tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The South Inflamed! The Case of Henry Wirz
Authors: Patrick J. Hardy
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In his article, Skolnick<sup>1</sup>stated that perhaps the first physician to be convicted of war crimes was Confederate Captain Henry Wirz, MD, commandant of the infamous Confederate prison at Andersonville. I wish to take issue with Skolnick's comments regarding this individual, for it would appear that Skolnick is a poor historian and has not taken the opportunity to investigate the facts that are readily available in the literature. Captain Wirz was, in fact, Major Henry Wirz. Conferring on him the degree of doctor of medicine is a gross inaccuracy. Although in his youth he was interested in medicine, he arrived in this country in 1849 from his native Switzerland. He was employed as a physician's assistant around Kentucky for a brief period of time, and subsequently offered some medical assistance on a plantation in Louisiana. After entering the service as an infantry officer, he was wounded,
Management of Infectious Waste by US Hospitals
Authors: William A. Rutala
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In July 1987 and January 1988, forty-six percent (441/955) of randomly selected US hospitals responded to a questionnaire intended to identify their waste disposal practices. Survey responses were received from hospitals in 48 states. United States hospitals generated a median of 6.93 kg of hospital waste per patient per day and infectious waste made up 15% of the total hospital waste. Most hospitals (greater than 90%) considered blood, microbiology, "sharps," communicable disease isolation, pathology, autopsy, and contaminated animal carcass waste as infectious. Other sources of hospital waste that were commonly (greater than 80%) designated infectious were surgical, dialysis, and miscellaneous laboratory waste. The infectious waste was normally (80%) treated via incineration or steam sterilization before disposal, whereas noninfectious waste was discarded directly in a sanitary landfill. Eight-two percent of these US hospitals are discarding blood, microbiology, sharps, pathology, and contaminated animal carcass waste in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control's recommendations, while the compliance rate for the Environmental Protection Agency's recommendations (excluding optional waste) is 75%. No hospital could identify an infection problem (excluding needle-stick injuries) that was attributable to the disposal of infectious waste. While the management of infectious waste by US hospitals is generally consistent with the Centers for Disease Control's guidelines, many hospitals employ overly inclusive definitions of infectious waste.
Management of Suppurative Chondritis Caused by Stay-Suture
Authors: John B. Perkins
Journal: JAMA (1970)

To the Editor.—  Suppurative chondritis of the costal arch has usually required radical excision. This was avoided in a case due to a misplaced abdominal stay-suture by using local excision, instillation of neomycin, and primary closure.  Cartilage is nourished by lymph and has no true blood supply. When it becomes infected, it is similar to a foreign body. Little can be expected from systemic antibiotics. Wide local excision of the infected portion may be successful, especially with the two-stage procedure described by Shaw,1but usually complete excision of all contiguous cartilage is advocated.2,3Complete excision presents a serious problem when the costal cartilaginous arch is involved. The linkage of anterior cartilages 5 through 10 necessitates an extensive resection (Fig 1). Flail chest and deformity may result.  A simplified way of handling this problem was adapted from Clagett and Geraci's method of treating infected pneumonectomy spaces.4It was
DEFICIT OF SPECIFIC THYMUS-DEPENDENT LYMPHOCYTES IN TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE IN THE RAT
Authors: William L. Elkins
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

Recovery from adoptively terminated transplantation tolerance was studied by utilizing formerly tolerant rats as donors of lymphocytes in local renal graft-vs.-host reactions (GVHR). The origin of the proliferating lymphocytes in the GVHR was studied by means of sex chromosome markers. A deficit of specifically reactive lymphocytes, while tolerance was in effect, was revealed by the continuing absence of autochthonous specifically reactive cells after tolerance was abolished in adult thymectomized chimeras. The findings are consistent with Burnet's hypothesis of the cellular basis of tolerance, but apply only to the T lymphocytes of donor origin which normally proliferate in these GVHR.
No inflammation? No cancer! Clear HBV early and live happily
Authors: Erica Villa, Giovanna Fattovich
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)

