tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Identification of Drugs On Prescription Labels
Authors: Thomas S. Fleming
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The report of the Council on Drugs, "To Label or Not to Label," approved what I have been advocating for years, although it has been difficult to convince many of the value of having the patient in possession of full knowledge of the medicine he is taking. It has been a great help to me. So often a patient will call up to know if he should continue a certain medicine, and knowing the name of the medicine makes it so easy to advise. When anyone sees my patient in the event of an emergency, unexpectedly, he will discover easily what the patient has been taking. Of course, some druggists will avoid the law and fill a prescription, but this is so seldom done.
Ads: Good intentions gone wrong?
Authors: L. Wallack
Journal: BMJ (2000)

The US “National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign”

On 13 January 2000 the US online magazine salon.com reported “a hidden government effort to shoehorn antidrug messages into the most pervasive and powerful billboard of all— network television programming.” The story was headlined: “Prime-time Propaganda.” In a country where citizens have a healthy scepticism about government intrusion into people's lives, this news spread quickly through the national media. What were these messages and how had they been shoehorned onto prime time television?

The story began in 1997, when the US Congress approved an initiative sponsored by the Clinton administration to address the increase in drug use among young people. The campaign aimed to steer children away from drug use and to get their parents and other influential figures involved in measures to combat drug use. This “National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign” had a budget of $1bn spread over five years, making it the largest public health media campaign ever launched in the United States. …
Ghosts, visions, and voices.
Authors: F. Klemperer
Journal: BMJ (1992)

learnt of the plants' magical properties from their most familiar animal.20Whether these mammals deliberately intoxicate themselves is unknown.Harvesting sustainable plant products, including medicinal plants, can bring poor tropical countries higher economic returns than deforestation.2'Increasingly, people are realising that tropical forests are banks with potentially greater long term significance than their financial cousins.The number of possible therapeutic compounds is daunting, but animals may act as signposts, leading to important substances.Animals have practised medicine for millions of years: it would be tragic to lose their potentially lifesaving discoveries.
Genetic Variants of <i>UGT1A6</i> Influence Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence
Authors: Richard A. Hubner, Kenneth R. Muir, Jo-Fen Liu, Richard F.A. Logan, Matthew Grainge, Nicholas Armitage, Vic Shepherd, Sanjay Popat, Richard S. Houlston
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: The UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) enzymes participate in the metabolism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, endogenous substances, and carcinogens. Functional polymorphisms of UGT1A6 (T181A and R184S) and CYP2C9 (R144C and I359L) have been reported to modify the protective effect of aspirin on colorectal adenoma risk. We aimed to further investigate the effect of these genetic variants on the development of colorectal neoplasia. Experimental Design: We examined the relationship between UGT1A6 and CYP2C9 genotype and colorectal adenoma recurrence in 546 patients participating in a randomized placebo-controlled aspirin intervention trial. Results: Although colorectal adenoma recurrence was not significantly influenced by CYP2C9 genotype, carriers of variant UGT1A6 alleles were at significantly reduced risk of colorectal neoplasia recurrence [relative risk (RR), 0.68; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.52-0.89]. This risk reduction was also evident when the analysis was confined to advanced neoplasia recurrence (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.47-1.09). When patients were stratified by genotype and aspirin intervention, those with variant UGT1A6 alleles were at reduced recurrence risk irrespective of whether they received aspirin or placebo (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.92 and RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44-0.91, respectively). Conclusions: These findings confirm that UGT1A6 variants influence colorectal carcinogenesis independent of aspirin intake and suggest that they may have clinical value in secondary prevention programs for patients diagnosed with colorectal adenoma.
Regulated lentiviral NGF gene transfer controls rescue of medial septal cholinergic neurons
Authors: Armin Blesch, James Conner, Alexander Pfeifer, Mehdi Gasmi, Anthony Ramirez, William Britton, Ron Alfa, Inder Verma, Mark H. Tuszynski
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to promote survival and function of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain in various models of neuronal degeneration in rodents and primates. We examined whether a regulatable in vivo expression system can control the survival of cholinergic neurons after injury, using a tetracycline-regulated promoter ("tet-off" system) to modulate lentiviral NGF gene delivery. Two weeks after lesions to cholinergic neurons, significant cell rescue (65+/-8% neuron survival; P<0.005 compared to controls) was observed when NGF expression was activated. Treatment with the tetracycline analog doxycycline to turn gene expression "off" resulted in a significant loss of cholinergic neurons (only 37+/-5% neurons remained, an amount that did not differ from untreated, lesioned controls). Animals treated with a constitutively active and robust nonregulated NGF expression system showed the same degree of neuronal rescue (73+/-8%) as animals treated with activated tet-regulated vectors. ELISA measurements confirmed that oral treatment of animals with doxycycline reduced NGF protein levels to levels in untreated control subjects. These data demonstrate for the first time that NGF delivery by lentiviral gene transfer using tetracycline-regulated promoters can completely regulate neuronal rescue and protein production in the brain.
Peripheral neuropathy associated with dysproteinaemia, skin changes, and endocrinopathy.
Authors: J L Burton
Journal: BMJ (1986)

