tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Personal Use of Hair Dyes and Risk of Cancer
Authors: Bahi Takkouche, Mahyar Etminan, Agustín Montes-Martínez
Journal: JAMA (2005)

ContextUse of hair dyes has been suggested recently as a risk factor for several types of cancer in epidemiologic studies. This alarming news and controversial declarations by scientific organizations and general media have made necessary a systematic evaluation of the epidemiologic evidence.ObjectiveTo examine the association between personal use of hair dyes and relative risk of cancer.Data SourcesWe retrieved studies published in any language by systematically searching the MEDLINE (1966–January 2005), EMBASE, LILACS, and ISI Proceedings computerized databases and by manually examining the references of the original articles, reviews, and monographs retrieved.Study SelectionWe included cohort and case-control studies reporting relative risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (or data to calculate them) of personal hair dye use and cancer. We excluded studies that dealt with occupational exposure. We carried out separate analyses for bladder, breast, and hematopoietic cancers and cancers of other sites. Seventy-nine studies were included of 210 articles identified in the search.Data ExtractionData were extracted independently by 2 investigators. We used a standardized questionnaire to record information on study design, sample size, type of controls, year of publication, adjustment factors, and relative risks of cancer among ever users of hair dyes. When possible, we extracted association measures on use of permanent dyes and extensive use (>200 lifetime episodes of dye use).Data SynthesisStudy-specific relative risks were weighted by the inverse of their variance to obtain fixed- and random-effects pooled estimates. The pooled relative risk for ever users of hair dyes was 1.06 (95% CI, 0.95-1.18) for breast cancer (14 studies), 1.01 (95% CI, 0.89-1.14) for bladder cancer (10 studies), and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.05-1.27) for hematopoietic cancers (40 studies). Other cancers were examined by only 1 or 2 studies, of which the pooled or single relative risk was elevated for brain cancer, ovarian cancer, and cancer of the salivary glands. No effect was observed for use of permanent dyes or for extensive use.ConclusionsWe did not find strong evidence of a marked increase in the risk of cancer among personal hair dye users. Some aspects related to hematopoietic cancer and other cancers that have shown evidence of increased risk in 1 or 2 studies should be investigated further.
Validity of peak expiratory flow measurement in assessing reversibility of airflow obstruction.
Authors: F W Dekker, A C Schrier, P J Sterk, J H Dijkman
Journal: Thorax (1992)

Assessing the reversibility of airflow obstruction by peak expiratory (PEF) measurements would be practicable in general practice, but its usefulness has not been investigated.PEF measurements were performed (miniWright peak flow meter) in 73 general practice patients (aged 40 to 84) with a history of asthma or chronic obstructive lung disease before and after 400 micrograms inhaled sulbutamol. The change in PEF was compared with the change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Reversible airflow obstruction was analysed in two ways according to previous criteria. When defined as a 9% or greater increase in FEV1 expressed as a percentage of predicted values reversibility was observed in 42% of patients. Relative operating characteristic analysis showed that an absolute improvement in PEF of 60 l/min or more gave optimal discrimination between patients with reversible and irreversible airflow obstruction (the sensitivity and specificity of an increase of 60 l/min in detecting a 9% or more increase in FEV1 as a percentage of predicted values were 68% and 93% respectively, with a positive predictive value of 87%). When defined as an increase of 190 ml or more in FEV1, reversible airflow obstruction was observed in 53% of patients. Again an absolute improvement in PEF of 60 l/min or more gave optimal discrimination between patients with reversible and irreversible airflow obstruction (sensitivity 56%, specificity 94%, and positive predictive value 92%).Absolute changes in PEF can be used as a simple technique to diagnose reversible airflow obstruction in patients from general practice.
