tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Resistance of spores of Aspergillus fumigatus to ingestion by phagocytic cells.
Authors: M D Robertson, A Seaton, L J Milne, J A Raeburn
Journal: Thorax (1987)

Phagocytic cells are believed to have an important role in the eradication of fungal spores from the lung. The ability of human and mouse cells to phagocytose the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been examined, spores of the non-pathogenic fungus Penicillium ochrochloron being used for comparison. Most spores became associated with cells. Those of A fumigatus appeared to remain bound to the surface of the phagocyte rather than being ingested; in contrast, P ochrochloron spores appeared to be phagocytosed more readily, although they also were seen, in small numbers, o n the cell surface. In view of the subjective nature of these observations, the effects of spore diffusates on phagocytosis were examined. Diffusates from spores of A fumigatus were shown to inhibit phagocytosis of antibody coated radiolabelled sheep red blood cells by primed mouse phagocytic cells. Diffusates of spores of P ochrochloron had no such effect. These results suggest that when spores of A fumigatus become bound to the surface of phagocytes they are able to release a substance that inhibits their ingestion while having little or no effect on surface binding.
Some effects of oral ingestion of cadmium on zinc, copper, and iron metabolism.
Authors: H G Petering, H Choudhury, K L Stemmer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

Data are presented to show that ingestion of cadmium chloride by rats at low levels leads to alteration of zinc metabolism in the liver, even though the formation of metallothionein is not evident. A dose-response relationship between amount of cadmium ingested and degree of perturbation of zinc metabolism in liver was found. Oral cadmium was shown to cause emphysema and reduce pulmonary function in male rats; the effect was less severe or delayed in onset if dietary zinc concentration was high. Interference with copper and iron metabolism was shown to occur in rats given low levels of cadmium orally. Depression of copper and iron metabolism of the rat fetus was found to occur when dams received very low doses of cadmium during gestation, even though very little cadmium passed the placental barrier.
Influenza Surveillance: 2014–2015 H1N1 “Swine”-Derived Influenza Viruses from India
Authors: Kannan Tharakaraman, Ram Sasisekharan
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2015)

The 2014-2015 H1N1 outbreak in India has reportedly led to 800 fatalities. The reported influenza hemagglutinin sequences from India indicate that these viruses contain amino acid changes linked to enhanced virulence and are potentially antigenically distinct from the current vaccine containing 2009 (Cal0709) H1N1 viral hemagglutinin.
Secondary Breast Cancer of Prostatic Origin-Reply
Authors: J. H. Campbell
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In his criticism, Dr. Lemon interprets the illustrations as "consistent with primary breast cancer." It is our contention that it is unsafe to rely on morphology to decide the origin of a cancer occurring in the breast of a patient receiving estrogen for prostatic cancer. This caution is justified because of the extreme mimicry that can result when one glandular cancer metastasizes to another also glandular organ. It may interest Dr. Lemon to learn that Drs. Fred W. Stewart and Frank W. Foote, Jr., at Memorial Center in New York, who have had large experience in cancer diagnosis and especially in the field of mammary cancer, diagnosed sections from the mammary lesions in this case as metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Dr. Stewart tells us (personal communication) that none of the cases diagnosed as breast cancer complicating estrogen treatment of prostatic carcinoma submitted to him in consultation proved to
INFECTION-IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLOSIS
Authors: F. M. Collins, G. B. Mackaness, R. V. Blanden
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1966)

