tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Drugs, Ageing and Society: Social and Pharmacological Perspectives
Authors: Pearl S. German
Journal: JAMA (1987)

There is little doubt that the numbers and types of drugs with which the clinician treats chronic disease are increasing exponentially. Indeed, it is the major mode of treatment for the rising population of older patients who present most often with multiple chronic diseases. This book, a thoughtful and interesting work addressing this area, is organized into three sections: current and potential problems concerning the use of pharmaceuticals by the elderly are identified by the authors; a description of the genesis of many problems is given and discussed; and, finally, potential solutions to these problems are presented. Problems and their solutions are handled both generally and for specific types of drugs and conditions, eg, psychotropics, hypertension, and dementia. In general, the authors believe many current problems as well as serious potential problems can be traced to drug companies, with their objective of selling drugs to make profits, and to physicians,
FRACTURE OF THE SPINAL COLUMN WITH AND WITHOUT CORD INJURY
Authors: NORMAN SHARPE
Journal: JAMA (1918)

When the subject of fracture of the spinal column is under consideration, we think of it in terms of cord symptoms—impairment of motility and sensation, or paralysis with disturbance of sphincteric control. This is natural, for in by far the greater number of fractures of the spine, the cord or its roots are involved, and the bony fracture itself is a minor hurt compared to the possible result if the cord also is injured. There are, however, a large number of spinal fractures (Pearce Bailey estimates this to be one third of all cases) in which the cord and its roots escape damage. Unless careful examination is made, these cases are apt to be diagnosed as sprain or contusion. In a recent article I<sup>1</sup>reported such a case, a fracture dislocation of the second cervical vertebra without damage to the cord. Since then I have seen five other cases,
A Common β1-Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphism Predicts Favorable Response to Rate-Control Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Babar Parvez, Nagesh Chopra, Shane Rowan, Joseph C. Vaglio, Raafia Muhammad, Dan M. Roden, Dawood Darbar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Micronucleus assay in lymphocytes as a tool to biomonitor human exposure to aneuploidogens and clastogens.
Authors: H Norppa, S Luomahaara, H Heikanen, S Roth, M Sorsa, L Renzi, C Lindholm
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

The analysis of micronuclei (MN) in cultured human lymphocytes is, in principle, able to detect exposure to clastogens and aneuploidogens alike. There is, however, no clear evidence from human biomonitoring studies or animal experiments showing that in vivo exposure of resting lymphocytes to an aneuploidogen could actually be expressed as MN in cultured lymphocytes. In vitro, a pulse treatment of human lymphocytes with vinblastine, an aneuploidogen, did result in MN induction even if performed before mitogen stimulation, although a much more pronounced effect was obtained in actively dividing lymphocyte cultures. On the other hand, it is probable that a considerable portion of "spontaneous" MN contain whole chromosomes, their contribution increasing with age. It also seems that cytochalasin B, used for the identification of second cell cycle interphase cells in the MN assay, is able to slightly increase the level of MN with whole chromosomes. If MN harboring chromosome fragments represent a minority of the total MN frequency, there may be difficulties in detecting a weak effect in this fraction of MN against the background of MN with whole chromosomes. This would reduce the sensitivity of the assay in detecting clastogens, unless MN with whole chromosomes and chromosome fragments are distinguished from each other. That a problem may exist in sensitivity is suggested by the difficulty in demonstrating MN induction by smoking, an exposure capable of inducing chromosome aberrations. The sensitivity of the lymphocyte MN assay could be increased by detecting kinetochore or centromere in MN, or by automation, allowing more cells to be analyzed.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Activation of Mammalian Primordial Follicles
Authors: Deepak Adhikari, Kui Liu
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2009)

