tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Importance of vasomotor tone to myocardial function and regional metabolism during constant flow ischaemia in swine
Authors: E. O McFalls, G. A Pantely, C. G Anselone, D. J Bristow
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1990)

Study objective – The aim was to test the hypothesis that the release of vascular tone with adenosine during constant flow ischaemia alters both transmural function and regional metabolism in a detrimental way. Design – In one group of anaesthetised swine, the effects of graded reductions of flow on segmental left ventricular function, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2), and lactate production in the distribution of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were determined. In a second group, a model of constant flow ischaemia was induced to test how altering vascular tone with adenosine changed the relationship of flow, function, and metabolism. Experimental material – The experiments were performed in 20 open chest, anaesthetised swine. Protocol A consisted of 11 animals and protocol B of nine animals. Measurements and main results – In protocol A, during graded ischaemia, reductions in flow, % systolic wall thickening (WTh), normalised MVo2 and % lactate extraction (%LE) correlated well with reductions in coronary perfusion pressure when fitted with 3rd order polynominal curves (r = 0.78, 0.87, 0.85 and 0.81 respectively; p<0.0000l). In protocol B, during constant flow ischaemia, at control, % WTh was 33 (SD 11)%, mean coronary artery pressure was 72(10) mm Hg, mean LAD transmural flow was 0.99(0.43) ml·min−1·g−1, and % LE was +14(9)%. With inflation of a hydraulic occluder on the LAD, perfusion pressure was lowered to 38(5) mm Hg and transmural flow dropped to 0.76(0.31) ml·min−1·g−1 (intact vasomotion). During an infusion of intracoronary adenosine with flow held constant (absent vasomotion), %WTh was further reduced from 27(9) to 13(10) (p<0.00l), and %LE from −18(42) to −70(61) (p<0.05). MVo2 with and without vasomotion did not differ significantly at 3.14(0.75) and 3.18(0.86) ml·min−1·g−1 respectively . Conclusion – In swine coronary circulation, reductions in regional function, MVo2 and lactate production correlate well with reductions in flow and perfusion pressure during ischaemia with vasomotor tone intact. The effect of adenosine on vascular tone during constant flow ischaemia caused dramatic reductions in function and lactate extraction without altering MVo2. This emphasises the important role of vascular tone in protecting both transmural function and regional metabolism during moderate ischaemia.
Acquisition of Competence in Colonoscopy: The Learning Curve of Trainees
Authors: None S.Tassios, None D.Ladas, None Grammenos, None Demertzis, None A.Raptis
Journal: Endoscopy (1999)

Most official training programs in colonoscopy recommend that trainees should carry out a minimum of 100 procedures, but limited data exist on the technical progress of trainees. The aim of our study was to estimate the number of supervised procedures required for obtaining competence in colonoscopy.Between 1990 and 1997 we have prospectively evaluated the performance of eight consecutive trainees in colonoscopy. The extent of intubated colon was recorded after each endoscopic procedure. Regression analysis was used to study the effect on the trainees' success rates on the number of colonoscopies which they had done.Out of 2,255 colonoscopies carried out over an 8-year period 1,408 were suitable for evaluation, fulfilling the training criteria for diagnostic colonoscopy. Senior staff (n=2) did 430 colonoscopies with a success rate of 91%, which was significantly reduced to 79% (344/434 colonoscopies; X2=20.67, df=l, P<0.001), when taking over colonoscopies which trainees had failed to complete. Regression analysis of trainees' data (y=88.97-(2185/x), r=0.74, F1,21=23.43, P<0.001) showed success rates of 67 % (95 % CI, 59 to 75 %) and 77 % (95 % CI, 66 to 88 %), when 100 and 180 procedures, respectively, had been done. These figures had been attained by the end of the second and third year of training in colonoscopy.Our regression analysis model shows the technical progress of trainees over a 3-year period as they learned how to carry out colonoscopy. Depending on individual skill, between 100-180 procedures, done over a 2-3-year period, are required before trainees can be considered competent in colonoscopy.
Clinical trials: outcome measures
Authors: Philip Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Researchers investigated the effects of household based treatment of drinking water on the prevalence of diarrhoea in areas with a turbid water source in rural western Kenya.1 A cluster randomised controlled trial was performed. The intervention was water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant or sodium hypochlorite for 20 weeks. The control treatment was standard practice. In total, 605 family compounds, each with at least one child aged under 2 years and containing several houses, were recruited. Compounds were randomised to treatment using cluster allocation, stratified by the site of the main source of household water (pond water or river water). In total, 201 compounds (2124 people) were allocated to water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant, 203 compounds (2249) were allocated to sodium hypochlorite, and 201 compounds (2277) were allocated to control.

