tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Antagonism of the antibacterial action of some penicillins by other penicillins and cephalosporins.
Authors: J F Acar, L D Sabath, P A Ruch
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

There are many examples of two penicillins acting synergistically, usually by one competitively inhibiting beta-lactamase, thus protecting the other from inactivation. There are few reports on penicillins antagonizing each other. Eight strains of three genera (Proteus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas) isolated at Boston City Hospital or Institut Pasteur, Paris, showed antagonism of carbenicillin or ampicillin by cephaloridine, cloxacillin, or 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Broth dilution tests showed that with seven of the eight strains the minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) of the more active antibiotic was increased by 800-6,400% by low concentrations (often one-tenth the MIC) of the antagonist, whereas higher concentrations of "antagonist" were not as antagonistic, This suggested that two or more receptor sites of action for penicillins were present; the antagonist thus blocks the antibacterial action at the more sensitive site but acts additively with the antagonized antibiotic at the less sensitive site. The possibility that the mechanism of antagonism was induction of inactivating enzymes (beta-lactamase, penicillin acylase) was studied in two strains(one Escherichia coli and one Proteus rettgeri), and two antagonists were studied in detail. With E. coli cephaloridine was a poorer inducer of beta-lactamase than were the antagonized antibiotic and 6-aminopenicillanic acid. From these organisms, the good inducers of a beta-lactamase that acted on benzylpenicillin did not induce enzymes that inactivated carbenicillin. Thus, the mechanism of antagonism was not due to beta-lactamase induction.
Managed Care: Specialty Doctors Often Sidelined by Managed Plans
Authors: S. Jenks
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1995)

Journal Article Managed Care: Specialty Doctors Often Sidelined by Managed Plans Get access Susan Jenks Susan Jenks Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 87, Issue 12, 21 June 1995, Pages 864–865, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.12.864 Published: 21 June 1995
Res Ipsa Loquitur
Authors: Linda M. Sacks
Journal: JAMA (1997)

I awoke at 6:40 AM to NPR's "Morning Edition," shut off the alarm, and dialed voice mail for an update of my partner's night on call. Joe Gates' voice droned on, "... and the third admission at County is Baby Girl Gunther, a31-weeker bornat Sherman Hospital by STAT C/S for abruption. She has severe RDS and hypotension that did not respond to two boluses of Plasmanate. She got surfactant, is on maximum dopamine infusion, and probably needs the jet ventilator. I'll continue on the next tape." So far, pretty routine. Sherman Hospital is a few miles from County, and we attend deliveries there. Half asleep, I punched zero to hear more. "Just before the transport team departed with the baby, Mr Gunther motioned me aside," Joe continued. "He confided that although his wife had begged him not to, he felt compelled to give me information before we doctors found out on
Typhoid Fever Among American Soldiers in 1898.
Authors: Francis R. Packard
Journal: JAMA (1900)

bodies would be intolerable.On the other hand, it is almost impossible to get at them or to examine thoroughly the holds of ships. SUPRARENAL CAPSULE DISEASE.A new form of disease of the suprarenal capsules, quite distinct from Addison's disease, has just been described by Sergent and Bernard in the General Archives of Medicine.This syndrome is similar to that obtained by totally suppress¬ ing these organs in different animals.The symptoms observed are those of Addison's disease, such as asthenia, vomiting,
Radiation policy: a decision-making model.
Authors: B Modan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

Priority setting in radiation policy is complex because it depends to a large extent on risk perception. It has been shown repeatedly that the public is much more sensitive to potential harmful sequelae of radiation than to those of other environmental pollutants. Thus, cancer risk, particularly at low doses, has become a sociopolitical issue. The principle that radiation causes cancer, is life shortening, and causes an array of other pathologic disorders, is well accepted yet the quantification of sequelae at the lower end point of the dose-response curve is still controversial. The presence of a significant carcinogenic effect at very low doses has strong financial implications. Sociopolitical and economic values play a major role in the interpretation of available data. Thus, the use of nuclear energy is a function of risk/benefit, pressures, available alternatives, and cost. Three case studies--nuclear plant workers, children irradiated for an essentially benign condition, and food safety--are used to illustrate polar policy decisions.
A PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF CONSECUTIVE CLINICAL STUDIES USING Tc-99m PIPIDA
Authors: Merton A. Quaife, J. William Dirksen, Robert H. McIntire, Roger K. Harned, Joseph Anderson, Susan Williams
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

