tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Activation energy for water diffusion across the toad bladder: evidence against the pore enlargement hypothesis
Authors: Richard M. Hays, Nicholas Franki, Roy Soberman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

The activation energy (E(A)) for the diffusion of water across the epithelial cell layer of the toad bladder was determined in the absence and presence of vasopressin. An experimental approach was employed which minimized the effects of unstirred layers and the thick supporting layer of the bladder on the measurement of water diffusion. E(A) in the absence of vasopressin was 11.7 +/-1.4 kcal.mole(-1); after vasopressin it was 10.6+/-1.1 kcal.mole(-1). The difference between the two values was not significant. The results are consistent with an increase in the number rather than the size of aqueous channels in the cell membrane, a finding which differs from the generally held view that the hormone increases the radius of pores in the membrane.
379 COMPUTER-ASSISTED IMAGE ANALYSIS OF LIVER COLLAGEN IN HBV PATIENTS
Authors: P. Manousou, A. Burroughs, G. Baltayiannis, A. Papoudou-Bai, A. Gousia, A. Tzallas, D. Chatzidis, D. Sigounas, D. Christodoulou, A. Dhillon, E.V. Tsianos
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Morphological and Physiological Predictors of Fetal Aortic Coarctation
Authors: Hikoro Matsui, Mats Mellander, Michael Roughton, Hana Jicinska, Helena M. Gardiner
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Background— Prenatal diagnosis of aortic coarctation suffers from high false-negative rates at screening and poor specificity. Methods and Results— This retrospective study tested the applicability of published aortic arch and ductal Z scores (measured just before the descending aorta in the 3-vessel and tracheal view) and their ratio on 200 consecutive normal controls at a median of 22±0 gestational weeks (range, 15±4 to 38±4 weeks). Second, this study tested the ability of serial Z scores to distinguish fetuses with coarctation within a cohort with ventricular and/or great arterial disproportion detected at screening or fetal echocardiography. Third, it evaluated the diagnostic significance of associated cardiac lesions, coarctation shelf, and isthmal flow disturbance. We studied 44 fetuses with suspected coarctation at 24±0 weeks (range, 17±3 to 37±4 weeks). Receiver-operating characteristic curves were created. Logistic regression tested the association between z scores, additional cardiac diagnoses, and coarctation. Good separation was found of isthmal Z scores for cases requiring surgery from controls and false-positive cases, and receiver-operating characteristic curves showed an excellent area under the curve for isthmal Z score (0.963) and isthmal-to-ductal ratio (0.969). Serial isthmal Z scores improved to &gt;−2 in suspected cases with normal outcomes; those requiring surveillance or surgery remained &lt;−2. Minor lesions did not increase the diagnostic specificity of coarctation, but isthmal flow disturbance increased the odds ratio of true coarctation versus arch hypoplasia 16-fold. Conclusions— Isthmal Z scores and isthmal-to-ductal ratio are sensitive indicators of fetal coarctation. Serial measurements and abnormal isthmal flow patterns improve diagnostic specificity and may reduce false positives.
14 Donor age does not influence progression of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation
Authors: D.N. Samonakis, C.K. Triantos, U. Thalheimer, A. Quaglia, G. Leandro, G.V. Papatheodoridis, R. Teixeira, M.L. Raimondo, N. Rolando, A.P. Dhillon, D.W. Patch, B.R. Davidson, K. Rolles, A.K. Burroughs
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Skin and kin
Authors: C. Moss
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2005)

The skin, as an organ, is often taken for granted, seen as cosmetic coverage for the more important technology on the inside. Its vital metabolic, immunological, homeostatic and barrier functions are easily overlooked—perhaps because, as an organ, it so rarely fails. The skin's robustness is particularly remarkable since, unlike the protected internal organs, its existence and integrity are constantly threatened by physical damage, wear and abuse. The particular property of skin to stay in place, stuck firmly on the body, is complex, underestimated, and devastating when faulty. Dear reader in 2055, let me tell you a story of genetic disorder and our hopes for a better medical future.
