tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evolution of a Prevention of Blindness Program in Santa Clara County
Authors: Mary T. Williams
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Glaucoma screening sponsored by the Sight Conservation Research Center, a volunteer agency, has proved to be rewarding. Much of its success depends on its association with the Santa Clara County Health Department. The follow-up program would be very difficult without the public health nurses and personnel provided. More than 30,000 persons have been screened, with a case-finding percentage of 1.33% for positive glaucoma and 2.32% for borderline glaucoma; only about 1% of the referrals have been closed without diagnosis. When the success of the glaucoma screening program became apparent, other tests were added, including x-ray film of the chest, respiratory-function tests, blood pressure, blood glucose, hematocrit, cholesterol, and uric acid. The number of borderline glaucoma patients that have become positive (58) is firm justification of the long-term follow-up program.
TENDON ANASTOMOSIS IN INFANTILE PARALYSIS
Authors: John Milton Duff
Journal: JAMA (1893)

In May, 1892,Dr. Parrish, of New York, performed this novel operation. The tendon of the paralyzed extensor pollicis was joined to the tendon of the healthy anterior tibial muscle. Soon after this the child experienced another acute attack of infantile paralysis affecting the posterior tibial muscle. A second operation was done in November, joining the tendon of the posterior tibial to the gastrocnemius. The junction was made with catgut sutures, and the wounds closed without drainage. Dr. A. M. Phelps, working independently and without knowledge ofDr. Parrish'sexperiment, in September, operated in a like manner, joining the tendon of the paralyzed gastrocnemius and soleus to the tendon of the healthy long flexor of the toes. In both instances a marked gain has been noted. It is possible, then, to join the tendon of a paralyzed muscle to that of a neighboring healthy muscle, closing the wound without drainage,
Was Rodney Ledward a statistical outlier?:Initial investigations of outliers must be chosen carefully
Authors: C Kevin Connolly
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The General Medical Council and the future of revalidation GMC member respondsEditor-Esmail and Kmietowicz give an inaccurate account of the General Medical Council's policy development on revalidation, ignoring an iterative process with interested parties since 1998 in an attempt to introduce the most fundamental change to medical regulation since its foundation in 1858. 1 2 The GMC clearly has had regard to the legitimate interests of three principal groups-government and the NHS, patients and the public, and the various tribes that make up the UK medical profession.Despite suggestions to the contrary, an initial exploratory meeting on revalidation convened by Sir Donald Irvine in June 1998 was held in the context of a high profile professional conduct case, but well before the Bristol inquiry report and absolutely nothing to do with Rodney Ledward or, indeed, Harold Shipman.It was recognised then that some doctors were not keeping fully up to date nor were they indulging in reflective practice.Irvine correctly proposed that there was a need to make registration with the GMC more meaningful to the public than a mere recognition that doctors had reached a certain standard of professional knowledge in their early 20s.Both articles promote the idea that the doctors' regulator should be filling the vacuum within the NHS created by its failing to fulfil its public responsibility to monitor doctors' clinical standards.Clinical governance is now, slowly, being developed and eventually will extend from systems and teams to individuals-but is it reasonable, as both authors postulate, that such monitoring should become the financial and moral responsibility of the GMC sitting in London and Manchester rather than local managers at the coalface?Although revalidation is a continuing process, it becomes summative only every five years.The NHS and its local systems must not be allowed to abrogate their responsibility for the safety of patients on a day to day basis.Nor should they demand that the GMC and its prime function of assuring fitness to practise and the meaning of the medical register be inappropriately promoted as the first line of defence for the maintenance of clinical quality and safety.
Novel interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor appears to mediate IL-2-induced activation of natural killer cells.
Authors: J H Kehri, M Dukovich, G Whalen, P Katz, A S Fauci, W C Greene
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

