tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN INTRODUCED INTO THE MEDIUM OF TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: George O. Gey
Journal: JAMA (1924)

A summary of the effects on the growth of tissue in vitro noted when insulin had been added to the culture medium is presented because of its potential value in this line of investigation.  Dr. Thalhimer suggested the addition of insulin as a possible means to augment the growth of tissue and to disclose the nature of its action.  Chick fibroblasts were cultivated from 9 to 10 day old embryos, the Carrel flask method being used. The medium contained glucose in percentages from 0.1 to2.5. Two sets of cultures were maintained. To one set, from 1 to 2 per cent. of insulin was added; to the second, otherwise identical, no insulin was added.  The sugar content was determined in duplicate cultures by the Folin-Wu method, and the H-ion concentration was estimated by the drop calorimetric procedure. The perimeter of the growth was compared by using the planimeter method of Carrel
Childhood Cancer Survivors' Knowledge About Their Past Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Nina S. Kadan-Lottick, Leslie L. Robison, James G. Gurney, Joseph P. Neglia, Yutaka Yasui, Robert Hayashi, Melissa Hudson, Mark Greenberg, Ann C. Mertens
Journal: JAMA (2002)

have increased dramatically over the past few decades, with overall 5-year survival rates now exceeding 70%. 1 This growing population of survivors is at risk for adverse effects related to their malignancy and subsequent therapy.3][4][5][6][7] Survivors may benefit from anticipatory guidance and ongoing surveillance to minimize morbidity and mortality. 8The survivor must have adequate knowledge of his/her cancer diagnosis and treatment to be motivated to pursue necessary medical follow-up and to relate accurately and completely his/her medical history to health care professionals.Unlike their adult counterparts, childhood cancer survivors probably had limited access to information per-taining to their malignancy at the time of their diagnosis and treatment.They may have been too young to understand explanations regarding the disease and treatments.Their parents may have decided to shield them from details of their disease, including terms such as "cancer" and "chemotherapy."Also, parents usually take
Nuclear Medicine and Esophageal Surgery
Authors: RAYMOND TAILLEFER, GILLES BEAUCHAMP, ANDR?? C. DURANCEAU, EDWIN LAFONTAINE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

The principal radionuclide procedures involved in the evaluation of esophageal disorders that are amenable to surgery are illustrated and briefly described. The role of the radionuclide esophagogram (RE) in the diagnosis and management of achalasia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and its complications, tracheoesophageal fistulae, pharyngeal and esophageal diverticulae, gastric transposition, and fundoplication is discussed. Detection of columnar-lined esophagus by Tc-99m pertechnetate imaging and of esophageal carcinoma by Ga-67 citrate and Tc-99m glucoheptonate studies also is presented.
Cytochrome P-450-dependent vasodilator responses to arachidonic acid in the isolated, perfused kidney of the rat.
Authors: A O Oyekan, J C McGiff, J Quilley
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

Pretreatment of phenylephrine (0.5 microM)-preconstricted, isolated perfused kidneys of the male rat with indomethacin (2.8 microM) or BM 13.177 (20 microM) abolished the vasoconstrictor response to arachidonic acid (AA), uncovering a vasodilator response. BW 755C (25 microM), a dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor, did not modify the vasodilator effect of AA, whereas 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (10 microM), which blocks all pathways of AA metabolism, abolished AA-induced vasodilation, thus suggesting the involvement of nonlipoxygenase AA metabolites. Clotrimazole (0.7 microM) and 7-ethoxyresorufin (1 microM), both considered to be specific inhibitors of the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase enzymes, inhibited the vasodilator effect, suggesting that AA-induced renal vasodilation is mediated by one or more cytochrome P-450-derived AA metabolites. None of these interventions affected the vasodilator responses to acetylcholine (100 ng) and nitroprusside (1 microgram). Denudation of the endothelium with CHAPS (10 mg/l) reduced the vasodilator responses to AA, suggesting a requirement of an intact endothelium, whereas inhibition of guanylate cyclase with methylene blue (10(-4) M) was without effect, suggesting that cGMP was not involved in the vasodilator response to AA. The AA-induced renal vasodilation was accompanied by the generation of biologically active material or materials released into the renal effluent, which relaxed endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rings of isolated aorta and mesenteric and celiac arteries of the rabbit. These results suggest that in the rat kidney, AA is metabolized by endothelial cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes to vasodilator metabolites.
Phenytoin-induced pseudolymphoma. A report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: D.W.S. HARRIS, L. OSTLERE, C. BUCKLEY, S. WHITTAKER, P. SWENY, M.H.A. RUSTIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

