tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Swallowing Reflex by Lung Volume Changes
Authors: MASATO KIJIMA, SHIROH ISONO, TAKASHI NISHINO
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

We investigated the effects of changes in lung volume on coordination of respiration and swallowing in 11 healthy subjects. Swallowing reflexes were elicited by bolus injections of a small amount of distilled water (1 ml) and by continuous infusion of distilled water (3 ml/min) into the pharynx at three different levels of lung volume. The lung volume was changed by application of negative extrathoracic pressure (0, − 20, and − 40 cm H2O). We found that increases in lung volume prolonged the latency of swallows elicited by bolus injection of water and decreased the number of swallows during continuous infusion of water. In addition, the preponderant coupling of swallows with the expiratory phase observed before application of negative extrathoracic pressure was lost during application of negative extrathoracic pressure. These results may indicate that lung inflation has an inhibitory influence on the swallowing reflex, and modulates the timing of swallowing in reference to the respiratory cycle.
Case of Infantile Remittent Fever: Hydrocephalus: Convulsions: Kidneys congested: Urea in the Blood
Authors: J. R. Cormack
Journal: BMJ (1849)

THE relation which renal toxsemia bears to some of the symptoms, and in particular to the coma and convulsions which so often usher in death in acute Hydrocephalus, is often very intimate, and of much practical impor- tance.I am inclined to think thLat., ya just appreciation of it, I have often been led to adopt, and persevere in, treatment which has proved successful in the most discouraging circumstances.On the present occasion, how- ever, it is not proposed to detail cases in which recovery took place.The following is the history to which reference was made at p. 703.CASE of E. A., aged 18 months.The subject of the following history was, a few days before her decease, as robust, joyous, and beautiful an infant as could delight the eye.From my attendance at her birth, till the seizure with her fatal illness, she was much under my notice when visiting other members of the family; but, except on one occasion, it was never necessary for me to prescribe for her; and, then, the malady was so transient and trifling, as to have left no trace in my memory; and the only record is the formula for three aperient powders, entered in my daily prescription book.It can, therefore, be truly said, that her last was her only illness.Her teeth had, as the mother remarked, been found by her accidentally, and with surprise, as their coming had occa- sioned no feverish symptoms, whereas the other members of her nume- rous family had all suffered severely during dentition.The child was always plump, and firm in flesh; and she walked and spoke much better than is usual with infants of her age.On the 14th and 15th June 1849, she was Qbserved, both by the mother and nurse, to be fretful; and, on the latter day, she was drowsy.These symptoms were ascribed to the constipated state of the bowels; and to remedy that condition, the mother gave a dose of rhubarb and magnesia.It produced three dark-coloured, offensive, fluid stools.After these motions, the infant seemed decidedly better; she took some food with avidity, played for a short time with her brothers and sisters, and then fell asleep.The sleep continued, with liardly even momentary awaking, from 4 P.M. on the 15th, to 9 A.M. on the 16th, when she woke, and though in a languid condition, seemed contented and cheerful.At this time, when lying on her mother's knee, after passing a small quan- tity of high-coloured urine, and taking some food, she was observed to partially turn up the eyes and clench the fists; and about 11 A.M. the eyes suddenly turned quite upwards, the head and neck became bent rigidly backwards, and the whole frame was slightly convulsed.This seizure, wlhich did not last many minutes, was the first tbing which excited alarm, and caused me to be called in.I saw the little patient at 12} noon.She was then in a deep and tranquil sleep.The face was pale;
French surgeons are set to strike
Authors: Brad Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2004)

At least 2000 French surgeons planning strike action are expected to seek refuge in London in September to avoid being forced back to work by the police, in accordance with French employment law.

The action is also symbolic, in view of the demand in Britain for French surgeons and of British patients seeking surgery in France.

