tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Predictive Power and Cost of Screening for Chlamydia-Reply
Authors: Robert B. Jones
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> We appreciate the comments of Dr Rice and Dr Rieger. Dr Rice's question deals with the difference between sensitivity and positive predictive value. Sensitivity is the probability of a positive test in patients known to have disease. Positive predictive value is the probability of disease in patients with a positive test. The two are related by Bayes' theorem, which states that positive predictive value = (sensitivity × prevalence)/(probability of a positive test). Using the sensitivity (53%), specificity (96%), and prevalence (7.94%) values given in our article, one can calculate the probability of a positive test (7.9%) and the positive predictive value for the direct antigen test (53%). That the positive predictive value and the sensitivity are numerically identical is perhaps confusing, but the figures in the article are correct. We certainly advocate treatment for sexual partners of infected women and made this point in our article. Dr Rieger wishes
Variability in Activity May Precede Diabetic Foot Ulceration
Authors: Joseph LeMaster, Michael J. Mueller, David R. Sinacore
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

The study by Armstrong et al. (1), investigating the effect of weight-bearing activity on diabetic foot ulcer risk, provides new information on the role of activity variability in foot ulcer risk and confirms the results of a cohort study published last year. In that study (2), which used 24-h physical activity diaries, every additional hour of daily weight-bearing activity was associated with a 23% reduction in the risk of subsequent …
No fault compensation will not incur significant extra costs, say Scots experts
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The introduction of a system of no fault compensation for medical injuries has taken a step forward in Scotland after backing by an influential panel of experts.

The Scottish government is now to investigate the practical and financial implications of introducing such a scheme to replace the current system where injured patients have to prove negligence in the courts.

An expert panel was appointed in 2009 to report on the potential benefits of introducing a no fault compensation scheme in Scotland. It has reviewed the operation of such schemes in Sweden, New Zealand, Finland, Denmark, Norway, and parts …
THE USE AND ABUSE OF HELIOTHERAPY IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: SAMUEL H. WATSON
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Direct sunlight—I speak, of course, from the point of view of medicine—is a powerful agency. That as a therapeutic instrument it is powerful for good is now widely known. That it is equally or in even a greater degree powerful for harm is not, there is reason to think, so generally understood. It is my chief purpose in this paper to insist on the grave dangers involved in heliotherapy, as it is applied to tuberculosis, especially to pulmonary tuberculosis, and to urge that it be prescribed and administered with the greatest caution. For much of the current abuse of heliotherapy we have as physicians no direct responsibility. The idea that sunlight will cure tuberculosis is an idea admirably adapted to win popular acceptance, since it fits in so perfectly with well known facts, and is in itself so immensely attractive. Nearly everybody has heard of the idea, or known some
Palliative care needs to be provided on basis of need rather than diagnosis
Authors: I. J Higginson, J. M Addington-Hall
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Williams et al and Russon and Alison raise important debates about extending palliative care beyond the initial remit of cancer. 1 2 The example of anorexia nervosa in their debate is a rare example of a potential role for palliative care. But good evidence suggests that people with progressive circulatory and neurological disorders have problems that require a palliative approach.3

Palliative …
Human Milk as a Source of Methylmercury Exposure in Infants.
Authors: P Grandjean, PJ Jørgensen, P Weihe
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

