tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Weight reduction. Renal mineral and hormonal excretion during semistarvation in obese patients
Authors: J. C. Chan
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Three patients with exogenous obesity were studied while fed a 400-kcal constant metabolic diet, provided as a single daily meal served at consecutive ten-day periods, starting with either the "breakfast" protocol at 8 AM or the "dinner" protocol at 5 PM. Both patients 1 and 2 had notably greater weight loss with the breakfast protocol than with the dinner. However, in patient 3 this difference was not demonstrated. Urine samples, collected at four-hour intervals throughout the studies and analyzed for sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, and aldosterone secretions, showed differences in excretion of minerals and hormones with the timing of meals. The data tentatively show an achievement of greater weight loss when the isocaloric diet is given at 8 AM.
Heavy metal exposure from foods.
Authors: K R Mahaffey, P E Corneliussen, C F Jelinek, J A Fiorino
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1975)

The Food and Drug Administration has a continuing program of monitoring foods for their content of lead, cadmium, mercury, zinc, arsenic, and selenium to determine trends of increasing or decreasing levels. The monitoring protocol is that of the Total Diet Study, in which "market baskets" of typical foods and beverages consumed by 15- to 20-year-old American males are collected in various geographical locations at regular intervals during the year, divided into food classes, composited, and analyzed. Cadmium has the most widespread distribution of the six heavy metals and mercury the most limited. The analytical values for lead may be underestimated because of limitations of the methodology; these do not apply to the other five elements. A tabulation by year shows that the levels of these elements in foods do not vary significantly from one year to the next. Average intakes of lead, cadmium, and mercury are below the WHO/FAO tolerable intakes for adults; such tolerable intakes have not been established for arsenic and selenium. Increases in concentrations of these elements in foods would be considered undesirable, however.
Comparison of energy expenditure calculations
Authors: M Arkesteijn, S A Jobson, J Hopker, L Passfield
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The determination of energy expenditure (EE) is central to many applications within exercise physiology. The quantification of EE is usually carried out using indirect calorimetry. This relies upon the accurate measurement of VO 2 and VCO 2 to determine the oxygen cost of the activity and the substrate oxidised. EE is calculated using the formula: Total EE (kJ/min)=kilojoules per litre O 2 consumed×VO 2 , where kilojoules per litre of O 2 consumed is calculated from the thermal equivalents of oxygen for nonprotein respiratory quotient (RQ). However, there is variation in the specific thermal equivalents used. The impact that this has on estimated EE has yet to be described. The authors examined nine different methods that were grouped into three different categories. Six methods (C1) were based on the thermal equivalents tables of Lusk.1 Another category (C2) consisted of a major revision of the Lusk table.2 The final two methods (C3) used fixed values for the thermal equivalents of O 2 .3 The different categories for calculating EE were applied to data with a fixed VO 2 of 2.5 litre/min and RQ values between 0.71 and 1. Differences between categories were examined using a one-way analysis of variance. The EE values within C1 showed a variation of less than 1.1% at an RQ of 0.85 (p&gt;0.05). The EE based on the Peronnet et al table (C2) of nonprotein RQ differed by 3.2% from C1 (p≤0.01). The fixed methods (C3) showed a difference of up to 6.3% compared with C1 (p≤0.01). Variation in thermal equivalents values has a large impact on calculated EE. Fixed methods are overly simplistic as they do not take into account the substrate being oxidised. The figures of Peronnet et al (1991) are preferable to those based upon Lusk's early work as they are based on more accurate values of energy released from fat and carbohydrates.
The Finished Product
Authors: Bonnie Salomon
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Ad Libitum4 September 2001The Finished ProductBonnie Salomon, MDBonnie Salomon, MDDeerfield, IL 60015 (Salomon)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-135-5-200109040-00015 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Cause a disgruntled intern to pout. Forms fill ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Deerfield, IL 60015 (Salomon)Corresponding Author: Bonnie Salomon, MD,53 Crestview Drive, Deerfield, IL 60015. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 4 September 2001Volume 135, Issue 5Page: 376KeywordsAllied health care professionalsInterleukinsNursing homes ePublished: 4 September 2001 Issue Published: 4 September 2001 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Book Review Physician-Assisted Suicide: What Are the Issues? (Philosophy and Medicine. Vol. 67.) Edited by Loretta M. Kopelman and Kenneth A. De Ville. 256 pp. Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Kluwer Academic, 2001. $98.50. 0-7923-7142-9
Authors: Johanna H. Groenewoud
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)
SIMPLE DIET CHARTS FOR DIABETES OF ALL GRADES OF SEVERITY
Authors: FRANCIS H. McCRUDDEN
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Diabetes is characterized by decreased glucose-oxidizing capacity.  Treatment consists in diminishing the glucose supply and increasing the glucose-oxidizing capacity until equilibrium is reestablished between the work to be done and the capacity to do it.  Decreased glucose metabolism lowers fat-oxidizing capacity, excess fat being oxidized only as far as oxybutyric acid, diacetic acid, and acetone; treatment includes, therefore, limiting the fat intake to the fat-oxidizing capacity.  Diabetic therapeutics implies quantitative understanding of glucose and fat sources; and a knowledge of the glucose and fat oxidizing capacity and the requirements for maintenance in the case under treatment.  GLUCOSE SOURCES  A totally diabetic animal—after pancreatectomy, or phlorizin administration—cannot oxidize any glucose; all that is formed is excreted.  Any carbohydrate administered to such an animal appears in the urine as glucose:  G = C,  where G indicates the amount of glucose formed, and C the amount of carbohydrate administered.    When such an animal is
A Proposed Nomenclature and Convention for Recording the Ballistocardiogram
Authors: JOHN R. BRAUNSTEIN
Journal: Circulation (1953)

