tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT DISEASE.
Authors: FREDERIC S. DENNIS
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The treatment of malignant disease is of paramount importance. The questions of etiology, symptomatology and classification of malignant disease are insignificant as compared with the treatment. This subject can only be appreciated by a recognition of two salient facts: 1, the increase of malignant disease; 2, the universal mortality. To better appreciate the vital subject under discussion it is pertinent to consider for a few moments the increase of malignant disease in order to better understand the importance of its treatment. Humanity at large seeks for relief from this dreadful scourge, and humanity appeals to the surgeon for help, as he is the only one who can effect a cure. The increase of cancer is a fact which as it is not understood, can not be explained. Through the kindness of Mr. Frederick L. Hoffman, of the Prudential Life Insurance Company, I am indebted for some information which has never
The Number of Alveoli in the Human Lung
Authors: Matthias Ochs, Jens R. Nyengaard, Anja Jung, Lars Knudsen, Marion Voigt, Thorsten Wahlers, Joachim Richter, Hans Jørgen G. Gundersen
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

The number of alveoli is a key structural determinant of lung architecture. A design-based stereologic approach was used for the direct and unbiased estimation of alveolar number in the human lung. The principle is based on two-dimensional topology in three-dimensional space and is free of assumptions on the shape, size, or spatial orientation of alveoli. Alveolar number is estimated by counting their openings at the level of the free septal edges, where they form a two-dimensional network. Mathematically, the Euler number of this network is estimated using physical disectors at a light microscopic level. In six adult human lungs, the mean alveolar number was 480 million (range: 274–790 million; coefficient of variation: 37%). Alveolar number was closely related to total lung volume, with larger lungs having considerably more alveoli. The mean size of a single alveolus was rather constant with 4.2 × 106μm3 (range: 3.3–4.8 × 106μm3; coefficient of variation: 10%), irrespective of the lung size. One cubic millimeter lung parenchyma would then contain around 170 alveoli. The method proved to be very efficient and easy to apply in practice. Future applications will show this approach to be an important addition to design-based stereologic methods for the quantitative analysis of lung structure.
Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A Suppresses Neurotransmitter Release from Afferent as Well as Efferent Nerves in the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Youko Ikeda, Irina V. Zabbarova, Lori A. Birder, William C. de Groat, Carly J. McCarthy, Ann T. Hanna-Mitchell, Anthony J. Kanai
Journal: European Urology (2012)
CORTIN PROTECTION AGAINST ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: J. Wolfram, R. L. Zwemer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1935)

Studies have been made on a possible protective action of cortin in the prevention of anaphylactic shock induced by crystallized egg albumin. Of sixteen control guinea pigs only two survived. Sixteen of thirty-three cortin-treated animals received hormone at the optimum period of from 2 to 6 hours before the shocking dose. Nine survived and two others showed some protection. In groups treated at other time intervals the evidence of protection is inconclusive. 2 weeks after the first test the cortin-treated survivors succumbed to a second antigen dose, which was not preceded by cortical extract.
Possible Immunoglobulin Deficiency
Authors: Jonathan B. Rosefsky
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the article entitled "Developmental Immunology and the Immunodeficiency Diseases" by Cooper and Buckley (1982;248:2658), the reference to a scarcity of documented cases of ill infants with transient but accentuated physiological γ-globulin deficiency is surprising. Any infant younger than 18 months of age with repeated finger or toe infections, otitis media, diarrhea, or bronchitispneumonia<i>should</i>have a complete differential cell count and quantitative immunoglobulins measured. Other tests might include those for complement levels and neutrophil function,<sup>1</sup>if the other measurements are normal.<i>Do not</i>test if the infants are not frequently sick or if other explanations are sufficient. What can one find? In 13 years of active pediatric practice, I have seen 20 cases of hypogammaglobulinemia type IV (low IgG level) (mean value, 200 mg/dL; mean age, 7 months); eight cases of dysgammaglobulinemia type I (low IgG and IgA levels) (mean IgG value, 171 mg/dL; mean
Drugs Five Years Later: Cimetidine: I. Developments, Pharmacology, and Efficacy
Authors: JAMES W. FRESTON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Cimetidine therapy has proved to be effective in healing most duodenal ulcers and in reducing the frequency of reulceration. It is unclear if low-dose maintenance therapy is superior to intermittent full-dose therapy in managing patients whose ulcers recur. Cimetidine is the preferred treatment for patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and current evidence indicates efficacy in healing benign gastric ulcers. Some patients with reflux esophagitis improve with cimetidine treatment, but the drug cannot be regarded as first-line therapy. Largely circumstantial evidence suggests a role in preventing bleeding from acute gastric erosions and in preventing the acid aspiration syndrome. Cimetidine therapy has not been found to be useful in controlling acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, acute pancreatitis, or several other conditions for which H2 blockade has been advocated.
The Role of the Surgeon in the Management of Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Owen H. Wangensteen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1947)

