tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Virus-induced alterations in insulin release in hamster islets of Langerhans.
Authors: E J Rayfield, Y Seto, S Walsh, R C McEvoy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

After the inoculation of Golden Syrian hamsters with the TC-83 vaccine strain of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus, a sustained diminution in glucose-stimulated insulin release and glucose intolerance of shorter duration develops. To understand better the mechanism of this defect in insulin release, we examined insulin secretion in response to several test agents in isolated perifused islets from control and 24-d post-VE virus-infected hamsters. 50 islets were used in all perifusion experiments, and data were expressed as total insulin released as well as peak response for each test agent during a 30-min perifusion period from control and VE-infected islets. After perifusion with 20 mM glucose, a 45% diminution of insulin release was noted in VE-infected islets in comparison with control islets, which in turn was similar to in vivo findings. However, following 1-mM tolbutamide stimulation, insulin release was similar in control and VE-infected islets. In separate studies, 1 mM tolbutamide, 10 mM theophilline, 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic (c)AMP, and 1 mM 8-bromo-cAMP resulted in statistically similar insulin-release curves in control and VE-infected islets. Additional experiments assessing [5-3H]glucose use in control and infected islets after 20 min of perifusion with 20 mM glucose revealed virtually identical values (239 +/- 30-control; and 222 +/- 27-VE-infected islets). Morphological and morphometric evaluation of VE-infected islets (21 d following virus inoculation) showed no changes in islet volume density, beta cell density, and beta cell granulation. Thus, VE virus induces a defect in glucose-stimulated insulin release from hamster beta cells that can be corrected by cAMP analogues and does not alter islet glucose use.
Patients' written consent when photographed could suffice for journals
Authors: J Soler-Gonzàlez, M C Ruiz
Journal: BMJ (2005)

EDITOR—We agree with Groves and Croot that consent for publication of images is a necessary legal requirement.1 Nevertheless, we think that the best option may not always be for the journal to obtain consent.

We often take photographs in our consulting room because they have a lot of uses, publication being just one.2 When we take …
Comparison of gene expression after intraperitoneal delivery of AAV2 or AAV5 in utero
Authors: Gerald S Lipshutz, Deborah Titre, Mary Brindle, Angelina R Bisconte, Christopher H Contag, Karin M.L Gaensler
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

Correction of diseases may be achieved by delivery of genes to stem cells and developing organ systems. Our previous studies demonstrated life-long expression after in utero injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 2 in mice. In the present studies, we compared levels of expression using the elongation factor 1alpha (EF1alpha) or the CMV promoter in AAV2 and AAV5 linked to luciferase via intraperitoneal injection in day 15 fetuses in utero. An additional AAV construct also contained the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE). The level and distribution of luciferase expression were assessed by in vivo bioluminescence and luminometric assays. All mice exhibited luciferase expression for >15 months. In vivo, luciferase expression from AAV5 was greater than that produced from AAV2. Vectors containing the CMV promoter produced higher levels of gene expression in all tissues examined compared to EF1alpha-directed vectors. The WPRE increased expression in vitro fourfold and in vivo eightfold. These studies demonstrate that by modifying the promoter and serotype, increases in the efficiency of AAV-directed expression may be achieved. The efficacy of rAAV-mediated gene delivery in utero supports the potential of these vectors for future therapies.
An Outbreak of<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Infections Associated with Flexible Bronchoscopes
Authors: Arjun Srinivasan, Linda L. Wolfenden, Xiaoyan Song, Karen Mackie, Theresa L. Hartsell, Heather D. Jones, Gregory B. Diette, Jonathan B. Orens, Rex C. Yung, Tracy L. Ross, William Merz, Paul J. Scheel, Edward F. Haponik, Trish M. Perl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Endoscopes, including bronchoscopes, are the medical devices most frequently associated with outbreaks of nosocomial infections. We investigated an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections after bronchoscopic procedures.
Antiangiogenic and anticancer effect of an orally active low molecular weight heparin conjugates and its application to lung cancer chemoprevention
Authors: Ji-young Kim, Taslim A. Al-Hilal, Seung Woo Chung, Sang Yoon Kim, Gyu Ha Ryu, Woo Chan Son, Youngro Byun
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2014)
Psychopharmacological Elements of Drug Dependence
Authors: Maurice H. Seevers
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The complexities of drug dependence as a scientific, medical, and social problem are so great that the pharmacological and psychological principles, common to all forms of drug dependence, are easily obscured in the mass of detail and in the semantic arguments about definitions.<sup>1</sup> It may appear to be fatuous to say that the individual having had no experience with psychoactive drugs will never become dependent. In effect, however, this is the only means by which drug dependence could be eliminated in the human society. Having once experienced such drug effects, a large majority of the world population will inevitably become drug dependent (Figure). Some drugs are so weak that little harm results. But many are such powerful reinforcers that if all the population were to be given a drug trial with every major psychoactive drug by intravenous administration and then permitted free access to the drug of their choice,
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
Authors: HU A. BLAKE, ROBERT J. HALL, WILLIAM C. MANION
Journal: Circulation (1965)