When this paper was submitted to the editors of CIRCULATION it called to their attention the desirability of enlarging the work that Dr. Braunstein has begun in the following paper. Accordingly, Dr. Howard Sprague, President of the American Heart Association appointed a committee to study the field and to make recommendations leading toward both a uniform terminology and uniform methods of presenting data secured by ballistocardiographs, and Dr. Braunstein kindly consented to withhold the publication of his paper until the committee was ready to report. This committee has now approved the terminology suggested by Dr. Braunstein and, in a first report, which immediately follows Dr. Braunstein's paper, makes other recommendations pertaining to terminology and conventions for parts of the field not covered by Dr. Braunstein's paper.
Langerhans cells in human warts
Authors: YVETTE CHARDONNET, JACQUELINE VIAC, J. THIVOLET
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

Seventy-six warts (15 plantar, 38 hand, 16 miscellaneous and seven anogenital lesions) taken from 55 patients, were studied by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies specific for T-cell subsets, Langerhans cells (LC) and HLA-DR antigen. The results were related to the presence of viral antigen. Approximately 80% of the lesions showed an infiltrate. Only 19 lesions contained helper/inducer or suppressor/cytotoxic T cells. The distribution of LC was abnormal in 65% of biopsies which contained LC in the dermis, and 29% were devoid of LC in the epidermis. Many lesions had reduced numbers of LC in the epidermis. The disappearance of LC from the epidermis was related to the presence of viral antigen, but not to the presence of particular T-cell subsets. Infiltrating cells were sometimes HLA-DR-positive, whereas basal cells did not express HLA-DR antigen, irrespective of the density of the infiltrate.
Reverse vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from a transfusion-infected newborn to her mother
Authors: Christoph Niederhauser, Daniel Candotti, Tina Weingand, Andreas Maier, Caroline Tinguely, Martin Stolz, Jean-Pierre Allain
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)

