tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Patient Position on Interpretation of Lung Images Complicated by Chest Radiograph Opacities
Authors: ROBERT W. SOLOMON, CHRISTOPHER J. PALESTRO, CHUN K. KIM, STANLEY J. GOLDSMITH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

Lung images in which perfusion defects correspond to chest radiograph (CXR) opacities in size and location are generally classified as having an intermediate probability for pulmonary embolism, while those studies in which the perfusion defects are considerably smaller than the CXR opacities are classified as having a low probability for pulmonary embolism. A case is presented in which, by imaging a patient in both the erect and supine positions, the authors were able to change the interpretation of the study from intermediate probability (perfusion defect = CXR opacity) to low probability (perfusion defect < CXR opacity).
Cardiac Output as a Function of Ventricular Rate in a Patient with Complete Heart Block
Authors: PETER G. GAAL, STANLEY J. GOLDBERG, LEONARD M. LINDE
Journal: Circulation (1964)

Hemodynamic effects of varying heart rate and activity have been studied in a young woman in good health except for complete heart block. As cardiac rate was increased from 50 to 110 beats per minute by means of an external cardiac pacemaker, cardiac output and stroke volume were found to reach maximum values at a rate of 75. Stroke volume increased 43 per cent with exercise when heart rate was fixed at 68 beats per minute. The ability of this patient to increase stroke volume with exercise, in contrast to average normal subjects, may be related to her past experience with chronically increased volume loads on the heart secondary to heart block.
Margaret McCartney: Does the GMC deserve its current powers?
Authors: M. McCartney
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The General Medical Council recently published its consultation on “how we deal with concerns about doctors.”1 It wants “serious” sanctions on doctors who have “failed to raise concerns where there is a reason to believe a colleague’s fitness to practise is impaired” or “where a patient is not receiving basic care.”

It wants to force doctors to apologise for mistakes and aims to apply sanctions for previous, rectified errors, to “maintain public confidence” in the profession. But it sounds more like a plea for confidence from the public, or from politicians.

Any doctor can be clever, kind, dedicated—and still screw up, the GMC admits.2 What should matter is how we react. Humiliation and punishment do not encourage the open discussion …
ACUTE BENIGN INFECTIOUS MYELITIS
Authors: IRVING J. SANDS
Journal: JAMA (1931)

During the World War, and in the following decade, there appeared in the literature reports of cases of infections of the cerebrospinal nervous system, with quite a related symptomatology. While the brunt of the infection seemed to have been borne by the cord, roots and peripheral nerves, the rest of the nervous system was not spared. The disease was ushered in by an upper respiratory or general systemic infection, with pain in the chest, back, abdomen and extremities, radicular in its distribution. Presently there developed paresis in one or more of the lower extremities, resulting in flaccid paraplegia and even in quadriplegia. Occasionally the paralysis was of an ascending nature, with medullary involvement resulting in death. There occurred marked reduction and even abolition of the deep tendon reflexes. There was also disturbance in the control of the sphincters. There were subjective as well as objective sensory disorders, both deep as
Attenuation of human lung mast cell degranulation by bronchial epithelium
Authors: W. Yang, A. J. Wardlaw, P. Bradding
Journal: Allergy (2006)

