tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of anti‐IgE antibodies on IgE binding to CD23
Authors: K. Nakajima, A. L. De Weck, B. M. Stadler
Journal: Allergy (1989)

Human sera contain anti‐IgE autoantibodies. Using a human B lymphoblastoid cell line (Wil‐2WT cells) and monoclonal murine anti‐IgE antibodies (BSW17 and Le27) we investigated a possible role of such anti‐IgE antibodies. A 100‐fold excess of monoclonal anti‐IgE antibodies inhibited binding of 125 I labeled IgE to FcɛRII on Wil‐2WT cells. Further, both monoclonal anti‐IgE antibodies dissociated surface bound IgE from FcɛRII on Wil‐2WT cells. However, BSW17 which does not trigger histamine release from human leucocytes, was much more effective in dissociating FcɛRII bound IgE than Le27 which triggers histamine release. These results may suggest that naturally occurring IgG anti‐IgE antibodies are able to inhibit binding of IgE to its receptor.
A Note on Skin Grafting
Authors: N. H. Joy
Journal: BMJ (1917)

SKIN GRAFTING.;[ M3OALJOUWAL -857 of gas by AM. p10inoyi Cast., the presumnptioln is that tlle liquLiid contained tlhree sugars-glucose, levtlose, and nmaltose.The explaniation is found iu the fact tllat M. boilcanica Cast.ferments witlh production of gas glucose only; A1t.kirusie Cast., glucose and levtulose; M. 1inlO?yi Cast., glucose, levulose, and maltose.There are, lhowever, in certain circuimstances some sources of error, but with these, as well as the precautions for avoiding tlhem, and witlh the wlhole stubject of tlle pre- sence of more than one redutcing substance, we propose dealing in a future paper.Alqlication of the Method to the Dctcetion of Ccrtain Non-reducing Substances.The metlhod, using certain species of fungi aud bacteria, may be applied to assisting in tlle detection of certain otlher substances-saccharose, inosite, dextrin, etc.To help in tlle identification of saccharose, for instance, make a 1 per cent.peptone water solution of the substanice to be examined, and inoculate two of the tubes of the solution with two germs (bacteria or mlonilias or sacchlaroinyces) identical in all their biochemical reactions except on saccharose; for instance, inoculate No. 1 withl B. coli Esch.and No. 2 with B. pseudocoli Cast.If after forty-eiglht hours' incubation at 37°C.No. 1 slhows absence of gas, wllile gas is presenit in No. 2, tlle sugar is saccharose.Witlh tllis subject also we propose dealing more fully in a futtire paper.
Investigation on the durability of man-made vitreous fibers in rat lungs.
Authors: B Bellmann, H Muhle, O Kamstrup, U F Draeger
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Two types of sized stonewool with median lengths of 6.7 and 10.1 microns and median diameters of 0.63 and 0.85 microns, and crocidolite with fibers of median length of 4.8 microns and median diameter of 0.18 microns were instilled intratracheally into female Wistar rats. A single dose of 2 mg in 0.3 ml saline was used for the stonewool samples and 0.1 mg in 0.3 ml saline for crocidolite. The evenness of distribution of fibers in the lung was checked by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Five animals per group were sacrificed after 2 days, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. After low-temperature ashing of the lungs about 200 fibers per animal were analyzed by SEM for length and diameter. The number and mass of fibers in the total lung were calculated. For the stonewool samples the decrease in the number of fibers in the lung ash followed approximately first order kinetics resulting in half-times of 90 and 120 days. The analysis of fiber number and diameter of different length fractions was used to estimate the contribution of three processes of fiber elimination: transport by macrophages for short fibers, breakage of fibers, and dissolution of fibers. (The process of transport by macrophages was found fastest for fibers with length < 2.5 microns). For the elimination of critical fibers with length > 5 microns, the breakage and dissolution were the most important processes. The breakage of fibers was predominant for one of the stonewool samples. The preferential type of the mechanism of fiber elimination is dependent on chemical composition and size distribution.
European biologicals registers: methodology, selected results and perspectives
Authors: A Zink, J Askling, W G Dixon, L Klareskog, A J Silman, D P M Symmons
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

