tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Assessing Cd8 T Cell Number and Dysfunction in the Presence of Antigen
Authors: Raymond M. Welsh
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

CD8 T cells proliferate and differentiate into cytokine-secreting cytolytic effectors on encounter with viral antigens. As virus is cleared the activated T cells undergo apoptosis, but some survive and enter the memory pool where they persist indefinitely, slowly dividing in a relatively quiescent state until reactivation on reexposure to the antigen 1. The dynamics of this whole process can be variable and change as a consequence of the antigen load, the diversity of the available T cell repertoire, and the age of the host. During persistent infections, T cells and antigen coexist in an interactive environment, leading to a continued evolution of T cells that often become dysfunctional. New technologies with avidin-linked MHC tetramers, chimeric IgG–MHC dimers, and peptide-induced intracellular cytokine assays have allowed for the identification of multiclonal populations of antigen-specific T cells and are now showing how T cells can be heterogeneous in their expression of surface antigens and exist in dramatically different functional states. Under certain conditions, antigen-specific T cells may lack effector activity, and under other conditions, fully functional T cells may lack reactivity with MHC tetramers or dimers, leading one to conclude that monitoring T cell responses by a single technique may lead to misconceptions of the nature of an ongoing T cell response.
Effect of sand running on speed and cardiorespiratory endurance of university male students
Authors: Sreenivasa Rao Kondapalli
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of sand running on speed and cardiorespiratory endurance. To achieve this, 30 male students studying in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuana University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects at random. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 24 years. The selected subjects were divided into two equal groups of 15 subjects each, such as sand running group and control group. Group I underwent sand running programme for 3 days/week for 12 weeks. Group II acting as control group did not participate in any special training programmes apart from their regular physical education activities per their curriculum. The following variables such as speed and cardiorespiratory endurance were selected as criterion variables. All the subjects of three groups were tested on selected criterion variables prior to and immediately after the training programme by using 50-m run and Cooper's 12-min run/walk test, respectively. The analysis of covariance was used to analyse the significant difference, if any, between the groups. The level of significance to the test ‘F’ ratio obtained by the analysis of covariance was tested at 0.05 level of confidence, which was considered appropriate. The results of the study revealed that there was significant difference between sand running group and control group on selected speed and endurance parameters, namely speed and cardiorespiratory endurance.
Letters to My Hospital Internes, Past and Present.
Authors: Casey A. Wood
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Efficient Cutoff Points for Three Screening Tests for Detecting Undiagnosed Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes
Authors: Ping Zhang, Michael M. Engelgau, Rodolfo Valdez, Betsy Cadwell, Stephanie M. Benjamin, K.M. Venkat Narayan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—Opportunistic screening for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes (either impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose) is recommended by the American Diabetes Association. The aim of this study was to determine efficient cutoff points for three screening tests for detecting undiagnosed diabetes alone or both undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We estimated the number of individuals with undiagnosed diabetes alone or with both undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes that could be detected by using different cutoff points for each screening test as the product of the prevalence of each condition, the sensitivity of the tests at each cutoff point for identifying each condition, and the number of individuals who would be eligible for screening in the U.S. We estimated the total cost of opportunistic screening by multiplying the cost for screening one person by the number of individuals screened. RESULTS—The most efficient cutoff points for both detecting pre-diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes (100 mg/dl for the fasting plasma glucose test, 5.0% for the HbA1c test, and 100 mg/dl for the random capillary blood glucose test) were less than those for detecting undiagnosed diabetes alone (110 mg/dl for the fasting plasma glucose test, 5.7% for the HbA1c test, and 120 mg/dl for the random capillary blood glucose test). CONCLUSIONS—A lower cutoff value should be used when screening for pre-diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes together than when screening for undiagnosed diabetes alone.
Is cannibalism a myth?
Authors: T Smith
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The idea of cannibalism is familiar to all of us brought up on cartoons of missionaries in pith helmets standing in large cooking pots surrounded by dancing savages waiting for the water to boil.

