tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ghost in the machine?
Authors: Andreas Kopka
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Objective To test whether standard information for patients using Crunchie and Aero chocolate bars to explain bone health and risk of fracture is robust.Design Observational study.Setting Domestic kitchen in rural west Wales.Participants 10 Crunchie bars and 10 Aero bars.Main outcome measure Fracture after falls from varying heights.Results Both Crunchie and Aero bars exhibited the same T and Z scores for bone density.Crunchie bars had a lower chocolate mass index than the Aero bars.Crunchie bars are more liable to fracture.Conclusions Using Crunchie and Aero chocolate bars to explain bone structure to patients may be visually attractive but oversimplifies the situation. IntroductIonIt is important that information provided to patients as part of their treatment should be comprehensive and accurate.Within our area of practice relating to osteoporosis and fragility fracture we have noticed a tendency to compare normal, healthy bone to the finely honeycombed structure of a Crunchie (Cadbury Trebor Bassett; Bournville, Birmingham) chocolate bar and to compare abnormal, osteoporotic bone to the coarser structure of an Aero (Nestle UK; York) bar (fig 1). 1 2 Although this explanation is readily appreciated by patients and clinicians it struck us that the comparison may not be completely valid as no work has been published on the fracture potential of each bar.This might mean that with best intentions we are advising patients to aspire to a bone structure that is actually more liable to fracture.To enable us to provide accurate data to our patients we studied the fracture risk for each chocolate bar. MethodsWe randomly purchased 20 chocolate bars (10 Crunchie and 10 Aero) from a reputable high street confectioner; the number of bars was limited by research funds and our rural environment.Each bar was measured to provide information on height
Prognostic Value of 18F-FDG Uptake on Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with Pathologic Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sang-Won Um, Hojoong Kim, Won-Jung Koh, Gee Young Suh, Man Pyo Chung, O Jung Kwon, Joon Young Choi, Joungho Han, Kyung Soo Lee, Jhingook Kim
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
Neonatal Brain Injury
Authors: Donna M. Ferriero
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

More than 95 percent of infants who have neonatal stroke survive to adulthood, and many have residual motor or cognitive disabilities. This article makes the point that recognition of at-risk newborns by means of advanced methods of neuroimaging, combined with a plan for rational intervention, may result in the prevention or the reduction in the incidence of lifelong disabilities such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and behavioral and learning disorders.
The Control of Pertussis — 2007 and Beyond
Authors: Scott A. Halperin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

November 2, 2006: the Boston Globe reports an outbreak of whooping cough affecting one patient and 15 staff members at Boston Children's Hospital; 60 other staff members have respiratory symptoms and are being tested for pertussis.1 At Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, New Hampshire, more than 4500 hospital employees are given acellular pertussis vaccine in response to cases of pertussis among health care workers during the spring of 2006.2 In Texas in 2005, more than 2000 cases of pertussis are reported, and nine patients die, eight of them infants. In 2003, more than 1900 cases of pertussis are reported in . . .
Early effects of Asthma Prevention Program on asthma diagnosis and hospitalization in urban population of Poland
Authors: W. Stelmach, P. Majak, J. Jerzynska, I. Stelmach
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Asthma is one of the commonest public health problems in Poland and the commonest chronic disorder in children. Lodz Regional Health Insurance Fund was a sponsor of the Prevention Asthma Program in 2000-03, directed at increasing early detection and providing optimal treatment of allergies by specialists in children.All funds were divided between 127 primary and 12 specialized care centres participated in the programme. Primary care centre goals were: anamnestic information, mapping of allergy-causing factors, repeated auscultation of the lungs, bronchial dilation test, peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurement at the clinic and at home for 2 weeks. After preliminary diagnosis patients have been send to specialized centres. Specialized care centre goals were as follows: skin testing, spirometry, repeated bronchial dilation test, determination of eosinophilic white blood cells and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in blood.Increasing trend of new asthma diagnosis, expressed per 1000 inhabitants, was observed from 0.99 in 2000 to 2.19 in 2003. In the first year of Asthma Prevention Program, we observed more hospital episodes because of asthma exacerbation in comparison with year 1999 but from the second year of programme we showed systematically decreasing number of hospital episodes as a result of asthma exacerbation from 1.48 in 2000 to 0.84 in 2003. We found significantly decreasing trend in duration of hospitalization due to asthma exacerbation (P = 0.001).Effects of this programmes are: early identification of allergic diseases, mainly asthma, reduced number and shorter duration of hospitalization because of asthma exacerbation and establishing new Asthma Schools Education.
THE PRESENT STATE OF OUR KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING SO-CALLED PARTIAL OR GRADUATED TENOTOMIES AND THE HETEROPHORIAS.
Authors: J. ELLIOTT COLBURN
Journal: JAMA (1902)

