tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE VALUE OF CYCLOPLEGIA IN OPTOMETRIC EXAMINATION.
Authors: C. M. CULVER
Journal: JAMA (1900)

This paper is, at least in part, deduced from a review of the records of examination of 1000 eyes of my own patients, in private practice, in which artificial cycloplegia has been purposely produced for the sake of optometric examination. The case records of 5257 of my first private patients have been required in order to have the desired data concerning 1000 eyes. Of the cases in which cycloplegia had been produced for the purpose of optometric examination, 19.7 per cent. were unfit for use in the preparation of this paper, because of the incompleteness of my novitiate records, which incompleteness prevented the desired comparison of the seeming static refraction, before cycloplegia, and that found during cycloplegia. The number of eyes, the records of whose examination are trustworthy—1000— was chosen partly because of the facility of computing percentages from that number and partly because time for reviewing a greater number
Author's Response to Dr. Leo
Authors: Patrick Sullivan
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

I read the paper by Chi et al. with interest.The authors found a greater hypoxia response gene expression in carcinomas than stromal cells grown in vitro, but were not sure of the underlying explanation (see Discussion in [1]).The underlying explanation may be the difference in mitotic activity and hence metabolic activity between these two cell types, such that hypoxia may be present within cancer cells, although the surrounding culture media may have similar oxygen levels as the stromal cultures.The differences in mitotic activity could also explain greater hypoxia-related gene expression in clear-cell carcinoma compared with chromophobe carcinoma, normal tissue, or oncocytoma, as clear-cell carcinomas are more active mitotically.Did the authors compare the hypoxia gene expression with mitotic activity in various tumors?
Angioedema and small-cell carcinoma of the lung.
Authors: T F Ross, D L Coleman, J L Naughton
Journal: Thorax (1982)

Small-cell carcinoma of the lung has a variety of clinical presentations.Symptoms may be due to the primary tumour itself, metastatic disease, systemic effects, or an increasing range of paraneoplastic disorders.'Few reports, however,link this neoplasm with disorders of the skin and mucous membranes.2'We report here a patient with small-cell carcinoma whose early symptoms and immediate cause of death can be attributed to angioedema. Case reportA 47-year-old man who used no medications had episodes of oedema of the face and upper airways in June 1980.Several weeks later he was referred to the University of California, San Francisco, when the episodes became more frequent and an extensive right-lower-lobe infiltrate was found on a chest radiograph.There.wasno personal or family history of allergies, abdominal pain, oedema of the face or extremities, or respiratory symptoms.Physical examination showed a cachectic man.Bilateral periorbital oedema was present; but the lips, tongue, and uvula were normal in size and appearance.Pulmonary findings included dullness to percussion, decreased breath sounds, and crackles at the right base without wheeze or
PD3-3-5: Outcomes for elderly advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts) treated with bevacizumab (B) in combination with carboplatin (C) and paclitaxel (P): Analysis of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 4599 study
Authors: Suresh S. Ramalingam, Suzanne E. Dahlberg, Corey J. Langer, Robert Gray, Chandra P. Belani, Julie R. Brahmer, Alan Sandler, Joan H. Schiller, David H. Johnson
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
CARE OF THE AGED
Authors: MALFORD W. THEWLIS
Journal: JAMA (1942)

