tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tuberculous Abscess Manifesting as Unilateral Gynecomastia
Authors: Jansen Koh, Augustine Tee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A 74-year-old man was admitted to our hospital after presenting with fever, nonproductive cough, and a 2-month history of enlargement of the left breast. Examination showed gynecomastia on the left side (Panel A) with bilateral crepitations of the lung. Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax showed a left-chest-wall collection of fluid with erosion of the ribs and extension into the pleural space, anterior mediastinum, and lung parenchyma (Panel B and Panel C, arrows). There were also bilateral nodular infiltrates, a right pleural effusion, and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Fluid obtained from the left chest wall by means of fine-needle aspiration . . .
Abhayakumar Gulabchand Gandhi ("Arun")
Authors: J. Dyson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Editor who raised the standards and status of the British Journal of Surgery; director of surgery in Bristol who tried to mediate as concerns about paediatric heart surgery emerged John Farndon, professor and head of surgery in Bristol, who died from a heart attack on 6 February, had a gift for medical editing and was an incisive referee.As editor of the British Journal of Surgery from 1992, he had an eye for the best material, putting together a good journal every month and moving it up the international league table until it was second only to Annals of Surgery.He chose papers that would be widely cited, increased the number of randomised controlled trials, and cut back on case reports.He was firm, fair, and strong minded.In January he stepped down as editor and was, as chairman of the British Journal of Surgery Society, to have furthered the journal's development.He wrote and edited textbooks on endocrine and breast surgery, operative surgery, and a guidebook for house surgeons.An excellent operating surgeon, his main interest was in his endocrine work, specialising in thyroid and parathyroid surgery.He improved the way in which patients with phaeochromocytoma were prepared for surgery by characterising the way in which these tumours released their hormones.He made important contributions to our understanding of the cellular biology of breast cancer, characterising those patients who would and would not respond to hormone therapy.
Why Fear Persists: Health Care Professionals and AIDS
Authors: Barbara Gerbert
Journal: JAMA (1988)

ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a frightening disease. Recent studies of dental professionals, physicians, and nurses have documented that fear is a basic and persistent reaction to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. We have found, for example, that among a sample of dental providers in California, 81% of dentists and dental hygienists and 86% of dental assistants believed they would be at increased risk for infection if they treated people with AIDS.<sup>1,2</sup>Physicians who worry about AIDS have reported increased stress. In one study, 40% of medical house officers and 24% of pediatric house officers said their levels of stress had risen either moderately or extremely because they were concerned about getting AIDS.<sup>3</sup>More than half of the nurses in one study (59%) believed that AIDS could be transmitted to hospital personnel despite infection control precautions.<sup>4</sup>These studies and others show that getting AIDS from a
Clinical course and lung function change of idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
Authors: I. N. Park, Y. Jegal, D. S. Kim, K-H. Do, B. Yoo, T. S. Shim, C-M. Lim, S. D. Lee, Y. Koh, W. S. Kim, W. D. Kim, S. J. Jang, M. Kitaichi, A. G. Nicholson, T. V. Colby
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

Most studies of idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) have primarily studied mortality. In order to clarify the detailed outcome and prognostic markers in idiopathic NSIP, the clinical course with initial radiological and clinical features was analysed. The clinical course of 83 patients who were classified with idiopathic NSIP (72 fibrotic, 11 cellular; 27 males and 56 females; mean+/-sd age 54.4+/-10.1 yrs) was retrospectively analysed. In fibrotic NSIP, 16 (22%) patients died of NSIP-related causes with a median (range) follow-up of 53 (0.3-181) months. Despite the favourable survival (5-yr 74%), patients with fibrotic NSIP were frequently hospitalised with recurrence rate of 36%. Reduced forced vital capacity at 12 months was a predictor of mortality. On follow-up, lung function was improved or stable in approximately 80% of the patients. The extent of consolidation and ground-glass opacity on initial high-resolution computed tomography correlated significantly with serial changes of lung function, and the presence of honeycombing was a predictor of poor prognosis. During follow-up, eight (10%) patients developed collagen vascular disease. In conclusion, the overall prognosis of fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia was good; however, there were significant recurrences despite initial improvement and a subset of the patients did not respond to therapy. Some patients developed collagen vascular diseases at a later date.