practitioner without an ophthalmic opinion.Nor should treatment be repeated or renewed by general practitioners without regular ophthalmic review to eliminate the pos- sibility of steroid induced glaucoma or the onset of an unsuspected secondary infection.Unfortunately, those most in need of instruction will probably not be reading this journal.The task falls, therefore, on ophthalmologists-who have the problem thrust on them-to reinforce education at a local level.4They will have to try and try again to prevent the misappropriate use of topical steroids-an iatrogenic cause of great visual disability.4
The Many Facets of Hemophilia
Authors: Carol K. Kasper
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>Protocol</h3> THE patient was born in 1949 into a family where his maternal grandfather and a cousin were already known to have hemophilia. The patient hemorrhaged after circumcision, and the diagnosis of severe, classic hemophilia was made. During childhood, the boy had a typical pattern of hemorrhages into various joints and soft-tissue areas and was treated with whole plasma at another facility. Because of his hemophilia, his mother was anxious about permitting normal play, but his father encouraged it and asked that the boy take the responsibility for setting his own limitations. <h3>School History.—</h3> He began public school at age 5, but when the school physician became aware that the boy had hemophilia, he tried to arrange transfer to a school for the handicapped. The parents and the boy's private physician successfully appealed this decision before the school board, and the boy was allowed to remain in school when the
Lymphocyte transformation in subjects with nodulo-cystic acne
Authors: S. MADLI PUHVEL, DEBORAH AMIRIAN, JAMES WEINTRAUB, RONALD M. REISNER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1977)

Patients with severe nodulo-cystic acne are known to have elevated serum antibody levels and increased immediate hypersensitivity reactions to Propionibacterium acnes. This organism is the predominant bacterium in normal pilosebaceous follicles of human skin, and can be consistently isolated from pustular lesions in acne. Previously it had been observed that delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to P. acnes were negative in patients with acne. The present study investigated the proliferative response of lymphocytes from patients with nodulo-cystic acne to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and P. acnes antigen stimulation. The response to PHA stimulation was within normal limits. The response to P. acnes antigen showed a significant increase over control values obtained by testing lymphocytes from acne-free subjects. Thus cell mediated immunity to P. acnes may be present in subjects with severe inflammatory acne. These findings raise the possibility that reactions to P. acnes may contribute to intensifying the inflammatory response in acne lesions.
A role for hepatic leptin signaling in lipid metabolism via altered very low density lipoprotein composition and liver lipase activity in mice
Authors: Frank K. Huynh, Ursula H. Neumann, Ying Wang, Brian Rodrigues, Timothy J. Kieffer, Scott D. Covey
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Obesity is highly associated with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanism behind this association is not completely understood. The hormone leptin may be a molecular link between obesity and dysregulation of lipid metabolism. Leptin can affect lipid metabolism independent of its well-known effects on food intake and energy expenditure, but exactly how this occurs is ill-defined. We hypothesized that since leptin receptors are found on the liver and the liver plays an integral role in regulating lipid metabolism, leptin may affect lipid metabolism by acting directly on the liver. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice with a hepatocyte-specific loss of leptin signaling. We previously showed that these mice have increased insulin sensitivity and elevated levels of liver triglycerides compared with controls. Here, we show that mice lacking hepatic leptin signaling have decreased levels of plasma apolipoprotein B yet increased levels of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides, suggesting alterations in triglyceride incorporation into VLDL or abnormal lipoprotein remodeling in the plasma. Indeed, lipoprotein profiles revealed larger apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein particles in mice with ablated liver leptin signaling. Loss of leptin signaling in the liver was also associated with a substantial increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in the liver, which may have contributed to increased lipid droplets in the liver.Lack of hepatic leptin signaling results in increased lipid accumulation in the liver and larger, more triglyceride-rich VLDL particles. Collectively, these data reveal an interesting role for hepatic leptin signaling in modulating triglyceride metabolism.
Morals and ethics and medicine
Authors: Douglas Kamerow
Journal: BMJ (2007)