Geriatrics was not spontaneously recognized as a special branch of medicine; like pediatrics, it met with slow response. When Abraham Jacobi gave the first course in pediatrics in 1859, it was coolly received; the medical profession had to wait thirty-seven years for a textbook on diseases of infancy and childhood.  The word geriatrics was coined by Nascher1in 1909, and five years later he completed a textbook on diseases of old age,2which went through a second edition in 1916. It was then that Nascher decided to enter the Public Welfare Department of New York City and suggested that I carry on; with his help and advice, this seemed possible.  During the past few years attention has focused on geriatrics; this was logical, since life expectancy was increasing. (It has reached 65.) In two decades the age group past 60 may exceed the below 10 age group.  A
Studies on the metabolic clearance rate and production rate of human luteinizing hormone and on the initial half-time of its subunits in man.
Authors: R J Pepperell, D M Kretser, H G Burger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) has been determined in 10 normal men, 3 normal women, and in 12 women with ovulatory disorders resulting in oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. The MCR was determined by the constant infusion technique using either iodinated or unlabeled highly purified hLH, and these results were compared to MCR determined by using crude pituitary preparations containing both follicle-stimulating hormone and hLH. Both preparations produced essentially similar results for the MCR of hLH and virtually identical results were obtained when complete or incomplete immunoprecipitation of the infused material was achieved. The MCR/body surface area of hLH was significantly greater in normal men (25.6 plus or minus 3.6 ml/min-m-2) than in normal premenopausal (19.2 plus or minus 0.9 ml/min-m-2) or postmenopausal women (17.4 plus or minus 1.9 ml/min-m-2). No difference was noted in the MCR of hLH in women with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Production rates (PRs) were calculated by using a pituitary standard, the values being 85.1 plus or minus 21.5 IU/24 h in normal men, 39.9 plus or minus 12.6 IU/24 h in normal premenopausal women, and 294.6 plus or minus 61.9 IU/24 h in normal postmenopausal women. The initial half-times of disappearance of the alpha- and beta-subunits of hLH were measured in two normal men and found to be 15-18 min, respectively. The half-time of intact hLH was twice as great.
CCR6/CCR10-mediated plasmacytoid dendritic cell recruitment to inflamed epithelia after instruction in lymphoid tissues
Authors: Vanja Sisirak, Nelly Vey, Béatrice Vanbervliet, Thomas Duhen, Isabelle Puisieux, Bernhard Homey, Edward P. Bowman, Giorgio Trinchieri, Bertrand Dubois, Dominique Kaiserlian, Sergio A. Lira, Alain Puisieux, Jean-Yves Blay, Christophe Caux, Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
Journal: Blood (2011)
ABNORMALITIES OF THE LOWER PART OF THE BACK
Authors: ARCHER O'REILLY
Journal: JAMA (1927)

In previous papers I have called attention to variations in the lumbosacral region. These are so numerous and varied that it is difficult to determine the normal. In a paper read before the American Orthopedic Association in 1925, I1reported a series of so-called normal spines in patients who had never had backache. Fifty-five per cent of these showed varying degrees of abnormality and 4 per cent showed, according to the roentgenogram, variations in the transverse processes that might cause backache. In conclusion, I said:  would seem from this study that variations in the lumbosacral region occur frequently in persons who have never had any symptoms of backache, and that some of these variations are very marked and severe. They also occur in persons who lead an active life and work hard. It is probable that these variations predispose to backache, but that posture, muscle relaxation and ligamentous
Biblical and Talmudic Medicine
Authors: Samuel Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Appearing so soon after his publication of<i>Medicine in the Bible and the Talmud</i>(Ktav Publishing House Inc, Yeshiva University Press, NY, 1977), Rosner's translation of Preuss's work need raise no fear of duplication or notable overlap. Rosner's book, a modest volume of selections from classical Jewish sources, reflects old and new exegetical researches, many bearing remarkable relevance to current concerns. Preuss's book is a comprehensive account of Hebrew medical theories and practices from Biblical antiquity to the sixth century. It is the reference text par excellence that has not aged since its publication 60 years ago. In a sense, both Preuss and Rosner are translators, the former from the original Hebrew and Aramaic and the latter from the German. Preuss's task, however, also involved considerable exegesis. The original terms, their meaning obscured by time, are open to conflicting interpretations. "There is no dearth of conjectures and question marks in
Child health services: Community child health resources must be protected
Authors: L. Davies, L. Light
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Child health servicesShould be combined EDITOR,-It is reported in Medicopolitical Digest' that Loretta Light, chairing the community health doctors subcommittee, felt that the guidance in EL(93)28 on implementation of the joint working party report on medical services for children2 does not represent the spirit or the letter of the report and that she was concerned at the advice that community health doctors could help with difficulties in safety net cover in paediatrics.As primary care increases its child health responsibilities and hospital stays shorten with greater home care of sick children, community child health doctors will be undertaking a more specialist role supporting primary care.It is important that they are trained for this wider range of responsibilities.The joint working party agreed that child health doctors should have more experience in hospital paediatrics.Hospital paediatric duties, including on call, could be envisaged for some child health staff grade posts, especially in smaller districts.This proposal is, however, for the future work force and only now for those with appropriate experience or "who are willing to undergo training to work in hospital."
Environmental Air Pollution
Authors: VICKI STONE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