We report a patient with phenytoin‐induced pseudolymphoma mimicking cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). Despite withdrawal of phenytoin, there was persistence of the cutaneous eruption and lymphadenopathy. Southern blot analysis of immunoglobulin and T‐cell receptor genes was therefore used to assess whether there was a clonal lymphoid expansion. However, no rearrangement of the beta T‐cell receptor gene or immunoglobulin heavy‐chain gene was detected in tissue DNA from skin and lymph nodes. One year later the patient became asymptomatic, although he is still at risk of developing a true malignant lymphoma in the future, a condition known as pseudo‐pseudolymphoma. It is suggested that genotypic studies may help in the initial diagnosis and the subsequent management of such patients.
VENOM HEMOLYSIS AFTER SPLENECTOMY, INCLUDING THE RESISTANCE OF THE ERYTHROCYTES OF NORMAL DOGS TO THE HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF COBRA VENOM
Authors: John A. Kolmer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1917)

1. The resistance of erythrocytes of dogs to the hemolytic activity of cobra venom is increased after splenectomy. 2. This increased resistance was observed as early as 4 days after splenectomy and usually persisted for a period of about 3 weeks, when the resistance gradually decreased to normal or slightly beyond. 3. The decrease of resistance to the hemolytic activity of venom for the erythrocytes of splenectomized dogs following the primary increase is apparently coincident with the anemia following splenectomy. An intercurrent infection, such as distemper, tends to reduce the resistance of erythrocytes to venom. 4. An increased resistance of the erythrocytes to hypotonic salt solutions was found with all the splenectomized dogs in which these tests were made. Increased resistance to hypotonic salt solutions apparently persists for a longer period than the increased resistance to cobra venom. 5. As the lysis of erythrocytes by venom is dependent upon the presence of certain lipoidal substances within the cells, and as the spleen may exercise an influence over the lipoidal contents of corpuscles and serum, it is suggested that the increased resistance of erythrocytes to the hemolytic activity of venom after splenectomy is due to alterations in the lipoid content of the erythrocytes.
Participation in life situations of 8-12 year old children with cerebral palsy: cross sectional European study
Authors: J. Fauconnier, H. O. Dickinson, E. Beckung, M. Marcelli, V. McManus, S. I. Michelsen, J. Parkes, K. N. Parkinson, U. Thyen, C. Arnaud, A. Colver
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objectives</b> To evaluate how involvement in life situations (participation) in children with cerebral palsy varies with type and severity of impairment and to investigate geographical variation in participation. <b>Design</b> Cross sectional study. Trained interviewers visited parents of children with cerebral palsy; multilevel multivariable regression related participation to impairments, pain, and sociodemographic characteristics. <b>Setting</b> Eight European regions with population registers of children with cerebral palsy; one further region recruited children from multiple sources. <b>Participants</b> 1174 children aged 8-12 with cerebral palsy randomly selected from the population registers, 743 (63%) joined in the study; the further region recruited 75 children. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Children's participation assessed by the Life-H questionnaire covering 10 main areas of daily life. Scoring ignored adaptations or assistance required for participation. <b>Results</b> Children with pain and those with more severely impaired walking, fine motor skills, communication, and intellectual abilities had lower participation across most domains. Type of cerebral palsy and problems with feeding and vision were associated with lower participation for specific domains, but the sociodemographic factors examined were not. Impairment and pain accounted for up to a sixth of the variation in participation. Participation on all domains varied substantially between regions: children in east Denmark had consistently higher participation than children in other regions. For most participation domains, about a third of the unexplained variation could be ascribed to variation between regions and about two thirds to variation between individuals. <b>Conclusions</b> Participation in children with cerebral palsy should be assessed in clinical practice to guide intervention and assess its effect. Pain should be carefully assessed. Some European countries facilitate participation better than others, implying some countries could make better provision. Legislation and regulation should be directed to ensuring this happens.
Alteration in the selected skinfold variables of female as a result of longitudinal physical training
Authors: Seema Kaushik, Dhananjoy Shaw
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The aims of present investigation were: (1) to describe the selected skinfold variables of female students of University of Delhi; and (2) to study the effect of a long term physical training programme on selected skinfold variables of male volunteers from University of Delhi. The sample size for the study was 78 having three groups of female (namely progressive load or intensive training, constant load or moderate training, no load or sedentary group); each group having 26 samples (the mean age was 19.76 ± 0.69 years). The variables included skinfold measurements at biceps, triceps, forearm, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh and calf. Standard landmarks and measurement protocols were followed to measure the selected variables as described by various authors. Mean, SD and analysis of covariance were applied to test the variability of covariance as the effect of conditioning programme on selected groups (progressive load or intensive training, constant load or moderate training, no load or sedentary group); at different stages of testing that is, test-1, test-2, test-3, test-4 (intermittent stages of testing) in a longitudinal experimental paradigm of 18 weeks on selected variables of male. The paired t test comparison for mean difference was done as post-hoc analysis. The findings documents that the F-ratios were significant at 0.05 level, which were confirmed by post-hoc analysis at certain intersects of training stages and groups. The level of significance chosen for testing the hypothesis was 0.05. The study concluded that a long term physical activity had a positive effect on selected skinfold variables of female volunteers from University of Delhi.
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Scott M. Whitcup
Journal: JAMA (2000)