Background & AimsClinical cases of viral infections possibly involving the transfusion of blood components are systematically investigated.MethodsSerological and molecular markers of hepatitis B virus were used including HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, HBV DNA, and viral load. Full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed.ResultsAn acute HBV infection was diagnosed in the mother of a 16-month-old daughter who had been transfused at age three weeks with one quarter of a regular red cell concentrate (RCC). The repeat donor of the index donation was free of HBV markers in two previous donations but seroconverted to anti-HBc and anti-HBs 3 months post-donation of a unit containing only low level of HBV DNA. One other newborn recipient of the same RCC was asymptomatically HBV infected. A third newborn recipient whose mother had been HBV vaccinated and carried moderate level of anti-HBs was not infected. Full length nucleotide sequence identity between HBV strains from the mother and the two infected transfusion recipients provided evidence of the transfusion origin of all three infections in the absence of donor sequence.ConclusionsReverse vertical HBV transmission was likely the result of casual mother contact with a baby carrying extremely high viral load. The blood products intended to immunodeficient newborn should be submitted to more thorough viral testing considering their increased susceptibility to infections. Clinical cases of viral infections possibly involving the transfusion of blood components are systematically investigated. Serological and molecular markers of hepatitis B virus were used including HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, HBV DNA, and viral load. Full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed. An acute HBV infection was diagnosed in the mother of a 16-month-old daughter who had been transfused at age three weeks with one quarter of a regular red cell concentrate (RCC). The repeat donor of the index donation was free of HBV markers in two previous donations but seroconverted to anti-HBc and anti-HBs 3 months post-donation of a unit containing only low level of HBV DNA. One other newborn recipient of the same RCC was asymptomatically HBV infected. A third newborn recipient whose mother had been HBV vaccinated and carried moderate level of anti-HBs was not infected. Full length nucleotide sequence identity between HBV strains from the mother and the two infected transfusion recipients provided evidence of the transfusion origin of all three infections in the absence of donor sequence. Reverse vertical HBV transmission was likely the result of casual mother contact with a baby carrying extremely high viral load. The blood products intended to immunodeficient newborn should be submitted to more thorough viral testing considering their increased susceptibility to infections.
Functional obstruction: the renal pelvis rules
Authors: Cathy Mendelsohn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Failure in the peristaltic mechanism that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder can lead to hydronephrosis, a common birth defect associated with obstructive nephropathy. New animal models reveal molecular pathways important for peristalsis and point to the central role of the renal pelvis in urine transport.
Bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccine-induced disease in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children
Authors: A.C. Hesseling, H. Rabie, B.J. Marais, M. Manders, M. Lips, H.S. Schaaf, R.P. Gie, M.F. Cotton, P.D. van Helden, R.M. Warren
Journal: Journal of Infection (2006)
A. S. G. CURTIS "Decompression and Narcosis"
Authors: D. E. Mackay
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1977)

usually associated with sickle-cell anaemia (though actual sickle cells were not detected in them), nor did the altitude of Mexico City cause detectable haemolysis.Another genetic study included finger and hand prints, analthough these studies showed racial differentiation, they were inconclusive in showing any pattern between athletes in different classes of events.
Think tank calls for withdrawal of guidance allowing top-up payments
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A health policy think tank has called for the Department of Health in England to withdraw guidance that allows patients to top up their NHS treatment with drugs bought privately.

The Centre for International Public Health Policy, a health policy research unit that is based at the University of Edinburgh, says that the guidance “is contrary to the goals of the NHS and the principles of universality, equity, and service provision on the basis of need rather than ability to pay.”

It criticises the guidance for failing to address the “substantive issue of the principles and values of the NHS.”

Mike Richards, England’s national clinical director for cancer, recommended in November 2008 in his review of copayments that patients …
MAPKAP Kinase 2 Overexpression Influences Prognosis in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Associates with Copy Number Variations on Chromosome 1 and Expression of p38 MAP Kinase and ETV1
Authors: Peter Birner, Andrea Beer, Ursula Vinatzer, Susanne Stary, Romana Höftberger, Nadine Nirtl, Fritz Wrba, Berthold Streubel, Sebastian F. Schoppmann
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

