tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Disease and Democracy: The Industrialised World Faces AIDS
Authors: Jennifer Prah Ruger
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Historians are calling Hurricane Katrina—which hit the US Gulf coast and the Louisiana city of New Orleans at the end of August—one of the most devastating natural disasters in American history. In its immediate aftermath, the mayor of New Orleans, fearful that prolonged flooding and contaminated water would lead to dehydration, food poisoning, and the spread of hepatitis A, cholera, and typhoid fever, issued a mandatory evacuation order. Those who failed to leave the city voluntarily might be forced to leave. Local, state, and national authorities have since been blamed for failures to respond effectively.

In Katrina's wake, Peter Baldwin's Disease and Democracy strikes a resonant chord. Baldwin analyses differing approaches to the AIDS epidemic among industrialised countries. He argues that the divergence in AIDS strategies in the US, Britain, Sweden, Germany, and France is path dependent—predetermined by earlier 19th century efforts against other epidemic diseases, such as cholera and syphilis. He argues that “traditional …
Cause of Death Within 30 Days of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in an Era of Mandatory Outcome Reporting
Authors: Bhuvnesh Aggarwal, Stephen G. Ellis, A. Michael Lincoff, Samir R. Kapadia, Joseph Cacchione, Russell E. Raymond, Leslie Cho, Christopher Bajzer, Ravi Nair, Irving Franco, Conrad Simpfendorfer, E. Murat Tuzcu, Patrick L. Whitlow, Mehdi H. Shishehbor
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Significance of High HbA1 Levels in Normal Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Michaela Modan, Dina Meytes, Paul Rozeman, Shaul Ben Yosef, Ephraim Sehayek, Nurit Ben Yosef, Ayala Lusky, Hillel Halkin
Journal: Diabetes Care (1988)

The significance of high hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) levels (greater than or equal to 8.0%) found in 12.1% of 648 individuals with normal glucose tolerance constituting a part of a representative population sample was examined. Measurement error in HbA1 and/or glucose-tolerance levels was precluded by HbA1 remaining in the same range over 3.5 yr in 89.7% of 29 individuals with initially high and 68.1% of 22 individuals with initially low (less than 6.5%) HbA1. Rate of deterioration to glucose intolerance (6.9%) in the high group during that period resembled the rate (11.8%) in a control group (n = 279). Fasting plasma glucose significantly accounted for only 2.4% of total HbA1-population variance. No correlation of HbA1 was found with other correlates of glucose tolerance or with daily caloric intake and physical activity. A small but significant increment in HbA1 was associated with smoking (7.1 vs. 6.8%, P less than .01) and with clinically overt atherosclerosis (7.3 vs. 6.9%, P less than .01). We conclude that factors unrelated to glucose metabolism are the main determinants of HbA1 level in normal glucose tolerance and play an important role in diabetes as well. These factors have bearing on evaluation of diabetic control by HbA1 and possibly on risk for diabetic complications.
A study of hepatitis B virus reactivation associated with rituximab therapy in real-world clinical practice: a single-center experience
Authors: Myung Jin Oh, Heon Ju Lee
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2013)

The widespread use of cytotoxic chemotherapy and immunosuppressants has resulted in reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recently becoming an issue. Although rituximab (an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) has revolutionized the treatment of lymphoma, recent reports have suggested that rituximab therapy increases the risk of viral-mediated complications, and particularly HBV reactivation. This study analyzed real clinical practice data for rituximab-related HBV reactivation.Between January 2005 and December 2011, 169 patients received treatment with rituximab. Screening status of the HBV infection and frequency of preemptive therapy were determined in these patients, and the clinical features of HBV reactivation were analyzed.Seventy-nine of the 169 patients with chronic or past HBV infection were selected for evaluation of HBV reactivation. Of the 90 patients who were excluded, 22 (13.0%) were not assessed for HBsAg and anti-HBc, and 14 (8.3%) were not assessed for anti-HBc due to seronegativity for HBsAg. The selected patients were divided into those with chronic HBV infection (n=12) and those with past HBV infection (n=67); six patients (7.6%) experienced HBV reactivation. Eight patients received preemptive therapy, but three patients (37.5%) underwent HBV reactivation. Although HBsAg seropositivity was an independent risk factor for HBV reactivation (P=0.038), of the six patients with HBV reactivation, two (33.3%) had past HBV infection and three (50%) died of liver failure.The findings of this study demonstrate that adherence to guidelines for screening and preemptive therapy for HBV reactivation was negligent among the included cohort. Attention should be paid to HBV reactivation in patients with past as well as chronic HBV infection during and after rituximab therapy.
EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN CEBUS MONKEYS
Authors: George V. Mann, Stephen B. Andrus, Ann McNally, Fredrick J. Stare
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1953)