A number of striking changes have occurred recently in the presentation and course of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who are receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Before the use of HAART, CMV retinitis was the most common intraocular infection in patients with AIDS, occurring in up to 40% of patients, typically when CD4+ cell counts have decreased to less than 0.10 x 10(9)/L. By studying CMV retinitis, clinicians can investigate whether the rejuvenated immune system that results from HAART can effectively control opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS. In some patients, retinitis has not progressed when specific anti-CMV therapy was discontinued, but a number of patients have developed substantial intraocular inflammation, which has resulted in decreased visual acuity. Anterior uveitis, cataract, vitritis, cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane, and disc edema may occur in patients with CMV retinitis who have experienced HAART-associated elevation in CD4+ cell counts. Since immune recovery uveitis does not occur in eyes without CMV retinitis, the ocular inflammation appears to be related to the CMV infection. Anti-CMV maintenance therapy likely can be safely discontinued in some patients with CMV retinitis if CD4+ cell counts are stable or increasing and have been higher than 0.10 x 10(9)/L for at least 3 months. Immune recovery in patients receiving HAART has been effective in controlling opportunistic infections, but it may also result in intraocular inflammation, which can have adverse effects on the eye.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation as a cure for idiopathic tachycardia of both left and eight ventricular origin
Authors: Dwain L. Coggins, Randall J. Lee, John Sweeney, Walter W. Chein, George Van Hare, Laurence Epstein, Rolando Gonzalez, Jerry C. Griffin, Michael D. Lesh, Melvin M. Scheinman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)
Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Akt with OSU-03012 and Gefitinib or Erlotinib to Overcome Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors
Authors: Yu-Chieh Wang, Samuel K. Kulp, Dasheng Wang, Chih-Cheng Yang, Aaron M. Sargeant, Jui-Hsiang Hung, Yoko Kashida, Mamoru Yamaguchi, Geen-Dong Chang, Ching-Shih Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Preexisting and acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors limits their clinical usefulness in patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study characterizes the efficacy and mechanisms of the combination of gefitinib or erlotinib with OSU-03012, a celecoxib-derived antitumor agent, to overcome EGFR inhibitor resistance in three NSCLC cell lines, H1155, H23, and A549. The OSU-03012/EGFR inhibitor combination induced pronounced apoptosis in H1155 and H23 cells, but not in A549 cells, suggesting a correlation between drug sensitivity and basal phospho-Akt levels independently of EGFR expression status. Evidence indicates that this combination facilitates apoptosis through both Akt signaling inhibition and up-regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–induced, GADD153-mediated pathways. For example, ectopic expression of constitutively active Akt significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect on cell survival, and small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of GADD153 protected cells from undergoing apoptosis in response to drug cotreatments. Furthermore, the OSU-03012/EGFR inhibitor combination induced GADD153-mediated up-regulation of death receptor 5 expression and subsequent activation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. It is noteworthy that the ER stress response induced by this combination was atypical in that the cytoprotective pathway was not engaged. In addition, in vivo suppression of tumor growth and modulation of intratumoral biomarkers were observed in a H1155 tumor xenograft model in nude mice. These data suggest that the concomitant modulation of Akt and ER stress pathways with the OSU-03012/EGFR inhibitor combination represents a unique approach to overcoming EGFR inhibitor resistance in NSCLC and perhaps other types of cancer with elevated basal Akt activities. [Cancer Res 2008;68(8):2820–30]
Robert Alan Forster
Authors: J. Forster, J. Surtees
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Robert Alan Forster (“Alan”) was born in Yorkshire, the son of a general practitioner. A chorister at Durham Cathedral, he attended Epsom College. In 1961 he married Judith, a nurse at Guy’s Hospital, and in 1964, after house jobs, he joined the Eastbourne Devonshire Lodge practice, which became the Winifred Lee Health …
Stimulation of Toll-like receptor-1/2 combined with Velcade increases cytotoxicity to human multiple myeloma cells
Authors: J Abdi, T Mutis, J Garssen, F Redegeld
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2013)

