tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SELECTIVE SERVICE AND PSYCHIATRIC ISSUES
Authors: C. MACFIE CAMPBELL
Journal: JAMA (1941)

The late Colonel Salmon in the last war had to break the news to a divisional officer who was having a trying time that a psychiatrist was being attached to the division. The officer asked Dr. Salmon how one spelled psychiatrist and what sort of creature he was. He then broke out "H..., haven't I trouble enough already?" The end of the story was, however, that they lived happily ever after, or at least that the commanding officer came to appreciate the work of the psychiatrist. The ordinary citizen, like the divisional officer, has a very hazy idea as to the nature of psychiatry and as to what the psychiatrist does or tries to do. The scope of the psychiatrist's work is not very clear to many of his medical colleagues. Etymology suggests that he has something to do with the mind; as the mind is imponderable and invisible the
Interleukin10-producing CD4 T cells ameliorate murine lupus in NZB/W F1 mice
Authors: R Undeutsch, A Papendieck, J Y Humrich, G Riemekasten
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2010)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe systemic chronic autoimmune disease and NZB/W F1 mice are commonly used to study this disease.The role of interleukin 10 (IL10) in SLE is controversial and needs to be clarifi ed, especially with regard to the different cell types which can produce IL10.Here the authors show that IL10 produced by CD4 T cells plays a benefi cial role in murine lupus of NZB/W F1 mice, even in full-blown disease in old NZB/W F1 mice.The authors (1) detected SmD1(83-119)-specifi c CD4 IL10 T cells after a previously published SmD1(83-119) high-dose tolerisation protocol1 and were able to increase the number of these cells by an additional booster immunisation with SmD1(83-119); (2) showed that IL10 has a suppressive effect on anti-dsDNA autoantibody production at least in vitro; (3) achieved a temporary benefi cial effect on the course of proteinuria and autoantibody development by transfer of CD4 T cells containing up to 0.04% SmD1(83-119)-specifi c CD4 IL10 T cells from SmD1(83-119) high-dose tolerised NZB/W F1 mice into untreated NZB/W F1 mice; and (4) were able to treat full-blown lupus disease in old female NZB/W F1 mice with in vitro generated polyclonal CD4 IL-10 IL4 T cells, improving signifi cantly the survival of these mice in contrast to a control transfer of in vitro generated polyclonal CD4 IFNγ+ T cells or PBS-treated control mice.The authors conclude that IL10 produced by CD4 T cells has a benefi cial effect in murine lupus, even in full-blown disease in old severely ill lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice.
Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Polymorphisms in the Treatment Success in Patients with Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Agnes Boltz, Manuel Ruiß, Jost B. Jonas, Yong Tao, Florian Rensch, Martin Weger, Gerhard Garhöfer, Sophie Frantal, Yosuf El-Shabrawi, Leopold Schmetterer
Journal: Ophthalmology (2012)
Leatherwork: a possible hazard to reproduction.
Authors: M Clarke, E S Mason
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A retrospective study was carried out aimed at eliciting the causes of perinatal death in Leicestershire between 1976 and 1982. Case notes were reviewed and the mothers interviewed in over 1000 cases. An analysis of maternal occupations showed that leatherworkers were at increased risk of having a perinatal death, particularly from congenital malformations and macerated stillbirths, even when compared with other manual workers in the same social class. The excess risk occurred in all towns of the county where leatherwork was undertaken. Further investigation is needed of the materials used in the leather industry in order to ensure that risks are minimised. Fecund women working in the industry should be informed of any residual risk if these findings are confirmed.
