tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE PRESENT CONCEPTION OF RENAL LITHIASIS
Authors: VIRGIL S. COUNSELLER
Journal: JAMA (1935)

The cause of renal lithiasis is nearly as obscure today as it was twenty years ago, although progress in management of the disease cannot be denied. As Joly<sup>1</sup>has briefly stated it, "Our methods of investigation have been revolutionized by the introduction of radiography and cystoscopy. An operation for stone in the upper urinary tract is no longer exploratory. One knows the position, size, and shape of the calculus, the condition of the kidney, the complications (if any) before the patient comes to operation. The result is that operations for stone in the kidney and ureter are now done to an exact scientific basis. The procedure is well regulated, and the minimum amount of damage inflicted on the patient. Also, our conceptions of stone formation have been fundamentally changed by recent advances in physiological chemistry. It is quite possible that they, in turn, may suggest fresh prophylactic and preventive
Ex vivo maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells by quiescence induction through Fbxw7α overexpression
Authors: Hirono Iriuchishima, Keiyo Takubo, Sahoko Matsuoka, Ichiro Onoyama, Keiichi I. Nakayama, Yoshihisa Nojima, Toshio Suda
Journal: Blood (2010)
Achalasia of the Esophagus
Authors: Earle W. Wilkins
Journal: JAMA (1969)

F. Henry Ellis, Jr., and Arthur M. Olsen have brought us from the Mayo Clinic a comprehensive monograph on esophageal achalasia which must rank as a classic treatise on this poorly understood lesion. They combine an historical interest with one of the world's largest series, plus a productive investigational program, both clinical and laboratory, to produce this remarkably complete and readable book. It is the ninth and latest volume in the Major Problems in Clinical Surgery.  The subject is logically presented in nine chapters, from history to surgical results. Special considerations are given to physiologic studies by C. F. Code, MD, and J. F. Schlegel, MD, and to roentgenologic manifestations by H. C. Carlson, MD. The surgeon will be particularly attracted to the chapter on the development of surgery for esophageal achalasia which skillfully presents, in word and diagram, the myriad procedures designed for relief of the lower esophageal obstruction
A multicenter phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel (wPC) and epirubicin (E) in first line metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and pronostic impact of VEGF level.
Authors: S Abadie, O Capitain, R Delva, P Maillart, P Soulié, E Bourbouloux, C Levy, T Delozier, M Campone, M Morin Meschin, V Delecroix, J Ollivier, F Boux de Casson, A Poirier, V Berger, P Fumoleau, E Gamelin
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #6122 Background : wPC and E are effective in the treatment of MBC. The main objective was to determine the efficacy of combined induction with wPC and E followed by consolidation with wPC. Secondary objective were to determine tolerance survivals and characterize antiangiogenic PC activity and predictive values of plasmatic neurotrophic and endothelial factors, in terms of neurotoxicity and efficacy.&amp;#x2028; Methods : patients (pts) with RECIST measurable metastasis were recruited from april 2004 to may 2006 : ages (18-75 y) PS≤2, prior neoadjuvant adjuvant chemotherapy (NA-A CT) was permited if &amp;gt;6 month. 3 cycles [wPC 80 mg/m² (D1, D8, D15, reinduction D28) and epirubicine 100 mg/m² D15], were followed by wPC (no week rest). VEGF, IL6, IL6SR, BDNF were measured in plasma at baseline and C2. Evaluation was performed after 3 induction cycles and every 3 month. A Simon optimal two-stage design was performed with 13 objective responses, allowing to accrue 25 more patients (28 responses expected).&amp;#x2028; Results : 54 patients: median age 58.5 (30-75); 81% had surgery, 53.7% radiotherapy and 40.7% had NA-A CT, 46.3% hormonotherapy. Metastatic sites were nodes (36) lung (36) liver (28) bone (23). 100% PC and 90% E dose were administered at C2 and C3. 49 patients were evaluable for response; 3 patients withdrawn for taxol hypersensitivity, 1 early death (GIII asthenia and dyspnea), 1 investigator's decision. ITT analysis was performed: 33 responses (ORR: 61 %) Median OS was 30 months. During induction, 16 grade III, 27 grade IV and 3 febrile neutropenia were reported. There were 13 serious adverse events.&amp;#x2028; Consolidation was mainly associated with neurotoxicity n=28 (20pts), GIII (n=1; 3.6%) GIV (n=1; 3.6%), astenia n=26 (18pts) ), GIII n=1; 3.8% GIV n=1; 3.8%and onycholysis n=15 (13pts) ), GIII n=2 ; 13.4% GIV n=1; 6.7%.&amp;#x2028; High initial VEGF plasma levels were correlated with poor survival s (PFS, OS) with an univariate cox model (OR=1.954, 95%CI 0.944-4.043, p=0.071 ; HR 4.437, 95%CI 1.731-11.371, p=0.0019). Thresholds were determined. No correlation were observed between neurotoxicity and IL6, IL6SR and BDNF plasma levels.&amp;#x2028; Conclusion : Despite the significant but manageable haematologic toxicity, PC + E showed a high efficacy. VEGF plasma levels are predictive of the outcome and should be tested as antiangiogenic drugs targeting factors.This work was supported in part by BMS. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6122.
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among US Adults
Authors: Earl S. Ford, Wayne H. Giles, William H. Dietz
Journal: JAMA (2002)

The Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III) highlights the importance of treating patients with the metabolic syndrome to prevent cardiovascular disease. Limited information is available about the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, however.To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States as defined by the ATP III report.Analysis of data on 8814 men and women aged 20 years or older from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), a cross-sectional health survey of a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized civilian US population.Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome as defined by ATP III (>/=3 of the following abnormalities): waist circumference greater than 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women; serum triglycerides level of at least 150 mg/dL (1.69 mmol/L); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) in men and 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in women; blood pressure of at least 130/85 mm Hg; or serum glucose level of at least 110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L).The unadjusted and age-adjusted prevalences of the metabolic syndrome were 21.8% and 23.7%, respectively. The prevalence increased from 6.7% among participants aged 20 through 29 years to 43.5% and 42.0% for participants aged 60 through 69 years and aged at least 70 years, respectively. Mexican Americans had the highest age-adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (31.9%). The age-adjusted prevalence was similar for men (24.0%) and women (23.4%). However, among African Americans, women had about a 57% higher prevalence than men did and among Mexican Americans, women had about a 26% higher prevalence than men did. Using 2000 census data, about 47 million US residents have the metabolic syndrome.These results from a representative sample of US adults show that the metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent. The large numbers of US residents with the metabolic syndrome may have important implications for the health care sector.
The Legal Status of Consent to Withhold Treatment
Authors: Donald J. Palmisano
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Judith Areen<sup>1</sup>in the July 10, 1987, issue of<i>JAMA</i>entitled "The Legal Status of Consent Obtained From Families of Adult Patients to Withhold or Withdraw Treatment" is a thoughtful and welcome addition to the literature of informed consent. The readers of the article would obtain greater help with this dilemma of informed consent if one additional point were stressed. A state law is the safest and most efficient way to bring about a reasonable law of informed consent when dealing with death and dying or withholding medical treatment. In a state law, one can insert immunity from criminal and civil prosecution if the state statute is followed. To rely on the common law alone is not without risk. One only has to look at the different views held by the New Jersey courts and the Massachusetts courts.<sup>2</sup>The best way to
Effects of inhaled nitric oxide or inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide formation on hyperoxic lung injury.
Authors: C Garat, C Jayr, S Eddahibi, M Laffon, M Meignan, S Adnot
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Nitric oxide (NO) may either protect against or contribute to oxidant-induced lung injury. In this study, we sought to determine whether either inhaled NO in concentration of 10 and 100 parts per million (ppm) or inhibition of endogenous NO formation with L-NG nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or aminoguanidine alters the extent of lung injury in rats breathing 100% O2. Lung thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), wet to dry lung weight ratio (Q(W)/Q(D)), vascular and epithelial permeability (assessed by simultaneous intravenous administration of 131I-labeled albumin and intraalveolar instillation of 125I-labeled albumin), alveolar liquid clearance (evaluated based on the increase in alveolar protein concentration), and lung liquid clearance (gravimetric method) were determined after 40 h exposure to either 100% or 21% O2. Exposure to hyperoxia caused increases in lung TBARS from 10.5 +/- 0.7 to 13.7 +/- 1.5 micromol/mg protein (p < 0.05); in blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) from 14 +/- 1 g/dl to 17 +/- 1 g/dl (p < 0.05); in the Q(W)/Q(D) ratio from 4.02 +/- 0.3 to 5.31 +/- 0.5 (p < 0.05); and in alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference from 124 +/- 14 mm Hg to 241 +/- 61 mm Hg (p < 0.05); as well as a decrease in blood pressure, from 131 +/- 15 mm Hg to 72 +/- 26 mm Hg (p < 0.05). Hyperoxia also increased vascular albumin leakage and moderately altered epithelial barrier permeability to protein. Inhalation of 10 ppm NO prevented the increases in TBARS and Q(W)/Q(D), had no effect on the alveolar barrier impermeability to protein, and improved alveolar liquid clearance. Inhalation of 100 ppm NO did not alter the increases in TBARS and Q(W)/Q(D) but increased vascular permeability to protein. Survival of rats exposed to hyperoxia was not improved by inhaled NO. Treatment with L-NAME or aminoguanidine reduced survival. L-NAME, but not aminoguanidine, increased lung TBARs. These results suggest that, depending on its concentration, inhaled NO can either reduce or increase the early consequences of hyperoxic lung injury. Treatment with L-NAME, and to a lesser extent aminoguanidine, worsened hyperoxic lung injury, indicating a protective effect of endogenous NO.
About PAR: The distinct evolutionary dynamics of the pseudoautosomal region
Authors: Sarah P. Otto, John R. Pannell, Catherine L. Peichel, Tia-Lynn Ashman, Deborah Charlesworth, Adam K. Chippindale, Lynda F. Delph, Rafael F. Guerrero, Samuel V. Scarpino, Bryant F. McAllister
Journal: Trends in Genetics (2011)
Vitamin D Therapy and Cardiac Structure and Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Ravi Thadhani, Evan Appelbaum, Yili Pritchett, Yuchiao Chang, Julia Wenger, Hector Tamez, Ishir Bhan, Rajiv Agarwal, Carmine Zoccali, Christoph Wanner, Donald Lloyd-Jones, Jorge Cannata, B. Taylor Thompson, Dennis Andress, Wuyan Zhang, David Packham, Bhupinder Singh, Daniel Zehnder, Amil Shah, Ajay Pachika, Warren J. Manning, Scott D. Solomon
Journal: JAMA (2012)

