tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Drug advertisers face scrutiny after potentially breaking FDA rules
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A pair of television advertisements for Merck's anti-inflammatory drug rofecoxib (Vioxx) are being examined by the Food and Drug Administration to determine whether they violate current guidelines for direct to consumer drug advertising.

In 1985 the FDA reversed its long standing policy of prohibiting direct to consumer drug advertising, and in August 1997 it liberalised its policy on such advertising considerably. Drug companies are now allowed to advertise their products directly to consumers, as long as they state the indications for using the drug and disclose the major health risks and side effects associated with it.

The ruling allows drug companies to refer consumers to further information that is made available on websites, on free of charge telephone numbers, or …
Allergic Conjunctivitis is Underdiagnosed in Asthmatic Patients.
Authors: G.L. Westphal, N.A. Rosario, C.A. Riedi, H.L.B.S. Santos, K. Takizawa, R.V.S. Souza, C.D. Aguilera
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
A PROSTHETIC APPLIANCE FOR USE AFTER PARTIAL AMPUTATION OF THE FOOT.
Authors: GEORGE W. KING
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Artificial aid after partial amputation of the foot is seldom satisfactory for the reason that the normal elasticity on which ease of locomotion depends is practically eliminated by destruction of the arch and a proportionate crippling results. Taking, for example, one of the more common operations, Lisfranc's or its modifications, we have, as a rule, the ankle joint intact and are able to leave a substantial support for the body weight, but in walking the spring of the foot is lost, the stride is shortened and progression interfered with to a considerable extent. One of my patients (Fig. 1) was in this condition until he began to use a device (partly his own suggestion) which has been of great assistance. By its aid he often walks a distance of from 6 to 7 miles without fatigue or discomfort; he has resumed his work as a miner and can readily ascend
Catalase overexpression attenuates angiotensinogen expression and apoptosis in diabetic mice
Authors: ([A-Z]).-([A-Z]). Brezniceanu, F. Liu, ([A-Z]).-([A-Z]). Wei, S. Tran, S. Sachetelli, ([A-Z]).-([A-Z]). Zhang, ([A-Z]).-([A-Z]). Guo, J.G. Filep, J.R. Ingelfinger, J.S.D. Chan
Journal: Kidney International (2007)
Analysing case-control studies: adjusting for confounding
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A case-control study examined the association between chronic Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease at young ages. In total, 1122 survivors of suspected acute myocardial infarction at age 30-49 years were recruited. For each case, a control matched for age and sex with no history of coronary heart disease was enrolled. Chronic infection with H pylori was confirmed serologically. Information on other risk factors for coronary heart disease was collected, including smoking behaviour, indicators of socioeconomic status, obesity, and blood lipid concentrations. Controls were asked about their current habits and history, whereas cases were asked about their habits and history just before their index myocardial infarction. Blood samples were obtained from cases within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms and from controls after collection of the information about risk factors.1

Early onset myocardial infarction was significantly associated with seropositive H pylori infection antibodies (odds ratio 2.28 (99% confidence interval 1.8 to 2.9)). The odds ratio was reduced to 1.87 (1.42 to 2.47) after adjustment for smoking and indicators of socioeconomic status and to 1.75 (1.29 to 2.36) after additional adjustment for blood lipid concentrations and obesity. Therefore, a moderate association existed between coronary heart disease and H pylori infection seropositivity that could not be fully explained by other risk factors.

Which of the following statements, if any, are true?

Statements a , c , and d are true, whereas b is false.