For nearly thirty years partial or graduated tenotomy for the correction of heterophoria has been on trial. It at once received the attention of numerous advocates and opponents. The reports presented by Stevens and later by Ranney and others were confirmed or disapproved according to the experience of individual observers. There seem to be still a few who doubt the possibility of obtaining a result from a partial tenotomy, and others who doubt the efficacy of any operative interference in correcting heterophoria. The value of the operation can only be judged by a careful study of a large number of cases extending over a long period of time, recorded by many observers. <h3>LEGITIMATE PARTIAL TENOTOMY.</h3> It is not my purpose to discuss in this paper the pros and cons of the questions involved in the study of the relation of certain forms of imbalance of the ocular muscles and eye
The Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane of Toxoplasma gondii Is Targeted for Disruption by Ubiquitin-like Conjugation Systems of Autophagy
Authors: Jayoung Choi, Sunmin Park, Scott B. Biering, Elizabeth Selleck, Catherine Y. Liu, Xin Zhang, Naonobu Fujita, Tatsuya Saitoh, Shizuo Akira, Tamotsu Yoshimori, L. David Sibley, Seungmin Hwang, Herbert W. Virgin
Journal: Immunity (2014)
Breast density on mammography can help assess response to tamoxifen and predict survival, finds study
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Mammograms can be used to show whether a woman who has had breast cancer is responding to treatment with tamoxifen by measuring the density of breast tissue, a study has found.

Researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden tested the hypothesis that a reduction in breast density after treatment with tamoxifen signalled a response and would result in improved survival from breast cancer.