New Insights Regarding the Atrial Flutter Reentrant Circuit
Authors: Kikuya Uno, Koichiro Kumagai, Celeen M. Khrestian, Albert L. Waldo
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —We studied atrial activation during induced atrial flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model to test the hypothesis that the atrial flutter reentrant circuit includes a septal component. Methods and Results —We studied 10 episodes of induced, sustained (&gt;5 minutes) atrial flutter in 9 dogs. In all episodes, the reentrant circuit included a septal component. In 6 episodes, there were 2 reentrant circuits, one in the right atrial free wall and the second involving the atrial septum, Bachmann’s bundle, and the right atrial free wall; both circuits shared a pathway in the right atrial free wall (figure-of-eight). The direction (superior or inferior) of the septal wave front of the second circuit correlated with the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise, respectively) of the right atrial free-wall circuit. A line of functional block in the right atrial free wall was part of both reentrant circuits. In the other 4 atrial flutter episodes, only 1 reentrant circuit was present, with activation in an inferior-to-superior direction in the septum and a superior-to-inferior direction in the right atrial free wall in 2 episodes and in the opposite direction in the other 2 episodes. In all atrial flutter episodes, the flutter wave polarity in ECG lead II was determined by the direction of activation in the left atrium; polarity was positive when the direction was superior to inferior and negative when the direction was inferior to superior. Conclusions —In this model of atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit (1) always included a septal component, (2) did not always require a right atrial free-wall reentrant circuit, (3) demonstrated figure-of-eight reentry when a reentrant circuit was present in the right atrial free wall, and (4) was associated with a line of functional block in the right atrial free wall.
Negative signaling in B cells by surface immunoglobulins
Authors: Mitsufumi Mayumi, Shin-Ichi Sumimoto, Shu-Ichi Kanazashi, Daisuke Hata, Koji Yamaoka, Yasunobu Higaki, Tsuyoshi Ishigami, Kwang-Myong Kim, Toshio Heike, Kenji Katamura
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1996)
Mechanism of topical glucocorticoid treatment of hay fever: IL-5 and eosinophil activation during natural allergen exposure are suppressed, but IL-4, IL-6, and IgE antibody production are unaffected
Authors: Hirohito Kita, Ronald K. Jorgensen, Charles E. Reed, Sandra L. Dunnette, Mark C. Swanson, Kathleen R. Bartemes, Diane Squillace, Judy Blomgren, Kay Bachman, Gerald J. Gleich
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2000)
Ignoring evidence has led to ineffective drug policies, shows research
Authors: H. Mooney
Journal: BMJ (2012)

National drug control initiatives often lack an evidence base, while existing international treaties have done little to prevent drug misuse, say experts in a series of studies published in the Lancet. Every year some 200 million people worldwide use illicit drugs, and the burden of drug use in developed countries is similar to that caused by alcohol, shows one of the studies (Lancet 2012;379:55-70, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61138-0). Speaking at a press briefing to launch the series, John Strang, head of the National Addiction Centre at Kingâ?Ts College London and author of a study on the success of drug policies in different countries, said that â?opolicy makers have pursued many drug control initiatives that lack scientific evidence for their effectiveness and that can cause harm through unintended consequences.â? He added, â?oMuch public debate in drug policy is only minimally informed by scientific evidence. Values and political processes are important drivers of drug policy, but evidence of effectiveness and cost effectiveness can help the public and policy makers to select policies that best achieve agreed goals.â?