A novel IL-2 receptor, distinct from the Tac protein, has been identified on the surface of purified human natural killer (NK) cells by chemical cross-linking of 125I-IL-2. This protein is approximately 70,000 D in size (p70) and appears to be identical to the recently recognized second subunit of the human high affinity IL-2 receptor complex. Scatchard analysis of 125I-IL-2 binding to purified NK cells revealed approximately 2,300 p70 binding sites per cell with an apparent dissociation constant of 200 pM, a value intermediate between the previously recognized high and low affinity forms of the human IL-2 receptor. The monoclonal anti-Tac antibody did not inhibit the cross-linking of 125I-IL-2 to the p70 binding sites present on NK cells. Functionally, the addition of high concentrations of recombinant IL-2 to the enriched NK cells promoted a rapid augmentation of cytolytic activity and a more delayed increase in cellular proliferation. Anti-Tac effectively blocked the IL-2-induced proliferative response in these cells, but failed to alter the enhancement of cytotoxicity. Analysis of NK cytoplasmic RNA isolated at various time points after IL-2 stimulation revealed the rapid induction of c-myb and Tac gene expression that was also not inhibited by the anti-Tac antibody. These findings suggest that IL-2 binding to the p70 receptor constitutively expressed on the surface of NK cells may mediate both the development of increased cytolytic activity and rapid changes in gene expression. The activation of the Tac gene may in turn permit the formation of the high affinity IL-2 receptor complex (comprised of at least the Tac and p70 proteins) that appears to transduce the requisite signals involved in NK cell proliferation.
US specialties list five tests and treatments that doctors and patients can safely avoid
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Nine US medical specialties have released lists of five tests or procedures that are commonly used but are often unnecessary, which they hope will improve healthcare safety and quality while reducing costs.

The Choosing Wisely campaign “is about physicians and patients having conversations, informed conversations, about making wise choices, about their care, and avoiding unnecessary tests and procedures that are not supported by evidence,” said Christine Cassel at a press briefing in Washington, DC on 4 April. It will be supported by ongoing educational activities.

“Research shows that many doctors feel compelled to accommodate a patient’s request for a certain type of intervention, even when they don’t …
Human Papillomavirus E7 Oncoprotein Overrides the Tumor Suppressor Activity of p21Cip1 in Cervical Carcinogenesis
Authors: Myeong-Kyun Shin, Scott Balsitis, Tiffany Brake, Paul F. Lambert
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

The E7 oncoprotein of the high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) is thought to contribute to cervical carcinogenesis at least in part by abrogating cell cycle regulation. E7 can dysregulate the cell cycle through its interaction with several cellular proteins including the retinoblastoma suppressor protein pRb, as well as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Cip1). Inactivation of pRb in cervical epithelia is not sufficient to explain the ability of E7 to cause cervical cancers in transgenic mice. In the current study, we focused on the role of p21(Cip1) in cervical cancer. Cervical disease was significantly increased in p21(-/-) mice compared with p21(+/+) mice, showing that p21(Cip1) can function as a tumor suppressor in this tissue. Importantly, the ability of E7 to induce cervical cancers was not significantly enhanced on the p21-null background, consistent with the hypothesis that the ability of E7 to inhibit p21(Cip1) contributes to its carcinogenic properties. Further supportive of this hypothesis, cervical carcinogenesis in mice expressing a mutant form of HPV-16 E7, E7(CVQ), which fails to inactivate p21(Cip1), was significantly reduced compared with that in K14E7(WT) mice expressing wild-type HPV-16 E7. However, K14E7(CVQ) mice still displayed heightened levels of cervical carcinogenesis compared with that in nontransgenic mice, indicating that activities of E7 besides its capacity to inactivate p21(Cip1) also contribute to cervical carcinogenesis. Taken together, we conclude that p21(Cip1) functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical carcinogenesis and that p21(Cip1) inactivation by HPV-16 E7 partially contributes to the contribution of E7 to cervical carcinogenesis.
Survival in Corticosteroid-Treated Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Edmund L. Dubois
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Urman and Rothfield entitled "Corticosteroid Treatment Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Survival Studies" (238:2272, 1977) was most interesting, and we agree with most of the points made in their article. Although bias is unavoidable in a comparison of two groups of patients, one treated in a large city hospital and the other in a smaller university institution during two different periods of time, the data are suggestive of improved survival. Our main point of contention with the authors is that in their Table 4, "Reported Survival in Corticosteroid-Treated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients," they quoted noncomparable material from our University of Southern California series namely, data from date of diagnosis to death, and compared these results with their own data from date of diagnosis to time of last observation. The comparable data that they should have used are in our monograph,<sup>1</sup>an analysis of survival of
<i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>Ova
Authors: C. L. Spingarn, M. H. Edelman, M. Blackburn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