An increasing body of evidence supports the important role of adhesion to bone marrow microenvironment components for survival and drug resistance of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Previous studies suggested that stimulation of Toll-like receptors by endogenous ligands released during inflammation and tissue damage may be pro-tumorigenic, but no studies have been performed in relation to modulation of cell adhesion and drug cytotoxicity. Here, we investigated the effect of TLR1/2 activation on adhesion of human myeloma cells to fibronectin, and their sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitor Velcade. It was found that TLR1/2 activation with Pam3CSK4 increased the cytotoxicity of Velcade in L363, OPM-2 and U266 human myeloma cells. This effect was not related to a decreased adhesion of the cells to fibronectin, but TLR1/2 activation stimulated the caspase-3 activity in Velcade-treated myeloma cells, which may be responsible for the enhanced cell death. Inhibitors of NF-κB and MAPK reduced the stimulatory effect. These findings indicate that TLR activation of MM cells could bypass protective effects of cell adhesion and suggest that TLR signaling may also have antitumorigenic potential.
Differences between TIME (trial of invasive versus medical therapy in elderly patients with chronic angina) and registry patients, and impact on outcome
Authors: Matthias E. Pfisterer, Stefan Wyrsch, Gabriela Kuster, Lukas Schöb, Leticia Grize, Raban V. Jeger, Christoph Kaiser, Peter T. Buser
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Comparison of Infrared Electronic Endoscopy Using Reflection and Transmission
Authors: S. Tsuji, S. Kawano, N. Sato, N. Hayashi, H. B. Peng, M. Tsujii, K. Nagano, Y. Takei, S.-S. Chen, T. Kashiwagi, H. Fusamoto, T. Kamada
Journal: Endoscopy (1993)