Salmonella enteritidis is highly virulent for the mouse causing an infection resembling mouse typhoid. Survivors of the infection are completely resistant to reinfection and eliminate a large challenge dose of virulent organisms within 72 hr. The antigenically related Salmonella gallinarum was almost avirulent for the mouse but animals vaccinated with this organism were equally capable of eliminating a lethal dose of virulent S. enteritidis. Living Salmonella pullorum, on the other hand, was quickly eliminated from the tissues of normal mice. Vaccination with this organism failed to evoke an effective bactericidal mechanism. Alcohol-killed vaccines of these three Salmonellae all produced an increase in blood clearance rate, but gave only marginal protection against S. enteritidis. Liver and spleen counts on these mice revealed a 1 to 2 day delay before any net increase in the total bacterial population could be observed. Immunization of mice with increasing doses of living Salmonella montevideo resulted in progressively greater killing of a challenge dose of S. enteritidis despite the absence of common somatic antigens between the two strains. The degree of protection varied with the size of the residual population of S. montevideo in the vaccinated mice. The significance of these findings in assessing the importance of various factors involved in the development of acquired resistance to Salmonella infections is discussed.
Two Cases of Ergotamine Poisoning in Infants
Authors: E. M. Jones, B. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1966)

IClJOALof the instability of the chest wall or only because of inadequate ventilation (Case 2), but once it is started the paradoxical move- ments are abolished, this sign is no longer present, and the chances of early diagnosis are lost.I am grateful to the late Professor A. G. R. Lowdon for reading and commenting on the paper and for the facilities of the Depart- ment of
Pleuroperitoneal shunt for recurrent malignant pleural effusions.
Authors: V Tsang, H C Fernando, P Goldstraw
Journal: Thorax (1990)

The therapeutic options available for the management of malignant pleural effusions associated with a restricting malignant cortex remain unsatisfactory. The efficacy of pleuroperitoneal shunts was evaluated in 16 patients with recurrent malignant effusions. There were no operative deaths; one patient died on the third postoperative day as a result of lymphangitis carcinomatosa. The median hospital stay was five (range 3-21) days. Palliation was obtained in all but one of the other 15 patients. There was no appreciable reaccumulation of pleural fluid as judged by radiography. Two patients developed occlusion of the shunt. In one case this was due to blood clots in the pleural catheter and necessitated insertion of a new shunt. The other shunt was removed because of obstructing infected fibrin debris, and a rib resection was performed. There were eight deaths related to the underlying malignancy after a mean interval of 7.3 (range 1.5-23) months. The other six patients are still alive, with a mean survival of 11.0 (range 5-20) months, and have achieved good symptomatic relief. The insertion of a pleuroperitoneal shunt can offer effective palliation for patients with recurrent malignant pleural effusions.
Risk of distant recurrence using oncotype DX in postmenopausal primary breast cancer patients treated with anastrozole or tamoxifen: a TransATAC study.
Authors: M Dowsett, J Cuzick, C Wales, J Forbes, L Mallon, J Salter, E Quinn, R Bugarini, FL Baehner, S Shak
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #53 Background: The Recurrence Score (RS) has been validated for estimating residual risk of distant recurrence (DR) in ER+ node negative (N-) primary breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant tamoxifen. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are widely used for adjuvant treatment of ER+ disease in postmenopausal women. The RS has not been evaluated in patients treated with an AI.&amp;#x2028; Method: Tumour blocks were collected retrospectively from patients in the monotherapy arms of the ATAC trial under the TransATAC protocol yielding 1308 hormone receptor positive (HR+) blocks in UK patients for analysis (1). Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the significance of adding RS to a clinical model (age, tumour size, grade, treatment) and to Adjuvant! Online.&amp;#x2028; Results: 65 patients received chemotherapy, 4 were centrally HR negative and 8 did not start adjuvant therapy leaving 1231 evaluable patients of which 872, 306 and 53 were N-, N+ and N unknown in whom there were 72, 74 and 6 DRs, respectively. In the prospectively-defined primary multivariate analysis tumour size, grade and RS were each separately statistically significant in predicting time to DR in N- patients (p&amp;lt;0.001, 0.003 and &amp;lt;0.001, respectively). Similar results were seen in N+ patients. The 9-year rates of DR by nodal status for the pre-specified RS groups are shown in the table. RS showed statistically significant prognostic value beyond that provided by Adjuvant! Online in both N- (p&amp;lt;0.001) and N+ patients (p=0.003).&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Conclusions: Oncotype DX RS is an independent predictor of the risk of distant recurrence in N- and N+ HR+ patients treated with anastrozole or tamoxifen. The data are not predictive of a differential benefit between anastrozole and tamoxifen.&amp;#x2028; (1) Dowsett et al JCO 2008, 26, 1059. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 53.
Overuse injuries in musicians.
Authors: H. Bird
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Thephorin has been found to be more active than quinidine in the following tests: (1) refractory period of isolated rabbit auricles; (2) electrically-induced auricular fibrillation in the cat; (3) acetylcholine-induced auricular fibrillation in the dog; (4) epinephrine-induced ventricular premature contractions in the dog. When the effects of these drugs were compared on the electrocardiogram of the cat, Thephorin was found to cause greater prolongation of the refractory period than quinidine and less slowing of conduction. The toxicity of Thephorin in mice is greater than that of quinidine.
Double-Blindfold Studies
Authors: Otto C. Phillips
Journal: JAMA (1965)