The primary outcome was the prevalence of diarrhoea. Secondary outcomes included all cause mortality, bacteriological ( Escherichia coli) concentration, free residual chlorine concentration, and turbidity. The researchers reported that for all age groups combined, when compared with control, the prevalence of diarrhoea was significantly lower in the flocculant-disinfectant and sodium hypochlorite treatment groups. The number of deaths in each of the flocculant-disinfectant and sodium hypochlorite treatment groups did not differ significantly from the control group. Drinking water from intervention households was more likely than water from control households to meet World Health Organization guidelines for bacteriological quality. Furthermore, drinking water from flocculant-disinfectant households had much lower turbidity than samples from control or sodium hypochlorite households. There was no indication of improvement in water quality as measured by free residual chlorine concentration. It was concluded that flocculant-disinfectant is well suited as a household based …
Proteolytic Antibodies against Factor VIII in Hemophilia A
Authors: B. David Stollar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Inhibitory antibodies to factor VIII arise in more than 20 percent of patients with hemophilia A who receive replacement therapy with factor VIII protein.1 Since these antibodies profoundly complicate the treatment of hemophilia, understanding how they inhibit factor VIII has important clinical implications. In this issue of the Journal, Lacroix-Desmazes and colleagues report the intriguing finding that inhibitory antibodies cause specific proteolytic degradation of factor VIII.2 They propose that proteolysis underlies the rapid inactivation of the protein when it is administered to patients who have the antibodies. Confirmation of this proposal could provide new insight into hemophilia and its treatment. . . .
Natriuretic peptides increase β1-adrenoceptor signalling in failing hearts through phosphodiesterase 3 inhibition
Authors: Eirik Qvigstad, Lise R. Moltzau, Jan Magnus Aronsen, Cam H.T. Nguyen, Karina Hougen, Ivar Sjaastad, Finn Olav Levy, Tor Skomedal, Jan-Bjørn Osnes
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Whereas natriuretic peptides increase cGMP levels with beneficial cardiovascular effects through protein kinase G, we found an unexpected cardio-excitatory effect of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) through natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B) stimulation in failing cardiac muscle and explored the mechanism. Heart failure was induced in male Wistar rats by coronary artery ligation. Contraction studies were performed in left ventricular muscle strips. Cyclic nucleotides were measured by radio- and enzyme immunoassay. Apoptosis was determined in isolated cardiomyocytes by Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining and phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB) and troponin I was measured by western blotting. Stimulation of NPR-B enhanced β1-adrenoceptor (β1-AR)-evoked contractile responses through cGMP-mediated inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3). CNP enhanced β1-AR-mediated increase of cAMP levels to the same extent as the selective PDE3 inhibitor cilostamide and increased β1-AR-stimulated protein kinase A activity, as demonstrated by increased PLB and troponin I phosphorylation. CNP promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis similar to inhibition of PDE3 by cilostamide, indicative of adverse effects of NPR-B signalling in failing hearts. An NPR-B-cGMP-PDE3 inhibitory pathway enhances β1-AR-mediated responses and may in the long term be detrimental to the failing heart through mechanisms similar to those operating during treatment with PDE3 inhibitors or during chronic beta-adrenergic stimulation.
ABSCESS OF THE LUNG FOLLOWING ACUTE LOBAR PNEUMONIA.
Authors: FLOYD W. McRAE
Journal: JAMA (1902)

A decided impetus was given to the surgery of the lung in America by the paper of Bull in 1882 and the Address on Surgery by Murphy<sup>1</sup>of Chicago. This has been especially true of the surgical treatment of pulmonary abscess following pneumonia. When I selected this subject for my paper I was not aware that Eisendrath of Chicago was collecting statistics and working along the same lines. When, however, I began looking up the literature on the subject I found his most classical review<sup>2</sup>of "The Surgery of Pulmonary Abscess, Gangrene and Bronchiectases Following Pneumonia." The subject has been so carefully canvassed by him and the ground so thoroughly covered that I have been unable to find a single case of abscess of the lung not reported by him. I have therefore made free use of the material which he has collected and put in such excellent
Cortisone, Allergy, and Rheumatic Fever
Authors: D. A. Long
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1951)

