tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE FEMALE BLADDER
Authors: WILLIAM E. STEVENS
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Almost every woman suffers from bladder disturbances at some period of her existence. Frequency of urination, for instance, is so common that, unless accompanied by marked pain or discomfort, it is often considered of no importance and promptly forgotten by the patient. While this organ is seldom primarily involved by pathologic processes other than tumors, ulcers and congenital diverticula, it is affected either directly or indirectly by almost every pathologic condition of the urinary tract. In a clinical study of the female bladder, there are several significant factors to be taken into consideration, which have a direct bearing on the etiology, symptomatology and treatment and are likewise responsible for the increased frequency of bladder disturbances in this sex. These factors in the order of their importance are, first, the physiologic functions, particularly pregnancy, childbirth and menstruation; second, the anatomic differences, especially those of relationship, size and structure, and third, the
ACCM/PALS haemodynamic support guidelines for paediatric septic shock: an outcomes comparison with and without monitoring central venous oxygen saturation
Authors: Cláudio F. de Oliveira, Débora S. F. de Oliveira, Adriana F. C. Gottschald, Juliana D. G. Moura, Graziela A. Costa, Andréa C. Ventura, José Carlos Fernandes, Flávio A. C. Vaz, Joseph A. Carcillo, Emanuel P. Rivers, Eduardo J. Troster
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2008)
Chemokine CCL5 signals required for survival during viral infection*1
Authors: J.W. Tyner, O. Uchida, N. Kajiwara, E.Y. Kim, M.P. O'Sullivan, M.J. Walter, D.N. Cook, T.M. Danoff, M.J. Holtzman
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Mining industry fights release of study on health effects of diesel exhaust
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A1 Washington, DC

A US lawyer representing the interests of the mining industry has written to several journals in the United States and United Kingdom reminding them of legal restraints on the publication of papers relating to a study on the effects on health of diesel exhaust.

In 1992 the US National Cancer Institute and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health initiated the study on the effects of ultrafine diesel particulate matter on miners in confined spaces. Much of the equipment used in mining is powered by diesel engines.

The $11.5m (£7.3m; €8.7m) study evaluated cancer rates in 12 000 past and current miners at eight mines that extracted minerals other than coal. The study controlled for smoking.

The issue has resurfaced …
Impaired Vascular Reactivity in Healthy First-Degree Relatives of Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Is Related to Metabolic Factors
Authors: Kelb Bousquet-Santos, Fabricia J. Neves, Eduardo Tibiriçá, Marcio Nogueira de Souza, Antonio C.L. Nóbrega
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

Several studies have suggested that vascular changes precede the development of metabolic disorders in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes, indicating that being a first-degree relative of a subject with type 2 diabetes is a risk per se for vascular dysfunction (1–3). However, these studies have failed to control for relevant metabolic and inflammatory variables that are usually altered in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes and are known to impair vascular reactivity (4).

