tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Book Review: Multiphasic Screening
Authors: JAY S. WAKEFIELD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Comments and Corrections1 March 1973Book Review: Multiphasic ScreeningJAY S. WAKEFIELDJAY S. WAKEFIELDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-3-463_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: A review of our book, A Critical Analysis of the Cost-Effectiveness of Multiphasic Screening, which appeared on page 882 of the November 1972 issue, incorrectly identified it as a "Second Edition." We do have another book, Acquisition of the History Database, which is not a conference proceedings but a review of the current state-of-the-art of medical history questionnaires. This book has been printed in a second edition.The review focuses on the generalization that it was pointed out during the conference that multiphasic examinations "have three purposes: case-finding, health monitoring, and evaluating therapy." That conceptualization is one... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Medical Computer Services Association Seattle, Washington PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1973Volume 78, Issue 3Page: 463-463KeywordsDatabasesQuestionnaires ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 March 1973 PDF downloadLoading ...
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY STUDIES IN A CLOSELY BRED COLONY OF DOGS
Authors: Felix T. Rapaport, Arthur D. Boyd, Frank C. Spencer, Richard R. Lower, Jean Dausset, Florence D. Cannon, Joseph W. Ferrebee
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

The DL-A system of histocompatibility plays an important role in conditioning the survival of cardiac allografts in the unmodified canine host. The mean survival time of six cardiac allografts performed in DL-A-compatible littermate dogs obtained from a closely bred colony of beagles was 53.2 days, while the MST of transplants performed in seven DL-A-incompatible animals was 7.3 days. The MST of cardiac allografts performed in nine DL-A-compatible nonlittermate beagles was 26.3 days, as compared with 6.3 days in six DL-A-incompatible nonlittermate transplants. The results did not appear to be affected by Swisher erythrocyte-group incompatibilities. The MST of 28 cardiac allografts performed in randomly selected mongrel dogs was 10.0 days. Incompatibilities for DL-A antigens e, f, g, l, and m may constitute major barriers to transplantation, but antigens b, c, d, and k appeared to act as weak histocompatibility antigens. Under controlled conditions of donor-recipient DL-A compatibility, cardiac allografts may be less immunogenic than renal transplants. Heart transplants performed across major donor-recipient DL-A incompatibilities appeared, however, to be more vulnerable to the events of allograft rejection than renal allografts performed under similar conditions. The selection of optimally compatible donor-recipient combinations for organ transplantation may be aided materially by genetic studies of the transmission of DL-A antigens to the animals under consideration.
Increase in the 8-hydroxyguanine repair activity in the rat kidney after the administration of a renal carcinogen, ferric nitrilotriacetate.
Authors: R Yamaguchi, T Hirano, S Asami, A Sugita, H Kasai
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

One type of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua), is known to increase in rat kidney DNA after the administration of a renal carcinogen, ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA). To determine the involvement of oxygen radicals in Fe-NTA carcinogenesis, we examined whether the 8-OH-Gua repair enzymes are induced in the rat kidney after Fe-NTA administration, in addition to our analysis of the 8-OH-Gua levels in the DNA, because the 8-OH-Gua repair activity is known to be induced in mammalian cells by oxidative stress due to ionizing radiation. The 8-OH-Gua repair enzyme activity was determined with an endonuclease assay using a 22-mer double strand DNA, which contains 8-OH-Gua at a specific position. A significant increase in the 8-OH-Gua repair activity was observed in the rat kidney after a single intraperitoneal injection of Fe-NTA (p < 0.01). This is the first report on the induction of the repair activity for 8-OH-Gua after treatment with a chemical carcinogen. This assay will be useful for evaluating the carcinogenicity of oxygen radical-forming chemicals.
General practitioner fundholding
Authors: F D Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1990)

the degree of hyperfiltration and glomerular hypertension.Studies using different antihypertensive regimens after renal ablation in rats have shown that comparable reductions in systemic blood pressure provide similar protection against glomerulosclerosis irrespective of the effect on glomerular pressure and hyperfiltration.3Considerable protection against glomerulosclerosis is also provided by inhibition of thromboxane synthesis4 or treatment with heparin,5 in each case without affecting hyperfiltration or glomerular hypertension.The effect of heparin is independent of its anticoagulant properties as similar protection can be achieved with a low molecular weight non- anticoagulant form of the molecule.9Increases in mesangial cell number and mesangial matrix production are prominent features in progressive glomerulosclerosis: heparin is a potent inhibitor of mesangial cell proliferation and matrix production in vitro, and again this effect can be reproduced with the non-anticoagulant form of the molecule.7A further area of recent research is the role of peptide growth factors in the adaptation to loss of renal mass.Intrarenal production of insulin-like growth factor type 1 increases after contralateral nephrectomy,5 and this growth factor has mito- genic effects on renal cells in vitro.9Other growth factors, such as platelet derived growth factor, have potent mitogenic effects on mesangial cells in vitro,"' but their role in vivo has yet to be characterised.Current attempts at intervention in progressive chronic renal failure have been designed on the basis of the hyperfiltration hypothesis.The deficiencies of the hypothesis may partly explain the relative lack of success of such attempts.It is to be hoped that recent advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying progressive glomerulosclerosis may lead to the development of more rational and therefore more effective treatments.
Vitamin D status in Crohn's disease: association with nutrition and disease activity.
Authors: A D Harries, R Brown, R V Heatley, L A Williams, S Woodhead, J Rhodes
Journal: Gut (1985)

