tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Post-neonatal Mortality, Morbidity, and Developmental Outcome after Ultrasound-Dated Preterm Birth in Rural Malawi: A Community-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Melissa Gladstone, Sarah White, George Kafulafula, James P. Neilson, Nynke van den Broek
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Preterm birth is considered to be associated with an estimated 27% of neonatal deaths, the majority in resource-poor countries where rates of prematurity are high. There is no information on medium term outcomes after accurately determined preterm birth in such settings.This community-based stratified cohort study conducted between May-December 2006 in Southern Malawi followed up 840 post-neonatal infants born to mothers who had received antenatal antibiotic prophylaxis/placebo in an attempt to reduce rates of preterm birth (APPLe trial ISRCTN84023116). Gestational age at delivery was based on ultrasound measurement of fetal bi-parietal diameter in early-mid pregnancy. 247 infants born before 37 wk gestation and 593 term infants were assessed at 12, 18, or 24 months. We assessed survival (death), morbidity (reported by carer, admissions, out-patient attendance), growth (weight and height), and development (Ten Question Questionnaire [TQQ] and Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool [MDAT]). Preterm infants were at significantly greater risk of death (hazard ratio 1.79, 95% CI 1.09-2.95). Surviving preterm infants were more likely to be underweight (weight-for-age z score; p<0.001) or wasted (weight-for-length z score; p<0.01) with no effect of gestational age at delivery. Preterm infants more often screened positively for disability on the Ten Question Questionnaire (p = 0.002). They also had higher rates of developmental delay on the MDAT at 18 months (p = 0.009), with gestational age at delivery (p = 0.01) increasing this likelihood. Morbidity-visits to a health centre (93%) and admissions to hospital (22%)-was similar for both groups.During the first 2 years of life, infants who are born preterm in resource poor countries, continue to be at a disadvantage in terms of mortality, growth, and development. In addition to interventions in the immediate neonatal period, a refocus on early childhood is needed to improve outcomes for infants born preterm in low-income settings.
Phorbol ester and dioctanoylglycerol stimulate membrane association of protein kinase C and have a negative inotropic effect mediated by changes in cytosolic Ca2+ in adult rat cardiac myocytes.
Authors: M C Capogrossi, T Kaku, C R Filburn, D J Pelto, R G Hansford, H A Spurgeon, E G Lakatta
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

We used left ventricular myocytes from adult rats to investigate the effect of 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and of sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (DiC-8) on the membrane association of protein kinase C (PKC), cytosolic [Ca2+], (Cai) homeostasis, and the contractile properties of single cardiac cells. Because PKC activity is known to be highly Ca2+ sensitive, the K+ concentration of the bathing medium was raised from 5 to 30 mM in some experiments, a perturbation known to depolarize the cell and increase Cai. In cell suspensions both PMA (3 x 10(-10) and 3 x 10(-7) M) and DiC-8 (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) increased membrane association of PKC. The effect of PMA (10(-7) M) on PKC translocation was enhanced in 30 mM KCl compared with 5 mM KCl. During steady field stimulation at 1 Hz in 1 mM bathing [Ca2+], both PMA (10(-7) M) and DiC-8 (10(-5) M) decreased twitch amplitude to approximately 60% of control in 5 mM KCl, and the negative inotropic effect of either drug was more pronounced in 30 mM KCl than in 5 mM KCl. In single cardiac myocytes loaded with the Ca2+ indicator indo-1 and bathed in 5 mM KCl, we simultaneously measured cell length and Cai. The myofilament responsiveness to Ca2+ was assessed by the relation between contraction amplitude and the peak of the Cai transient. The negative inotropic effect of both PMA and DiC-8 was related to a diminished amplitude of the Cai transient and not to a decreased myofilament responsiveness to Ca2+. In the absence of electrical stimulation, PMA (10(-7) M) and DiC-8 (10(-5) M) decreased the frequency of contractile waves due to spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and DiC-8 also decreased resting Cai. Thus, activation of PKC, which is thought to occur as part of the response of cardiac muscle to alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation, is associated with a negative inotropic action due to a smaller Cai transient rather than to a decrease in the myofilament responsiveness to Ca2+. These effects on the membrane association of PKC and on contractility are enhanced by cell depolarization achieved by raising [KCl] in the bathing medium.
Resistance to Malignant Disease
Authors: M. C. Oldfield
Journal: BMJ (1946)

