tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diffuse Thallium Lung Uptake in Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia
Authors: H M ABDEL-DAYEM, L DI FABRIZIO, W KOWALSKY, T ARAS, A SADIK, J KEMPF, M N HABBAB, F PESCATORE, R BAG
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Five patients with AIDS with Pneumocystis carinil pneumonia (PCP) showed diffuse bilateral lung uptake on sequential thallium and gallium scans. This creates a problem in the sequential use of these tests for the differentiation of Kaposi's sarcoma from acute inflammatory or other malignant diseases. In Kaposi's sarcoma, thallium uptake is usually focal and not diffuse unless associated with other pathology. However, in PCP the diffuse thallium lung uptake may be due to congestion, increased vascular permeability, and extravasation of thallium into the lung parenchyma.
Negative selection of human germinal center B cells by prolonged BCR cross-linking.
Authors: L Galibert, N Burdin, C Barthélémy, G Meffre, I Durand, E Garcia, P Garrone, F Rousset, J Banchereau, Y J Liu
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

The antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes can transduce both agonist and antagonist signals leading either to activation/survival or anergy/death. The outcome of B lymphocyte antigen receptor (BCR) triggering depends upon multiple parameters which include (a) antigen concentration and valency, (b) duration of BCR occupancy, (c) receptor affinity, and (d) B cell differentiation stages. Herein, using anti-immunoglobulin kappa and lambda light chain antibodies, we analyzed the response of human naive, germinal center (GC) or memory B cells to BCR cross-linking regardless of heavy chain Ig isotype or intrinsic BCR specificity. We show that after CD40-activation, anti-BCR (kappa + gamma) can elicit an intracellular calcium flux on both GC and non-GC cells. However, prolonged BCR cross-linking induces death of CD40-activated GC B cells but enhances proliferation of naive or memory cells. Anti-kappa antibody only kills kappa + GC B cells without affecting surrounding gamma + GC B cells, thus demonstrating that BCR-mediated killing of GC B lymphocytes is a direct effect that does not involve a paracrine mechanism. BCR-mediated killing of CD40-activated GC B cells could be partially antagonized by the addition of IL-4. Moreover, in the presence of IL-4, prestimulation through CD40 could prevent subsequent anti-Ig-mediated cell death, suggesting a specific role of this combination in selection of GC B cells. This report provides evidence that in human, susceptibility to BCR killing is regulated along peripheral B cell differentiation pathway.
Never say die
Authors: J. Hester
Journal: BMJ (2003)

This year is one of celebration in my family. My daughter, who nearly died from anorexia, is making a steady recovery. The reasons for the illness are complex and may never be fully understood, but I will always feel that my dedication to a career in medicine and my commitment to the NHS were, in part, to blame.

Anorexia is a frightening illness. It creeps up insidiously, and, even when it is staring you right in the face, you deny its existence. A letter came, anonymously from two school friends: “We are so worried. E is eating a slice of melon and going for a long run. She cannot go on like this.” She is, at this stage, on top of the world, her worries are suppressed by her control over her weight, she is oblivious to the danger, and she has controlled her overwhelming hunger. When challenged she laughs, says she is fine, and carries on eating next to nothing.

> I had to apologise for my own career and commitments

Realisation dawns that telling her to eat …
Jequirity-Bean Poisoning
Authors: Montgomery Hart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

FIVE recent episodes of jequirity-bean ingestion in the Boston area have prompted the writing of this report. The jequirity bean (botanical name, Abrus precatorius) is variously known as the rosary pea, prayer bead, Buddhist rosary bead, crab's eye, mienie-mienie, Indian bead, Seminole bead, weather plant and lucky bean.1 It is small, measuring 0.3 by 0.8 cm., and scarlet in color, with a black "eye" at the hilus, and is very beautiful. It is indigenous to tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Because of its intense colors and beauty it has been used extensively in beadwork and jewelry in . . .
Competition for EUS (a) EBUS-TBNA (b) video assisted thoracoscopy
Authors: A. Lennon, R. Rintoul, I. Penman
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Mediastinal lymph node enlargement occurs in up to 38 % of NSCLC at diagnosis [1]. The identification of cancer spread to the mediastinum, either as direct tumour invasion or as lymph node metastases, is critical as this not only determines prognosis but also treatment options. Stage I and II disease, where there is no evidence of spread outside the lung, is treated by surgical resection, while patients with low volume ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node metastases (stage IIIA) may be offered induction chemotherapy followed by resection. Chemotherapy/radiotherapy alone is reserved for patients with contralateral mediastinal or distant metastases (stage IIIB or IV).
I Have a Concern for Thee
Authors: William Y. Rial
Journal: JAMA (1982)