They studied 974 postmenopausal women who had taken part in a study …
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Factors That Can Affect Sensitivity to Neurotoxic Sequelae in Elderly Individuals
Authors: Gary Ginsberg, Dale Hattis, Abel Russ, Babasaheb Sonawane
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Early-life exposure to agents that modulate neurologic function can have long-lasting effects well into the geriatric period. Many other factors can affect neurologic function and susceptibility to neurotoxicants in elderly individuals. In this review we highlight pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors that may increase geriatric susceptibility to these agents. There is a decreasing trend in hepatic metabolizing capacity with advancing years that can affect the ability to clear therapeutic drugs and environmental chemicals. This factor combined with decreased renal clearance causes prolonged retention of numerous drugs in elderly individuals. A geriatric pharmacokinetic database was developed to analyze changes in drug clearance with advancing age. This analysis shows that the half-life of drugs processed by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes or via renal elimination is typically 50-75% longer in those older than 65 than in young adults. Liver and kidney diseases are more common in elderly individuals and can further decrease the clearance function of these organs. Polypharmacy, the administration of numerous drugs to a single patient, is very common in elderly individuals and increases the risks for drug interaction and side effects. With advancing age the nervous system undergoes a variety of changes, including neuronal loss, altered neurotransmitter and receptor levels, and decreased adaptability to changes induced by xenobiotics. These changes in the central nervous system can make elderly individuals more susceptible to neurologic dysfunction when confronted with single pharmacologic agents, polypharmacy, or environmental toxicants. The many factors that affect elderly responses to neuroactive agents make environmental risk assessment for this age group a special concern and present a unique challenge.
HER2-Positive Circulating Tumor Cells Indicate Poor Clinical Outcome in Stage I to III Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Pia Wülfing, Julia Borchard, Horst Buerger, Stefan Heidl, Kurt S. Zänker, Ludwig Kiesel, Burkhard Brandt
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Early metastasis in node-negative breast cancer indicates that breast cancer cells obviously can bypass the lymph nodes and disseminate directly hematogenous to distant organs. For this purpose, we evaluated the prognostic value of blood-borne, HER2-positive circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the peripheral blood from 42 breast cancer patients with a median follow-up of 95 months.Cells were isolated by the patented combined buoyant density gradient and immunomagnetic separation procedure and analyzed by immunocytochemistry.We detected one to eight CTCs in the peripheral blood of 17 of 35 patients (48.6%) presenting no overt metastasis. As a positive control, 7 of 7 (100%) patients with metastatic disease presented positive. Healthy persons and patients (n = 32) operated for nonmalignant diseases presented negative for CTCs. The presence and frequency of HER2-positive CTCs correlated with a significantly decreased disease-free survival (P < 0.005) and overall survival (P < 0.05). Interestingly, in 12 patients with HER2-positive CTCs, the primary tumor was negative for HER2 as assessed by immunohistochemical score and fluorescence in situ hybridization.This study provides some evidence of a prognostic effect of HER2-positive CTCs in stage I to III breast cancer. Future studies have to determine the outcome of patients treated with HER2-targeting therapies with respect to HER2-positive CTC levels because it is not unlikely that high levels of HER2-positive CTCs reflect the activity of the tumor and may predict response to trastuzumab.
"BREAST AND ARTIFICIAL FEEDING"
Authors: Manuel M. Glazier
Journal: JAMA (1934)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I should like to offer a criticism of the work reported by Drs. Grulee, Sanford and Herron inThe Journal, September 8, page 735. The authors have done a fine piece of work but I feel that they make a generalization which does not follow the results of their work when they deduce that in order "to decrease further the infant mortality of this country it must be done by encouraging breast feeding." The authors use as material the records taken from 20,061 babies who were under the care of the Infant Welfare Society of Chicago for as long as nine months during the years 1924-1929 inclusive. The society has stations in the poorest sections of the city. These infants, in my opinion, do not represent (as the authors claim) "a true cross section of the national urban life," for there are no corresponding data about the
Effect of metiamide on the response to secretin and cholecystokinin in man.
Authors: B Thjodleifsson, K G Wormsley
Journal: Gut (1975)

The effects of intravenous metiamide on the pancreatic exocrine response to intravenous infusion of secretin plus cholecystokinin has been studied in eight patients with duodenal ulceration. The secretion of bicarbonate and water was not altered by metiamide. The secretion of enzymes was significantly less than control during infusion of metiamide. The differences between the pancreatic and gastric responses to metiamide are discussed.
Rapid-Onset Type 1 Diabetes with Pancreatic Exocrine Dysfunction
Authors: Åke Lernmark
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