Background: Human lung mast cells (HLMC) lie in close proximity to the bronchial epithelium in asthma and adhere with high affinity to bronchial epithelial monolayers in vitro . We investigated the consequences of this adhesive interaction on HLMC activation in response to Fc ɛ RI cross‐linking. Methods: Human lung mast cells were cultured with the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS‐2B or plastic control for either 30 min or 16 h and then activated with anti‐IgE. Histamine was measured by radioenzymatic assay. Results: After co‐culture for 30 min, IgE‐dependent histamine release from HLMC was identical on both BEAS‐2B and plastic. After 16 h of co‐culture, there was a marked decrease in constitutive and IgE‐dependent histamine release from HLMC cultured on BEAS‐2B compared with those cultured on plastic or fibronectin. In contrast, the Ca 2+ /ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin produced concentration‐dependent histamine release that was significantly increased on BEAS‐2B compared with plastic. IgE‐dependent degranulation was not significantly affected by BEAS‐2B‐conditioned medium. Conclusions: BEAS‐2B bronchial epithelial cells attenuate IgE‐dependent but not thapsigargin‐induced histamine release from HLMC. The differential effect with anti‐IgE compared with thapsigargin suggests that the mechanism includes interference with the proximal Fc ɛ RI signalling pathway.
Abstract 536: A hypoxia-activated protein switch as a potential anticancer therapeutic
Authors: Chapman M. Wright, Marc Ostermeier, James R. Eshleman
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract We have engineered yeast cytosine deaminase (CD) to be activated by the tumor marker, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1a) – turning on its ability to convert 5-fluorcytosine (5FC) into the chemotheraeutic drug 5-fluoruracil (5FU). HIF-1a is overexpressed in many types of cancer but is virtually undetectable in normal tissue due to rapid degradation. We sought a “tumor-sensing” protein whose prodrug converting activity is activated in the presence of HIF-1a. Such a protein would have advantages over therapeutic treatments such as gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). Our approach would circumvent the need for specific delivery of the “suicide” gene, which is a requirement in GDEPT, since the selectivity occurs at the protein level and not the gene delivery level. To create our desired protein, we constructed a library of fusion proteins between CD and the CH1 domain of p300 – a domain known to interact with HIF-1a. This library was subjected to a two-tiered genetic selection in E. coli designed to identify genes that conferred increased sensitivity to 5FC when HIF-1a was co-expressed. We identified a library member (HIF-1a activated protein switch 59, “Haps59”), which conferred to E. coli sensitivity to 5FC equivalent to wildtype CD but only in the presence of co-expressed HIF-1a. In the absence of HIF-1a, Haps59 did not confer any sensitivity to 5FC. We created a stable cell line of RKO expressing Haps59 to determine its ability to sensitize them to 5FC. RKO is a colorectal cancer cell line known to accumulate high levels of HIF-1a in hypoxic conditions. RKO cells stably expressing Haps59 in hypoxia were 10-fold more sensitive to 5FC than the same cells in normoxia. This sensitivity was shown to be a result of the presence of 5FC, Haps59, and HIF-1a in RKO cells, and the removal of either of these components resulted in normal cell growth. Further, we demonstrated the direct intracellular interaction of HIF-1a and Haps59. RKO cells expressing Haps59 were used to create xenografts in mouse models. Initial results from experiments using systemically administered 5FC to treat these xenografts will be presented. Using advanced protein engineering techniques, we have created a protein that confers sensitivity to 5FC in the presence of the tumor-marker, HIF-1a. We believe that the Haps59 gene could have therapeutic potential for the treatment of solid tumors that exhibit elevated HIF-1a levels. Our strategy circumvents a limitation of GDEPT by not requiring selective delivery of the gene to cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 536. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-536
Antithrombotic Therapy To Prevent Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Daniel E. Singer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Letters16 May 2000Antithrombotic Therapy To Prevent Stroke in Patients with Atrial FibrillationDaniel E. Singer, MDDaniel E. Singer, MDMassachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02114 (Singer)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-10-200005160-00016 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I would like to note two methodologic caveats regarding Hart and colleagues' admirable systematic review (1). First, the authors describe the SPAF I (Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study), AFASAK (Copenhagen Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin, and Anticoagulation Study), and EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) as comparing anticoagulants to “placebo.” This is misleading. The placebo in these trials was an aspirin placebo (these trials also tested aspirin), not a warfarin placebo. None of the main potential benefits of using placebo (for example, reduced bias because of blinding) accrued to these trials' test of anticoagulants. In contrast, the SPINAF (Stroke ...References1. Hart RG, Benevente O, McBride R, Pearce LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:492-501. LinkGoogle Scholar2. A differential effect of aspirin on prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1993; 3:181-8. Google Scholar3. . Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Final results. Circulation. 1991;84:527-39. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02114 (Singer) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoAntithrombotic Therapy To Prevent Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Robert G. Hart , Oscar Benavente , Ruth McBride , and Lesly A. Pearce Antithrombotic Therapy To Prevent Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Robert G. Hart and Lesly A. Pearce Metrics 16 May 2000Volume 132, Issue 10Page: 841KeywordsAnticoagulantsAspirinAtrial fibrillationConfidence intervalsOdds ratioRelative riskRisk managementStrokeSystematic reviews Issue Published: 16 May 2000 CopyrightCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
A Prospective Study of Overall Diet Quality and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Teresa T. Fung, Marjorie McCullough, Rob M. van Dam, Frank B. Hu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