That part of Pennsylvania where I live and work happens to be Quaker country. Although I'm not of that religious persuasion myself, I am occasionally addressed as follows:  William Rial, I have a concern for thee.  It is a Quaker habit to discuss such concerns not in a dictatorial or disciplinary way, but in terms of what they call friendly persuasion.  From within that context, I'm going to discuss a concern I have for thee; for each of you and for our friends and colleagues; for this wonderful profession of ours; and for the patients that we serve.  My concern does not center on the art or the science of the medicine that we practice. The quality of these has never been better.  A century ago, in seeking the best in medicine, some Americans went to Vienna, to Paris, to London, to Edinburgh, or to other European medical centers. Today
Histone deacetylase 6 functions as a tumor suppressor by activating c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated beclin 1-dependent autophagic cell death in liver cancer
Authors: Kwang Hwa Jung, Ji Heon Noh, Jeong Kyu Kim, Jung Woo Eun, Hyun Jin Bae, Young Gyoon Chang, Min Gyu Kim, Won Sang Park, Jung Young Lee, Sang-Yeop Lee, In-Sun Chu, Suk Woo Nam
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Ubiquitin-binding histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is uniquely endowed with tubulin deacetylase activity and plays an important role in the clearance of misfolded protein by autophagy. In cancer, HDAC6 has become a target for drug development due to its major contribution to oncogenic cell transformation. In the present study we show that HDAC6 expression was down-regulated in a large cohort of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, and that low expression of HDAC6 was significantly associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients in 5-year overall, disease-free, and recurrence-free survival. Notably, we observed that ectopic overexpression of HDAC6 suppressed tumor cell growth and proliferation in various liver cancer cells, and elicited increased LC3B-II conversion and autophagic vacuole formation without causing apoptotic cell death or cell cycle inhibition. In addition, the sustained overexpression of HDAC6 reduced the in vivo tumor growth rate in a mouse xenograft model. It was also found that HDAC6 mediated autophagic cell death by way of Beclin 1 and activation of the LC3-II pathway in liver cancer cells, and that HDAC6 overexpression activated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun. In contrast, the induction of Beclin 1 expression was blocked by SP600125 (a specific inhibitor of JNK) or by small interfering RNA directed against HDAC6. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that loss of HDAC6 expression in human HCCs and tumor suppression by HDAC6 occur by way of activation of caspase-independent autophagic cell death through the JNK/Beclin 1 pathway in liver cancer and, thus, that a novel tumor suppressor function mechanism involving HDAC6 may be amenable to nonepigenetic regulation. (HEPATOLOGY 2012)
Self monitoring of blood glucose.
Authors: M Gallichan
Journal: BMJ (1993)

organised jointly by the departments of surgery and of anatomy and developmental biology.The course is aimed at trainees from all surgical specialties.A third of the course will be taught and will provide an overview of the "new biology," with the aim of improving the level of scientific appreciation in surgery.The remainder of the course will be a research project done at the bench.Projects are offered in a wide range of science laboratories in the university and medical school.The Association of Professors of Surgery has advised that every surgical trainee should undertake a period of full time research training, but it must be borne in mind that most surgeons will not subsequently perform laboratory research.This course offers an MSc in surgical science, and those with a primary motivation towards an academic career will be able to proceed to PhD registration.It is hoped that this type of programme will answer many of the criticisms of ill conceived and piecemeal research and provide a model for surgical training in the future.
Dietary treatment of active Crohn's disease
Authors: N. Wright, B. B Scott
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Oral corticosteroids (usually prednisolone) have long been the standard treatment for active Crohn's disease, being used within 10 years of diagnosis in 55% of patients. Their efficacy has been established in two multicentre, placebo controlled trials.1 2 After four months, remission was shown in 60-83% of patients compared with 30-38% of those receiving placebo. However, there is currently much concern over side effects. In the short term these trials showed that corticosteroid treatment significantly increased the prevalence of cutaneous problems (moon face, acne, bruising, and striae), hypertension, and infections. In the long term there is concern over osteoporosis. Although the exact incidence is not known, substantial bone loss has been shown in patients taking at least 7.5 mg prednisolone daily, and about a quarter of patients receiving long term treatment will experience a fracture.3