In humans and other mammalian species, the pool of resting primordial follicles serves as the source of developing follicles and fertilizable ova for the entire length of female reproductive life. One question that has intrigued biologists is: what are the mechanisms controlling the activation of dormant primordial follicles. Studies from previous decades have laid a solid, but yet incomplete, foundation. In recent years, molecular mechanisms underlying follicular activation have become more evident, mainly through the use of genetically modified mouse models. As hypothesized in the 1990s, the pool of primordial follicles is now known to be maintained in a dormant state by various forms of inhibitory machinery, which are provided by several inhibitory signals and molecules. Several recently reported mutant mouse models have shown that a synergistic and coordinated suppression of follicular activation provided by multiple inhibitory molecules is necessary to preserve the dormant follicular pool. Loss of function of any of the inhibitory molecules for follicular activation, including PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), Foxo3a, p27, and Foxl2, leads to premature and irreversible activation of the primordial follicle pool. Such global activation of the primordial follicle pool leads to the exhaustion of the resting follicle reserve, resulting in premature ovarian failure in mice. In this review, we summarize both historical and recent results on mammalian primordial follicular activation and focus on the up-to-date knowledge of molecular networks controlling this important physiological event. We believe that information obtained from mutant mouse models may also reflect the molecular machinery responsible for follicular activation in humans. These advances may provide a better understanding of human ovarian physiology and pathophysiology for future clinical applications.
Abstract 4229: The characterization of drug-tolerant cancer cell populations by Colony Lysate Array (CoLA)
Authors: Kohei Kume, Satoshi S. Nishizuka, Miyuki Ikeda, Sawako Miura, Chihaya Maesawa, Go Wakabayashi
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract [Background] Increasing evidences indicate that heterogeneity within cancer cell population plays a critical role in response to cytotoxic stresses including drug treatment. We characterized human cancer cell populations that formed colonies in the presence of anticancer drugs at cellular and molecular levels. [Materials and Methods] For colony formation, human cancer cells (HCT-116, HeLa, HT-29, MCF-7, and MKN-45) were sparsely disseminated (10 cells/cm2) in the presence of anticancer drugs (cisplatin, docetaxcell, gefitinib, and sorafenib). To characterize the drug-tolerant individual colonies, we established colony lysate array (CoLA), a tool used for the protein expression analysis of a single-colony, using modified “reverse-phase” protein lysate microarrays (RPAs). [Results] For in vitro modeling of cancer relapse after curative treatment, we consistently observed cell populations that form colonies under 0.1- 10 μM drug concentrations. Interestingly, the 50% colony-inhibition concentration was consistently more than 10-fold higher than that of growth-inhibition for cell-based assays. CoLA assay allows one to use a lysate from a single colony for hierarchical clustering by a panel of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. Unlike FACS analysis, CoLA is advantageous in detection of full fractions of proteins including those in the nucleus. Thus far, we have found that MKN-45 colonies in the presence of cisplatin expressed CD44, a putative CSC marker in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of actinomycin D (AMD), an RNA synthesis inhibitor strongly suppressed MKN-45 colony formation in the presence of cisplatin; however cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor did not affect the colony formation. [Discussion] Differences in drug concentrations between the colony-inhibition and the growth-inhibition indicate that colony formation and simple cell growth are functionally different. The CD44 expression in MKN-45 colonies in the presence of cisplatin may suggest that these colonies emerged in the presence of drugs acquired a “CSC-like” phenotype. The suppression of colony formation by AMD may also suggest that the colonies require de novo RNA synthesis for the gain of drug resistant phenotype. [Conclusion] The drug-tolerant cell populations exhibit a CSC-like phenotype and require de novo RNA synthesis for the gain of drug resistant phenotype, possibly involved in the heterogeneity of cancer cell population. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4229. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4229
Ischemic heart disease mortality in Hispanics, American Indians, and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico, 1958-1982.
Authors: T M Becker, C Wiggins, C R Key, J M Samet
Journal: Circulation (1988)

To describe trends in mortality from ischemic heart disease in New Mexico's Hispanic, American Indian, and non-Hispanic white populations, we used vital records data collected from 1958 through 1982. We calculated age-adjusted and age-specific mortality rates for ischemic heart disease for each of the state's principal ethnic groups. Death certificate data were used in combination with population estimates based on the censuses of 1960, 1970, and 1980. Age-adjusted mortality rates for ischemic heart disease among Hispanics, American Indians, and non-Hispanic white men were consistent with nationwide patterns of rising mortality rates during the 1960s followed by declining rates. Mortality rates from ischemic heart disease in all three ethnic groups in New Mexico were lower than national rates for whites. Rates for Hispanics in New Mexico were lower than for non-Hispanic whites; rates for American Indians were the lowest among the three groups. These data support previous observations that Hispanics and American Indians in the Southwest are at decreased risk for mortality from ischemic heart disease in comparison with U.S. whites.
Compartmentalization of angiotensin II generation in the dog heart. Evidence for independent mechanisms in intravascular and interstitial spaces.
Authors: L J Dell'Italia, Q C Meng, E Balcells, C C Wei, R Palmer, G R Hageman, J Durand, G H Hankes, S Oparil
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have beneficial effects that are presumably mediated by decreased angiotensin II (ANG II) production. In this study, we measure for the first time ANG I and ANG II levels in the interstitial fluid (ISF) space of the heart. ISF and aortic plasma ANG I and II levels were obtained at baseline, during intravenous infusion of ANG I (5 microM, 0.1 ml/min, 60 min), and during ANG I + the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (cap) (2.5 mM, 0.1 ml/min, 60 min) in six anesthetized open-chested dogs. ISF samples were obtained using microdialysis probes inserted into the left ventricular myocardium (3-4 probes/dog). ANG I increased mean arterial pressure from 102+/-3 (SEM) to 124+/-3 mmHg (P < 0.01); addition of cap decreased MAP to 95+/-3 mmHg (P < 0.01). ANG I infusion increased aortic plasma ANG I and ANG II (pg/ml) (ANG I = 101+/-129 to 370+/-158 pg/ml, P < 0.01; and ANG II = 22+/-40 to 466+/-49, P < 0.01); addition of cap further increased ANG I (1,790+/-158, P < 0.01) and decreased ANG II (33+/-49, P < 0.01). ISF ANG I and ANG II levels (pg/ml) were > 100-fold higher than plasma levels, and did not change from baseline (8,122+/-528 and 6,333+/-677), during ANG I (8,269+/-502 and 6, 139+/-695) or ANG I + cap (8,753+/-502 and 5,884+/-695). The finding of very high ANG I and ANG II levels in the ISF vs. intravascular space that are not affected by IV ANG I or cap suggests that ANG II production and/or degradation in the heart is compartmentalized and mediated by different enzymatic mechanisms in the interstitial and intravascular spaces.
Unusual Pyloric Obstruction in an Adult
Authors: William M. Stahl
Journal: JAMA (1963)

