tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
AN ARTICLE CONTRIBUTED TO AN ANNIVERSARY VOLUME IN HONOR OF DOCTOR JOSEPH HERSEY PRATT
Authors: ELLIOTT P. JOSLIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1938)

Article1 January 1938AN ARTICLE CONTRIBUTED TO AN ANNIVERSARY VOLUME IN HONOR OF DOCTOR JOSEPH HERSEY PRATTTHE PRESENT MORTALITY OF DIABETIC CHILDREN—A REMEDIABLE AND THEREFORE HOPEFUL INDEX OF THE FUTURE OF THE DIABETIC CHILD*ELLIOTT P. JOSLIN, M.D., F.A.C.P.ELLIOTT P. JOSLIN, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-11-7-1348 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptWhen a diabetic child dies today it causes me far more pain than it did half a generation ago. Before the discovery of insulin we did not expect diabetic children to live and if they did, we knew their existence would be as much "labor and sorrow" as for people passing three score years and ten until diabetic coma almost mercifully snatched them away. At that time diabetic children seldom survived a year, but in each quinquennium since, the duration of the fatal cases has nearly doubled, to 2.7 years for 1922-1927, to 4.7 years for 1927-1932, to 9 years... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Boston, Massachusetts*Received for publication August 12, 1937.†One hundred sixty-one children died before insulin was used in this clinic, August 7, 1922. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited By50 Years of Insulin Treatment at the Vienna Hospital for Children — the Fate of Diabetic Children from the First Insulin Era50 Jahre Insulinbehandlung an der Wiener Kinderklinik — das Schicksal zuckerkranker Kinder aus der ersten InsulinäraDIABETIC COMA (AN INVESTIGATION OF MORTALITIES AND REPORT OF A SEVERITY INDEX FOR COMPARATIVE STUDIES)*I. M. RABINOWITCH, F.A.C.P., A. F. FOWLER, E. H. BENSLEY 1 January 1938Volume 11, Issue 7Page: 1348-1353KeywordsChildrenComaInsulin Issue Published: 1 January 1938 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Molecular Targets of Gene Transfer Therapy for HIV Infection
Authors: Gary L. Buchschacher
Journal: JAMA (1993)

THE ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is a chronic disease primarily characterized by a decrease in CD4-positive T lymphocytes. Subsequent immune system suppression and failure lead to frequent infection by opportunistic pathogens and, oftentimes along with neoplasms or other HIV-related pathology, death of the patient. During the last 10 years, considerable progress has been made in the development of treatments for various opportunistic infections. In addition, the use of nucleoside analogs (zidovudine, dideoxyinosine, dideoxycytodine), which interfere with reverse transcription and seem to slow viral spread, has become commonplace. Although these treatments can delay disease progression,<sup>1</sup>side effects associated with their use, and possibly the development of viral resistance to these drugs,<sup>2</sup>may inevitably lead to treatment failure. For these reasons, alternate therapies for HIV infection are needed. Included among the list of potential treatments is gene transfer therapy. Recent progress in ongoing clinical
Prognostic Value of Plasma Fibrinolysis Activation Markers in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Diana A. Gorog
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)

The pivotal role of hypoactive endogenous fibrinolysis in the occurrence of thrombotic cardiovascular events is now well-recognized. To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic role of impaired fibrinolysis, plasma fibrinolysis markers have been investigated in large prospective studies in both healthy individuals and patients with established coronary disease. Antigen and activity levels of components of the fibrinolytic system were measured by immunoassays, which replaced earlier global fibrinolysis tests. This review covers 45 studies in nearly 50,000 subjects, examining the association between plasma markers of fibrinolysis and coronary artery disease, to establish the usefulness of these markers in predicting future cardiovascular events. The predictive value of plasma levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator, platelet activator inhibitor-1, plasmin-antiplasmin complex, D-dimer, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and lipoprotein(a) for major adverse cardiac events is highly variable and conflicting, especially after adjusting for conventional risk factors, judging from the published data in the last decade. The value of fibrinolysis activity markers is very limited in aiding diagnosis and risk stratification in the individual patient, on the basis of the weak prognostic values obtained in some studies and the lack of power in others. The physiological limitations of such markers in reflecting endogenous fibrinolysis is discussed. The emerging novel global assays of fibrinolysis will require large-scale clinical trials before their prognostic power or superiority to multiple biomarker measurements can be evaluated.
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC STUDIES IN RABIES
Authors: MALCOLM J. HARKINS
Journal: JAMA (1925)

