tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CARCINOMA ARISING IN ADENOMAS OF COLON AND RECTUM
Authors: George E. Binkley
Journal: JAMA (1952)

One of the more difficult problems facing proctologists, abdominal surgeons, and pathologists is the question of proper treatment for adenomas in which carcinomas have arisen that have not yet invaded the muscular bowel wall. The decision must be made as to whether it is safe to treat these lesions by local removal or whether a radical resection should be performed immediately. In this paper, we hope to settle this problem at least partially. In 1948, Scarborough and Klein<sup>1</sup>reported a study of 458 patients with polypoid disease of the colon and rectum. In this series there were six pedunculate adenomas of the colon for which bowel resection had been performed and in which areas of invasive carcinoma were found. Although there was no invasion of the pedicle in any case, there were regional lymph node metastases in three of the operative specimens. This report raised the question as to
Ward No 6
Authors: Paul Crichton
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The hero, or rather antihero, of Anton Chekhov’s short story “Ward No 6” is Dr Andrey Yefimitch Ragin. He is put in charge of a provincial hospital where the stench and overcrowding would make even the most squalid NHS hospital seem a haven of salubrity. He begins work with zeal and vigour but gradually becomes worn down by the “monotony and obvious uselessness” of the work.

His life changes when he admits Ivan Dmitritch Gromov, an intelligent young man with paranoid delusions, to the almost forgotten ward 6, which is housed in a small lodge in the hospital yard. It consists …
How poor countries can gain access to cheap drugs
Authors: F. Fleck
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The landmark agreement to cut the costs of drugs for poor countries, agreed in Geneva on 30 August (6 September, p 517), is intended to help the countries tackle public health crises, especially HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.

Twenty three rich countries have said they will not be using the system, while 11 less wealthy nations, including Mexico, Israel, Korea, and Turkey, have said they will use it only for emergencies.

The …
Metabolic insights into the hepatoprotective role of N-acetylcysteine in mouse liver
Authors: Claudia Zwingmann, Marc Bilodeau
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

The hepatoprotective mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in non–acetaminophen-induced liver injury have not been studied in detail. We investigated the possibility that NAC could affect key pathways of hepatocellular metabolism with or without changes in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Hepatocellular metabolites and high-energy phosphates were quantified from mouse liver extracts by 1H- and 31P-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. 13C-NMR-isotopomer analysis was used to measure [U-13C]glucose metabolism through pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC). NAC (150-1,200 mg/kg) increased liver concentrations of GSH from 8.60 ± 0.48 to a maximum of 12.95 ± 1.03 μmol/g ww, whereas hypotaurine (HTau) concentrations increased from 0.05 ± 0.02 to 9.95 ± 1.12 μmol/g ww. The limited capacity of NAC to increase GSH synthesis was attributed to impaired glucose metabolism through PC. However, 300 mg/kg NAC significantly increased the fractional 13C-enrichment in Glu (from 2.08% ± 0.26% to 4.00% ± 0.44%) synthesized through PDH, a key enzyme for mitochondrial energy metabolism. This effect could be uncoupled from GSH synthesis and was associated with the prevention of liver injury induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide and 3-nitropropionic acid. In conclusion , NAC (1) has a limited capacity to elevate GSH synthesis; (2) increases HTau formation linearly; and (3) improves mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism by stimulation of carbon flux through PDH. This latter effect is independent of the capacity of NAC to replete GSH stores. These metabolic actions, among other yet unknown effects, are critical for NAC's therapeutic value and should be taken into account when deciding on a wider use of NAC. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website ( http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html ). (Hepatology 2006;43:454–463.)
Oxidative stress and antioxidants at biosurfaces: plants, skin, and respiratory tract surfaces.
Authors: C E Cross, A van der Vliet, S Louie, J J Thiele, B Halliwell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Atmospheric pollutants represent an important source of oxidative and nitrosative stress to both terrestrial plants and to animals. The exposed biosurfaces of plants and animals are directly exposed to these pollutant stresses. Not surprisingly, living organisms have developed complex integrated extracellular and intracellular defense systems against stresses related to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS), including O3 and NO2. Plant and animal epithelial surfaces and respiratory tract surfaces contain antioxidants that would be expected to provide defense against environmental stress caused by ambient ROS and RNS, thus ameliorating their injurious effects on more delicate underlying cellular constituents. Parallelisms among these surfaces with regard to their antioxidant constituents and environmental oxidants are presented. The reactive substances at these biosurfaces not only represent an important protective system against oxidizing environments, but products of their reactions with ROS/RNS may also serve as biomarkers of environmental oxidative stress. Moreover, the reaction products may also induce injury to underlying cells or cause cell activation, resulting in production of proinflammatory substances including cytokines. In this review we discuss antioxidant defense systems against environmental toxins in plant cell wall/apoplastic fluids, dead keratinized cells/interstitial fluids of stratum corneum (the outermost skin layer), and mucus/respiratory tract lining fluids.
Current Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: S. P Kane
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Ed Roy Pounder, Mark Hamilton Churchill Livingstone, pounds sterling40, pp 600 ISBN 0 443 05599 8