One hundred and thirteen selected anomalous pulmonary venous returns have been well documented anatomically. Twenty-seven variations were seen. With the use of simplified diagrams, these have been correlated with related cases in the literature. Emphasis has been placed on transitional forms with one anomaly shading off into the next, rather than upon a series of neat, compartmentalized, classic types of anomalous pulmonary venous return. It is hoped that the broad anatomic spectrum shown will promote additional understanding and interest.
Levels of nitrotyrosine, an inflammatory marker generated by nitric oxide derived oxidants, is associated with risk of coronary artery disease
Authors: Mehdi H. Shishehbor, Ronnier J. Aviles, Marie-Luise Brennan, Xiaoming Fu, Marc S. Penn, Dennis L. Sprecher, Noyan Gokce, John F. Keaney, Joseph A. Vita, Stanley L. Hazen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Edward Adrian Wilson, M.B. (1872–1912)
Authors: Richard S. Heilman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

HANDSHAKES and best wishes had been exchanged and the darkness of the Antarctic night pushed back a few feet by candles in a vain effort to photograph a memorable scene. At the edge of this feeble ring of light three men, harnessed together and to two heavily loaded sledges, turned, waved and then vanished into the bitterness and the dark of the Antarctic winter of 1911.Five weeks later these three tired bits of humanity returned from a journey so ghastly that its fulfillment challenges belief and led it to be described as "the hardest which had ever been made."1 . . .
Reduction of skin bacteria in theatre air with comfortable, non-woven disposable clothing for operating-theatre staff.
Authors: N J Mitchell, D S Evans, A Kerr
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Conventional loose-weave cotton operating garments were compared with clothing of a non-woven fabric to test their efficacy in reducing the dispersal of skin bacteria into theatre air. When men wore operating suits made of the non-woven fabric dispersal of skin bacteria was reduced by 72%. When all the operating-theatre staff wore suits and dresses of this fabric air bacterial counts during operating sessions were reduced by 55%; no reduction occurred when the fabric was worn by only the scrubbed team. The lowest levels of microbial contamination of the air in the operating theatre occurred when both the unscrubbed and scrubbed theatre staff wore clothes of non-woven fabric.
What to Tell Cancer Patients
Authors: Donald Oken
Journal: JAMA (1961)

A questionnaire and interviews were used to study the policies of 219 physicians about "telling" cancer patients. Ninety per cent indicated a preference for not telling. Although clinical experience was cited by three-quarters as the major policy determinant, the data bear no relation to experience or age. Instead, inconsistencies, opinionatedness, and resistance to change and to research were found which indicated emotion-laden a priori personal judgments as the real determinants. Feared reactions to telling (e.g., suicide) could rarely be substantiated. Equally undocumented assumptions were given as justifications for telling. Underlying were feelings of pessimism and futility about cancer. The strong feelings mobilized by our deep and serious concerns for cancer patients, and our difficulties in helping them, stimulate denial mechanisms. These responses, unfortunately, operate as interferences to progress in cancer therapy.
Abnormal Haemoglobins in Africa
Authors: A. W. Woodruff
Journal: BMJ (1965)

So long as we insist on judging students by their success in passing examinations it is the bounden duty of teachers, despite the exhortations of the highbrows, to direct their teaching toward this end.The English plan of medical instruction, with its emphasis on " clerking and dressing," on casual ward rounds, and on routine duties in wards and out- patient departments, may have other virtues but certainly fails to give systematic teaching.
Case or person?
Authors: H. Gainsborough
Journal: BMJ (1967)