MEDICALTIOUNAL 153 necessary for the serological tests to become positive, it is evident that well over three months may elapse before the syphilis is recognized, provided, as may happen (see Case 2), the dark-field examinations of serum from the " sore " do not demonstrate Sp. pallida.This observation, if justified, would seem to have an important bearing on the argument that expectant mothers suffering from gonorrhoea should receive sulphonamide treatment in preference to penicillin in order to guard against the adverse effect on the foetus which might result from the presumed action of penicillin in delaying the recognition of a concomitant syphilis. CommentaryIn so far as the experience set out may help in the solution of the problems enunciated above,, the answers provided are:1.A two-shot technique used on an out-patient basis can provide, in male cases, a cure rate (95.8% in 190 cases) which compares favourably with the efficiency (around 95%) claimed for five-or ten-dose schemes.The two-shot cure rate achieved in 55 female cases was 90.9%.2. The dosage of penicillin necessary to cure gonorrhoea may apparently prolong the inherently long incubation period of syphilis.3. There is no evidence that failure of the one-injection or of the two-injection methods of treating gonorrhoea will produce a penicillin-fast strain of the gonococcus.4. As it is only in a small proportion (2.4% in this series) of penicillin-treated cases that urethral discharge persists after the third day, the practice of giving routine irrigations is not likely to cause a significant increase of efficiency.Cases of gonorrhoea with super- added penicillin-resistant infections must be only a small minority, and, when encountered, it is reasonable to anticipate that some of them may be benefited by irrigations. Summary and ConclusionsA one-shot or two-shot technique in the treatment of gonorrhoea is more-suitable in civilian practice than the multiple-dose methods, and such limited-dose techniques can be conveniently applied to out-patients.In 190 male and 55 female cases of gonorrhoea a two-injection scheme (2x200,000 units) gave cure rates of 95.8% and 90.9% respectively.The dosage of penicillin employed to cure a gonorrhoeal infection may apparently delay the development of concomitant syphilis, and therefore penicillin-treated gonorrhoea cases should be observed for at least six months, and possibly longer.Failure of a limited-dose technique is not likely to produce resist- ance to penicillin.In the penicillin treatment of gonorrhoea routine irrigation is not necessary, but may be tried if a urethral discharge persists for longer than three days.The two-dose method advocated, using saline solutions of sodium penicillin, is simple and easily applied, the solutions used requiring no special skill in dispensing beyond the care necessary to ensure sterility and asepsis.
Dispelling the magic: Towards memory without capacity
Authors: Niels A. Taatgen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

The limited capacity for unrelated things is a fact that needs to be explained by a general theory of memory, rather than being itself used as a means of explaining data. A pure storage capacity is therefore not the right assumption for memory research. Instead an explanation is needed of how capacity limitations arise from the interaction between the environment and the cognitive system. The ACT-R architecture, a theory without working memory but a long-term memory based on activation, may provide such an explanation.
CLINICAL RESEARCH FACILITIES GRANTS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
Authors: G. Halsey Hunt
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The establishment of a program of grants to create specialized facilities in support of clinical investigation of the highest quality has been widely recognized as an important and necessary step in the improvement and intensification of medical research. Such a program is being developed by the National Institutes of Health in response to a specific mandate by Congress and a 1960 appropriation of $3,000,000 for this purpose. Although the program is in its first stages, it is already evident that it will provide a means not only of enhancing the quality of research applied to patients but also of bringing much more rapidly to those afflicted by disease the accomplishments of sound laboratory research. The prompt response and intense interest of medical centers and institutions with respect to this new program shows that (1) clinical research has hitherto been haltingly and inadequately pursued for a lack of adequate means to
1421 HIGH SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE RATE IN TREATMENT-NAIVE HCV GENOTYPE 1A AND 1B PATIENTS TREATED FOR 12 WEEKS WITH AN INTERFERON-FREE ALL-ORAL QUAD REGIMEN: INTERIM RESULTS
Authors: M. Sulkowski, M. Rodriguez-Torres, E. Lawitz, M. Shiffman, S. Pol, R. Herring, J. McHutchison, P. Pang, D. Brainard, D. Wyles, F. Habersetzer
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma and Renal Cell Carcinoma With Interleukin-2
Authors: Lionel A. Manson
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Rosenberg and colleagues<sup>1</sup>report 5 years of experience in treating patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer with interleukin-2. The poor clinical results that they achieved over that time (7% success rate compared with the spontaneous success rate of 5%) may be caused by an error in the model design on which their protocols were based. In their model experiments with immunogenic mouse tumors,<sup>2</sup>treatment of the tumor-bearing mice with interleukin-2 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cells began 3 days after transplanting the tumor into the syngeneic host. They used the phrase "established pulmonary micrometastases" to describe the characteristics of the system, implying that 3 days after transplantation, the tumors had acquired the in vivo characteristics of an autochthonous tumor. These authors have overlooked reports from my laboratory that were published in 1977 that showed that immunogenic mouse tumor cells became "killer cell" resistant by
Complement Genes on Chromosome 6
Authors: Gail A. P. Bruns
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

