tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Preventing Traffic Fatalities
Authors: Lawrence D. Budnick
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Drs Ottosson and Krantz<sup>1</sup>and the accompanying editorial by Dr Frey<sup>2</sup>concerning traffic fatalities were very revealing. We were disappointed, however, in the narrow sense in which the term<i>prevention</i>was used. "Preventable" traffic fatalities were not defined. As used in the article and editorial, the term<i>preventable fatalities</i>refers only to the secondary prevention of fatalities (ie, preventing death through the treatment of injuries that have already occurred). The article implies that only minimal benefit can be expected from further advances in secondary prevention in systems apparently as far advanced as Sweden's. Primary prevention of traffic fatalities (ie, preventing the initial injury), however, is feasible to perhaps a large degree through the use of passive restraints and other means. In their article, Ottosson and Krantz demonstrate the need for primary prevention measures if we are to reduce significantly the toll of
Preclinical Evaluation of the Pharmacodynamic Properties of 2,5-Diaziridinyl-3-Hydroxymethyl-6-Methyl-1,4-Benzoquinone
Authors: Timothy H. Ward, Sarah Danson, Alan T. McGown, Malcolm Ranson, Nic A. Coe, Gordon C. Jayson, Jeff Cummings, Robert H.J. Hargreaves, John Butler
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of our study was to investigate the cellular accumulation, DNA cross-linking ability, and cellular toxicity of RH1 (2,5-diaziridinyl-3-[hydroxymethyl[-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone), a novel DNA alkylating agent currently in clinical trials. In addition, the in vivo efficacy of RH1 formulated in different vehicles was also compared. Experimental Design: RH1 is activated by the two-electron reducing enzyme NQO1 [NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase] forming a potent cytotoxic agent that cross-links DNA. We have used whole blood, cell lines, and primary explanted tumor cultures to measure both the cellular accumulation, DNA cross-linking, and cytotoxicity of RH1. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of RH1 formulated in different vehicles were measured in vivo using the validated comet-X assay in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Results: Accumulation of RH1 was shown to be both time and concentration dependent, reaching a maximum after 2 hours and correlated well with DNA cross-linking measurements. DNA cross-linking in vitro could be detected at low (1-10 nmol/L) concentrations after as little as 2 hours exposure. In primary tumor cultures, RH1 induces much higher levels of DNA cross-links at lower doses than either mitomycin C or cisplatin. In vivo efficacy testing using polyvinyl pyrrolidone, saline, or cyclodextrin as vehicles showed DNA cross-links readily detectable in all tissues examined and was enhanced when given in cyclodextrin compared with polyvinyl pyrrolidone or saline. Conclusions: RH1 represents a potent bioreductive anticancer drug, which may prove effective in the treatment of cancers, particularly those that overexpress NQO1. DNA cross-linking can be reliably measured in tissue using the validated comet-X assay.
Cot deaths and deficiency of vitamin E and selenium.
Authors: D F Money
Journal: BMJ (1971)

the Jordan Hospital over the course of 11 years, may represent a typical cross-section of more or less sophisticated patients in a Western institutional setting, and their troubles may indeed be unrelated to dapsone.This inference, however, does not invalidate the reports that acute psychosis occurred with some frequency when dapsone was given in high dosage in the early days, and that it is seen in a small but definite pro- portion of patients taking 100 mg or less daily.It would be interesting to ascertain if psychotic episodes, apparently dapsone- related, have been noted in patients taking the drug for such conditions as dermatitis herpetiformis, deep mycetoma, etc.-I am, etc.
Minefields in Their Hearts: The Mental Health of Children in War and Communal Violence
Authors: Michael Durfee
Journal: JAMA (1997)

In<i>Minefields in Their Hearts</i>multiple authors take us places we don't want to go, describe why little research exists on massive assaults on children, and out-line our need to address our own countertransference. Topics vary from World War II Holocaust survivors to third world civil wars and chronic inner-city violence in the United States. Chapters address political and ethical questions avoided in traditional office work. Intervention addresses the need for social change, with direction guided by the needs of the victims and their culture. Unique experiences in impoverished countries give us special lessons. Arroyo and Eth describe steps to address goals for post-traumatic stress disorder intervention: resuming normal routines, critical incident debriefing for children and caretakers, education about stress reactions, and identification of those in need of more intervention. The goals translate for inner-city violence in countries with long-term resources, while much of this book addresses severe violence in
Fundamentals of Electrocardiography
Authors: Borys SURAWICZ
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Judging from the rate at which new entries invade the medical book market, the subject of electrocardiography appears to have an unusually strong appeal to textbook writers. The greatest concentration of books about electrocardiography resides within the category of primers and introductory texts for beginners. At the more advanced level, the choices become scantier, while a search for a truly comprehensive single-author textbook, if one excludes books on arrhythmias, takes us some 30 years back to Lepeschkin in the United States and Holzmann in Europe. The<i>Fundamentals</i>by E. M. McLachlan (who, we learn in the preface, has spent most of his professional life in a small town in New Zealand) is intended for use by medical students, house staff, nurses, and technicians. From the large pack of similarly targeted volumes arriving from English-speaking countries or in translation, this particular textbook has a good chance of moving into a winning
Emil "Tom" Frei III
Authors: N. Stafford
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Pioneer of combination chemotherapy



