferon inducible RNA-dependent enzymes that affect translational activity including the protein kinase (PKR) and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetases (2',5'-OAS). DsRNA also is the mediator of RNA interference (RNAi), a widely used gene silencing strategy with utility both as a basic research tool and potential therapeutic. RNAi mediated by short dsRNA molecules (|[sim]|20-bp) was originally thought to circumvent the IFN response to achieve specific target silencing without triggering potentially problematic non-specific effects. However, reports suggest that some small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) produced from transfected plasmids can induce cytokine signaling and cause other non-specific effects. We therefore undertook a further combined genetic and biochemical examination of the involvement of IFN system components in RNAi to directly address the potential involvement of IFN-regulated gene products in non-specific responses to siRNAs. We examined the contribution of IFN signaling, PKR and RNase L to both on-target and non-specific gene silencing as well as induction of cytokines induced by three RNAi strategies. We show, through the use of cell lines genetically deficient in signaling and action components of the IFN system, that chemically synthesized siRNAs, T7 RNA polymerase-synthesized siRNAs, and shRNAs differentially activate IFN signaling and non-specific gene silencing. ShRNAs with up to 50 nucleotides complementary to a target gene mediated specific silencing and did not trigger nonspecific gene silencing. While the plasmids that delivered the shRNA constructs induced IFN-|[beta]| in a wild type cell line sensitive to CpG DNA, there was no differential induction of IFN-|[beta]| caused by the shRNAs in this cell type or other cell types not sensitive to CpG DNA. By contrast, both 20-bp and 50-bp T7 synthesized siRNAs caused significant non-specific gene silencing and induced higher levels of IFN-|[beta]| in wild type cells than chemically synthesized siRNAs. The IFN-|[beta]| induction capacity of the T7 synthesized siRNAs varied between preparations and could be reduced by gel purification of the siRNA. Chemically synthesized siRNAs caused non-specific gene silencing only at extremely high concentration and did not induce significant IFN-|[beta]| production in any cell type tested. Non-specific siRNA-mediated silencing was independent of PKR and RNase L, and only partially dependent upon IFN receptormediated signaling. We also found a relationship between the nonspecific gene silencing and the induction of apoptosis by the different RNAi mediators in different cell lines.
Contact anaphylaxis from natural rubber latex used as an adhesive for hair extensions
Authors: S.H. Wakelin
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Sir, A 40‐year‐old woman developed anaphylactic symptoms at a hair salon within minutes of contact with a natural rubber latex (NRL) adhesive used to apply hair extensions to her scalp. She first noticed palmar irritation, followed quickly by generalized pruritus, a feeling of faintness, facial oedema and difficulty in breathing. The adhesive was washed off quickly, and she was resuscitated with intramuscular adrenaline by paramedical staff en route to hospital. She received further treatment with chlorpheniramine in the accident and emergency department, and made an uneventful recovery. The patient's hair had been chemically straightened (‘relaxed’) shortly before application of the NRL adhesive. This resulted in immediate irritation and soreness of the scalp. She had had this done on many previous occasions, but had never worn hair extensions. Several years previously during her work as a cardiac care staff nurse, she had noticed immediate eyelid swelling and irritation after contact with NRL examination glove powder. On changing to non‐powdered gloves, her ocular symptoms cleared. She had never experienced any hand symptoms while wearing powdered NRL gloves, and was able to wear non‐powdered gloves for prolonged periods after the anaphylactic episode. She had a history of mild summer hay fever but no history of fruit allergy, and had never suffered from hand dermatitis.
Targeting deubiquitinase activity with a novel small-molecule inhibitor as therapy for B-cell malignancies
Authors: Luke F. Peterson, Hanshi Sun, Yihong Liu, Harish Potu, Malathi Kandarpa, Monika Ermann, Stephen M. Courtney, Matthew Young, Hollis D. Showalter, Duxin Sun, Andrzej Jakubowiak, Sami N. Malek, Moshe Talpaz, Nicholas J. Donato
Journal: Blood (2015)
Acute Neuropathic Joint Disease: A Medical Emergency?
Authors: William J. Jeffcoate, Fran L. Game, David G. Armstrong, Peter R. Cavanagh
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