ETV1 has been proposed to be activated by KIT mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical role of ETV1 and associated proteins in GIST.Expressions of ETV1, MAPKAP kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2), phosphorylated p38 MAP kinase (pp38), phosphorylated MSK1 (pMSK1), phosphorylated RSK1, COP1, and KIT protein were determined immunohistochemically in 139 GISTs. Sequence analysis of KIT, PDGFRA, and MAPKAPK2 and FISHs of ETV1 as well as chromosomes 1 and 7 were done.Prominent ETV1 expression was seen in 50% of GISTs, but no correlation with clinical outcome was found. Correlation of ETV1 expression and KIT mutation was seen in 60% of cases. MAPKAPK2 overexpression (n = 62/44.6%) correlated with pp38 expression (P = 0.021, χ(2) test) and alterations of chromosome 1 (n = 17, P = 0.024, χ(2) test). In one of 20 sequenced cases with high MAKAPK2 expression, a putative damaging MAPKAPK2 gene mutation was found. All relapsing GISTs with very low/low risk according to Fletcher showed high MAPKAPK2 and KIT expression. MAPKAPK2 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (P = 0.006, Cox regression).ETV1 is not universally overexpressed in GIST and seems to also be induced by pathways other than KIT mutation. Nevertheless, its clinical relevance is low. Overexpression of ETV1 inhibitor MAPKAPK2 is associated with shorter survival in GIST, indicating a clinically relevant role of this gene not reported previously. Patients with low-risk GISTs showing MAPKAPK2 overexpression might profit from early adjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
Reply from Authors re: Mark S. Soloway, Michael Garcia-Roig, Michael A. Gorin and Rajinikanth Ayyathurai. How Can We Improve Outcomes for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma? Eur Urol 2012;61:254–6
Authors: Michael Rink, Eugene K. Cha, Shahrokh F. Shariat
Journal: European Urology (2011)
863 COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE NON-INVASIVE METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF STEATOSIS IN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT COMPUTED ON THE ULTRASOUND IMAGE, ADIPONECTIN AND STEATOTEST
Authors: C.I. Radu, M. Grigorescu, M. Lupşor, C. Vicaş, S. Nedevschi, R. Badea, Z. Spârchez, D. Crisan, Al. Serban
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Okay for content words, but what about functional items?
Authors: Derek Bickerton
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Though Bloom makes a good case that learning content-word meanings requires no task-specific apparatus, he does not seriously address problems inherent in learning the meanings of functional items. Evidence from creole languages suggests that the latter process presupposes at least some task-specific mechanisms, perhaps including a list of the limited number of semantic distinctions that can be expressed via functional items, as well as default systems that may operate in cases of impoverished input.
Educational Debt and Reported Career Plans among Internal Medicine Residents
Authors: Furman S. McDonald, Colin P. West, Carol Popkave, Joseph C. Kolars
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Physicians often enter the workplace with substantial debt. The relationship between debt and reported career plans among internal medicine residents is unknown.To determine distributions of educational debt among internal medicine residents and associations of debt with reported career plans.Cross-sectional survey using data from the annual Internal Medicine In-Training Examination Residents Questionnaire completed by U.S. categorical internal medicine residents.Categorical internal medicine residencies in the United States.22,563 residents in their third (final) year of residency, representing 74.1% of all eligible U.S. categorical internal medicine residents from 2003 through 2007.Distributions of educational debt were tabulated. Proportions of residents choosing career plans were calculated for various levels of debt.International medical graduates represented 48.7% of the cross section and had considerably less debt than U.S. medical graduates: 53.8% of U.S. medical graduates had debt of 100,000 dollars or greater and 60.2% of international medical graduates had none. U.S. medical graduates with debt of 100,000 dollars to 150,000 dollars were less likely than those with no debt to choose a subspecialty career (57.5% vs. 63.5%). U.S. medical graduates with debt of 50,000 dollars to 99,999 dollars were more likely than those with no debt to choose a hospitalist career (8.5% vs. 6.2%), and this preference increased with increasing debt level (10.0% for those with >150,000 dollars debt). These associations are more pronounced for U.S. medical graduates than for international medical graduates.The study addressed total educational debt, but not when it was incurred, and did not allow inferences related to causality.Educational debt is associated with differences in reported career plans among internal medicine residents.
Genesis and evolution of antichromatin autoantibodies in murine lupus implicates T-dependent immunization with self antigen.
Authors: R W Burlingame, R L Rubin, R S Balderas, A N Theofilopoulos
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Autoantibodies reacting with chromatin and its components, histones and DNA, are characteristic of the human autoimmune disease SLE and drug-induced lupus, but the mechanisms of their induction remain unknown. Serial serum samples collected over short intervals from lupus-prone MRL/MP-lpr/lpr and BXSB mice were tested by ELISA on chromatin and its substructures to characterize the initial autoimmune response to these antigens. Direct binding studies demonstrated that the early autoantibodies recognized discontinuous epitopes on native chromatin and the (H2A-H2B)-DNA subnucleosome. As the immune response progressed, native DNA and other chromatin constituents generally became antigenic. Based on adsorption studies and IgG subclass restriction, antibodies to native DNA were more related to chromatin than to denatured DNA. The kinetics of autoantibody appearance and the Ig class distribution were similar to the kinetics and distribution seen in antibodies induced by immunization with an exogenous T-dependent antigen. These results are most consistent with the view that autoantibodies reacting with chromatin are generated by autoimmunization with chromatin, and antibodies to native DNA are a subset of the wide spectrum of antichromatin autoantibodies.
Human CFEOM1 Mutations Attenuate KIF21A Autoinhibition and Cause Oculomotor Axon Stalling
Authors: Long Cheng, Jigar Desai, Carlos J. Miranda, Jeremy S. Duncan, Weihong Qiu, Alicia A. Nugent, Adrianne L. Kolpak, Carrie C. Wu, Eugene Drokhlyansky, Michelle M. Delisle, Wai-Man Chan, Yan Wei, Friedrich Propst, Samara L. Reck-Peterson, Bernd Fritzsch, Elizabeth C. Engle
Journal: Neuron (2014)
THE ABSORPTION OF ALBUMINS AND GLOBULINS.
Authors: CHAS. T. McCLINTOCK
Journal: JAMA (1903)