The effects of air pollution on health have been recognized for many hundreds of years. In London, during December 1952, a particularly bad smog, which involved extreme elevations of both SO 2 and black smoke, was associated with more than 1,000 extra deaths during a 5-d period (1). The majority of the pollution responsible for smogs is derived from the domestic and industrial burning of fossil fuels. The introduction of legislation to reduce the burning of fossil fuels in Britain and elsewhere has meant that the make-up of environmental air pollution has changed considerably. However, the decline in fossil fuel-associated pollutants has been replaced by a steady increase in traffic-associated pollutants such as finer, respirable particulates, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O 3 ), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
T Helper 17 Cells Promote Cytotoxic T Cell Activation in Tumor Immunity
Authors: Natalia Martin-Orozco, Pawel Muranski, Yeonseok Chung, Xuexian O. Yang, Tomohide Yamazaki, Sijie Lu, Patrick Hwu, Nicholas P. Restifo, Willem W. Overwijk, Chen Dong
Journal: Immunity (2009)
OPTIMAL PATIENT POSITIONING AND DATA ACQUISITION TIMING IN CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: Jay Mericle, John Crues, Daniel S. Berman, Jamshid Maddahi, John Friedman, Ernest Garcia, Robert W. Henderson, William G. Bradley
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1984)

Current magnetic resonance (MR) images are limited by providing only three orthogonal planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal); therefore, procedure modification is required for cardiac imaging to adjust for the orientation of the heart. This study was to optimize methods for visualization of cardiac chambers and the aortic valve, and to establish a gating technique for end-diastolic (ED) and endsystolic (ES) imaging of a desired cardiac plane. Seven pts (2 normal, 3 aortic stenosis (AS), 2 asymmetric septal hypertrophy) were studied, evaluating the following views: axial, modified axial 4-chamber (long-axis), RAO sagittal (short-axis), and aortic root (modified axial and coronal). For LV ED and ES and for gated aortic valve imaging, the following formula was developed: RD = X – ((slice # – 1) x 100 + 15), where R is the R delay in milliseconds, X is the R to desired imaging time, slice # denotes the desired plane, and 15 is a constant. Results: Images providing excellent detail of internal and external cardiac borders were obtained in all pts. The 4-chamber view better depicted the long-axis of the LV than the standard axial view. For the aortic valve, both modified axial and coronal views were useful. In the 2 pts with severe AS, the valve leaflets orifice was identified. The gating formula applied in the axial 4-chamber view provided high-quality ED and ES images in all pts studied. Conclusion: 1) The limitation of current MR imagers to three orthogonal planes can be overcome for cardiac MR by modification of pt positioning. 2) It is now possible to adequately visualize cardiac structures in various parts of the cardiac cycle.
Cellular basis of chronic ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats.
Authors: G Olivetti, J M Capasso, L G Meggs, E H Sonnenblick, P Anversa
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