Evaluating a novel ‘needlecatcher’ device in dermatological surgery: practical considerations
Authors: W. Hussain, N.R. Telfer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Conflicts of interest: none declared. Sir, We read with interest the recent article by McKenna et al.1 evaluating a novel needlecatcher (NC) surgical instrument. The authors are to be commended on describing very clearly how the NC works in principle. It would, however, have been useful to state the dimensions, and in particular the weight of the NC as both these parameters have potential implications for its ‘user‐friendliness’. As the complexity of any wound closure is primarily determined by its site and size, it is unfortunate that the types of closure that were undertaken with the NC as part of its assessment are not mentioned. Does the device perform equally well in complex regions of the face (e.g. periocular and perinasal sites) compared with the trunk and limbs? Furthermore, it appears that the placement of buried sutures would be problematic with the NC. For example, it is fairly standard practice, when placing such sutures to evert the wound edge using either a skin hook or nontoothed forceps to allow optimal suture placement. The design of the NC presumably does not allow this?
LONG-TERM SAFETY PROFILE OF XIENCE V EVEROLIMUS-ELUTING COMPARED TO TAXUS EXPRESS PACLITAXEL-ELUTING STENTS
Authors: Robert J. Applegate, Krishnankutty Sudhir, James B. Hermiller, Julie Doostzadeh, Shui Yu, Kyoko Hattori, Alexandra J. Lansky, Donald E. Cutlip, Charles A. Simonton, Gregg W. Stone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Global alliance launches plan to eliminate lymphatic filariasis
Authors: G. Yamey
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Background</h3> Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are important musculoskeletal diseases that the EUMUSC.NET project developed Standards of Care (SOC) for. <h3>Objective</h3> The purpose was to explore factors to enable successful implementation of the SOC for RA and OA. <h3>Methods</h3> A combined set of methods was used; a literature search, a European survey among patients, clinicians and policymakers; and focus groups. <h3>Results</h3> Potential facilitators were identified during a literature search. The online survey captured 282 responses from clinicians, patients and policymakers from 35 European countries, and focus groups from 5 countries contributed with knowledge about possible additional facilitators and strategies. Both the survey and the focus groups endorsed all 11 facilitators. The most important facilitators for implementing the SOC were motivation, agreement, knowledge and personal attitude. The focus groups underlined the lack of access to recommended care in some countries, that multidisciplinary teams should be strengthened and that some healthcare reimbursement systems need change to implement recommended clinical practice. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Eleven facilitators key for the implementation of the SOC for RA and OA were endorsed by patients and clinicians from 35 European countries. This knowledge may contribute to improved care for patients with RA and OA in Europe.
MILK IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
Authors: W. F. CHURCH
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Milk has been used for so long a period and to such an extent that its status as a food ought to be settled beyond cavil or doubt. Unfortunately this is not the case. In this article it is my purpose to consider the objections to milk as a food for the sick, as well as its merits. Before discussing the advantages it may be well to consider briefly the actual conditions present, particularly in the digestive organs, in persons suffering from an infectious disease. In infectious diseases it has not been found possible to prevent a steady loss of body weight by any method of feeding, save in rare instances. This varies in an average daily loss of from 0.33 to 0.5 of 1 per cent of the entire weight during prolonged fevers. A man weighing 150 pounds would lose from one-half to three-quarters of a pound daily or
Plastic Surgery in a Military Hospital
Authors: Radford C. Tanzer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

IN 1944 the Cushing General Hospital was designated as one of nine Army centers for plastic surgery operating within the continental limits of the United States. During the first twenty months a total of 1474 patients were admitted to this section, and two thousand one hundred and ninety-six operative procedures were carried out, with no operative or postoperative mortality.The organization and functioning of this center is of interest, not only from the standpoint of its military pattern but also because of methods and procedures, developed in the face of reduced personnel, that might prove advantageous in the operation of . . .