To investigate the hypothesis that vascular reactivity in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes without metabolic disorders is similar to that in a control group without history of type 2 diabetes, 42 first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes (79% women; mean ± SD age 33 ± 9 years) and 45 age- and sex-matched control subjects (78% women; age 34 ± 9 years) were recruited. Vascular reactivity was …
Improving shared decision making in osteoarthritis
Authors: Dawn Stacey, Gillian Hawker, Geoff Dervin, Ivan Tomek, Nan Cochran, Peter Tugwell, Annette M O’Connor
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The burden of chronic pain for those who have it and their families is substantial, says <b>Henry McQuay</b> (doi: 10.1136/bmj.39520.699190.94), and these patients deserve better. <b>Dawn Stacey and colleagues</b> describe an example of quality improvement in practice for one group of people with chronic pain, those with osteoarthritis
HYPERAPOBETALIPOPROTEINAEMIA IN TWO FAMILIES WITH XANTHOMAS AND PHYTOSTEROLAEMIA
Authors: PeterO. Kwiterovich, HazelH. Smith, WilliamE. Connor, PaulS. Bachorik, VictorA. Mckusick, Babie Teng, AllanD. Sniderman
Journal: The Lancet (1981)
Nephrotic Syndrome After Use of Trimethadione and Paramethadione in Petit Mal
Authors: Walter Heymann
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Because 26 cases of a nephrotic syndrome believed to be due to the administration of oxazolidinedione derivatives have been recorded since 1960, the prevention, incidence, and treatment are reviewed. Frequent urine examinations for proteinuria are recommended during the treatment of petit mal with trimethadione and paramethadione. Discontinuation of treatment in the early stages of ensuing renal disease has usually resulted in spontaneous clearance of the renal complications. Four deaths have been reported. Steroid therapy may be justified, but its effectiveness has not been proved. The histopathologic changes and symptoms in the idiopathic and this druginduced form of the nephrotic syndrome do not appear to differ except that the renal complications caused by oxazolidinedione derivatives do not tend to recur once a complete remission has been achieved unless therapy is resumed.
Surgical training: Adapt teaching to meet training needs
Authors: J G R Cumming
Journal: BMJ (1993)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The need for therapeutic regimens for the non-critically ill patients of the COVID-19 pandemic remains unmet. In this line, repurposing existing drugs, against known or predicted SARS-CoV-2 protein actions, has been advanced, while natural products have also been tested. Previous work has shown that a Cretan Aromatic Plant (<i>Thymbra capitata</i> (L.) Cav., <i>Salvia fruticosa</i> Mill. and <i>Origanum dictamnus</i> L.) essential oil mixture (CAPeo) has a remarkable <i>in vitro</i> antiviral activity against Influenza A &amp; B and Rhinovirus 14 strains, decreasing the symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections, while proven safe in experimental animals and humans. Here, we tested CAPeo in VERO cells infected with SASR-CoV-2. We report that this mixture, at similar concentrations as those previously reported, exhibits a remarkable antiviral activity. Administration of 1 ml of a 1.5% CAPeo in olive oil, in a Proof-of-Concept intervention study in SARS-CoV-2-positive, exhibiting mild COVID-19 symptoms, humans resulted in a significant amelioration of general and local symptoms of the disease. We conclude that CAPeo may be a valuable addition for the prevention and/or treatment of mild COVID-19 ambulatory patients, pending a confirmation through a prospective randomized controlled trial in humans (NCT04705753).
Comparison of nebulised salbutamol and ipratropium bromide with salbutamol alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Authors: P Moayyedi, J Congleton, R L Page, S B Pearson, M F Muers
Journal: Thorax (1995)

BACKGROUND--Patients admitted with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are often prescribed ipratropium bromide in combination with a beta 2 agonist such as salbutamol. Studies have not shown any benefit in adding ipratropium bromide to salbutamol in acute exacerbations of COPD, but these studies have only assessed patients for 60-90 minutes and short term studies may not predict long term clinical response. Combination therapy with the two drugs was compared with salbutamol alone in the treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD during a hospital admission. METHODS--Seventy patients admitted to hospital with an acute exacerbation of COPD were randomly allocated to receive either nebulised salbutamol 5 mg and ipratropium bromide 500 micrograms, or nebulised salbutamol 5 mg alone (all four times a day) on admission. All other treatment was prescribed at the discretion of the attending physician. Length of stay in hospital and spirometric values on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and discharge were assessed. Patients completed a subjective symptom score each day. RESULTS--There was no difference between the two groups in the mean (SD) length of stay (salbutamol 10.5 (4.7) days, salbutamol + ipratropium bromide 11.8 (4.4) days; 95% CI -1.02 to 3.62). There was no difference in spirometric values on days 1, 3, 7, 14, or discharge between the two groups. The subjective improvement was similar with both treatments. CONCLUSIONS--The routine addition of nebulised ipratropium bromide to salbutamol appears to be of no benefit in the treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD.
Diabetes mellitus and genetic prediabetes. Decreased replicative capacity of cultured skin fibroblasts.
Authors: S Goldstein, E J Moerman, J S Soeldner, R E Gleason, D M Barnett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

