tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Case of Acute Peritonitis following Intestinal Perforation
Authors: W. J. Mickle
Journal: BMJ (1883)

Jam2 1 TE lIB MDA .B42 famI butcher for a fresh rennot.Should he have lived in the country, he wil be able to prepare it for you."1 A rennet," I may observe, is the term given by butchers to a ala stomach.If not obtained ready prepared, the stomach is to be cleansd, with as slight washing as is absolutely necessary, and buried in salt.It is now ready for use, and keeps for an indefinite time." Rennets" are easily to be procured in the cheese-making counties.I had at first some trouble in finding where to go to for a supply; one grocer, to whom I applied, advisnme to trythe corn merchants, underd ig that rennet was some kind of seed.This mnot be my apology for entering into a somewhat trivial matter.A little cream maybe added, if the milk be poor.To sum up: we have in the result a milk containing sugar, fat, casein, and salts, in due proportions; a, more than this, although the explanation is not quite evdent, a food perfectly digestible, whicb is, of course, the point to be reded above alU merely chemical considerations.
Valve replacement for rheumatic aortic incompetence in adolescents.
Authors: E K Weir, R E Matisonn, A S Mitha, B T LeRoux, N M Rogers, E Chesler
Journal: Thorax (1978)

The timing of valve replacement in patients with rheumatic aortic regurgitation is assessed by balancing the mortality and complications associated with the operation and the prosthetic valves against the natural history of the lesion. The time course without surgery is determined by the severity of the volume overload and the gradual deterioration of myocardial function. We wished to obtain information both on the haemodynamic recovery achieved after aortic valve replacement in young patients and also on the risks of operation in this group. Twenty patients, in whom the aortic valve was replaced at a mean age of 15 years, were reviewed. An improvement in symptoms and in the cardiothoracic ratio on the chest radiograph occurred in every case, and the voltage measurements suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram diminished in all but two. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased in the 11 patients who were recatheterised after operation. The ejection fraction improved in three patients and stayed the same in three others. While there were no operative deaths in our series the incidence of serious morbidity, in terms of myocardial damage at or after operation, was disappointingly high. Early valve replacement to preserve myocardial function is especially attractive in young patients but cannot be advised if the insertion of the prosthetic valve is associated with appreciable myocardial damage.
Atrial natriuretic peptide transcription, secretion, and glomerular receptor activity during mineralocorticoid escape in the rat.
Authors: B J Ballermann, K D Bloch, J G Seidman, B M Brenner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

The mechanisms that mediate renal "escape" from the sodium-retaining effects of mineralocorticoids are incompletely understood. This study was undertaken to determine whether atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) may play a role in the escape phenomenon. Immunoreactive ANP in rat plasma increased 2.5-fold above baseline values at 12 and 24 h after a single depot injection of desoxycorticosterone acetate in oil and returned to baseline thereafter. In addition, specific pre-pro-ANP messenger RNA content in rat atria was significantly elevated as early as 12 h after mineralocorticoid administration and remained elevated at 24, 48, and 72 h, indicating a prompt and sustained increase in ANP biosynthesis. Renal glomerular ANP receptor density was down-regulated appropriately with rising plasma ANP levels, and receptor affinity was unchanged. Thus, mineralocorticoid administration in the rat is a powerful stimulus for ANP release and for atrial myocyte ANP synthesis, which suggests a potential role for this hormone in overriding mineralocorticoid-induced renal sodium retention.
ANESTHESIA FOR SURGERY ABOUT THE HEAD
Authors: URBAN H. EVERSOLE
Journal: JAMA (1941)

This discussion is not intended as an exhaustive treatment of the subject of anesthesia for surgery about the head but rather as a discussion of some of the technical problems with which the anesthesiologist is confronted when an operation is to be performed in this region of the body. In addition, a detailed description of two methods of administering anesthesia for surgery about the head is to be presented. These methods have been developed in an attempt to meet certain requirements which are important and to overcome some of the difficulties that are frequently encountered during the course of anesthesia for operations in this region of the body. There are many factors that the anesthesiologist must consider if he is to select the proper anesthetic agent and method of its administration for any type of surgery. Some of these factors have a peculiar significance when the operation is to be
Cervical lung hernia
Authors: R. G. Lightwood, W. P. Cleland
Journal: Thorax (1974)