Direct Evidence for Thymic Function in Adult Humans
Authors: Jean-François Poulin, Mohan N. Viswanathan, Jeffrey M. Harris, Krishna V. Komanduri, Eric Wieder, Nancy Ringuette, Morgan Jenkins, Joseph M. McCune, Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

The understanding of human thymic function and evaluation of its contribution to T cell homeostasis are matters of great importance. Here we report the development of a novel assay to quantitate the frequency and diversity of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in the peripheral blood of humans. Such cells were defined by the presence of T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement deletion circles (DCs), episomal byproducts of TCR-β V(D)J rearrangement. DCs were detected in T cells in the thymus, cord blood, and adult peripheral blood. In the peripheral blood of adults aged 22 to 76 years, their frequency was highest in the CD4+CD45RA+ CD62L+ subpopulation of naive T cells. TCR DCs were also observed in other subpopulations of peripheral blood T cells, including those with the CD4+CD45RO−CD62L+ and CD4+CD45RO+CD62L+ phenotypes. RTEs were observed to have more than one Vβ rearrangement, suggesting that replenishment of the repertoire in the adult is at least oligoclonal. These results demonstrate that the normal adult thymus continues to contribute, even in older individuals, a diverse set of new T cells to the peripheral circulation.
DOUBLE-MASKED TRIAL OF CYCLOSPORIN VERSUS COLCHICINE AND LONG-TERM OPEN STUDY OF CYCLOSPORIN IN BEHÇET'S DISEASE
Authors: Kanjiro Masuda, Akira Urayama, Mitsuko Kogure, Akira Nakajima, Kimihiro Nakae, Goro Inaba
Journal: The Lancet (1989)
Immune Restoration Following Treatment
Authors: Alan L. Landay
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>COMMENTARY</h3> We clearly have entered a new era of treatment for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). With the institution of HAART has come the exciting discovery that HAART is not only capable of reducing virus to undetectable levels but also has the ability to potentially restore the lost CD4 cells.<sup>1</sup> In the article by Autran et al,<sup>2</sup>it was demonstrated that patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have advanced disease have restoration of new functional immune responses 1 year following therapy. These data, although very promising, perhaps raise more questions than they answer. One of the critical questions in HIV disease is whether one can repair the holes in the immunologic repertoire.<sup>3</sup>Recent studies of HIV-positive patients on protease inhibitor or cytokine therapy have not demonstrated normalization of the T-cell antigen repertoire.<sup>4</sup>However, the rise
Asian patients attending a diabetic clinic.
Authors: O Odugbesan, A H Barnett
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Patients of Asian origin comprised 8% of the patients attending a diabetic clinic. Of the 201 Asian patients (120 male), 110 had been diabetic for more than five years, and although 141 were 40 to 60 years old, over one quarter had been aged under 40 at diagnosis. Thirty patients were being treated with insulin, but only eight were truly dependent on insulin compared with 18% of the white patients attending the clinic. Insulin was stopped in eight patients who were receiving insulin inappropriately; control was achieved by diet plus oral hypoglycaemics or diet alone. Over three years 37 patients were admitted with ketoacidosis but none was Asian. During the same period, however, five Asians were admitted in hyperosmolar coma. Asian diabetics have a low prevalence of insulin dependence, possibly related to genetic and environmental factors, and some may be treated with insulin inappropriately.
The SOC framework and short-term memory
Authors: David J. Murray
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Using a particular formula for quantifying the effortlessness that Perruchet &amp; Vinter suggest accompanies the detection of repetition among a set of representations concurrently in consciousness, it is shown that both the Sternberg function and the Cavanagh function, associated with immediate probed recognition tasks and memory span tasks, can be predicted.