Quaife, Merton A.; Dirksen, J. William; McIntire, Robert H. Jr; Harned, Roger K.; Anderson, Joseph; Williams, Susan Author Information
Direct costs of three models for the screening of latent tuberculosis infection
Authors: P. Wrighton-Smith, J-P. Zellweger
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

The aim of the present study was to compare the direct costs of three models for detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in routine clinical practice in Switzerland. Comparison of the overall costs of screening for LTBI, including medical and radiological examination, and preventive treatment associated with three screening models was carried out. Model 1 relies only on the tuberculin skin test (TST) according to the current national guidelines, model 2 relies on T-SPOT®. TB (Oxford Immunotec, Oxford, UK) only and model 3 relies on TST followed by confirmation of positive results by T-SPOT. TB . Costs were taken directly from the clinic's figures. Clinical assumptions were based on the 267 patients who were referred to the clinic over the study period. Model 3 was found to be the most cost-effective. Using only the skin test (model 1) was the least cost-effective. If only one test for LTBI is to be used, then model 2 (using T-SPOT. TB only) is cheaper than using the TST (model 1). Screening for latent tuberculosis infection by tuberculin skin test followed by confirmation with T-SPOT. TB is less costly than screening with tuberculin skin test alone, as it allows a reduction in the number of people who receive preventive treatment. In groups with a high proportion of negative tuberculin skin tests, screening with T-SPOT. TB test only may be the most cost-effective.
SUB-CONJUNCTIVAL INJECTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF EYE DISEASES.Read before the Section on Ophthalmology, at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco. June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: WM. ELLERY BRIGGS
Journal: JAMA (1894)

<i>Subconjunctival Injections in Ocular Therapeutics</i>.— During the past four years Drs. Darier and Abadie, two very progressive Paris oculists, have been extensively using subconjunctival injections of mercuric chlorid solution in the treatment of many eye diseases. As I watched their work in their large clinic, during the experimental stage of the method I saw it tried in many diseases in which there was obviously little or no hope of benefit to be derived from any treatment, But from my observations I became convinced that good results were obtained in a certain class of cases. Since that time I have treated quite a number of cases by the method and have been led to the conclusion that many of them had done better than they would under the other treatments alone. Most of the cases under my care have been of septic or syphilitic origin, so other treatments had been used
HIV does not replicate in naive CD4 T cells stimulated with CD3/CD28.
Authors: M Roederer, P A Raju, D K Mitra, L A Herzenberg, L A Herzenberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

In this report, we demonstrate that the T cell tropic strain of HIV, LAI, does not replicate in naive CD4 T cells stimulated by cross-linking CD3 and CD28. In contrast, LAI replicates well in memory CD4 T cells stimulated in the same way. Unlike this physiologically relevant stimulation, PHA stimulates productive LAI replication in both naive and memory T cells. These studies were conducted with highly purified (FACS-isolated) subsets of CD4 T cells identified by expression of both CD45RA and CD62L. Remixing of purified T cells showed that naive T cells do not suppress LAI replication in memory T cells and that memory T cells do not restore LAI expression in naive T cells. The suppression of productive LAI replication in naive T cells is not due to differential expression of viral coreceptors, nor is it due to inhibition of activation of the important HIV transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1. The inherent resistance of naive T cells to productive HIV infection, coupled with their proliferative advantage as demonstrated here, provides a sound basis for proposed clinical therapies using ex vivo expansion and reinfusion of CD4 T cells from HIV-infected adults.
Annual Address Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London
Authors: J. Alderson
Journal: BMJ (1871)