ULCER is a more frequent cause of discomfort and disability than of death — that is, for every patient who dies, a far larger number suffer. Yet approximately 10,000 people die annually in the United States from ulcer and its complications. There has been no suggestion of improvement in this mortality, such as that in appendicitis and bowel obstruction during the past decade.Genesis of UlcerAutopsy records indicate that evidence of an ulcer or ulcer scar can be found in 2 to 5 per cent of cases. The observations of William Beaumont1 on Alexis St. Martin and those of . . .
Low job control and risk of coronary heart disease in whitehall ii (prospective cohort) study
Authors: H. Bosma, M. G Marmot, H. Hemingway, A. C Nicholson, E. Brunner, S. A Stansfeld
Journal: BMJ (1997)

To determine the association between adverse psychosocial characteristics at work and risk of coronary heart disease among male and female civil servants.Prospective cohort study (Whitehall II study). At the baseline examination (1985-8) and twice during follow up a self report questionnaire provided information on psychosocial factors of the work environment and coronary heart disease. Independent assessments of the work environment were obtained from personnel managers at baseline. Mean length of follow up was 5.3 years.London based office staff in 20 civil service departments.10,308 civil servants aged 35-55 were examined-6895 men (67%) and 3413 women (33%).New cases of angina (Rose questionnaire), severe pain across the chest, diagnosed ischaemic heart disease, and any coronary event.Men and women with low job control, either self reported or independently assessed, had a higher risk of newly reported coronary heart disease during follow up. Job control assessed on two occasions three years apart, although intercorrelated, had cumulative effects on newly reported disease. Subjects with low job control on both occasions had an odds ratio for any subsequent coronary event of 1.93 (95% confidence interval 1.34 to 2.77) compared with subjects with high job control at both occasions. This association could not be explained by employment grade, negative affectivity, or classic coronary risk factors. Job demands and social support at work were not related to the risk of coronary heart disease.Low control in the work environment is associated with an increased risk of future coronary heart disease among men and women employed in government offices. The cumulative effect of low job control assessed on two occasions indicates that giving employees more variety in tasks and a stronger say in decisions about work may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease.
Early T Cell Receptor β Gene Expression Is Regulated by the Pre-T Cell Receptor–CD3 Complex
Authors: Iannis Aifantis, Jacqueline Feinberg, Hans Jörg Fehling, James P. Di Santo, Harald von Boehmer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