THE purpose of this communication is to call attention to a simple method for the detection in man of infection with the trematode worm, Schistosoma mansoni. The following is a description of the procedure and the findings observed with its use.Methods and MaterialsThe index finger, covered with a latex finger cot and coated with a small amount of a water-soluble lubricant jelly, is introduced into the rectum, and the mucosa is rubbed gently with the finger tip. Upon withdrawal, the layer of mucus and feces adherent to the surface of the cot is removed with the tip . . .
Variants near TERT and TERC influencing telomere length are associated with high-grade glioma risk
Authors: Kyle M Walsh, Veryan Codd, Ivan V Smirnov, Terri Rice, Paul A Decker, Helen M Hansen, Thomas Kollmeyer, Matthew L Kosel, Annette M Molinaro, Lucie S McCoy, Paige M Bracci, Belinda S Cabriga, Melike Pekmezci, Shichun Zheng, Joseph L Wiemels, Alexander R Pico, Tarik Tihan, Mitchell S Berger, Susan M Chang, Michael D Prados, Daniel H Lachance, Brian Patrick O'Neill, Hugues Sicotte, Jeanette E Eckel-Passow, Pim van der Harst, John K Wiencke, Nilesh J Samani, Robert B Jenkins, Margaret R Wrensch
Journal: Nature Genetics (2014)
Marihuana-Induced Hospitalization
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A study of 701,057 consecutive hospital admissions in Los Angeles from 1961 to 1969 revealed nine instances of marihuana-induced disease requiring hospitalization. Five followed intravenous use, one followed ingestion, and three followed the smoking of marihuana cigarettes. Intravenous injection produced severe disease while the other modes of use resulted in trivial changes. This paucity of recognized disease secondary to marihuana was in sharp contrast to the frequent severe illnesses produced legally by alcohol, tobacco, barbiturates, amphetamines, tranquilizers, and various over-the-counter drugs, and by the illicit opiates and hallucinogens. Major controversy exists regarding the presence and nature of harm associated with marihuana use. To attempt to ascertain the importance of recognized marihuana-induced disease, with the aid of a computer, we searched the records at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center. Of the nine that were secondary to marihuana use, none was fatal (table). Three admissions
Pericardial Effusion in Histiocytic Medullary Reticulosis
Authors: Steven M. Greenwood
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Although the most conspicuous clinical findings of histiocytic medullary reticulosis (malignant histiocytosis) are fever, skin lesions, and enlargement of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes,<sup>1</sup>this disease may manifest a variety of less well-known findings. Thus, the diagnosis may be elusive. One such feature that, to our knowledge, has not been reported is massive pericardial effusion. We have recently seen a 48-year-old man in whom a massive pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade clinically developed. Surgical drainage of the effusion yielded 1,500 mL of bloody fluid. A biopsy specimen of the pericardium histologically showed an infiltrate of histiocytes and lymphocytes. The histiocytes were not atypical. The patient died six days later. Postmortem examination showed histiocytic medullary reticulosis involving the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow, myocardium, pericardium, adrenal glands, kidneys, urinary bladder, prostate, and testes. In histiocytic medullary reticulosis, a clinical pericardial effusion has been reported previously
Anonymously(?) authored book urges violence
Authors: A. A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1991)

