tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
GENDER DISPARITIES WITH RESPECT TO CORRELATES FOR CLINICAL ADVERSE OUTCOMES AFTER CONTEMPORARY PCI IN PATIENTS WITH ACS
Authors: Lakshmana Pendyala, Rebecca Torguson, Joshua Loh, Hironori Kitabata, Sa'ar Minha, Salem Badr, Danny Dvir, Israel Barbash, Lowell Satler, Augusto Pichard, Ron Waksman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
HOW MAY TYPHOID FEVER BE ELIMINATED?
Authors: A. ROBIN
Journal: JAMA (1905)

The eradication of a given infectious disease requires an intimate knowledge of first, the causation or underlying etiologic factors, and second, the best methods of preventing these factors from operating. While very desirable, it is not absolutely necessary for purposes of prevention to know the specific cause of the infectious disease to be combated; it is sufficient to know the ways and means by which the specific cause, whatever it be, becomes operative. Thus smallpox may be prevented without the specific cause being known, and the prevention of yellow fever is an accomplished fact, although the specific cause still remains hidden from the searching eye of the bacteriologist. These general considerations prepare us for the statement that although the specific cause of typhoid fever—the bacillus of Eberth and Gaffky—has seldom, if ever, been found in polluted water; such water, nevertheless, has been the cause of typhoid epidemics, and the prevention
Unapproved Uses of Drugs
Authors: J. G. BOHORFOUSH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Comments and Correction1 May 1977Unapproved Uses of DrugsJ. G. BOHORFOUSH, M.D., F.A.C.P.J. G. BOHORFOUSH, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-86-5-652 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: All my enthusiasm for the excellent article "Naloxone" by Dr. Martin in the December issue (Ann Intern Med85:765-768, 1976) evaporated when I came to the words "unapproved uses." Why is this admonition included? Does this imply that I should not use the drug, permitting a patient to die and be guilty of murder? If this is so, my reading the article is an academic exercise in futility. The detail man, as well as thePhysicians' Desk Reference, has given me all of the approved indications, and the practice of reading journals the past 46 years for...Reference1. CROUT J: In praise of the lowly package insert. Food Drug Cosmet Law J 29:139-145, 1974 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1977Volume 86, Issue 5Page: 652-653KeywordsDrugsExerciseHomicide Issue Published: 1 May 1977 PDF DownloadLoading ...
POINT OF VIEW OF THE INTERNIST IN THE STUDY OF CANCER
Authors: JOHN DUDLEY DUNHAM
Journal: JAMA (1925)