Arachidonic acids are subjected to the enzymatic transformation by PGH2 synthase or lipoxygenase upon the liberation from the membrane phospholipid. Using in vitro and in vivo experimental models, we have investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms in the production and function of arachidonic acid metabolites. Here we report that a downstream product of 15-lipoxygenase, 15-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-S-HETE) is not produced by human follicular dendritic cell (FDC)-like cells but exerts a regulatory effect on prostaglandin production by this type of cells. 15-S-HETE appears to derive from endothelial cells. FDC-like cells, which were isolated from human tonsil, do not express 15-lipoxyenase or 5-lipoxygenase but metabolize 15-S-HETE into downstream products. Immunoblotting analysis and results with chemical inhibitors imply that 15-S-HETE acts on FDC-like cells via PPAR-γ and leukotriene B4 receptor 2. 15-S-HETE enhances or inhibits the expression of PGH2 synthase and resultant prostaglandin production in FDC-like cells, which depends on the types of co-stimulation. Based on these data, we suggest a novel cellular and molecular pathway of immune regulation mediated by arachidonic acid metabolites.
STUDIES ON IMMUNE CELLULAR INJURY
Authors: Ann Ross, Irwin H. Lepow
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

A model system for the investigation of immune cellular injury in primary isolates of a fixed-tissue cell of human origin has been described, using metabolism-inhibition and uptake of trypan blue as independent criteria of cytoxicity. Cytotoxic effects on human amnion cells were produced by the combination of specific rabbit antibody and factors in normal human serum which were indistinguishable from the components of hemolytic complement and calcium and magnesium ions. The data have been discussed in relation to the apparent multiplicity of serologic systems which can effect cellular injury. The nature of the cell and the source of antibody or normal serum constituents have been emphasized as factors which may influence the experimental selection of a given humoral mechanism.
Health Implications of Overweight and Obesity in the United States
Authors: THEODORE B. VAN ITALLIE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