AMERICAN MEDICAL JOURNALISM.
Authors: CHARLES WOOD FASSETT
Journal: JAMA (1900)

The history of medical journalism in America is a story of progressiveness and success. After passing through many phases during the last century there has been evolved, during the past decade, a type of medical journal which is distinctly American, and I am inclined to think that it more nearly approaches the ideal than any other in the professional world. Our earliest lessons in journalism were taken from our French colleagues. The first medical journal published in the United States was called,<i>A Journal of the Practice of Medicine and Surgery and Pharmacy in the Military Hospital of France</i>, consisting principally of French translations.<sup>1</sup>The next to appear was the<i>Medical Repository</i>, begun in 1779, and discontinued in 1824. The earliest types of American medical journalism were dignified and scholarly, and but few of them exhibited any "news" qualities until the middle of the fourth decade. The Addisonian type
F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in an Anorectal Fistula With Actinomycosis
Authors: Chung-Huei Hsu, Chi-Ming Lee, Chee-Fah Chia, Yun-Ho Lin
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

A 58-year-old asymptomatic man was scheduled to undergo FDG PET for whole-body cancer screening. Intense, focally linear F-18 FDG uptake was found in the lower buttock. A malignant tumor in the rectum was suspected. However, physical examinations and a rectocolonscopic study were negative. MRI showing an anorectal fistula provided a morphologic diagnosis. Apparent symptoms and signs of perianal abscess appeared 1 month later. At surgery, an anorectal fistula with actinomycosis and abscess formation were found. FDG PET provided information on the functional status of the fistula. An infectious focus in the anorectal region should be kept in mind and carefully considered when FDG PET is used for tumor imaging.
In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: William F. Rutherford
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To the Editor. —  Taffet et al 1 present interesting and controversial data regarding the outcome of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The study itself was well done, and the data were, for the most part, analyzed adequately for possible confounding factors, such as the duration of resuscitation efforts and preexisting health condition. The authors' call to expend greater effort identifying those patients likely to benefit from CPR at the time of admission is laudable. However, they make two critical mistakes with interpretation of the data and give us a faulty recommendation.  The authors remark on the disparity in best mental status between the younger and older cohorts after CPR and infer that this difference is due to the amount of neurological function recovered. However, since data regarding mental status before the cardiopulmonary arrest are not presented, no such inference can be made. Recovery cannot be judged in the absence of
Nitrogenous Compounds in Hemodialysate
Authors: GLENN D. LUBASH, KURT H. STENZEL, ALBERT L. RUBIN
Journal: Circulation (1964)

Correlation of clinical and chemical changes in patients with uremia has not been possible for substances other than urea and electrolytes. Since clinical improvement is frequently seen following hemodialysis, examination of the dialysate for substances of possible importance seemed warranted. With use of the Kiil artificial kidney, small volumes of dialysate have been obtained and found suitable for analytical studies. Amino acid analyses performed after salt removal revealed a preponderance of acidic amino acids and 35 to 38 unknown ninhydrin reactive peaks. Following acid hydrolysis, the unknown peaks decreased in height and known amino acids increased, indicating a degradation of peptides or conjugated amino acids. Elution from the internal volume of Sephadex G-25 columns suggested molecular weights of less than 4000. Confirmatory evidence of low molecular weights was obtained in vitro by estimation of ninhydrin and Folin-Lowry phenol reactive materials remaining in the dialysant compared to glucose and urea. These results suggested that besides free amino acids, the nitrogenous compounds in the dialysate include conjugated amino acids or very small peptides. Of additional interest in one patient was the decrease in removal of some amino acids and other nitrogenous materials from the first to the eighth clinical dialysis, suggesting a relationship to progressive malnutrition observed in this case.