We are now being told this was all racially prejudiced fantasy invented by early European explorers on their return home who were determined to impress their listeners with the primitive state of the peoples they had encountered. The latest debunker of the alleged myth of cannibalism is the Reith lecturer Marina Warner, who asserts that “Cannibalism has taken place and has been - and is - very widely and deeply experienced. In the imagination. It has been …
Family Studies of Hypergastrinemic, Hyperpepsinogenemic I Duodenal Ulcer
Authors: I. L. TAYLOR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

Antral G-cell hyperfunction is a rare cause of hypergastrinemia, hyperchlorhydria, and duodenal ulcer disease. We found evidence for a familial basis for this disorder. The probands were two young men with aggressive duodenal ulcer who had basal and postprandial hypergastrinemia, hyperpepsinogenemia I, and basal and pentagastrin-stimulated hyperchlorhydria. All characteristics returned to normal after antrectomy and vagotomy. Antral gastrin concentrations and quantitative G-cell counts were normal, indicating hyperfunction of G-cells rather than hyperplasia. Four of 10 first-degree relatives of the two patients shared with them the combination of postprandial hypergastrinemia and hyperpepsinogenemia I. The aggregation of these abnormalities in two families, each identified by a proband with hypergastrinemic, hyperpepsinogenemic I duodenal ulcer, suggests that antral G-cell hyperfunction may have a genetic basis.
Indirect angiogenic cytokines upregulate VEGF and bFGF gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas hypoxia upregulates VEGF expression only.
Authors: E Brogi, T Wu, A Namiki, J M Isner
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Hypoxia and indirect angiogenic factors may stimulate angiogenesis via induction of endothelial cell mitogen(s). To evaluate this hypothesis, we investigated whether low oxygen tension or cytokines known to promote neovascularization in vivo could modulate the expression of either vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS SMCs were treated with platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) or transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) or exposed to low oxygen tension in serum-free medium. Northern analysis detected low basal levels of VEGF and bFGF mRNA in extracts of unstimulated SMCs. However, both VEGF and bFGF transcripts increased after administration of PDGF-BB (10 or 20 ng/mL) or TGF-beta 1 (0.1 to 10 ng/mL). Hypoxia was a potent stimulus for VEGF gene expression but had no apparent effect on bFGF steady-state mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that certain indirect angiogenic cytokines, such as PDGF-BB or TGF-beta 1, may act via induction of bFGF and VEGF gene expression in cells resident near endothelial cells in vivo. Hypoxia constitutes a potent stimulus for VEGF gene expresion but does not regulate bFGF under the same experimental conditions.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in patients receiving vincristine and vinblastine.
Authors: J A Whittaker, I P Griffith
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Three patients receiving vincristine or binblastine developed recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, which resolved when the drug was withdrawn. The presence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with lymphoma may obscure the correct diagnosis, with the danger that the condition will produce respiratory distress if vinca alkaloid treatment is continued.
Tenure in Medical Schools
Authors: William Regelson
Journal: JAMA (1984)

To the Editor.—  Tenure is our last refuge against intimidation and serves as a security system to protect universities from disruption associated with administrative changes. Originally designed to protect faculty from outside political influences, tenure's current role is to help faculty combat political problems from within. Tenure is not a stifling exercise for oligarchical control of a university but an effort on the part of faculty to maintain some level of security for productive work.  The tenure promotions process is based on merit, with a peer review and appeals system that can bypass the hostilities of superiors. Tenure is often our only hope for faculty integrity in a competitive university society that is increasingly run by an isolated administration with absolute control over space and income.  Lack of productivity or loss of teaching skills is usually not the problem of tenured faculty. More often, loss of grant or administrative support
Factors modulating the delivery and effect of enzymatic cargo conjugated with antibodies targeted to the pulmonary endothelium
Authors: Vladimir V. Shuvaev, Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou, Arnaud Scherpereel, Eric Simone, Evguenia Arguiri, Samira Tliba, Jeremy Pick, Stephen Kennel, Steven M. Albelda, Vladimir R. Muzykantov
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2007)
Limbic Responsiveness to Procaine in Cocaine-Addicted Subjects
Authors: Bryon Adinoff, Michael D. Devous, Susan M. Best, Mark S. George, Deanna Alexander, Kelly Payne
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

