tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Scientists Explore Use of Anti-HIV Drugs as a Means to Slow HIV Transmission
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Evaluation of Candidate Genes for Cholinesterase Activity in Farmworkers Exposed to Organophosphorus Pesticides: Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in <i>BCHE</i>
Authors: Timothy D. Howard, Fang-Chi Hsu, Joseph G. Grzywacz, Haiying Chen, Sara A. Quandt, Quirina M. Vallejos, Lara E. Whalley, Wei Cui, Stephanie Padilla, Thomas A. Arcury
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

BackgroundOrganophosphate pesticides act as cholinesterase inhibitors. For those with agricultural exposure to these chemicals, risk of potential exposure-related health effects may be modified by genetic variability in cholinesterase metabolism. Cholinesterase activity is a useful, indirect measurement of pesticide exposure, especially in high-risk individuals such as farmworkers. To understand fully the links between pesticide exposure and potential human disease, analyses must be able to consider genetic variability in pesticide metabolism.ObjectivesWe studied participants in the Community Participatory Approach to Measuring Farmworker Pesticide Exposure (PACE3) study to determine whether cholinesterase levels are associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in pesticide metabolism.MethodsCholinesterase levels were measured from blood samples taken from 287 PACE3 participants at up to four time points during the 2007 growing season. We performed association tests of cholinesterase levels and 256 SNPs in 30 candidate genes potentially involved in pesticide metabolism. A false discovery rate (FDR) p-value was used to account for multiple testing.ResultsThirty-five SNPs were associated (unadjusted p < 0.05) based on at least one of the genetic models tested (general, additive, dominant, and recessive). The strongest evidence of association with cholinesterase levels was observed with two SNPs, rs2668207 and rs2048493, in the butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) gene (FDR adjusted p = 0.15 for both; unadjusted p = 0.00098 and 0.00068, respectively). In participants with at least one minor allele, cholinesterase levels were lower by 4.3–9.5% at all time points, consistent with an effect that is independent of pesticide exposure.ConclusionsCommon genetic variation in the BCHE gene may contribute to subtle changes in cholinesterase levels.
Linking Payment for Care to Informed Consent
Authors: Edmund F. Kal
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I concur with Dr Faden<sup>1</sup>that a mechanism that claims to protect patients' rights, but does so by fortuitously also saving money, not for the patient mind you, but for the said "protector," is gravely suspect as to its true motivation. While in principle it makes sense simply to deny payment for an unwanted service, I can only shudder when I envision the results of a consistent application of Mr Kapp's<sup>2</sup>proposal. Can you imagine the insane and unconscionable delays and confusion in an emergency department in which the physician, the staff, and the clerical personnel are concerned, foremost, with obtaining legally foolproof documentation (that is, not just legally valid, but that provides legally provable evidence of the patient's consent) rather than with providing what is clinically the best intervention? It is illogical that Mr Kapp is unwilling to suspect that clinicians may fake such
Pulmonary Function in Rheumatic Heart Disease and Its Relation to Exertional Dyspnea in Ambulatory Patients
Authors: JOHN R. WEST, HARRY A. BLISS, JOHN A. WOOD, DICKINSON W. RICHARDS
Journal: Circulation (1953)

Pulmonary and cardiocirculatory function were studied in 21 ambulatory patients with rheumatic heart disease. A pattern of pulmonary function was observed which deviated from normal to a degree insufficient to account for the exertional dyspnea of these patients. The pathogenesis of this symptom is, therefore, discussed in relation to the observed cardiocirculatory abnormalities which were often pronounced.
Recognition of polymorphic H-2 domains by T lymphocytes. I. Functional role of different H-2 domains for the generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes and determination of precursor frequencies.
Authors: C Weyand, J Goronzy, G J Hämmerling
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