Prediction of in vivo drug metabolism in the human liver from in vitro metabolism data
Authors: Takafumi Iwatsubo, Noriko Hirota, Tsuyoshi Ooie, Hiroshi Suzuki, Noriaki Shimada, Kan Chiba, Takashi Ishizaki, Carol E. Green, Charles A. Tyson, Yuichi Sugiyama
Journal: Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997)
Forkhead Transcription Factor <i>Foxq1</i> Promotes Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Haijun Zhang, Fanyan Meng, Gang Liu, Bin Zhang, Jun Zhu, Feng Wu, Stephen P. Ethier, Fred Miller, Guojun Wu
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes cancer invasion and metastasis, but the integrative mechanisms that coordinate these processes are incompletely understood. In this study, we used a cross-species expression profiling strategy in metastatic cell lines of human and mouse origin to identify 22 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated genes that are part of an essential genetic program in metastasis. In particular, we identified a novel function in metastasis that was not previously known for the transcription factor Forkhead Box Q1 (Foxq1). Ectopic expression of Foxq1 increased cell migration and invasion in vitro, enhanced the lung metastatic capabilities of mammary epithelial cells in vivo, and triggered a marked EMT. In contrast, Foxq1 knockdown elicited converse effects on these phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Neither ectopic expression nor knockdown of Foxq1 significantly affected cell proliferation or colony formation in vitro. Notably, Foxq1 repressed expression of the core EMT regulator E-cadherin by binding to the E-box in its promoter region. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that Foxq1 expression is regulated by TGF-β1, and that Foxq1 knockdown blocked TGF-β1-induced EMT at both morphological and molecular levels. Our findings highlight the feasibility of cross-species expression profiling as a strategy to identify metastasis-related genes, and they reveal that EMT induction is a likely mechanism underlying a novel metastasis-promoting function of Foxq1 defined here in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 71(4); 1292–301. ©2011 AACR.
Rib Fracture Following Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
Authors: Sinisa Stanic, Thomas P. Boike, William G. Rule, Robert D. Timmerman
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Although the incidence of rib fractures after conventional radiotherapy is generally low (<2%), rib fractures are a relatively common complication of stereotactic body radiotherapy. For malignancy adjacent to the chest wall, the incidence of rib fractures after stereotactic body radiotherapy is as high as 10%. Unrecognized bone fractures can mimic bone metastases on bone scintigraphy, can lead to extensive workup, and can even lead to consideration of unnecessary systemic chemotherapy, as treatment decisions can be based on imaging findings alone. Nuclear medicine physicians and diagnostic radiologists should always consider rib fracture in the differential diagnosis.
Cost-Effectiveness of Bariatric Surgery for Severely Obese Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Thomas J. Hoerger, Ping Zhang, Joel E. Segel, Henry S. Kahn, Lawrence E. Barker, Steven Couper
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

To analyze the cost-effectiveness of bariatric surgery in severely obese (BMI >or=35 kg/m(2)) adults who have diabetes, using a validated diabetes cost-effectiveness model.We expanded the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-RTI Diabetes Cost-Effectiveness Model to incorporate bariatric surgery. In this simulation model, bariatric surgery may lead to diabetes remission and reductions in other risk factors, which then lead to fewer diabetes complications and increased quality of life (QoL). Surgery is also associated with perioperative mortality and subsequent complications, and patients in remission may relapse to diabetes. We separately estimate the costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and cost-effectiveness of gastric bypass surgery relative to usual diabetes care and of gastric banding surgery relative to usual diabetes care. We examine the cost-effectiveness of each type of surgery for severely obese individuals who are newly diagnosed with diabetes and for severely obese individuals with established diabetes.In all analyses, bariatric surgery increased QALYs and increased costs. Bypass surgery had cost-effectiveness ratios of $7,000/QALY and $12,000/QALY for severely obese patients with newly diagnosed and established diabetes, respectively. Banding surgery had cost-effectiveness ratios of $11,000/QALY and $13,000/QALY for the respective groups. In sensitivity analyses, the cost-effectiveness ratios were most affected by assumptions about the direct gain in QoL from BMI loss following surgery.Our analysis indicates that gastric bypass and gastric banding are cost-effective methods of reducing mortality and diabetes complications in severely obese adults with diabetes.
LESIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF SYPHILIS IN THE FŒTUS AND INFANT AT BIRTH.Read before the Milwaukee Medical Society, March 22, 1892.