With the licensing of the first tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha inhibitors, independent academia-initiated but industry-sponsored drug registers were set up by the national rheumatology societies in several European countries in order to monitor the long-term safety and effectiveness of this new generation of drugs. Even though different in some respects of study design and monitoring, the registers share a number of common features: they include all licensed biological agents, they observe the patients for a defined period of time or indefinitely irrespective of the drug given and they use comparator cohorts or national registers in order to put the results into perspective. The registers have been collaborating closely since inception. Three of them (the British, Swedish and German registers) have agreed on a standardised reporting system of adverse events which ensures a high and uniform quality of data submitted to the companies, who subsequently report to the drug regulatory authorities, enabling regulatory requirements on safety surveillance to be fulfilled. In the present work, major results on drug safety with regard to infections, malignancies, cardiovascular events, pregnancy outcomes and deaths are summarised. With an increasing number of new drugs and multiple exposures of individual patients the assignment of events to specific treatments will become exceedingly difficult. This and other methodological challenges and the approaches to cope with them are discussed. A growing dialogue between drug regulatory authorities, academic medicine and companies in order to make best use of the potentials of academia-driven drug registers as new tools for pharmacovigilance with currently described rheumatology registers as prototypes is anticipated.
EPIDEMIC (LETHARGIC) ENCEPHALITIS AND ALLIED CONDITIONS
Authors: SIMON FLEXNER
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The reappearance of cases of epidemic encephalitis in Europe and America in the last few months has served to emphasize the sinister character, as well as our imperfect knowledge, of the disease. Moreover, it has served to remind us of the notable fact that within a period of about twenty years, several epidemic diseases having their chief seat of injury in the central nervous organs have prevailed widely in America and in other parts of the world.  Indeed, the two decades of the new century have witnessed destructive outbreaks of epidemic meningitis, epidemic poliomyelitis, and latterly epidemic encephalitis. This list does not include an epidemic disease presenting peculiar features which arose in 1917 and 1918 in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. According to different reporters, this malady was regarded merely as an unusual form of poliomyelitis or as a mysterious disease to which the name Australian X disease has
Association between Polymorphism of the Glycogen Synthase Gene and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Leif C. Groop, Maija Kankuri, Camilla Schalin-Jantti, Agneta Ekstrand, Pirjo Nikula-Ijas, Elisabeth Widen, Esa Kuismanen, Johan Eriksson, Anja Franssila-Kallunki, Carola Saloranta, Saija Koskimies
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

The storage of glucose as glycogen in skeletal muscle is frequently impaired in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and their nondiabetic relatives. Despite an intensive search for candidate genes associated with NIDDM, no data have been available on the gene coding for the key enzyme of this pathway, glycogen synthase.
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Surgical Patients
Authors: Giancarlo Agnelli
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication of surgical procedures. The risk for VTE in surgical patients is determined by the combination of individual predisposing factors and the specific type of surgery. Prophylaxis with mechanical and pharmacological methods has been shown to be effective and safe in most types of surgery and should be routinely implemented. For patients undergoing general, gynecologic, vascular, and major urologic surgery, low-dose unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) are the options of choice. For low-risk urologic surgery, early postoperative mobilization of patients is the only intervention warranted. For higher-risk patients, including those undergoing elective hip or knee replacement and surgery for hip fracture, vitamin K antagonists, LMWH, or fondaparinux are recommended. For patients undergoing neurosurgery, graduated elastic stockings are effective and safe and may be combined with LMWH to further reduce the risk of VTE. The role of prophylaxis is less defined in patients undergoing elective spine surgery, as well as laparoscopic and arthroscopic surgery. A number of issues related to prophylaxis of VTE after surgery deserve further clarification, including the role of screening for asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis, the best timing for initiation of pharmacological prophylaxis, and the optimal duration of prophylaxis in high-risk patients.
Accommodation of vascularized xenografts: Expression of “protective genes” by donor endothelial cells in a host Th2 cytokine environment
Authors: Fritz H. Bach, Christiane Ferran, Paul Hechenleitner, Walter Mark, Nozomi Koyamada, Tsulasa Miyatake, Hans Winkler, Anne Badrichant, Daniel Candinas, Waune W. Hancock
Journal: Nature Medicine (1997)
The Liver and Its Diseases
Authors: Wade Volwiler
Journal: JAMA (1974)