These studies were conceived with the idea that possibly the use of some of the more recently used chemotherapeutic compounds might have an effect on the virus of rabies and also divulge a lead to the successful treatment of other diseases, the etiology of which is classified as an ultramicroscopic virus.  It should be borne in mind that the marked neurotrophic affinity of rabies virus and the inability of the majority of chemical compounds to penetrate to the  central nervous system in therapeutic quantity following administration by any of the known practical methods, especially intravenously, are two of the outstanding obstacles in the path of successful treatment. Also such compounds possessing somewhat marked germicidal properties, when injected intravenously in diseases of bacterial and protozoan etiology, are so markedly organotrophic when injected directly into the spinal canal, even in subtherapeutic doses, as to make their use by this route impracticable.  Few
Cyproheptadine-Induced Remission of Cushing's Disease
Authors: Dorothy T. Krieger, Louis Amorosa, Frederica Linick
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Experimental evidence suggests a Central-nervous-system origin of Cushing's disease and a role for serotonin in the regulation of ACTH release. The efficacy of cyproheptadine therapy, therefore, was studied in three patients with such disease. Administration of 24 mg daily over a period of three to six months was associated with prompt and sustained clinical and laboratory remission. Lessening of the physical manifestations of hypercorticism occurred, together with marked improvement in muscular weakness. Urinary corticosteroid excretion and cortisol secretory rate returned to normal. The urinary corticosteroid response to dexamethasone (2 mg per day) became normal; a paradoxical increase followed 8 mg per day. Abnormal circadian periodicity of plasma cortisol concentrations persisted. Return of normal amounts of Stage III to IV sleep occurred in the one patient so studied, who previously had markedly decreased periods of these stages. Discontinuance of therapy in one patient was associated with return of laboratory evidence of hypercorticism. (N Engl J Med 293:893–896, 1975)
High Court clears Meadow of criticism over baby's death
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The retired paediatrician Roy Meadow was last week cleared by a High Court judge of criticism over his evidence in a care case six years ago. He had said in the 2000 case that a 4 month old boy probably died because he was intentionally smothered by his mother. 

The boy's parents, referred to as Mr and Mrs H, recently won the right to have the medical issues in the 2000 case reviewed when care proceedings were brought against them by Birmingham City Council over the care of their third child, a girl referred to as S, …
Combined neonatal blood transplants in a parent-to-F1 mouse model: Improved survival rates and stable long-term engraftment
Authors: Andromachi Scaradavou, Dorothy Sung, Pablo Rubinstein
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2007)

The use of cord blood (CB) transplantation for adult patients is limited by the relatively low cell content of a single collection. Two, partially-matched CB grafts could provide optimal cell doses. The interactions among the donor-derived populations have not been fully evaluated. We used our mouse model (Neonatal peripheral blood--NPB--transplants to adult recipients) to evaluate whether grafts from two histocompatibility-disparate donors ("combined" grafts) had higher survival and faster hematopoietic recovery than single donor transplants, each at suboptimal cell dose (leading to survival <60%). Transplants were performed in a parent-to-F1 setting: NPB or bone marrow (BM) cells from the fully mismatched, homozygous parental strains (A/J, B6) were given to myeloablated B6AF1 recipients. Outcomes improved by combining NPB grafts: 48% of A/J graft recipients (1 x 10(6) cells/animal) survived; all animals transplanted with B6 (same cell dose) died. Survival after combined NPB transplants was 75% (P < 0.01) and recipients had accelerated recovery of WBCs and platelets compared to single donor A/J grafts (P < 0.01). No such improvements occurred with suboptimal dose combined BM transplants. Recipients of combined NPB grafts reconstituted with one donor primarily. Chimerism levels remained stable. Successful secondary transplants demonstrated long-term persistence of both NPB grafts. Combined haplo-identical NPB but not BM grafts, each transplanted at suboptimal cell doses, engraft synergistically leading to faster reconstitution. Although the mouse model does not fully represent the complex clinical aspects of human transplantation, our findings support the concept of using two CB grafts for adult patients when a sufficiently large single one is not available.
The Politics of Contraception
Authors: T. Keith Edwards
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Dr Carl Djerassi, the author of this volume, is more than a writer. He is a chemist, who, at age 28, led the team at Syntex that synthetized the first oral contraceptive agent. He has the view of an industrialist who saw this product marketed. He has wrestled with the problems of making oral contraceptives acceptable to government bodies, consumer advocate groups, and women's liberation organizations. Djerassi states that the contents of this book have simmered within him until they reached the boiling point and were put on paper as a personal outpouring. It is a cry of dismay, which brings him to say that the future of contraception is shaped more by politics than by science.  The book's first three chapters provide basic information about the pill and other forms of contraception. In the next three chapters Djerassi introduces us to a wonderland of politics, where he seems to
Prophylactic Treatment of Angina Pectoris. A Double-Blind Cross-Over Comparison of Alprenolol and Pentanitrol
Authors: A. Aubert, G. Nyberg, R. Slaastad, L. Tjeldflaat
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Twenty-one patients with angina pectoris took part in a double-blind cross-over comparison of alprenolol (an adrenergic β-blocker), pentanitrol (pentaerythritol tetranitrate), and placebo. Two-thirds of the patients were clinically improved on alprenolol 100 mg. four times daily, which was found to be significantly better than pentanitrol 30 mg. four times daily and placebo. There was also an indication of reduced severity of anginal attacks during alprenolol therapy. It is concluded that success in at least two-thirds can be expected with alprenolol. No serious complications or side-effects occurred during alprenolol treatment.
Cancer diagnosis is often missed
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Lethal cancers were not diagnosed or were misdiagnosed before death in 44% of cases, according to a 10 year retrospective study of postmortem examinations at a US academic medical centre.