Use of Esophageal Gastric Tube Airway
Authors: Joel V. Mangold
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In reference to the article by Auerbach and Geehr<sup>1</sup>entitled "Inadequate Oxygenation and Ventilation Using the Esophageal Gastric Tube Airway in the Prehospital Setting," I agree with the authors' conclusion that the esophageal gastric tube airway (EGTA) is not comparable with endotracheal intubation for airway management. The EGTA system is basically a variant of mask ventilation. The only really significant advantage of the EGTA over mask ventilation is the occlusion of the esophagus to reduce the risk of aspiration. The major factor in adequate airway maintenance with both these techniques is mask fit. This can be difficult to manage in the prehospital, emergency setting—especially by one person. The problem is magnified with the use of a handtriggered resuscitator with a mask system where the rescuer cannot feel the compliance of the patient's lungs to help in assessing adequacy of ventilation. As one who teaches mask airway
CANCER OF THE LUNG AND CIGARETTES
Authors: Alton Ochsner
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In my article on bronchogenic carcinoma inThe Journal(<b>148:</b>691 [March 1] 1952), I regret that I misquoted from Doll and Hill's report in the<i>British Medical Journal</i>(<b>2:</b>739, 1950) concerning the number of cigarettes smoked by patients with cancer of the lung. Instead of the statement "11.6% [of a series of patients with cancer of the lung] smoked 500,000 cigarettes or more a year," it should be that "7.6% of patients with cancer of the lung have smoked more than 500,000 cigarettes up to the time of the discovery of the cancer."
Renal Impairment Predicts Long-Term Mortality Risk after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Grace L. Smith, Frederick A. Masoudi, Michael G. Shlipak, Harlan M. Krumholz, Chirag R. Parikh
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Renal function predicts mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but it is unknown whether the prognostic importance of renal function persists over time. This study examined how the association between renal function and mortality changed in the 10 yr after AMI in a cohort of patients. In 118,753 patients (age >/=65 yr) from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project, mean Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance was 55 +/- 24 ml/min and estimated GFR was 57 +/- 21 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) at baseline. By 10 yr, 68% of patients had died. Compared with normal renal function, even mild renal impairment increased the 10-yr risk for mortality risk by 10%. Severe renal impairment more than doubled the risk for mortality at 1 yr, and this increased risk persisted at both 5 and 10 yr. At 1 yr, the contribution of creatinine clearance to mortality risk rivaled traditional factors such as BP and systolic function; by 10 yr, creatinine clearance surpassed these other risk factors, rivaled only by patient age. Associations with estimated GFR demonstrated similar trends. In conclusion, renal function in hospitalized patients with AMI is an important and consistent predictor of mortality for up to 10 yr.
Isovaleric Acidemia
Authors: Matthew A. Budd, Kay Tanaka, Lewis B. Holmes, Mary L. Efron, John D. Crawford, Kurt J. Isselbacher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