A subtext floats below the surface of this week's BMJ , illustrating how morals and ethics are woven throughout health care.

Problem: there is a worldwide shortage of organ donors, leading to long waiting lists and unneeded suffering and deaths. No one would argue against publicity that might motivate people to donate. Does that justify a recent Dutch game show that claimed to portray a real-life kidney donor interviewing potential recipients, …
Lithotripsy of Urinary Concrement in the Sigmoid after Ureterosigmoidostomy
Authors: W. Burmeister, M. Windthorst, D. Wurbs
Journal: Endoscopy (1985)

A urinary concrement which appeared in the sigmoid of a 63-year-old man after ureterosigmoidostomy was extracted by endoscopy. The stone was situated proximal to a radiogenic stenosis. Because of the disproportion between the stone and the sigmoidal stenosis, mechanical lithotripsy had to be done before the concrement could be completely extracted.
Adoptive cell therapy with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and intermediate dose IL-2 for metastatic melanoma
Authors: Rikke Andersen, Marco Donia, Troels Holz Borch, Eva Ellebæk Steensgaard, Trine Zeeberg Iversen, Per Kongsted, Mads Hald Andersen, Per thor Straten, Inge Marie Svane
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) achieved impressive clinical results in several single institution Phase I/II clinical trials performed outside of Europe, and holds the promise to enter the mainstream of standard melanoma care in the near
"THE WILL TO BELIEVE"
Authors: Joseph Jastrow
Journal: JAMA (1922)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I have received a number of letters approving the position I have taken with regard to the performances of Willetta Huggins, and others expressing, somewhat after the manner of the communications of Dr. Babcock and of Dr. Nagel inThe Journal, June 24 and 31, some reservations and a good deal of skepticism that sight sufficient to recognize colors should be possible despite a blindfold. With some acquaintance with the blindfold performances on the stage, I can say that the "goggles" type of blindfold used in Chicago would be regarded as one of the "easiest"—that is, easiest to circumvent. Sealing the eyelids with<i>opaque</i>court plaster, as suggested by Dr. Babcock, would be completely effective, as would also be a number of other devices known to those who have given attention to the subject; and the tests in a completely dark room would also be made decisive.
Site‐Specific Differentiation of Neural Stem Cell Regulated by Micropatterned Multicomponent Interfaces
Authors: Ying Wang, Zhen Xu, Lance C. Kam, Peng Shi
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