The classical complement pathway comprises nine serum proteins that interact sequentially to form a series of activated complexes and effectors of the immune response. In man, a number of inherited deficiency states of particular complement components are associated with increased susceptibility to infection or lupus-like syndromes.1 The activity and interactions of the complement proteins are conveniently analyzed by measurement of complement-mediated lysis of antibody-sensitized erythrocytes. For initiation of the sequence, C1 (an aggregate of three protein subunits) binds to the Fc domain of antigenbound IgG or IgM through the C1q subunit. The C1r subunit then converts the C1s subunit to . . .
CD30-CD30 Ligand Interaction in Primary Cutaneous CD30+T-Cell Lymphomas: A Clue to the Pathophysiology of Clinical Regression
Authors: M. Mori, C. Manuelli, N. Pimpinelli, C. Mavilia, E. Maggi, M. Santucci, B. Bianchi, P. Cappugi, B. Giannotti, M.E. Kadin
Journal: Blood (1999)
Ambient Heat and Sudden Infant Death: A Case-Crossover Study Spanning 30 Years in Montreal, Canada
Authors: Nathalie Auger, William D. Fraser, Audrey Smargiassi, Tom Kosatsky
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2015)

Climate change may lead to more severe and extreme heat waves in the future, but its potential impact on sudden infant death-a leading cause of infant mortality-is unclear.We sought to determine whether risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is elevated during hot weather.We undertook a case-crossover analysis of all sudden infant deaths during warm periods in metropolitan Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from 1981 through 2010. Our analysis included a total of 196 certified cases of SIDS, including 89 deaths at 1-2 months of age, and 94 at 3-12 months. We estimated associations between maximum outdoor temperatures and SIDS by comparing outdoor temperatures on the day of or day before a SIDS event with temperatures on control days during the same month, using cubic splines to model temperature and adjusting for relative humidity.Maximum daily temperatures of ≥ 29°C on the same day were associated with 2.78 times greater odds of sudden infant death relative to 20°C (95% CI: 1.64, 4.70). The likelihood of sudden death increased steadily with higher temperature. Associations were stronger for infants 3-12 months of age than for infants 1-2 months of age, with odds ratios of 3.90 (95% CI: 1.87, 8.13) and 1.73 (95% CI: 0.80, 3.73), respectively, for 29°C compared with 20°C on the day of the event.High ambient temperature may be a novel risk factor for SIDS, especially at ≥ 3 months of age. Climate change and the higher temperatures that result may account for a potentially greater proportion of sudden infant deaths in the future.
P-selectin–dependent macrophage migration into the tubulointerstitium in unilateral ureteral obstruction
Authors: Tomohiko Naruse, Yukio Yuzawa, Toshiyuki Akahori, Masashi Mizuno, Shoji Maruyama, Reiji Kannagi, Nigishi Hotta, Seiichi Matsuo
Journal: Kidney International (2002)
[406] RAPID INSURGENCE OF A VIRAL RESISTANT MUTANT IN WHV CHRONICALLY INFECTED WOODCHUCKS TREATED WITH LAMIVUDINE AND A PRE-S/S CHO-DERIVED HEPATITIS B VIRUS VACCINE
Authors: E. D'Ugo, L. Kondili, A. Canitano, S. Catone, R. Giusepetti, B. Gallinella, G. Palmieri, S. Orobello, C. Argentini, M. Rapicetta
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
TREATMENT OF INGUINAL HERNIA IN CHILDREN
Authors: ARTHUR E. HERTZLER
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The elaborate classifications of inguinal hernia made by the older writers are no longer recognized. Direct inguinal hernias are now considered as abdominal hernias, and the division of the indirect into infantile, congenital and acquired has been given up because of the increasing evidence that all depend on the presence of a peritoneal sac which is present from birth. Camper (1762) and Wrisberg (1779) concluded from dissections that inguinal hernias are due to persistence of a patent processus vaginalis (Hessert<sup>1</sup>). The anatomic studies of Zuckerkandl<sup>2</sup>indicate the same thing. Bittner,<sup>3</sup>has never seen any but congenital hernias. Universal acceptance of this view is still in the future, yet careful dissections and study of tissue removed at operation are sufficient to convince one of its correctness. The common occurrence and especially the form of the sac have led Murray<sup>4</sup>and Hessert to this conclusion. According to the
Living Dangerously – the Effect of Chronic Pulmonary and Renal Failure on Self-image
Authors: Ronald Abramson, Mithlesh Garg, Jeanine Angell
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1975)

Patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) are difficult to interview because of their inability to verbalize freely. The draw-a-person (DAP) and the draw-a-house (DAH) tests were given to COLD patients (n = 14), and to patients on chronic renal dialysis (n = 14). The COLD patients showed significantly more disorganization in the drawings (p < 0.05 for DAP and p < 0.001 for DAH) than the renal patients. There were certain other findings specific to the circumstances of each disorder. The DAP and DAH may be clinically useful in rapidly identifying the patients in need of greater psychosocial support.
Asthma and pregnancy: a prospective study of 198 pregnancies.
Authors: B Stenius-Aarniala, P Piirila, K Teramo
Journal: Thorax (1988)

A study was designed to investigate whether asthma, when carefully managed, is associated with an increased risk of complications in connection with pregnancy. One hundred and eighty one asthmatic women were monitored during 198 pregnancies. Antiasthmatic treatment consisted of inhaled beta 2 adrenergic drugs, beclomethasone, sodium cromoglycate, oral theophylline, and systemic corticosteroids as needed. Postpartum information on asthmatic symptoms and infant feeding was collected by means of a questionnaire. A control group of 198 non-asthmatic pregnant women was matched for age and parity. Atopic women had less severe asthma than non-atopic women. During pregnancy 40% of the patients were managed with the same antiasthmatic medication as before pregnancy; 18% needed less and 42% more medication. Pre-eclampsia occurred more often in asthmatic than control subjects, especially in patients with severe asthma. Hypoglycaemia occurred more often in infants of mothers with severe asthma than in infants of mothers with less severe disease. Theophylline medication at term did not influence labour or delivery. Asthma caused no emergencies during labour. Among the asthmatic subjects 28% of babies were delivered by caesarean section compared with 17% in the control group. There was no difference between asthmatic and control subjects with regard to length of gestation, birth weight, incidence of perinatal deaths, low Apgar scores, neonatal respiratory difficulties, hyperbilirubinaemia, or malformations. It is concluded that severe asthma or systemic corticosteroid treatment (or both) during pregnancy seems to increase the incidence of mild pre-eclampsia in the mother and hypoglycaemia in the infant. The findings suggest that careful supervision of asthma during pregnancy and labour by obstetricians and chest physicians working in close collaboration should prevent most of the serious obstetric and neonatal complications of asthma in pregnancy reported by previous authors.
Aclarubicin, Low-Dose Cytarabine Combined With G-CSF (CAG) Regimen For Patients Previously Treated Or Ineligible For Intensive Chemotherapy With Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrom: A Single Center Experience
Authors: Koichiro Minauchi, Masato Obara, Takahide Ara, Kanako Shima, Atsushi Yasumoto, Masanobu Nakata, Shuichi Ota, Kiyotoshi Imai, Teiichi Hirano, Yoshio Kiyama, Masahiro Ogasawara, Naoki Kobayashi, Masahiro Imamura
Journal: Blood (2013)
Hematuria: Algorithms for Diagnosis
Authors: Eileen D. Brewer
Journal: JAMA (1981)