RHEUMATIC DISEASES undertaken since dehydroascorbic acid resembles the diabetogenic drug alloxan both in its chemical structure and in many of its effects.Both are diabetogenic in the experimental animal (Patterson, 1950), and both, we have found, desensitize.We have also found that, like cortisone, alloxan is not itself anti-allergic, does not affect the anti-allergic action of ascorbic acid, antagonizes the cabbage factor, and is ineffective in propylthiouracil-fed animals.Despite the obvious dangers of using these drugs, we hope, subject to the results of full and careful toxicity trials, to give dehydroascorbic acid and alloxan a clinical trial in the treatment of rheumatic disease.
Spectral analysis of 87-lead body surface signal-averaged ECGs in patients with previous anterior myocardial infarction as a marker of ventricular tachycardia.
Authors: Y Hosoya, I Kubota, T Shibata, M Yamaki, K Ikeda, H Tomoike
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND There were few studies on the relation between the body surface distribution of high- and low-frequency components within the QRS complex and ventricular tachycardia (VT). METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-seven signal-averaged ECGs were obtained from 30 normal subjects (N group) and 30 patients with previous anterior myocardial infarction (MI) with VT (MI-VT[+] group, n = 10) or without VT (MI-VT[-] group, n = 20). The onset and offset of the QRS complex were determined from 87-lead root mean square values computed from the averaged (but not filtered) ECG waveforms. Fast Fourier transform analysis was performed on signal-averaged ECG. The resulting Fourier coefficients were attenuated by use of the transfer function, and then inverse transform was done with five frequency ranges (0-25, 25-40, 40-80, 80-150, and 150-250 Hz). From the QRS onset to the QRS offset, the time integration of the absolute value of reconstructed waveforms was calculated for each of the five frequency ranges. The body surface distributions of these areas were expressed as QRS area maps. The maximal values of QRS area maps were compared among the three groups. In the frequency ranges of 0-25 and 150-250 Hz, there were no significant differences in the maximal values among these three groups. Both MI groups had significantly smaller maximal values of QRS area maps in the frequency ranges of 25-40 and 40-80 Hz compared with the N group. The MI-VT(+) group had significantly smaller maximal values in the frequency ranges of 40-80 and 80-150 Hz than the MI-VT(-) group. These three groups were clearly differentiated by the maximal values of the 40-80-Hz QRS area map. CONCLUSIONS It was suggested that the maximal value of the 40-80-Hz QRS area map was a new marker for VT after anterior MI.
On the Entrance of Air into Veins during Operations
Authors: F. Treves
Journal: BMJ (1883)

internal hypoblastic gill-sacs of the Frog, with their branchial processes, are probably equivalent to the gill-sacs of the Lamprey; and it is not improbable that the posterior openings of the gillpouches of Myxine are equivalent to the original paired openings of the bronchial sac of the Tadpole.Though the resemblances be- tween the Lamprey and Tadpole are marked, there is no ground for supposing that the former is closely related to an ancestral form of Amphibian.Of the ancestral stock with a perioral suctorial disc, the Cyclostomata are, according to Balfour, the nearest living repre- sentatives; and the resemblances between the Tadpole and the Lamprey are probably due to a common descent from this stock, from which the Ganoids also give evidence of being descended.
Low-Dose Amiodarone for Atrial Fibrillation: Time for a Prospective Study?
Authors: Holly R. Middlekauff, Isaac Wiener, Leslie A. Saxon, William G. Stevenson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

▪ Because atrial fibrillation is associated with substantial morbidity, restoration of sinus rhythm is desirable. Long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm often requires chronic antiarrhythmic therapy. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs such as quinidine or propafenone maintain sinus rhythm in approximately 50% of patients at 1 year and have risks for proarrhythmia and noncardiac toxicity. Studies of low-dose amiodarone for atrial fibrillation have reported sinus rhythm maintenance in 53% to 79% of patients during a mean follow-up of 27 months. Amiodarone has a lower incidence of proarrhythmia and heart failure exacerbation compared with class I drugs. Most noncardiac side effects are dose related, and low-dose amiodarone (< 300 mg/d) is well tolerated. The time has come for a large-scale prospective evaluation of low-dose amiodarone treatment early in the course of atrial fibrillation.
Ultrastructure of the Posterior Corneal Stroma
Authors: Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt, Bjoern O. Bachmann, Theofilos Tourtas, Andre A.M. Torricelli, Arun Singh, Sheyla González, Hua Mei, Sophie X. Deng, Steven E. Wilson, Friedrich E. Kruse
Journal: Ophthalmology (2014)
Therapeutic Efficacy of Seliciclib in Combination with Ionizing Radiation for Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Angela B.Y. Hui, Shijun Yue, Wei Shi, Nehad M. Alajez, Emma Ito, Simon R. Green, Sheelagh Frame, Brian O'Sullivan, Fei-Fei Liu
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: Seliciclib is a small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, which has been reported to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Because most nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients harbor EBV, we proceeded to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of seliciclib in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma models. Experimental Design: Cytotoxicity of seliciclib was investigated in the EBV-positive cell line C666-1 and the C666-1 and C15 xenograft models. Caspase activities and cell cycle analyses were measured by flow cytometry. Efficacy of combined treatment of seliciclib with radiation therapy was also evaluated. Results: Seliciclib caused significant cytotoxicity in the C666-1 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with accumulation of cells in both sub-G1 and G2-M phases, indicative of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, respectively. Caspase-2, -3, -8, and -9 activities were all increased, with caspase-3 being the most significantly activated at 48 h after treatment. These cells also showed a reduction of Mcl-1 mRNA and protein levels. Combined treatment of seliciclib with radiation therapy showed a synergistic interaction with enhanced cytotoxicity in C666-1 cells and delayed repair of double-strand DNA breaks. For in vivo models, significant delays in tumor growth were observed for both C666-1 and C15 tumors, which were associated with enhanced apoptosis as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and immunohistochemistry analyses. Conclusions: Seliciclib enhanced the antitumor efficacy of radiation therapy in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma, characterized by G2-M arrest, and apoptosis, associated with an induction in caspase activity. This process is mediated by reduction in Mcl-1 expression and by attenuation of double-strand DNA break repair.
Evaluation of indium scintigraphy in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease.
Authors: M S Buxton-Thomas, R J Dickinson, P Maltby, J O Hunter, E P Wraight
Journal: Gut (1984)