Forty patients with Crohn9s disease were divided into undernourished (18) and well nourished (22) groups depending on whether their midarm circumference was below or above 90% of the ideal standard. Plasma 25-(OH)D3 and the dihydroxylated metabolites, 24,25-(OH)2D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 were measured in the summer. Results were related to clinical and biochemical parameters and also compared with results from patients with ulcerative colitis and healthy subjects who served as controls. Plasma 25-(OH)D3 was reduced in the undernourished Crohn9s group compared with the well nourished Crohn9s group, who did not differ from the controls. Over 50% of the undernourished Crohn9s group had evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and raised alkaline phosphatase concentrations, although concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 were normal. The low 25-(OH)D3 concentrations related to disease activity. It is suggested that undernourished Crohn9s patients who have high levels of disease activity are at risk of vitamin D deficiency, and attempts should be made to improve their vitamin D nutrition.
British government looks at effects of wealth on health
Authors: T Delamothe
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The British government is to examine the links between social inequalities and health as part of its continuing review of the Health of the Nation targets. This comes after more than a decade of official reluctance to discuss the issue.

A new interdepartmental working group will be chaired by Dr Jeremy Metters, deputy chief medical officer, who announced the formation of the new group at a conference on social inequalities and health organised by …
Estradiol modulates the pulsatile secretion of biologically active luteinizing hormone in man.
Authors: J D Veldhuis, M L Dufau
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

We investigated the effects of estradiol on bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH) release in normal men using two complementary strategies: (i) steady state intravenous infusions of estradiol at its endogenous production rate, and (ii) oral administration of the antiestrogen, tamoxifen HCl. Immunoreactive and biologically active LH were monitored by radioimmunoassay and the rat interstitial cell testosterone bioassay, respectively. Estradiol infusions significantly suppressed mean plasma bioactive LH concentrations and decreased the bio/immuno LH ratio. Conversely, antiestrogen treatment enhanced spontaneous bioactive LH pulse frequency, increased bioactive LH pulse amplitude, and augmented plasma intrapulse and interpulse bio/immuno LH ratios. Low-dose pulsed injections of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) also increased plasma bio/immuno LH ratios. However, tamoxifen attenuated the ability of exogenous GnRH to further enhance the bio/immuno LH ratio, which suggests that endogenous LH release was already maximally enriched in LH bioactivity during antiestrogen administration. We conclude that estradiol modulates the pulsatile secretion of LH molecules enriched in biological activity in man.
Use of Prophylaxis for Malaria by American Travelers to Africa and Haiti
Authors: Hans O. Lobel
Journal: JAMA (1987)

EACH year, approximately 1 million Americans travel to countries where they may be exposed to malaria.<sup>1</sup>Infections with<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>in such travelers are of particular concern because these infections can be fatal.<sup>2</sup>Use of effective chemoprophylaxis can reduce the risk of infection from malaria considerably.<sup>3</sup>All travelers to malariaendemic countries are advised to take chloroquine each week as chemoprophylaxis. In addition, from 1982 until April 1985, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) advised travelers to countries with chloroquine-resistant<i>P falciparum</i>to also take pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine each week.<sup>4</sup>However, information on cases of malaria in the United States reported to the CDC suggests that use of chemoprophylaxis by US travelers is incomplete: only 28% of the 410 US patients infected with<i>P falciparum</i>in Africa between 1980 and 1984 had used a recommended drug regimen for prophylaxis, and none of the 58 patients with<i>P falciparum</i>infections
COMPARISON OF TWO PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES
Authors: N. GOLD, R. A. PARGITER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1964)