In 1983 Emil Frei was at a press event in New York City when a woman in her 30s approached him. “Dr Frei, do you know who I am?” she asked.

Frei, at the event to accept the General Motors Kettering Prize for cancer research, did not recognise the women. She told him her maiden name. Now he remembered. As a 7 year old girl, she had been his cancer patient at the National Cancer Institute. Frei had successfully treated her, using his groundbreaking combination chemotherapy.

“She was the mother of two children,” Frei later said,1 recalling the happy reunion. “We hugged, and I told her that this was what it was all about. It’s a life and death situation here thrown together.”

In the 1950s, when Frei and colleagues began their combination chemotherapy work, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children was uniformly fatal. Frei showed that treatment with multiple chemotherapy agents could produce lasting remissions in children. Combination chemotherapy is now the foundation for treating many adult and paediatric cancers.

“Dr Frei and his colleagues saved the …
Sirollmus inhibits restenosis irrespective of the vessel size: a subanalysis of the multicenter RAVEL trial
Authors: Evelyn Regar, G. Laarman, D. Blanchard, H. Eltchaninoff, J.E. Sousa, J. Fajadet, M. Perin, E.Ban Hayashi, M.C. Morice, P.W. Serruys
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Evolutionary conservation and ontogenetic emergence of neural algorithms
Authors: Hermann Wagner, Dirk Kautz
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Neural algorithms are conserved during evolution. Neurons with different shapes and using different molecular mechanisms can perform the same computation. However, evolutionary conservation of neural algorithms is not sufficient for claiming the realization of an algorithm for a specific computational problem. A plausible scheme for ontogenetic emergence of the structure of the algorithm must also be provided.
Quantitation of human gamma globin genes and gamma globin mRNA with purified gamma globin complementary DNA.
Authors: F Ramirez, J V O'Donnell, C Natta, A Bank
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Complementary DNA (cDNA) specific for gamma-globin nucleotide sequences has been prepared by hybridizing total cDNA made from cord blood messenger RNA (mRNA) as template to an excess of normal adult human globin mRNA and recovering the single-stranded cDNA from hydroxylapatite. The specificity of the gamma cDNA for gamma mRNA sequences is strongly supported by the hybridization of this cDNA at low Cot values (Co, concentration of RNA and t, time in seconds) to RNA samples containing large amounts of functional gamma globin mRNA and the lack of hybridization to RNA samples containing little, if any, gamma-globin mRNA. The absence of cross-hybridization of gamma cDNA with alpha, beta, and delta mRNAs is demonstrated by the complete hybridization of the gamma cDNA to mRNA samples completely lacking either alpha or beta and delta mRNA. An estimate of the number of gamma-globin genes in human cellular DNA was obtained by hybridization of purified gamma cDNA to DNA from spleen and white blood cells of normal and beta-thalassemia subjects and measurement of the percent of gamma cDNA hybridized at saturation. The results indicate that there are between one and two gamma-globin genes per total haploid gene DNA equivalent obtained from both normal and beta-thalassemia subjects. These values are consistent with genetic evidence for the presence of multiple gamma gene loci in human cells. The finding that the number of gamma-globin genes in beta-thalassemia DNA is similar to that in nonthalassemia DNA indicates that a deletion of gamma-globin genes cannot account for either the inadequate gamma-globin synthesis or indirectly for the decreased or absent beta-globin synthesis in beta-thalassemia cells.
Errors in Bicycling Technique
Authors: David L. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The cover of the November 15, 1976, issue illustrates three common errors in bicycling technique. The first, not looking where one is going, needs no elaboration. The second is riding on the wrong side of the road. Riding a bike against traffic is illegal in most if not all states, and is definitely less safe than riding with traffic. There are a number of reasons for this, eg, the force of impact will be less if the bicycle is traveling in the same direction as the car that hits it. This may not seem very important, but consider that a good young athlete can easily be traveling 20 to 25 mph on a level stretch with a modern bike. The third error, more subtle, consists of not having the saddle high enough. Indeed, it is doubtful that the bike in the picture could have its saddle raised
Drug firms may be spending as much as 91m a year on lobbying in Europe
Authors: M. Day
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The drug industry’s lobbying power in Europe dwarfs that of opposing campaign groups and is largely hidden thanks to lax rules that allow drug companies to conceal how much they spend on attempts to influence European Union policy, a new report claims.