To determine whether the hypertrophic response of the surviving myocardium after infarction leads to normalization of ventricular hemodynamics and wall stress, the left coronary artery was ligated in rats. One month later, the rats were killed. In infarcts affecting an average 38% of the free wall of the left ventricle (small infarcts), reactive hypertrophy in the spared myocardium bordering and remote from the scar was documented by increases in myocyte cell volume per nucleus of 43% and 25%, respectively. These cellular enlargements resulted in a complete reconstitution of functioning tissue. However, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was increased, left ventricular dP/dt was decreased, and diastolic wall stress was increased 2.4-fold. After infarctions resulting in a 60% loss of mass (large infarcts), myocyte hypertrophy was 81% and 32% in the regions adjacent to and distant from the scar, respectively. A 10% deficit was present in the recovery of viable myocardium. Functionally, ventricular performance was markedly depressed, and diastolic wall stress was increased ninefold. The alterations in loading of the spared myocardium were due to an increase in chamber volume and a decrease in the myocardial mass/chamber volume ratio that affected both infarct groups. Chamber dilation was the consequence of the combination of gross anatomic and cellular changes consisting, in the presence of small infarcts, of a 6% and a 19% increase in transverse midchamber diameter and in average myocyte length per nucleus, respectively. In the presence of large infarcts, transverse and longitudinal chamber diameters expanded by 27% and 11%, respectively, myocyte length per nucleus expanded by 26%, and the mural number of myocytes decreased by 10%. In conclusion, decompensated eccentric ventricular hypertrophy develops chronically after infarction, and growth processes in myocytes are inadequate for normalization of wall stress when myocyte loss involves nearly 40% or more of the cells of the left ventricular free wall. The persistance of elevated myocardial and cellular loads may sustain the progression of the disease state toward end-stage congestive heart failure.
Arsenic as an Endocrine Disruptor: Arsenic Disrupts Retinoic Acid Receptor–and Thyroid Hormone Receptor–Mediated Gene Regulation and Thyroid Hormone–Mediated Amphibian Tail Metamorphosis
Authors: Jennifer C. Davey, Athena P. Nomikos, Manida Wungjiranirun, Jenna R. Sherman, Liam Ingram, Cavus Batki, Jean P. Lariviere, Joshua W. Hamilton
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

BackgroundChronic exposure to excess arsenic in drinking water has been strongly associated with increased risks of multiple cancers, diabetes, heart disease, and reproductive and developmental problems in humans. We previously demonstrated that As, a potent endocrine disruptor at low, environmentally relevant levels, alters steroid signaling at the level of receptor-mediated gene regulation for all five steroid receptors.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to determine whether As can also disrupt gene regulation via the retinoic acid (RA) receptor (RAR) and/or the thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR) and whether these effects are similar to previously observed effects on steroid regulation.Methods and resultsHuman embryonic NT2 or rat pituitary GH3 cells were treated with 0.01–5 μM sodium arsenite for 24 hr, with or without RA or TH, respectively, to examine effects of As on receptor-mediated gene transcription. At low, noncytotoxic doses, As significantly altered RAR-dependent gene transcription of a transfected RAR response element–luciferase construct and the native RA-inducible cytochrome P450 CYP26A gene in NT2 cells. Likewise, low-dose As significantly altered expression of a transfected TR response element–luciferase construct and the endogenous TR-regulated type I deiodinase (DIO1) gene in a similar manner in GH3 cells. An amphibian ex vivo tail metamorphosis assay was used to examine whether endocrine disruption by low-dose As could have specific pathophysiologic consequences, because tail metamorphosis is tightly controlled by TH through TR. TH-dependent tail shrinkage was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 0.1– 4.0 μM As.ConclusionsAs had similar effects on RAR- and TR-mediated gene regulation as those previously observed for the steroid receptors, suggesting a common mechanism or action. Arsenic also profoundly affected a TR-dependent developmental process in a model animal system at very low concentrations. Because RAR and TH are critical for both normal human development and adult function and their dysregulation is associated with many disease processes, disruption of these hormone receptor–dependent processes by As is also potentially relevant to human developmental problems and disease risk.
Substance of some Remarks concerning Cases of Valvular Disease of the Heart, Known to have Existed for over Five Years without Causing Serious Symptoms
Authors: A. Clark
Journal: BMJ (1887)