The purpose of the case-control …
Intelligence of Children Whose Mothers Have Biliary Tract Disease
Authors: John A. Churchill
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The intelligence of children whose mothers had cholecystectomies for cholelithiasis, with or without cholecystitis, was compared to the intelligence of control children. Within the group with maternal biliary-tract disease a correlation between severity of maternal illness and IQ of the child was found. The speculation was proffered that the availability of linoleic acid for fetal brain development might be decreased in pregnant women who had biliary tract disease.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Impact of Double-balloon Enteroscopy
Authors: K. Mönkemüller, J. Weigt, G. Treiber, S. Kolfenbach, S. Kahl, C. Röcken, M. Ebert, L. C. Fry, P. Malfertheiner
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Background and Study Aims: Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) is a new endoscopic method for examining the small intestine. Most reports of DBE have been from Japan, and very few data on this new technique have been reported by centers outside Japan. The aim of the present study was to determine the diagnostic yield of DBE, measure the frequency of management changes made on the basis of the results, and evaluate the clinical outcome for patients undergoing the procedure. Patients and Methods: All patients undergoing DBE using a Fujinon enteroscope (length 200 cm, diameter 8 mm) during a 11-month period were studied. All of the patients had previously undergone esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. They underwent small-bowel cleansing on the day before the procedure using a standard colon lavage solution. Results: Seventy DBE procedures were carried out in 53 patients (34 men, 19 women; mean age 60 years, range 24 - 80) by the oral route in 46 cases and the anal route in 24. The indications for the examination were gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 29), suspected Crohn's disease (n = 6), abdominal pain (n = 4), polyp removal or evaluation in polyposis syndromes (n = 6), chronic diarrhea (n = 4), and surveillance or tumor search (n = 4). The mean duration of the procedure was 72 min (range 25 min - 3 h). The mean radiation exposure was 441 dGy/cm (range 70 - 1462), and the mean depth of small-bowel insertion was 150 cm (range 1 - 470 cm). It was possible to evaluate the entire small bowel in four patients (8 %). A new diagnosis was obtained in 26 of the 53 patients (49 %). The findings in the 70 procedures were angiodysplasia (n = 13), ulcerations or erosions (n = 5), jejunitis or ileitis (n = 5), tumors (n = 5), stenosis (n = 4), polyps (n = 5), lymphangiectasias (n = 4), Crohn's disease (n = 4), and normal (n = 17). DBE resulted in a therapeutic intervention (endoscopic, medical or surgical, excluding blood transfusions) in 57 % of the patients (30 of 53). The only complication (1.4 %) observed was one case of intraprocedural postpolypectomy bleeding, which resolved with injection of epinephrine. Conclusion: In almost two-thirds of the patients examined, DBE was clinically useful for obtaining a new diagnosis and starting new treatments, changing existing treatments, carrying out surgical intervention, or providing therapeutic endoscopy. DBE is a useful and safe method of obtaining tissue for diagnosis, providing hemostasis, and carrying out polypectomy.
Hematuria: Algorithms for Diagnosis
Authors: George S. Benson
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>HEMATURIA IN THE ADULT</h3> As in children, the laboratory evaluation of hematuria in the adult begins with a urinalysis and urine culture (Algorithm 1). In most patients, a further evaluation is warranted. The exception to this is the young woman with hematuria, signs and symptoms of uncomplicated cystitis, and a positive urine culture. These patients should be treated for cystitis. If a follow-up urinalysis is normal and culture negative, no further investigation is needed.<sup>1</sup>If, however, the hematuria persists after antibiotic therapy, the evaluation of hematuria should continue. A hemoglobin electrophoresis should be performed for blacks with hematuria to rule out sickle cell disease or trait, a common cause of hematuria in young black adults. Except in the young woman with cystitis, an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is mandatory and usually provides direction for further investigation. If there is clinical doubt concerning the patient's renal function, a serum creatinine measurement
Focal Defects on Liver Scintigraphy Due to Right Ventricular Failure
Authors: MONICA A. ROSSLEIGH, ROGER F. UREN, LOUIS BERNSTEIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1984)