To the Editor:—  I was interested in the excellent article by Dr. Seaman and associates, entitled Prophylactic Anticoagulant Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease (JAMA189:183-187 [July 20] 1964). Only through the combined efforts of a medical school faculty and a Veter
Respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function changes in relation to length of exposure to cotton dust
Authors: E. Zuskin, F. Valic
Journal: Thorax (1972)

The prevalence of byssinosis, respiratory symptoms, acute changes of ventilatory capacity over the shift, and chronic changes of ventilatory capacity were studied in two groups of non-smoking female workers exposed to practically identical concentrations of the same type of cotton dust but for very different periods of time (16 and 4 years respectively). The prevalence of non-specific respiratory symptoms increased with the duration of exposure to cotton dust only in the subjects with byssinosis. Exposure to cotton dust caused significant reductions over the shift of the mean FEV<sub>1.0</sub>, FVC and PEF in all the groups of cotton workers examined. In byssinotics the reduction in ventilatory capacity was considerably greater in subjects with longer than in those with shorter exposure to cotton dust, while in non-byssinotics the response was approximately equal in the two groups. Inhalation of a bronchodilator at the end of the shift restored ventilatory function to its pre-shift values except in byssinotics with a longer duration of exposure to cotton dust. Chronic changes of ventilatory capacity developed only in subjects with a longer exposure to cotton dust and were common in the byssinotics.
Abstract 1386: Enhanced expression of HMGA1 and THY1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with poor prognosis
Authors: Mariacarla Andreozzi, Luca Quagliata, David Benz, Francesca Trapani, Serenella Eppenberger-Castori, Christian Ruiz, Pierlorenzo Pallante, Markus Heim, Luigi Tornillo, Alfredo Fusco, Salvatore Piscuoglio, Luigi Maria Terracciano
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background and aim: Mounting evidence suggest that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) contains a subset of cells possessing some functional properties similar to normal tissue stem cells, usually referred as cancer stem cells (CSCs). THY1 (aka CD90) is involved in tumor-genesis and is commonly acknowledged as a maker of CSC in HCC. HMGA1, an HMG (high mobility group) chromatin-remodelling protein, has been recently highlighted as a key player in stem cell biology. HMGA1 overexpression induces malignant transformation in vitro and is deregulated in many cancer entities. This study aims to address the interrelated role of HMGA1 and THY1 in HCC. Methods: Using a global transcriptomic profiling (Affymetrix), validated by RT-qPCR, we analysed HMGA1 and THY1 expression levels in a cohort of HCC needle biopsy matched with corresponding non-neoplastic liver (total n=118) and normal liver (n=5). Using tissue microarray (TMA) technology, we evaluated by immunohistochemical staining HMGA1 and THY1 protein levels in a large collective of liver specimens (n=434, of which n=216 were HCCs). Results: We observed that both HMGA1 and THY1 expression is significantly up regulated in a subset of HCC specimens, correlating with metastatic disease and histological grading. Additionally, we demonstrate that high HMGA1 protein levels along with THY1 positivity in HCC samples results in unfavorable patients' outcome and disease progression. Conclusion: With this work we provide new evidence for HMGA1 and THY1 involvement in HCC progression and disease outcome and set the basis for further studies aiming to address their role in CSC biology of HCC. Citation Format: Mariacarla Andreozzi, Luca Quagliata, David Benz, Francesca Trapani, Serenella Eppenberger-Castori, Christian Ruiz, Pierlorenzo Pallante, Markus Heim, Luigi Tornillo, Alfredo Fusco, Salvatore Piscuoglio, Luigi Maria Terracciano. Enhanced expression of HMGA1 and THY1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with poor prognosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1386. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1386
Infantile-onset cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Authors: A. Tsianakas, A.K. Kienast, P.H. Hoeger
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), is mainly a disease of the elderly.To review paediatric CTCL cases reported in the literature, with a focus on the time between onset of symptoms and establishment of a correct diagnosis.A review of the literature was carried out and a case reported.A total of 254 cases of CTCL have been reported in children aged<16 years, 13 cases (<1% of all reported cases) in children below the age of 2 years, and only seven cases (including ours) during the first year of life. CTCL was most prevalent in children aged 10-12 years. The delay between age of onset and establishment of diagnosis was largest in the youngest age group (0-3 years), and declined steadily thereafter, thus reflecting the increasing likelihood that CTCL is considered in the differential diagnosis of skin disorders with increasing age of the patient.The diagnosis of CTCL is frequently delayed in young children. It needs to be considered in chronic 'eczematous' skin lesions irrespective of the patient's age, and including infants.
Inferences are just folk psychology
Authors: Thomas Metzinger
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