Since June the surgeons threatening strike action, a group called the Association de chirurgiens de France, have been exhorting surgeons to sign up for a return trip to London, from 30 August to 4 September, at a cost …
Changing U.S. Life Style and Declining Vascular Mortality — A Retrospective
Authors: Weldon J. Walker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Henry Blackburn advanced the idea that physicians tend to take either an academic or a pragmatic view of atherosclerosis.1 The academic view asserts that attempts to change individual living habits are hopeless — that research should be directed toward seeking a scientific answer. The pragmatic view contends that atherosclerosis is predominantly the result of life style in most affluent societies and that modification of this environment is the rational way to prevent coronary heart disease — a socioeconomic and cultural evolution.In a previous editorial I indicated that the first decline in age-specific coronary mortality in the United States started . . .
Encouragement of Medical Research
Authors: Richard M. Pearce
Journal: JAMA (1913)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The communication of Professor Hoskins in<i>Science</i>(A Plan for the Encouragement of Medical Research,<i>Science</i>, Feb. 21, 1913, p. 303), and your editorial (The Encouragement of Medical Research,The Journal, March 22, 1913, p. 906) suggest a means of aiding medical research which is generally neglected. We have in this country a large number of funds, controlled by medical schools, societies or hospitals, which were established for the purpose of offering prizes for essays, dissertations or theses on various phases of effort in medicine. These are awarded, almost without exception, to the successful one of a group of persons who have submitted essays. Occasionally the essays represent definite and valuable research work, but for the most part the award goes to a man who has submitted an essay based only on a digest of the literature of the subject in question, or occasionally with also a
Diagnostic Performance of Coronary CT Angiography and Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Kidney Transplantation Candidates
Authors: Simon Winther, My Svensson, Hanne Skou Jørgensen, Kirsten Bouchelouche, Lars Christian Gormsen, Birgitte Bang Pedersen, Niels Ramsing Holm, Hans Erik Bøtker, Per Ivarsen, Morten Bøttcher
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2015)
On the relation between motor imagery and visual imagery
Authors: Roberta L. Klatzky
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1994)

Jeannerod's target article describes support, through empirical and neurological findings, for the intriguing idea of motor imagery, a form of representation hypothesized to have levels of functional equivalence with motor preparation, while being consciously accessible. Jeannerod suggests that the subjectively accessible content of motor imagery allows it to be distinguished from motor preparation, which is unconscious. Motor imagery is distinguished from visual imagery in terms of content. Motor images are kinesthetic in nature; they are parametrized by variables such as force and time and they are potentially governed by kinematic rules. Jeannerod acknowledges, however, that motor and visual imagery may not easily be separated, because actions take place in a spatial environment. I agree; in fact, I suggest here that visualization may generally be concomitant with, and may even subjectively dominate, motor imagery.
Selective<scp>d</scp>-Dimer Testing for Diagnosis of a First Suspected Episode of Deep Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Lori-Ann Linkins, Shannon M. Bates, Eddy Lang, Susan R. Kahn, James D. Douketis, Jim Julian, Sameer Parpia, Peter Gross, Jeffrey I. Weitz, Frederick A. Spencer, Agnes Y.Y. Lee, Martin J. O'Donnell, Mark A. Crowther, Howard H. Chan, Wendy Lim, Sam Schulman, Jeffrey S. Ginsberg, Clive Kearon
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