We tend to view type 1 diabetes mellitus as a chronic autoimmune disease with a preclinical phase that usually lasts for a number of years.1 The classic symptoms of type 1 diabetes — hyperglycemia and ketosis — are thought to occur late in its course, only after 80 to 90 percent of the beta cells of the pancreatic islets have been destroyed. Data that provide strong support for this view have been obtained in numerous prospective studies of first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes; the relatives were followed because they had islet-cell antibodies.2 The conventional view of autoimmune . . .
The role of fibrinogen D domain intermolecular association sites in the polymerization of fibrin and fibrinogen Tokyo II (gamma 275 Arg--&gt;Cys).
Authors: M W Mosesson, K R Siebenlist, J P DiOrio, M Matsuda, J F Hainfeld, J S Wall
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Intermolecular end-to-middle domain pairing between a thrombin-exposed 'A' polymerization site in the central 'E' domain of fibrin, and a constitutive complementary 'a' site in each outer 'D' domain ('D:E'), is necessary but not alone sufficient for normal fibrin assembly, as judged from previous studies of a congenital dysfibrinogen, Tokyo II (gamma 275 arg-->cys), which showed defective fibrin clot assembly and a normal D:E interaction (Matsuda, M., M. Baba, K. Morimoto, and C. Nakamikawa, 1983. J. Clin. Invest. 72:1034-1041). In addition to the 'a' polymerization site, two other constitutive intermolecular association sites on fibrinogen D domains have been defined: between gamma chain regions containing the carboxy-terminal factor XIIIa crosslinking site ('gamma XL:gamma XL'); and between sites located at the outer ends of each molecule ('D:D') (Mosesson, M. W., K. R. Siebenlist, J. F. Hainfeld, and J. S. Wall, manuscript submitted for publication). We evaluated the function of these sites in Tokyo II fibrinogen, and confirmed that there was a normal fibrin D:E interaction, as determined from a normal fibrin crosslinking rate in the presence of factor XIIIa. We also found a normal gamma XL: gamma XL interaction, as assessed by a normal fibrinogen crosslinking rate. Judging from electron microscopic images, factor XIIIa-crosslinked Tokyo II fibrinogen failed to form elongated double-stranded fibrils like normal fibrinogen. Instead, it formed aggregated disordered collections of molecules, with occasional short fibrillar segments. In addition, Tokyo II fibrin formed an abnormal, extensively branched clot network containing many tapered terminating fibers. These findings indicate that the Tokyo II fibrinogen defect results in a functionally abnormal D:D self-association site, and that a normal D:D site interaction is required, in addition to D:E, for normal fibrin or fibrinogen assembly.
Systematic Review and Evidence Integration for Literature-Based Environmental Health Science Assessments
Authors: Andrew A. Rooney, Abee L. Boyles, Mary S. Wolfe, John R. Bucher, Kristina A. Thayer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Systematic-review methodologies provide objectivity and transparency to the process of collecting and synthesizing scientific evidence in reaching conclusions on specific research questions. There is increasing interest in applying these procedures to address environmental health questions.
Point-of-Care Testing for Infectious Diseases: Diversity, Complexity, and Barriers in Low- And Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Nitika Pant Pai, Caroline Vadnais, Claudia Denkinger, Nora Engel, Madhukar Pai
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2012)

Madhukar Pai and colleagues discuss a framework for envisioning how point-of-care testing can be applied to infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries.
Trauma Systems-Reply
Authors: John G. West
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Bassett suggests that legislation for implementation and management of a regional trauma system would ultimately result in a loss of physician control. We have not found this to be the case in California, Oregon, or Pennsylvania. A broad base of physician and nonphysician input was sought and used in both the formulation and implementation of legislation in these states. However, we would agree that when community experts fail to participate in the development of legislation, they are likely to end up with laws and regulations that are unacceptable. He also suggests that restricting level I status to hospitals with teaching and research programs is elitist. It should be pointed out that triage criteria do not differentiate between level I and level II hospitals. Also, both levels are held to the same standards of care. Dr Bassett believes that expanding triage criteria to include anatomic and mechanism of
"Air therapy' history offers lessons for clinicians today
Authors: P. Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1981)

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Common Pulmonary Vein Atresia
Authors: RICHARD E. HAWKER, JOHN M. CELERMAJER, DON C. GENGOS, TIMOTHY B. CARTMILL, J. DENBY BOWDLER
Journal: Circulation (1972)