This discrepancy calls into serious question all public health statistics based on death certificate information, as well as clinical decisions, according to Dr George Lundberg, a pathologist and editor of JAMA. Dr Elizabeth Burton and colleagues reviewed …
Stents covered by autologous venous grafts in human coronary arteries: five-year follow-up
Authors: Konstantinos Toutouzas, Christodoulos Stefanadis, Eleftherios Tsiamis, Sophia Vaina, Ioannis Kallikazaros, Manolis Vavouranakis, Kostas Tsioufis, Dimitrios Tousoulis, Pavlos Toutouzas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
After the French paradox comes the Italian enigma
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Frequent consumers of Italian pizza had less than half the risk of an acute myocardial infarction compared with those eating pizza only occasionally, says a research article in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004:58;1543-6). Even those who ate fewer than four portions a month seemed to gain some protection.

The hospital based, case-control study in Milan was based on 507 cases aged 25 to 79 with a first episode …
"STOMATOLOGY" AND "STOMATOLOGISTS"
Authors: Alfred J. Asgis
Journal: JAMA (1925)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In a recent communication from your regular correspondent of Budapest (The Journal, May 23, p. 1587) reference is made to "the medical specialties in which specialists are legally recognized." Among the specialties enumerated, your correspondent mentions dentistry. In a recent issue, the following reference was made to stomatology: "Stomatology signifies that branch of medical science which has for its purposes the study and treatment of diseases of the mouth" (The Journal, Nov. 22, 1924, p. 1696). Dentistry, on the other hand is not a specialty of medicine. Because in the United States the terms "dentist" and "dentistry" do not mean a specialist in medicine and specialty of medicine, respectively, there seems to be a confusion in the minds of American readers as to the status of stomatology (dentistry) as a specialty of medicine in Europe. Apropos of this subject, I received, May 15, from Prof. Dr. Joseph
Prisons, too, are institutions for psychiatric care
Authors: J. E Smith
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—In their editorial on the reinstitutionalisaton of mental health care Priebe and Turner overlook an important current place of institutional psychiatric care—the prison service.1 Like the expansion of forensic psychiatric services, this has been a global phenomenon, reported in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Europe.

In UK prisoner populations …
Differences in bleeding time, aspirin sensitivity and adrenaline between acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina
Authors: S. D Kristensen, P. M W Bath, J. F Martin
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1990)