The function of the family physician and internist in the study of cancer may be described as that of a liaison officer between the laity on the one hand and the pathologist, surgeon and radiologist on the other.  He is best able to obtain the patient's reaction to educational efforts.  On his skill, judgment and tact hinges the question as to when the patient receives diagnosis and treatment.  Much emphasis has been placed on the need of complete histories in the examination of patients. This requirement in diagnosis is most important in the detection of early cancer. The tendency among interns, senior students and internists is to give the patient little opportunity to express his own ideas of his case. Probably the majority of physicians obtain comprehensive histories by the Socratic method of question and answer. But how often is the patient given the opportunity to tell his past and
Jejunal mucosal abnormalities in patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration.
Authors: R Ferguson, M K Basu, P Asquith, W T Cooke
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Jejunal biopsies in 33 patients with troublesome recurrent aphthous ulceration seen over one year showed eight with flat mucosa compatible with coeliac disease. All remitted completely on a gluten-free diet, both clinically and haematologically, and the aphthous ulceration did not recur. Gluten sensitivity is aetiologically important in patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration and flat mucosa, and patients with recurrent ulceration should undergo jejunal biopsy.
Does behaviorism explain self-control?
Authors: Robert Eisenberger
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Rachlin's hyperbolic-discounting model captures basic features of the subtlety of human impulsiveness and self-control and has received convincing experimental support. His distinction between self-control patterns and impulsive acts expands his earlier work to a greater range of self-control behaviors. Possible mechanisms that may weaken or strengthen patterns of self-control are considered.
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Compartmentation in Rat Cardiac Myocytes
Authors: Liliana R.V. Castro, Ignacio Verde, Dermot M.F. Cooper, Rodolphe Fischmeister
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is the common second messenger for the cardiovascular effects of nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides, such as atrial or brain natriuretic peptide, which activate the soluble and particulate forms of guanylyl cyclase, respectively. However, natriuretic peptides and NO donors exert different effects on cardiac and vascular smooth muscle function. We therefore tested whether these differences are due to an intracellular compartmentation of cGMP and evaluated the role of phosphodiesterase (PDE) subtypes in this process.Subsarcolemmal cGMP signals were monitored in adult rat cardiomyocytes by expression of the rat olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel alpha-subunit and recording of the associated cGMP-gated current (ICNG). Atrial natriuretic peptide (10 nmol/L) or brain natriuretic peptide (10 nmol/L) induced a clear activation of ICNG, whereas NO donors (S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine, diethylamine NONOate, 3-morpholinosydnonimine, and spermine NO, all at 100 micromol/L) had little effect. The ICNG current was strongly potentiated by nonselective PDE inhibition with isobutyl methylxanthine (100 micromol/L) and by the PDE2 inhibitors erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (10 micromol/L) and Bay 60-7550 (50 nmol/L). Surprisingly, sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, produced a dose-dependent increase of I(CNG) activated by NO donors but had no effect (at 100 nmol/L) on the current elicited by atrial natriuretic peptide.These results indicate that in rat cardiomyocytes (1) the particulate cGMP pool is readily accessible at the plasma membrane, whereas the soluble pool is not; and (2) PDE5 controls the soluble but not the particulate pool, whereas the latter is under the exclusive control of PDE2. Differential spatiotemporal distributions of cGMP may therefore contribute to the specific effects of natriuretic peptides and NO donors on cardiac function.
Political Interference With Research?-Reply
Authors: Michael E. Carey
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The implication that information about my research was not available in 1988 simply is not true. In fact, beginning in 1984, I published numerous abstracts and made many presentations to national and international scientific organizations throughout the United States and Canada (list available from the author on request). Publications continued throughout the life of the contract and one of the most recent has been accepted for publication in the<i>Journal of Neurosurgery</i>.<sup>1</sup> While it may be appropriate for Congress to turn to the GAO for specialized investigations, serious questions have been raised about the validity of its research. According to the July 27, 1991, issue of<i>The Congressional Quarterly</i>, congressional complaints against the GAO's research conclusions have become so numerous that legislation has been introduced that would significantly change the way the GAO will be allowed to operate. I reiterate that no scientific experts were ever permitted
Blood Supply of the Human Interventricular Septum
Authors: THOMAS N. JAMES, GEORGE E. BURCH
Journal: Circulation (1958)

The blood supply of the interventricular septum has been studied in 43 normal human hearts, from patients dying of noncardiac causes. The specimens were prepared by injection of vinylite into the coronary arteries. Description is made of the normal vascular anatomy of this area, and its clinical importance is discussed.
Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Edwin R. Wallace
Journal: JAMA (1996)

The first edition (Karasu, 1989) of this monumental handbook grew out of seven years' work by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) Task Force on Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. Evidence from 30 years of increasingly sophisticated epidemiologic, neuroscientific, psychosocial, and clinical studies argued powerfully for such an attempt.  There were, however, significant reservations within the profession. Some feared that a treatment manual would oversimplify and that cookbook approaches to notoriously complex sets of human problems deemphasize psychosocial and psychotherapeutic perspectives in favor of neurobiological and pharmacological reductionism. Such approaches further would obscure the individuality of psychiatric patients and downplay the role of clinical judgment. For the most part, the first edition allayed such fears, acknowledging the provisional and still controversial nature of psychiatry's evolving knowledge base.  Like its predecessor, the new edition is pluralistic. It does not represent the official policy of the APA, and it offers, in the editor's words,
Increased levels of blood platelet‐activating factor in bronchial asthmatic patients with active symptoms
Authors: M. Kurosawa, T. Yamashita, F. Kurimoto
Journal: Allergy (1994)