<h3>Purpose</h3> To study the risk factors, microbiological profile and clinical outcomes of infectious keratitis affecting paediatric patients. <h3>Study design</h3> Retrospective case series. <h3>Methods</h3> Review of case records of paediatric patients (0–16 years) diagnosed with infectious keratitis who presented to Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India during January 2011 to December 2013. Demographic details, predisposing factors, microbiological investigations, clinical course and visual outcome were analysed. <h3>Results</h3> In this time period, 240 eyes of 234 children had a diagnosis of infectious keratitis. One hundred and twenty-five (53.4%) children had a history of trauma. Smears were obtained in 220 eyes, while culture was performed in 191 eyes. The culture results were positive in 142 (74.3%) eyes. Fungi was the most common infectious agent isolated in culture (54.2%) followed by bacteria (40.8%) and acanthamoeba (2.1%). Successful healing of the keratitis with appropriate medical therapy occurred in 223 (92.9%) eyes, while 17 (7.1%) eyes required therapeutic keratoplasty. Of the 151 patients with preliminary and final visual acuity, vision improved by 2 lines in 68 eyes (45%), stayed the same in 75 eyes (49.6%) and worsened in 8 eyes (5.3%). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Contrary to previous reports, fungi are the most common aetiological organism in the causation of infectious keratitis in children in our study population. <i>Fusarium</i> was the most common fungal species isolated. These data are similar to the data obtained from adult patients with infectious keratitis in this region. While microbiological investigations are important to initiate appropriate antimicrobial therapy, the findings from our study need to be kept in mind, especially while initiating empirical therapy in this population.
Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone
Authors: Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa, Béatrice Lauby-Secretan, Dana Loomis, Kathryn Z Guyton, Yann Grosse, Fatiha El Ghissassi, Véronique Bouvard, Neela Guha, Heidi Mattock, Kurt Straif
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2014)
The methodology of the artificial
Authors: Luc Steels
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Biorobotics research should not only target "realistic" models of living systems and be judged exclusively from that perspective. It should pay just as much attention to formal models and artificial systems. They allow the examination of assumptions which do not necessarily hold for living systems, but precisely therein lies their value. They generate insight by enabling a comparison between the artificial and the real.
STUDIES ON THE DIMENSIONS OF THE RABBIT ANTI-BENZYLPENICILLOYL ANTIBODY-COMBINING SITES
Authors: Bernard B. Levine
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1963)

Rabbit antisera prepared against conjugates of the benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) bifunctional haptenic group were analyzed to determine whether the antibodies are adapted to only a portion of the large BPO molecule, or to the entire molecule, and whether specificity extends to the lysine side chain and adjoining structures of the immunizing carrier protein. No antibodies adapted to the phenylacetylamine portion of the BPO group could be detected in a pooled rabbit anti-BPO serum globulin fraction by PCA and quantitative precipitin analysis using several phenylacetylamine-protein conjugates as antigens. No antibodies adapted only to the thiazolidine carboxylic acid portion of the BPO molecule were detected in the anti-BPO globulin fraction using quantitative precipitin and hapten inhibition methods. At least the bulk of the anti-BPO antibodies was found to be adapted to the entire BPO haptenic group. By quantitative hapten inhibition of precipitation of the anti-BPO globulin fraction, the anti-BPO antibodies were found to show specificity for a 6 carbon amide side chain corresponding to the lysine side chain through which BPO groups are bound predominantly to protein. The contribution of this 6 carbon chain to antibody-hapten binding was small; (-DeltaF degrees ) was calculated to be 460 calories per mole (average). Rabbit anti-BPO antibodies prepared against BPO-rabbit serum albumin conjugates showed specificity also toward structures of the immunizing carrier protein, and possibly toward secondary or tertiary structural configurations. Penicilloyl conjugates of rabbit serum albumin precipitated from 3 individual rabbit antisera more anti-BPO antibodies than did penicilloyl conjugates of heterologous carriers (poly-L-lysine, human serum albumin, and human gamma-globulin). Anti-BPO antibodies demonstrated heterogeneity with regard to closeness of fit to the haptenic group, or with regard to the dimensions of the combining sites, or both. It was concluded that at least a large part of anti-BPO antibodies are specifically adapted to a large antigenic unit comprised of the entire BPO group, the lysine side chain, and structural configurations of the immunizing carrier protein.
Gel-mediated Delivery of AAV1 Vectors Corrects Ventilatory Function in Pompe Mice With Established Disease
Authors: Cathryn S Mah, Darin J Falk, Sean A Germain, Jeffry S Kelley, Melissa A Lewis, Denise A Cloutier, Lara R DeRuisseau, Thomas J Conlon, Kerry O Cresawn, Thomas J Fraites Jr, Martha Campbell-Thompson, David D Fuller, Barry J Byrne
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