This is a festschrift to celebrate the 70th birthday of Dr. Hans Popper, a highly impressive and beloved leader in hepatology and the founder of two of the world's major liver societies. Thirty-three brief excerpts and reviews of the status of work and recent developments in liver fields, plus three philosophical statements are provided by Dr. Popper's international array of hepatic friends. No new data are presented, and many of the brief sections are highly fragmentary. However, from this miscellaneous hodgepodge does emerge a satisfactory rapid survey of the kinds of important studies liver workers are currently engaged in. A very few chapters do succinctly review topics rather comprehensively. Especially welcome are statements on "Controlled Clinical Trials in Hepatology" (Tygstrup and Juhl, Copenhagen), "Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Antigen" (Wewalka, Vienna), "Drug Induced Hepatic Injury" (Klatskin, New Haven), and "Alcoholic Hepatitis" (Galambos, Atlanta). The usefulness of this pleasant volume is quite
Time for a proper study of aspirin after a vascular event?
Authors: J. G F Cleland
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Belch et al add to the documentation that long term aspirin has little or no benefit in patients who have or are at risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.1 2

Few long term trials of aspirin have shown a reduction in mortality or major morbidity. However, editors of journals persist in publishing papers on aspirin with conclusions designed to mislead health professionals and the public.

The New …
Influencing Medical Student Education Via a Voluntary Shadowing Program for Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
Authors: D. Alex Stroh, Nikhilesh Ray-Mazumder, Jason A. Norman, Adil H. Haider, Kent A. Stevens, Albert Chi, Amy P. Rushing, David T. Efron, Elliott R. Haut
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

Decreasing application into trauma surgery may be attributed to decreased exposure during medical school. We instituted a voluntary trauma call program for students to provide exposure to the field. After 3 years, participants completed a survey to gauge their experience. Of 126 students who participated, 68 completed the survey (54%). Interest in trauma surgery among students not previously planning on a career in surgery (n = 48) improved after the experience (4.4-5.3 of 10 points; P &lt; .005). Operative experience, exposure to a higher number of trauma cases, and time with residents were associated with increased interest in trauma surgery. Witnessing patient death for the first time was associated with decreased interest in trauma surgery. A voluntary overnight shadowing program improves medical students' perceptions of trauma surgery and increases their reported likelihood to apply into a surgical residency.
Control of Serum Lipids with Soy Protein
Authors: John W. Erdman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

Since the beginning of the century, evidence of the cholesterol-lowering properties of dietary proteins of plant origin has been accumulating.1 These effects, particularly of soy proteins, have repeatedly been observed in carefully controlled animal models of hypercholesterolemia.2 Numerous trials in humans have attempted to reproduce the promising observations in animals, but most studies have included too few participants and have lacked the statistical power necessary to detect the effects of dietary intervention. This lack of statistically significant effects led the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association to conclude in 1993 that soy protein did not have hypocholesterolemic effects in . . .
New method for naming genetic diseases is proposed
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A new way of naming genetic diseases has been put forward in a report that highlights concerns that names can be wrongly applied, historically inaccurate, or insensitive to patients.

Eponyms, in particular, are a problem, because it is not always clear whose name is the most appropriate. Names of women researchers are rarely used. Also, nomenclature is at the mercy of researchers with a passion for acronyms, the authors say.