<b>Lightwood, R. G., and Cleland, W. P. (1974).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>29</b>, 349-351. <b>Cervical lung hernia.</b> Lung hernias occur in the cervical position in about one third of cases. The remainder appear through the chest wall. Some lung hernias are congenital, but trauma is the most common cause. The indications for surgery depend upon the severity of symptoms. Repair by direct suture can be used for small tears in Sibson9s (costovertebral) fascia while larger defects have been closed using prosthetic materials. Four patients with cervical lung hernia are described together with an account of their operations.
Asbestos Bodies in Carcinoma of Colon in an Insulation Worker With Asbestosis
Authors: Albert Ehrlich
Journal: JAMA (1985)

CARCINOMAS involving the gastrointestinal tract, as a group, are the most common forms of cancer in the United States, with the colon and the rectum being the most frequently involved sites. Geographic pathology suggests that environmental factors play a strong role in the etiology of these tumors. There is an increase in the number of deaths from colon cancer in asbestos workers. In a study of 17,800 asbestos insulation workers, instead of 38.1 expected deaths due to cancer of the colon and rectum, there were 59.<sup>1</sup>Other studies support the association between asbestos exposure and colon-rectal cancer.<sup>2</sup> <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 66-year-old asbestos insulator had worked for over 32 years putting asbestos around pipes and removing asbestos from old pipes. Dyspnea on exertion, without angina, started about 1967. Clubbing of fingers and bilateral extensive rales were found on physical examination. The clinical diagnosis of advanced asbestosis was
Some Observations on the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with A.C.T.H
Authors: A. P. Dick, A. G. Beckett
Journal: BMJ (1954)

CORTISONE IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS MEDICBALJONLfulminating type of ulcerative colitis.Pessel and others (1953) report a fatal case of multiple bowel perforations and peritonitis occurring during treatment with A.C.T.H.It is therefore interesting to note that in the present study the only two cases of perforation of the bowel occurred in patients of the control group.One patient who was receiv- ing large doses of cortisone had a massive haemorrhage from the bowel.Other less serious complications were fairly frequent in both the cortisone and the control group, and will be discussed in detail in the final report.We do not, as yet, know whether the patients treated with cortisone will show any lasting benefit over the subsequent course of time.A small number of the patients treated with cortisone relapsed shortly after the cessation of treatment, but not enough to alter materially the general picture of its beneficial effects.We are attempting to follow the long- term progress of all patients who have been included in the trial, so that this point may eventually become clear.It is already known that some patients may relapse and need further courses of treatment in the future.It seems likely that some patients will require continuous treatment with cortisone to maintain their improvement, but the efficacy of long-continued treatment remains to be determined. SummaryPreliminary results are given of a therapeutic trial of cortisone in non-specific ulcerative colitis carried out by the co-operation of physicians in five hospital regions.Of the 210 patients reported, 109 were treated with cortisone, the usual dose being up to 100 mg. a day for six weeks, and 101 received a dummy preparation.As judged by the overall clinical response to treatment, the cortisone group enjoyed a clear advantage over the control group.Cortisone appeared to be particularly beneficial in first attacks of the disease.SuLch data as exist on the changes in sigmoidoscopic and barium enema appearances between the begining and end of treatment are in favour of the cortisone group.Although neither difference is statistically significant, resort to ileostomy because medical treatment was failing, and death during the period of treatment or during the next few weeks, were both more common among the patients in the control group.It is concluded that cortisone exerts a beneficial influ- ence on the outcome of an acute attack of ulcerative colitis.We wish to thank the many physicians who have taken part in the trial; their names will be published in the final report.The trial would have been impossible without the help of the Medical Research Council, who made available the cortisone used, mnet part of the clerical expenses, and provided facilities for meetings.Messrs. Merck kindly made a gift of cortisone and identical control tablets for a substantial part of the trial.We are in- debted to the following pharmacists, who were responsible for the issue of cortisone and the dummy preparation within their regions:
Soluble Ligands and Their Receptors in Human Embryo Development and Implantation
Authors: George A. Thouas, Francisco Dominguez, Mark P. Green, Felipe Vilella, Carlos Simon, David K. Gardner
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2014)