examples of the os centrale in the adult human carpus, taking equal rank with the normal carpal ossicles.It was clear that, in this case, the os centrale represented a suppressed element in the callus.How far the suppression had been carried was difficult to decide, for Weidersheim had observed that thei axolotl might have two and( even three ossa centralia.Pineal Body.-Among suppressed structures, the pineal body was to be classed.The recent investigations of de Graaf and Spencer showed that it was the rudiment of a median eye, still represented in lizards in miniature.It was probably an organ of functional import- ance in the extinct amnphibia of pre-tertiary periods.So far as mammals were concerned, it was to be regarded as a suppressed organ, and, like such structures in general, miight become the seat of aberrant growths.Thus Weigert had described a teratoma of this body, and cysts had been recorded by Virchow and Drs.Wilks, Charlewood Turner, and Silcock.The origin of this body as a hollow diverticulum from the thalarrencephalon led to the expectation that cysts might occasionally be founid in its interior.!i'ird Inkisoer.-One of the clearest instances of suppression, and, at the same time, one capable of the clearest possible demonstration, was connected with the disappearance alnd occasional re-appearance of a third incisor tooth in man.The fact was first announced by Albrecht (now of Hamburg), and had been abundantly confirmed by anatomists in this country.On comparing the teethi of mammals with those of a shark, it was at once seen that, whereas in the former the teeth were restricted to certain very definite regions, in the latter they were almost universally distributed in the mouth.It was thus clear that, in the evolution of the human species, a great number of teeth had been suppressed, and the p;ipillee in the neighbourhood of the teeth-territories might be regarded as potentially teeth.The
A MECHANISM OF THE GLYCOGENOLYTIC ACTION OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Jay P. Sanford, Jack A. Barnett, Cora Gott
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

These experiments have demonstrated that liver glycogen may rise or fall after endotoxin administration, depending upon the antecedent diet and that total adrenalectomy followed by corticosteroid replacement abolishes the glycogenolytic effect of sublethal doses of endotoxin. It is concluded that the derangements of carbohydrate metabolism observed following the administration of sublethal quantities of bacterial endotoxin represent, not a direct hepatotoxic effect of endotoxin, but rather the passive consequence of epinephrine release.
CHICAGO MEDICAL BOOK COMPANY
Authors: A. C. Bowers
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> We wish to inform your readers that the Chicago Medical Book Company has had nothing to do with nor did we know anything about the printing, publication, or distribution of a pamphlet, "The Hospital Superintendent: What Makes Him Tick?" This is reported to be a study in human behavior, but it is unsigned, and there appears to be no way of identifying the author or sponsor. Unfortunately, at the end of the document appears this statement: "Additional copies of this book may be obtained from the Chicago Medical Book Co., Jackson and Honore Streets, Chicago, Illinois." The Chicago Medical Book Company has never been contacted by any person or persons requesting the use of our name with regard to this book or a book of this nature, nor have we ever given our permission to any person or persons allowing them the use of our name for
BILATERAL PYELO-URETEROGRAMS
Authors: ABRAHAM MATTES
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Since the use of opaque solutions, as introduced by Voelcker and von Lichtenberg 1 in 1906, pyelography has made tremendous strides. The toxicity of the agents used has been lessened, and the roentgenogram has been materially improved.  The efforts of Braasch, 2 and his writings from 1909 and onward stimulated its use and proved its value. At the time of its introduction, collargol was most generally used. Reports as to its toxicity did not find their way into the literature prior to 1913, when Braasch 3 stated that he had observed the retention of the fluid for as long as several weeks. In 1913, Thomas 4 of the Mayo Clinic stated that the overdistention of the pelvis and the resulting colic might be caused from the use of the syringe and suggested the gravity method. He devised an apparatus that bears his name.  A summary of the writings in 1914