Clearance of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a cohort Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus. Simonetti J, Bulkow L, McMahon BJ, Homan C, Snowball M, Negus S, Williams J, Livingston SE. Hepatology. 2009 Nov 30. [Epub ahead of print]. Copyright 2009. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Abstract: Some individuals who are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) eventually lose hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been demonstrated to occur in a few patients after loss of HBsAg. Neither factors associated with loss of HBsAg nor the incidence of HCC thereafter have been clearly elucidated. We performed a prospective population-based cohort study in 1271 Alaska native persons with chronic HBV infection followed for an average of 19.6 years to determine factors associated with loss of HBsAg and risk of developing HCC thereafter. HBsAg loss occurred in 158 persons for a rate of HBsAg clearance of 0.7%/year. Older age, but not sex, was associated with clearance of HBsAg, and loss of HBsAg was not associated with any particular HBV genotypes (A-D, and F) found in this population. Participants were followed for an average of 108.9 months after HBsAg loss. Six patients, two with cirrhosis and four without, developed HCC a mean of 7.3 years after HBsAg clearance (range, 2.0-15.5 years). The incidence of HCC after clearance of HBsAg was 36.8 per 100,000 per year (95% CI 13.5-80.0) which was significantly lower than the rate in those who remained HBsAg-positive (195.7 cases per 100,000 person-years of follow-up [95% CI 141.1-264.5; P<0.001). After loss of HBsAg, HBV DNA was detected in the sera of 28 (18%) of those who cleared a median of 3.6 years after clearance.HCC can occur in persons with chronic hepatitis B who have lost HBsAg, even in the absence of cirrhosis. These persons should still be followed with periodic liver ultrasound to detect HCC early.
Medical Education— Its Responsibility to Society
Authors: James L. Dennis
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Noty since the 1910 Flexner report, "Medical Education in the United States and Canada," has the question of what is wrong with American medical education been a public issue.<sup>1</sup>Comparison of the circumstances in 1910 with 1970 presents an interesting paradox. There were far too many medical schools then; now there are too few. Medical schools at that time were little more than commercial diploma mills with low standards, no scientific pursuits, and a deplorable lack of concern with quality. Now the standards are very high, medical institutions are sometimes accused of being science institutes rather than schools, and the pursuit of excellence is a frequently proclaimed creed. In 1910 most physicians were dangerously inadequate and poorly qualified, but there was no shortage of physicians. Now physicians are highly skilled but in short supply. Then, any student willing to pay enrollment costs could get into a medical school. Today,
Post-hoc Analysis Of Short-acting Beta2-agonist Efficacy In Baseline Corticosteroid Users And Non-corticosteroid Users Following Treatment With Levalbuterol Metered-dose Inhaler, Racemic Albuterol Or Placebo In Asthma Patients Ages 4-11 Years
Authors: J. Walsh, D. Skoner, W. Berger, N. Wilson
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Abstract LB-7: Protein crosstalk in tumor microenvironment: direct identification of intercellular protein transfer in retinoblastoma after topotecan or radiation treatment
Authors: Susan Lee, Robert Fanter, Narine Harutyunyan, A Linn Murphree
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Current work on the tumor microenvironment has shown that crosstalk between cancer and normal cells can be of significant importance. Here we show direct intercellular communication between different cancer cell populations can provide insights into the tumor microenvironment and the bystander effect. Retinoblastoma is the primary intraocular cancer in childhood and resistance to current treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation often results in enucleation. We seek to improve retinoblastoma treatments by elucidating the diversity of and communication between retinoblastoma tumors. Here we provide the first direct evidence of intercellular protein transfer between retinoblastoma cells after topotecan or radiation treatment using stable isotope labeling and tandem mass spectrometry-based protein identification. Retinoblastoma Y79 cells were grown in media containing 13C, 15N lysine and arginine analogues (Y79S) so that all the proteins had full incorporation of these stable isotopes. The Y79S cells were untreated, treated with 0.02 micromolar topotecan, or treated with 4 Gy of radiation before being co-cultured with either Y79 or CHLA215 retinoblastoma cells for 48 hr. Protein populations within each cell type and the concentrated media were identified using mass spectrometry-based sequencing. Direct intercellular transfer was monitored using the unique 13C, 15N protein tags. Changes in the tumor microenvironment and the protein communication between retinoblastoma cells with chemotherapy and radiation treatment were monitored using a transwell co-culture system. As expected, irradiation resulted in a significant decrease in Y79S cell number and viability. Additionally, irradiated Y79S cells caused a significant decrease in the viability of the non-irradiated Y79 bystander cells. Studies of the proteins directly transferred from Y79S to the other retinoblastoma cells identified heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in both the topotecan and radiation studies. Significantly, time point data provided insights into the protein transfer dynamics. We show significant protein transfer by 24 hours with a decrease in isotopically labeled proteins by 48 hours. We are currently working on elucidating the functional roles of HSP90 and the other proteins transferred during chemotherapy and radiation treatment. In summary, we have shown the first evidence for direct protein crosstalk between retinoblastoma cell populations in response to chemotherapy and radiation. We anticipate that this work will lead to greater insights into how tumor heterogeneity contributes to treatment response. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-7. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-7
THE EFFECT OF THE EXTRINSIC POISONS ON THE EYE.
Authors: J. HERBERT CLAIBORNE
Journal: JAMA (1897)