<h3>Context</h3>Vitamin D is associated with decreased cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality, possibly by modifying cardiac structure and function, yet firm evidence for either remains lacking.<h3>Objective</h3>To determine the effects of an active vitamin D compound, paricalcitol, on left ventricular mass over 48 weeks in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>.<h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3>Multinational, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial among 227 patients with chronic kidney disease, mild to moderate left ventricular hypertrophy, and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, conducted in 11 countries from July 2008 through September 2010.<h3>Intervention</h3>Participants were randomly assigned to receive oral paricalcitol, 2 μg/d (n =115), or matching placebo (n = 112).<h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3>Change in left ventricular mass index over 48 weeks by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Secondary end points included echocardiographic changes in left ventricular diastolic function.<h3>Results</h3>Treatment with paricalcitol reduced parathyroid hormone levels within 4 weeks and maintained levels within the normal range throughout the study duration. At 48 weeks, the change in left ventricular mass index did not differ between treatment groups (paricalcitol group, 0.34 g/m<sup>2.7</sup> [95% CI, −0.14 to 0.83 g/m<sup>2.7</sup>] vs placebo group, −0.07 g/m<sup>2.7</sup> [95% CI, −0.55 to 0.42 g/m<sup>2.7</sup>]). Doppler measures of diastolic function including peak early diastolic lateral mitral annular tissue velocity (paricalcitol group, −0.01 cm/s [95% CI, −0.63 to 0.60 cm/s] vs placebo group, −0.30 cm/s [95% CI, −0.93 to 0.34 cm/s]) also did not differ. Episodes of hypercalcemia were more frequent in the paricalcitol group compared with the placebo group.<h3>Conclusion</h3>Forty-eight week therapy with paricalcitol did not alter left ventricular mass index or improve certain measures of diastolic dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease.<h3>Trial Registration</h3>clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00497146
Audit identifies the most read <i>BMJ</i> research papers
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Research studies on the side effects of commonly prescribed drugs constituted the three most read papers published by the BMJ in 2005, according to an internal audit that assessed their use by readers.