In the present communication, the repertoire of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) clones was quantitatively investigated by limiting dilution analysis and by target inhibition with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). These mAb have previously been shown to define two distinct alloantigenic domains, A and B, on the H-2Kk molecule. The Poisson distribution analysis of H-2Kk-specific CTL clones generated in a limiting dilution system revealed three CTL populations with different precursor frequencies. The high frequent population is suppressed by an unknown suppressive mechanism that allows less frequent CTL populations to become visible. Target inhibition studies with a panel of Kk-specific mAb showed that these CTL populations differ not only in their precursor frequency but also in their specificity for different H-2 epitopes on the Kk molecule. Thus clones of the high frequency population are almost exclusively specific for determinants within domain A. In contrast, the low frequency population displays predominant specificity for determinants of domain B, while the population with medium frequency is blocked equally well by mAb against either domains A or B. Each mAb blocked only a fraction of clones indicating that each CTL subpopulation may consist of a large number of clonotypes with specificity for different H-2 epitopes. The data suggest that CTL recognize basically the same polymorphic domains on the H-2Kk molecule defined by antibodies, and they show that regulatory mechanisms determine the expressed repertoire in CTL populations.
FUNDAMENTALS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
Authors: W. S. LEATHERS
Journal: JAMA (1924)

During recent years, state departments of health have made remarkable progress in the control of infectious disease and in the promotion of public health. There has also been a gratifying advancement in the increasingly effective service of health organizations in incorporated towns and cities. This splendid achievement in the evolution of preventive medicine is an incentive to maintaining too large an overhead expense in an attempt to administer health work through central organizations on a state-wide basis. Experience shows that the competent health officer, at work and in touch from day to day with the people of a community, stimulates public confidence and can obtain vastly greater results over a period of years than can be obtained by general educational methods in the prevention and suppression of disease by a state department of health. Now, health authorities generally concede that the continued reduction of morbidity and mortality rates and the
In vivo targeting and growth inhibition of the A20 murine B-cell lymphoma by an idiotype-specific peptide binder
Authors: Camillo Palmieri, Cristina Falcone, Enrico Iaccino, Franca Maria Tuccillo, Marco Gaspari, Francesca Trimboli, Annamaria De Laurentiis, Laura Luberto, Marilena Pontoriero, Antonio Pisano, Eleonora Vecchio, Olga Fierro, Maria Rosaria Panico, Michele Larobina, Sara Gargiulo, Nicola Costa, Fabrizio Dal Piaz, Marco Schiavone, Claudio Arra, Aldo Giudice, Giuseppe Palma, Antonio Barbieri, Ileana Quinto, Giuseppe Scala
Journal: Blood (2010)
Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome
Authors: N Roger, A Xaubet, C Agusti, E Zabala, E Ballester, A Torres, C Picado, R Rodriguez-Roisin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious clinical disorder occurring in trauma patients. The diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome may be difficult to establish clinically. We therefore wanted to investigate the usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the diagnostic evaluation of fat embolism syndrome. We analysed the presence of fat droplets in BAL cells in 32 trauma patients (7 with full diagnostic criteria of fat embolism syndrome, 17 with incomplete diagnostic criteria, and 8 with no diagnostic criteria at the time of bronchoscopy), 9 nontrauma patients with acute respiratory failure and radiographic pulmonary infiltrates, and a control group composed of 10 individuals. An increased percentage of oil red O positive alveolar macrophages (cut-off point &gt; 3%) in BAL was found in 6 out of 7 patients with definite clinical criteria of fat embolism syndrome, and in 6 out of 20 trauma patients without the clinical diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome. In two patients with fat embolism syndrome, sequential BAL showed that the percentage of positive macrophages decreased when the clinical manifestations disappeared. An increased number of BAL macrophages with fat droplets was also observed in two trauma patients without evidence of fat embolism syndrome after long-bone surgical intervention. By contrast, all non-trauma patients had a percentage of positive cells lower than 3%. Our findings suggest that BAL oil red O positive macrophages are frequently observed in trauma patients irrespective of the presence of fat embolism syndrome. Conceivably, a high number of oil red O positive macrophages could reflect clinically silent fat embolization.
Analysis of " Cerebrine."
Authors: M. Delafontaine