We read with some interest the commentary by Tan et al. (1) on the management of the Charcot foot in diabetes. While we agree entirely that this condition should be ranked as a medical emergency, because failure to act quickly can …
The Electromyogram in the Diagnosis of Trichinosis
Authors: Anthony N. Pannozzo
Journal: JAMA (1965)

THE ETIOLOGICAL agent of trichinosis, Trichinella spiralis , was first discovered in the encysted larval stage in the muscles of patients who were autopsied in London by Peacock in 1828.  Virchow in 1859 to 1860 showed that when the cysts found in hogs' flesh were fed to host animals, they would grow to adults in a few days, and that females in the duodenal wall produced living young which migrated to muscles and later encysted. In 1869, Zenker demonstrated that hypereosinophilia was highly suggestive of trichinosis. During the latter part of the 19th century and the early part of the present century, the disease was recognized as an important public health problem. Within the past several years, it has again had special consideration by health authorities, physicians, and medical parasitologists, particularly in the United States, where repeated epidemics and a few deaths have occurred in the groups who have eaten trichinous
"Starch Sugar as a Food Adulterant."
Authors: Elton J. Buckley
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Philadelphia, Feb. 23, 1907. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —(<i>a</i>) All the literature that I have consulted mentions sulphuric acid as one of the principal agents in the making of glucose. I am aware that other acids have been used. The latest American work I have is Leach's "Food Inspection and Analysis." This states that "usually sulphuric acid" is employed. It is important to note that Dr. Wagner does not say what acid is used. Why this omission? His assertion that chemists can easily find out what methods are used in manufacturing operations is not correct. Chemists are usually denied admission, unless they are "orthodox" in their views of the sanitary relations of the products. If hydrochloric, oxalic or sulphurous acid is used, the fundamental danger is not removed. Each of these is a laboratory product and liable to impurities that do not occur in natural products. Let Dr. Wagner tell
Malaria Vaccine, Ebola Therapy Promising in Early Studies
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Murder charge for abortion doctor divides medical profession in Kenya
Authors: Fred Mbugua
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The prominent Kenyan obstetrician and gynaecologist Dr John Nyamu remains in police custody after his arrest on 27 May last year on murder charges. Dr Nyamu is charged with unlawfully killing two fetuses that were among 15 found in rubbish bags near a Nairobi housing estate. His trial is set to start on 9 February. Charged jointly with him are two nurses, Ms Marion Wambui Kibathi and Ms Mercy Kaimuri Mathai.

According to police sources, autopsy results indicated that three of the fetuses were at least seven months old (40, 36, and 32 weeks) at the time the pregnancies were terminated. The fetuses were found in plastic bags by a river outside a …
5-Fluorocytosine: An Oral Antifungal Compound
Authors: PAUL L. STEER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

5-Fluorocytosine, an antifungal drug with potential chemotherapeutic value, was evaluated to determine its in vitro activity against recently isolated fungal strains and was used to treat 17 patients with proved fungal infections. Ninety-two percent of Candida albicans strains, 90% of other Candida species, 83% of Torulopsis glabrata strains, and 28% of strains of Aspergillus species were inhibited by 1.95 µg/ml or less. Therapy with 5-fluorocytosine was usually successful in abdominal infections and persistent fungemia if abscesses and fistulas were drained. Candida and torulopsis pyelonephritides were almost always refractory to 5-fluorocytosine therapy; most patients with these diseases had far-advanced disease and intrarenal abscesses. Two patients with cryptococcal meningitis were not cured with 5-fluorocytosine therapy but had probably received inadequate doses. Other fungal infections responded variably. Two patients had reversible hepatotoxicity related to 5-fluorocytosine therapy. 5-Fluorocytosine may prove to be an effective alternative drug in the treatment of cryptococcus, candida, and torulopsis infections.