tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Foreign-Born Persons Living in San Francisco
Authors: Gompol Suwanpimolkul, Leah G. Jarlsberg, Jennifer A. Grinsdale, Dennis Osmond, L. Masae Kawamura, Philip C. Hopewell, Midori Kato-Maeda
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

In San Francisco, 70% of the tuberculosis cases occur among foreign-born persons, mainly from China, the Philippines, and Mexico. We postulate that there are differences in the characteristics and risk factors for tuberculosis among these populations.To determine the clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of tuberculosis caused by recent infection and rapid evolution in the major groups of foreign-born and the U.S.-born populations.We analyzed data from a 20-year prospective community-based study of the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco. We included all culture-positive tuberculosis cases in the City during the study period.We calculated and compared incidence rates, clinical and microbiological characteristics, and risk factors for being a secondary case between the various foreign-born and U.S.-born tuberculosis populations. Between 1991 and 2010, there were 4,058 new cases of tuberculosis, of which 1,226 (30%) were U.S.-born and 2,832 (70%) were foreign-born. A total of 3,278 (81%) were culture positive, of which 2,419 (74%) had complete data for analysis. The incidence rate, including the incidence rate of tuberculosis due to recent infection and rapid evolution, decreased significantly in the U.S.-born and the major foreign-born populations. The clinical and microbiological characteristics and the risk factors for tuberculosis due to recent infection differed among the groups.There are differences in the characteristics and the risk factors for tuberculosis due to recent transmission among the major foreign-born and U.S.-born populations in San Francisco. These differences should be considered for the design of targeted tuberculosis control interventions.
SMALLPOX—OLD AND NEW.
Authors: W. L. BEEBE
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The above title evidences our belief that the epidemic which has been prevailing throughout the United States and our new possessions for the past two years, is not identical with the old-fashioned smallpox of twenty years ago. I have been identified with two epidemics— twenty years apart—and though they were evidently both species of smallpox, they were nevertheless very dissimilar in many characteristics. Without exception, the descriptive adjectives applied to our later epidemic, whether through the reports in our daily papers, or in the more authoritative reports in the medical journals, all contain such terms as "mild," "modified," "light type," etc., and many medical men, even up to this day, deny that our present disease is, in fact, smallpox. It is safe to assert that more of the recent cases have been diagnosed chicken-pox than smallpox, and I am free to confess that in the first two cases that I
Independent introduction of two major HIV-1 genotypes into distinct high-risk populations in Thailand
Authors: C.-Y. Ou, B.G. Weniger, C.-C. Luo, M.L. Kalish, H.D. Gayle, N.L. Young, G. Schochetman, Y. Takebe, S. Yamazaki, W. Auwanit
Journal: The Lancet (1993)
THE TREATMENT OF TETANUS BY INTRANEURAL AND INTRASPINAL INJECTIONS OF ANTITOXIN.
Authors: JOHN ROGERS
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Some recent laboratory studies in the toxicology of tetanus seem to offer a little more hopeful therapy than has hitherto prevailed. To make the subject clear, it is necessary to review, briefly, what is known of the micro-organism, its poison and the natural antidote. The bacillus is anaërobic, and exposure to sunlight and air are inimical to it, but it can exist, at least in the spore state, for great lengths of time in every conceivable place contiguous to man and the domestic animals. The superficial layers of cultivated earth seem to be its favorite habitat, possibly because it is said to be a normal inhabitant of the intestine of the horse and has often been found in the feces of man and other animals; nevertheless, it is not generally considered normally a parasite. With such a distribution, the ingestion of the bacillus with raw vegetables and its inhalation in
URTICARIA DUE TO BEDBUG BITES
Authors: T. Preston Churchill
Journal: JAMA (1930)