The limbic system plays a critical role in motivation, emotional expression, and memory. The authors investigated whether a state of permanent limbic neuronal hyperexcitability, or sensitization, is present in cocaine addicts as a consequence of repeated cocaine use.Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was used to compare the central nervous system response to the limbic stimulus procaine in 10 cocaine-dependent male patients and 10 healthy comparison male subjects.The cocaine-addicted subjects demonstrated bilateral activation of the orbitofrontal cortex after the procaine challenge, whereas the comparison subjects showed activation of the anterior cingulate, bilateral insular, and right amygdalar regions. After receiving placebo, the cocaine-addicted subjects showed markedly lower rCBF in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex than the comparison subjects.The pattern of hypoperfusion in the placebo state followed by heightened activation with procaine in the cocaine-addicted subjects is similar to the pattern of interictal hypoperfusion and ictal hyperperfusion that has been observed in subjects with epilepsy. The findings for the cocaine-addicted subjects may thus represent evidence of localized (orbitofrontal) sensitization.
Carcinomas Contain a Matrix Metalloproteinase–Resistant Isoform of Type I Collagen Exerting Selective Support to Invasion
Authors: Elena Makareeva, Sejin Han, Juan Carlos Vera, Dan L. Sackett, Kenn Holmbeck, Charlotte L. Phillips, Robert Visse, Hideaki Nagase, Sergey Leikin
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Collagen fibers affect metastasis in two opposing ways, by supporting invasive cells but also by generating a barrier to invasion. We hypothesized that these functions might be performed by different isoforms of type I collagen. Carcinomas are reported to contain alpha1(I)(3) homotrimers, a type I collagen isoform normally not present in healthy tissues, but the role of the homotrimers in cancer pathophysiology is unclear. In this study, we found that these homotrimers were resistant to all collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). MMPs are massively produced and used by cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts for degrading stromal collagen at the leading edge of tumor invasion. The MMP-resistant homotrimers were produced by all invasive cancer cell lines tested, both in culture and in tumor xenografts, but they were not produced by cancer-associated fibroblasts, thereby comprising a specialized fraction of tumor collagen. We observed the homotrimer fibers to be resistant to pericellular degradation, even upon stimulation of the cells with proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we confirmed an enhanced proliferation and migration of invasive cancer cells on the surface of homotrimeric versus normal (heterotrimeric) type I collagen fibers. In summary, our findings suggest that invasive cancer cells may use homotrimers for building MMP-resistant invasion paths, supporting local proliferation and directed migration of the cells whereas surrounding normal stromal collagens are cleaved. Because the homotrimers are universally secreted by cancer cells and deposited as insoluble, MMP-resistant fibers, they offer an appealing target for cancer diagnostics and therapy.
993-40 Characteristics of the Atrial Signal-averaged Electrocardiograms in Patients with Sick Sinus Syndrome – the Presence of “Atrial Early Potential”
Authors: Hiroshi Oe, Takahisa Yamada, Masatake Fukunami, Masaharu Ohmori, Kazuaki Kumagai, Yasushi Abe, Nagahiro Nishikawa, Jiyoong Kim, Noritake Hoki
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Psychotropic agents finding analgesic use
Authors: Beverly J. Montgomery
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Reports are increasing regarding the efficacy of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs in raising pain thresholds when used alone or as adjuncts to analgesics. The "target" effects of psychotropic medications on symptoms of psychosis and depression have been described often and extensively. But more recently there also has been news of such agents' usefulness in managing acute and chronic pain syndromes. In the November 1977 issue of<i>Headache</i>, Heikki Hakkarainen, MD, of the Tampere, Finland, University Hospital reported results of a double-blind crossover study with 50 patients suffering chronic tension headaches. (The trial was completed by 48 patients; two stopped treatment because of extrapyramidal side effects.) The study compared placebo and fluphenazine, a fluorinated piperazine derivative of phenothiazine, with each patient receiving two 0.5-mg tablets daily for two months. According to Dr Hakkarainen, there was a statistically significant reduction in the duration and severity of pain with fluphenazine vs that obtained
Association between responsiveness to phenobarbital induction of CYP2B1/2 and 3A1 in rat hepatic hyperplastic nodules and their zonal origin.
Authors: Z Y Chen, D L Eaton
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

To explore further the mechanism underlying the alteration in expression of P450 enzymes in hepatic preneoplastic lesions, expression of CYP2B1/2 and 3A1 in individual hepatic hyperplastic nodules induced by an aflatoxin B1 (AFB) administration protocol and the Solt-Farber resistance protocol in male F344 rats was examined via immunohistology. In nodules induced by the resistance protocol, expression of both CYP2B1/2 and 3A1 proteins was highly variable among different nodules, whereas these P450 proteins were expressed in all nodules induced by the AFB protocol. Nodules induced by the resistance protocol have been shown previously to arise from throughout the acinar lobule. In contrast to the resistance protocol, the AFB protocol causes extensive periportal necrosis, potentially resulting in a heavy selection pressure for clonal expansion of initiated cells arising from the centrilobular area. As phenobarbital-induced expression of both CYP2B1/2 and 3A1 in normal liver is heavily localized to the centrilobular zone, these observations suggest that the ability of preneoplastic nodules to respond to induction of these P450 proteins is determined primarily from the zonal origin of the precursor hepatocytes. Thus, the nodules from the resistance protocol that express little or no CYP2B1/2 and 3A1 may have been derived from the periportal hepatocytes, whereas all the nodules in the AFB group and some of the nodules from the resistance protocol which expressed these P450 proteins in response to phenobarbital induction may have been derived from centrilobular hepatocytes.
Increasing prescription of drugs for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction
Authors: J. Smith, K. S Channer
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Mortality from acute myocardial infarction is reduced after treatment in the recovery period by the selective use of aspirin, β blockers, warfarin, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.1 Despite evidence from trials, the use of β blockers has not been translated into clinical practice.2 Most patients with myocardial infarction are managed by general physicians and general practitioners, but immediate coronary care is increasingly complex and the choice of drug for secondary prevention has increased, adding to the confusion. Cardiologists need to guide management decisions without necessarily taking over complete care of patients with cardiovascular disease. We audited the use of drugs for secondary prevention before and after an intervention aimed at increasing their use.