For these reasons, other treatments have been sought. In the past 12 years dietary treatment has been investigated in several centres with diets differing in …
Large Renal Calculi
Authors: D. J. Harries
Journal: BMJ (1937)

Unilateral renal calculus of enormous size has been encountered on several occasions, as may be seen from a perusal of the tables given below.In Bradley's case (1909) the stone actually weighed 52 oz. and in Water- Worth's (1932) 38 oz.In Morrison's two cases (1921) the weights are recorded with the remains of the kidney substance, so that only approximate figures can be given for the actual weight of the stones.Large bilateral calculi are much rarer, the largest re- corded being Gee's (1874), in which the right stone weighed 36-4 oz. and the left 94 oz.Next comes the present case, in which the right weighed 24 oz.and the left 9 oz.Two other cases have been recorded in which
Syrup of Ipecac: The Poison Retriever
Authors: Joseph Greensher
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Ipecac syrup has become the primary means of treating many of the poisonings in children. The Nassau County Poison Control Center has encountered two cases of serious confusion of Syrup of Ipecac with two similarly labeled products (Purepac Oil of Wintergreen and Purepac Tincture of Benzoin). There have also been instances of pharmacists being unaware that it may be dispensed in a 30-ml bottle without a prescription. We have adopted the slogan "Syrup of Ipecac—The Poison Retriever" (Figure) in educating on poison prevention. Identifying ipecac syrup as "the poison retriever" in advertising and education campaigns should avoid its confusion with other dangerous products and lead to its greater availability in the medicine cabinet of every family with a small child.
Mentally ill patients in central Europe being kept in padlocked, caged beds
Authors: K. Krosnar
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Mentally ill patients in four central European countries are being kept in padlocked, caged beds despite condemnation of the practice by the European parliament and the United Nations, a patients' organisation said this week.

In some cases patients are locked in such cages for months or years and sometimes not even let out to use the toilet, says the Budapest based Mental Disability Advocacy Centre, which promotes the rights of people with mental health problems.