As albumins are non-dialyzable it was supposed until within recent years that they could not be absorbed as such, that they must be digested. The practice of rectal feeding has disproved this. Considerable quantities of undigested albumins are absorbed apparently unchanged. Is there any such absorption from the stomach or small intestine? Using the ordinary albumins of food it is about impossible to determine this point. Give an albumin by the mouth and attempt to find it unchanged in lacteal or blood vessel—it is all but impossible. The text-books usually state that antitoxic serums given by the mouth are of no value, that antitoxin is destroyed by the process of digestion. This is probably true. It is certainly true that in artificial digestion, as carried out in the laboratory, the antitoxic power disappears. But may there not be a part of the serum absorbed without undergoing digestion? I believe so.
Acute respiratory insufficiency after endoscopy for bleeding oesophageal varices.
Authors: D C Crawford, D W Ryan
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Two patients with alcoholic liver disease and gross ascites underwent endoscopic injection and compression by Sengstaken tube of oesophageal varices under general anaesthesia. Postoperatively both patients developed acute respiratory failure, which resolved after air had been aspirated from the stomach via the Sengstaken tube. All air should be aspirated at the end of the procedure in patients with ascites who undergo endoscopy, and respiration should be carefully supervised postoperatively.
Different Metabolic Responses of Human Brown Adipose Tissue to Activation by Cold and Insulin
Authors: Janne Orava, Pirjo Nuutila, Martin E. Lidell, Vesa Oikonen, Tommi Noponen, Tapio Viljanen, Mika Scheinin, Markku Taittonen, Tarja Niemi, Sven Enerbäck, Kirsi A. Virtanen
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2011)
An Introduction to Human Blood Groups
Authors: A. S. Wiener
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This brochure is essentially an attempt to explain Fisher's "synthesis" of 6 blood factors, C-c, D-d, E-e, and to demonstrate its validity. The supposed discovery of anti-d by several independent workers is cited as proof of the correctness of Fisher's prediction that it would be found. Then, after the reader is convinced, the author confesses that these reports were incorrect, and that anti-d has actually not been found. He fails to point out that as many as 18 Rh-Hr factors are known at present, nor does he attempt to reconcile this with Fisher's synthesis of only 6 (or 5?) factors. While a simplified introduction to this complex subject would be welcome, this brochure, which misrepresents the facts and thus leaves the reader with dangerous misconceptions, does not fill the bill and therefore is not recommended.