The idea that the gene(s) that cause diabetes mellitus can be expressed in extrapancreatic cells has been examined by tissue culture techniques. Skin biopsies were obtained from 25 normal subjects (N), 26 overt diabetics (D), 16 of juvenile onset (JOD) and 9 of maturity onset (MOD), and 21 subjects genetically predisposed to diabetes (P) on the basis of maturity-onset diabetes in both parents. Each biopsy was subdivided, multiple skin fragments were explanted in vitro, and several parameters of cellular outgrowth were monitored in primary and secondary cultures until cell division ceased because of senescence. In general, the rank order of growth vigor was N greater than P greater than D although differences were often marginal and statistically significant between N and JOD and(or) MOD. Outgrowth of epithelial cells was more vigorous in N explants in early stages, but later, JOD and MOD cells grew better than those of N. Outgrowth of fibroblast cells from N explants was more vigorous both at early and later stages and required less time to achieve maximum percent outgrowth. In secondary cultures, N cells grew faster than the other three groups so that fewer days elapsed between subcultures but significant differences were only seen between N and one or two of the other groups over some of the first seven subcultures. The onset of cellular senescence occurred earlier in P and JOD cultures both in mean population doublings and calendar time. N cultures had a higher percent surviving clones after picking than MOD, and a shorter recloning time than clones of JOD. The replicative life-spans of cultures (mean population doublings +/- SE) were N = 52.54 +/- 2.24, P = 47.84 +/- 2.43, JOD = 47.12 +/- 2.99, and MOD = 46.40 +/- 4.04, but differences did not reach significance for N vs the other three groups. The data demonstrate that cellular growth is impaired in both JOD and MOD types of cultures and to a generally lesser extent in P cultures. This is consistent with intrinsic genetic defects but the possibility that persistent deleterious effects of in vivo pathophysiology contribute alone or in combination cannot be ruled out. Therefore, the diabetic defect(s) can be expressed in extrapancreatic cells of mesenchymal origin. This system should prove useful in exploring the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in diabetes, the mechanisms(s) of hyperglycemia and other metabolic derangements, and the propensity that affected individuals have to develop degenerative diseases.
Global problems from exposure to asbestos.
Authors: A L Frank
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Considerable human-derived data the health consequences of asbestos exposure are available. Usually, less information is available from laboratory models of asbestos-related health effects. Animal data mirror the experience in man, and cellular studies help in to understand the mechanistic changes related to asbestos. Although it is clearly carcinogenic, asbestos has shown much variability when examined for its mutagenic activity. Asbestos, a commercial term referring to a family of six naturally occurring mineral fibers, has been widely used around the world. Disease has been recognized into the last century, and at this time every occupational group that has been examined for possible asbestos-related disease has demonstrated it. Disease associated with asbestos makes no distinction based on race or geography, and wherever asbestos is handled it produces disease. With shifting global commercial patterns, disease patterns can be expected to shift also.
Confounding and indication for treatment in evaluation of drug treatment for hypertension
Authors: D. E Grobbee, A. W Hoes
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Non-randomised comparisonsConfounding by indication commonly creates unsurmountable problems for non-randomised research on treatment effects.Valid inferences can be drawn only under those rare circumstances in which (a) groups of patients with the same indications but different Can blood pressure be lowered too far?The debate continues MARCUS ROSE Summary pointsConfounding by indications for treatment is a serious threat to the validity of non-randomised comparisons of treatment effects Conclusions about the efficacy of treatment should not be drawn from comparisons of treated and untreated patients Under some circumstances, confounding by indication in a non-randomised study can be limited or even removed in the design phase or data analysis Reported increased risks of heart disease in hypertensive patients with low blood pressure during treatment may be attributable to pre-existing severe atherosclerosis rather than "overtreatment"Unequivocal rejection of all non-randomised studies assessing treatment effects is unjustified
Ultrasound Evaluation of Pelvic Pain
Authors: Hugh S. Vine
Journal: JAMA (1980)