D-Dimer testing is sensitive but not specific for diagnosing deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Changing the use of testing and the threshold level for a positive test result on the basis of risk for DVT might improve the tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity and reduce the need for testing.To determine whether using a selective D-dimer testing strategy based on clinical pretest probability (C-PTP) for DVT is safe and reduces diagnostic testing compared with using a single D-dimer threshold for all patients.Randomized, multicenter, controlled trial. Patients were allocated using a central automated system. Ultrasonographers and study adjudicators but not other study personnel were blinded to trial allocation. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00157677)5 Canadian hospitals.Consecutive symptomatic patients with a first episode of suspected DVT.Selective testing (n = 860), defined as D-dimer testing for outpatients with low or moderate C-PTP (DVT excluded at D-dimer levels <1.0 µg/mL [low C-PTP] or <0.5 µg/mL [moderate C-PTP]) and venous ultrasonography without D-dimer testing for outpatients with high C-PTP and inpatients, or uniform testing (n = 863), defined as D-dimer testing for all participants (DVT excluded at D-dimer levels <0.5 µg/mL).The proportion of patients not diagnosed with DVT during initial testing who had symptomatic venous thromboembolism during 3-month follow-up and the proportion of patients undergoing D-dimer testing and ultrasonography.The incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism at 3 months was 0.5% in both study groups (difference, 0.0 percentage point [95% CI, -0.8 to 0.8 percentage points]). Selective testing reduced the proportion of patients who required D-dimer testing by 21.8 percentage points (CI, 19.1 to 24.8 percentage points). It reduced the proportion who required ultrasonography by 7.6 percentage points (CI, 2.9 to 12.2 percentage points) overall and by 21.0 percentage points (CI, 14.2 to 27.6 percentage points) in outpatients with low C-PTP.Results may not be generalizable to all D-dimer assays or patients with previous DVT, study personnel were not blinded, and the trial was stopped prematurely.A selective D-dimer testing strategy seems as safe as and more efficient than having everyone undergo D-dimer testing when diagnosing a first episode of suspected DVT.Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario.
Life course body mass index and risk of knee osteoarthritis at the age of 53 years: evidence from the 1946 British birth cohort study
Authors: Andrew K Wills, Stephanie Black, Rachel Cooper, Russell J Coppack, Rebecca Hardy, Kathryn Remmes Martin, Cyrus Cooper, Diana Kuh
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

Introduction The authors examined how body mass index (BMI) across life is linked to the risk of midlife knee osteoarthritis (OA), testing whether prolonged exposure to high BMI or high BMI at a particular period has the greatest influence on the risk of knee OA. Methods A population-based British birth cohort of 3035 men and women underwent clinical examination for knee OA at age 53 years.Heights and weights were measured 10 times from 2 to 53 years. Analyses were stratified by gender and adjusted for occupation and activity levels. Results The prevalence of knee OA was higher in women than in men (12.9% (n=194) vs 7.4% (n=108)). In men, the association between BMI and later knee OA was evident at 20 years (p=0.038) and remained until 53 years (OR per z-score 1.38 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.71)). In women, there was evidence for an association at 15 years (p=0.003); at 53 years, the OR was 1.89 (95% CI 1.59 to 2.24) per z-score increase in BMI. Changes in BMI from childhood in women and from adolescence in men were also positively associated with knee OA. A structured modelling approach to disentange the way in which BMI is linked to knee OA suggested that prolonged exposure to high BMI throughout adulthood carried the highest risk and that there was no additional risk conferred from adolescence once adult BMI had been accounted for. Conclusion This study suggests that the risk of knee OA accumulates from exposure to a high BMI through adulthood.
Mechanism of self-tolerance of gamma/delta T cells in epithelial tissue.
Authors: T A Barrett, M L Delvy, D M Kennedy, L Lefrancois, L A Matis, A L Dent, S M Hedrick, J A Bluestone
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

The present study examined mechanisms of tolerance for T cell receptor gamma/delta (TCR-gamma/delta) cells. Using a transgenic (Tg) model, we demonstrate that although alloantigen (Ag)-specific TCR-gamma/delta cells are deleted in the thymus and spleen of Ag-bearing mice, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) expressing normal levels of the Tg TCR were present. However, Tg+ IELs from Ag-bearing mice were unresponsive to activation. Furthermore, self-reactive Tg+ IELs decreased in number over time. Thus, in epithelial tissue, Tg TCR-gamma/delta cells are eliminated subsequent to and most likely as a result of the induction of clonal anergy.
THE INTERACTION OF MAMMALIAN CELLS WITH ANTIBODIES. I
Authors: M. Oda, T. T. Puck
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

The single cell plating technique has been applied to quantitation of the reproductive killing of mammalian cells by specific antibodies. This method confirms previous demonstrations by other workers of localization of all the killing activity in the gamma-globulin fraction of specific cell antisera but not of normal sera; the need for complement for the killing action in low doses of antibody and the leakage of cell constituents attending cell killing under these conditions. In concentrations of 4 per cent or higher of heated antiserum cell killing occurs without added complement. The cell plating technique permits highly reproducible quantitation of antibody action and demonstrates antibody activity in sera diluted 1:3000. It permits demonstration of very high degrees of species specificity as shown by virtually complete absence of cross-reaction between antisera to Chinese hamster and S3 HeLa cells, respectively. Somatic cells which have been sensitized by absorption of specific antibody lose their sensitization when incubated at 37 degrees unless complement is added within 1 hour.
Serbian smoke gets in Belfast eyes
Authors: Mary E Black
Journal: BMJ (2007)