Extensive evidence suggests that soluble ligands and their receptors mediate human preimplantation embryo development and implantation. Progress in this complex area has been ongoing since the 1980s, with an ever-increasing list of candidates. This article specifically reviews evidence of soluble ligands and their receptors in the human preimplantation stage embryo and female reproductive tract. The focus will be on candidates produced by the human preimplantation embryo and those eliciting developmental responses in vitro, as well as endometrial factors related to implantation and receptivity. Pathways to clinical translation, including innovative diagnostics and other technologies, are also highlighted, drawing from this collective evidence toward facilitating joint improvements in embryo quality and endometrial receptivity. This strategy could not only benefit clinical outcomes in reproductive medicine but also provide broader insights into the peri-implantation period of human development to improve fetal and neonatal health.
Dysregulated Epstein-Barr virus infection in the multiple sclerosis brain
Authors: Barbara Serafini, Barbara Rosicarelli, Diego Franciotta, Roberta Magliozzi, Richard Reynolds, Paola Cinque, Laura Andreoni, Pankaj Trivedi, Marco Salvetti, Alberto Faggioni, Francesca Aloisi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous B-lymphotropic herpesvirus, has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), but direct proof of its involvement in the disease is still missing. To test the idea that MS might result from perturbed EBV infection in the CNS, we investigated expression of EBV markers in postmortem brain tissue from MS cases with different clinical courses. Contrary to previous studies, we found evidence of EBV infection in a substantial proportion of brain-infiltrating B cells and plasma cells in nearly 100% of the MS cases examined (21 of 22), but not in other inflammatory neurological diseases. Ectopic B cell follicles forming in the cerebral meninges of some cases with secondary progressive MS were identified as major sites of EBV persistence. Expression of viral latent proteins was regularly observed in MS brains, whereas viral reactivation appeared restricted to ectopic B cell follicles and acute lesions. Activation of CD8+ T cells with signs of cytotoxicity toward plasma cells was also noted at sites of major accumulations of EBV-infected cells. Whether homing of EBV-infected B cells to the CNS is a primary event in MS development or the consequence of a still unknown disease-related process, we interpret these findings as evidence that EBV persistence and reactivation in the CNS play an important role in MS immunopathology.
Rise in world population threatens the planet.
Authors: Alex Vass
Journal: BMJ (2001)

World population and consumption is rising at a rate that is threatening the wellbeing of people and the planet, a report published last week by the United Nations Population Fund said.

Over the last 70 years the global population has tripled, from two billion to 6.1 billion, and it continues to grow by about 77 million people a year. By 2050 it will reach 9.3 billion. The 49 least developed countries, already straining to provide basic services to their people, will nearly triple in size, from 668 million to 1.86 billion people by 2050.