A NEW disorder of leucine metabolism has recently been discovered in 2 siblings who presented a unique clinical syndrome. Previously, 2 other pathologic states that are etiologically associated with abnormalities of branched-chain amino acid metabolism have been recognized in man (Fig. 1). The first, hypervalinemia,1 , 2 is due to a deficiency of the enzyme that converts valine to its corresponding keto acid. The second disorder, maple-syrup-urine disease (branched-chain ketonuria),3 , 4 results from a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of leucine,5 as well as isoleucine and valine. The deficiency of the decarboxylase leads to an accumulation of the branched-chain amino acids and their . . .
STUDIES ON HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Caroline A. Chandler, LeRoy D. Fothergill, John H. Dingle
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

1. A comparative study of the mucin virulence of smooth, converted rough, and respiratory strains of H. influenzae was carried out in mice. 2. The smooth strains were found to be significantly more virulent than either the converted rough or respiratory strains. 3. The converted rough and respiratory strains were found to be approximately equal in virulence. 4. A diminution in virulence was observed in those smooth strains which had dissociated spontaneously either partially or completely.
Physiological role for cholecystokinin in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia in humans.
Authors: R A Liddle, R J Rushakoff, E T Morita, L Beccaria, J D Carter, I D Goldfine
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

It is known that the ingestion of glucose alone causes a greater increase in plasma glucose levels than ingestion of the same amount of glucose given with other nutrients. Since physiological plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK) prolong gastric emptying, it is proposed that after a meal, CCK may modify plasma glucose levels by delaying glucose delivery to the duodenum. To evaluate the effect of CCK on oral glucose tolerance, plasma CCK, insulin, and glucose levels and gastric emptying rates were measured in eight normal males before and after the ingestion of 60 g glucose with the simultaneous infusion of either saline or one of two doses of CCK-8 (12 or 24 pmol/kg per h). Gastric emptying rates were measured by gamma camera scintigraphy of technetium 99m sulfur colloid and plasma CCK levels were measured by a sensitive and specific bioassay. Basal CCK levels averaged 1.0 +/- 0.1 pM (mean +/- SEM, n = 8) and increased to 7.1 +/- 1.1 pM after a mixed liquid meal. After glucose ingestion, but without CCK infusion, CCK levels did not change from basal, and the gastric emptying t1/2 was 68 +/- 3 min. Plasma glucose levels increased from basal levels of 91 +/- 3.9 mg/dl to peak levels of 162 +/- 11 mg/dl and insulin levels increased from 10.7 +/- 1.8 microU/ml to peak levels of 58 +/- 11 microU/ml. After glucose ingestion, with CCK infused at 24 pmol/kg per h, plasma CCK levels increased to 8 pM and the gastric emptying t1/2 increased to 148 +/- 16 min. In concert with this delay in gastric emptying, peak glucose levels rose to only 129 +/- 17 mg% and peak insulin levels rose to only 24.2 +/- 4.2 microU/ml. With CCK at 12 pmol/kg per h, similar but less dramatic changes were seen. To demonstrate that endogenous CCK could modify the plasma glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose, oral glucose was given with 50 g of lipid containing long-chain triglycerides. This lipid increased peak CCK levels to 3.7 +/- 0.9 pM. Concomitant with this rise in CCK was a delay in gastric emptying and a lowering of plasma glucose and insulin values. To confirm that CCK reduced hyperglycemia by its effect on gastric motility, 36 g glucose was perfused directly into the duodenum through a nasal-duodenal feeding tube in four subjects. With duodenal perfusion of glucose, there was no change in plasma CCK levels, but plasma glucose levels increased from basal levels of 93+/-5 to 148+/-6 mg/dl and insulin levels rose from 10.6+/-3.5 to 29.5+/-5.2 microU/ml. When CCK was infused at 24 pmol/kg per h, neither the plasma glucose nor insulin responses to the duodenal administration of glucose were modified. Thus we conclude that CCK, in physiological concentrations, delays gastric emptying, slows the delivery of glucose to the duodenum, and reduces postprandial hyperglycemia. These data indicate, therefore, that CCK has a significant role in regulating glucose homeostasis in human.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HOSPITAL COSTS
Authors: THOMAS HOWELL
Journal: JAMA (1913)

first of all, of securing the right sort; secondly, of obtaining an efficient amount of work from them, and thirdly, of keeping them in our employment.It appears to me that we would do well if we could induce our boards to agree to have aome place or make some provision for those employees wh in they leave the service of the hospital. 1think, too, that pro- visions should be made for the employment of married people in certain of the departments.That would tend toward steadi- ness and keep employees in the service.Besides, they should be well paid, well housed and well feel.It would be much better if we could have buildings especially for them in which We would not need to put more than one, or at most two, in a room.
Serum M30 levels: A potential biomarker of severe liver disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and normal aminotransferase levels
Authors: Yusuf Yilmaz, Engin Ulukaya, Enver Dolar
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