A CURIOUS BOOK recently was sent to JAMA by the book's publishers, animal activists Sydney Singer and (his wife) Tanja K. Singer. According to the Singers, the publication of this thin book has made them about as welcome among animal activists as baby seal killers.  The apparent reason for this sudden unpopularity is that their book calls for violent acts against those who abuse or even use animals. In the past, instruction manuals for violent acts against the targets of animal liberators have circulated underground. This book appears to be the first such publication to carry a Library of Congress catalog number.  The Singers say this 118-page book contains the words of an anonymous spokesperson for a group of terrorists who have already launched a secret war to free animals from human domination.  'Declaration of War'  The book, A Declaration of War: Killing People to Save Animals and the Environment
TCT-272 Comparative Effectiveness of the Different Arterial Approaches "Transbrachial, Transradial and Transfemoral" in Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: Real-world Experiences
Authors: Mahmoud M. Sabbah, Kazushige Kadota, Yasushi Fuku, Tsuyoshi Goto, Seiji Habara, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Kazuaki Mitsudo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Medical schools continue to favour white, middle class candidates
Authors: Burke Katherine
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Medicine is still very much a career for the middle classes, and the class divide could widen even further when top up fees are introduced, a BMA discussion paper has warned.

In the paper the BMA collated figures from medical schools in the United Kingdom showing that students from white, middle class families still have twice the chance of being accepted into a medical degree course than their working class peers.

Figures from the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) cited in the report indicate that the socioeconomic makeup of UK medical schools is stuck in a time warp. Almost two thirds (64%) of the students …
SPECIFIC BEHAVIORAL CHANGES PRODUCED BY CHLORPROMAZINE IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: C. SCOTT MOSS, RUTH E. JENSEN, WILLIAM MORROW, HAROLD C. FREUND
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1958)

Results of this and other studies employing objective test measurements suggest that widely observed even radical alterations in behavior are not usually accompanied by commensurate changes in the psychological test performance. The dilemma faced by those interested in objective measurement is whether psychological tests are generally insensitive to change; or whether the behavioral changes are relatively superficial, while the psychological tests measure the more stable aspects of the personality? Reports of change in the literature especially in chronic psychotic patients is so prelevant that something must happen to these patients however exaggerated the claim. It is very possible that psychologists persist in applying the wrong measuring techniques and that new methods will have to be developed. At present behavior rating scales probably provide a more sensitive index of change than most psychological tests. It is also possible, however, that changes resulting from chlorpromazine are relatively superficial. In very few studies are claims of a remission in the psychotic process substantiated by objective evidence. In this study, for example, there appeared to be an alleviation of some of the more objective symptoms but in no case could a patient [see Fig. 1. in source PDF] Fig. 1. Example of the Hospital Management Picture Frustration Test. (Modification by Moss of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study, Adult Form. Copyright 1948, made with the author's permission. be regarded as without psychosis at the conclusion of the experiment. While medication was administered for a relatively short period, it is common clinical experience that the psychological reaction to seeming tolerance develops so that in this respect the design of the present study should maximize finding psychological alterations. A 14-month followup survey also revealed that in spite of continued tranquilizing medication of one type or another, only one of the patients (number 7, Table 1) is on convalescent leave at present and none has been discharged. Enthusiasm for psychopharmacological treatment should be tempered by a more realistic appraisal of the limitations of these agents.
Long-term activation of protein kinase c causes chronic Na/H antiporter stimulation in cultured proximal tubule cells.
Authors: S Horie, O Moe, R T Miller, R J Alpern
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