Studies that showed increased risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX 2) inhibitors and that explored the link between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suicide came top. For the audit Sara Schroter, the BMJ 's senior researcher, analysed research papers using three measures: the number of citations a paper received, the number of times it was accessed on the web, and the number of rapid responses it generated.

The top scoring paper was a case-control study that showed greater risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking the COX 2 inhibitor rofecoxib (Vioxx) and in patients taking diclofenac …
The Treatment of Recurrent Corneal Erosion
Authors: Henry S. Campell
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  I disagree with the information on recurrent corneal erosion in the QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS section of your Dec 5,1986, issue. 1   The diagnosis must first be confirmed by slit-lamp (biomicroscope) examination. Many times the symptom of acute morning eye pain results from nocturnal lagophthalmos with subsequent corneal epithelial defects rather than from an erosion. Their appearance is quite different on slit-lamp examination.  Usually, recurrent corneal erosion starts with excruciating pain on first opening the eye in the morning. The upper lid adheres to the cornea and literally rips the poorly adhering epithelium off the cornea. Therefore, all efforts should be made to keep the eye lubricated, especially at night. I have found that a nonpreserved, nonmedicated ophthalmic ointment, such as Duolube or Hypotears ophthalmic ointment, works well. If there is a corneal vesicle or localized edema, I will use a nonpreserved 5% sodium chloride ointment such as
CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OF THE LEFT AURICLE AND OF THE EXTERNAL CUTANEOUS CANAL.
Authors: EMIL AMBERG
Journal: JAMA (1905)

<h3>Patient.</h3> —Mr. A. S., Russian, aged 32, was seen by me Oct. 13, 1905. He comes from Sakolko, in Grodno, Russia, and has been in the United States about six months. He is the father of three children who, according to his statement, are free from any malformation. <h3>Description of Malformation.</h3> —The left auricle, as shown by the accompanying illustration, is arrested in its development. The ridge is 4.6 cm. long. The width varies from 11 to 7 mm., the height from 7 to about 5 mm., the lowest portion being about the middle of the ridge, which consists mostly of cartilage. Four distinct, blind and narrow canals can be made out by the probe. Two are found in the anterior fold between the cartilage and the skin, the first 11 mm., the second 28 mm. from the top, both pointing upward and backward, the first of them being about
Poisoning with chlormethiazole.
Authors: G T McInnes, R E Young
Journal: BMJ (1980)

collection of information via poisons informa- tion inquiries and direct observation in a poisoning treatment centre.We feel obliged to remind two of our critics that they contribu- ted to a paper on paracetamol overdosage in which it was stated, "Within a few hours of ingestion of the drug most of the patients experienced anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, and this persisted in varying severity for the first and second days.3Oral therapy is unreliable and impracticable if vomiting occurs.
Depuration of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Breast Milk from California First-Time Mothers (Primiparae)
Authors: Kim Hooper, Jianwen She, Margaret Sharp, Joan Chow, Nicholas Jewell, Rosanne Gephart, Arthur Holden
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Little is known about the rates of loss (depuration) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from mothers during lactation. Depuration rates affect infant exposure to chemicals during breast-feeding, and fetal and lactational transfers during subsequent pregnancies.Our objective in this study was to estimate depuration rates of PBDEs and PCBs using serial samples of breast milk.Nine first-time mothers (primiparae) each collected samples at 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after birth. Nine additional primiparae each collected two samples at varying time intervals (18 to > 85 weeks after birth). Analytical precision was assessed to evaluate the accuracy of measured monthly percentage declines in PBDEs and PCBs.The four major PBDE congeners decreased 2 or 3% +/- 1% per month over the 6-month period. These decreases were consistent over a 50-fold range (21-1,330 ng/g lipid weight) of initial PBDE concentrations in breast milk. The change in PCB-153 ranged from + 0.3% to -0.6% per month, with heterogeneous slopes and greater intraindividual variability. PBDE and PCB concentrations declined 1% per month over longer periods (up to 136 weeks).Our data indicate that PBDEs and PCBs are not substantially (4-18%) reduced in primiparae after 6 months of breast-feeding. Consequently, the fetal and lactational exposures for a second child may not be markedly lower than those for the first. Participants were volunteers from a larger study population (n = 82), and were typical in their PBDE/PCB levels and in many demographic and lifestyle factors. These similarities suggest that our results may have broader applicability.
Statistical methods for the blood beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test.
Authors: E L Frome, M H Smith, L G Littlefield, R L Neubert, S P Colyer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