About 75% of patients with suspected myocardial infarction are admitted to the coronary care unit3 and managed by the admitting medical firm according to guidelines provided by the cardiologist. On a daily ward round the consultant cardiologist supervises management, but on discharge …
[572] RANDOMIZED, OPEN LABEL TRIAL COMPARING EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF PEGYLATED INTERFERON ALFA 2b VS ALFA 2b TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C INFECTED WITH NON 2/3 GENOTYPES - FINAL ANALYSIS
Authors: H. Berak, A. Kolakowska-Rzadzka, M. Wasilewski, J. Kowalska, J.J. Stanczak, K. Bardadin, A. Horban
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Combined Prolonged Exposure Therapy and Paroxetine for PTSD Related to the World Trade Center Attack: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Franklin R. Schneier, Yuval Neria, Martina Pavlicova, Elizabeth Hembree, Eun Jung Suh, Lawrence Amsel, Randall D. Marshall
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2011)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often recommended in combination with established cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but combined initial treatment of PTSD has not been studied under controlled conditions. There are also few studies of either SSRIs or CBT in treating PTSD related to terrorism. The authors compared prolonged exposure therapy (a CBT) plus paroxetine (an SSRI) with prolonged exposure plus placebo in the treatment of terrorism-related PTSD.Adult survivors of the World Trade Center attack of September 11, 2001, with PTSD were randomly assigned to 10 weeks of treatment with prolonged exposure (10 sessions) plus paroxetine (N=19) or prolonged exposure plus placebo (N=18). After week 10, patients discontinued prolonged exposure and were offered 12 additional weeks of continued randomized treatment.Patients treated with prolonged exposure plus paroxetine experienced significantly greater improvement in PTSD symptoms (incidence rate ratio=0.50, 95% CI=0.30-0.85) and remission status (odds ratio=12.6, 95% CI=1.23-129) during 10 weeks of combined treatment than patients treated with prolonged exposure plus placebo. Response rate and quality of life were also significantly more improved with combined treatment. The subset of patients who continued randomized treatment for 12 additional weeks showed no group differences.Initial treatment with paroxetine plus prolonged exposure was more efficacious than prolonged exposure plus placebo for PTSD related to the World Trade Center attack. Combined treatment medication and prolonged exposure therapy deserves further study in larger samples with diverse forms of PTSD and over longer follow-up periods.
An Additional Basic Science for Clinical Medicine: I. The Constraining Fundamental Paradigms
Authors: ALVAN R. FEINSTEIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

The four main conceptual paradigms of basic biomedical research are that the explication of mechanisms is a primary goal of science; that scientific data must be "hard"; that formulation of hypotheses and counter-hypotheses is a principal creative challenge; and that experiments are the main mechanism for using scientific methods to conduct investigations. Although suitable for the spectacular accomplishments of biomedical research, these paradigms do not offer a satisfactory foundation for the additional basic science needed in the managerial decisions of patient care. For these decisions, the primary scientific goal is usually prediction rather than explication alone; the crucial data often involve "soft" information about clinical and personal phenomena; and the main creative challenge is to develop an improved methodology for getting adequate data and making unbiased comparisons. Although the experiments conducted as randomized clinical trials have been scientifically helpful, the improved methods will have to include evidence obtained in the often unplanned "experiments" of ordinary clinical practice.
Mary Graham Findlay
Authors: Ian D Findlay, A Graham Findlay
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former medical superintendent Rainy Women's Hospital, Madras, India (b Aberdeen 1920; q Edinburgh 1943), died from left ventricular failure with pneumonia on 8 April 2004.

Mary Findlay followed in her mother's footsteps as a medical missionary, going first to Kailimpong in north India. In 1947 she joined her parents in Mukden (now Shenyang), Manchuria, working in a women's clinic under the aegis of the Church of Scotland. In 1950 the Communist Chinese government took over, and she returned to Scotland, but later went back to India, becoming the senior doctor at Rainy Women's Hospital in Madras. In 1967 she joined a general practice partnership in Leven, Fife, where she remained until retirement. In the 1980s she returned to Manchuria to teach medical English.