tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Developing a Research Agenda for Primary Prevention of Chronic Lung Diseases—An NHLBI Perspective
Authors: James Kiley, Gary Gibbons
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

an individual patient.The idea is to combine and recombine drugs in response to repeated genomic sequencing of specific cancers at various stages of the disease process as opposed to the traditional one-drug-fits-all approach (10).These tools are providing a new twist to the Hippocratic emphasis on individualized care.Physicians need to alternate between scientific principles and individualized care, two complementary systems of knowledge that reciprocate in a Yin-Yang manner.Scientific principles gained through research are collective in outlook (generalizable universal statements), whereas the clinician's gaze is concentrated on the solitary patient.The capacity to switch between these two systems demands equal proficiency in the use of a telescope and a microscope.
Why don't the British treat more patients with kidney failure?
Authors: L. Cope, H. Thomson, R. Gabriel
Journal: BMJ (1983)

colleagues; (b) they are highly cost effective6 7 -savings to the nation considerably outweigh the costs; (c) most smokers would like help in giving up, 70%/ or more have already tried to quit, 50%0 want to and are resolved to try to give up8; and (d) the general public as a whole -that is, both non-smokers and smokerswants the government to spend more to encourage people to stop smoking.8Against this clear mandate, however, we are blatantly failing to get our act together.General practitioners accept their role in prevention of smoking and many are active and effective 9 but their initiatives are largely unsupported.Health education officers, the group that could coordinate initiatives for giving up smoking at district level, are still reeling from the effects of reorganisation.Their numbers are still well below the recom- mended norm of 1 per 50 000 population.There is, furthermore, very little joint planning of programmes between the NHS and the Health Education Council at national level.The council is the only body with the resources available to mount ambitious initiatives in the mass media-that is assuming that the distracting wranglings with the DHSS can be sorted out.10What will it take for the UK to tackle seriously the single most important cause of premature death and handicap in the nationsurely not premature deaths from smoking running into six figure numbers each year?Perhaps the new Chief Medical Officer at the DHSS, with his particular insight into preven- tive medicine, can inspire a new initiative ?We urgently need one.
STUDIES ON STREPTOCOCCAL BACTERIOPHAGES
Authors: Vincent A. Fischetti, John B. Zabriskie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

Evidence has been presented that Group C bacteriophages differ as to their inactivating site on the streptococcal cell wall. While all three phages adsorb to isolated cell walls, only the C1 phage was inactivated by enzymatically prepared group-specific carbohydrate. None of the Group C phages were inactivated by chemically extracted group-specific carbohydrate. In contrast, all virulent Group A streptococcal bacteriophages adsorbed only to living Group A streptococci. However, Group A temperate phages were able to adsorb to isolated cell walls but not to group-specific carbohydrate. While it has not been possible to identify the specific inactivating substance for the Group A virulent phages, certain pieces of evidence indirectly implicate the group-specific carbohydrate, specifically the N-acetylglucosamine moiety. The fact that Group A virulent phages failed to adsorb to heat-killed Group A streptococcal cells suggests that additional factors produced by the living cell are needed for complete viral inactivation.
The Natural History of Hay Fever and Asthma
Authors: Francis M. Rackemann
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

DR. John Freeman was a pioneer. When Sir Almoth Wright,1 in 1897, found antibodies in the blood of people inoculated with killed typhoid bacilli, the idea that immunity to other organic material might be produced was a logical sequence. Two young men working in his laboratory, Leonard Noon and John Freeman, became interested in hay fever. They had read the remarkable book, Experimental Researches on the Causes and Nature of Catarrhus Aestivus (Hay-Fever or Hay-Asthma), written in 1873 by Charles H. Blackley.2 It was back in 1819, and fifty-four years before Blackley, that John Bostock3 had described his own . . .
Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission.
Authors: A. M. Neill, I. R. Martin, R. Weir, R. Anderson, A. Chereshsky, M. J. Epton, R. Jackson, M. Schousboe, C. Frampton, S. Hutton, S. T. Chambers, G. I. Town
Journal: Thorax (1996)