It is almost impossible to get away from cigarette smoke in Serbia. We have the third highest rates of smoking in Europe—31% of women and 40% of men. There are only a few effectively smoke free areas in buses, cinemas, theatres, and at the top of remote mountains. Fags are as cheap as chips and people smoke through meals, at meetings, in their offices, over coffee, and around their children. 

Northern Ireland is a bit ahead; only around 24% of adults smoke. All public …
Clinical breakpoints for the echinocandins and Candida revisited: Integration of molecular, clinical, and microbiological data to arrive at species-specific interpretive criteria
Authors: M.A. Pfaller, D.J. Diekema, D. Andes, M.C. Arendrup, S.D. Brown, S.R. Lockhart, M. Motyl, D.S. Perlin
Journal: Drug Resistance Updates (2011)
Possible Nephrotoxic Interaction of Lithium and Metronidazole
Authors: Martin H. Teicher
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Several classes of drugs (including thiazide diuretics,<sup>1</sup>nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories,<sup>2</sup>and the antibiotics tetracycline<sup>3</sup>and spectinomycin<sup>4</sup>) can promote renal retention of lithium and, occasionally, can induce lithium intoxication. The antimicrobial agent metronidazole hydrochloride (Flagyl I.V.) was also implicated in producing such a reaction in one woman.<sup>5</sup>We describe two patients who experienced toxic reactions to lithium following brief use of metronidazole. However, in these two patients, in contrast to the previous case, the degree of acute intoxication was less severe and treatment with metronidazole was completed without apparent suspicion, but persistent signs of renal damage later emerged. <h3>Report of Cases.—Case 1.—</h3> A 34-year-old woman was treated for eight years with lithium carbonate (Lithobid) for bipolar (manic-depressive) mood disorder with psychotic features. Plasma lithium levels during the preceding six months averaged (± SD) 1.09 ± 0.09 mmol/L on a steady daily dose of
Mapping of a new candidate locus for uromodulin-associated kidney disease (UAKD) to chromosome 1q41
Authors: Kateřina Hodaňová, Jacek Majewski, Martina Kublová, Petr Vyleťal, Marie Kalbáčová, Blanka Stibůrková, Helena Hůlková, Yvon C. Chagnon, Christian-Marc Lanouette, Anthony Marinaki, Jean-Pierre Fryns, Gopalakrishnan Venkat-Raman, Stanislav Kmoch
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
Epithelial Permeability, Inflammation, and Oxidant Stress in the Air Spaces of Smokers
Authors: DOUGLAS MORRISON, IRFAN RAHMAN, SUSAN LANNAN, WILLIAM MacNEE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

The mechanism responsible for the increased air-space permeability in cigarette smokers is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on epithelial permeability, inflammation, and oxidant stress in the air spaces of smokers. Fourteen cigarette smokers underwent 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) lung scans after abstaining from smoking for 12 h (chronic smoking) and 1 h after smoking two cigarettes (acute smoking). Each smoker also underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) after either chronic (n = 8) or acute smoking (n = 7). Seven nonsmokers also underwent bronchoscopy and BAL. The time to 50% clearance of 99mTc-DTPA (t50) after chronic smoking was 16.7 ± 1. 3 min (mean ± SE), and was further reduced after acute smoking to 14.8 ± 1.0 min (p < 0.01). Neutrophil numbers were increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the acute smoking group as compared with the nonsmokers (p < 0.05). Superoxide release from mixed BAL leukocytes was increased after chronic (p < 0.01) and acute (p < 0.001) smoking, as were thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS), providing evidence of lipid peroxidation in plasma (chronic, p < 0.05; acute, p < 0.05). Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was reduced in plasma (p < 0.001) and increased in BALF (p < 0.05) in both smoking groups. The study therefore showed an acute increase in epithelial permeability and an increase in the number of neutrophils in the air spaces of cigarette smokers concomitant with evidence of increased oxidant stress.
Must We Precipitate a Crisis in Medical Education to Solve the Crisis in Health Care?
Authors: GEORGE L. ENGEL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