Levels of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) in blood from 12 bronchial asthmatic patients (six atopic and six nonatopic) were measured by radioimmunoassay after lipid extraction and separation by high‐performance liquid chromatography. None of the patients were given disodium cromoglycate and prednisolone, and they were instructed to take only regular medications during the tests. Blood was drawn from the patients in a fasting state, and PAF levels were compared between the times when they were free of asthmatic symptoms and when they had mild spontaneous attacks. Ten (six atopic and four nonatopic) out of 12 patients, when they had the asthmatic attacks, showed higher levels of PAF than when they were free of the symptoms. Blood PAF levels of the patients with the active symptoms were significantly higher than those of normal healthy control subjects, suggesting that PAF may play a role in bronchial asthma.
It's time to rebuild the evidence base
Authors: Ray Moynihan
Journal: BMJ (2011)

With medical science so contaminated by conflicts of interest, what evidence can we trust?



For many of us, the move towards an evidence based approach to medicine has largely been a welcome one. We have learnt to evaluate therapies rigorously and be highly sceptical of expert enthusiasm for them. Perhaps most importantly, we now try to turn routinely to summaries of the evidence rather than rely on single studies. For what we assumed were good reasons, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have become gold standards, whether we are a politician, a physician, or simply a citizen. But is it fool’s gold? In our collective zeal to summarise, we have too often ignored the fact that a vast and growing proportion of those original studies are industry sponsored, which means that they tend to exaggerate benefits and play down harms. Summarising that bias doesn’t make it go away. Medicine’s prized evidence base has become debased.

An international team of researchers from across Europe and North America recently examined 29 meta-analyses published in leading medical journals.1 Those meta-analyses summarised results of more than 500 trials of top selling drugs for conditions …
Clinical Decisions Regarding HbA1c Results in Primary Care
Authors: Bennett L. Parnes, Deborah S. Main, L. Miriam Dickinson, Linda Niebauer, Sherry Holcomb, John M. Westfall, Wilson D. Pace
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

To describe decisions made by primary care providers on elevated HbA(1c) results and their reasons for not intensifying therapy.In this cross-sectional study, a provider survey was administered in two practice-based research networks when HbA(1c) results were reviewed on all nonpregnant patients >18 years old with type 2 diabetes. Univariate and Mantel-Hantel analyses assessed associations between patient characteristics and clinical decisions.A total of 483 surveys were completed by at least 88 providers at 19 clinics. Most patients were female (62.5%), mean age was 60 years, and 28.6% were Hispanic. The overall action rate on HbA(1c) results >/=7% (n = 294) was 70.7%. Patients who were black or had Medicare without medication insurance had lower rates of action on HbA(1c) >/=7 and >/=8%, respectively (P < 0.05). The most common reasons providers reported for inaction were "patient improving/doing well," "competing demands," and "hypoglycemic risk."Primary care providers generally adhere to national glycemic control guidelines, although there may be disparities in black patients and patients without medication insurance coverage. A variety of reasons were given when control was not intensified.
SINGLE-LEG HOP BIOMECHANICAL ADAPTIONS FOLLOWING AN INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM
Authors: E Greska, N Cortes, C Mincy, J Ambegaonkar, S Caswell, J Onate
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Injury prevention programs (IPP) have demonstrated positive results in reducing the incidence of traumatic lower extremity (LE) injuries. However, it is not well documented how biomechanical alterations caused by IPP's contribute to improved physical performance. Objective To evaluate the effects of an IPP on bilateral LE biomechanics during a single-leg hop task (SLH). Design Quasi-experimental. Setting Collegiate Soccer Players. Participants 16 athletes (19.3±1.0 years; 1.67±0.05 m; 62.7±5.9 kg) free of any LE injuries. Interventions A 3-D motion-capture system assessed LE biomechanics at pre- and post-IPP, while participants performed 3 SLH (cm) bilaterally from a force-plate. A 10-week IPP, which included agility and plyometric drills, was integrated into the normal team practice during the off-season period. Main outcome measurements Mean peak knee flexion (KF) and abduction (KA) were appraised during propulsion phase (PP), takeoff, touchdown, and landing phase (LP). Peak ground reaction forces (GRF), normalized to body weight, were also measured during PP. Repeated measures ANOVAs assessed the effects of training and leg dominance. Results Pre-IPP, SLH displacement significantly differed between legs (P=.013), and post-IPP, training significantly improved for both legs (P=.026), resulting in a significant interaction effect (P=.035). KF significantly decreased pre-to-post-IPP at PP for training (P=.017) and dominance (P = .015). KA significantly differed pre-to-post-IPP during PP for training (P=.025) and dominance (P = .026), takeoff for training ( p =0.016), touchdown for training (P=.001), and LP for training (P=.002). Pre-to-post-IPP, training significantly increased GRF anteriorly (P=.001). Conclusions Previous researchers have suggested increased LE injury risk due to inter-limb differences. Our results demonstrated inter-limb equivalence in SLH force-production and displacement post-IPP, with KA shifting toward a more neutral frontal-plane alignment. Thus, the increased ability and frontal-plane neutrality exhibited between legs may be an influencing factor in how the IPP can reduce LE injury risk.
Essays in Toxicology
Authors: I. Sunshine
Journal: JAMA (1970)