Atherosclerosis has been produced in Cebus monkeys by dietary means. This disease has been produced by feeding diets high in cholesterol and low in sulfur amino acids over periods of 18 to 30 weeks. Within 2 to 8 weeks this regimen caused the concentration of cholesterol in the serum to rise to 300 to 800 mg. per cent. The hypercholesterolemia could be largely prevented by feeding 1 gm. per day of dl-methionine or l-cystine as supplements to the diet. After the serum concentration had become elevated, it could be restored to normal by feeding 1 gm. of dl-methionine but only partially restored by 0.5 gm. of l-cystine daily. The vascular lesions were in the ascending aorta but extended from the valves of the left ventricle to the proximal portions of the carotid and femoral arteries. Minimal lesions have been observed in the coronary arteries. The aortic lesions were chiefly characterized by the presence of lipid-laden phagocytes and increase in collagen and elastic fibers. The lipids were in part cholesterol derivatives. Visceral cholesterolosis was not associated with this disease.
Discovering altered genomic expression patterns in heart: transcriptome determination by serial analysis of gene expression
Authors: Sergey V. Anisimov, Edward G. Lakatta, Kenneth R. Boheler
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2001)

Abstract The development of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure involve functional changes that are beneficial short‐term, but may be fatal long‐term. Current therapeutic approaches are tailored to limit progression of a disease and to maintain quality of life. At a molecular level, these disease processes involve quantitative and qualitative changes in gene expression. Although some changes in mRNA abundance may not have direct protein correlates, analysis of all the mRNAs present in a cell population (the cells transcriptome) has become a focal point of genomic research. The aim is to provide information about the dynamics of total genome expression in response to environmental changes and point to candidate genes responsible for the cascade of events that result in a disease state. One way of performing these analyses utilizes the technique of Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE). This method evaluates thousands of expressed transcripts both quantitatively and qualitatively in a single assay. In the first of two reviews on transcriptome analysis, we describe the current state of genomic research for determination of the transcriptome by Serial Analysis of Gene Expression, present the first limited SAGE analysis of rodent heart gene expression, and discuss how results generated with this approach can be applied to the study and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Isolation and characterization of two hydroxyproline-containing glycoproteins from normal animal lung lavage and lamellar bodies.
Authors: S N Bhattacharyya, M A Passero, R P DiAugustine, W S Lynn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

Two glycopeptides, present in particulate material obtained by pulmonary lavage from normal rabbits, were isolated and characterized. The same two glycopeptides were present in preparations of lamellar bodies from rabbit lung. The estimated molecular weights of the two glycopeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis were found to be 62,000 and 36,000 and both were found to contain hydroxyproline and relatively high amount of glycine (11 and 15 per cent, respectively). Carbohydrate analysis of the two glycopeptides demonstrated the presence of glucosamine, sialic acid, mannose, Fucose, and galactose. Similar glycopeptides of the same molecular weights, and amino acid and carbohydrate compositions have been found in layage mateial isolated from lungs of patients with alveolar proteinosis. The data indicate that thses two collagen-like glycopeptides are major intra-alveolar proteins in many mammals, including humans.
Augmentation of albumin but not fibrinogen synthesis by corticosteroids in patients with hepatocellular disease
Authors: G. D. Cain, G. Mayer, E. A. Jones
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