As methylmercury is excreted in human milk and infants are particularly susceptible to toxicity due to this compound, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible transfer of methylmercury to infants via breast-feeding. In a community with a high intake of seafood, 583 children from a birth cohort were followed. The duration of nursing was recorded, and hair samples were obtained for mercury analysis at approximately 12 months of age. The hair mercury concentrations increased with the length of the nursing period, and those nursed throughout the first year showed the highest geometric mean (9.0 nmol/g or 1.8 microg/g). Human milk therefore seems to be an important source of methylmercury exposure in infants. An increasing time interval from weaning to hair sample collection was not associated with any detectable decrease in mercury concentrations. A slow or absent elimination of methylmercury during the first year after birth could explain this finding. In certain fishing communities, infants nursed for long periods may be at increased risk of developing methylmercury toxicity.
Heparanase influences expression and shedding of syndecan-1, and its expression by the bone marrow environment is a bad prognostic factor in multiple myeloma
Authors: Karène Mahtouk, Dirk Hose, Pierre Raynaud, Michael Hundemer, Michel Jourdan, Eric Jourdan, Veronique Pantesco, Marion Baudard, John De Vos, Marion Larroque, Thomas Moehler, Jean-Francois Rossi, Thierry Rème, Hartmut Goldschmidt, Bernard Klein
Journal: Blood (2007)
The very limited usefulness of skin testing with penicilloyl‐polylysine and the minor determinant mixture in evaluating nonimmediate reactions to penicillins
Authors: A. Romano, F. Gaeta, R. L. Valluzzi, C. Caruso, G. Rumi, P. J. Bousquet
Journal: Allergy (2010)

To cite this article: Romano A, Gaeta F, Valluzzi RL, Caruso C, Rumi G, Bousquet PJ. The very limited usefulness of skin testing with penicilloyl‐polylysine and the minor determinant mixture in evaluating nonimmediate reactions to penicillins. Allergy 2010; 65 : 1104–1107. Abstract Background: The contribution of skin testing with penicilloyl‐polylysine (PPL) and the minor determinant mixture (MDM) to the diagnosis of hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins differs greatly according to the type of reaction: immediate (occurring within 1 h after the last drug administration) or nonimmediate (occurring more than 1 h after the last drug administration). Objective: To assess the contribution of skin testing with PPL and MDM to the diagnosis of nonimmediate reactions to penicillins. Methods: We evaluated 162 adults who had had 232 nonimmediate reactions to penicillins, mostly aminopenicillins, and presented positive skin and/or patch tests to one or more penicillin reagents: PPL, MDM, benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin, as well as any responsible penicillins. Results: A total of 157 subjects (96.9%) displayed patch‐test and/or delayed‐reading intradermal‐test positivity to penicillin reagents, which indicates a cell‐mediated hypersensitivity; six of them also presented immediate‐reading skin‐test positivities. All 157 patients with a cell‐mediated hypersensitivity were positive to the responsible penicillins (parent drugs); 16 of them also displayed delayed‐reading intradermal‐test positivity to MDM. Five (3.1%) of the 162 patients displayed only immediate‐reading skin‐test positivity (four to PPL and one to amoxicillin). Overall, 158 subjects (97.5%) presented positive responses to the responsible penicillins, while only 9 (5.5%) and 17 (10.5%) were positive to PPL and MDM, respectively. Conclusions: The contribution of skin testing with PPL and MDM in diagnosing nonimmediate hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, especially cell‐mediated ones, is very limited. This finding could be useful at a time when PPL and MDM are not available in all countries.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF RILEY VIRUS
Authors: K. E. K. Rowson, B. W. J. Mahy, M. H. Salaman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