A rapid examination method for female subjects with acute pelvic pain was developed for potential clinic or emergency distinction of medical and surgical disorders. A 95% diagnostic accuracy was achieved in separating retrospectively 102 consecutive patients into "hospital" or "outpatient" categories. It is recommended that ultrasound be used routinely in the initial evaluation of acute pelvic pain. The procedure complements and may be considered an extension of the traditional physical examination.
Intubation of gastro-oesophageal malignancies: a survey of current practice in Britain, 1980.
Authors: J R Bennett
Journal: Gut (1981)

A postal survey of British endoscopists was carried out to discover current practice in the intubation of gastro-oesophageal malignancies. Forty-six replies were analysed, comprising about 820 intubations. There were 75 perforations (approximately 9%) and the rate was about the same for operators with experience of 20 or more intubations. Tube blockage and dislocation were the main other problems.
Inept laboratory work botched cancer patients' results, inquiry finds
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Hundreds of patients in Canada’s Newfoundland and Labrador province with breast cancer were given inaccurate results of oestrogen and progesterone receptor hormone testing in a wholesale failure of accountability and oversight at all levels of the healthcare system, an inquiry found this week.

In the report Justice Margaret Cameron made 60 recommendations to ensure that what went wrong will not happen again, including more training for physicians, mandatory continuing education for laboratory technologists, and better record keeping.

The health authority at the centre of the scandal has announced that …
The prognostic significance of serial exercise testing after myocardial infarction.
Authors: M Sami, H Kraemer, R F DeBusk
Journal: Circulation (1979)

Serial treadmill exercise testing (mean 5.5 tests/patient) was used to evaluate the prognosis of 200 males (mean age 53 years) without clinical heart failure or unstable angina pectoris 3 weeks after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Exercise-induced ischemic ST-segment depression greater than or equal to 0.2 mV 3 weeks after MI was significantly more prevalent in patients with subsequent cardiac arrest (100%) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (64%) than in patients without subsequent events within 2 years of infarction (35%) (p less than 0.05). Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia on multiple tests 5-52 weeks after MI was more prevalent in patients with recurrent myocardial infarction (90%) than in patients without subsequent events (47%) (p less than 0.001). By contrast, exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia on a single test at 3 weeks was a less powerful predictor of subsequent cardiac events. Exercise-induced ischemia 3 weeks after MI predicted early fatal events, while ventricular arrhythmia on serial testing predicted later nonfatal events.
Extent of Lymph Node Removal During Esophageal Cancer Surgery and Survival
Authors: Maartje van der Schaaf, Asif Johar, Bas Wijnhoven, Pernilla Lagergren, Jesper Lagergren
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2015)