To speak of “inferences,” “interpretations,” and so forth is just folk psychology. It creates new homunculi, and it is also implausible from a purely phenomenological perspective. Phenomenal volition must be described in the conceptual framework of an empirically plausible theory of mental representation. It is a non sequitur to conclude from dissociability that the functional properties determining phenomenal volition never make a causal contribution.
Mortality From Thoracic Aortic Diseases and Associations With Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: David Sidloff, Edward Choke, Philip Stather, Matthew Bown, John Thompson, Robert Sayers
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Background— Temporal trends in mortality from thoracic aortic disease are unclear. This study examined trends in mortality from thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and aortic dissection (AD) with the aim of identifying associations with trends in established cardiovascular risk factors. Methods and Results— TAA and AD mortality (1994–2010) using International Classification of Diseases codes was extracted from the World Health Organization mortality database and age standardized. World Health Organization InfoBase and International Mortality and Smoking Statistics provided risk factor data. Eighteen World Health Organization member states were included (Europe=13, Australasia=2, North America=2, Asia=1). Ecological regression was performed of temporal trends in cardiovascular risk factors (1946–2010) and independent correlations to mortality trends. TAA and AD mortality trends show substantial heterogeneity but are generally declining. TAA mortality has increased in Hungary, Romania, Japan, and Denmark, and AD mortality has increased in Romania and Japan; therefore, the mortality decline is not universal. A linear relationship exists between trends in systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, and body mass index and mortality from TAA. Body mass index demonstrated a negative linear association with female AD mortality, whereas trends in systolic blood pressure demonstrated a positive linear relationship with male AD mortality. Trends in smoking prevalence were not associated with TAA or AD mortality trends. Conclusions— This population-level ecological regression provides evidence that mortality secondary to TAA and mortality secondary to AD are both in decline. Differences between countries could be explained by population-level changes in common cardiovascular risk factors. Public health measures could further reduce mortality from TAA and AD.
Combination chemotherapy for metastatic extramammary Paget disease
Authors: K. Oashi, A. Tsutsumida, K. Namikawa, R. Tanaka, W. Omata, Y. Yamamoto, N. Yamazaki
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