BACKGROUND: Community acquired pneumonia remains an important cause of hospital admission and carries an appreciable mortality. Criteria for the assessment of severity during admission have been developed by the British Thoracic Society (BTS). A study was performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a severity rule based on a modification of the BTS prognostic rules applied on admission, to compare severity as assessed by medical staff with the modified rule, and to determine the microbiological cause of community acquired pneumonia in Christchurch. METHODS: A 12 month study of all adults admitted to Christchurch Hospital with community acquired pneumonia was undertaken. Three hundred and sixteen consecutive patients with suspected community acquired pneumonia were screened for inclusion. Variables obtained from the history, examination, investigations, and initial treatment were examined for association with mortality. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty five patients met the inclusion criteria. Their mean age was 58 years (range 18-97). A microbiological diagnosis was made in 181 cases (71%), Streptococcus pneumonia (39%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (16%), Legionella species (11%), and Haemophilus influenzae (11%) being the most commonly identified organisms. Patients had a 36-fold increased risk of death if any two of the following were present on admission: respiratory rate &gt; or = 30/min, diastolic BP &lt; or = 60 mm Hg, urea &gt; 7 mmol/l, or confusion. The severity rule identified 19 of the 20 patients who died and six of eight patients admitted to the intensive care unit as having life threatening community acquired pneumonia. The sensitivity of the modified rule for predicting death was 0.95 and the specificity 0.71. In 47 cases (21%) the clinical team appeared to underestimate the severity of the illness. CONCLUSIONS: The organisms responsible for community acquired pneumonia in Christchurch are similar to those reported from other centres except for Legionella species which were more common than in most studies. The modification of the BTS prognostic rules applied as a severity indicator at admission performed well and could be incorporated into management guidelines.
Finding NEMO: genetic disorders of NF-κB activation
Authors: Jordan S. Orange, Raif S. Geha
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

The pathways between a receptor and transcriptional activation mediated by NF-κB are complex. The study of human gene mutations that result in dysregulation of these pathways has provided insight into the functions of individual components of the pathway, their interrelations, and the significance of these systems to the organism .
Biological Availability of Oxytetracycline HCl Capsules
Authors: Donald C. Blair
Journal: JAMA (1971)

The equivalency of drug products is being questioned with increasing frequency. Oxytetracycline hydrochloride 250-mg capsules produced by the 11 manufacturers supplying the US market were compared in a series of two-way crossover studies with 19 to 22 subjects each. The product (original manufacturer's) associated with the most clinical experience was used as reference product. Serum concentrations of seven comparison products were more variable and markedly lower (P &lt; 0.005) than the reference product two, three, and six hours after ingestion.
DOSAGE OF TOXIN FOR ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION AGAINST SCARLET FEVER
Authors: C. C. YOUNG
Journal: JAMA (1926)

The method of immunization against scarlet fever recommended by the Scarlet Fever Committee requires five doses of 500, 1,500, 5,000, 15,000 and 20,000 skin test doses of toxin as a minimum, respectively, with an interval of one week between doses.<sup>1</sup>The requirement of five injections in addition to a diagnostic test before and after treatment is a serious drawback from a public health point of view. People are accustomed to three injections in typhoid and diphtheria immunization, and if scarlet fever immunization could be accomplished in this number it would be of great advantage. This paper is a preliminary report of an attempt to determine whether it is possible to produce just as great, or greater, immunity from three as from five doses. This involved an effort to find the maximum dosage of scarlet fever toxin that could be administered without injurious effects on the individual, and the minimum
Should non-small cell carcinoma of the lung be treated with chemotherapy? Pro: chemotherapy is for non-small cell lung cancer.
Authors: G A Masters, E E Vokes
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