The report, produced by the charities Corporate Europe Observatory and Health Action International Europe, says that the industry is known to spend more than €40m (£33m; $53m) a year in attempts to influence decision making in the EU. It says that nearly half of this sum is spent by drug manufacturers on their own in-house lobbyists.

By contrast, campaign groups active on …
The Functions of the Epiglottis
Authors: K. Renshaw
Journal: BMJ (1902)

JO 173 claimed to have been derived from suprarenal in this type of case."It is here, I think, where adrenalin in frequently re- peated doses might be of value.Certain forms of mental disease, mostly of the maniacal type, have been found to be associated with an abnormally low blood pressure, and in some cases that have been reported by W. R. Dawson, Easterbrook, and others, in which suprarenal extract was tried, distinct improvement has taken place coincident with a rise in the blood pressure.W. R. Dawson also observed in some of his cases that the effect on the blood pressure is of the nature of a levelling up of the evening pressure to that of the morning, as in Cases
Lipoproteins, Cholesterol and Serum Proteins as Predictors of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: IRVINE H. PAGE, LENA A. LEWIS
Journal: Circulation (1959)

The normal variability of lipoprotein and cholesterol levels was established for 6 women over a period of 5 months for comparison with levels in people who develop myocardial infarction. We have studied 107 normal men for 7 years. Among these 11 developed infarction and 6 angina pectoris. Little change in lipid levels was associated with these events. Electrophoretic patterns early after infarction showed certain relatively characteristic changes, especially increase in α-2 and β globulins and fibrinogen. Low-density lipoprotein also increased. While α-2 globulin was usually greatest in patients with the most extensive myocardial damage, there was little over-all correlation between lipoprotein pattern and severity of infarction. The "coronary profile" can be more sharply delineated by repeated lipid measurements because as a group those with atherosclerosis and infarction exhibit slightly elevated values.
Canadian hospital seeks to end patenting of human genes
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The practice of patenting human genes has been legally challenged in Canada by a hospital claiming that it harms patients, drives up costs, and stifles research.

The Federal Court suit by the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario has specifically challenged patents held by the University of Utah, Genzyme Genetics, and Yale University on five genes associated with long QT syndrome, which can cause sudden cardiac death in young adults. But the hospital’s legal team hopes that the suit will become a test case on the patenting of human genes in general. Richard Gold, a law professor at McGill University, leads an international team of intellectual property experts who consult pro bono for the hospital. He told The BMJ , “We hope to invite the judge not to give a narrow ruling on these …
US insurance firms drop child only health policies
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Many large US health insurance companies are ceasing to offer health insurance policies that cover only children. Their action is a response to requirements of health reform legislation that came into effect last week.

The new regulations, which apply only to new policies written after 23 September, require health insurers to cover children with pre-existing conditions in their child only policies.

The US secretary of health and human services, Kathleen Sebelius, said it was “a critical issue” that all Americans, including children, “have access to health coverage when they need it, including a prohibition on denying coverage to children because of pre-existing conditions.” She said that in March America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP), the industry group that represents health insurance companies), had committed …
Priapism in Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Nell-Pape Waring
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> We write to alert those who care for children to the possibility of priapism as a complication in the course of Kawasaki disease.<sup>1,2</sup> <h3>Report of a Case. —</h3> A 2-year-old black male infant presented with a history of high spiking fevers for 5 days, a pruritic scarlatiniform rash on the trunk for 4 days, and a confluent maculopapular rash that covered the penis and perimeum for 3 days. When the child was admitted on the fifth day of the illness, he was febrile (temperature, 41°C) and very irritable. The bulbar conjunctivae were injected. The lips were cherry red and swollen with angular cheilitis. The hands and feet were swollen and the palms and soles were red and there was one 2-cm firm lymph node in the right anterior cervical triangle. The heart, lungs, and abdomen were normal. There was no inflammation of the joints. The
Acquisition and presentation of follicular dendritic cell–bound antigen by lymph node–resident dendritic cells
Authors: Megan L. McCloskey, Maria A. Curotto de Lafaille, Michael C. Carroll, Adrian Erlebacher
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2010)