A case of focal defects seen on liver scintigraphy on the basis of right ventricular failure is presented. The pattern bore a striking similarity to that seen in hepatic metastases.
Severe hyperthyroidism induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in rat liver
Authors: Geeta Upadhyay, Rajesh Singh, Ashok Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Amit Kapoor, Madan M. Godbole
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Thyrotoxicosis may be associated with a variety of abnormalities of liver function. The pathogenesis of hepatic dysfunction in thyrotoxicosis is unknown, but has been attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction. We studied the effect of altered thyroid function on the apoptotic index in rat liver. Extensive DNA fragmentation and significantly increased caspase-3 activity (P <.001) and caspase-9 activation (P <.005) were observed in hyperthyroid rat liver; cell death by apoptosis was confirmed. In hyperthyroid rat liver, 60% of mitochondria exhibited disruption of their outer membranes and a decrease in the number of cristae. These findings, along with significant translocation of cytochrome c and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases to cytosol (P <.005), suggest activation of a mitochondrial-mediated pathway. However, no change in the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and Bcl-x(L) were found in hyperthyroidism. For in vitro experiments, rat liver mitochondria were isolated and purified in sucrose density gradients and were treated with triiodothyronine (T3; 2-8 microM). T3 treatment resulted in an abrupt increase in mitochondrial permeability transition. Using a cell-free apoptosis system, the apoptogenic nature of proteins released from mitochondria was confirmed by observing changes in nuclear morphologic features and DNA fragmentation. Proteins released by 6 microM T3 contained significantly increased amounts of cytochrome c (P <.01) and induced apoptotic changes in 67% of nuclei. In conclusion, using in vivo and in vitro approaches, we provide evidence that excess T3 causes liver dysfunction by inducing apoptosis, as a result of activation of a mitochondria-dependent pathway. Thus, the results of this study provide an explanation for liver dysfunction associated with hyperthyroidism.
Meta-analyses: heterogeneity and subgroup analysis
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Researchers undertook a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of comprehensive geriatric assessment in hospital for older adults admitted as an emergency. They included randomised controlled trials that compared comprehensive geriatric assessment with usual care. Comprehensive geriatric assessment is a multidimensional interdisciplinary diagnostic process used to determine the medical, psychological, and functional capabilities of a frail elderly person so as to develop a coordinated and integrated plan for treatment and long term follow-up. Usual care usually involved admission to a general medical ward setting under the care of a non-specialist. Twenty two trials were identified, evaluating 10 315 participants in six countries.1

The primary outcome was “living at home” at the end of the scheduled follow-up period. This outcome was reported by 18 trials evaluating 7062 participants. The median follow-up was 12 months (range six weeks to 12 months). The test of heterogeneity for these trials gave χ2=28.49, df=17, P=0.04, I2=40%. The total overall estimate indicated that the odds of a patient living at home at the end of scheduled follow-up were significantly higher in those patients who had undergone comprehensive geriatric assessment than in those who received usual care (odds ratio=1.16 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.28; P=0.003)).

Subgroup analysis was undertaken, based on the type of model of comprehensive geriatric assessment performed. Two broad types of model were identified: assessment in designated wards by a coordinated specialist team; and assessment by mobile teams wherever the patient was admitted. The test of heterogeneity for “ward” gave χ2=17.66, df=13, P=0.17, I2=26% while that for “team” gave χ2=1.86, df=3, P=0.60, I2=0%.

The subtotal estimate for “ward” indicated that comprehensive geriatric assessment was significantly more likely to result in patients being in their own homes at the end of scheduled follow-up …
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome
Authors: Francisco J. Esteva-Lorenzo, Kenneth R. Meehan, Thomas R. Spitzer, Amitabha Mazumder
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)

We describe a 32-year-old man with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) who presented with pulmonary dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. The patient developed progressive disease on prednisone and hydroxyurea therapy, and he underwent a successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The patient is asymptomatic with no evidence of eosinophilia 30 months after transplantation. There is currently no cure for patients with HES, and BMT should be considered in selected patients.
Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: C. Bruce Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1969)

This book presents succinctly and clearly what is in essence the total problem of coronary arterial disease. I feel that this is the most significant book on this subject that has been published in the past 35 years. In only 229 pages of text, Dr. Friedman has thoroughly reviewed his many important studies on atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease and has cited and correlated many pertinent studies by others. The monograph is superbly illustrated with 157 black-and-white plus 68 colored illustrations. The scope of the coverage of the subject is reflected by a bibliography of 873 references. The author's discussion of the possible role of psychosomatic factors in coronary disease is most interesting, for these may indeed be among a number of requisites for development and progression of the disease. A competitive behavior pattern is considered an additional risk factor besides those more commonly accepted factors such as hyperlipidemia and
Right ventricle segmentation from cardiac MRI: A collation study
Authors: Caroline Petitjean, Maria A. Zuluaga, Wenjia Bai, Jean-Nicolas Dacher, Damien Grosgeorge, Jérôme Caudron, Su Ruan, Ismail Ben Ayed, M. Jorge Cardoso, Hsiang-Chou Chen, Daniel Jimenez-Carretero, Maria J. Ledesma-Carbayo, Christos Davatzikos, Jimit Doshi, Guray Erus, Oskar M.O. Maier, Cyrus M.S. Nambakhsh, Yangming Ou, Sébastien Ourselin, Chun-Wei Peng, Nicholas S. Peters, Terry M. Peters, Martin Rajchl, Daniel Rueckert, Andres Santos, Wenzhe Shi, Ching-Wei Wang, Haiyan Wang, Jing Yuan
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2014)
Haemostatic Mechanism in the Uterine Circulation during Placental Separation
Authors: J. Bonnar, C. R. M. Prentice, G. P. McNicol, A. S. Douglas
Journal: BMJ (1970)