CONGENITAL INTRINSIC OBSTRUCTION of the upper portions of the intestinal tract has been reported with increasing frequency over the years. The large majority of these lesions have been found in the duodenum and, in general, have been divided into two main types: (1) those with an internal septum or diaphragm occluding the lumen without break in the continuity of the bowel and (2) the complete separation of the bowel into blind segments which may be connected by a fibrous cord. Krieg,<sup>1</sup>in reviewing 245 cases of duodenal atresia, found only four patients with congenital diaphragms. McGarity and Alein,<sup>2</sup>in 1953, reported the first survival after surgery for jejunal diaphragm. Clatworthy,<sup>3</sup>in 1957, reported his experience with 163 cases of neonatal obstruction seen from 1944 to 1956. Forty-eight of these patients had atresia or stenosis and 25 had lesions in the duodenal-jejunal area. In none of these reports
Clear as Mud
Authors: Daniel R. Kaul, Scott A. Flanders, Sanjay Saint
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

A previously healthy 17-year-old boy presented to his primary care physician, reporting four days of low back pain, a temperature as high as 40°C, headache, diffuse myalgias, and vomiting. He lived in the central Midwest and was about to begin his senior year in high school.
Enhanced Baroreceptor Control of the Cardiovascular System by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Alberto Radaelli, Maria Cazzaniga, Andrea Viola, Giulia Balestri, Maria Bianchi Janetti, Maria G. Signorini, Paolo Castiglioni, Arianna Azzellino, Giuseppe Mancia, Alberto U. Ferrari
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2006)
Prognostic Implications of Baroreflex Sensitivity in Heart Failure Patients in the Beta-Blocking Era
Authors: Maria Teresa La Rovere, Gian Domenico Pinna, Roberto Maestri, Elena Robbi, Angelo Caporotondi, Gianpaolo Guazzotti, Peter Sleight, Oreste Febo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
Randomised controlled trial of effect of intervention by psychogeriatric team on depression in frail elderly people at home
Authors: S. Banerjee, K. Shamash, A. J D Macdonald, A. H Mann
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To investigate the efficacy of intervention by a psychogeriatric team in the treatment of depression in elderly disabled people receiving home care from their local authority. <b>Design</b>: Randomised controlled trial with blind follow up six months after recruitment. <b>Setting</b>: Community of south east London. <b>Subjects</b>: 69 people aged 65 or over who received home care and were depressed according to criteria of the standardised automatic geriatric examination for computer assisted taxonomy (AGECAT). 33 were randomly allocated to an intervention group and 36 to a control group. <b>Intervention</b>: Members of the intervention group received an individual package of care that was formulated by the community psychogeriatric team in their catchment area and implemented by a researcher working as a member of that team. The control group received normal general practitioner care. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Recovery from depression (AGECAT case at recruitment but non-case at follow up). <b>Results</b>: Data were analysed on an intention to treat basis. 19 (58%) of the intervention group recovered compared with only nine (25%) of the control group, a difference of 33% (95% confidence interval 10% to 55%). This powerful treatment effect persisted after controlling for possible confounders in logistic regression analysis, with members of the intervention group more likely than members of the control group to have recovered at follow up (odds ratio 9.0 (2.0 to 41.5)). This did not seem to be a simple effect of antidepressant prescription: use of antidepressants at follow up did not have a significant effect (multiply adjusted odds ratio 0.3 (0.0 to 1.9)). <b>Conclusions</b>: Depression is treatable in elderly people receiving home care. Therapeutic nihilism based on an assumed poor response to treatment in these socially isolated, disabled elderly people in the community is not supported. <h3>Key messages</h3> This randomised controlled trial evaluated whether intervention by a psychi- atric team would improve depression in elderly people receiving home care Overall, 58% of those receiving the intervention had recovered from their depression six months later compared with only 25% of those receiving unsup- plemented general practitioner care These results should be achievable by other community old age psychiatry services The current comparative inaction on the part of health and social services needs to be changed
Disposable filter for microemboli. Use in cardiopulmonary bypass and massive transfusion
Authors: R. H. Patterson
Journal: JAMA (1971)

