Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Christine Laine
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

In the Clinic4 March 2008Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseChristine Laine, MD, MPH, David R. Goldmann, MD, and Michael R. Littner, MDChristine Laine, MD, MPHSearch for more papers by this author, David R. Goldmann, MDSearch for more papers by this author, and Michael R. Littner, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-5-200803040-01003 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Editor's Note: This issue of In the Clinic has been updated.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unlike the sharp reduction in death from heart disease, there has been an almost 100% increase in age-adjusted mortality between 1970 and 2002 due to COPD. It is currently the fourth leading cause of mortality and is projected to continue increasing for the foreseeable future. In 2000, the number of deaths in women was equal to that in men (1).ScreeningWhat is COPD, and which patient populations are at risk?COPD is a treatable and ...References1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Accessed at www.goldcopd.org on 17 January 2008. Google Scholar2. American Thoracic Society. COPD Guidelines. Accessed at www.thoracic.org/copd on 17 January 2008. Google Scholar3. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. COPD Guidelines. Accessed at www.oqp.med .va.gov/cpg/COPD/COPD_base.htm on 17 January 2008. Google Scholar4. National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care. Accessed at www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG012_niceguideline.pdf on 17 January 2008. Google Scholar5. Rennard SI, Vestbo J. COPD: the dangerous underestimate of 15%. Lancet. 2006; 367:1216-9. [PMID: 16631861] Google Scholar6. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Using Spirometry: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008. In press. Google Scholar7. Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007;370:765-73. [PMID: 17765526] Google Scholar8. Wilt TJ, Niewoehner D, Kim C, et al. Use of spirometry for case finding, diagnosis, and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2005:1-7. [PMID: 16238364] Google Scholar9. Wilt TJ, Niewoehner D, MacDonald R, et al. Management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review for a clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:639-53. [PMID: 17975187] Google Scholar10. Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1005-12. [PMID: 14999112] Google Scholar11. Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, et al. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1999;54:581-6. [PMID: 10377201] Google Scholar12. Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2006 update—a consensus report from the Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006; 25:745-55. [PMID: 16818116] Google Scholar13. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA. 1994;272:1497-505. [PMID: 7966841] Google Scholar14. Wu P, Wilson K, Dimoulas P, et al. Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:300. [PMID: 17156479] Google Scholar15. Wilson JF. In the Clinic Smoking Cessation Toolkit. Accessed at www.annals.org/intheclinic/toolkit-smoking-cessation.html?itcabout on 17 January 2008. Google Scholar16. Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians. Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:633-8. [PMID: 17975186] Google Scholar17. Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al.; TORCH investigators. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356:775-89. [PMID: 17314337] Google Scholar18. van Noord JA, Aumann JL, Janssens E, et al. Comparison of tiotropium once daily, formoterol twice daily and both combined once daily in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:214-22. [PMID: 16055868] Google Scholar19. van Noord JA, Aumann JL, Janssens E, et al. Effects of tiotropium with and without formoterol on airflow obstruction and resting hyperinflation in patients with COPD. Chest. 2006;129:509-17. [PMID: 16537846] Google Scholar20. van Noord JA, de Munck DR, Bantje TA, et al. Long-term treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with salmeterol and the additive effect of ipratropium. Eur Respir J. 2000;15: 878-85. [PMID: 10853852] Google Scholar21. COMBIVENT Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone. An 85-day multicenter trial. COMBIVENT Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. Chest. 1994; 105:1411-9. [PMID: 8181328] Google Scholar22. Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Fergusson D et al.; Canadian Thoracic Society/Canadian Respiratory Clinical Research Consortium. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:545-55. [PMID: 17310045] Google Scholar23. ZuWallack RL, Mahler DA, Reilly D, et al. Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2001; 119:1661-70. [PMID: 11399688] Google Scholar24. Molfino NA, Zhang P. A meta-analysis on the efficacy of oral theophylline in patients with stable COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2006;1:261-6. [PMID: 18046863] Google Scholar25. Ram FS, Jardin JR, Atallah A, et al. Efficacy of theophylline in people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2005; 99:135-44. [PMID: 15715180] Google Scholar26. Rossi A, Kristufek P, Levine BE, et al.; Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (FICOPD) II Study Group. Comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of formoterol dry powder and oral, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2002; 121:1058-69. [PMID: 11948033] Google Scholar27. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 1997;46:1-25. [PMID: 9148134] Google Scholar28. Poole PJ, Chacko E, Wood-Baker RW, et al. Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006: CD002733. [PMID: 16437444] Google Scholar29. Vu T, Farish S, Jenkins M, et al. A meta-analysis of effectiveness of influenza vaccine in persons aged 65 years and over living in the community. Vaccine. 2002; 20:1831-6. [PMID: 11906772] Google Scholar30. Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Rivetti A, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet. 2005;366: 1165-74. [PMID: 16198765] Google Scholar31. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:196-204. [PMID: 3492164] Google Scholar32. Sethi S, Evans N, Grant BJ, et al. New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347:465-71. [PMID: 12181400] Google Scholar33. Sethi S. Infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: diagnosis and management. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43 Suppl A: 97-105. [PMID: 10225579] Google Scholar34. Ram FS, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Granados-Navarrete A, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006: CD004403. [PMID: 16625602] Google Scholar35. Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E, et al. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1995;273:957-60. [PMID: 7884956] Google Scholar36. McCrory DC, Brown C, Gelfand SE, et al. Management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Chest. 2001;119: 1190-209. [PMID: 11296189] Google Scholar37. Snow V, Lascher S, Mottur-Pilson C; Joint Expert Panel on COPD of the American College of Chest Physicians and the American College of Physicians-Amercian Society of Internal Medicine. The evidence base for management of acute exacerbations of COPD: clinical practice guideline, part 1. Chest. 2001;119:1185-9. [PMID: 11296188] Google Scholar38. Sachs AP, Ko'ter GH, Groenier KH, et al. Changes in symptoms, peak expiratory flow, and sputum flora during treatment with antibiotics of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice. Thorax. 1995;50:758-63. [PMID: 7570411] Google Scholar39. Wood-Baker RR, Gibson PG, Hannay M, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005: CD001288. [PMID: 15674875] Google Scholar40. Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH, et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340: 1941-7. [PMID: 10379017] Google Scholar41. van der Valk P, Monninkhof E, van der Palen J, et al. Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPE study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:1358-63. [PMID: 12406823] Google Scholar42. Jones PW, Willits LR, Burge PS, et al.; Inhaled Steroids in Obstructive Lung Disease in Europe study investigators. Disease severity and the effect of fluticasone propionate on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Eur Respir J. 2003;21:68-73. [PMID: 12570111] Google Scholar43. Niewoehner DE, Lokhnygina Y, Rice K, et al. Risk indexes for exacerbations and hospitalizations due to COPD. Chest. 2007;131:20-8. [PMID: 17218552] Google Scholar44. Tillie-Leblond I, Marquette CH, Perez T, et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with unexplained exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence and risk factors. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:390-6. [PMID: 16549851] Google Scholar45. Puhan MA, Scharplatz M, Troosters T, et al. Respiratory rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD may reduce risk for readmission and mortality—a systematic review. Respir Res. 2005;6:54. [PMID: 15943867] Google Scholar46. Salman GF, Mosier MC, Beasley BW, et al. Rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18:213-21. [PMID: 12648254] Google Scholar47. Guyatt GH, Nonoyama M, Lacchetti C, et al. A randomized trial of strategies for assessing eligibility for long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:573-80. [PMID: 15901604] Google Scholar48. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Evidence of medical necessity oxygen claims. Accessed at www.cms.hhs.gov/transmittals/downloads/r1742B3.pdf on 17 January 2008. Google Scholar49. Bradley JM, O'Neill B. Short-term ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005: CD004356. [PMID: 16235359] Google Scholar50. Cranston JM, Crockett AJ, Moss JR, et al. Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005: CD001744. [PMID: 16235285] Google Scholar51. Fletcher EC, Luckett RA, Goodnight-White S, et al. A double-blind trial of nocturnal supplemental oxygen for sleep desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a daytime PaO2 above 60 mm Hg. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:1070-6. [PMID: 1586049] Google Scholar52. American College of Physicians. Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:581-95. [PMID: 16618956] Google Scholar53. Trayner E Jr, Celli BR. Postoperative pulmonary complications. Med Clin North Am. 2001;85:1129-39. [PMID: 11565490] Google Scholar54. Ferreira IM, Brooks D, Lacasse Y, et al. Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005: CD000998. [PMID: 15846608] Google Scholar55. Fishman A, Martinez F, Naunheim K, et al. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med. 2003;348: 2059-73. [PMID: 12759479] Google Scholar56. Hillerdal G, Löfdahl CG, Ström K, et al. Comparison of lung volume reduction surgery and physical training on health status and physiologic outcomes: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Chest. 2005;128: 3489-99. [PMID: 16304304] Google Scholar57. Ramsey SD, Shroyer AL, Sullivan SD, et al. Updated evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of lung volume reduction surgery. Chest. 2007;131:823-32. [PMID: 17356099] Google Scholar58. United Network for Organ Sharing. The organ procurement and transplantation network. Accessed at www.optn.org/ latestData/rptStrat.asp on 14 January 2008. Google Scholar59. Heng D, Sharples LD, McNeil K, et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: incidence, natural history, prognosis, and risk factors. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1998;17:1255-63. [PMID: 9883768] Google Scholar60. Monninkhof EM, van der Valk PD, van der Palen J, et al. Self-management education for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;1:CD002990. [PMID: 12535447] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 4 March 2008Volume 148, Issue 5Page: ITC3-1KeywordsAntibioticsBronchodilatorsDyspneaExerciseForced expiratory volume in the first second of expirationLungsOxygenPulmonary functionSpirometrySputum ePublished: 4 March 2008 Issue Published: 4 March 2008 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2008 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...