No such confusion besets the naming of genes, say the authors, because the Human Gene Nomenclature Committee approves and implements human gene names and symbols.

“Medical genetic conditions are often known …
Airway expression of calcitonin gene‐related peptide in T‐cell peptide‐induced late asthmatic reactions in atopics
Authors: A. B. Kay, F. R. Ali, L. G. Heaney, F. Benyahia, C. P. C. Soh, H. Renz, T. H. Lee, M. Larché
Journal: Allergy (2007)

The mechanisms of late asthmatic reactions provoked in atopic asthmatics by allergen-derived T-cell peptide epitopes remain unclear. Previous studies showed no changes in airway eosinophils or mast cell products after peptide challenge. In the present study our aim was to measure calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neurokinin (NK)-A, and substance P (SP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial biopsies (BB) after inhalation of allergen-derived T-cell peptide epitopes since these neuropeptides (NP) had not previously been evaluated in this chronic asthma model.Bronchoscopy, with BB and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), was performed in 24 cat-allergic subjects 6 h after inhalation of Fel d 1-derived peptides. Neuropeptides were measured in BAL by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and CGRP expression in the airways was assessed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy.Twelve subjects (termed 'responders') developed isolated late reactions. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, but not NK-A or SP, was significantly elevated in BAL in responders only. Biopsy studies showed that in virtually all responders peptide challenge induced marked increases in CGRP immunoreactivity in bronchial epithelial cells, infiltrating submucosal cells and in association with airway smooth muscle. Double immunostaining indicated that CGRP colocalized predominantly to CD3+/CD4+ and CD68+ submucosal inflammatory cells.Calcitonin gene-related peptide, a potent vasodilator, is markedly up-regulated in the airways of atopic asthmatics during late-phase reactions provoked by inhalation of allergen-derived T-cell peptides.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Roberta A. Ballard, William E. Truog, Avital Cnaan, Richard J. Martin, Philip L. Ballard, Jeffrey D. Merrill, Michele C. Walsh, David J. Durand, Dennis E. Mayock, Eric C. Eichenwald, Donald R. Null, Mark L. Hudak, Asha R. Puri, Sergio G. Golombek, Sherry E. Courtney, Dan L. Stewart, Stephen E. Welty, Roderic H. Phibbs, Anna Maria Hibbs, Xianqun Luan, Sandra R. Wadlinger, Jeanette M. Asselin, Christine E. Coburn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants is associated with prolonged hospitalization, as well as abnormal pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcome. In animal models, inhaled nitric oxide improves both gas exchange and lung structural development, but the use of this therapy in infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia is controversial.
Usefully employed in Tumu-Tumu.
Authors: R Harvey
Journal: BMJ (1981)