In presenting this subject I recognize fully the difficulties I encounter. The list of agents which when taken into the system produce disturbances of vision is a long one. I do not hope, therefore, to present them all. I shall select those that are most frequent and interesting and show in fact only the skeleton of the subject, leaving to you the task of clothing it with beauty and with flesh. In the beginning I desire to express my indebtedness to Dr. G. de Schweinitz<sup>1</sup>and Dr. Casey M. Wood<sup>2</sup>for the assistance I have received in preparing this paper from their works entitled "The Toxic Amblyopias." By the term toxic amblyopia I understand an interference in vision produced by certain drugs or substances that have been absorbed by the human system. Following Dr. Wood I divide them into two great classes: 1, those that directly affect the
Abstract 2311: A novel kinase inhibitor of FADD phosphorylation chemosensitizes through the inhibition of NF-κB
Authors: Katrina Schinske, Shyam Nyati, Terence Williams, Timothy Johnson, Brian Ross, Ricardo Pérez Tomás, Alnawaz Rehemtulla
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Fas-Associated protein with Death Domain (FADD) was originally reported as a pro-apoptotic adaptor molecule that mediates receptor induced apoptosis. Recent studies have revealed a potential role of FADD in NF-κB activation, embryogenesis, and cell cycle regulation and proliferation. Over-expression of FADD and its phosphorylation have been associated with the transformed phenotype in many cancers and is therefore a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In an effort to identify novel chemical entities that inhibit FADD phosphorylation, we screened an NCI diversity compound collection using a cell based assay recently developed in our laboratory for the detection of FADD-kinase activity (Khan, 2010). The screen resulted in the identification of NSC 47147 as a potent inhibitor of FADD phosphorylation. This compound was shown to be an inhibitor of CKIα, a previously described FADD kinase, with an IC50 = 1.5 µM. We demonstrate that inhibition of FADD phosphorylation by NSC 47147 results in a decrease in NF-κB activity, thereby potentially sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy. In support of this, treatment of lung cancer cells with NSC 47147 and cisplatin in culture as well as in a mouse xenograft model resulted in the synergistic induction of apoptosis and enhanced tumor control compared to either agent alone. These results provide evidence for the inhibition of FADD phosphorylation as a viable target for anti-cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2311. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2311
STUDIES ON TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND SYPHILIS
Authors: Hans Zinsser, J. G. Hopkins, Malcolm McBurney
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1916)