Two cases of common pulmonary vein atresia (CPVA) are presented. In one, the diagnosis was suspected on clinical grounds, and in both it was c onfirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Surgical correction was attempted unsuccessfully in one. Prompt identification of the defect followed by immediate operation, using a technic of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest, offers hope of successful correction in this rare anomaly.
Genetically Modified Mouse Models for Biomarker Discovery and Preclinical Drug Testing
Authors: Raju Kucherlapati
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The ability to grow pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells in culture, and to introduce precise genetic modifications into those cells through gene targeting, has greatly facilitated the generation of mouse models of human disease. This technology is playing a particularly important role in cancer research. In addition to their use in elucidating the role of individual genes or combinations of 2 or more genes, the genetically engineered mouse models are being used to develop biomarkers and for preclinical drug testing. By examining plasma samples from tumor-bearing mice from mice carrying specific mutations in tumor suppressor genes and/or oncogenes, investigators can identify tumor-specific biomarkers that are overexpressed in the tumor cells. These markers are directly relevant to the corresponding human cancer. The ability to generate tumors at the correct anatomical site within the normal cellular environment is augmenting the use of xenografts in drug testing in a preclinical setting. Clin Cancer Res; 18(3); 625–30. ©2012 AACR.
Longitudinal assessment of hypercapnic ventilatory drive after tracheotomy in a patient with the Prader-Willi syndrome
Authors: D. Gozal, J.E. Torres, A.A. Menendez
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

The clinical course and changes in hypercapnic ventilatory drive over time were serially assessed before and after tracheostomy placement in a 14 year old, morbidly obese female patient with Prader-Willi syndrome, severe obstructive sleep apnoea, and obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. A tracheostomy became necessary after supplemental oxygen and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) had failed to improve the severity of nocturnal hypoventilation. Continued improvement in the slope to rebreathing hyperoxic hypercapnia occurred from 2-10 weeks after tracheotomy in conjunction with night-time bilevel pressure ventilation, and remained unchanged thereafter. In contrast, increases in mean resting minute ventilation at an end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PET,CO2) of 8 kPa (60 mmHg) were documented even after 30 weeks. This case study illustrates the time-frame of dynamic ventilatory changes occurring after removal of upper airway resistance and normalization of nocturnal alveolar ventilation.
Visual Acuity in Patients with Leber's Congenital Amaurosis and Early Childhood-Onset Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Saloni Walia, Gerald A. Fishman, Samuel G. Jacobson, Tomas S. Aleman, Robert K. Koenekoop, Elias I. Traboulsi, Richard G. Weleber, Mark E. Pennesi, Elise Heon, Arlene Drack, Byron L. Lam, Rando Allikmets, Edwin M. Stone
Journal: Ophthalmology (2010)
Transient Reappearance of Sperm After Vasectomy
Authors: Sumner Marshall
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Pregnancy after vasectomy may be caused by transient reappearance of sperm after the patient is believed sterile. Examination of every fourth ejaculate was carried out in 400 postvasectomy patients, eight of whom had transient reappearance of sperm. With the ever-increasing number of vasectomies being done in this country, it is important that the physician be aware of the possibility of the transient reappearance of sperm, particularly when one considers the ramifications of a postvasectomy pregnancy.
Ipsa Scientia Potestas Est (Knowledge is Power)
Authors: Judy Illes
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2007)

"Ipsa Scientia Potestas Est (Knowledge is Power)." , 7(1), pp. 1–2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to Françoise Baylis and Eric Racine. The editor is supported by NIH/NINDS RO1 #NS045831, The Greenwall Foundation and The Dana Foundation
Successful surgical treatment of severe pretibial myxoedema
Authors: E.K. DERRICK, B. TANNER, M.L. PRICE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1995)

We report a 46‐year‐old man with severe and long‐standing pretibial myxoedema, who responded well to local surgical treatment. This improvement has been maintained over a 12‐month period, perhaps because of concomitant treatment with octreotide.