OBJECTIVE— The aim of this article was to assess the association between the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— A total of 80,029 women aged 38–63 years in the Nurses’ Health Study were followed from 1984 to 2002. The AHEI score was computed from dietary information collected from five repeated food frequency questionnaires administered between 1984 and 1998. Relative risks (RRs) for type 2 diabetes were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and adjusted for known diabetes risk factors. We also examined how changes in score in 4, 6–8, and 10–12 years are associated with diabetes risk. RESULTS— We ascertained 5,183 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during 18 years of follow-up. Women who scored high on the AHEI had a lower risk (RR comparing top to bottom score quintile 0.64 [95% CI 0.58–0.71], Ptrend &amp;lt; 0.0001) for diabetes. Women with consistently high AHEI scores throughout follow-up, compared with those with consistently low scores, had the lowest risk for diabetes. In addition, women whose AHEI scores improved during follow-up, even during recent years, had a lower risk of diabetes than did women whose (low) score did not change. CONCLUSIONS— A higher AHEI score is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Therefore, the AHEI score may be a useful clinical tool to assess diet quality and to recommend for the prevention of diabetes.
The National Poisons Information Service and hospital admissions for children--the experience in Wales of the Cardiff Centre.
Authors: J D Graham, R A Hitchens
Journal: BMJ (1977)

When inquiries to the Cardiff Centre of the National Poisons Information Service were compared with hospital admissions in the eight health authorities in Wales the findings suggested fewer admissions in the area within which the centre is situated and showed a more extensive use in that area than elsewhere. High inquiry rates were associated with high hospital admission rates when the eight areas were compared. If the service were delegated to area level a more complete community use would result.
Blockade of ischaemic preconditioning in dogs by the novel ATP dependent potassium channel antagonist sodium 5-hydroxydecanoate
Authors: J. A Auchampach, G. J Grover, G. J Gross
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