MicroRNA Expression, Survival, and Response to Interferon in Liver Cancer
Authors: Junfang Ji, Jiong Shi, Anuradha Budhu, Zhipeng Yu, Marshonna Forgues, Stephanie Roessler, Stefan Ambs, Yidong Chen, Paul S. Meltzer, Carlo M. Croce, Lun-Xiu Qin, Kwan Man, Chung-Mau Lo, Joyce Lee, Irene O.L. Ng, Jia Fan, Zhao-You Tang, Hui-Chuan Sun, Xin Wei Wang
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a common and aggressive cancer that occurs mainly in men. We examined microRNA expression patterns, survival, and response to interferon alfa in both men and women with the disease.We analyzed three independent cohorts that included a total of 455 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone radical tumor resection between 1999 and 2003. MicroRNA-expression profiling was performed in a cohort of 241 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma to identify tumor-related microRNAs and determine their association with survival in men and women. In addition, to validate our findings, we used quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays to measure microRNAs and assess their association with survival and response to therapy with interferon alfa in 214 patients from two independent, prospective, randomized, controlled trials of adjuvant interferon therapy.In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, the expression of miR-26a and miR-26b in nontumor liver tissue was higher in women than in men. Tumors had reduced levels of miR-26 expression, as compared with paired noncancerous tissues, which indicated that the level of miR-26 expression was also associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, tumors with reduced miR-26 expression had a distinct transcriptomic pattern, and analyses of gene networks revealed that activation of signaling pathways between nuclear factor kappaB and interleukin-6 might play a role in tumor development. Patients whose tumors had low miR-26 expression had shorter overall survival but a better response to interferon therapy than did patients whose tumors had high expression of the microRNA.The expression patterns of microRNAs in liver tissue differ between men and women with hepatocellular carcinoma. The miR-26 expression status of such patients is associated with survival and response to adjuvant therapy with interferon alfa.
Prognostic Factors for Metastasis Following Proton Beam Irradiation of Uveal Melanomas
Authors: Evangelos S. Gragoudas, Johanna M. Seddon, Kathleen M. Egan, Lela Polivogianis, Chung-Cheng Hsieh, Michael Goitein, Lynn Verhey, John Munzenrider, Mary Austin-Seymour, Marcia Urie, Andreas Koehler
Journal: Ophthalmology (1986)
Effect of acute oral beta adrenergic blockade on muscle blood flow in man
Authors: R. S SMITH, D J WARREN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1982)

We have determined the effect of beta blocking drugs in man to ascertain whether cardioselectivity or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity influence muscle blood flow response to exercise. Exercise muscle blood flow was determined using a miniaturised lightweight cadmium telluride detector attached to the skin surface. Mean exercise muscle blood flow for the six subjects, during a constant work load, did not differ significantly either for predosing values on the six separate study days or at 2, 4 and 6 h after dosing with placebo. All the beta blocking agents caused a reduction in exercise muscle blood flow. Propranolol caused significant reduction in muscle blood flow at 2 h only. Metoprolol and atenolol produced the greatest and most prolonged effect and oxprenolol the smallest effect on exercise muscle blood flow. Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity may protect against reduction in exercise muscle blood flow in man.
P2-201: Correlation of gefitinib efficacy and detection of new EGFR mutation variants in pre-treated patients (pts) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: A Pallis, A Voutsina, Ar Kalikali, A Koutsopoulos, J Souglakos, Ch Christophyllakis, N Kentepozidis, E Stathopoulos, D Mavroudis, V Georgoulias
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Mefloquine to prevent malaria: a systematic review of trials
Authors: A. Croft, P. Garner