The author warns against implementation of illconceived and ill-researched recommendations that would accelerate or shorten the undergraduate medical curriculum, reduce faculty-student ratios, and eliminate the internship. Such changes would not only seriously undermine the quality of medical education as it now exists but also preclude correction of current deficiencies. The crisis in health care has been long in developing; it will only be compounded, not resolved, by compromising the quality of the education of those who in the future will provide that care.
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 activation-induced hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein receptor overexpression in response to oxidative stress contributes to alcoholic liver disease in mice
Authors: Zhigang Wang, Xiaobing Dou, Songtao Li, Ximei Zhang, Xinguo Sun, Zhanxiang Zhou, Zhenyuan Song
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Chronic alcohol consumption leads to hypertriglyceridemia, which is positively associated with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, whether and how it contributes to the development of fatty liver and liver injury are largely unknown. In this study we demonstrate that chronic alcohol exposure differently regulates the expression of very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) in adipose tissue and the liver. Whereas adipose tissue VLDLR is significantly down-regulated, its hepatic expression is dramatically increased after chronic alcohol feeding. While HepG2 cells stably overexpressing VLDLR manifests increased intracellular triglyceride accumulation, VLDLR-deficient mice are protective against fatty liver and liver injury after chronic alcohol exposure. Mechanistic investigations using both in vitro and in vivo systems reveal that oxidative stress-induced nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activation plays a critical role in alcohol-induced VLDLR up-regulation in hepatocytes, but not in adipocytes. Oxidative stress enhances VLDLR gene expression and protein abundance in primary hepatocytes, concomitant with the Nrf2 activation. Conversely, Nrf2 gene silencing abrogates oxidative stress-induced VLDLR up-regulation in the liver, but not in adipose tissue. In mice, alcohol exposure induces hepatic oxidative stress and Nrf2 activation. Supplementation of N-acetylcysteine alleviates fatty liver and liver injury induced by chronic alcohol exposure, which is associated with suppressed Nrf2 activation and attenuated VLDLR increase in the liver. Furthermore, in comparison to wild-type counterparts, Nrf2-deficient mice demonstrate attenuated hepatic VLDLR expression increase in response to chronic alcohol exposure.Chronic alcohol consumption differently alters VLDLR expression in adipose tissue and the liver. Oxidative stress-induced Nrf2 activation is mechanistically involved in VLDLR overexpression in hepatocytes in response to chronic alcohol consumption. Hepatic VLDLR overexpression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALD.
Auchendreich says well, yes, maybe
Authors: C. Douglas
Journal: BMJ (1997)

In keeping with a tradition now more than a century old, the inaugural meeting of the 107th season of the Auchendreich Medico - Chirurgical Society took place on the second Monday in September. Our subject—though decided in haste at an emergency committee meeting in July following the sudden departure of our secretary-designate to locum work in Saudi Arabia in the wake of an unexpectedly harsh divorce settlement—could hardly have been more topical.

With perfect timing, our society debated the matter of devolution and the health service in Scotland just three days before the referendum that could bring the greatest upheaval for health care in the Greater Auchendreich Area since 1948. While our ability to influence the electorate at large …
Dermatological survey of HIV seropositive Japanese patients
Authors: None Ishii, None Sugita, None Nishiyama, None Nakajima
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

Journal Article Dermatological survey of HIV seropositive Japanese patients Get access Ishii, Ishii Department of Dermatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3–9 Fukuura, Kanazawa‐ku, 236–0004 Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sugita, Sugita Department of Dermatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3–9 Fukuura, Kanazawa‐ku, 236–0004 Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Nishiyama, Nishiyama Department of Dermatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3–9 Fukuura, Kanazawa‐ku, 236–0004 Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Nakajima Nakajima Department of Dermatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3–9 Fukuura, Kanazawa‐ku, 236–0004 Yokohama, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 138, Issue 5, 1 May 1998, Pages 908–909, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02238.x Published: 01 May 1998