Simultaneous studies of albumin and fibrinogen metabolism have been conducted using the carbonate-(14)C method before and after a 13 day course of prednisolone in eight patients with hepatocellular disease. Initially six patients were hypoalbuminemic. The mean plasma albumin and fibrinogen concentrations and albumin and fibrinogen synthetic rates were all lower than the corresponding values in a group of control subjects. Prednisolone therapy was associated with significant increases in the plasma concentration and synthetic rate of albumin but changes in the intravascular albumin pools were not significant. It is inferred that a low synthetic rate of albumin in a patient with liver disease does not necessarily represent the maximum capacity of the diseased liver to synthesize this protein. Changes in the plasma concentration, intravascular pool, and synthetic rate of fibrinogen were small and inconsistent. The data are compatible with a selective action of corticosteroids on hepatic protein metabolism and with the existence of different mechanisms for the control of albumin and fibrinogen synthesis.
Can an Immune Response Be Conditioned?
Authors: M. E. Newman
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Can an Immune Response Be Conditioned? Get access Michael E. Newman Michael E. Newman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 19, 3 October 1990, Pages 1534–1535, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.19.1534 Published: 03 October 1990
Diagnosis of Cholelithiasis
Authors: A. Omar Vento
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I have read with interest the article by Venu et al and the accompanying editorial on ERCP by Drs Craig and Clayman (1983; 249:783). I was surprised that in neither of the articles mention is made of the role of cholescintigraphy using technetium Tc 99m-labeled<i>N</i>-substituted derivatives of iminodiacetic acid (IDA). Since these agents were introduced for clinical use in the mid-1970s, numerous publications in reputable journals of general medicine, gastroenterology, nuclear medicine, and radiology concur that cholescintigraphy is currently the most sensitive and specific noninvasive test in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.<sup>1-3</sup>In addition, cholescintigraphy can be useful in the evaluation of chronic cholecystitis and other biliary disorders.<sup>4,5</sup> I recently reviewed the literature on hepatobiliary scintigraphy for a medical grand rounds presentation in our hospital; because of the availability, safety, simplicity, plus sensitivity and specificity of almost 100% in all the series,<sup>1-3</sup>
Doing simple things well
Authors: T. Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Spouse has a new gadget. I warned him that if he didn't let up about it I'd write about it in this column.

The main box of tricks is about the size of a paperback book. Its purpose is to predict the weather. Several subsidiary devices, each the size of a matchbox, have been fixed to the outside wall of our house. They transmit a continuous stream of data on temperature, humidity, wind speed, and the like …
Pharmacist Interventions to Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Diabetes
Authors: Valérie Santschi, Arnaud Chiolero, Gilles Paradis, April L. Colosimo, Bernard Burnand
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assesses the effect of pharmacist care on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among outpatients with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Pharmacist interventions were classified, and a meta-analysis of mean changes of blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and BMI was performed using random-effects models. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 15 RCTs (9,111 outpatients) in which interventions were conducted exclusively by pharmacists in 8 studies and in collaboration with physicians, nurses, dietitians, or physical therapists in 7 studies. Pharmacist interventions included medication management, educational interventions, feedback to physicians, measurement of CVD risk factors, or patient-reminder systems. Compared with usual care, pharmacist care was associated with significant reductions for systolic BP (12 studies with 1,894 patients; −6.2 mmHg [95% CI −7.8 to −4.6]); diastolic BP (9 studies with 1,496 patients; −4.5 mmHg [−6.2 to −2.8]); TC (8 studies with 1,280 patients; −15.2 mg/dL [−24.7 to −5.7]); LDL cholesterol (9 studies with 8,084 patients; −11.7 mg/dL [−15.8 to −7.6]); and BMI (5 studies with 751 patients; −0.9 kg/m2 [−1.7 to −0.1]). Pharmacist care was not associated with a significant change in HDL cholesterol (6 studies with 826 patients; 0.2 mg/dL [−1.9 to 2.4]). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis supports pharmacist interventions—alone or in collaboration with other health care professionals—to improve major CVD risk factors among outpatients with diabetes.
High cardiovascular event rates occur within the first weeks of starting hemodialysis
Authors: Kai-Uwe Eckardt, Iain A. Gillespie, Florian Kronenberg, Sharon Richards, Peter Stenvinkel, Stefan D. Anker, David C. Wheeler, Angel L. de Francisco, Daniele Marcelli, Marc Froissart, Jürgen Floege
Journal: Kidney International (2015)