Abstract Stem cell microenvironments are enriched by signals from a variety of components, which cooperate spatially and temporally to regulate cellular function. In vitro recapitulating such complexity in a well‐controlled manner is elusive. Here, a platform for patterning multiple bio‐active proteins on a single substrate is developed and optimized, and is used it to study the cooperative involvement of cell–matrix interaction and cell–cell signaling in regulating neural stem cell (NSC) function. An affinity‐capturing‐based multi‐step microcontact printing is used to pattern, extracellular matrix proteins, and cell–cell signaling ligands, as intersecting lines on a nonadhesive background. Such design provides spatial segregation of signals from different extrinsic components, while allowing cell traffic between them during their proliferation and differentiation processes. Rat embryonic neural stem cells are cultured and characterized on the multicomponent substrates patterned with different combinations of fibronectin, N‐cadherin, and Jagged1 proteins and allow to proliferate and differentiate over long term. It is found that local presentation of Notch signaling ligand (Jagged1) or cell adhesion molecule (N‐cadherin) effectively modulate the balance between cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction, and significantly change the overall spatial remodeling of NSC differentiation. This platform provides an unambiguous approach to study the spatial and temporal cooperative involvement of different extrinsic components in regulating stem cell behavior. It is also readily expandable for inclusion of extra components and applicable to use with other types of cells, which provide a powerful tool for basic study of cell–material interaction or advanced tissue‐interface engineering.
Molecular mechanisms of early electrical remodeling: transcriptional downregulation of ion channel subunits reduces ICa,Land Itoin rapid atrial pacing in rabbits
Authors: Ralph F Bosch, Constanze R Scherer, Norman Rüb, Stefan Wöhrl, Klaus Steinmeyer, Hannelore Haase, Andreas E Busch, Ludger Seipel, Volker Kühlkamp
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
All myocardial infarction patients in England are to be offered angioplasty
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Angioplasty is to become the treatment of choice in England for people who have a myocardial infarction, the Department of Health has announced, with 97% of patients expected to be having the procedure in specialist heart attack centres by 2011. 

Results of a three year study involving 2400 patients treated in 10 hospitals across England show that primary angioplasty is feasible and cost effective. 

Provided that the procedure is carried out within two hours of a heart attack, death rates are lower than with thrombolysis, the current standard treatment, and hospital stays are shorter, says a report of the study.

Roger …
Nursing Rheumatic Disease
Authors: C. S. Chesson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1980)

chapter on rehabilitation aspects, but the sophisticated and annotated approach in both of them tends to obscure the simplicity of such measures as static quadriceps drill and wrist extension exercises, which to an informed patient will make-at the cost of 5 minutes of the physician's time-all the difference between a useful limb and functional incapacity.But these and one or two other points of detail are only minor criticisms of an exhaustive textbook.Exhaustive it must have been.Joe Hollander and I compared notes (I had recently edited the most recent edition of the book's British counterpart) while we cruised up the Rhine together during the Wiesbaden conference of September 1979.'You know, Tom', he reflected, 'I reckon that producing an edition of a book like this takes 2 years out of your life'.I agreed in principle, though admittedly never having considered the matter in actuarial terms.British rheumatologists will also agree with me in congratulating Dr McCarty and his many colleagues on the fruits of their labours, yet another edition of almost impeccable excellence.
The polygenic nature of inhibitors in hemophilia A: results from the Hemophilia Inhibitor Genetics Study (HIGS) Combined Cohort
Authors: Jan Astermark, Sharyne M. Donfield, Edward D. Gomperts, John Schwarz, Erika D. Menius, Anna Pavlova, Johannes Oldenburg, Bailey Kessing, Donna M. DiMichele, Amy D. Shapiro, Cheryl A. Winkler, Erik Berntorp
Journal: Blood (2012)
Cancer among special populations: women, ethnic minorities, and the poor.
Authors: A Haynes
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