Pompe disease is a muscular dystrophy that results in respiratory insufficiency. We characterized the outcomes of targeted delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (rAAV2/1) vector to diaphragms of Pompe mice with varying stages of disease progression. We observed significant improvement in diaphragm contractile strength in mice treated at 3 months of age that is sustained at least for 1 year and enhanced contractile strength in mice treated at 9 and 21 months of age, measured 3 months post-treatment. Ventilatory parameters including tidal volume/inspiratory time ratio, minute ventilation/expired CO2 ratio, and peak inspiratory airflow were significantly improved in mice treated at 3 months and tested at 6 months. Despite early improvement, mice treated at 3 months and tested at 1 year had diminished normoxic ventilation, potentially due to attenuation of correction over time or progressive degeneration of nontargeted accessory tissues. However, for all rAAV2/1-treated mice (treated at 3, 9, and 21 months, assayed 3 months later; treated at 3 months, assayed at 1 year), minute ventilation and peak inspiratory flows were significantly improved during respiratory challenge. These results demonstrate that gel-mediated delivery of rAAV2/1 vectors can significantly augment ventilatory function at initial and late phases of disease in a model of muscular dystrophy. Pompe disease is a muscular dystrophy that results in respiratory insufficiency. We characterized the outcomes of targeted delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (rAAV2/1) vector to diaphragms of Pompe mice with varying stages of disease progression. We observed significant improvement in diaphragm contractile strength in mice treated at 3 months of age that is sustained at least for 1 year and enhanced contractile strength in mice treated at 9 and 21 months of age, measured 3 months post-treatment. Ventilatory parameters including tidal volume/inspiratory time ratio, minute ventilation/expired CO2 ratio, and peak inspiratory airflow were significantly improved in mice treated at 3 months and tested at 6 months. Despite early improvement, mice treated at 3 months and tested at 1 year had diminished normoxic ventilation, potentially due to attenuation of correction over time or progressive degeneration of nontargeted accessory tissues. However, for all rAAV2/1-treated mice (treated at 3, 9, and 21 months, assayed 3 months later; treated at 3 months, assayed at 1 year), minute ventilation and peak inspiratory flows were significantly improved during respiratory challenge. These results demonstrate that gel-mediated delivery of rAAV2/1 vectors can significantly augment ventilatory function at initial and late phases of disease in a model of muscular dystrophy.
WAVE1 mediates suppression of phagocytosis by phospholipid-derived DAMPs
Authors: Ulrich Matt, Omar Sharif, Rui Martins, Tanja Furtner, Lorene Langeberg, Riem Gawish, Immanuel Elbau, Ana Zivkovic, Karin Lakovits, Olga Oskolkova, Bianca Doninger, Andreas Vychytil, Thomas Perkmann, Gernot Schabbauer, Christoph J. Binder, Valery N. Bochkov, John D. Scott, Sylvia Knapp
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Clearance of invading pathogens is essential to preventing overwhelming inflammation and sepsis that are symptomatic of bacterial peritonitis. Macrophages participate in this innate immune response by engulfing and digesting pathogens, a process called phagocytosis. Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) are danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated in response to infection that can prevent the phagocytic clearance of bacteria. We investigated the mechanism underlying OxPL action in macrophages. Exposure to OxPL induced alterations in actin polymerization, resulting in spreading of peritoneal macrophages and diminished uptake of E. coli. Pharmacological and cell-based studies showed that an anchored pool of PKA mediates the effects of OxPL. Gene silencing approaches identified the A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) WAVE1 as an effector of OxPL action in vitro. Chimeric Wave1(-/-) mice survived significantly longer after infection with E. coli and OxPL treatment in vivo. Moreover, we found that endogenously generated OxPL in human peritoneal dialysis fluid from end-stage renal failure patients inhibited phagocytosis via WAVE1. Collectively, these data uncover an unanticipated role for WAVE1 as a critical modulator of the innate immune response to severe bacterial infections.
Targeting of the Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase β with a Monoclonal Antibody Delays Tumor Growth in a Glioblastoma Model
Authors: Erik D. Foehr, Gustavo Lorente, Jane Kuo, Rosie Ram, Karoly Nikolich, Roman Urfer
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β (RPTPβ) is a functional biomarker for several solid tumor types. RPTPβ expression is largely restricted to the central nervous system and overexpressed primarily in astrocytic tumors. RPTPβ is known to facilitate tumor cell adhesion and migration through interactions with extracellular matrix components and the growth factor pleiotrophin. Here, we show that RPTPβ is expressed in a variety of solid tumor types with low expression in normal tissue. To assess RPTPβ as a potential target for treatment of glioblastoma and other cancers, antibodies directed to RPTPβ have been developed and profiled in vitro and in vivo. The recombinant extracellular domain of human short RPTPβ was used to immunize mice and generate monoclonal antibodies that selectively recognize RPTPβ and bind to the antigen with low nanomolar affinities. Moreover, these antibodies recognized the target on living tumor cells as measured by flow cytometry. These antibodies killed glioma cells in vitro when coupled to the cytotoxin saporin either directly or via a secondary antibody. Finally, in vivo studies showed that an anti-RPTPβ immunotoxin (7E4B11-SAP) could significantly delay human U87 glioma tumors in a mouse xenograft model. Unconjugated 7E4B11 provides a modest but statistically significant tumor growth delay when delivered systemically in mice bearing U87 glioma tumors. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(4): 2271-8)
Infusion Versus Bolus Injection of Tc-99m Tetrofosmin in the Identification of Viable Myocardium
Authors: ERKAN DEREBEK, ÖMER KOZAN, HATICE DURAK, DAIMI KAYA, GAMZE ÇAPA, ENGIN ÖZBİLEK, BERNA DEĞİRMENCİ, OKTAY ERGENE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1998)