In keeping with the ever-expanding horizons in toxicology, the four presentations in this book encompass such seemingly unrelated topics as poisons as tools in studying the nervous system (R. D. O'Brien); teratology (R. S. McCutchen); the significance of methemoglobinemia in toxicology (R. P. Smith); and lead poisoning (P. B. Hammond). The authors' primary interests-physiology, genetics, neurobiology, pharmacology, respectively—further illustrate the broad base of Prof Blood's conception of toxicology. The book's objective is to interest students, instructors, and research workers and to present an "up-to-date picture" of topics presented. Predictably, the attributes of the contributions vary with each author. Although the essays were released in 1969, only Dr. O'Brien made extensive efforts to include material published after 1966. His opus best realizes the stated objectives and is an interesting, lucid, well documented, and current assessment of his subject. Dr. Smith does equally well within his more limited field of interest. The
Patients Association aims at helping to improve and support the NHS
Authors: M. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The standfirst to McCartney’s Medicine and the media article correctly highlights the lack of balance in much of the wider media.1 But her main criticism is of the Patients Association. As so often happens, the messenger is attacked while the importance of the message is belittled.

The purpose of the Patients Association is to put forward the …
Infection control in dentistry.
Authors: C Scully, M Haj, S Porter
Journal: BMJ (1993)