The countries concerned–Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic–are due to join the European Union next …
Right internal mammary artery versus radial artery as second arterial conduit in coronary artery bypass grafting: A case-control study of 1526 patients
Authors: Shahzad G Raja, Umberto Benedetto, Anand Jothidasan, Raju Krishnam Jujjavarapu, Uchenna Franklin Ukwu, Fabio De Robertis, Toufan Bahrami, Jullien A Gaer, Mohamed Amrani
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)
NOX1/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) oxidase promotes proliferation of stellate cells and aggravates liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation
Authors: Wenhao Cui, Kuniharu Matsuno, Kazumi Iwata, Masakazu Ibi, Misaki Matsumoto, Jia Zhang, Kai Zhu, Masato Katsuyama, Natalie J. Torok, Chihiro Yabe-Nishimura
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Among multiple isoforms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) oxidase expressed in the liver, the phagocytic NOX2 isoform in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) has been demonstrated to play a key role in liver fibrogenesis. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of NOX1, a nonphagocytic form of NADPH oxidase, in the development of fibrosis using Nox1 -deficient mice (Nox1KO). Liver injury and fibrosis were induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) and carbon tetrachloride in Nox1KO and wildtype littermate mice (WT). Primary HSCs were isolated to characterize the NOX1-induced signaling cascade involved in liver fibrogenesis. Following BDL, a time-dependent increase in NOX1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was demonstrated in WT liver. Compared with those in WT, levels of collagen-1α mRNA and hydroxyproline were significantly suppressed in Nox1KO with a reduced number of activated HSCs and less severe fibrotic lesions. The expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin, a marker of HSCs activation, were similar in cultured HSCs isolated from both genotypes. However, cell proliferation was significantly attenuated in HSCs isolated from Nox1KO. In these cells, the expression of p27kip1, a cell cycle suppressor, was significantly up-regulated. Concomitantly, a significant reduction in phosphorylated forms of Akt and forkhead box O (FOXO) 4, a downstream effector of Akt that regulates the transcription of p27kip1 gene, was demonstrated in Nox1KO. Finally, the level of the oxidized inactivated form of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a negative regulator of PI3K/Akt pathway, was significantly attenuated in HSCs of Nox1KO. These findings indicate that reactive oxygen species derived from NOX1/NADPH oxidase oxidize and inactivate PTEN to positively regulate the Akt/FOXO4/p27kip1 signaling pathway. NOX1 may thus promote proliferation of HSCs and accelerate the development of fibrosis following BDL-induced liver injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Characterization of the 17 strains of regulatory T cell-inducing human-derived Clostridia
Authors: Seiko Narushima, Yuki Sugiura, Kenshiro Oshima, Koji Atarashi, Masahira Hattori, Makoto Suematsu, Kenya Honda
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

The gut microbiota plays important roles in the development of the host immune system. We have previously shown that a combination of 46 strains of commensal Clostridia isolated from conventionally reared mice can induce the accumulation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in the mouse colonic lamina propria. Subsequently, we succeeded in isolating and selecting 17 strains of Clostridia from a healthy human fecal sample that can significantly increase the number and function of colonic Treg cells in colonized rodents, thereby attenuating symptoms of experimental allergic diarrhea and colitis. Here we characterize each of the 17 strains of human-derived Clostridia in terms of sensitivity to antibiotics and ability to produce short chain fatty acids and other metabolites, and discuss their potential as biotherapeutics to correct dysbiosis and treat immune-inflammatory diseases.
TWO CASES OF SUPPURATION OF GOITRE
Authors: T. Evans
Journal: BMJ (1905)

Museum of the Royal -College of Surgeons.They were taken after death from a man 19 years of age, whose "kidney was hydronephrotic and the ureter narrowed."'The calculi in this case probably amount to 40,000.None exceeds X in. in diameter.In structure the concretions are crystalline at the centre and lamtnated towards the exterior; they are composed of nearly pure oxalate of lime.
Ph-negative non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurring in chronic phase of Ph-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia is defined as a genetically different neoplasm from extramedullary localized blast crisis: report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: R Ichinohasa, I Miura, N Takahashi, T Sugawara, E Tamate, K Endoh, F Endoh, H Naganu, JF DeCoteau, JD Griffin, ME Kadin, K Ooya
Journal: Leukemia (2000)
Computer Processing of Medical Data by Variable-Field-Length Format
Authors: Julius Korein
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THE APPLICATION of current methods of computer technology to the processing of medical data can assist the medical community in terms of efficient storage, rapid retrieval, and accurate, immediate analysis of significant clinicial information. Numerical and alphabetic information can be stored permanently with rapid accessibility. These data can be used to produce a compendium that may be continuously enlarged and, in turn, modified by more recently acquired information. The variable-field-length format to be described in this report is directed toward facilitation of the input of information with the ultimate improvement in the quality and utility of the output. The ever-increasing amount of clinical data that can be obtained from a single individual undergoing medical examination makes it increasingly difficult for the physician to encompass the total pertinent information obtained from a patient, and even more difficult for him to correlate the various findings in a large group of patients.
Hepatitis with biliverdinaemia in association with indomethacin therapy.
Authors: F. F. Fenech, W. H. Bannister, J. L. Grech
Journal: BMJ (1967)