A. H. D., a man, aged 29, seen at 2:30 a. m., Sept. 28, 1930, had wheals from 15 to 20 cm. in diameter over the body, legs, arms and face. The eyes were closed from swelling of the lids. These wheals were still growing and showed numerous large pseudopodia around the periphery. In the center of these wheals were small puncture wounds that apparently were due to insect bites or stings. The administration of epinephrine, ephedrine and cold baths caused the wheals and the intense itching that accompanied them to disappear after a few hours. Investigation of the bedding showed numerous bedbugs. The patient stated that he felt fine when he went to bed. He noticed a slight biting, then intense itching and turned on the light. His eyes swelled shut within a few minutes. The next morning the left eye was still closed, but the remainder of the
Social class differences in infant mortality in Sweden: comparison with England and Wales.
Authors: D. A. Leon, D. Vagero, P. O. Olausson
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVES--To investigate social class differences in infant mortality in Sweden in the mid-1980s and to compare their magnitude with that of those found in England and Wales. DESIGN--Analysis of risk of infant death by social class in aggregated routine data for the mid-1980s, which included the linkage of Swedish births to the 1985 census. SETTING--Sweden and England and Wales. SUBJECTS--All live births in Sweden (1985-6) and England and Wales (1983-5) and corresponding infant deaths were analysed. The Swedish data were coded to the British registrar general9s social class schema. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Risk of death in the neonatal and postneonatal period. RESULTS--Taking the non-manual classes as the reference group, in the neonatal period in Sweden the manual social classes had a relative risk for mortality of 1.20 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.43) and those not classified into a social class a relative risk of 1.08 (0.88 to 1.33). In the postneonatal period the equivalent relative risks were 1.38 (1.08 to 1.77) for manual classes and 2.14 (1.65 to 2.79) for the residual; these are similar to those for England and Wales (1.43 (1.36 to 1.51) for manual classes, 2.62 (2.45 to 2.81) for the residual). CONCLUSIONS--The existence of an equitable health care system and a strong social welfare policy in Sweden has not eliminated inequalities in post-neonatal mortality. Furthermore, the very low risk of infant death in the Swedish non-manual group (4.8/1000 live births) represents a target towards which public health interventions should aim. If this rate prevailed in England and Wales, 63% of postneonatal deaths would be avoided.
Changing the Paradigm for HIV Testing — The End of Exceptionalism
Authors: Ronald Bayer, Amy L. Fairchild
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

The CDC is poised to issue new recommendations for testing for HIV in adults, adolescents, and pregnant women. Drs. Ronald Bayer and Amy Fairchild write that these moves signal the end of the exceptionalism that has distinguished public health policy with regard to AIDS from approaches to other communicable and sexually transmitted diseases.
A program of cell death and extracellular matrix degradation is activated in the amnion before the onset of labor.
Authors: H Lei, E E Furth, R Kalluri, T Chiou, K I Tilly, J L Tilly, K B Elkon, J J Jeffrey, J F Strauss
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Fetal membranes usually rupture during the process of labor. Premature fetal membrane rupture occurs not infrequently and is associated with significant fetal and maternal morbidity. The mechanisms of normal and pathologic fetal membrane rupture are not well understood. We have examined structural and biochemical changes in the rat amnion as labor approaches in order to characterize this process in normal pregnancy. Here we report that before the onset of active labor the amnion epithelial cells undergo apoptotic cell death which encompasses degradation of 28S ribosomal subunit RNA and associated P proteins and fragmentation of nuclear DNA. Concurrent with these cellular changes, the amnion type I collagen matrix is degraded with the accumulation of three-quarter length type I collagen fragments in extraembryonic fluid, characteristic of the cleavage of fibrillar collagen by interstitial collagenase. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that interstitial collagenase protein appears in association with the loss of amnion type I collagen. We conclude that amnion epithelial cells undergo a process of programmed cell death associated with orchestrated extracellular matrix degradation which begins before the onset of active labor. Thus, fetal membrane rupture is likely to be the result of biochemical changes as well as physical forces.
Modification of biological surface activity of particles
Authors: R. J. Schnitzer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1974)

The hemolytic activity of fibrous asbestos varieties and of fibrous or granular silica dust can be markedly reduced by adsorption of polymers. Polyanions exert a specific action on asbestos, particularly chrysotile, whereas silica is inactivated by nonionic polymers. A high degree of reduction of the lytic action by comparatively small amounts of the antagonistic polymers can be demonstrated after short exposure to concentrations of 0.1–0.4 mg/ml of appropriate polymers. Inactivation is based on stable adsorption. Repeated washings of inactivated mineral sediments or exposure to elevated temperatures (80–120°C) produced no essential loss of the reduction of lytic potency. In one example, inactivation of chrysotile by sodium alginate, depolymerization by ascorbic acid was also ineffective.
Lessons from around the world
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Precision epidemiology using genomic technologies allows for a more targeted approach to COVID-19 control and treatment at individual and population level, and is the urgent need of the day. It enables identification of patients who may be at higher risk than others to COVID-19-related mortality, due to their genetic architecture, or who might respond better to a COVID-19 treatment. The COVID-19 virus, similar to SARS-CoV, uses the ACE2 receptor for cell entry and employs the cellular serine protease TMPRSS2 for viral S protein priming. This study aspires to present a multi-omics view of how variations in the <i>ACE2</i> and <i>TMPRSS2</i> genes affect COVID-19 infection and disease progression in affected individuals. It reports, for both genes, several variant and gene expression analysis findings, through (i) comparison analysis over single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that may account for the difference of COVID-19 manifestations among global sub-populations; (ii) calculating prevalence of structural variations (copy number variations (CNVs) / insertions), amongst populations; and (iii) studying expression patterns stratified by gender and age, over all human tissues. This work is a good first step to be followed by additional studies and functional assays towards informed treatment decisions and improved control of the infection rate.
Cryptococci at the brain gate: break and enter or use a Trojan horse?
Authors: Arturo Casadevall
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