The blood beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) is a modification of the standard lymphocyte proliferation test that is used to identify persons who may have chronic beryllium disease. A major problem in the interpretation of BeLPT test results is outlying data values among the replicate well counts (approximately 7%). A long-linear regression model is used to describe the expected well counts for each set of Be exposure conditions, and the variance of the well counts is proportional to the square of the expected count. Two outlier-resistant regression methods are used to estimate stimulation indices (SIs) and the coefficient of variation. The first approach uses least absolute values (LAV) on the log of the well counts as a method for estimation; the second approach uses a resistant regression version of maximum quasi-likelihood estimation. A major advantage of these resistant methods is that they make it unnecessary to identify and delete outliers. These two new methods for the statistical analysis of the BeLPT data and the current outlier rejection method are applied to 173 BeLPT assays. We strongly recommend the LAV method for routine analysis of the BeLPT. Outliers are important when trying to identify individuals with beryllium hypersensitivity, since these individuals typically have large positive SI values. A new method for identifying large Sls using combined data from the nonexposed group and the beryllium workers is proposed. The log(SI)s are described with a Gaussian distribution with location and scale parameters estimated using resistant methods. This approach is applied to the test data and results are compared with those obtained from the current method.
COCAIN IN OTOLOGY AND LARYNGOLOGY.
Authors: LEDRU P. SMOCK
Journal: JAMA (1898)

In 1855 Geadeke isolated a crystalline alkaloid from coca leaves, which he called erythroxylin. Five years later Albert Niemann further investigated this alkaloid and gave it the name cocain. The power of cocain to produce anesthesia was first called attention to by Fronmueller in 1863, but its practical use became more fully known in 1884 through the investigation and experiments of Freud and Koller. It was then first used in ophthalmic surgery. Cocain, like all new or rejuvenated remedies, quickly became a panacea "for all earthly woes." While it is still largely used for many external and internal lesions, the aurist, laryngologist and gynecologist probably use it with the greater satisfaction, owing to its anesthetic effect upon the mucous membrane. Cocain hydrochlorate, when pure, is found in colorless prisms of strong alkaline reaction, giving an astringent, bitter, burning taste followed by a numbness of the mouth and lips. The folowing
Defining the Roles of IL-33, Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin, and IL-25 in Human Asthma
Authors: Derek E. Byers
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

It is clear that a hyperactive type 2 immune response contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma in at least a subgroup of patients. Blood, sputum, and airway biomarkers of increased IL-13 activity (CLCA1, periostin, serpinB2, and MUC5AC) and IL-5 activity (eosinophilia) can identify those with a so-called “Th2-high” type of disease. The utility of molecular subtyping in asthma is buoyed by recent clinical trials demonstrating that some “TH2-high” asthmatics may respond favorably to therapies that block these pathways (1, 2). However, asthma is much more than a T cell–mediated disease, and innate epithelial and immune cell functions are critical in its pathogenesis (3). A better approach may to distinguish asthma subtypes based on the upstream innate factors that drive IL-13 and IL-5 production. In this context, three leading candidates have been identified in mouse models of airway disease (IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin [TSLP], and IL-25), but their importance in the pathogenesis of human asthma has only recently been explored.