The second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found that 26% of U.S. adults, or about 34 million people aged 20 to 75 years, are overweight. The survey used a body mass index of 27.8 kg/m2 or greater for men and 27.3 or greater for women to define overweight. Prevalence of overweight increases with advancing age and is generally much higher among black women than among white women. Women below the poverty line have a much higher prevalence of overweight between ages 25 and 55 years than women above the poverty line. Multivariate analysis indicates that for women race and poverty status are independent predictors of overweight. Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes are commoner in overweight persons than in persons who are not overweight. The relative risk of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes is greater in overweight adults aged 20 to 45 years than it is in overweight persons aged 45 to 75 years. This observation is consonant with mortality data, suggesting that being overweight during early adult life is more dangerous than a similar degree of overweight in later adult life.
Efficient repopulation of denuded rabbit arteries with autologous genetically modified endothelial cells.
Authors: M S Conte, L K Birinyi, T Miyata, J T Fallon, H K Gold, A D Whittemore, R C Mulligan
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND In an effort to determine whether specific genetic modifications of cells of the vascular system might improve the efficacy of existing clinical procedures such as endarterectomy, atherectomy, and percutaneous angioplasty, we investigated the utility of gene transfer to rapidly and efficiently repopulate injured arteries with genetically modified cells in an animal model. METHODS AND RESULTS The method involves the harvest of autologous venous-derived endothelial cells, the efficient genetic modification of the cells through the use of recombinant retroviruses, and the subsequent implantation of the genetically modified cells on the surface of balloon-denuded arterial segments. With a rabbit model, freshly isolated endothelial cells were transduced with a recombinant retrovirus encoding the bacterial enzyme beta-galactosidase. The autologous transduced cells were then implanted on the surface of balloon-denuded ileofemoral arterial segments at different cell densities; after 1 to 14 days, the animals were killed, and the vessel segments were examined. Cells expressing the bacterial gene product, as determined by in situ staining for beta-galactosidase, were found to be present on the surface of 28 of the 32 arteries seeded with genetically modified cells. Vessels examined at 4 to 7 days after seeding displayed 40% to 90% coverage with transduced cells, even when seeded at subconfluent density, and an intact endothelial cell monolayer, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy studies. Vessels examined at 14 days after seeding revealed more variable staining for beta-galactosidase yet, again, in most cases, an intact endothelial cell monolayer. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate the feasibility of generating segments of arterial vessels containing genetically modified cells in a rapid and efficient fashion. Further studies are now necessary to determine whether the local expression of specific polypeptides within a region of vessel for a finite period of time will be clinically useful.
Measurement of the QRS width predicts epicardial origin of normal heart ventricular tachycardia
Authors: Obada Alchekakie, Nassir F. Marrouche, Robert Schweikert, Walid Saliba, Mandeep Bhargava, Eduardo Saad, Yariv Khaykin, J. David Burkhardt, Ahmad Abdul-Karim, Andrea Natale
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Statins and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Jenny N. Poynter, Stephen B. Gruber, Peter D.R. Higgins, Ronit Almog, Joseph D. Bonner, Hedy S. Rennert, Marcelo Low, Joel K. Greenson, Gad Rennert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and effective lipid-lowering agents. Statins inhibit the growth of colon-cancer cell lines, and secondary analyses of some, but not all, clinical trials suggest that they reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.The Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer study is a population-based case-control study of patients who received a diagnosis of colorectal cancer in northern Israel between 1998 and 2004 and controls matched according to age, sex, clinic, and ethnic group. We used a structured interview to determine the use of statins in the two groups and verified self-reported statin use by examining prescription records in a subgroup of patients for whom prescription records were available.In analyses including 1953 patients with colorectal cancer and 2015 controls, the use of statins for at least five years (vs. the nonuse of statins) was associated with a significantly reduced relative risk of colorectal cancer (odds ratio, 0.50; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.63). This association remained significant after adjustment for the use or nonuse of aspirin or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; the presence or absence of physical activity, hypercholesterolemia, and a family history of colorectal cancer; ethnic group; and level of vegetable consumption (odds ratio, 0.53; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.74). The use of fibric-acid derivatives was not associated with a significantly reduced risk of colorectal cancer (odds ratio, 1.08; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 2.01). Self-reported statin use was confirmed for 276 of the 286 participants (96.5 percent) who reported using statins and whose records were available.The use of statins was associated with a 47 percent relative reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer after adjustment for other known risk factors. Because the absolute risk reduction is likely low, further investigation of the overall benefits of statins in preventing colorectal cancer is warranted.
Clinical Hypocompetence: The Interview
Authors: STEPHEN N. SULLIVAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Letters and Corrections1 September 1980Clinical Hypocompetence: The InterviewSTEPHEN N. SULLIVAN, M.D.STEPHEN N. SULLIVAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-93-3-513_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: I enjoyed Platt and McMath's comments (1) on clinical hypocompetence in the December 1979 issue. They correctly identify as a major flaw the format of the interview. Their proposed restructured interview remains similar, however, to the traditional one taught in many medical schools and even with their modifications is inadequate.During a consultation in internal medicine or one of its sub-specialties the patient's presenting problem should be approached gradually and not before the physician has a "feel" for the patient's personality, wellbeing, past health, financial circumstances, and other characteristics. A more logical sequence, which builds stepwise, is...Reference1. PLATTMCMATH FJ. Clinical hypocompetence: the interview. Ann Intern Med. 1980;91:898-902. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: STEPHEN N. SULLIVAN, M.D.Affiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 September 1980Volume 93, Issue 3Page: 513-513KeywordsSub-specialty care ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 September 1980 PDF downloadLoading ...
A Novel Model for Evaluating Therapies Targeting Human Tumor Vasculature and Human Cancer Stem–like Cells
Authors: Daniela Burgos-Ojeda, Karen McLean, Shoumei Bai, Heather Pulaski, Yusong Gong, Ines Silva, Karl Skorecki, Maty Tzukerman, Ronald J. Buckanovich
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Human tumor vessels express tumor vascular markers (TVM), proteins that are not expressed in normal blood vessels. Antibodies targeting TVMs could act as potent therapeutics. Unfortunately, preclinical in vivo studies testing anti-human TVM therapies have been difficult to do due to a lack of in vivo models with confirmed expression of human TVMs. We therefore evaluated TVM expression in a human embryonic stem cell–derived teratoma (hESCT) tumor model previously shown to have human vessels. We now report that in the presence of tumor cells, hESCT tumor vessels express human TVMs. The addition of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human tumor endothelial cells significantly increases the number of human tumor vessels. TVM induction is mostly tumor-type–specific with ovarian cancer cells inducing primarily ovarian TVMs, whereas breast cancer cells induce breast cancer specific TVMs. We show the use of this model to test an anti-human specific TVM immunotherapeutics; anti-human Thy1 TVM immunotherapy results in central tumor necrosis and a three-fold reduction in human tumor vascular density. Finally, we tested the ability of the hESCT model, with human tumor vascular niche, to enhance the engraftment rate of primary human ovarian cancer stem–like cells (CSC). ALDH+ CSC from patients (n = 6) engrafted in hESCT within 4 to 12 weeks whereas none engrafted in the flank. ALDH− ovarian cancer cells showed no engraftment in the hESCT or flank (n = 3). Thus, this model represents a useful tool to test anti-human TVM therapy and evaluate in vivo human CSC tumor biology. Cancer Res; 73(12); 3555–65. ©2013 AACR.
Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic syndrome precipitated by treatment with diuretics
Authors: A. Mackay, M F Oliver
Journal: BMJ (1982)