The mechanism by which Cryptococcus neoformans invades the central nervous system is fundamental for understanding pathogenesis because cryptococcosis commonly presents as meningoencephalitis. There is evidence for both direct invasion of the endothelial cells lining the brain vasculature and a “Trojan horse” mechanism whereby cryptococci enter the central nervous system after macrophage ingestion. However, in this issue of the JCI, Shi et al. use intravital microscopy to reveal that brain invasion by C. neoformans follows a capillary microembolic event. They find that after suddenly stopping in brain capillaries, cryptococci cross into the central nervous system in a process that is urease dependent, requires viability, and involves cellular deformation. This observation provides evidence for direct brain invasion by C. neoformans, but a consideration of all the currently available evidence suggests a role for both direct and phagocyte-associated invasion. Hence, the remarkable neurotropism of C. neoformans may have more than one mechanism.
Light Up the Larynx
Authors: Harold C. Klein
Journal: JAMA (1976)

THE LARYNGOPHARYNGEAL area is usually overlooked in most physical examinations, and symptoms arising from it are generally appraised at arm's length. Patients with persistent pain or prolonged hoarseness are shuttled off to the otolaryngologist. In the usual run, however, the neck is palpated and the mouth looked into, but without further inspection, treatment becomes a guessing game, played with a prayer for a cure of a nameless disease. The current emphasis on the importance of early detection for successful management of malignant diseases is of particular significance in the laryngopharyngeal area. Tumors in this region hold promise of a high rate of cure if found and treated early. Conversely, the prognosis in the neglected growths is one of the worst.<sup>1</sup>Also, some early lesions, particularly the supraglottic cancers, may grow silently in situ for long periods before producing symptoms. There is an urgency, therefore, to include an inspection of
Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Michael F. Mayo-Smith
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To provide an evidence-based practice guideline on the pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. <h3>Data Soureces.</h3> —English-language articles published before July 1, 1995, identified through MEDLINE search on "substance withdrawal—ethyl alcohol" and review of references from identified articles. <h3>Study Selection.</h3> —Articles with original data on human subjects. <h3>Data Abstraction.</h3> —Structured review to determine study design, sample size, interventions used, and outcomes of withdrawal severity, delirium, seizures, completion of withdrawal, entry into rehabilitation, adverse effects, and costs. Data from prospective controlled trials with methodologically sound end points corresponding to the<i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition</i>, were abstracted by 2 independent reviewers and underwent meta-analysis. <h3>Data Synthesis.</h3> —Benzodiazepines reduce withdrawal severity, reduce incidence of delirium (-4.9 cases per 100 patients; 95% confidence interval, -9.0 to -0.7;<i>P</i>=.04), and reduce seizures (-7.7 seizures per 100 patients; 95% confidence interval, -12.0 to -3.5;<i>P</i>=.003). Individualizing therapy with withdrawal scales results in administration of significantly less medication and shorter treatment (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). β-Blockers, clonidine, and carbamazepine ameliorate withdrawal severity, but evidence is inadequate to determine their effect on delirium and seizures. Phenothiazines ameliorate withdrawal but are less effective than benzodiazepines in reducing delirium (<i>P</i>=.002) or seizures (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Benzodiazepines are suitable agents for alcohol withdrawal, with choice among different agents guided by duration of action, rapidity of onset, and cost. Dosage should be individualized, based on withdrawal severity measured by withdrawal scales, comorbid illness, and history of withdrawal seizures. β-Blockers, clonidine, carbamazepine, and neuroleptics may be used as adjunctive therapy but are not recommended as monotherapy.
Spontaneous fractures in cerebral palsy
Authors: C. J Hobbs, J. M Wynne
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following Spontaneous fractures in cerebral palsy Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Ethics of Proxy Consent for Research Involving Patients With Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Alison Wichman
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Regarding the article by Dr Hirschl and colleagues<sup>1</sup>and the accompanying Editorial by Dr Petty,<sup>2</sup>the study by Hirschl et al was conducted in a surgical intensive care unit and "[i]nformed consent was obtained from the families of all participants."<sup>1</sup>I think the authors and JAMA missed an opportunity to inform others about some important ethical issues, including informed consent, related to the conduct of research in emergency circumstances. Over the last few years in the United States, one of the most debated issues in clinical research has been the protection of human research subjects in emergency circumstances.<sup>3</sup>Much attention has been given to the ethical permissibility of waiver of informed consent, surrogate consent by family members or other representatives, and "deferred" consent, which has been disallowed by both the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US Department of Health and Human
A father's death:
Authors: R. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The telephone call came late at night. “He's had a fall. They think he's had a skull fracture. He's unconscious–perhaps just concussion, but they're arranging a brain scan. He just faintly moved his thumb when I asked him to,” said my mother, outwardly as cheerful as ever. My voice croaked back: “I understand; I'll come as soon as possible.” Inwardly I cursed myself for not saying all the things I had wanted to say to him. I thought that he had a few more years.