corrected for wrong addresses will improve the apparent efficiency of screening while failing to locate those who are being missed.Other methods of improving lists of patients' addresses that we have used in our research studies include periodic mailings to patients, recording an alternative contact address, using Post Office returns (which identified 40% of inaccurate addresses in one mailing in our experience), examining general practices' manual and com- puterised records, and using local telephone books.The relative cost effectiveness of these methods depends on the extent of automation that can be achieved.Direct linkage of computerised records of practices and family health services authorities, with a formal protocol for checking and updating a practice's address records at each contact with a patient, probably holds out the best hope of achieving a register with minimal errors in addresses to optimise uptake of screening.The technology to achieve this has already been adopted in other European countries.
Diagnosing Lyme Disease
Authors: Tom G. Schwan, Warren J. Simpson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Letters1 October 1991Diagnosing Lyme DiseaseTom G. Schwan, PhD, Warren J. Simpson, PhDTom G. Schwan, PhDSearch for more papers by this author, Warren J. Simpson, PhDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-7-577_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors: Borrelia burgdorferiis considered to be the causative agent in Lyme borreliosis, a tick-borne zoonosis that afflicts both humans and domestic mammals. In the last 10 years, however, the diversity of clinical manifestations assumed to be the result of infection withB. burgdorferihas continued to increase, and Lyme borreliosis is sometimes difficult to diagnose. Why do only 70% of patients develop erythema migrans, the characteristic annular red rash that develops around the infective site? Why does a "flu-like syndrome" characterized by fever, headaches, and cough develop in only a portion of infected patients? Why do some patients appear to have no acute or early disease, but later develop severe cardiac, arthritic, or neurologic manifestations? Why do some...References1. WallisBrownKlotterMain RSKA. Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: field study of ticks. Am J Epidemiol. 1978;108:322-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. SteereMalawistaSnydmanShopeAndimanRoss ASDRWM. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum. 1977;20:7-17. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. . National secular trends in Lyme disease 1982-1989. Lyme Disease Surveillance Summary. 1990;1:1. Google Scholar4. Karabotsos N; ed. International Catalogue of Arboviruses, Including Certain Other Viruses of Vertebrates. San Antonio: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1985:1-1147. Google Scholar5. PiesmanHicksSinskyObiri JTRG. Simultaneous transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti by individual nymphal Ixodes dammini ticks. J Clin Microbiol. 1987;25:2012-3. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Rocky Mountain Laboratories NIAID Hamilton, MT 59840 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byCases of Lyme Borreliosis Resistant to Conventional Treatment: Improved Symptoms with Cephalosporin plus Specific β-Lactamase Inhibition 1 October 1991Volume 115, Issue 7Page: 577-578KeywordsBorrelia burgdorferiErythemaFeversHeart diseasesLyme diseaseRashes Issue Published: 1 October 1991 PDF downloadLoading ...
Microvascular integrity indicates myocellular viability in patients with recent myocardial infarction. New insights using myocardial contrast echocardiography.
Authors: M Ragosta, G Camarano, S Kaul, E R Powers, I J Sarembock, L W Gimple
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Patency of the infarct-related artery (IRA) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may not reflect the magnitude of tissue perfusion. In animal models of AMI, myocardial cellular necrosis has been associated with extensive capillary damage. Because myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) can define the spatial distribution of microvascular perfusion, we hypothesized that it could be used in patients after recent AMI to distinguish myocardial regions that have an intact microvasculature and thus are viable from those without an intact microvasculature and thus are not viable. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred five patients with a recent AMI (range, 1 day to 4 weeks; median, 8 days) who were undergoing cardiac catheterization were included in the study. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed at baseline and repeated 1 month later to assess regional function within the infarct zone (scores of 1 to 5 indicating normal to dyskinetic segments, respectively). MCE was performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory to assess microvascular perfusion within the infarct bed. A contrast score index was derived by assigning scores to individual segments within the infarct zone (0, 0.5, and 1 denoting no, intermediate, and homogeneous contrast effect, respectively) and deriving the average score within the infarct bed. Revascularization was performed as clinically indicated. Although the baseline wall motion score and the contrast score index were similar in the 90 patients with a patent IRA and the 15 patients with an occluded IRA (median +/- 1 interquartile range, 3 +/- 1 versus 3.5 +/- 1; P = .41), wall motion score 1 month later was significantly better in those with open IRAs compared with those with closed IRAs (2 +/- 2 versus 3 +/- 2, P = .05). In the 90 patients with an open IRA, a strong correlation was noted between wall motion score 1 month later and the contrast score index (rho = -.64, P &lt; .001). On multivariate analysis, the best correlate of the 1-month wall motion score was the contrast score index. CONCLUSIONS In patients studied in the cardiac catheterization laboratory between 1 day and 4 weeks after AMI, an intact microvasculature as identified by MCE indicates myocardial regions that improve function 1 month later. This study demonstrates that microvascular patency is closely associated with myocardial cellular viability after AMI in humans.