Authors: L. BOORSE
Journal: JAMA (1892)

The disastrous influence of syphilis on pregnancy, as frequently shown by. the premature expulsion of the product of conception; the excessive fatality of inherited syphilis; and the unfortunate consequences which may be entailed upon the offspring that survive, make the subject one that, in the interest of the progeny of syphilitic parents, merits the special attention of the obstetrician. Carpenter states that of 657 syphilitic females, 231 miscarried, while 426 were delivered at term of living and dead children. Kassowitz asserts that one-third of all children procreated of syphilitic parents are stillborn, and 34 per cent. of those born living, die in the first six months of life. So frequently is syphilis a cause of non-viability and premature delivery, that whenever a woman repeatedly miscarries, or gives birth to a dead fœtus, suspicion of this disease in the parents may be entertained. In view of the fact that, in the
Abstract 5351: Human papillomavirus prevalence in bladder cancer: Molecular and pathological analysis
Authors: Kazuyoshi Shigehara, Syohei Kawaguchi, Atsushi Mizokami, Toshiyuki Sasagawa, Yuji Maeda, Hiroyuki Konaka, Misako Kumaki, Mikio Namiki
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Objective: We preformed a molecular and pathological analysis to elucidate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in bladder cancer. Patients and Methods: 72 cases of bladder cancer treated at Kanazawa University Hospital were enrolled in this study. As a negative control, 10 tissue samples including pathologically normal transitional cell (TC) epithelium were used. DNA was extracted from each frozen sample, and DNA quality was confirmed by amplifying the β-globin gene using PCR. Samples were tested for HPV-DNA by modified GP5+/6+ PCR, and the genotype was determined using a Hybri-Max HPV genotyping kit. Moreover, in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed to confirm presence of HPV-DNA in tumor tissue using the paraffin-embedded tissue of each sample. We compared the categorical characters such as patient's age, gender, tumor grade and tumor stage between HPV positive group and negative group. Results: Mean age of 72 patients (58 men and 14 women) was 65.2 years. 15 cases were grade1 (G1), 49, grade2 (G2) and 8, grade3 (G3). β-globin gene could be amplified by PCR test in all bladder cancer samples and normal TC epithelium. HPV-DNA was detected in 14 cases (19%) of bladder cancer samples, and was not detected in all normal TC epithelium. The grade of HPV-positive tumor indicated that 7 cases were G1 and 7 cases were G2. HPV genotypes indicated high-risk type in all cases, as follow; HPV16: 6 cases, HPV18: 4 cases, HPV33: 3 cases and HPV56: 1 case. On ISH analysis, high-risk HPV genome signals were observed in the nuclei of most of the tumor cells in all HPV positive cases. On the other hands, high-risk HPV signals were not observed in the HPV negative cases and normal TC epithelium. Type 6/11 genome signals were not shown in all samples. We compared the categorical characters between HPV positive cases and HPV negative cases. HPV-DNA was detected frequently in younger age and low grade (G1) tumor (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusions: HPV-DNA was detected in 19% of bladder cancer. Especially, HPV-DNA was frequently detected in low grade bladder cancer generated in the younger patients. In these cases, we demonstrated HPV-DNA was presented in the tumor tissue by ISH. We consider HPV infection can be one of etiological factors of bladder tumor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5351.