It is difficult to treat patients in the advanced stages of extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) because no effective treatment has yet been established.To describe the experience of using combination chemotherapy (FECOM) in patients with metastatic EMPD.Since we reported a case of metastatic EMPD that responded to FECOM, we have treated further patients with metastatic EMPD using FECOM at the National Cancer Center Hospital in Japan. FECOM consists of epirubicin 40 mg m(-2) , mitomycin C 3·5 mg m(-2) and vincristine 0·7 mg m(-2) on day 1, carboplatin 300 mg m(-2) on day 2 and 5-fluorouracil 350 mg m(-2) on days 2-6. To evaluate the efficacy of this combination therapy in patients with metastatic EMPD, data regarding patients given FECOM for the first-line treatment of metastatic EMPD were extracted retrospectively.Seven patients were eligible for this study. A partial response was noted in four evaluable patients (100%). The other three patients were not evaluable for clinical response. One of the three unevaluable patients showed a decrease in tumour size by 100%, the other two by about 20%. The median overall survival and progression-free survival were 9·4 months (7·6-17·3) and 6·5 months (2·6-7·9), respectively. The 1-year survival rate was 43% (three of seven). Three of the seven patients (43%) had grade 3 haematological toxicities. All treatment-related toxicities were reversible and there was no febrile neutropenia or treatment-related deaths.This study suggests that the combination chemotherapy FECOM may be a treatment option for patients with metastatic EMPD.
Vascular Obstruction of Superior Infundibulum Causing Nephralgia
Authors: Elwin E. Fraley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

COMBINED studies by excretory urography and angiography have recently demonstrated that branches of the renal artery can impinge upon the proximal collecting system and cause filling defects anywhere in the calyxes, pelvis or proximal ureter.1 2 3 These reports showed that vascular impressions can mimic defects caused by tumors and stones, but little consideration was given in them to the physiologic significance of the vessels except when they produced hydronephrosis by obstructing the ureteropelvic junction. No attention was devoted to the possibility that renal vessels could produce obstruction at other sites in the proximal collecting system, particularly the infundibula.The ureteropelvic junction . . .
Some Factors affecting the Incidence of Post-anaesthetic Vomiting
Authors: R. M. Davies
Journal: BMJ (1941)

MEDBITIS-RNL irregular.The bowels had not acted.An enema was returned clear.(vi) The patient fell out of bed on the evening of the 17th and broke an iron fender in her fall.The mnidwife noticed that the abdomen seemed larger after this accident.On being questioned she stated that the distension was more pronounced below the umbilicus-no bruising was seen on the abdominal wall.The midwife was not aware of the post-mortem findings.
The generation game
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2007)

“Dad, you've got an earring!” She gazed at the photo of me from the mid-1980s. “At least I'm not wearing make up,” I said defensively, but this only made her eyes narrow more. I'm no baby boomer and, according to Wikipedia, I am part of “Generation X.” Clearly Generation X smacks of the school geek coming to the Christmas party in a pair of sunglasses—tiresome, unimaginative, and just plain dumb. But with the new look BMJ comes our turn to shape the medical agenda. 

What of the baby boomers? It is foolish to …
Health Care Issues
Authors: Shirley Steele
Journal: JAMA (1975)

The editors state, "There are multiple economic, social, cultural, political, and other societal forces influencing our health care delivery system(s)." A new series of books will address questions and problems related to these diverse issues and will serve as a vehicle for cross fertilization of health professions. In this volume the majority of the contributors are prominent nurse educators with doctorates in a wide range of professional fields, eg, anthropology, psychology, and sociology. Most of the authors discuss the ethical implications of their respective topics. The first contribution provides a philosophical index of health care delivery. This is a refreshing approach. Historically, health literature has tended to focus on a scientific approach and ignore the broader issues of humanism and patients' rights. The section addressing abortion, however, more closely approximates the past contributions, omitting the philosophical and ethical issues that would broaden this factual presentation. Actually, the discussion on abortion
First-in-human Mutation-targeted siRNA Phase Ib Trial of an Inherited Skin Disorder
Authors: Sancy A Leachman, Robyn P Hickerson, Mary E Schwartz, Emily E Bullough, Stephen L Hutcherson, Kenneth M Boucher, C David Hansen, Mark J Eliason, G Susan Srivatsa, Douglas J Kornbrust, Frances JD Smith, WH Irwin McLean, Leonard M Milstone, Roger L Kaspar
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)