Two psychiatric practices, one private and the other essentially the same except that it is a part of a free government service, are compared by surveying 200 concurrent patients from each. Certain data were extracted from the case notes and compared. Generally speaking, there was surprisingly little difference between the two practices except in age structure, the private practice having older patients for which some reasons are given. Other differences seem to follow from this difference in age structure.
Glycemic Durability of Rosiglitazone, Metformin, or Glyburide Monotherapy
Authors: Steven E. Kahn, Steven M. Haffner, Mark A. Heise, William H. Herman, Rury R. Holman, Nigel P. Jones, Barbara G. Kravitz, John M. Lachin, M. Colleen O'Neill, Bernard Zinman, Giancarlo Viberti
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

The efficacy of thiazolidinediones, as compared with other oral glucose-lowering medications, in maintaining long-term glycemic control in type 2 diabetes is not known.
The Nlrp3 Inflammasome Affects Airway Inflammation, IgE/IL-13 Production And Mast Cell Function In A Subchronic Model Of Asthma
Authors: M. Kwan, I.C. Allen, W.J. Brickey, M. Hernandez, D.B. Peden, J.P.Y. Ting
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Ethics and Perinatology
Authors: I. Ainsworth-Smith
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Ed Amnon Goldworth, William Silverman, David K Stevenson, Ernle W D Young Oxford University Press, pounds sterling50, pp 484 ISBN 0 19 262379 6

Much current discussion in medical ethics focuses on respect for the individual autonomy of an individual patient. Ethics and Perinatology points out the obvious difficulty of applying this principle in the case of highly dependent and unwell babies. It points out that neonatology is one aspect of care in which Martin Buber's classic “I-Thou” distinction is impossible to make without some recourse to a more “duty based” ethic. An adult, nearly always the parent …
Qualitative methods in environmental health research.
Authors: Phil Brown
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

Public health researchers increasingly turn to qualitative methods either on their own or in combination with quantitative methods. Qualitative methods are especially important to community environmental health research, as they provide a way to produce community narratives that give voice to individuals and characterize the community in a full and complex fashion. This article first traces the legacy of qualitative research in environmental health, then uses a case study of the author's experiences studying the Woburn, Massachusetts, childhood leukemia cluster to provide personal and scholarly insights on qualitative approaches. That material then informs a discussion of important components of qualitative methods in environmental health research, including flexible study design, access, trust, empathy, and personal shifts in the researcher's worldview, bias, and the nature of the researcher's roles. A concluding discussion addresses issues in funding policy and research practices.
Abstract 861: Analysis of predictive genes in triple negative breast cancer in response to a gamma-secretase inhibitor.
Authors: Roma Olsauskas-Kuprys, Clodia Osipo
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Defined by the lack of estrogen and progesterone receptors and amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a devastating disease with no approved, targeted therapy to date. Characterized by aggressive behavior which includes high rates of metastasis and very poor prognosis, TNBC is presently treated with DNA-damaging agents such as cisplatin or carboplatin. The overall survival outcomes for women with TNBC is dismal and consequently TNBC research requires identification of biomarkers that specifically mediate signaling pathways that lead to disease progression and metastasis. Notch receptors which are necessary for self-renewal and survival of breast cancer stem cells are excellent candidate biomarkers to investigate in various subtypes of TNBC. Based on the critical need to identify predictive biomarkers, we hypothesized that inhibition of the Notch pathway via γ-secretase inhibition (GSI) will provide an effective blockade of TNBC growth in specific subtypes where predictive Notch gene expression profiles are significantly up or downregulated. A panel of three TNBC cell lines were used in this study: MDA-MB-231 (mesenchymal stem-like), MDA-MB-468 (basal-like 1), and BT549 (luminal). Using real-time PCR, Notch pathway-associated genes were measured which include Notch-1 and Notch-4 receptors, Notch target genes (i.e. Deltex-1, Hes-1, Hes-5, and Hey-1), and genes such as IL-8 and MMP-9 which are associated with aggressive tumor behavior. Both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth assays were measured in response to MRK-003 GSI, carboplatin, and the combination. We have identified for the first time a TNBC line (MDA-MB-468) that expressed the highest level of Hes-1, a Notch gene target, and is the most sensitive to single agent MRK-003 GSI treatment. We also identified that this cell line with the highest sensitivity to MRK-003 GSI upregulates Notch-4 and IL-8 in response to the GSI to a greater extent than either of the two other TNBC lines. Furthermore, the addition of carboplatin at its IC50 concentration significantly increased the sensitivity of MRK-003 GSI in otherwise insensitive TNBC lines. These results suggest for the first time that: 1) Hes-1 could potentially be a valuable predictive biomarker of Notch activity in TBNC; 2) induction of Notch-4 and/or IL-8 could predict response to MRK-003 GSI; and 3) carboplatin might provide a means to increase sensitivity to MRK-003 GSI in resistant TNBC. Citation Format: Roma Olsauskas-Kuprys, Clodia Osipo. Analysis of predictive genes in triple negative breast cancer in response to a gamma-secretase inhibitor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 861. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-861
Abstract 2567: Expression of <i>BRAF</i> splice variants lacking the catalytic domain predicts dacarbazine response in advanced melanoma
Authors: Christian Busch, Jürgen Geisler, Johan Richard Lillehaug, Per Eystein Lønning
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Metastatic melanomas respond poorly to chemotherapy. The aim of this single institution study was to correlate BRAF and NRAS mutation status to dacarbazine (DTIC) response and outcome in metastatic melanomas. METHODS: Snap-frozen tissue samples were obtained from 85 malignant melanoma deposits. Seventy-five of these were from patients evaluable for response to dacarbazine treatment, and BRAF and NRAS status was correlated to treatment outcome. In addition, cell culture studies were performed, evaluating the effect of BRAF/NRAS status on dacarbazine sensitivity. RESULTS: We identified two BRAF splice variants lacking key parts of the catalytic domain (exon 12-15 and exon 14-15, respectively). Splice expression and BRAF V600E mutation status were mutually exclusive (p=0.006). All patients obtaining an objective response to chemotherapy expressed splice variants (p=0.014 and p=0.043 at 6 and 12 weeks, respectively). siRNA-mediated BRAF knockdown increased dacarbazine sensitivity in a melanoma cell line wt for BRAF (SBcl2) but not in SK-MEL 28, harbouring BRAF V600E. No correlation between BRAF or NRAS mutation status and treatment response was recorded. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that BRAF plays a key role conferring resistance to dacarbazine treatment in metastatic melanomas and the del 12-15 or del 14-15 splice variants to have BRAF antagonizing effects. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2567.
Dissociation of Plasma and Spinal Fluid ACTH in Nelson Syndrome
Authors: James E. Hoffman
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Nine years after a bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing syndrome and three years after a craniotomy for a chromophobe adenoma, a 51-year-old white woman with marked hyperpigmentation was reexamined because of recurrent visual field losses. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were elevated. Following intravenous administration of hydrocortisone, the serum ACTH levels were only partially suppressed. Unexpectedly, the cerebral spinal fluid ACTH level increased and remained elevated. (<i>JAMA</i>228:491-492, 1974)
Moving Reform to the Bedside
Authors: Erica S. Spatz, Cary P. Gross
Journal: JAMA (2010)