involves the subject recording in a diary all the food and drink consumed over a period of seven days (Yudkin and Roddy, 1966).The simplified questionary is set out below.In all of our studies we have attempted to consider only those persons who, so far as we can ascertain, have had a constant sugar consumption for many years.For this reason we include questions relating to " special " diets, and we eliminate from our final assessments those subjects who we have reason to believe have changed their sugar consumption.The calculation of the amount of sugar in prepared foods and drinks is made from analyses published in food tables or from figures supplied by manufacturers.As for sugar itself, we take a heaped teaspoon as containing 6 g., a level teaspoon 4 g., a heaped dessertspoon 15 g., and a level dessertspoon 10 g.
Type of suture may affect the risk of infection while swimming postoperatively
Authors: Mark Twoon, Nigel Yong Boon Ng
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Brown and colleagues considered an extensive list of variables with regard to a person’s risk of infection while swimming postoperatively (for example, nature of the wound, the water, patient comorbidities, and systemic immunodeficiency).1 It would also be interesting to know whether the type of suture material used for wound …
Drug treatment of epilepsy in adults
Authors: D. Schmidt, S. C. Schachter
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Epilepsy is a serious, potentially life shortening brain disorder, the symptoms of which can be successfully treated in most patients with one or more antiepileptic drug. About two in three adults with new onset epilepsy will achieve lasting seizure remission on or off these drugs, although around half will experience mild to moderately severe adverse effects. Patients with epilepsy, especially the 20-30% whose seizures are not fully controlled with available drugs (drug resistant epilepsy), have a significantly increased risk of death, as well as psychiatric and somatic comorbidities, and adverse effects from antiepileptic drugs. Newer drugs have brought more treatment options, and some such as levetiracetam cause fewer drug interactions and less hypersensitivity than older ones. However, they do not reduce the prevalence of drug resistant epilepsy or prevent the development of epilepsy in patients at high risk, such as those with a traumatic brain injury. The development of antiepileptic drugs urgently needs to be revitalized so that we can discover more effective antiseizure drugs for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy, including catastrophic forms. Antiepileptogenic agents to prevent epilepsy before the first seizure in at risk patients and disease modifying agents to control ongoing severe epilepsy associated with progressive underlying disease are also needed.
Judgement of the Quality of Bowel Preparation at Screening Flexible Sigmoidoscopy is Associated with Variability in Adenoma Detection Rates
Authors: S. Thomas-Gibson, P. Rogers, S. Cooper, R. Man, M. Rutter, N. Suzuki, D. Swain, A. Thuraisingam, W. Atkin
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Background and Study Aims: Adenoma detection rates (ADRs) at screening flexible sigmoidoscopy are known to vary between endoscopists. Variability in the technique used and in the quality of bowel preparation may explain this. The aim of this study was to establish whether there is a relationship between the grading of bowel preparation and the ADR. Materials and Methods: The relationship between the ADR and assessment of bowel preparation was examined using the full United Kingdom Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening Trial data set (n = 38 601). The consistency of the bowel preparation classification was then investigated by six experienced endoscopists (video scorers), who examined 260 flexible sigmoidoscopy cases - 20 from each of the 13 trial endoscopists. Results: Overall, the ADR was significantly higher in flexible sigmoidoscopy examinations with excellent or good bowel preparation (P = 0.02). However, endoscopists with a higher ADR coded a smaller proportion of their examinations as having excellent/good preparation (P = 0.002). Video scorers agreed with the trial endoscopists' definition of bowel preparation in 48.9 % of the readings, but they scored the quality of preparation as poorer than the trial endoscopists in 36.4 % and 40.6 %, respectively, in the intermediate-performance group (10 % < ADR < 14 %) and lower-performance group (ADR ≤ 10 %) in comparison with only 12.9 % in the high-performance group (ADR ≥14 %). There was a significant linear trend between the proportion scored as having poor bowel preparation and the ADR (P < 0.001), varying from 2.7 % in the higher-performance ADR group to 13.4 % in the lower-performance group. Conclusions: Endoscopists with a higher ADR are more likely to be critical of the quality of bowel preparation. Training in judgement processes such as nonacceptance of suboptimal bowel preparation is required in order to ensure universally high standards in screening procedures.