The report said that there …
Abstract LB-76: Absolute single-molecule sensitive NGS by SPLITSEQ: a new ctDNA analysis tool
Authors: Ronald Lebofsky, Jordan Madic, Adrien Saliou, Francois-Clement Bidard, Olivier Lantz, Marc-Henri Stern, Jean-Yves Pierga
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis requires absolute single molecule sensitivity, since only a few copies of the mutation may be present per blood draw. Recent developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) sample preparation have improved the relative sensitivity to detect &amp;lt;0.01% variants in background. However, when the total number of input mutant molecules falls below 10, these improvements have not translated into the absolute sensitivity required to sequence these rare templates. Here we develop and present SPLITSEQ, a novel microfluidics and NGS-based method that combines 0.01% fractional sensitivity with absolute single copy input sensitivity in an excess of background DNA. We provide multiplexed performance data on mutations in KRAS codons 12 and 13 and BRAF V600E, targets that are currently being developed as circulating predictive and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal and other cancers. Using reconstituted DNA solutions from mutant and normal cell lines ranging from 0.01% to 10% mutated allele fractions, we detected the sequence of approximately 0.2, 2, and 20 nominal mutated KRAS and BRAF inputs total in 10 000X background. Single copy numbers were supported by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) data, an orthogonal single-molecule sensitive technique. Lastly, we confirm the specificity of the technique by screening wild-type DNA only and finding a false positive rate significantly lower than ddPCR. Moreover, in comparison with digital PCR, SPLITSEQ is easily amenable to high levels of multiplexing and detects non-recurrent mutations in tumor suppressors along the length of the sequence. Since the only requirement is a single PCR-amplifiable template, SPLITSEQ fills an unmet need in ctDNA detection, providing biomarkers from hereto unanalyzable liquid biopsies containing rare mutants. Citation Format: Ronald Lebofsky, Jordan Madic, Adrien Saliou, Francois-Clement Bidard, Olivier Lantz, Marc-Henri Stern, Jean-Yves Pierga. Absolute single-molecule sensitive NGS by SPLITSEQ: a new ctDNA analysis tool. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-76. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-76
Orthotopic liver transplantation for urea cycle enzyme deficiency
Authors: Satoru Todo, Thomas E. Starzl, Andreas Tzakis, Keith J. Benkov, Frantisek Kalousek, Takeyori Saheki, Kyuichi Tanikawa, Wayne A. Fenton
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Hyperammonemia, abnormalities in plasma amino acids and abnormalities of standard liver functions were corrected by orthotopic liver transplantation in a 14-day-old boy with carbamyl phosphate synthetase-I deficiency and in a 35-yr-old man with argininosuccinic acid synthetase deficiency. The first patient had high plasma glutamine levels and no measureable citrulline, whereas citrulline values were markedly increased in Patient 2. Enzyme analysis of the original livers showed undetectable activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase-I in Patient 1 and arginosuccinic acid synthetase in Patient 2. Both patients were comatose before surgery. Intellectual recovery of patient 1 has been slightly retarded because of a brain abscess caused by Aspergillus infection after surgery. Both patients are well at 34 and 40 mo, respectively, after surgery. Our experience has shown that orthotopic liver transplantation corrects the life-threatening metabolic abnormalities caused by deficiencies in the urea cycle enzymes carbamyl phosphate synthetase-I and arginosuccinic acid synthetase. Seven other patients-six with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and another with carbamyl phosphate synthetase-I deficiency-are known to have been treated elsewhere with liver transplantation 1 1/2 yr or longer ago. Four of these seven recipients also are well, with follow-ups of 1 1/2 to 5 yr. Thus liver transplantation corrects the metabolic abnormalities of three of the six urea cycle enzyme deficiencies, and presumably would correct all. (Hepatology 1992;15:419-422).
Wider cost benefits of vaccine
Authors: C. O'Mahony, P. Greenhouse, A. Robinson, C. Sonnex
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The FUTURE Study Group’s results confirm the benefit to women of vaccinating against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 and emphasise the value of including HPV-6 and HPV-11 in any vaccine programme.1 HPV-6 and HPV-11 cause almost all condylomatas and a large proportion of cases of low grade vulval, vaginal, and cervical intraepithelial …
Airway–Parenchyma Uncoupling in Nocturnal Asthma