We congratulate Fracanzani and colleagues1 on their insightful article identifying factors associated with severe liver disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and normal aminotransferase levels. First, the authors have convincingly demonstrated that normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is not a valuable criterion to exclude patients with NAFLD from liver biopsy. More importantly, they have shown that increased insulin resistance as assessed by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is a statistically significant and independent predictor of the presence of both nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and severe fibrosis among subjects with NAFLD. The authors concluded that determination of insulin resistance in subjects with normal ALT levels may be clinically relevant in the selection of NAFLD cases for histological assessment of disease severity and progression.1 The field of biomarkers is an area of fast growing interest in the setting of NAFLD. A neoepitope in cytokeratin 18, termed M30 antigen, becomes available at an early caspase cleavage event during apoptosis and has been regarded as a biochemical marker of liver injury.2, 3 Thus, we sought to determine whether serum M30 levels may be associated with the presence of NASH among NAFLD cases with normal ALT levels. Eighteen patients (four males and 14 females), mean age of 51.0 ± 7.6 years, with liver biopsy-confirmed NAFLD and normal ALT levels (< 40 U/L) were investigated. The diagnosis of NASH was based on the Kleiner criteria.4 M30 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (M30 Apoptosense ELISA kit; Peviva AB, Bromma, Sweden). Compared with patients with NAFLD without NASH (n = 12), mean serum M30 levels were significantly raised in the six patients with normal ALT and NASH levels (198.2 ± 37.2 IU/L versus 80.7 ± 19.2 IU/L, P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, M30 levels and HOMA-IR were the only independent predictors of the presence of NASH in patients with NAFLD and normal ALT levels. Besides confirming the elegant proof by Fracanzani and coworkers that determining HOMA-IR is clinically useful for identifying patients with NAFLD who are candidates for histological assessment of disease severity,1 our pilot results allow us to postulate that M30 levels may be an additional good index of the presence of NASH in this patient group. Further studies in larger samples are warranted to confirm our pilot data. Yusuf Yilmaz*, Engin Ulukaya , Enver Dolar , * Department of Internal Medicine, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey, Department of Biochemistry, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey, Department of Gastroenterology, Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey.
Customized Probability Models for Severe Sepsis: Correction and Clarification
Authors: R. A. Jeffs
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Le Gall and colleagues<sup>1</sup>provided customized versions of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) and the 24-hour Mortality Probability Model II (MPM II<sub>24</sub>) to establish the probability of mortality for intensive care unit (ICU) patients with early severe sepsis. On page 647, the authors provide equations for calculating the probability of mortality for both the SAPS II and the MPM II<sub>24</sub>. The equations for the customized SAPS II and MPM II<sub>24</sub>are incorrect and should be as follows:
Clinical Aspects of Immunology
Authors: William B. Sherman
Journal: JAMA (1964)

During the past 25 years there have been great changes in the field of immunology. The mysterious biological reactions of antigens and antibodies are now described in precise terms of molecular structure and chemical combination. The electron microscope reveals the form and structure of viruses formerly described as ultramicroscopic, and fluorescent labels cause antigens and antibodies in the tissues to shine like neon lights. Coincidentally with these remarkable technical advances, immunology has developed from a branch of bacteriology into a vital part of general biology contributing to our understanding of life processes. This volume presents in clear and concise terms the present and prospective clinical applications of these developments. As pointed out by Carl Prausnitz in the foreword, the book is suitable to bring up to date a "Rip Van Winkle" immunologist who has slept through the past half century. It will be equally useful to the physician whose last
Glasgow: city of managerial culture
Authors: T. Delamothe
Journal: BMJ (1990)

Laurence Peterken CBE is the "high profile" general manager of Greater Glasgow Health Board.Probably no NHS manager has put up the backs of so many doctors in such a short time.He says that when he arrived in Glasgow in 1986 much needed doing.Could these by any chance be related?Whatever the answer, Glasgow is a good place to ponder whether medical opposition is an acceptable (and perhaps inevitable) price to pay for what this government claims are the benefits of "better management."No one could dispute the fact that Glasgow had its problems.Arriving as one of the first of Scotland's new general managers, he found that his health board was overspending by about £lOm a year "and we had the sort of financial crisis that Lothian has just had."That
BLOOD AND TISSUE FACTORS INFLUENCE THE KOEBXER REACTION IN PSORIASIS
Authors: I. STANKLER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1969)