Twelve subjects were examined using both the reflecting type of infrared electronic endoscopy and the transmission method to visualize submucosal gastric architecture. Under transmission infrared illumination, submucosal structures were more clearly observed than by using the reflecting type. Using the transmission method, only the anterior wall of the antrum could be fully visualized, although the anterior wall of the lower corpus was recognized in only 33 % of the cases. Furthermore, the upper or middle corpus and the entire posterior wall were not properly recognized using transmission illumination. The entire gastric circumference was visualized with the reflecting type illumination. Both types of infrared illumination of the gastric wall can be used complementarily for visualizing submucosal gastric architecture.
SURGERY OF THE TEAR-PASSAGES.
Authors: J. G. HUIZINGA
Journal: JAMA (1900)

What the physician of to-day wants more than anything else is a practical knowledge of the science and art of medicine as it is practiced by the leading men in the various departments into which the work is ordinarily divided. Theorists there always have been and always will be, and they undoubtedly serve a very useful purpose; but to the ordinary physician he is an unknown quantity. His logic and theoretical deductions may be interesting, even fascinating, but directly they are of extremely limited practical benefit, to either the physician or the patient. With the exception of a very few, the members of this society are all general practitioners; or let me put it a little differently—they are general specialists, i. e., specialists in everything. In your every-day practice you are called upon to examine into and treat every form of sickness or accident that our bodies are heir to.
Recent Work on the Virus Theory of Cancer
Authors: C. H. Andrewes
Journal: BMJ (1950)

Some neoplasms, for example a kidney tumour of leopard frogs and a series of sarcomata of fowls, own a virus as their causative agent.Filtrates of such tumours can be injected into other frogs or hens, as the case may be, and will reproduce histologically similar tumours in the inocu- lated species, and so on in indefinite series.With most animal tunours, however, filtrates are ineffective.It is supposed by what is called the virus theory of cancer that there is nevertheless only a quantitative difference between the fowl sarcomata and most new growths, that there are merely technical difficulties which prevent the filtration of, let us say, the propagable tumours of mice and rats, and that a virus is essentially concerned in the general run of cancers.The virus theory has had its ups and downs, mostly downs, for pathologists in general have not regarded it favourably.On the other hand, many bacteriologists, and particularly virus workers, are impressed by arguments in its favour.
Thomas Snowdon Blaiklock
Authors: C. Blaiklock
Journal: BMJ (2001)

John F Kennedy was rushed to the emergency room after being shot on Friday 22 November 1963.Crenshaw, a junior member of the team, did a cutdown on Kennedy's right leg to insert an intravenous line and watched others trying to save the president.Two days later, on Sunday 24 November 1963, Crenshaw was part of the team that tried to save Lee Harvey Oswald, thought to be the Kennedy assassin, after Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby.The Warren Commission investigating Kennedy's death did not call Crenshaw because Parkland officials did not want to publicise the role of residents in
Airway responsiveness to histamine and methacholine: relationship to minimum treatment to control symptoms of asthma.
Authors: E F Juniper, P A Frith, F E Hargreave
Journal: Thorax (1981)

We have prospectively examined in 51 patients the relationship between the level of airway responsiveness to histamine and methacholine and the minimum medications required to control asthma. First we determined the least medication that was required to control symptoms so that they did not disturb sleep, were not present on waking, and did not require use of inhaled salbutamol (200 microgram) more than four times daily. When baseline FEV1 was greater than 70% of predicted and when there had been no respiratory infection or allergen exposure for six weeks, histamine and methacholine inhalation tests were carried out on separate days to determine the provocation concentration causing a fall in FEV1 of 20% (PC20). There was a close correlation between the PC20 to the two agents. The patients were grouped into 1, those who required no medication; 2, those who required salbutamol (200 microgram) occasionally but not daily; 3, those who required daily salbutamol; and 4, those who required additional beclomethasone dipropionate. The mean PC20 was highest in group 1 and lowest in group 4; there was a significant difference between each group. The results indicate that airway responsiveness to vasoactive amines is either an important determinant of the severity of asthma and the medication requirements or a consequence of the severity of asthma. They raise the possibility that measurement of responsiveness may be useful in some patients with established asthma to substantiate or question medication needs.