Authors: CHARLES G. IRVIN, JUNO PAK, RICHARD J. MARTIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Airway flow resistance is well known to be dependent upon lung volume. The rise in lung volume that occurs in asthma is therefore thought to be an important mechanism that defends airway patency. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the interdependence or mechanical coupling between airways and lung parenchyma during the inflammatory processes that occur in the patient with nocturnal asthma. Five patients with documented nocturnal asthma were studied in both a vertical and a horizontal body plethysmograph. Lung volume was altered with continuous negative pressure as applied to the chest wall with a poncho cuirass in different postures and during sleep. We found during the awake phase that an increase in lung volume decreased lower pulmonary resistance (Rlp); however, within 30 min of sleep onset, functional residual capacity (FRC) fell and Rlp rose more than would be expected for the fall in FRC. Restoring FRC to presleep values either at an early (half-hour) or a late (3-h) time point did not cause Rlp to significantly fall. A second phase of the study showed that the loss of Rlp dependence on lung volume was not due to the assumption of the supine posture. Indirect measurements of lung compliance were consistent with a stiffening of the lung. We conclude that with sleep there is an immediate uncoupling of the parenchyma to the airway, resulting in a loss of interdependence that persists throughout sleep and may contribute to the morbidity and mortality associated with nocturnal asthma. Irvin CG, Pak J, Martin RJ. Airway–parenchyma uncoupling in nocturnal asthma.
GENDER DIFFERENCES AND IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOME IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION AND CONVENTIONAL SURGERY: INSIGHTS FROM THE GERMAN AORTIC VALVE REGISTRY
Authors: Helge Möllmann, Timm Bauer, Thomas Walther, David Holzhey, Steffen Schneider, Ralf Zahn, Friedrich Mohr, Christian Hamm
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Mechanistic Insights Into Nitrite-Induced Cardioprotection Using an Integrated Metabolomic/Proteomic Approach
Authors: David H. Perlman, Selena M. Bauer, Houman Ashrafian, Nathan S. Bryan, Maria F. Garcia-Saura, Chee C. Lim, Bernadette O. Fernandez, Giuseppe Infusini, Mark E. McComb, Catherine E. Costello, Martin Feelisch
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Nitrite has recently emerged as an important bioactive molecule, capable of conferring cardioprotection and a variety of other benefits in the cardiovascular system and elsewhere. The mechanisms by which it accomplishes these functions remain largely unclear. To characterize the dose response and corresponding cardiac sequelae of transient systemic elevations of nitrite, we assessed the time course of oxidation/nitros(yl)ation, as well as the metabolomic, proteomic, and associated functional changes in rat hearts following acute exposure to nitrite in vivo. Transient systemic nitrite elevations resulted in: (1) rapid formation of nitroso and nitrosyl species; (2) moderate short-term changes in cardiac redox status; (3) a pronounced increase in selective manifestations of long-term oxidative stress as evidenced by cardiac ascorbate oxidation, persisting long after changes in nitrite-related metabolites had normalized; (4) lasting reductions in glutathione oxidation (GSSG/GSH) and remarkably concordant nitrite-induced cardioprotection, which both followed a complex dose-response profile; and (5) significant nitrite-induced protein modifications (including phosphorylation) revealed by mass spectrometry-based proteomic studies. Altered proteins included those involved in metabolism (eg, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, ubiquinone biosynthesis protein CoQ9, lactate dehydrogenase B), redox regulation (eg, protein disulfide isomerase A3), contractile function (eg, filamin-C), and serine/threonine kinase signaling (eg, protein kinase A R1alpha, protein phosphatase 2A A R1-alpha). Thus, brief elevations in plasma nitrite trigger a concerted cardioprotective response characterized by persistent changes in cardiac metabolism, redox stress, and alterations in myocardial signaling. These findings help elucidate possible mechanisms of nitrite-induced cardioprotection and have implications for nitrite dosing in therapeutic regimens.
Ethical Debate: Presumption of incompetence
Authors: Z. Szawarski
Journal: BMJ (1995)

There are four options possible when a patient refuses treatment in an accident and emergency department. Firstly, the doctor responsible ignores the patient's decision and treats the patient against his or her will even if the patient has to be restrained. Secondly, the doctor respects the patient's decision and withholds treatment even if it means the patient's death. Thirdly, the doctor tries to negotiate with the patient. Fourthly, the doctor refers the case to a third party (a court of law or an ethics committee) to decide the issue. This last option is usually …