Journal Article Blockade of ischaemic preconditioning in dogs by the novel ATP dependent potassium channel antagonist sodium 5-hydroxydecanoate Get access John A Auchampach, John A Auchampach Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Waterdown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA: J A Auchampach, G J Gross; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA: G J Grover. Correspondence to Dr Gross. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gary J Grover, Gary J Grover Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Waterdown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA: J A Auchampach, G J Gross; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA: G J Grover. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Garrett J Gross Garrett J Gross Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Waterdown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA: J A Auchampach, G J Gross; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA: G J Grover. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 26, Issue 11, November 1992, Pages 1054–1062, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/26.11.1054 Published: 01 November 1992 Article history Received: 09 March 1992 Accepted: 20 May 1992 Published: 01 November 1992
Cytochrome P450 2D6 and Homeobox 13/Interleukin-17B Receptor: Combining Inherited and Tumor Gene Markers for Prediction of Tamoxifen Resistance
Authors: Matthew P. Goetz, Vera J. Suman, Fergus J. Couch, Matthew M. Ames, James M. Rae, Mark G. Erlander, Xiao-Jun Ma, Dennis C. Sgroi, Carol A. Reynolds, Wilma L. Lingle, Richard M. Weinshilboum, David A. Flockhart, Zeruesenay Desta, Edith A. Perez, James N. Ingle
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Genetic variation in cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and the gene expression ratio of the homeobox 13 (HOXB13) to interleukin-17B receptor (IL17BR) are associated with tamoxifen resistance. We sought to determine the combined effect of inherited (CYP2D6) and somatic (HOXB13/IL17BR) gene variation in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer. Experimental Design: Retrospective analysis of women with node-negative breast cancer randomized to receive 5 years of tamoxifen (North Central Cancer Treatment Group 89-30-52). CYP2D6 metabolism (extensive or decreased) was based on CYP2D6*4 genotype and presence/absence of a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Reverse transcription-PCR profiles for HOXB13 and IL17BR and the cut point separating patients into high- and low-risk categories according to disease-free survival (DFS) were used. A risk factor (CYP2D6:HOXB13/IL17BR) representing the four categories of combining CYP2D6 metabolism (extensive or decreased) and HOXB13/IL17BR (low or high) was created. The association between CYP2D6:HOXB13/IL17BR and DFS and overall survival (OS) was assessed using the log-rank test and proportional hazards modeling. Results: CYP2D6 metabolism and HOXB13/IL17BR gene ratio was available in 110 of 160 (69%) patients. The combined CYP2D6:HOXB13/IL17BR risk factor was significantly associated with DFS (log-rank P = 0.004) and OS (P = 0.009). Relative to women with extensive CYP2D6 metabolism and low HOXB13/IL17BR, those with either decreased metabolism or a high HOXB13/IL17BR ratio had significantly worse OS (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-5.37; P = 0.031), whereas women with both decreased metabolism and high HOXB13/IL17BR ratio had the shortest survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.17-8.52; P = 0.024). Conclusions: An index composed of inherited (CYP2D6) and tumor (HOXB13/IL17BR) gene variation identifies patients with varying degrees of resistance to tamoxifen.
What happened to the valid POEMs? A survey of review articles on the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Authors: A. F Shaughnessy
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<b>Objective</b> To evaluate systematically the review literature on type 2 diabetes to assess transmission of the findings of the United Kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS), an important source of recent valid patient oriented evidence that matters (POEMs). <b>Design</b> Inception cohort analysis of the recent medical literature. <b>Studies reviewed</b> Thirty five reviews on treatment of type 2 diabetes. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Presentation of three types of information from UKPDS in review articles: recommendations based on patient oriented outcomes of study; recommendations contradicted by patient oriented outcomes of study; and recommendations based on disease oriented outcomes for which no patient oriented evidence exists. <b>Results</b> Only six of the reviews included the POEM that tight blood glucose control had no effect on diabetes related or overall mortality. Just seven mentioned that metformin treatment was associated with decreased mortality. Most (30) of the reviews did not report that diabetic patients with hypertension benefit more from good blood pressure control than good blood glucose control. No review pointed out that treatment of overweight patients with type 2 diabetes with insulin or sulphonylurea drugs had no effect on microvascular or macrovascular outcomes. Thirteen reviews recommended drugs as first line treatment for which we do not have patient oriented outcomes data. The average validity assessment score was 1.3 out of a possible score of 15 (95% confidence interval 0.9 to 1.8). <b>Conclusions</b> Review articles on the treatment of type 2 diabetes have not accurately transmitted the valid POEM results of the UKPDS to clinicians. Clinicians relying on review articles written by experts as a source of valid POEMs may be misled.
Ventricular Defibrillation With Triphasic Waveforms
Authors: Jian Huang, Bruce H. KenKnight, Dennis L. Rollins, William M. Smith, Raymond E. Ideker
Journal: Circulation (2000)