We have examined the question of whether there is an additional checkpoint in T cell development that regulates T cell receptor (TCR)-β expression in CD25+44− thymocytes by mechanisms that are independent of the pre-TCR. Our analysis in various mutant mice indicates that all changes in cytoplasmic TCR-β expression can be accounted for by pre-TCR–dependent signal mediation, putting into question the function of a putative pro-TCR.
P107 Knowledge Of Non Invasive Ventilation In A District General Hospital - A Cause For Concern?
Authors: R. Jones, A. Stanton, M. Juniper
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) is being used more widely in acute areas by medical staff with varied training and experience in initiation and ongoing management of ventilatory failure. <h3>Aims</h3> To investigate doctors’ knowledge of NIV in an emergency department (ED) and general medical wards, specifically indications for use, appropriate set up and ongoing care. <h3>Methods</h3> An anonymous online and written questionnaire was distributed to all doctors working in general medicine and in the ED at a UK district general hospital in Spring 2014. Participants were asked to identify appropriate indications for NIV and then led through a scenario of managing a patient with COPD and decompensated ventilatory failure. <h3>Results</h3> 40/116 (34%) of doctors responded across all grades. On a 6-point scale. self-identified confidence in managing NIV improves with seniority (5.2 (ST3+) vs 3.3 (FY1-ST2)) and past job experience in ICU (4.1 vs 3.6). Doctors were unclear about indications for NIV outside ICU/HDU. Whilst the majority (95%) correctly identified COPD exacerbations as an indicator, doctors at all grades would also use NIV for: asthma (10%), significant hypoxia (10%) and pneumothorax (3%). A fifth (18%) would start NIV without initial medical therapy. Only 55% (22/40) could identify appropriate initial ventilatory pressures (initial IPAP range 4–16, initial EPAP range 4–16). Suggesting a value for back up rate was more problematic with 43% (17/40) unable to provide any value and 9/23 (39%) suggesting an inappropriate value (range 8–18). Only 55% (22/40) could correctly alter settings while 23% (9/40) of doctors altered both IPAP and EPAP by equal amounts. 50% (4/8) ED/medical registrars could not alter settings correctly <h3>Conclusions</h3> Knowledge of appropriate use of NIV is sub optimal across all grades working in the ED and general medicine in our institution, and probably reflects the increasing use of a specialist intervention in the hands of non-specialists. There are a number of doctors whose use of NIV could compromise patient safety. Urgent education across all grades is needed alongside review of how NIV is delivered in the DGH setting.
FURTHER NOTE ON A CASE REPORTED AS HYPERCHOLESTEREMIA ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY AND NEPHROSIS
Authors: Max Rachmilewitz
Journal: JAMA (1934)

To the Editor:—  In a previous report (The Journal, Aug. 24, 1929, p. 604) I described a case of hypercholesteremia associated with hepatosplenomegaly and nephrosis. The outstanding clinical features were an enormously enlarged liver, filling almost the entire abdomen, and the symptom complex of nephrosis, as indicated by albuminuria, hypoproteinemia and hypercholesteremia. Biopsy of a lymph node showed the presence of foam cells. Although no chemical evidence of lipoid substance was obtained, the underlying anatomic cause for the clinical symptoms was considered to be a general metabolic disorder manifested by deposition of lipoid material in the viscera. The subsequent course of this case and the unusual conditions found at autopsy, which are to be reported in full by Gerber in the Archives of Pathology , necessitate this supplementary note.  The author's clinical report was made while the patient was still alive. The patient subsequently returned to the hospital complaining of severe
Evasion of anti-growth signaling: A key step in tumorigenesis and potential target for treatment and prophylaxis by natural compounds
Authors: A.R.M. Ruhul Amin, Phillip A. Karpowicz, Thomas E. Carey, Jack Arbiser, Rita Nahta, Zhuo G. Chen, Jin-Tang Dong, Omer Kucuk, Gazala N. Khan, Gloria S. Huang, Shijun Mi, Ho-Young Lee, Joerg Reichrath, Kanya Honoki, Alexandros G. Georgakilas, Amedeo Amedei, Amr Amin, Bill Helferich, Chandra S. Boosani, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Sophie Chen, Sulma I. Mohammed, Asfar S. Azmi, W. Nicol Keith, Dipita Bhakta, Dorota Halicka, Elena Niccolai, Hiromasa Fujii, Katia Aquilano, S. Salman Ashraf, Somaira Nowsheen, Xujuan Yang, Alan Bilsland, Dong M. Shin
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (2015)