Low HDL Cholesterol, Metformin Use, and Cancer Risk in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Xilin Yang, Wing Yee So, Ronald C.W. Ma, Alice P.S. Kong, Heung Man Lee, Linda W.L. Yu, Chun-Chung Chow, Risa Ozaki, Gary T.C. Ko, Juliana C.N. Chan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

OBJECTIVE The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway is a master regulator in energy metabolism and may be related to cancer. In type 2 diabetes, low HDL cholesterol predicts cancer, whereas metformin usage is associated with reduced cancer risk. Both metformin and apolipoprotein A1 activate the AMPK signaling pathway. We hypothesize that the anticancer effects of metformin may be particularly evident in type 2 diabetic patients with low HDL cholesterol. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a consecutive cohort of 2,658 Chinese type 2 diabetic patients enrolled in the study between 1996 and 2005, who were free of cancer and not using metformin at enrollment or during 2.5 years before enrollment and who were followed until 2005, we measured biological interactions for cancer risk using relative excess risk as a result of interaction (RERI) and attributable proportion (AP) as a result of interaction. A statistically significant RERI &amp;gt;0 or AP &amp;gt;0 indicates biological interaction. RESULTS During 13,808 person-years of follow-up (median 5.51 years), 129 patients developed cancer. HDL cholesterol &amp;lt;1.0 mmol/L was associated with increased cancer risk among those who did not use metformin, but the association was not significant among those who did. Use of metformin was associated with reduced cancer risk in patients with HDL cholesterol &amp;lt;1.0 mmol/L and, to a lesser extent, in patients with HDL cholesterol ≥1.0 mmol/L. HDL cholesterol &amp;lt;1.0 mmol/L plus nonuse of metformin was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 5.75 (95% CI 3.03–10.90) compared with HDL cholesterol ≥1.0 mmol/L plus use of metformin, with a significant interaction (AP 0.44 [95% CI 0.11–0.78]). CONCLUSIONS The anticancer effect of metformin was most evident in type 2 diabetic patients with low HDL cholesterol.
Use of a Soehendra Stent Retriever to Treat a Pancreatic Pseudocyst with EUS-Guided Cystogastrostomy
Authors: T. Yamaguchi, T. Ishihara, H. Tadenuma, A. Kobayashi, K. Nakamura, T. Kouzu, H. Saisho
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

The Soehendra stent retriever is reported to be useful for dilating a stenosed pancreatic or biliary duct [1] [2] [3] [4]. We have also used it to drain a pancreatic pseudocyst under endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance.
Identification and Characterization of Subpopulations of Lymphocytes in Human Peripheral Blood after Fractionation on Discontinuous Gradients of Albumin THE CELLULAR DEFECT IN X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
Authors: R. S. Geha, F. S. Rosen, E. Merler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated on discontinuous gradients of 17-35% bovine serum albumin (BSA) into nine fractions. Three subpopulations of lymphocytes were obtained. One occupies the top third of the gradient (fractions 1-3, 17-23% BSA) and is rich in cells characterized by a high spontaneous rate of DNA synthesis and by the ability to give rise to colony-forming units. The middle portion of the gradient (fractions 4 and 5, 23-27% BSA) is rich in thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes identified by their vigorous response to mitogens and by their ability to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E). The third subpopulation at the bottom of the gradient (fractions 6-9, 27-35% BSA) is rich in bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes capable of staining with fluorescent antiimmunoglobulin antisera and of forming rosettes with EAC1423.