"Should non-small cell carcinoma of the lung be treated with chemotherapy? Pro: chemotherapy is for non-small cell lung cancer.." American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 151(5), pp. 1285–1287
Abstract 4591: Whole genome sequencing of SHH medulloblastomas predicts molecular groups of responders and non-responders to SMO-inhibition .
Authors: Marcel Kool, David TW Jones, Natalie Jaeger, Paul A. Northcott, Volker Hovestadt, Ulrich Schueller, Marc Remke, Yoon-Jae Cho, Scott Pomeroy, Michael D. Taylor, Roland Eils, Andrey Korshunov, Peter Lichter, Stefan M. Pfister
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Recently, we and others analyzed large series of pediatric medulloblastomas (MB) and identified a number of recurrent aberrations in each of the four major subgroups (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4). However, due to their infrequent occurrence not much is known about genetic aberrations in adult MBs. We now have analyzed a large series of adult SHH MBs (age ≥ 16) by whole genome sequencing and compared them with pediatric SHH MBs. We sequenced tumor and blood of 26 adult SHH MBs and compared them with 30 pediatric SHH MBs. A replication cohort of 28 adult and 29 pediatric SHH MBs was sequenced for 414 genes by targeted sequencing. We also performed expression profiling and DNA methylation analyses on most of these cases. Whole genome sequencing revealed a clear correlation between mutation rate and age of the patient (r = 0.69). Furthermore, the genomic data showed that SHH MBs can be split up in three distinct subgroups: infants, children and adults. They all have mutations in the SHH pathway, mostly in PTCH1 (infants and adults), SUFU (infants) and SMO (adults). Children almost completely lack the classical upstream SHH pathway mutations but instead have more downstream aberrations such as MYCN and GLI2 mplifications, and have frequent TP53 mutations, often in the germline, whilst all of these were extraordinarily rare in infants and adults. We also identified several recurrent mutations in adult MBs that were not found in pediatric MBs. Moreover, the three SHH subgroups were different in their transcriptome and methylome with the TP53 mutated SHH MBs in children being more similar to adult MBs. Collectively, this data will help to better understand the biology of pediatric and adult SHH-medulloblastoma, but most importantly may help selecting patients for targeted SHH inhibition and new treatment strategies for TP53 mutated SHH MBs in a clinical setting. Citation Format: Marcel Kool, David TW Jones, Natalie Jaeger, Paul A. Northcott, Volker Hovestadt, Ulrich Schueller, Marc Remke, Yoon-Jae Cho, Scott Pomeroy, Michael D. Taylor, Roland Eils, Andrey Korshunov, Peter Lichter, Stefan M. Pfister. Whole genome sequencing of SHH medulloblastomas predicts molecular groups of responders and non-responders to SMO-inhibition . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4591. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4591
Toward a deconstruction of the metaphor of behavioral momentum
Authors: Charles P. Shimp
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

The metaphor of “behavioral momentum” exemplifies modernism at its best and follows in the wake of countless other applications of Newtonian mechanics and “the machine metaphor” to virtually every aspect of the human condition. Modernism, however, has fallen on hard times. Some of the chief reasons why are implicit in the target article by Nevin &amp; Grace.
Remains of infection
Authors: Alan Barbour
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

In Lyme disease, musculoskeletal symptoms can persist after treatment, which has led to the hypothesis that the causal organism itself may escape antibiotic therapy. The controversy that surrounds this question extends beyond patients, physicians, and scientists, as public health organizations struggle with how the disease should be diagnosed and treated. Is Lyme disease an infection that resolves, or is the spirochetal agent resilient and evasive? In this issue of the JCI, Bockenstedt et al. address this issue and present compelling evidence that the residues of nonviable spirochetes can persist in cartilaginous tissue long after treatment and may contribute to antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis.
Is there a clinical future for the general practitioner?
Authors: T. Lipman
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—At the recent “Clinical Futures” conference, and in the book,1 a subtheme emerged about the perceived redundancy of the general practitioner. Diagnosis would be genotypic rather than phenotypic, treatment in the primary care setting would mostly be given by nurses or paramedics, and anything complicated would require secondary care, which could be accessed directly.