The evasion of anti-growth signaling is an important characteristic of cancer cells. In order to continue to proliferate, cancer cells must somehow uncouple themselves from the many signals that exist to slow down cell growth. Here, we define the anti-growth signaling process, and review several important pathways involved in growth signaling: p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Hippo, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), Notch, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathways. Aberrations in these processes in cancer cells involve mutations and thus the suppression of genes that prevent growth, as well as mutation and activation of genes involved in driving cell growth. Using these pathways as examples, we prioritize molecular targets that might be leveraged to promote anti-growth signaling in cancer cells. Interestingly, naturally occurring phytochemicals found in human diets (either singly or as mixtures) may promote anti-growth signaling, and do so without the potentially adverse effects associated with synthetic chemicals. We review examples of naturally occurring phytochemicals that may be applied to prevent cancer by antagonizing growth signaling, and propose one phytochemical for each pathway. These are: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the Rb pathway, luteolin for p53, curcumin for PTEN, porphyrins for Hippo, genistein for GDF15, resveratrol for ARID1A, withaferin A for Notch and diguelin for the IGF1-receptor pathway. The coordination of anti-growth signaling and natural compound studies will provide insight into the future application of these compounds in the clinical setting.
Suprapubic Bladder Aspiration in Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: R. R. Bailey, P. J. Little
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Suprapubic aspiration of the bladder has proved a safe and reliable method of collecting urine for culture. It avoids contamination of the specimen and dispenses with the need for colony counts, because the isolation of any organism indicates bladder bacteriuria. In addition, urine collected in this way can be kept at 4°C. or at room temperature for up to 10 days before it is cultured.
Hematologic genetic disorders among Southeast Asian refugees
Authors: Carlos M. Monzon, Virgil F. Fairbanks, E. Omer Burgert, John E. Sutherland, Stephen C. Elliot
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Abstract Resettlement of Southeast Asian refugees has introduced into the Western Hemisphere many persons of all major ethnic groups from Indochina. They represent several distinctive cultural, genetic, and linguistic groups, and the prevalence of genetic traits among them varies accordingly. We studied 778 Southeast Asian persons resettled in the upper Midwest who belonged to 182 unrelated families from the five major Southeast Asian ethnic groups. High prevalences of hemoglobin E, α‐ and β‐thalassemia disorders, and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency were found. The prevalences of these four conditions in the refugees are among the highest known in the world. For these groups, iron deficiency is an uncommon cause of microcytosis; instead, the most frequent causes are hemoglobin E and α‐thalassemia‐1. Very serious thalassemic disorders occur with unusually high frequency in the refugees, especially in the Tai‐Dam.
Duration and characteristics of treatment of premature lambs with natural surfactant.
Authors: A Jobe, M Ikegami, T Glatz, Y Yoshida, E Diakomanolis, J Padbury
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Premature lambs were treated with 50 mg/kg of natural surfactant lipid by tracheal instillation either at birth or shortly thereafter when respiratory failure was documented. All lambs were delivered by cesarean section and supported on infant ventilators with 100% oxygen under conditions to mimic the care of human infants with the respiratory distress syndrome. The natural surfactant used for therapy was recovered by lavage from sheep lung. Six 120-d gestational age lambs treated at birth had an initial mean oxygen pressure (pO2) value of 270 +/- 35 mm Hg; this fell within 3 h to less than 100 mm Hg. By 8.3 +/- 0.3 h after birth the lambs were in severe respiratory failure with a mean pH less than 7.1 and a mean pCO2 greater than 70 mm Hg. Six untreated lambs had pH values below 7.0 within 40 min of life despite more intensive respiratory support than was given the treated animals. Treatment with natural surfactant of 17 lambs of 120 and 130 d gestational age after early respiratory failure resulted in a prompt increase in pO2 values from about 35 mm Hg to values over 200 mm Hg and a fall in pCO2 values to normal levels in the majority of animals. This response lasted only approximately 3 h, and a second treatment was less predictably effective.
Loss of cancellous bone mass and connectivity in ovariectomized rats can be restored by combined treatment with parathyroid hormone and estradiol.
Authors: V Shen, D W Dempster, R Birchman, R Xu, R Lindsay
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