The study of cancer among women, ethnic minorities, and the poor can yield useful information about etiology and lead to effective recommendations for prevention. Opportunities exist for affecting cancer rates among women by studying and altering hormonal exposures and, possibly, alcohol consumption. The study of diet among ethnic groups may be more informative than among populations with homogeneous diets. The gender and racial differences among lung cancer patients related to tobacco need further research. Innovative multidisciplinary research is needed to reduce the ethnic, gender, and institutional barriers to ensure success in the fight against cancer.
Invasive Cardiovascular Procedures — Optimizing Patient Safety
Authors: John W. Hirshfeld
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Invasive cardiovascular procedures offer many patients substantial diagnostic and therapeutic benefits. Vascular angioplasty, electrophysiological ablation procedures, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedures are among the important therapeutic procedures that provide potentially superior alternatives to conventional open operations. In addition, invasive cardiovascular procedures provide diagnostic information that cannot be obtained by noninvasive methods. The diagnostic and therapeutic value of these procedures has fueled a broad-based and successful effort to improve their safety and efficacy.The hazards associated with invasive cardiovascular procedures include vascular injury, systemic embolization, contrast-agent–induced nephropathy, and radiation-induced injury. Although substantial progress has been made, severe life-threatening and fatal . . .
In vitro drug allergy detection system incorporating human liver microsomes in chlorazepate-induced skin rash: drug-specific proliferation associated with interleukin-5 secretion
Authors: B. Sachs, S. Erdmann, T. Al-Masaoudi, H.F. Merk
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2001)

Background Chlorazepate is a benzodiazepine often used for pre‐operative anxiolysis. The central metabolite responsible for the pharmacological and probably for the adverse effects of most benzodiazepines, including chlorazepate, is N‐desmethyldiazepam. We report a woman who developed a generalized exanthem 1 day after receiving chlorazepate and four other drugs related to anaesthesia for surgery of the larynx. Patch tests pointed to chlorazepate as the culprit drug for the skin rash. Objectives The purpose of this study was to detect drug allergy to chlorazepate or a metabolite in vitro by means of the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT), and to determine the concentrations of the T‐helper (Th) 2‐type cytokine interleukin (IL) ‐5 and the Th1‐type cytokine interferon (IFN) ‐γ in the culture supernatants. Methods We performed an LTT with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patient and a control, employing human liver microsomes containing cytochrome P450 enzymes as a metabolizing system, in parallel cultures. IL‐5 and IFN‐γ concentrations in the culture supernatants were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results In the LTT, no T‐cell reactivity was observed to the parent compound chlorazepate, whereas coincubation of the drug with human liver microsomes yielded proliferative T‐cell reactivity, which was associated with secretion of IL‐5 but not of IFN‐γ. Conclusions We conclude that addition of a metabolizing system may be advantageous for in vitro detection of T‐cell reactivity to drug metabolites in the LTT.
Increased Amygdala Responses to Sad But Not Fearful Faces in Major Depression: Relation to Mood State and Pharmacological Treatment
Authors: Danilo Arnone, Shane McKie, Rebecca Elliott, Emma J. Thomas, Darragh Downey, Gabriella Juhasz, Steve R. Williams, J.F. William Deakin, Ian M. Anderson
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2012)

Objective: Increased amygdala response to negative emotions seen in functional MRI (fMRI) has been proposed as a biomarker for negative emotion processing bias underlying depressive symptoms and vulnerability to depressive relapse that are normalized by antidepressant drug treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether abnormal amygdala responses to face emotions in depression are related to specific emotions or change in response to antidepressant treatment and whether they are present as a stable trait in medication-free patients in remission. Method: Sixty-two medication-free unipolar depressed patients (38 were currently depressed, and 24 were in remission) and 54 healthy comparison subjects underwent an indirect face-emotion processing task during fMRI. Thirty-two currently depressed patients were treated with the antidepressant citalopram for 8 weeks. Adherence to treatment was evaluated by measuring citalopram plasma concentrations. Results: Patients with current depression had increased bilateral amygdala responses specific to sad faces relative to healthy comparison subjects and nonmedicated patients in stable remission. Treatment with citalopram abolished the abnormal amygdala responses to sad faces in currently depressed patients but did not alter responses to fearful faces. Conclusions: Aberrant amygdala activation in response to sad facial emotions is specific to the depressed state and is a potential biomarker for a negative affective bias during a depressive episode.