The level of viraemia was determined in serial blood samples obtained from 2 mice after the injection of Riley virus. The plasma virus titre rose rapidly to a peak value of 10(9) to 10(10)ID(50) per ml by 24 hours after infection, and then fell slowly to a level of 10(5) to 10(6)ID(50) per ml by the 10th day after infection, where it remained relatively stable. Neither blockade of the RES with thorotrast, zymosan, or carbon, nor stimulation of the RES with stilboestrol or zymosan, before the injection of Riley virus, produced any observable alteration in the level of viraemia attained 24 hours after infection. However 10 days or more after infection with Riley virus blockade of the RES with thorotrast caused a transitory rise, and stimulation of the RES with stilboestrol caused a slight but prolonged fall, in the level of viraemia. Zymosan injection at this period of infection caused an initial rise, followed by a fall, in the level of viraemia; these changes correlated with the initial period of blockade and the subsequent period of stimulation of the RES observed in carbon clearance studies. The clearance of injected Riley virus particles from the plasma over a period of 3 hours after injection was measured in previously uninfected mice and mice which had been infected with Riley virus for 3 weeks. The mice which had been infected 3 weeks before the test cleared rather more of the injected virus than the previously uninfected mice. It is concluded that although the activity of the RES affects, and may determine, the level of viraemia, the permanence of the viraemia in Riley virus-infected mice does not appear to be due to a failure of the RES to clear virus particles from the plasma.
Sarcoid heart disease.
Authors: H A Fleming
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Sarcoid heart disease has had slow recognition but it is now being increasingly diagnosed in life and at necropsy. Recognition is important as energetic treatment may greatly improve the prognosis. Although patients with 'classical' sarcoidosis may be found to have cardiac involvement, most of the clinically important cases present with cardiac problems--sudden death, heart block, tachyarrhythmias and 'cardiomyopathy'--are the most frequent presentations. Sarcoidosis should be thought of in any case of difficult heart disease for which there is no obvious aetiology. Histological confirmation of sarcoidosis in some organ should be sought. Energetic treatment and follow up show that the prognosis is not necessarily bad.
Incidental Finding of Herpes zoster Infection by Tc-99m HMPAO
Authors: TSUNEO HIRANO, HIDENORI OTAKE, MARI KANUMA, YASUO MOGI, TAKASHI TATEZAWA, KEIGO ENDO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT study incidentally demonstrated a large area of increased accumulation in the soft tissue of the face and fronto-parietal region of the head, corresponding to the distribution of the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve, which had been infected by herpes zoster.
Further Report Upon Aseptic and Septic Surgical Cases
Authors: C. B. Lockwood
Journal: BMJ (1898)

Noalteration whatever has been made in the methods described in the last two reports.Witlh increased experience they give, as will be hereafter seen, very uniform results; indeed, our failures seem to be due more to want of thoroughness in the use of the methods than to faults in the methods themselves.
Cervical Nodal Metastases of Unknown Origin
Authors: J. R. Barrie, W. H. Knapper, E. W. Strong
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1971)

wrote, â€oe¿ Asymmetricenlarge ment of one or more cervical lymph nodes in the adult is almost always can cerous and usually is due to metas tasis from a primary lesion in the mouth or pharynx.â€•They observed that thorough search for the primary site was of utmost importance, but was often not done.Of 1,300 patients seen at the Memorial Hospital Head and Neck Service from 1947 through 1949, 163 had a â€oe¿ lump in the neckâ€• as the first sign of cancer.In only 16, or 10 percent of this group, had the primary lesion been established prior to referral.Even though the primary lesion remained occult, definitive treatment to the cer vical metastases was advocated and carried out.
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Jerome Eh, Severinghaus Jw
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

High-altitude pulmonary edema occurs in mountaineers who ascend rapidly to heights of more than 2500 m. It is at the severe end of the spectrum of symptoms of acute mountain sickness, which include headache, insomnia, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, oliguria, and peripheral edema. Vigorous young men are most susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary edema. Other risk factors include strenuous exercise, cold weather, and recent respiratory tract infection. Those who have had high-altitude pulmonary edema in the past are likely to have it again. The symptoms and signs are cough, tachypnea, tachycardia, orthopnea, cyanosis, rales, and frothy pink sputum. Symptoms usually begin two . . .
Shifting of care for diabetes from secondary to primary care, 1990-5: review of general practices
Authors: E. C Goyder, P. G McNally, M. Drucquer, N. Spiers, J. L Botha
Journal: BMJ (1998)

An annual and comprehensive review is regarded as a crucial element of structured diabetes care, 1 2 and general practice is increasingly providing this service.3 Developments in diabetes care in general practice have been encouraged by changes in national policy, which since 1993 have included specific payments for doctors offering structured diabetes care, and local initiatives including diabetes education programmes and multipractice audits.