Is it a textbook? Is it a colour atlas? Is it “Lecture Notes in…”? No, it's a bit of all of these, but not quite any of them. Here is something fresh and new, with no parents, though a few great uncles with a faint family likeness. Its front cover delivers its mission statement: “A QUICK Reference for the Clinician”—and that is precisely what it is.

The editors have provided a challenging brief for the 200 or more individual contributors: to encapsulate on two facing pages a great deal of punchy detail about a particular disease, syndrome, symptom (for …
Solving the population problem
Authors: V Rao, J N Rao
Journal: BMJ (1994)

annually by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority2 included rates of multiple pregnancy and birth rates according to both the woman's age and the number of embryos transferred.Any policy allowing numerous embryos or oocytes to be replaced entails a calculated risk of multiple pregnancy.Our data support the point made by Redgment and colleagues that the principle underlying the present policy leaves room to raise the number of embryos or eggs replaced in women aged 40 and over to try to increase their pregnancy rates while keeping rates of multiple pregnancy down to what is currently acceptable in women under 40.
Immunoregulation in humans: control of antitetanus toxoid antibody production after booster immunization.
Authors: R H Stevens, A Saxon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Booster immunization of normal individuals with soluble tetanus toxoid resulted in the ability of the individuals' peripheral blood lymphocytes to synthesize immunoglobulin (Ig)G antitetanus toxoid antibody in vitro when stimulated by pokeweed mitogen. The capacity for this in vitro antitetanus toxoid antibody response developed within 14 days after booster immunization, reached a peak between days 36--50, and disappeared by day 60. The inability of pokeweed mitogen to stimulate antitetanus toxoid antibody synthesis in vitro before booster immunization was not due to excess suppression by thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes but reflected insufficient numbers of functionally specific helper T lymphocytes and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. Antigen-specific T-lymphocyte suppression and decreased B-lymphocyte function were associated with the observed reduction of in vitro synthesis of antitetanus toxoid antibody from 20--60 days post-immunization. The in vitro kinetics of antitetanus toxoid antibody synthesis paralleled the synthesis of total IgG in that stimulation by pokeweed mitogen was required and that antibody secretion into the medium initiated by day 4 and increased through day 9.
Remarks on the Caesarean Section, Craniotomy, and on the Induction of Premature Labour
Authors: T. Radford
Journal: BMJ (1851)