To evaluate the potential use of a combination of antiresorption and bone formation-promoting agents as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis, we examined the effects of combined and separate administration of estrogen (17 beta-estradiol, 30 micrograms/kg per d, s.c.) and parathyroid hormone (rPTH [1-34], 40 micrograms/kg per d, s.c.) on the proximal tibia of ovariectomized (Ovx) rats. The treatments lasted for 4 wk and were initiated 1, 3, and 5 wk after surgery. Ovx resulted in rapid loss of cancellous bone volume (Cn-BV/TV) as well as trabecular connectivity, as determined by two dimensional strut analysis. When administered in a preventive mode, treatment beginning 1 wk post-Ovx, estrogen or PTH treatment alone preserved Cn-BV/TV and trabecular connectivity, and combined estrogen and PTH treatment caused a 40% increment in Cn-BV/TV while maintaining comparable trabecular connectivity with that seen in the Sham-operated animals. When administered in a curative mode to rats with established osteoporosis, treatments beginning 3 or 5 wk post-Ovx, estrogen or PTH treatment alone prevented further loss of connectivity and Cn-BV/TV, whereas the combined treatment resulted in as much as a 300% improvement in one of the parameters of trabecular connectivity, node to node strut length, and a 106% increase in Cn-BV/TV, with respect to the bone status at the initiation of treatment. The beneficial effects of this combined treatment derive from estrogen's ability to prevent accelerated bone resorption and, simultaneously, PTH's promotion of bone formation. These data demonstrate, in an animal model, that therapies can be devised to cure the skeletal defects associated with established osteoporosis.
The lateral chest film as an unreliable indicator of azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava.
Authors: R J O'Reilly, J H Grollman
Journal: Circulation (1976)

Recognition of azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava (AC-IVC) is necessary to prevent unnecessary surgery, to modify the approach to right heart catheterization and to avoid potentially fatal azygos ligation at the time of thoracic surgery. Absence of the inferior vena cava (IVC) shadow on the lateral chest film has been claimed to be an important feature of AC-IVC. Our findings, however, indicate that AC-IVC is frequently associated with a normal appearing IVC shadow on lateral chest film study. When the findings on frontal chest film examination suggest AC-IVC, a caval shadow on the lateral view does not exclude the diagnosis. There persists a need for further radiographic evaluation and, if necessary, angiographic confirmation. The lateral chest film does not provide reliable evidence for or against the diagnosis of azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava.
Calpain 3 deficiency is associated with myonuclear apoptosis and profound perturbation of the IκBα/NF-κB pathway in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A
Authors: Stephen Baghdiguian, Marianne Martin, Isabelle Richard, Françoise Pons, Catherine Astier, Nathalie Bourg, Ronald T. Hay, Raymond Chemaly, Georges Halaby, Jacques Loiselet, Louise V. B. Anderson, Adolfo Lopez de Munain, Michel Fardeau, Paul Mangeat, Jacques S. Beckmann, Gérard Lefranc
Journal: Nature Medicine (1999)
Continuous Nitric Oxide Inhalation Reduces Pulmonary Arterial Structural Changes, Right Ventricular Hypertrophy, and Growth Retardation in the Hypoxic Newborn Rat
Authors: Jesse D. Roberts, Carole T. Roberts, Rosemary C. Jones, Warren M. Zapol, Kenneth D. Bloch
Journal: Circulation Research (1995)

Abstract Breathing low oxygen levels for several weeks produces progressive pulmonary artery hypertension and smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia in many species. Because nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of pulmonary vascular tone, we examined whether the continuous inhalation of low levels of NO gas would attenuate pulmonary arterial structural changes in hypoxic rat pups. Nine-day-old rat pups and their mothers continuously breathed at F io 2 0.21 or 0.10 with or without adding 20 ppm (by volume) NO for 2 weeks. Lung tissue was obtained for vascular morphometric analysis, and the hearts were dissected to measure right ventricular weight and levels of mRNA encoding rat atrial natriuretic factor (rANF). In addition, femur and skull length were radiographically determined. Breathing at F io 2 0.10 for 14 days increased pulmonary arterial wall thickness and the proportion of muscular arteries in the lung periphery. Right ventricular weight and right ventricular rANF gene expression increased, whereas body weight and skeletal growth were reduced (all P &lt;.05). Continuous inhalation of 20 ppm NO at F io 2 0.10 for 2 weeks decreased hypoxic pulmonary vascular structural changes and somatic growth retardation and prevented the increase of right ventricular weight and right ventricular rANF mRNA levels. These observations suggest that chronically breathing NO attenuates pulmonary vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia and extension into distal arterial walls, right ventricular hypertrophy, and growth retardation of newborns breathing at a low oxygen level.