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the research evidence on the efficacy and tolerability of mefloquine chemoprophylaxis. <b>Search strategy:</b> Any potentially relevant trial from the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group9s register of controlled trials; systematic searches of Medline, Embase, Lilacs and Science Citation Index; scanning citations; and consulting drug companies and key investigators. We considered studies in all languages. <b>Inclusion criteria:</b> Trials carried out in non-immune adult travellers, and in non-travelling volunteers, where an attempt had been made to conduct a randomised comparison of mefloquine against placebo or against alternative standard prophylaxis. <b>Results:</b> 37 potentially eligible trials of mefloquine prophylaxis were identified, and 10 met the inclusion criteria. These 10 trials comprised a total of 2750 non-immune adult participants randomised to mefloquine or to a control. One placebo controlled trial examined malaria incidence directly and showed mefloquine to be highly effective in preventing malaria in an area of drug resistance. However, four placebo controlled trials showed that mefloquine was not well tolerated, and withdrawals were consistently higher in mefloquine treatment arms than in placebo arms (odds ratio 3.49 (95% confidence interval 1.42 to 8.56)). Five field trials compared mefloquine with other chemoprophylaxis. Mefloquine was no worse tolerated than other chemoprophylaxis, although there was possibly a trend towards higher withdrawals in mefloquine arms (odds ratio 1.33 (0.75 to 2.36)). <b>Conclusion:</b> One trial showed mefloquine to be effective in preventing malaria, but withdrawal rates, presumably from side effects, were high across most studies. This is likely to impair mefloquine9s effectiveness in general travellers, and it may therefore not be useful for routine prophylaxis. Mefloquine may be useful in specific situations such as for groups travelling to regions with a high risk of chloroquine resistant malaria and only limited access to effective medical care. <h3>Key messages</h3> We conducted a systematic review of the effectiveness of mefloquine in malaria chemoprophylaxis and found 10 randomised controlled trials of the drug in non-immune adult participants In placebo controlled trials rates of withdrawal were significantly higher from mefloquine treatment, suggesting that the effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis may be limited by low adherence Five field trials of mefloquine prophylaxis were conducted in non-immune participants, but all were young, fit soldiers, so that the findings of these field trials may not be generalisable to the normal population of general travellers National malaria prevention guidelines should be evidence based, and candidate antimalarial drugs should not be licensed for routine use in prophylaxis until field trials in general travellers of both sexes have confirmed the tolerability of the new regimen
Regional deposition of saline aerosols of different tonicities in normal and asthmatic subjects
Authors: PR Phipps, I Gonda, SD Anderson, D Bailey, G Bautovich
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

Nonisotonic aerosols are frequently used in the diagnosis and therapy of lung disease. The purpose of this work was to study the difference in the pattern of deposition of aerosols containing aqueous solutions of different tonicities. 99mTechnetium-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA)-labelled saline aerosols, with mass median aerodynamic diameter 3.7-3.8 microns and geometric standard deviation 1.4, were inhaled under reproducible breathing conditions on two occasions. Hypotonic and hypertonic solutions were used in 11 normals subjects, isotonic and hypertonic solutions in 9 asthmatics. The regional deposition was quantified by a penetration index measured with the help of a tomographic technique. There was a small but significant increase (6.7%) in the penetration index of the hypotonic as compared to the hypertonic aerosols in the normal subjects. The region that was markedly affected was the trachea. The differences in the penetration of the isotonic and hypertonic aerosols in the asthmatics appeared to be strongly dependent on the state of the airways at the time of the study. These findings can be interpreted in terms of effects of growth or shrinkage of nonisotonic aerosols, as well as of airway narrowing, on regional deposition of aerosols. Tonicity of aerosols appears to affect their deposition both through physical and physiological mechanisms. This should be taken into account when interpreting the effects of inhaled aqueous solutions of various tonicities in patients in vivo.