appropriate statistical method would have been analysis of variance, followed by either trend-curve fitting or a comparison procedure to partition the variance between patients, time, and that attributable to therapy.3The statement in the "Results" section that "the haemodynamic response to the two drugs was similar . .." cannot therefore be un- critically accepted; statistical validation would require analysis of variance on the incremental changes induced by each drug together with a procedure such as Fisher's least-significantdifference test4 to facilitate comparison.Even with such analysis, however, it is difficult to see how adequate allowance for subtle carry-over effects from the first to the second drug period could have been excluded with only 30 minutes between crossover; this appears to take little account of the well-described altered pharmacokinetic profile and impaired drug handling in cardiac decompensatory states.5A further criticism is that the wisdom of plotting one variable (pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure-fig 3) against a derivative of itself (stroke-work index) is of questionable value; thus decreasing the former variable will increase the stroke-work index even if other equation variables -heart rate, cardiac output, and mean blood pressure-are completely unchanged.A review for the first three months of 1976 conservatively estimated that 52°h of publi- cations using statistics in the BMJ contained at least one error6; clearly this is still a prob- lem.The publishing of studies where inap- propriate statistical methods are employed leaves the reader in a quandary about the meaningful assessment of the results.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection of an esophageal tumor using a transnasal endoscope without sedation
Authors: Masakatsu Nakamura, Hisakazu Shiroeda, Tomomitsu Tahara, Tomoyuki Shibata, Tomiyasu Arisawa
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) within a narrow lumen is considered difficult. When ESD is conducted transorally for an esophageal tumor, the patient must be under sedation. We have already reported ESD using a transnasal endoscope in the pharynx without sedation [1]. Here, we report the first case of transnasal ESD for esophageal cancer without sedation.
The network perspective will help, but is comorbidity the question?
Authors: Wendy Johnson, Lars Penke
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Latent variable modeling has revealed important conundrums in the DSM classification system. We agree that the network perspective has potential to inspire new insights and resolve some of these conundrums. We note, however, that alone it cannot really help us understand etiology. Etiology, not comorbidity, is the fundamental question.