Recent reports have indicated a possible role for 111Indium leucocyte scintigraphy in the management of patients with acute inflammatory bowel disease. Our experience with this technique in 15 patients (nine with ulcerative colitis, six with Crohn9s disease) is described. Perfect agreement was not obtained between scintigraphic appearances and other conventional means in the assessment of extent of disease. Good correlation, however, was found between disease activity and recovery of labelled leucocytes in the faeces. While this latter finding could be used as an objective means of assessing response to therapy, it is concluded that conventional indium scintigraphy, using indium oxine-labelling of mixed leucocytes, is insufficiently reliable to replace usual methods for determining extent of disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
AB0001 Genotype and Haplotype Effects of 7 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the CRP Gene on Levels of C-Reactive Protein and DAS28 in Two Cohorts of Treatment NaÏVe, Recent Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: C. G. Ammitzbøll, Rudi Steffensen, Martin Bøgsted, K. Hørslev-Petersen, M. L. Hetland, P. Junker, J. Pødenphant, M. Østergaard, T. Ellingsen, J. Johansen, K. Steengaard-Pedersen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the C-reactive protein (<i>CRP)</i> gene are implicated in the regulation of the constitutional CRP expression and its response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Previous reports suggest that these effects may influence instruments for clinical decision-making based on CRP, e.g. DAS28. <h3>Objectives</h3> To investigate the associations between 7 <i>CRP</i> SNPs, their haplotypes, the serum level of CRP and DAS28 in recent onset, treatment naïve RA (rheumatoid arthritis) patients. <h3>Methods</h3> 315 DMARD and steroid naïve RA patients with disease duration &lt;6 months were included from two randomized controlled trials (CIMESTRA (n=135), OPERA (n=180)). The genotype and haplotype associations to CRP and DAS28 at baseline and after one year of active treatment were evaluated using linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and treatment. Genotyping were analyzed by the TaqMan OpenArray system. The results from the combined cohorts are presented. <h3>Results</h3> The minor allele of rs1205 C&gt;T was associated with decreased CRP levels at baseline (p=0.03). The TT genotype showed a 50% reduction in CRP from 16.7 to 8.4 mg/l (p=0.005) compared to the CC genotype. This association was not observed after one year of active treatment (p=0.38) (Table 1). The common H2 haplotype, characterized by the T allele of rs1205, was associated with a 26% reduction in CRP at baseline (p=0.04), but no effect was observed at year 1 (p=0.47) (Table 2). No other SNP or haplotype were associated with CRP at baseline or year 1 (p≥0.09). We observed no associations between SNPs or haplotypes and DAS28 scores at baseline or year 1 (p≥0.10) <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study shows that DAS28 can be used for clinical decision-making without adjustment for <i>CRP</i> gene variants, as <i>CRP</i> genotypes and haplotypes were only marginally associated with CRP levels and without any association to the DAS28 score. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared <h3>DOI</h3> 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.1357
Interaction of campylobacter species with antibody, complement and phagocytes.
Authors: E Bernatowska, P Jose, H Davies, M Stephenson, D Webster
Journal: Gut (1989)

The opsonisation of four different campylobacter species for human neutrophils was studied using a chemiluminescence system and electron microscopy. Opsonisation of Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter jejuni was mediated by antibody and enhanced by complement. Antibody was not, however, required for the phagocytosis of Campylobacter pylori because it activates the classical pathway of complement directly. This unusual property may be important in the pathogenesis of C pylori associated gastritis and duodenal ulcer.