View this table:

Numbers (percentages) of patients with diagnosed diabetes reviewed in general practices and diabetes outpatient clinics between 1990 and 1995



We examined attendance by diabetic patients at outpatient clinics and general practices between 1990 and 1995 to determine whether there had been a change in the proportion of patients with diabetes reviewed in primary and secondary care. The practices were running diabetes programmes that qualified for payments for management of chronic diseases in 1995. …
COX 2 inhibitors might be useful in cancer prevention
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (1999)

It seems now that Furby, last Christmas's "must have" stuffed toy with a computer chip inside, which was vilified for interfering with medical equipment, does not affect medical machinery after all.An investigation by Health Canada (the government's health ministry), published recently in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (1999;161:971), revealed that the electric and magnetic fields given off by the ear wiggling, eye blinking, fuzzy creature are about 70 times weaker than those emitted by a digital telephone and are "very unlikely" to affect the performance of medical devices, say the study's authors.The furry furore started last January, when Canadian media outlets jumped on reports that the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Glasgow, Scotland, had apparently banned the toy from its intensive care unit.
The Importance of Being Empathic-Reply
Authors: Paul S. Bellet
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We thank Mr Hughes for his comments. We recognize the importance of empathy in everyday interpersonal relations, but the purpose of our article was to emphasize the use of empathy in medical practice. Empathy involves understanding the patient's feelings rather than "some sort of placebo perfunctory conciliation in times of crises." The physician must be honest and sincere in his compassion and concern for patients. If the empathy is false, the patient will know, and the physician will have lost the opportunity to help the patient.
Incidence, trends, and risks of ectopic pregnancy in a population of women.
Authors: L Westrom, L P Bengtsson, P A Mardh
Journal: BMJ (1981)

In a 20-year longitudinal study on ectopic pregnancy in a defined population of women aged 15-39 years the rate of ectopic pregnancy per 1000 diagnosed conceptions increased from 5.8 during 1960-4 to 11.1 during 1975-9. The mean annual incidence of ectopic pregnancy per 1000 women increased from 0.6 to 1.2 during the same period. The numbers of ectopic pregnancies per 1000 diagnosed conceptions increased with increasing age of the women and were 4.1, in the teenage group 6.9, in women aged 20-29 years, and 12.9 in women aged 30-39. Among 20- to 29-year-old sexually active women at risk of pregnancy who had never had acute salpingitis the rates of ectopic pregnancy per 100 woman-years were the same in those who did not use contraceptives as in those using non-medicated or copper-medicated intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs; 0.3/100 woman years). The risk of an ectopic pregnancy increased sevenfold after acute salpingitis. These findings confirm the increased risk of ectopic pregnancy after salpingitis and suggest that the increase in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in Lund from 1960 to 1979 was partly accounted for by the use of IUCDs.
Enamel Hypoplasia in Idiopathic Epilepsy
Authors: R. Spitzer
Journal: BMJ (1942)

inexperienced.If, however, I.U. of patients considered cured by transurethral resection should reveal that no satis- factory decompression of their back-pressure kidneys has taken place, then it can be predicted that sooner or later suprapubic or perineal prostatectomy will hold its leading position in the radical surgical treatment of enlarged adenomatous prostate.Commenting on hemiprostatectomy as a safer method, the same principle has to be applied.Should the hemi- prostatectomy decompress one of two damaged kidneys its value will still be ;n doubt.If it can be proved by I.U. that only the kidney on the side of the adenoma was damaged and that it could be decompressed by hemi- prostatectomy, this conservative method will not only be sufficient but will also be preferable to a more radical pro- cedure.The surgeon who performs a two-stage suprapubic prostatectomy, even if the interval between cystostomy and prostatectomy is only ten days-as in the two cases quoted by Mr. W. Sampson Handley-runs fewer risks than the operator who trusts his satisfactory functional tests of the kidneys, which really give him no indication of a dormant
720 Oxidative stress is an independent risk factor for the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to advanced fibrosis
Authors: E ALBANO, E MOTTARAN, M VIDALI, E REALE, S SAKSENA, G OCCHINO, A BURT, C DAY
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, progressing from simple steatosis to necroinflammation and fibrosis (leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), and in some cases to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance are involved in NAFLD development and progression. NAFLD has been associated with several cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension and smoking. NAFLD is also characterized by atherogenic dyslipidemia, postprandial lipemia and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunction. Most importantly, NAFLD patients have an increased risk for both liver and CV disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality.In this narrative review, the associations between NAFLD, dyslipidemia and vascular disease in NAFLD patients are discussed. NAFLD treatment is also reviewed with a focus on lipid-lowering drugs. Finally, future perspectives in terms of both NAFLD diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets are considered.
RETRACTED: Autoimmunity as the Consequence of a Spontaneous Mutation in Rasgrp1
Authors: Katrin Layer, Guosheng Lin, Alessio Nencioni, Wei Hu, Adam Schmucker, Andrey N. Antov, Xiaoyu Li, Satoshi Takamatsu, Timothy Chevassut, Nancy A. Dower, Stacey L. Stang, David Beier, Janet Buhlmann, Roderick T. Bronson, Keith B. Elkon, James C. Stone, Luk Van Parijs, Bing Lim
Journal: Immunity (2003)
Long term adjuvant therapy for primary breast cancer
Authors: R D Bulbrook
Journal: BMJ (1996)