AS THE HEALTH CARE REFORM DEBATE HAS BECOME more fractious and politicized, the need for clear, productive, and patient-centered input from physicians has increased. The cumulative actions of individual physicians can have a substantial effect on meaningful and lasting reform. For the medical profession to assume a leadership role, individual physicians will need to (1) acknowledge the inequitable and dysfunctional nature of the current health care system and the role of physicians in perpetuating that system, (2) examine his or her professional responsibilities to the public, and (3) take action with specific concrete behaviors that will facilitate and guide efforts to improve the health care system. Physicians have learned to work within a dysfunctional system—committing extra hours to arguing with insurers to obtain a medication for one patient, a computed tomographic scan for another, and a surgical procedure for a third. The annual cost of challenging third-party payers has been estimated at $68 000 per physician. The system has become so unmanageable that some physicians are willing to use deceit to secure insurance coverage for a medical procedure. These burdensome practices and costs, however, have not been effectively challenged by physicians—even during this time of reform. For many physicians, it may simply be a matter of having limited time or a distaste for politics. Others may be resigned to working within a system that is familiar, despite its dysfunction. Whatever the reason, in remaining silent, physicians have perpetuated a system in which patient access to medical care is too often reliant on the physician’s willingness to participate in, and at times game, a highly inequitable system. The American College of Physicians’ charter addresses the professional obligations of a physician, encouraging physicians to work at the societal level to improve access to care, reduce discrimination, manage conflict of interest, control medical expenditures, and facilitate a just distribution of scarce resources. In accordance with these principles, there are immediate and concrete steps physicians can take both at the bedside and in the community to help reshape the health care system and fulfill their moral and professional duties to the public. Work Daily to Provide High-Quality Care Physicians must commit to improving quality in their daily practice. Nearly half of patients do not receive evidencebased medical care, chronic illness is often poorly controlled, and many patients do not receive clinically needed preventive services. Physicians must respond by adopting new approaches to measuring and improving the quality of care they are providing. Physicians and group practices can receive incentive payments for participation in Medicare’s physician quality reporting initiative. Additionally, professional societies and insurers often have mechanisms for collecting and reporting quality data. These data can be used by physicians to improve performance and patient care.