It is already clear that a large proportion of current general practitioners' workload could be carried out by nurses (but this is nothing new—Tudor Hart …
TCT-266 Frequency of Spotty Calcification Among Lipid-Core Plaques Using Combined Intracoronary Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Intravascular Ultrasound
Authors: Ryan Madder, David Wohns, Richard McNamara, Kevin Wolschleger, Stacie Vanoosterhout, Joanne LaFleur, James Ballard, Jason Bensch, David Klungle, Rishi Puri, Stephen Nicholls
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
The Effect on Surrogates of Making Treatment Decisions for Others
Authors: Ramon S. Dunkin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Letters2 August 2011The Effect on Surrogates of Making Treatment Decisions for OthersRamon S. Dunkin, MDRamon S. Dunkin, MDFrom Indianapolis, IN 46228.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00023 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The article by Wendler and Rid (1) and the 11 January 2011 FRONTLINE documentary “Facing Death” on PBS prompted the following comments on the physician's role in medical decision making.The article, and references 7 to 10 that cited how decisions were made by surrogates, mentioned discussions with the health care staff but did not indicate what specific information the physicians provided. “Facing Death” presented several end-of-life situations in which family members were asked to decide about further therapy, with or without the patient's input, after discussion of the prognosis and treatment options with the health care ...Reference1. Wendler D, Rid A. Systematic review: the effect on surrogates of making treatment decisions for others. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:336-46. [PMID: 21357911] LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Ramon S. Dunkin, MDAffiliations: From Indianapolis, IN 46228.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoSystematic Review: The Effect on Surrogates of Making Treatment Decisions for Others David Wendler and Annette Rid The Effect on Surrogates of Making Treatment Decisions for Others Jerry L. Goddard The Effect on Surrogates of Making Treatment Decisions for Others Jeffrey T. Berger Metrics 2 August 2011Volume 155, Issue 3Page: 206KeywordsConflicts of interestCritical careDecision makingEmotionsHealth careHealth information technologyPhosphate buffered saline ePublished: 2 August 2011 Issue Published: 2 August 2011 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2011 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract
Authors: Robert E. Hermann
Journal: JAMA (1991)

This five-volume third edition of<i>Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract</i>has again been edited by George D. Zuidema, MD, with the help of coeditors Mark B. Orringer, MD, Wallace P. Ritchie, Jr, MD, PhD, Jeremiah G. Turcotte, MD, Robert E. Condon, MD, and Lloyd M. Nyhus, MD. They have splendidly updated this classic work. Under Zuidema's general editorship, each of the coeditors was responsible for one of the five volumes, and they have outstanding surgeons to write the various chapters within each volume. This is truly a monumental work, running to 2660 pages. The volumes are attractively bound and handsomely produced on quality paper. The text is clear throughout, well organized, and replete with photographs, line drawings, roentgenographic reproductions, tables, and excellent black-and-white illustrations. Photographs and figures are in their appropriate places in the text and are nicely distributed. The illustrations are clear and very well done. Each volume
Addicts Who Survive: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923-1965
Authors: Donald W. Goodwin
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Vincent P. Dole in Addicts Who Survive, pp 338-339.  Harsh laws are not executed, weak ones not obeyed.  Benjamin Franklin  There were an estimated 300 000 opiate addicts in the United States at the turn of the century. Today there are about 500 000. The general population has more than doubled. One hundred years ago the country had a bigger problem with opiate addiction than it does today, although this receives little attention.  It did not receive much attention then either. Many addicts were middle-class women addicted to medicinal opiates, such as laudanum. The public thought of addiction as neither a crime nor a medical problem.  This changed with the Harrison Act in 1914. Possession of narcotics (defined in the Act as including not only opiates but also cocaine and, later, marijuana) became a punishable crime. Thereafter the narcotics problem was believed to have one remedy: legal. A combination hospital-jail
Increased IgA rheumatoid factor and VH1 associated cross reactive idiotype expression in patients with Lyme arthritis and neuroborreliosis
Authors: J. S Axford, D. H E Rees, R. A Mageed, P. Wordsworth, A. Alavi, A. C Steere
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1999)