It is unclear how the extent of surgical lymph node clearance influences prognosis after surgery for esophageal cancer. This nationwide, population-based cohort study included 1044 esophageal cancer patients who had undergone esophagectomy between 1987 and 2010 in Sweden, with follow-up until 2012. The independent role of lymph node removal in relation to survival was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression, providing hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, tumor (T) stage, neo-adjuvant treatment, surgeon volume, and calendar period. Statistical tests were two-sided, except tests for trend. Analyzed as a linear variable, a higher number of lymph nodes removed did not influence the overall five-year mortality (adjusted HR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.01). Patients in the third (7–15 nodes) and fourth (16–114 nodes) quartiles of removed nodes did not demonstrate any decreased overall five-year mortality compared with those in the lowest two quartiles (<7 nodes) (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.35 and HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.94 to 1.46, respectively). In early T stages (Tis-T1) the hazard ratios indicated a worse survival with more lymphadenectomy using the median as cutoff (HR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.06). Increased lymph node removal did not decrease mortality in any specific T stage. A greater number of metastatic nodes and a higher positive-to-negative node ratio were associated with strongly increased mortality. All results were similar when disease-specific mortality was analyzed. This population-based study indicates that more extensive lymph node clearance during surgery for esophageal cancer may not improve survival. These results challenge current clinical guidelines, and further research is needed to change clinical practice.
Upper Endoscopy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Nicholas J. Shaheen, David S. Weinberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Letters19 March 2013Upper Endoscopy for Gastroesophageal Reflux DiseaseNicholas J. Shaheen, MD, MPH and David S. Weinberg, MD, MScNicholas J. Shaheen, MD, MPHFrom University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this author and David S. Weinberg, MD, MScFrom University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-6-201303190-00023 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:We thank Dr. Kandel for his interest in our guidelines. Regarding the use of upper endoscopy to dispel fears of esophageal cancer, we recognize the value of patient reassurance and peace of mind. However, it is better to address the underlying misunderstanding of the risk for cancer in low-risk individuals as opposed to providing a service of dubious and unproven value to assuage an inappropriately elevated concern. Although a consultation addressing these concerns in a meaningful way may actually take longer than endoscopy itself, it promotes understanding of the real risks involved and averts the risks and costs ...Reference1. Giannini EG, Zentilin P, Dulbecco P, Vigneri S, Scarlata P, Savarino V. Management strategy for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a comparison between empirical treatment with esomeprazole and endoscopy-oriented treatment. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:267-75. [PMID: 18289194] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Nicholas J. Shaheen, MD, MPH; David S. Weinberg, MD, MScAffiliations: From University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, and Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Disclosures: Disclosures can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M12-0168. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoUpper Endoscopy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Best Practice Advice From the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians Nicholas J. Shaheen , David S. Weinberg , Thomas D. Denberg , Roger Chou , Amir Qaseem , and Paul Shekelle , for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians* Upper Endoscopy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Gabor Kandel Metrics 19 March 2013Volume 158, Issue 6Page: 503-504KeywordsCohort studiesConflicts of interestDisclosureEndoscopyEsophageal cancerFearGastroesophageal reflux diseaseProton pump inhibitorsQuality of life ePublished: 19 March 2013 Issue Published: 19 March 2013 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2013 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Resistance of the Breast-fed Infant to Gastroenteritis
Authors: C. L. Bullen, A. T. Willis
Journal: BMJ (1971)

From in-vitro studies of breast and cow's milk preparations, and of the faeces from breast-fed and bottle-fed infants, a number of factors seemed likely to influence the production and maintenance of a lactobacillary flora and low pH in the faeces of newborn infants. These were mainly attributable to the nature of the feed. It is suggested that responsible factors in breast milk include its high lactose, low protein, low phosphate content, together with its poor buffering capacity. Importance is also attached to the fact that breast milk seems to provide a fluid feed of small bulk and low residue, and that its use is unlikely to include periods of starvation. Cow's milk, on the other hand, which has a low lactose, high protein, high phosphate content, and a high buffering capacity, is a relatively bulky, high-residue feed. Feeding regimens which employ it are likely to include periods of starvation.
The Historical Role of the Dick Test
Authors: Gene H. Stollerman
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The contemporary medical student who reads in 1983 the brief<i>JAMA</i>article that was written by the Dicks<sup>1</sup>some 60 years ago could well wonder why it was selected by the current editors ofThe Journalas a historical highlight of modern medicine. After all, scarlet fever is now a relatively rare and not serious disease. It is no more dangerous an affliction than is a nonscarlatinal streptococcal infection of comparable severity. Indeed, the scarlatinal rash actually may be diagnostically helpful in signaling the cause of an acute pharyngitis or, indeed, in flagging an outbreak of such infections. With the advent of antibiotics, this erstwhile feared and dramatic disease has been dropped almost universally from the list of quarantinable contagious diseases by local health authorities. The rash that is produced by the streptococcal erythrogenic toxin is now likely to be regarded as a clinical curiosity of some theoretical interest