Signal Transduction in Atria and Ventricles of Mice With Transient Cardiac Expression of Activated G Protein α <sub>q</sub>
Authors: U. Mende, A. Kagen, M. Meister, E. J. Neer
Journal: Circulation Research (1999)

Abstract —We recently showed that the transient expression of a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope–tagged, constitutively active mutant of the G protein α q subunit (HAα q *) in the hearts of transgenic mice is sufficient to induce cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation that continue to progress after HAα q * protein becomes undetectable. We demonstrated that the activity of phospholipase Cβ, the immediate downstream target of activated Gα q , is increased at 2 weeks, when HAα q * is expressed, but also at 10 weeks, when HAα q * is no longer detectable. This observation suggested that the transient HAα q * expression causes multiple, persistent changes in cellular signaling pathways. We now demonstrate changes in the level, activity, or both of several signaling components, including changes in the amount and hormone responsiveness of phospholipase Cβ enzymes, in the basal level of diacylglycerol (which predominantly reflects activation of phospholipase D), in the amount or distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms (PKCα, PKCδ, and PKCε), and in the amount of several endogenous G proteins. These changes vary depending on the isoform of the signaling molecule, the chamber in which it is expressed, and the presence or absence of HAα q *. Our results suggest that a network of linked signaling functions determines the development of hypertrophy. They also suggest that atria and ventricles represent different signaling domains. It is likely that such changes occur in other model systems in which the activity of a single signaling component is increased, either due to an activating mutation or due to overexpression of the wild type.
Blood Pressure Recording In the Tense Patient
Authors: R. A. Lippin
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  Regarding the letter (227:327, 1974) supporting Dr. Klinefelter's method for recording blood pressure in the tense patient, I have the following comments.  A few preliminary deep breaths in most anxious patients will no doubt be followed by a reduction in blood pressure. I agree that muscle relaxation associated with the relaxing effect of the diversion of breathing are the operant psychophysiologic mechanisms.  What is evident, however, is that a blood pressure reading under these circumstances is spuriously low secondary to the very factors stated above. The anxious patient most often leads a life of increased muscle tension and minimal diversion from daily stress. To purposely induce decreased blood pressure in a potentially hypertensive patient and record that pressure as typical is misleading. Patients who are normotensive in the doctor's office could very well be hypertensive in daily life.
Abstract 4209: Genotypic agreement between histological specimen and preoperative cytology in small lung adenocarcinoma.
Authors: Noriko Hirai, Sasaki Takaaki, Yoshinori Minami, Masahiro Kitada, Naoyuki Miyokawa, Yoshinobu Ohsaki
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background. Histological subtype and genotype is critical for making treatment decisions and improving patient outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Approximately 70% of lung cancers are diagnosed in advanced stages where small biopsies and cytological specimens are the only source of material for both diagnosis and genotyping. Patients with specific gene alterations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) likely receive more benefit from EGFR TKI or ALK TKI therapy, respectively. Although, genotyping agreement from cytological and histological samples is critical, more investigational studies need to be explored to assess the concordance of genotype. Purpose. We performed a comparing investigation on concordance rate for pathological diagnosis and EGFR gene mutation status between surgical specimen and preoperative cytological specimen in small lung cancer. Additionally we reviewed immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with two different ALK specific antibodies. Materials and Methods. 55 patients who had surgically resected small (≦3cm) lung adenocarcinoma with known preoperative bronchial brushing cytology were examined retrospectively. IHC staining was conducted by mutation-specific antibodies using E746-A750 deletion and L858R for EGFR or 5A4 and D5F3 for ALK. DNA analysis was performed by PNA-RNA PCR clamp assay. Results. 1) Diagnostic concordance rate between cytological and histological specimen was 90.9%. Disagreement cases were included one case of squamous cell carcinoma, two cases of small cell carcinoma, one case of melanoma and one case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma by cytology. 2) In IHC positive for mutation-specific EGFR antibodies, the sensitivity was 83% in E746-A750 and 100% in L858R, respectively. In EGFR IHC positive cases, well to moderate differentiation were dominant. 3) In ALK IHC, one case was observed stronger cytoplasmic staining in D5F3 than 5A4. Furthermore, the cribriform pattern was observed in H&amp;E staining. Distinctive cytological feature was not observed. Conclusion. Our results showed that high genotype concordance rates of histology and cytology agreement in small lung adenocarcinoma. Citation Format: Noriko Hirai, Sasaki Takaaki, Yoshinori Minami, Masahiro Kitada, Naoyuki Miyokawa, Yoshinobu Ohsaki. Genotypic agreement between histological specimen and preoperative cytology in small lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4209. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4209