In this report, a patient with 100% RCA stenosis and prominent collaterals, in which TI-201 rest/redistribution and Tc-99m tetrofosmin infusion imaging findings were compatible with viable myocardium in contrast to Tc-99m tetrofosmin bolus imaging is presented. Viability was confirmed with improvement of wall motion and perfusion 3 months after revascularization. Infusion of Tc-99m tetrofosmin rather than a bolus injection may be a more reliable technique in the identification of severely ischemic but viable myocardium.
Pulmonary vein isolation using transvenous catheter cryoablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation without risk of pulmonary vein stenosis
Authors: Hung-Fat Tse, Sven Reek, Carl Timmermans, Kathy Lai-Fun Lee, J.Christoph Geller, Luz-Maria Rodriguez, Benoit Ghaye, Gregory M Ayers, Harry J.G.M Crijns, Helmut U Klein, Chu-Pak Lau
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Cross-sectional echocardiographic assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis in children.
Authors: A E Weyman, H Feigenbaum, R A Hurwitz, D A Girod, J C Dillon
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Real-time, cross-sectional echocardiographic studies of the aortic valve were performed in 28 children with congenital valvular aortic stenosis and in 22 normal subjects. The presence of a stenotic valve was indicated by increase in echo production, abnormal motion pattern, and abnormal systolic position of the valve leaflets. Comparison of the maximum aortic cusp separation (MACS) to calculated aortic valve area yielded an r of 0.91. MACS was then expressed as a percentage of aortic root diameter (AOD) to correct for patient size. In normals MACS averaged 72.7% (range 63-92%) of AOD. With mile aortic stenosis MACS averaged 53.1% of AOD (range 42-62%) (P less than 0.001 vs normal). With moderate and severe aortic stenosis MACS averaged 29.9% of AOD (range 20-35%) (P less than 0.001 vs mild AS). Comparing the ratio MACS/AOD to peak systolic gradient yielded an r of 0.88. Further comparing this ratio to calculated aortic valve area yielded an r of 0.80. Cross-sectional echocardiography can detect the presence of aortic stenosis in children and, by comparing the ratio MACS/AOD, can provide information concerning the severity of the stenotic lesion.