It has been reported that triphasic defibrillation waveforms cause less myocardial injury than biphasic waveforms. This study compared the defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) of triphasic and biphasic waveforms.++DFTs were determined for a transvenous lead system and a 300-microF-capacitor defibrillator. In 8 pigs (group 1), DFTs were determined for 5 triphasic waveforms with tilts of 80%, 83%, and 86% and for 1 biphasic waveform. DFTs were determined in another 8 pigs (group 2) for 2 triphasic and 4 biphasic waveforms with tilts of 43%, 49%, and 56%. In both groups, a biphasic waveform from a 140-microF-capacitor defibrillator was also evaluated, and both shock polarities were tested for each waveform. In group 1, with the 300-microF-capacitor defibrillator, the leading-edge voltage and energy stored at DFT were significantly lower for triphasic waveforms with phase-duration ratios of 50/33/17 and an anode at the right ventricular electrode for phase 1 than for biphasic waveforms (P<0.001). In group 2, the stored energy of triphasic waveforms with 56% and 49% tilt was significantly lower than that of biphasic waveforms with the same tilts for anodal but not cathodal phase 1 at the right ventricular electrode. Electrode polarity significantly affected the DFT of triphasic waveforms for both studies.Some 80% tilt triphasic waveforms defibrillate more efficiently than biphasic waveforms with a 300-microF-capacitor defibrillator. The triphasic waveforms for both groups were not superior to 140-microF-capacitor biphasic waveforms. The efficacy of triphasic waveforms depends on phase durations and electrode polarity.
Identification of alpha- and beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain isoforms as major autoantigens in dilated cardiomyopathy.
Authors: A L Caforio, M Grazzini, J M Mann, P J Keeling, G F Bottazzo, W J McKenna, S Schiaffino
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Immunization with cardiac myosin induces experimental autoimmune heart disease in genetically predisposed mice. These mice produce heart-specific autoantibodies, some of which are directed against the cardiac myosin isoform. METHODS AND RESULTS We have reported the presence of circulating heart-specific autoantibodies in 26% of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) using indirect immunofluorescence. To identify the autoantigen(s) recognized by heart-specific autoantibodies in human disease, we tested, by Western blotting, sera from 26 DCM patients, 14 of whom were cardiac antibody-positive and 12 antibody-negative, as well as sera from 12 patients with cardiac failure from ischemic or valvular heart disease and from 13 normal subjects who were cardiac antibody-negative. Crude myofibrillar proteins and myosin preparations extracted from human atrial or ventricular specimens were used as antigens. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed. The proteins were electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose sheets. The paper strips were incubated in sera from patients or controls at 1:100 dilution; the reaction was revealed with a peroxidase-labeled second antibody against human immunoglobulin. Twelve of the 14 DCM sera (86%) containing heart-specific antibodies reacted with both the alpha- (atrial specific) and beta- (ventricular and slow skeletal) myosin heavy chain isoforms; none of the 13 normal sera (p = 0.0001) and one of the 24 heart failure-negative control sera (4%, p = 0.0001) contained antibodies against myosin heavy chain. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that alpha- and beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain isoforms as in the murine model of autoimmune heart disease are major autoantigens in patients with idiopathic DCM.
Injury rates during the 1988 US Olympic Team Trials for taekwondo.
Authors: E D Zemper, W Pieter
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1989)

Injury rates were recorded during the 1988 US Olympic Team Trials for taekwondo involving 48 men and 48 women. The injury rate for men (12.74/100 athlete-exposures) was about 40 per cent higher than the rate for women (9.01/100 athlete-exposures). The foot and the head were the most frequently injured body parts. Contusions were the predominant type of injury, and concussions were recorded for both men and women. A large proportion (41 per cent) of the men's injuries were the result of receiving a blow from an unblocked attack. For the women the most common injury situation (40 per cent) was while attacking with a kick. For both men and women, 15 per cent of the reported injuries were time-loss injuries. The head injuries found in this study are discussed with reference to the high impact velocities and momentum levels generated during taekwondo kicking. Recommendations are made with regard to protective equipment testing and rule changes to reduce the possibility of cerebral injury.