To investigate whether autoreactive mechanisms occur in Lyme disease (LD) by determining IgA, IgG and IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) concentrations and RF associated cross reactive idiotype (CRI) expression in the serum of LD patients, with comparison to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).The RF isotype profiles were determined in 59 patients with LD; erythema migrans (EM) (n=19), neuroborreliosis (NB) (n=20) and Lyme arthritis (LA) (n=20). Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) G6 and G8 (V(H)1 gene associated), D12 (V(H)3 gene associated) and C7 (V(kappa)III gene associated) were then used to determine the RF associated CRI expression on IgM antibodies in 16 of these LD patients (eight seropositive for RF); (EM (n=3), NB (n=6), LA (n=7)).Seven (18%) patients with either NB or LA had increased concentrations of IgA RF compared with none with EM. Significant differences in the number of patients with raised concentrations of IgG RF or IgM RF were not found between the LD patient groups. Five (3NB, 1LA and 1 EM) (31%) and three (2NB and 1LA) (19%) of LD patients had raised concentrations of the CRIs recognised by mAbs G6 and G8, respectively. These CRIs were detected in LD sera both with and without raised concentrations of RF and were not demonstrated on anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies using ELISA. No LD sera tested had raised concentrations of the determinants recognised by mAbs C7 or D12.Significantly raised concentrations of IgA RF and increased use of V(H)1 germline gene associated CRIs are found on IgM antibodies in the serum of LD patients. These data indicate the recruitment of autoreactive B lymphocytes in some patients with the later stages of LD.
Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Vulgaris
Authors: Ernst H. Beutner, Walter F. Lever, Ernest Witebsky, Robert Jordon, Burton Chertock
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Antibodies to an intercellular substance of stratified squamous epithelium were detected by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining in the sera of eight out of 16 patients with pemphigus vulgaris. The autoantibody nature of these antibodies could be demonstrated by testing the patient's skin with the patient's own serum. The sera of three of six patients with chronic bullous dermatosis contained antibodies to a substance in the basement zone of the epidermis. By direct IF staining of biopsies, γglobulin was demonstrated in the intercellular areas of the epidermis of three patients with pemphigus vulgaris and in the basement zone of a patient with chronic bullous dermatosis. Intradermal injection of monkeys with human sera containing antibodies of the intercellular substance resulted in binding of γ-globulin to the intercellular substance of the epidermis.
Self-Rated Health as a Predictor of Survival Among Patients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Bruce Shadbolt, Jane Barresi, Paul Craft
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: Evidence is emerging about the strong predictive relationship between self-rated health (SRH) and survival, although there is little evidence on palliative populations where an accurate prediction of survival is valuable. Thus, the relative importance of SRH in predicting the survival of ambulatory patients with advanced cancer was examined. SRH was compared to clinical assessments of performance status, as well as to quality-of-life measures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: By use of a prospective cohort design, 181 patients (76% response rate) with advanced cancer were recruited into the study, resurveyed at 18 weeks, and observed to record deaths. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 62 years (SD = 12). The median survival time was 10 months. SRH was the strongest predictor of survival from baseline. Also, a Cox regression comparing changes in SRH over time yielded hazard ratios suggesting the relative risk (RR) of dying was greater for fair ratings at 18 weeks (approximately 3 times) compared with consistent good or better ratings; the RR was even greater (4.2 and 6.2 times) for poor ratings, especially when ratings were poor at baseline and 18 weeks (31 times). Improvement in SRH over time yielded the lowest RR. CONCLUSION: SRH is valid, reliable, and responsive to change as a predictor of survival of advanced cancer. These qualities suggest that SRH should be considered as an additional tool by oncologists to assess patients. Similarly, health managers could use SRH as an indicator of disease severity in palliative care case mix. Finally, SRH could provide a key to help us understand the human side of disease and its relationship with medicine.