ETHIOPIA It was only a few weeks before my final departure that I learnt that I could spend part of my elective at Tumu-Tumu in Kenya. I had no idea what to expect, and it was with some apprehension and a suitcase judiciously packed with a range of books, designed to cover most eventualities, that I left Heathrow for Nairobi. Tumu-Tumu lies about 110 km north-west of Nairobi in Central Pro? vince at an altitude of 2000 m. It is a fertile agricultural area with lush vegetation that supports a relatively dense rural population. The main crops are maize, bananas, tea, and coffee?much of it grow? ing on small holdings of a few acres. The region is dominated to the east by Mount Kenya, rising to over 5500 m. I travelled from Nairobi to Karatina, a sizeable market town about eight kilometres from Tumu-Tumu, by matatu?a type of com? munal taxi. There is no real village at Tumu Tumu, which apart from the hospital comprises a group of mission build? ings, including a church and girls' boarding school, a few basic shops, and a couple of bars. The hospital has about 200 beds and five wards: men's, women's, women's gynaecological, maternity, and paediatric for children under 5. Each is an independent single-storey building within the hospital compound. In addition, there is an out? patients department, an antenatal clinic, an operating theatre, a laboratory and an x-ray unit, together with several domestic buildings including a home for student nurses. TAN7ANIA
Lessons from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): precautionary principle, primary prevention, and the value of community-based body-burden monitoring using breast milk.
Authors: Kim Hooper, Jianwen She
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Levels of chemicals in humans (body burdens) are useful indicators of environmental quality and of community health. Chemical body burdens are easily monitored using breast milk samples collected from first-time mothers (primiparae) with infants 2-8 weeks of age. Currently, there is no body-burden monitoring program using breast milk in the United States, although ad hoc systems operate successfully in several European countries. In this article we describe the value of such monitoring and important considerations of how it might be accomplished, drawing from our experiences with pilot monitoring projects. Breast milk has several advantages as a sampling matrix: It is simple and noninvasive, with samples collected by the mother. It monitors body burdens in reproductive-age women and it estimates in utero and nursing-infant exposures, all important to community health. Time-trend data from breast milk monitoring serve as a warning system that identifies chemicals whose body burdens and human exposures are increasing. Time trends also serve as a report card on how well past regulatory actions have reduced environmental chemical exposures. Body-burden monitoring using breast milk should include educational programs that encourage breast-feeding. Finally, and most important, clean breast milk matters to people and leads to primary prevention--the limiting of chemical exposures. We illustrate these advantages with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a formerly obscure group of brominated flame retardants that rose to prominence and were regulated in Sweden when residue levels were found to be rapidly increasing in breast milk. A community-based body-burden monitoring program using breast milk could be set up in the United States in collaboration with the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). WIC has a large number of lactating first-time mothers: It has 6,000 clinics nationwide and serves almost half (47%) the infants born in the United States. Educational programs (e.g., those run by WIC) are needed that encourage breast-feeding, especially in lower-income communities where breast-feeding rates are low and where breast-feeding may help protect the infant from the effects of environmental chemical exposures. Education is also needed about reducing chemical body burdens. A body-burden monitoring program would provide valuable data on time trends, background levels, and community hot spots in need of mitigation and follow-up health studies; develop analytic methods for new chemicals of concern; and archive breast milk samples for future analyses of other agents.
Restricting Doctor–Patient Conversations in Federally Funded Clinics
Authors: George J. Annas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

We have come to accept, as a matter of both law and medical ethics, that open and honest discussion is crucial to the doctor–patient relationship. We accordingly deplore the practice in Plato's Greece whereby, for slaves, "verbal communication between healer and patient was reduced to a minimum."1 But restricting conversation between doctor and patient has now become a matter of government policy, again distinguishing patients according to economic class.In 1988 the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced radically revised regulations governing the 4000 family-planning clinics that had been receiving federal funding under Title X of the Public . . .
Role of drugs in traffic accidents.
Authors: R Honkanen, L Ertama, M Linnoila, A Alha, I Lukkari, M Karlsson, O Kiviluoto, M Puro
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Serum samples from 201 drivers who presented at emergency departments within six hours after being injured in a road accident and 325 control drivers selected randomly at petrol stations were screened for drugs by combined thin-layer and gas chromatography. Blood alcohol concentrations were also measured, and a questionnaire on the subjects9 state of health and use of drugs administered. At interview 30 patients (15%) and 44 controls (13%) said that they had taken drugs in the previous 24 hours. Four patients (2%) and six controls (2%) said that they had taken psychotropic drugs, but serum analysis detected psychotropic drugs in 10 patients (5%) and eight controls (2.5%). Diazepam was found in 16 of the 18 subjects in whom psychotropic drugs were detected. Alcohol was detected in 30 patients (15%) and three controls (1%). Drug use appeared to be somewhat lower in Finland than in other Western countries, and illness to be a more important traffic hazard than drugs in general. Interview was not a reliable method of establishing whether drivers had taken psychotropic drugs. Taking diazepam may increase the risk of being involved in a traffic accident, but alcohol was the most powerful risk factor.