HEMATURIA, either gross or microscopic, in any patient warrants laboratory investigation. The direction and magnitude of this evaluation is dependent to a large extent on the age and sex of the patient and the presence or absence of a urinary tract infection. For example, hematuria in an otherwise asymptomatic 70-year-old man requires a significantly different evaluation than does hematuria in a 20-year-old woman with symptoms of cystitis or in an 8-year-old child with increased blood pressure. In this two-part series, three algorithms for the evaluation of hematuria are presented. Part 1 addresses the problem of hematuria in the child, and part 2, which will appear next week, deals with hematuria in the adult and hematuria secondary to trauma. <h3>HEMATURIA IN THE CHILD</h3> In children, the laboratory investigation of hematuria begins with a urinalysis and urine culture. Further evaluation depends on the results of these tests. If the child has hematuria
The Whistle in the Stomach, Who Blew It First? A Question of Priority
Authors: Robert Coleman Kemp
Journal: JAMA (1910)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Though I exercised considerable care during the preparation of my recent work on "Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines," especially in properly crediting other authors and their investigations, I must frankly confess that. I had not seen Dr. Spivak's article or known of its existence, and therefore did not credit him as the "original whistler." The instrument depicted in my book has a specially made thick-walled bulb attachment and the air is forced into the esophagus and immediately aspirated out, passing through the whistle extremity on both occasions. It will whistle in the esophagus, though to a much less marked degree than in the stomach. Dr. Spivak's references to the principles of acoustics are perfectly correct, but esophageal whistling can be readily produced by forced inspiration and aspiration by my unfortunate instrument. As to changing the legend under the illustration, every aeroplane is not labeled "Wright," or every esophagoscope with
CLASIFICACIÓN NICE PARA LA PREDICCIÓN DE CARCINOMA INVASIVO EN LESIONES COLORRECTALES: ¿CROMOENDOSCOPIA ACCESIBLE Y EFICAZ?
Authors: J Rodríguez Sánchez, MT Martínez Torres, T Luque Núñez, F Luna Hita, M Salas Cabañas, P Reales Figueroa
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

Introducción: Recientemente se ha propuesto un sistema internacional de clasificación de lesiones colorrectales usando NBI sin endoscopia de magnificación (NICE clasification) que permite la tipificación de lesiones colorrectales de forma sencilla. Sin embargo su papel para discriminar lesiones infiltrantes de las subsidiarias de ser resecadas por vía endoscópica ha sido escasamente evaluado. Objetivo: Evaluar la capacidad de predicción de carcinoma invasivo (infiltración > 1000ŋ) de NICE-tipo 3 y comparar estos resultados con los obtenidos con la clasificación de Kudo-Vn y la clasificación de Sano-IIIB. Material y Método: Análisis prospectivo de las lesiones ≥2 cm resecadas (EMR, técnica lift and Cut) en nuestra unidad en el periodo de 1 año (Junio 2012-Junio 2013). Para la realización de cromoendoscopia virtual (NBI) se utilizó colonoscopio sin Dual Focus (CF-H180AL, Olympus) con zoom x1,5. La predicción de carcinoma invasivo realizada por el endoscopista mediante la clasificación de Sano, Kudo y NICE fue comparada con los resultados del análisis histológico (AP). Para el análisis de correlación se utilizó el coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Resultados: 31 pacientes (54,8% mujeres; 66,16 años de edad). Tamaño medio de las lesiones de 35,65 mm y 0-IIa en 41,9%. Localización rectal en 45,2%. Adenocarcinoma superficial en 38,7% e invasivo en 9,7%. Kudo: ≥ IIIL en 90,3%. Sano IIIA/IIIB en 83,8%. NICE-tipo1 3,2%, tipo2 80,6%, tipo3 16,1%. Correlación para detección de carcinoma invasivo NICE/AP: k= 0,83;p < 0,001 (muy buena). Kudo/AP: k= 0,83;p < 0,001 (muy buena). Sano/AP: k= 0,53;p = 0,001 (buena). Tipo de lesiones NICE-tipo 2: Adenoma (sin displasia/DL/DM) 36%, Pólipo serrado 24%, Carcinoma intramucoso 40%.