T-hey may arise from any irritation conveyed to the nervous centres; and so we have the convulsions of infints, from crude food, &c., of parturient women, from the presence of the child, or placenta, or lochia, and of ordinary persons from other similar causes.They may likewise proceed from idiopathic affections of the brain or chord, and the treatment will vary according to all tCaese causes.The convulsions of infants, which are perhaps the most common, are generally to be sub- dued by calomel and the warm bath, better than by anything else; but should they depend on the pressure of a tootlh on the gum, or the presence of a thorn, or such other cause, of course the treatment must be directed to the affected quarter.For the management of puerperal convulsions, I must refer you to the pro- fessor of midwifery; and as to those that affect the ordinary class of patients, under such innumerable forms of irritation as general practice will present, I must simply content myself by remarking that you must endeavour to discover the exciting cause, abate or remove it, and administer antispasmodics, stimulants, tonics, or sedatives, according to the general condition of the system.Thus in purely nervous convulsions, without any apparent physical cause, you may have recourse to such a sedative as opium, or to such anti- spasmodics as valerian or musk, or to the more potent tonics-zinc, arsenic, and quinine; or when they arise from congestion and languid circulation, you will em- ploy such diffusible stimulants as brandy and ammonia.The presence of irritants will, of course, requiire a different nmode of procedure in the fir-st instance, such as the employmeint of emetics, purgatives, and vermi- fuges, or emmenagogues, or otlher agents, according to their nature, followed up by the stimulants, antispas- modics, or tonics, as thev may be required.
Growth of Children Before Onset of Diabetes
Authors: David E Price, Andrew C Burden
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

OBJECTIVE To examine the growth of children before the onset of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Heights before diagnosis, expressed as SDS, of each diabetic child identified from the diabetes register and of two age- and sex-matched control subjects were obtained from records of routine examinations performed at 3.5, 6, 11, and 13 yr. The heights of their siblings, with control subjects, also were obtained. RESULTS Diabetic children were considerably taller than control subjects before diagnosis (0–1 yr before diagnosis SDS 0.82 ± 0.26 vs. 0.16 ± 0.14, P &amp;lt; 0.05, n = 24; 1–2 yr before diagnosis SDS 1.02 ± 0.17 vs. 0.16 ± 0.14, P &amp;lt; 0.001, n = 30; 2–3 yr before diagnosis SDS 0.97 ± 0.23 vs. 0.04 ± 0.20, P &amp;lt; 0.005, n = 16). At more than 3 yr before diagnosis, the diabetic children were not significantly taller than control subjects (SDS 0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 0.27 ± 0.13, respectively; n = 33). The siblings of the diabetic children were no taller than control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic children, but not their siblings, were taller than control subjects before diagnosis, suggesting growth-inducing metabolic changes may precede the onset of clinical diabetes by at least 3 yr.
576 Liver elasticity measurement by ultrasonic transient elastography: a new non-invasive method for assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis
Authors: M BEAUGRAND, M ZIOL, L SANDRIN, C FOURNIER, A BIAGGIFRASSATI, B POULET, J TRINCHET, F MAL, C CHRISTIDIS, F KAZEMI
Journal: Hepatology (2003)
Three Cases of Otitis Media with Brain Abscess
Authors: G. Barling
Journal: BMJ (1897)