To examine the role of protein kinase C as a chronic regulator of proximal tubule Na/H antiporter activity, the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the Na/H antiporter was studied in cultured proximal tubule cells. Short-term activation of protein kinase C by 5 min exposure to PMA caused an acute increase in Na/H antiporter activity that was not prevented by cycloheximide or actinomycin D and did not persist 24 h later. Long-term activation of protein kinase C by 2 h exposure to PMA caused a dose-dependent increase in Na/H antiporter activity 24 h later. This latter effect was due to protein kinase C activation in that it was inhibited by sphingosine and was not seen with 4 alpha-PMA, an inactive analogue. The chronic effect of PMA was inhibited by 10 nM actinomycin D or 7 microM cycloheximide. Proximal tubule cells exposed to PMA for 2 h demonstrated a two- to threefold increase in Na/H antiporter mRNA (mRNANa/H) abundance 4 h later. In conclusion, short-term activation of protein kinase C leads to a transient increase in Na/H antiporter activity that is independent of transcription and translation, whereas long-term activation of protein kinase C causes a persistent increase in antiporter activity that is dependent on transcription and translation and is associated with increased mRNANa/H abundance. This latter effect may mediate increased Na/H antiporter activity in a number of chronic conditions.
DISEASES AND HOSPITALS OF AFRICA.
Authors: NICHOLAS SENN
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>THE HOSPITALS OF PRETORIA AND CAPE TOWN.</h3> The road from Cape Town to Vynberg, over which the tramway passes, is lined on both sides with veteran oak trees, which the Dutch imported and planted more than a century ago. They are not the tall smooth-stemmed proud oaks of our forests but low, knotty, many-branched trees, which have managed to live and to attain extreme old age, on this to them foreign soil, but would look strange and unfamiliar to their kin in their native land. On this road, 15 minutes from Rondebosch station, is the famous "Groot Schuur," (Great Barn), one of the many African residences of the late Cecil Rhodes. The palatial house built in Dutch style is in the midst of a magnificent flower garden in an open place surrounded by a dense forest of indigenous and planted trees. The location is an admirable one for a restful
DETECTION OF REGIONAL MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA BY NADH LASER FLUORIMETRY DURING HUMAN LEFT HEART CATHETERISATION
Authors: D. Duboc, M. Toussaint, D. Donsez, S. Weber, F. Guerin, M. Degeorges, G. Renault, J. Polianski, J.J. Pocidalo
Journal: The Lancet (1986)
Initial Analysis of the International Association For the Study of Lung Cancer Mesothelioma Database
Authors: Valerie W. Rusch, Dorothy Giroux, Catherine Kennedy, Enrico Ruffini, Ayten K. Cangir, David Rice, Harvey Pass, Hisao Asamura, David Waller, John Edwards, Walter Weder, Hans Hoffmann, Jan P. van Meerbeeck
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)

The current staging system for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is controversial. To plan revisions of this system, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Staging Committee developed an international database. Initial analyses focus on patients managed surgically.Participation was solicited from centers known to have MPM registries. Common data elements were analyzed by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Staging Committee Statistical Center. Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, prognostic factors by log rank and Cox regression model. p Value less than 0.05 was significant.Data included 3101 patients (15 centers, 4 continents).median age 63 years, 79% men, 62.3% epithelioid tumor. Best tumor, node, metastasis (bTNM) stages were: I (11%), II, (21%), III (48%), and IV (20%). Curative-intent surgery was performed in 1494 patients (64.5%). Median survivals by clinical TNM and pathological TNM were similar: stage I, 21 months; stage II, 19 months; stage III, 16 months; and stage IV, 12 months. Median survival by histology: epithelioid 19 months, biphasic 13 months, and sarcomatoid 8 months. By multivariable analyses, significant differences in overall survival were seen for: T4 versus T3 and T3 versus T2 but not T2 versus T1; N0 versus N1 and N2 but not N1 versus N2; stages III and IV versus I but not II versus I; epithelioid histology versus other; age of female versus age of male; and palliative versus curative-intent surgery.This is the largest international database examining outcomes in surgically managed MPM patients. Survival differences reported from smaller databases are confirmed but suggest the need to revise tumor and node staging.