SUMMARY.— A pilot study was carried out to investigate possible factors in the blood and dermis which might influence the development of the psoriatic lesion. There is some evidence to suggest that: 1. Blood serum from patients recovering from active psoriasis had an inhibitory effect on the Koebner reaction and a healing action on an active lesion. 2. There is a factor in the dermis of an active lesion and the uninvolved skin of the active psoriatic which stimulates the development of a lesion. This factor does not appear to be present in normal non‐psoriatic dermis.
A polyclonal CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytosis in a patient doubly infected with HTLV‐I and HIV‐1: A clinical and molecular analysis
Authors: Garth D. Ehrlich, Frederick R. Davey, Jeffrey J. Kirshner, John J. Sninsky, Shirley Kwok, Dennis J. Slamon, Randy Kalish, Bernard J. Poiesz
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1989)

Abstract HTLV‐I is associated with adult T‐cell leukemia/ lymphoma (ATL) characterized by monoclonal expansions of CD4+ T‐lymphocytes. In this report we describe a histologically benign, polyclonal HTLV‐I infection in a patient exhibiting both an absolute CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytosis. Three T‐cell lines containing integrated HTLV‐I proviral copies established from this patient were initially polyclonal, but with time all grew out the same two clones as determined by analysis of their T‐cell antigen receptor beta chain gene rearrangements. The patient subsequently developed pulmonary and nasopharyngeal nodules containing HTLV‐I infected cells. Restriction analysis of the patient's HTLV‐I provirus revealed no differences from prototype HTLV‐I and the tax gene was normally expressed in vivo and in vitro. The patient's T‐lymphocytosis and HTLV‐I+ pulmonary tract nodules were put into a complete clinical remission by treatment with alkylating agents and steroids. Subsequently, the patient developed a severe immunodeficiency state and expired. Retrospective serologic and gene amplification assays for HIV‐1 demonstrated that he had been doubly infected from the time of presentation. Postmortem analysis by polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of both HTLV‐I and HIV‐1 in lymphatic tissues and the testes; HIV‐1 was also detected in brain tissue.
The role of pulsatile flow in controlling microvascular retinal endothelial and pericyte cell apoptosis and proliferation
Authors: Tony E. Walshe, Paul Connell, Lorna Cryan, Gail Ferguson, Colm O'Brien, Paul A. Cahill
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

Aberrant retinal blood flow is a hallmark of various retinopathies and may be a causative factor in the pathology associated with these conditions. We examined the effects of pulsatile flow on bovine retinal endothelial cell (BREC) and bovine retinal pericyte (BRP) apoptosis and proliferation. Co-cultured BRECs and BRPs were exposed to low (0.3 mL/min) or high (25 mL/min) pulsatile flow for 72 h using a perfused transcapillary culture system. Pulsatile flow increased BREC nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and activity concomitant with a significant decrease in pre-pro-endothelin-1 (ET-1) mRNA and peptide. BREC apoptosis was significantly attenuated following exposure to high flow. The inhibition of NOS, COX, and ET receptors significantly reduced the pro-survival effects of flow on BREC. In contrast, BRP apoptosis was significantly enhanced following exposure to high flow. The inhibition of COX and ET receptors significantly attenuated the high flow-induced increase in BRP apoptosis when compared with untreated controls. Treatment of static BREC with NO donor (S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, SNAP), ET-1, or iloprost inhibited serum deprivation-induced apoptosis, whereas treatment of BRP with ET-1 and iloprost, but not SNAP, was ineffective. High pulsatile flow decreased BRP proliferation, in the absence of any changes in BREC proliferation. Increased pulsatile flow promotes BREC survival and enhances BRP apoptosis through the activation of endothelial-derived vasoactive substances. Altered pulsatile flow does not alter BREC proliferation in co-culture with BRP, whereas BRP proliferation was significantly decreased at high flow rates. These interactions have important implications for vessel growth and regression during retinal vascular pathogenesis.
504 EARLY ON-TREATMENT DECLINE OF SERUM HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBSAG) IS ASSOCIATED WITH FASTER SUBSEQUENT HBSAG REDUCTION IN HBEAG-NEGATIVE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B
Authors: H.L.Y. Chan, G.L. Wong, A.O. Lo, A.M. Chiim, H.-Y. Chan, V.W. Wong
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)