I HAVE in another place recorded former experiences of verebral abscess; but by one of those curious coincidences which occur in surgical practice three cases of brain abscess from middle ear disease came under my care in the course ,of a few weeks at the beginning of 1896.The interest such eases always have justifies me, I hope, in placing them before you.In the first instance, I propose to relate the cases, and subsequently to offer some brief comments upon them.-CASE I.
Qualitative Research: Qualitative interviews in medical research
Authors: N. Britten
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Objective</h3> To examine the association between maternal age at first birth and infant mortality, stunting, underweight, wasting, diarrhoea and anaemia in children in low- and middle-income countries. <h3>Design</h3> Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative household samples. A modified Poisson regression model is used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted RR ratios. <h3>Setting</h3> Low- and middle-income countries. <h3>Population</h3> First births to women aged 12–35 where this birth occurred 12–60 months prior to interview. The sample for analysing infant mortality is comprised of 176 583 children in 55 low- and middle-income countries across 118 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1990 and 2008. <h3>Main outcome measures</h3> Infant mortality in children under 12 months and stunting, underweight, wasting, diarrhoea and anaemia in children under 5 years. <h3>Results</h3> The investigation reveals two salient findings. First, in the sample of women who had their first birth between the ages of 12 and 35, the risk of poor child health outcome is lowest for women who have their first birth between the ages of 27 and 29. Second, the results indicate that both biological and social mechanisms play a role in explaining why children of young mothers have poorer outcomes. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The first-born children of adolescent mothers are the most vulnerable to infant mortality and poor child health outcomes. Additionally, first time mothers up to the age of 27 have a higher risk of having a child who has stunting, diarrhoea and moderate or severe anaemia. Maternal and child health programs should take account of this increased risk even for mothers in their early 20s. Increasing the age at first birth in developing countries may have large benefits in terms of child health.
Judicial Review of Disciplinary Action for Sexual Misconduct in the Practice of Medicine
Authors: Sandra H. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1993)

THE HOUSE of Delegates of the American Medical Association (AMA) adopted the report of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs on sexual activity between physicians and patients in 1990, and the Council subsequently issued its opinion on sexual misconduct in the practice of medicine.<sup>1(8.14)</sup>Courts have recently issued the first opinions considering the Council's opinion in relation to licensure disciplinary action against physicians for sexual contact with patients. This article reviews the potential influence of the Council's opinion on disciplinary actions in light of these early cases. The Council's opinion will be most effective in changing physician behavior if it achieves its desired effect on physician education and attitudes. Voluntary medical societies may enforce the standard against sexual misconduct with membership sanctions as well. Ethical standards may well hold physicians to a higher standard than legal standards, and the Council's opinions are not intended by the Council to
The Human Pulmonary Circulation: Its Form and Function in Health and Disease
Authors: Frederick L. Glauser
Journal: JAMA (1987)

The third edition of<i>The Human Pulmonary Circulation: Its Form and Function in Health and Disease</i>by Peter Harris, MD, and Donald Heath, MD, is a classic textbook dealing with all aspects of pulmonary circulation, including developmental anatomy, structure-function relationships, fundamental concepts related to pressure and flow, and the pathology, clinical presentation, and treatment of common (chronic bronchitis and emphysema) and less common (dietary pulmonary hypertension) pulmonary diseases. Since the last edition in 1977, the authors have updated all their chapters and references, although the number of references is relatively small and selective, and added a new, important chapter on the pulmonary endothelial cell. In particular, the chapters on the structure and function of vascular smooth muscles, primary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, and portal and pulmonary hypertension are state-of-the-art. The chapter on pharmacology of the pulmonary circulation is complete and reflects the many controversies still extant in this area.
Abstract 5592: Lack of association between AGTR1 (A168G and T825A) and ACE T5529C polymorphisms with breast cancer among Brazilian women
Authors: Silvana A Alves Correa-Noronha, Samuel M. Ribeiro de Noronha, Murilo V. Geraldo, Cristina V. Carvalho, Jose J. Linhares, Fabricio Colacino Silva, Ana Maria M. Costa, Adalberto A. Siufi, Edna T. Kimura, Suma I. Shimuta, Clovis R. Nakaie, Ismael D.C.G. da Silva
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Angiotensin II (AngII) exerts promitotic, pro-proliferative and angiogenic effects and the administration of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduces tumor growth in animal models of cancer. AngII type 1 receptor (AGTR1) is found in a wide variety of normal tissues, increased expression is often found in the corresponding neoplastic tissues, suggesting that its overexpression is involved in carcinogenesis. In a previous study we observed that the ID genotype might be protective against breast cancer and also that the ACE (I/D) polymorphism is a possible target for developing genetic markers for breast cancer. Other authors have also observed the association of the ACE with breast cancer risk. To further test the hypothesis that AngII participates in breast carcinogenesis through AGTR1 and ACE, we examined genetic polymorphisms in the 5’-region of the AGTR1 gene (A-168G and T-825A) and in the ACE (T5529C) in relation to risk of breast cancer among Brazilian women. Methods: Genotyping was performed through Real Time PCR (A168G and T825A) or PCR-RFLP (T5529C) using genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells of subjects with or without breast cancer.Results: Patients with (case) or without (control) breast cancer aging from 30 to 90 years old were genotyped for A168G (n=516), and the following frequencies obtained for AA, AG and GG in % were, among cases: 63, 30, 07 and among controls: 64, 32, 04 (p = 0.89). For T825A (n=562), we determined the frequency of TT, TA and AA (in %, cases: 62, 33, 05; controls: 59, 33, 08; p = 0.68). At last, for ACE (T5529C) (n=272) these are the obtained frequencies for TT, TC and CC genotypes in %, among cases: 65, 23, 12 and among controls: 55, 29, 15 (p = 0.39). Conclusion: Our results suggest a lack of significant association between AGTR1 polymorphisms (A168G and T825A) with breast cancer risk in the Brazilian population, in contrast to a previous result among Chinese women, where an association of the AGTR1 polymorphisms with breast cancer has been reported. Regarding the ACE T5529C polymorphism, it also did not show any association with breast cancer risk in the present study, differently from the observed for another polymorphism of the same gene, the ACE (I/D). Therefore, the AGTR1 (A168G and T825A) and ACE (T5529C) variant genotypes do not appear to be related to risk of breast cancer among Brazilian women. Support: FAPESP. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5592. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5592
Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for autologous hepatocytes.
Authors: M Mondelli, A L Eddleston
Journal: Gut (1984)