Study objective – The objective was to measure platelet function in vivo (as cutaneous bleeding time), the role of catecholamines, and the effect of inhibiting thromboxane synthesis on bleeding time, in patients with myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and non-cardiac chest pain. Design – Haemotological variables and plasma catecholamines were compared between patient diagnostic groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Conover's multiple comparison test, and Wilcoxon paired rank sum test. Patients – 49 patients entered the study and 45 were assigned to three groups: myocardial infarction (n=26), unstable angina (n=9), and non-coronary chest pain (control) (n=10). There were no significant differences between groups for age or sex. Patients with myocardial infarction smoked more than the others. Measurements and results – Compared to the controls, bleeding time in patients with myocardial infarction was shortened, while in unstable angina it was normal. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were higher in the myocardial infarction group than in the unstable angina and control groups, but were not correlated with bleeding time. Bleeding time was remeasured 2 h after ingestion of 300 mg aspirin and increased in all subjects, especially in those with myocardial infarction, but it remained significantly shorter in the infarct group than in the comparison groups. Plasma adrenaline was inversely correlated with the bleeding time after aspirin in the infarct group. Conclusions – The shortened bleeding time may be an indicator of an increased prethrombotic tendency present in patients with myocardial infarction but not in those with unstable angina. The effect appears to be mediated by both thromboxane A2 and adrenaline.
Evidence for an asthma risk locus on chromosome Xp: a replication linkage study
Authors: C. Brasch‐Andersen, M. U. Møller, A. Haagerup, J. Vestbo, T. A. Kruse
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Background: Asthma is a complex genetic disorder characterized by chronic inflammation in the airways. Identification of genetic risk factors for asthma has been complicated due to genetic heterogeneity and influence from environmental risk factors. Despite the fact that multiple genetic linkage studies have been carried out the results are still conflicting and call for replication experiments. A Danish genome‐wide scan has prior reported evidence for candidate regions for asthma susceptibility genes on chromosomes 1p, 5q, 6p, 12q and Xp. Linkage to chromosome 12q was later confirmed in the same replication sample as used in the present study. The aim of the study was to replicate linkage to candidate regions for asthma in an independent Danish sample. Methods: We performed a replication study investigating linkage to candidate regions for asthma on chromosomes 1p36.31‐p36.21, 5q15‐q23.2, 6p24.3‐p22.3, and Xp22.31‐p11.4 using additional markers in an independent set of 136 Danish asthmatic sib pair families. Results: Nonparametric multipoint linkage analyses yielded suggestive evidence for linkage to asthma to chromosome Xp21.2 (MLS 2.92) but failed to replicate linkage to chromosomes 1p36.31‐p36.21, 5q15‐q23.2 and 6p24.3‐p22.3. Conclusions: The replication results provide evidence for chromosome Xp21 to harbour a susceptibility gene for asthma in the Danish population. To our knowledge, the study is the first to replicate evidence for linkage to chromosome X. A susceptibility gene for asthma on chromosome X could potentially explain observed gender differences in asthma prevalence.
Plasminogen activation in venous leg ulcers
Authors: Y. Herouy, D. Trefzer, M.O. Hellstern, G.B. Stark, W. Vanscheidt, E. Schöpf, J. Norgauer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Background Venous leg ulceration results from chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities. We recently showed that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2 plays a major part in the pathogenesis of venous leg ulcers. In vitro activation of recombinant MMP-2 is controlled by the activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which acts as a fibrin-independent plasminogen activator. The activity of MMP-2 is potentiated by binding of uPA to the uPA receptor (uPAR). Objectives We aimed to clarify the role of plasminogen activation in venous leg ulcers. Methods The expression of uPA, uPAR, the tissue-type plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) -1 and PAI-2 was investigated using reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results These provided direct evidence of elevated expression of uPA and uPAR at the mRNA and protein levels in venous leg ulcers, in comparison with healthy skin. By immunohistochemistry, elevated expression of uPA and uPAR was detected. Fibrin zymography showed significantly elevated endogenous uPA activity in venous leg ulcers in comparison with healthy controls. Conclusions Our findings indicate venous leg ulcers to be characterized by elevated plasminogen activation, suggesting that this enzyme cascade plays a crucial part in maintaining proteolytic activity in venous leg ulcers.
Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Joseph H. Burchenal, Monroe D. Dowling, Charlotte T. C. Tan
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1972)

The treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the last decade can be said to have reached a revolutionary phase. Prior to that time, the disease was considered to be uniformly fatal and treatment was being given essen­ tially for palliation. These concepts have changed and now the well-informed investigator is employing acute leukemia protocols which are aimed at cure rather than palliation. This revolution in both thought and method of treatment has been achieved to a large extent by the following:
Food incentives and completion of tuberculosis treatment
Authors: D. Maher
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A free lunch—not to be missed, but not effective as an incentive to complete treatment

In the linked randomised controlled trial (doi:10.1136/bmj.b4248), Martins and colleagues assess the effectiveness of a food incentive to enhance completion of treatment for tuberculosis in Timor-Leste. The meal, or “feijuada,” was provided at health centres and comprised meat, beans, and vegetables with rice.1 It seems unlikely that anyone could describe the free lunch as anything but beneficial. Or could they? We need to know if the intervention is effective in achieving its desired purpose and what the opportunity costs may be before deciding if it is beneficial. 

Although the success of treatment depends on treatment adherence, many patients do not follow their prescriptions and treatment recommendations.2 In the case of chronic communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infection, maximising adherence is crucial to optimising the outcomes of treatment not only for the individual but also for the community, through decreased transmission and risk of generation of drug resistant strains.

Experience across a variety of diseases shows that adherence is determined by a complex …
The Smoke in Marihuana Smoking
Authors: Louis Vachon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Marihuana, the dried leaves and flowering tops of the plant cannabis, has been smoked for centuries. The folklore of many cultures has attributed medicinal properties to extracts of cannabis. Although it is too early to tell, cannabis may in time be recognized as another of the many plants providing powerful remedies for mankind's ills. Its principal active ingredient, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has a remarkably low toxicity in laboratory animals and human beings. It shows a strikingly low lethality and very little respiratory-depressant activity. It may prove to be a powerful drug. Clinical reports from various medical centers suggest some possible . . .