The haemostatic mechanism in the uterus during parturition was investigated in 12 patients being delivered by caesarean section. Detailed sequential study of the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in the uterine circulation showed that placental separation is accompanied by a striking local activation of the clotting mechanism. Uterine vein blood draining the placental site while the placenta was separating showed a pronounced shortening of the whole-blood clotting-time, a significant shortening of other clotting-tests, and a sharp increase in factor VIII activity, though these changes were transitory. After delivery the level of fibrinogen and circulating platelets steadily increased and factor VIII activity remained high. Activation of the clotting mechanism during placental separation appears to play an essential part in controlling uterine haemorrhage. The subsequent changes in the haemostatic mechanism in the puerperium are likely to predispose to thromboembolic complications.
Successful sublingual immunotherapy with birch pollen has limited effects on concomitant food allergy to apple and the immune response to the Bet v 1 homolog Mal d 1
Authors: Tamar Kinaciyan, Beatrice Jahn-Schmid, Astrid Radakovics, Bettina Zwölfer, Claudia Schreiber, James N. Francis, Christof Ebner, Barbara Bohle
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
GW25-e2361 prevalence, predictors and prognostic significance of early recovery of normal left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zou Changhong, Wu Xuefei, Huang Yan, Zhou Qiong, Wei Bingqi, Zhang Yuhui, Lv Rong, Zhang Jian
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Suppression of Human Solid Tumor Growth in Mice by Intratumor and Systemic Inoculation of Histidine-Rich and pH-Dependent Host Defense–like Lytic Peptides
Authors: Arik Makovitzki, Avner Fink, Yechiel Shai
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Previously, we reported that intratumor or systemic inoculation of a cationic 15-mer, innate immunity-like lytic peptide composed of d- and l-amino acids ([D]-K(6)L(9)) caused growth arrest of 22RV1 prostate carcinoma xenografts in a mouse model. However, despite its therapeutic potential, this peptide has significant systemic toxicity at concentrations slightly higher than the therapeutic one. Here, we used the acidic environment created by solid tumors as a trigger to activate anticancer lytic peptides by making them cationic only at low pH levels. We achieved this selectivity by substituting lysines (pKa, approximately 10.5) for histidines (pKa, approximately 6.1) in the parental peptide [D]-K(6)L(9). Histidine is protonated below pH 7. For that purpose, we replaced either three or all six lysines in the parental peptide with histidines to obtain the peptides [D]-K(3)H(3)L(9) and [D]-H(6)L(9). Interestingly, in vitro experiments showed pH-dependent activity only with [D]-H(6)L(9) mainly toward cancer cell lines. However, both peptides showed reduced systemic toxicity compared with the parental peptide. Intratumor and systemic inoculation of these peptides resulted in a significant decrease in the 22RV1 prostate cancer tumor volume and systemic secretion of prostate-specific antigen in a xenograft mice model. Moreover, histologic modifications revealed a significant reduction in new blood vessels selectively in tumor tissues after treatment with the peptides compared with the untreated tumors. The lytic mode of action of these new peptides, which makes it difficult for the cancer cells to develop resistance, and their selective and pH-dependent activity make them potential candidates for treatment of solid cancer tumors.
Diffusion abnormalities on intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging as an early predictor for the risk of posterior fossa syndrome
Authors: S. Avula, R. Kumar, B. Pizer, B. Pettorini, L. Abernethy, D. Garlick, C. Mallucci
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