Although antibodies can be produced by the immunization of animals with cultivated Treponema pallidum, and although these antibodies exert specific agglutinative and treponemicidal action upon the culture organisms, they possess, at least in the concentration so far obtained by us in rabbits and sheep, practically no action for virulent treponemata obtained directly from lesions. There seems to be in the infected body an inability to exert a purely serum action upon the virulent treponemata, a condition of affairs which may well lead to a lack of antigen absorption on the part of the body and a consequent failure to produce serum antibodies. We do not think that this should in any way discourage our further investigation of the protective action of antibodies produced with culture pallida. On the one hand, the slight occasional agglutination and the lower proportion of takes with the concentrated serum in the last experiment at least indicate the possibility that we have been working with sera that are not sufficiently powerful and that just as with work with the pneumococcus and other highly invasive organisms, a serum of considerable antibody contents must be used before results can be expected. Again, the destruction of treponemata and the healing of lesions which undoubtedly takes place in rabbits, sometimes with surprising speed, may be a cellular destruction, and by injecting the sera either locally or intravenously and giving them time to be absorbed by the cells before injecting virulent material, better results may be obtained. This direction of research as well as further studies on the antagonistic cellular processes against the pallida, the immunization of animals with killed virulent organisms, and the antibodies in rabbits and human beings during the course of infection and after recovery are being investigated, and we hope to be able to report upon them in the near future.
AMA 'Reform Event' Reflects Physicians' New Role
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1994)

EVEN though President Bill Clinton and his wife are out campaigning for their health care system reform bill, the action is now in Congress. "The Clinton bill is dead," declared Rep Newt Gingrich (R, Ga) addressing some 800 physicians who traveled to Washington, DC, last month to make their views on health system reform known. His was not a lone voice. A string of representatives and senators from both sides of the aisle addressed the physicians, and their message was the same. Lonnie R. Bristow, MD, chair of the American Medical Association's (AMA) Board of Trustees, summed it up: "Congress is having difficulties dealing with health care system reform." Bristow urged Congress to pass legislation that "guarantees health care coverage without sacrificing high quality of care [or] freedom of choice, and which will protect the physician-patient relationship from corporate interests that put financial considerations ahead of patients." But if the
Evaluation of Role Played by Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity in Exercise-induced Asthma
Authors: E. Chandler Deal, Stephen I. Wasserman, Nicholas A. Soter, R. H. Ingram, E. R. McFadden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

To determine whether mediators of immediate hypersensitivity played a role in the pathogenesis of exercise-induced asthma, we measured the concentration of histamine and neutrophil-chemotactic activity present in systemic arterial blood during thermal challenges in five asymptomatic asthmatics. Because exercise-induced asthma has been shown to be a result of respiratory heat loss and because respiratory heat loss during isocapnic hyperventilation has been shown to give identical responses, we chose the latter provocational method in order to minimize increases in cardiac output that might interfere with the interpretation of mediator concentrations in arterial blood. Multiple aspects of pulmonary mechanics were also recorded before and after provocation. The results of these studies were then compared with the effects observed when the same subjects inhaled aerosols of specific antigens on the same day. Each challenge produced identical alterations in lung function, and neither was associated with consistent changes in arterial histamine. However, antigen provocation evoked a sustained and prolonged release of neutrophil chemotactic activity in each subject, whereas isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air was without effect. These data strongly suggest that mast-cell derived mediators are not involved in the development or maintenance of the bronchial obstruction that follows exercise in asthmatics.
Risks and Benefits of Celecoxib to Prevent Recurrent Adenomas
Authors: Bruce M. Psaty, John D. Potter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