Leading article Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for autologous hepatocytesThe histological finding of lymphocyte and plasma cell inflammatory infiltrates in many patients with chronic liver disease has prompted clinical immunologists to study immune responses which may be relevant to the pathogenesis of hepatocyte damage.Despite much experimental work in vitro and even more theoretical speculation, however, no firm conclusions can be reached at present concerning the role of the host's immune response in causing liver cell damage in vivo.Initial studies were designed to explore leucocyte sensitisation to 'liver specific' and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated antigens, but the diversity of the techniques used and differences in the preparation of antigenic material lead to somewhat conflicting results.As no consensus emerged from these studies, attention turned towards cell-mediated cytotoxicity experiments.A variety of target cells were used including Chanp,1 2EL-4 mouse sarcoma,2 mammalian hepatocytes-5 as well as avian,6 or rabbit8 erythrocytes coated artificially with liver specific on July 18, 2023 by guest.
Reply to G. Mezzi et al.
Authors: L. Hookey, E. Bories, C. Pesenti, M. Giovannini
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Dr. Mezzi et al. describe their preliminary findings using endoscopic ultrasound combined with elastography for patients with rectal cancer. Their results are interesting, particularly with respect to the use of this technique after radiotherapy. In a way that was similar to our method [1], they devised a subjective five-point system of classifying the images obtained. We are now investigating an assessment system for elastography that is quantitative and provides a score for the ratio between the percentage strain of the target tissue and percentage strain of surrounding tissue. Our preliminary results suggest that the positive predictive value of this technique is 93 % (data not shown). Dr. Mezzi’s study, combined with our previous results and the latest developments in elastography point to this technique becoming an important adjunct in the assessment of tissue through the medium of endoscopic ultrasound.
A doxycycline-loaded polymer-lipid encapsulation matrix coating for the prevention of implant-related osteomyelitis due to doxycycline-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Willem-Jan Metsemakers, Noam Emanuel, Or Cohen, Malka Reichart, Inga Potapova, Tanja Schmid, David Segal, Martijn Riool, Paulus H.S. Kwakman, Leonie de Boer, Anna de Breij, Peter H. Nibbering, R. Geoff Richards, Sebastian A.J. Zaat, T. Fintan Moriarty
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2015)