Glycogen utilization and ischemic injury in the isolated rat heart
Authors: S Schaefer
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Introduction: Fasting increases myocardial glycogen content and has been shown to limit injury and improve recovery following no-flow ischemia in the isolated heart. However, the protective role of glycogen loading per se in fed animals has been questioned by data in preconditioned animals showing that reduced glycogenolysis may be protective prior to no-flow ischemia. Therefore, we hypothesized that fasting protects the globally ischemic heart by mechanisms separate from glycogen loading. Methods: Isolated hearts from rats fasted for 24 h were retrogradely perfused using glucose substrate and subjected to 20 min of global no-flow ischemia. Fed rats were identically perfused either under control conditions (glucose substrate) or with an intervention chosen to increase tissue glycogen (glucose plus insulin, [insulin]) prior to ischemia. Functional recovery and creatine kinase (CK) release were measured during reperfusion. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure intracellular pH, phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates and high-energy phosphates, while the lactate and pyruvate contents of the hearts were measured prior to and at the end of ischemia. Results: Hearts from fasted animals had significantly increased glycogen content prior to ischemia (76.6±2 vs. 40.9±3 μmol glu/gdw in control hearts, P<0.05) as did hearts exposed to insulin (88.6±10 μmol glu/gdw), but only hearts from fasted animals had greater glycogen utilization during ischemia. Hearts from fasted animals also had lower levels of lactate relative to pyruvate (L/P) under baseline conditions and, on reperfusion, reduced CK release (fasted: 183±48 versus control: 756±56 IU/gdw, P<0.05). Conversely, insulin hearts had increased CK release (1831±190 IU/gdw, P<0.001 vs control) and worse functional and metabolic recovery on reperfusion. Compared to the insulin hearts, hearts from fasted animals had both less acidosis and less rapid depletion of ATP during ischemia, as well as lower accumulation of glycolytic intermediates. Conclusion: Fasting protects the heart from ischemic injury and is associated with a lower L/P ratio and increased glycogen utilization during ischemia. In contrast, increasing glycogen content in hearts from fed animals using insulin limits glycogen utilization, increases ischemic injury, and impairs both functional and metabolic recovery under conditions of 20 min of global no-flow ischemia.
Bombesin-like Peptides Modulate Alveolarization and Angiogenesis in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Meera Subramaniam, Christine Bausch, Anne Twomey, Svetlana Andreeva, Bradley A. Yoder, LingYi Chang, James D. Crapo, Richard A. Pierce, Frank Cuttitta, Mary E. Sunday
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of newborns, is paradoxically rising despite medical advances. We demonstrated elevated bombesin-like peptide levels in infants that later developed BPD. In the 140-day hyperoxic baboon model of BPD, anti-bombesin antibody 2A11 abrogated lung injury.To test the hypothesis that bombesin-like peptides mediate BPD in extremely premature baboons (born at Gestational Day 125 and given oxygen pro re nata [PRN], called the 125-day PRN model), similar to "modern-day BPD."The 125-day animals were treated with 2A11 on Postnatal Day 1 (P1), P3, and P6. On P14 and P21, lungs were inflation-fixed for histopathologic analyses of alveolarization. Regulation of angiogenesis by bombesin was evaluated using cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells.In 125-day PRN animals, urine bombesin-like peptide levels at P2-3 are directly correlated with impaired lung function at P14. Gastrin-releasing peptide (the major pulmonary bombesin-like peptide) mRNA was elevated eightfold at P1 and remained high thereafter. At P14, 2A11 reduced alveolar wall thickness and increased the percentage of secondary septa containing endothelial cells. At P21, 2A11-treated 125-day PRN animals had improved alveolarization according to mean linear intercepts and number of branch points per millimeter squared. Bombesin promoted tubulogenesis of cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, but cocultured fetal lung mesenchymal cells abrogated this effect.Early bombesin-like peptide overproduction in 125-day PRN animals predicted alveolarization defects weeks later. Bombesin-like peptide blockade improved septation, with the greatest effects at P21. This could have implications for preventing BPD in premature infants.
A MODIFICATION OF MY MASTOID RETRACTOR.
Authors: FRANK ALLPORT
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Some years ago I devised an instrument for facilitating mastoid operations. It has passed into extensive use, but its utility has been much curtailed by the fact that many instrument manufacturers persistently perpetuate two faults in its construction. They make it too delicate for permanent strength, and what is still more annoying, make a round or square screw-handle. The screw-handle should be flat, for when it is either round or square, the fingers will surely slip in screwing it up after the teeth have become engaged in the wound. This defeats one of the prime objects of the instrument, which is intended to be tightly screwed up, thus expanding the blades as widely as possible, for the double purpose of affording ample ground for operation, and of controlling the hemorrhage of the soft parts by producing extreme tension. These objects can only be obtained with a strong instrument, and a