Posterior fossa syndrome (PFS) is an important complication of posterior fossa surgery in children. The pathophysiology of this condition remains unclear, but there is evidence implicating surgical injury of the proximal efferent cerebellar pathway (pECP) and the cerebellar vermis to PFS. We aimed to evaluate if diffusion abnormalities involving these structures on the final intraoperative MRI can predict the development of PFS. Diffusion-weighted imaging from 31 posterior fossa resections were anonymized and evaluated for abnormalities involving the dentate nucleus, superior cerebellar peduncle, and the mesencephalic tegmentum forming the pECP, vermis, and middle cerebellar peduncle. The case notes were independently evaluated for evidence of PFS. The diffusion imaging in 28 cases was of optimal quality for evaluation. Diffusion abnormalities were identified in 10 cases, 7 of which involved the pECP. Retrospective evaluation revealed evidence of PFS in 6 cases. There was a significant association between abnormalities involving pECP structures (P = .001) and development of PFS. Bilateral involvement of pECP (P = .006) was a highly specific risk factor for predicting the development of PFS. Diffusion abnormality of the inferior vermis was significantly associated with PFS (P = .001) but may not represent a risk factor in isolation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying children at risk for developing PFS at the earliest stage post tumor resection and thus adds to the growing evidence base on its pathophysiology.
The Risks of Mammograms
Authors: Harold M. Swartz
Journal: JAMA (1977)

RECENT publicity about potential dangers of mammography has generated an emotional reaction in both lay and professional circles. Several different issues have become intermingled, and as a consequence, women are making medically unwise decisions—often with the support of medical personnel.  It is crucial to differentiate between the two major reasons for doing a mammogram: diagnosis and screening. There is little controversy among informed physicians over using mammography in evaluating possible breast cancer in a patient. The only dispute concerns mammography for asymptomatic women less than 50 years old who are not considered high risks for breast cancer. (High risk factors include previous breast cancer, family history of breast cancer, and no pregnancy before 30 years of age.)  Inallother situations, it is generally agreed that the benefits of mammography outweigh the risks. Failure to recognize this distinction has led many women to refuse mammography when it is clearly indicated.
Endoscopic Ultrasound Miniprobe Staging of Colorectal Cancer: Can Management Be Modified?
Authors: D. P. Hurlstone, S. Brown, S. S. Cross, A. J. Shorthouse, D. S. Sanders
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Miniprobe ultrasound technology allows in-vivo luminal staging of colorectal cancer with a probe that passes directly through the colonoscope's instrument port. Conventional rigid radial echoscopes are limited by the need for a second examination, an inability to image stenotic lesions, and the inaccessibility of proximal tumours. Since minimally invasive resection techniques are now possible, a sensitive preoperative staging tool is needed to optimize patient selection. The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of miniprobe ultrasound imaging in the preoperative staging of colorectal cancer and to examine the value of the technique for management decisions.In a prospective study, a total of 131 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma or broad-based polyps of the colorectum underwent 12.5-MHz miniprobe ultrasonography examinations conducted by a single endoscopist. Staging criteria for depth of tumour infiltration and nodal status were determined. Nodal disease was defined as the presence of a hypoechoic, round, defined boundary lesion larger than 10 mm in diameter. T0-T1N0 lesions were resected using endoscopic mucosal resection, and patients with lesions staged as T2N1 were referred for surgical resection. Tumour staging using endoscopic ultrasonography was then compared with the histopathological specimens.The accuracy of T staging using endoscopic ultrasonography was 96 % in comparison with the histopathological specimen. Five lesions (4 %) were incorrectly overstaged as T3 - pathology stage T2. Understaging occurred in three lesions (endoscopic ultrasound stage T3 - pathology stage T4). The overall accuracy of nodal staging using endoscopic ultrasonography was 87 % (sensitivity 0.95, specificity 0.71, positive predictive value 0.87, negative predictive value 0.88).Miniprobe ultrasonography has a high overall accuracy for both T staging and N staging of colorectal cancer and may have an important role in selecting patients suitable for minimally invasive resection techniques.