It was the end of August, and nearly the end of the languorous summer holidays in …
Self-organisation or reflex theory?
Authors: George Székely
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Neuromodelling is one of the techniques of modern neurosciences. The “at a distance” type of triadic synapse is probably the prevailing form of impulse transmission in many parts of the brain. If the genetically controlled cell-to-cell neuronal interconnections are abandoned, self-organisation may be the mechanism of structure formation in the brain. This assumption weakens the position of the reflex arc as the basic functional unit of nervous activities.
Precocious activation of genes of the renin-angiotensin system and the fibrogenic cascade in IgA glomerulonephritis
Authors: Dorella Del Prete, Giovanni Gambaro, Antonio Lupo, Franca Anglani, Brigida Brezzi, Riccardo Magistroni, Romina Graziotto, Luciana Furci, Francesca Modena, Patrizia Bernich, Alberto Albertazzi, Angela D'Angelo, Giuseppe Maschio
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
Expression of a single major histocompatibility complex locus controls the immune complex locus controls the immune response to poly-L-(tyrosine, glutamic acid)-poly-DL-alanine--poly-L-lysine
Authors: BD Deak, D Meruelo, HO McDevitt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Genetic control of the immune response linked to the major histocompatibility (H-2) complex in the mouse has been described for synthetic polypeptide antigens and for low doses of native proteins. The phenomenon is well documented(1,2). Extensive screening of intra-H-2 crossover-derived recombinant strains has localized H-2-linked immune response (Ir) genes to the I-immune response region of the H-2 complex (3). For most antigens, Ir genes are autosomal, dominant, and they segregate as single loci. It is not known whether these crossover-defined loci respresent single genes with multiple alleles or clusters of tightly linked genes (4). In 1972, Stimpfling and Durham (5) postulated that two interacting loci within the H-2 complex were required for the response to the alloantigen, H-2.2 (6), and, in 1975, Dorf et. al. (7) observed a responder phenotype in a recombinant derived from two strains which were nonresponders to the synthetic linear terpolymer, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylaline (GLPhe). Analysis of additional recombinants and complementation tests with F(1) hybrids clearly demonstrated that genes in two intra-I-region loci controlled the immune response to GLPhe. Subsequently, requirement for genes mapping in two intra-I-region loci were reported for porcine LDH(B)(8), the alloantigen Thy-1.1 (9), and for the synthetic terpolymers L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine and L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L- leucine (6,10). Demonstration that responses to both synthetic polypeptide and native protein antigens can be controlled by genes in two distinct I-region loci prompted speculation that the phenotypic expression of two I-region genes is a general phenomenon which may provide the key for understanding the mechanism of Ir gene function and cellular collaboration in the immune response. Benacerraf and Dorf (10) have shown that Ir gene complementation is often more effective in the cis than in the trans configuration. This concept is further supported by the data reported for GLPhe (10-12) which indicate that both of the complementing genes must be expressed in each of the cell types participating in the interaction. Failure to detect complementation for the majority of antigens under H-2-linked Ir-gene control might be attributed to the limited number of available intra-I- region recombinant strains.