A disposable, autoclavable filter passes blood at high rates of flow without excessive hemolysis. It is constructed of polypropylene, except for the filter mesh which is made of a polyester material with a pore size of about 25μ The mean rise in the plasma hemoglobin level after four hours of recirculation of banked blood at 4 liters/min in a closed circuit in which the filter was employed was 75 mgè100 cc. Studies during cardiopulmonary bypass have shown that much particulate matter can be filtered from the perfusate which otherwise would be returned as emboli to the patient. The filter can reduce or eliminate pulmonary insufficiency which sometimes results from massive transfusion of banked blood during hemorrhagic shock.
Building a metaphor: Another brick in the wall?
Authors: D. G. Altman
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The metaphor of studies being bricks from which a wall is being built leads to new ideas about accumulating knowledge, explains Doug Altman A common metaphor for the accumulation of scientific knowledge is of individual studies being the bricks from which a wall is being built. Each study contributes to the growing structure as "another brick in the wall," a phrase that appears in hundreds of journal article titles on PubMed. Inspired by the clear similarity of the ideas in Forscher's wonderful allegory1 and a witty comment of Poincaré,2 I acquired many related citations by multiple searches with Google and Google Scholar over five years (see box). #### Brick and building metaphors
Cyanate as an Inhibitor of Red-Cell Sickling
Authors: Daniel Deykin, Christine Balko, Anthony Cerami
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

THE finding of the anti-sickling activity of cyanate originated with the hypothesis that cyanate rather than urea was responsible for the reported beneficial use of urea in the treatment of patients with sickle-cell disease.1 The rationale for the urea therapy as proposed by Nalbandian2 was that the urea disrupted hydrophobic bonds that formed when deoxygenated hemoglobin S gelled within the cell. Although urea is known to disrupt hydrophobic bonds, concentrations of 1 to 8 M are usually required.3 Thus, since urea is rapidly cleared by the kidneys, it seemed unlikely that such levels could be attained and maintained in the . . .
Analysis of the perceived healthy lifestyles of adults and older adults of the Empowering Health Learning for the Elderly project: effects of gender
Authors: J Tortosa-Martínez, A Soler-Gomis, L Vega-Ramirez, A Plaza-Salán
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The Empowering Health Learning for the Elderly project analysed the perceived health and lifestyle factors of a sample of 1200 adults of four different European countries (Italy, Spain, France and the Netherlands). Didactic tools were developed for promoting healthy lifestyles related to sleep, alcohol and smoking, nutrition, pharmacology, physical exercise, memory and emotional intelligence. The instrument used was a questionnaire with 64 multiple choice questions. The data discussed here represent only the Spanish sample (300). The perceived health of the sample is highly positive, with more men perceiving their health as good (71%) than women (66%). The number of sleeping hours is considered sufficient for most of the sample but the quality of these hours is considered satisfactory for only 50% of the sample. Men report higher positive percentages regarding quality of sleep than women. Women report to have better eating habits than men. About 48% of the study recalls having memory problems in some degree. Women complain more about learning new abilities and spatial orientation problems, while men complain more often about remembering names or finding objects that they need. Around 45% of men consider their physical fitness as good compared to nearly 50% of women. 40% of women refer to practice physical exercise between 3 and 5 days compared to 36% of men. The perceived health of the sample is quite high. However, the majority of the sample is highly educated, with a high socioeconomic status and a strong background on health education. Intellectual functioning is the most solid psychological factor for predicting health. Men have a better perception of their health and report better quality of sleep, but have worse eating habits and do less physical activity than women.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): An alternative name for Wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Ronald J Falk, Wolfgang L Gross, Loïc Guillevin, Gary Hoffman, David R W Jayne, J Charles Jennette, Cees G M Kallenberg, Raashid Luqmani, Alfred D Mahr, Eric L Matteson, Peter A Merkel, Ulrich Specks, Richard Watts
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

The Boards of Directors of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), American Society of Nephrology (ASN) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) have recommended a gradual shift from honorific eponyms to disease-descriptive or aetiology-based nomenclature.

The leadership of these three organizations tasked an international group of senior academicians expert in the care of patients with vasculitis and engaged in research in the field to provide the medical community with proper descriptive terms instead of the names for Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg–Strauss syndrome, and Behcet's syndrome. The move towards a vasculitis terminology based on pathology, rather than historical reference, was triggered by evidence that Dr Friedrich Wegener was a member of the Nazi party before and …