In late September 2004, the cardiovascular risks identified in a placebo-controlled adenoma-prevention trial that was terminated early precipitated the voluntary withdrawal from the market of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor rofecoxib.1 Later that year, in another adenoma-prevention trial, the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, was also associated with an increase in the risk of cardiovascular events.2 For this reason, on December 17, 2004, the data and safety monitoring boards of two celecoxib trials recommended stopping drug administration in the trials.2,3 Articles describing the cardiovascular risks seen in the two adenoma prevention trials were published rapidly.1,4 However, in the absence of evidence . . .
Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: James M. Moss
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article "Diabetic Ketoacidosis" by Richard Bienia, MD, and Ignacio Ripoll, MD (241:510, 1979), is a good summary of current practice. However, the excessive blood chemistry studies and invasive monitoring of the patient that they suggest is rarely necessary in restoring the normal chemical balance. Only those procedures of proved benefit should be used. Low-dose intravenous insulin with isotonic saline as the initial hydrating solution followed by glucose in water with potassium phosphate to replace intracellular fluids is noncontroversial. Sodium bicarbonate is used only when the pH is below 7.10. However, the suggestion that determination arterial blood gas, blood glucose, and serum electrolyte levels be performed at hourly intervals is unnecessary, expensive, and traumatic. Every two hours is often enough to check the blood glucose level and every four hours is often enough to check the electrolyte level. Arterial blood gas determinations should be done on admission,
PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN ITALIAN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Authors: M. Colombo, Q.L. Choo, E. Del Ninno, N. Dioguardi, G. Kuo, M.F. Donato, M.A. Tommasini, M. Houghton
Journal: The Lancet (1989)
Phase II Study of Amrubicin Combined with Carboplatin for Thymic Carcinoma and Invasive Thymoma: North Japan Lung Cancer Group Study 0803
Authors: Akira Inoue, Shunichi Sugawara, Masao Harada, Kunihiko Kobayashi, Toshiyuki Kozuki, Shoichi Kuyama, Makoto Maemondo, Hajime Asahina, Akiko Hisamoto, Taku Nakagawa, Katsuyuki Hotta, Toshihiro Nukiwa
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Psoriasis of the scalp treated with Grenz rays or topical corticosteroid combined with Grenz rays. A comparative randomized trial
Authors: B. LINDELOF, A. JOHANNESSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

To investigate the effect of Grenz ray therapy alone compared with Grenz rays combined with a topical corticosteroid (betamethasone dipropionate) in psoriasis of the scalp, 40 patients were randomized into two groups. One group received 4 Gy of Grenz rays administered on six occasions at intervals of 1 week and the other group was given the same Grenz ray treatment plus topical corticosteroid. The patients were assessed before and after Grenz ray therapy and were followed-up for 6 months. Of the 37 patients who completed the trial 16 out of 19 (84%) of the patients in the Grenz ray group, and 13 out of 18 (72%) of the patients in the combination group healed. The remission time did not differ significantly between the two groups. Of the patients who healed, 5 of 16 patients in the Grenz ray only group and 4 of 13 patients in the combination group remained healed at 6 months. We conclude that Grenz ray therapy is a useful treatment modality for scalp psoriasis, but that the addition of a topical corticosteroid has only a minor effect.
Imperative to track all those billions lost to avoid corruption
Authors: S. Saripanidis
Journal: BMJ (2012)

It is logical that more money is dispensed for medical research than for research in any other university discipline, not only in Germany, but in every country.1 Demand is high, innovations are fast, and last, but not least, future profits are high. In such a multi-billion dollar sector we must be careful where funds go. Even minimal research fraud would mean serious …
Intense Uptake of Tc-99m HMDP in Pleural Metastasis From Osteosarcoma
Authors: Abdelhamid Biyi, Abderrahim Doudouh, Abderrahman Albouzidi, Abdelhakim Zekri
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Osteosarcoma is a tumor that occurs principally in children and young adults. Moreover, it very rarely arises from a rib. The authors report a case of a costal osteosarcoma revealed by a hemorrhagic pleural effusion in a 46-year-old man. Chest computed tomography showed, in addition to the pleural abnormalities, a soft tissue mass with osteoid formation and calcification associated with lytic costal lesions. Bone scintigraphy demonstrated intense unilateral uptake of Tc-99m HMDP in the entire left hemithorax. Transcutaneous biopsy revealed an osteosarcoma. We attributed the extraosseous diphosphonate uptake to the hemorrhagic pleural effusion.