Human extramedullary bone marrow in mice: a novel in vivo model of genetically controlled hematopoietic microenvironment
Authors: Ye Chen, Rodrigo Jacamo, Yue-xi Shi, Rui-yu Wang, Venkata Lokesh Battula, Sergej Konoplev, Dirk Strunk, Nicole A. Hofmann, Andreas Reinisch, Marina Konopleva, Michael Andreeff
Journal: Blood (2012)
Small molecule antibody targeting HLA class I inhibits myeloma cancer stem cells by repressing pluripotency-associated transcription factors
Authors: A Ikegame, S Ozaki, D Tsuji, T Harada, S Fujii, S Nakamura, H Miki, A Nakano, K Kagawa, K Takeuchi, M Abe, K Watanabe, M Hiasa, N Kimura, Y Kikuchi, A Sakamoto, K Habu, M Endo, K Itoh, H Yamada-Okabe, T Matsumoto
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
In Defense of Screening for Breast Cancer With Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: David L. Keller
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

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Timed Sequential Treatment With Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, and an Allogeneic Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor–Secreting Breast Tumor Vaccine: A Chemotherapy Dose-Ranging Factorial Study of Safety and Immune Activation
Authors: Leisha A. Emens, Justin M. Asquith, James M. Leatherman, Barry J. Kobrin, Silvia Petrik, Marina Laiko, Joy Levi, Maithili M. Daphtary, Barbara Biedrzycki, Antonio C. Wolff, Vered Stearns, Mary L. Disis, Xiaobu Ye, Steven Piantadosi, John H. Fetting, Nancy E. Davidson, Elizabeth M. Jaffee
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) -secreting tumor vaccines have demonstrated bioactivity but may be limited by disease burdens and immune tolerance. We tested the hypothesis that cyclophosphamide (CY) and doxorubicin (DOX) can enhance vaccine-induced immunity in patients with breast cancer.We conducted a 3 x 3 factorial (response surface) dose-ranging study of CY, DOX, and an HER2-positive, allogeneic, GM-CSF-secreting tumor vaccine in 28 patients with metastatic breast cancer. Patients received three monthly immunizations, with a boost 6 to 8 months from study entry. Primary objectives included safety and determination of the chemotherapy doses that maximize HER2-specific immunity.Twenty-eight patients received at least one immunization, and 16 patients received four immunizations. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. HER2-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity developed in most patients who received vaccine alone or with 200 mg/m(2) CY. HER2-specific antibody responses were enhanced by 200 mg/m(2) CY and 35 mg/m(2) DOX, but higher CY doses suppressed immunity. Analyses revealed that CY at 200 mg/m(2) and DOX at 35 mg/m(2) is the combination that produced the highest antibody responses.First, immunotherapy with an allogeneic, HER2-positive, GM-CSF-secreting breast tumor vaccine alone or with CY and DOX is safe and induces HER2-specific immunity in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Second, the immunomodulatory activity of low-dose CY has a narrow therapeutic window, with an optimal dose not exceeding 200 mg/m(2). Third, factorial designs provide an opportunity to identify the most active combination of interacting drugs in patients. Further investigation of the impact of chemotherapy on vaccine-induced immunity is warranted.
Absence of apolipoprotein E4 genotype, good gallbladder motility and presence of solitary stones delay rather than prevent gallstone recurrence after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Authors: Niels G Venneman, Gerard P vanBerge-Henegouwen, Piero Portincasa, Mark F.J Stolk, Aart Vos, Peter W Plaisier, Karel J van Erpecum
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Acid Phosphatase Reappraised
Authors: Ruben Gittes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Acid phosphatase was the first "tumor marker" that could be measured in the blood, and 40 years have passed since an elevation of the serum acid phosphatase was first noted in patients with prostatic cancer.1 The prostatic acinar epithelium elaborates very large quantities of a specific phosphatase as a normal component of its exocrine secretion. The enzyme is involved in the cleavage of phosphoryl choline and of various phospholipids present in the seminal fluid, but the physiologic role of these compounds is unclear.Generations of physicians have come to recognize an elevation of the serum acid phosphatase measured colorimetrically as . . .
Rate of digestion of foods and postprandial glycaemia in normal and diabetic subjects.
Authors: D J Jenkins, T M Wolever, R H Taylor, H Ghafari, A L Jenkins, H Barker, M J Jenkins
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Carbohydrate portions (2 g) of lentils, soya beans, and wholemeal bread were incubated for three hours with human digestive juices and the effect of digestibility on blood glucose examined. Lentils and soya beans released only 39% and 8% respectively of the sugars and oligosaccharides liberated from bread. In healthy volunteers 50 g carbohydrate portions of cooked lentils and soya beans raised blood glucose concentrations by only 42% (p &lt; 0.001) and 14% (p &lt; 0.001) of the bread value. There was a similar response in diabetics. These results suggest that rate of digestion might be a important factor determining the rise in blood glucose concentration after a meal and that supplementing chemical analysis with in-vitro and in-vivo food testing might permit identification of especially useful foods for diabetics.