More than five years of tamoxifen is no longer justified

A major clinical trial of long term adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen in women with primary breast cancer has been stopped by the National Cancer Institute of America on the grounds that treatment for more than five years is unlikely to be beneficial.1 The institute's report relates to trials carried out by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project in Pittsburgh. Between 1981 and 1993 over 4000 women who had undergone surgery with or without radiotherapy for oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer but who had no lymph node involvement were recruited into two randomised clinical trials.

The first of these examined the effect on survival of adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen. Ten years after primary treatment, patients receiving the drug had an overall survival of 78% compared with 75% in the placebo group, results which are in line with those in an overview of 133 randomised controlled trials published in 1992.2 The difference, while small, is significant. Whether …
Stem cell transplantation: a treatment option for severe systemic sclerosis?
Authors: J M van Laar, D Farge, A Tyndall
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (commonly referred to as “stem cell transplantation”) is an established treatment for a variety of haemato-oncological conditions. Recent studies have confirmed its potent clinical and immunological effects in rheumatic autoimmune diseases, including severe diffuse systemic sclerosis (SSc). With modifications of treatment protocols and more stringent selection of patients, the safety profile of stem cell transplantation has improved as expressed in lower treatment-related morbidity and mortality. Prospective, randomised trials are in progress in Europe and North America to compare the safety and efficacy of stem cell transplantation with conventional chemotherapy in patients with early diffuse SSc, on the premise that induction of remission in early disease can be achieved by stem cell transplantation as a means to interrupt fibrogenesis.
Inhibition of HIV-1 Particle Assembly by 2′,3′-Cyclic-Nucleotide 3′-Phosphodiesterase
Authors: Sam J. Wilson, John W. Schoggins, Trinity Zang, Sebla B. Kutluay, Nolwenn Jouvenet, Mudathir A. Alim, Julia Bitzegeio, Charles M. Rice, Paul D. Bieniasz
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2012)
Letter: Alleviation of IUD menorrhagia with ethamsylate.
Authors: R F Harrison, S Campbell
Journal: BMJ (1976)

When menorrhagia is associated with an IUD it may be best to advise continuation of the method and prescribe a therapy that can minimize men strual distrubance. Ethamsylate, which has been useful in primary menor rhagia, is undergoing evaluation. It appears to combat excessive menstr ual flow by it hemostatic properties of increasing capillary resistance and reducing bleeding time. In a preliminary study of 13 patients compl aining of menorrhagia associated with IUDs in situ for at least 1 year, menstrual blood loss was estimated based on the iron content of soiled sanitary wear. 500 mg 4 times daily from 5 days before the anticipated onset of menstruation for 10 days was administered. Mean blood loss was 64.8 ml before treatment and 64.6 ml during placebo therapy (p less than .1) but was significantly less (53.5 ml; p less than .05) during ethamsy late therapy. These results suggest that a patient with an IUD in situ who complains of menorrhagia should be treated with ethamsylate.