Follicular dendritic cells (DCs [FDCs]) are prominent stromal cell constituents of B cell follicles with the remarkable ability to retain complement-fixed antigens on their cell surface for extended periods of time. These retained immune complexes have long been known to provide the antigenic stimulus that drives antibody affinity maturation, but their role in cellular immunity has remained unclear. In this study, we show that FDC-retained antigens are continually sampled by lymph node–resident DCs for presentation to CD8 T cells. This novel pathway of antigen acquisition was detectable when FDCs were loaded with purified antigens bound into classical antigen–antibody immune complexes, as well as after pregnancy, when they are loaded physiologically with antigens associated with the complement-fixed microparticles released from the placenta into maternal blood. In both cases, ensuing antigen presentation was profoundly tolerogenic, as it induced T cell deletion even under inflammatory conditions. These results significantly broaden the scope of FDC function and suggest new ways that the complement system and persistent antigen presentation might influence T cell activation and the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance.
A Comparison of Continuous Thalamic Stimulation and Thalamotomy for Suppression of Severe Tremor
Authors: P. Richard Schuurman, D. Andries Bosch, Patrick M.M. Bossuyt, Gouke J. Bonsel, Eus J.W. van Someren, Rob M.A. de Bie, Maruschka P. Merkus, Johannes D. Speelman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

Deep-brain stimulation through an electrode implanted in the thalamus was developed as an alternative to thalamotomy for the treatment of drug-resistant tremor. Stimulation is thought to be as effective as thalamotomy but to have fewer complications. We examined the effects of these two procedures on the functional abilities of patients with drug-resistant tremor due to Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, or multiple sclerosis.
Abstract 3411: Analysis of gene profile and identification of molecular targets in endometrial cancer stem cells
Authors: Mitsuhiro Nakamura, Satoru Kyo, Xivzhi Zhang, Masahiro Takakura, Yoshiko Maida, Yasunari Mizumoto, Noriko Mori, Yukiko Bono, Toshiyuki Sasagawa, Masaki Inoue
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background; Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been known to be the major source of tumor propagation and might be an attractive therapeutic target. Our previous study showed that CD133+ Ishikawa and MFE 280 endometrial cancer cells have the ability of tumorigenicity, self-renewal and differentiation capacity in vitro and in vivo, while CD133- cells did not. Furthermore, CD133+ cells showed more resistance to cisplatin- or paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity than CD133- cells. These results indicate that CD133 is the CSC maker in endometrial cancer cells. In the present study, we sought to analyze gene profile and identify molecular targets in endometrial cancer stem cells. Methods; We examined microarray analysis to investigate the molecules essential for the CSCs characteristics by 3D-Gene chip (TORAY). Results; Microarray analysis of total 25,000 genes showed that about 500 genes were highly expressed in CD133+ cells, compared to CD133- cells. The ALDH1 gene was up-regulated in CD133+ cells, in accordance with the previous reported expression of ALDH1 on breast and colorectal CSCs. We also found out the elevated expression of ABC transporter genes, ABCG2, ABCG3, ABCG4, ABCG8, ABCC8 and ABCC9. It is well known that cells expressing those genes are resistant to chemotherapeutic agents and associated with side population (SP). Fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis demonstrated that the ratio of SP fraction in CD133+ Ishikawa cells is slightly higher than in CD133- Ishikawa cells (0.8% vs 0.6%). Isolated SP/CD133+ cells ells showed more extensive proliferation and tumorigenicity, compared with non-SP/CD133+, SP/CD133- and non-SP/CD133- cells. Finally, we focused on high expression of MMP14 (MT1-MMP) gene in CD133+ cells. Invasion assay revealed that CD133+ Ishikawa and MFE 280 cells have more invasive property than CD133- Ishikawa and MFE 280 cells. The inhibition of MT1-MMP gene by siRNA significantly reduced the invasive ability of CD133+ cells. These results suggest that MT1-MMP is one of the critical molecules that generate biological features of CSC and may be a potential therapeutic target in endometrial cancer. Conclusions; We demonstrated that SP/CD133+ cells might be more defined CSCs in endometrial cancer and identified important molecules essential for characterizing endometrial CSCs in which MT1-MMP plays critical roles in generating biological features of CSCs in this tumor type. These findings shed light on establishment of molecular target therapy in endometrial cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3411. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3411
Venous Distensibility in Essential Hypertension
Authors: J. A. Walsh, C. Hyman, R. F. Maronde
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1969)

Forearm venous distensibility was measured in patients with essential hypertension and in normotensive subjects in both the horizontal and 60° feet-down positions. The hypertensive patients exhibited a reduced venous distensibility compared with the normal subjects and, furthermore, showed minimal change on being tilted, whereas distensibility decreased 27% in the normal subjects. Treatment of the hypertensives with various antihypertensive drugs increased venous distensibility above pre-treatment values. These findings indicate that a state of increased venomotor tone exists in essential hypertension.