Early mortality is high in hemodialysis (HD) patients, but little is known about early cardiovascular event (CVE) rates after HD initiation. To study this we analyzed data in the AROii cohort of incident HD patients from over 300 European Fresenius Medical Care dialysis centers. Weekly rates of a composite of CVEs during the first year and monthly rates of the composite and its constituents (coronary artery, cerebrovascular, peripheral arterial, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death) during the first 2 years after HD initiation were assessed. Of 6308 patients that started dialysis within 7 days, 1449 patients experienced 2405 CVEs over the next 2 years. The first-year CVE rate (30.2/100 person-years; 95% CI, 28.7-31.7) greatly exceeded the second-year rate (19.4/100; 95% CI, 18.1-20.8). Composite CVEs were highest during the first week with increased risk compared with the second year, persisting until the fifth month. Except for sudden cardiac death, temporal patterns of rates for all CVE categories were very similar, with highest rates during the first month and a high-risk period extending to 4 months. Higher or lower cumulative weekly dialysis dose, lower blood flow, and lower net ultrafiltration during dialysis were associated with CVE during the high-risk period, but not during the post high-risk period. Thus, the incidence of CVE in the first weeks after HD initiation is much higher than during subsequent periods which raises concerns that HD initiation may trigger CVEs.
ABDOMINAL OPERATIONS AT AN ADVANCED OPERATING CENTRE: Fifty Consecutive Cases of Penetrating Wounds of Abdomen, in Sixteen of which the Chest was also Involved
Authors: C. F. M. Saint
Journal: BMJ (1918)

bmJ "W 473 5. Every wonud 6f the abdominal wall, however sWght, should be explored, whether signs of internal injury are present or not.if it is found to be penetrating, the abdomen should be opened.6.The necessity for deciding between the claims of abdominal and other cases can be best avoided by good theatre organization, the provision of two tables for eatli surgeon, and by not allowing slow operators to do abdominal work.If these measures are insufficient the decision slould be left in the hands of the surgeon in charge of the pre-operation ward.
Surgery of Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: R. Nicks, T. Cartmill, B. S. Clifton, J. Collison, A. F. Grant
Journal: BMJ (1962)

Direct surgical repair of most defects within the heart has become almost a mundane occurrence. Its rapid growth to maturity has been fostered by many pioneers, of whom we acknowledge Alfred Blalock, Sir Russell Brock, John Gibbon, and Walton Lillehei. These are just a few of the dynamic leaders among hundreds who by faith, hard work, and research have created the method of intracardiac surgery utilizing extracorporeal circulation and cardio-pulmonary bypass. Although the prognosis for small septal defects is excellent and the disability trivial, there is general agree ment that, if the shunt is significant, survival into adult life is unusual. Death occurs from heart failure, endocarditis, or respiratory complications. Heart failure is due to an excessive mechanical work load imposed on the heart by the shunt itself or by progressive endarteritic obstruction of the pulmonary arterial fields in response to hypertension. There is a wide variation in pulmonary arterial resistance from case to case. In most cases ventricular septal defects are amenable to surgical closure and cure. The risk involved varies with the type and severity of the disease and the surgical skills available.
CHANGES OF MITRAL REGURGITATION AFTER SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT AND TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION: A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY STUDY
Authors: Jun Tanaka, Takeji Saito, Azusa Furugen, Raj Makkar, Takahiro Shiota
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Plasma activity of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Authors: Mehmet Sonmez, Kemalettin Aydin, Ahmet Durmus, Nurgul Sucu, Mustafa Yilmaz, Elif Akdogan, Iftihar Koksal, Ercument Ovali, Serdar Bedii Omay
Journal: Journal of Infection (2007)
Association of a Functional Cytochrome P450 4F2 Haplotype with Urinary 20-HETE and Hypertension
Authors: Hong Liu, Yanyan Zhao, Dong Nie, Jingpu Shi, Lingyu Fu, Yan Li, Dahai Yu, Jingyu Lu
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

Cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2) catalyzes the omega-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a natriuretic and vasoactive eicosanoid that participates in the development of hypertension. The relationship among CYP4F2 genetic variants in the regulatory region, formation of renal 20-HETE, and hypertension is unknown. Here are reported seven genetic variants around the CYP4F2 intronic regulatory region. Four of these variants made up two common haplotypes, Hap I (c.-91T/c.-48G/c.-13T/c.+34T) and Hap II (c.-91C/c.-48C/c.-13C/c.+34G). Hap I included a major functional variant, c.-91T-->C, which was identified by reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Transfected into HEK293 cells, the Hap I construct showed a trend toward higher basal transcriptional activity and exhibited significantly greater LPS-stimulated activity than Hap II; these findings were the result of different NF-kappaB binding affinity between the two constructs. In vivo, a case-control study demonstrated that homozygosity for Hap I doubled the risk for hypertension in a Chinese population, even after adjustment for risk factors including age, gender, and body mass index. This association was confirmed in a family-based association study. In addition, Hap I was associated with elevated urinary 20-HETE. These results indicate that a functional variant of the CYP4F2 regulatory region, which increases the binding affinity of NF-kappaB, increases the risk for hypertension, likely by modulating the production of 20-HETE.
Reform of death certificate system doesn't go far enough, says Shipman inquiry judge
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 59 year old man undergoing investigation for chest pain was found at elective coronary angiography to have a single coronary artery; the left coronary had a normal distribution, with the right coronary originating as a continuation of the atrioventricular circumflex. His 30 year old daughter was admitted for elective coronary angiography for further investigation of a dilated cardiomyopathy. She was also found to have a single coronary artery. However, in her case, the right and left coronary arteries arose from the right sinus of Valsalva; the right coronary had a normal distribution, the left coronary passed anterior to the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
SPECT/CT Helps in Localization and Guiding Management of Small Bowel Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Authors: Brian S. Bentley, Mark Tulchinsky
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

A 59-year-old female patient was hospitalized with anemia from recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. Planar (99m)Tc-tagged red blood cell bleeding scan suggested an active site of low-rate hemorrhage in the left upper quadrant, but after 60 minutes it could not conclusively define the bleeding as originating in small versus large bowel. SPECT/CT unequivocally localized the hemorrhage to the small bowel and deemed it reachable by extended version ("push"’) endoscope. Subsequent push enteroscopy confirmed the bleeding in proximal jejunum and allowed effective treatment with electrocautery.
Electron microscopic study of brain capillaries in cerebral edema from fulminant hepatic failure
Authors: Masataka Kato, Robin D. Hughes, Richard T. Keays, Roger Williams
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Cerebral edema is a serious complication of the encephalopathy in fulminant hepatic failure. It is a major cause of death. The mechanisms responsible for its formation are unclear, and the aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural appearance of brain capillaries by scanning electron microscopy. Samples of cerebral cortex were obtained immediately after death from nine patients with fulminant hepatic failure (seven cases due to acetaminophen overdose, one caused by hepatitis B and one caused by non-A, non-B hepatitis) by needle biopsy at the site of insertion of an extradural pressure transducer to monitor intracranial pressure. The intercellular tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells were intact. The endothelial cells were swollen, with increased numbers of vesicles and vacuoles. The basement membranes were enlarged and vacuolized and the pericytes had increased numbers of vesicles and vacuoles, indicative of passage of fluid by this route. Marked intracellular swelling of the perivascular astroglial foot processes was present. Thus mainly cytotoxic mechanisms, with cellular swelling, and to a lesser extent vasogenic mechanisms, with altered blood-brain barrier permeability, appear to be involved in the cerebral edema of fulminant hepatic failure.
Prospective Intrapatient Comparison of 6.0-Millimeter Optic Single-Piece and 3-Piece Hydrophobic Acrylic Foldable Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Ryohei Nejima, Takashi Miyai, Yasushi Kataoka, Kazunori Miyata, Masato Honbou, Tadatoshi Tokunaga, Keisuke Kawana, Takahiro Kiuchi, Tetsuro Oshika
Journal: Ophthalmology (2006)