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I send you this very valuable contribution of Prof. Delafontaine (whom you must know as one of our best analytic chemists), on the chemical composition of Hammond's cerebrine and medulline. This examination was made largely at my suggestion. I found what I supposed was the physiologic action of nitro-glycerin by internal administration, and so reported to Mr. Baker, and he suggested that an examination be made of it by Prof. Delafontaine, which has been done, and I hope you will publish the results in your journal. Yours truly, D. R.Brower. Some time ago, Mr. Baker of the firm of Gale and Blocki asked me to make a chemical investigation of a sample of a drug in a small triangular blue glass bottle, labeled "Sterilized Solution of Cerebrine, prepared solely by Columbian Chemical Co., New York," with a fac-simile of William A. Hammond's signature in red ink across
Serum Interleukin-18 Levels Are Associated With Nephropathy and Atherosclerosis in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Akihiko Nakamura, Kenichi Shikata, Makoto Hiramatsu, Tatsuaki Nakatou, Takuya Kitamura, Jun Wada, Tatsuya Itoshima, Hirofumi Makino
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—Interleukin (IL)-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine secreted from mononuclear cells. Serum concentration of IL-18 is a strong predictor of death in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown that microinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy as well as of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the serum level of IL-18 is a common predictor of nephropathy and atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Eighty-two Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and 55 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were enrolled. Patients with renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance &amp;lt;1 ml/s) were excluded. We assessed clinical parameters and measured serum and urinary IL-18 levels, serum IL-6 levels, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in all patients. Further, we evaluated changes of urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) after 6 months in 76 diabetic patients. RESULTS—Serum and urinary IL-18 levels were significantly elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes as compared with control subjects (serum IL-18 179 ± 62 vs. 121 ± 55 pg/ml, P &amp;lt; 0.001; urinary IL-18 97 ± 159 vs. 47 ± 54 pg/ml, P = 0.035). Univariate linear regression analysis showed significant positive correlations between serum IL-18 and AER (r [correlation coefficient] = 0.525, P &amp;lt; 0.001), HbA1c (r = 0.242, P = 0.029), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (r = 0.240, P = 0.031), and urinary β-2 microglobulin (r = 0.235, P = 0.036). Serum IL-18 levels also correlated positively with carotid IMT (r = 0.225, P = 0.042) and baPWV (r = 0.232, P = 0.040). We also found a significant correlation between urinary IL-18 and AER (r = 0.309, P = 0.005). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that AER (standard correlation coefficients [B] = 0.405, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and hs-CRP (B = 0.207, P = 0.033) were independently associated with serum IL-18 levels. AER was also independently associated with urinary IL-18 levels (B = 0.295, P = 0.005). Moreover, serum and urinary IL-18 levels correlated positively with AER after 6 months (r = 0.489, P &amp;lt; 0.001 and r = 0.320, P = 0.005) and changes in AER during the follow-up period (r = 0.268, P = 0.018 and r = 0.234, P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS—Serum levels of IL-18 might be a predictor of progression of diabetic nephropathy as well as cardiovascular diseases.
Description of an immovable apparatus for fractures: For the More Efficient Treatment of Compound Fractures of the Leg, of Simple Fractures without Splints, and of Injuries to the Ankle-Joint
Authors: F. A. Bulley
Journal: BMJ (1841)

PURGING.If pllrging comes on durirng administration of mercuiry, it is right to suspend its use for a day or two, and to give opium or pulv.rhei gr.x. SWEATING.If profutse sveats are occasioned by it, the same plan must be plursued.Bark allowed with stimu- lating food. DEBILITY.When great debility is occasioned by the use of mercury, it must be used in very small quantities, buit not entirely discontinued, unless absolutely necessary, and bark and opium, with generous diet, be allowed.SLOUGHY CHANCRE.Mr. C--has a chancre upon a penis previously diseased by chancre, but which still had quite lealed.This fresh chancre put on a sloughy appearance, and extended into the urethra, and it seemed to be the use of mercury which occasioned this state.Mercury was discontinued; a yeast poultice -applied, with unguent.elem., and he was ordered to bed, and the sloughs came off in four days.MIr. C.'s chancre still spread after the sloughing stopped, and 1 ordered him mercury, and the sloughing recommenced.I ordered then sarsa- lparilla, bark, and the aqua calcis and calomel.This did not agree, for some sloughing continued, which vas removed, however, after a few (lays.I then advised sarsaparilla with nitric acid; this did not agree, and a bread and milk poultice, at the samne time applied, brought away a bloody dis- clharge, and the sloughing increased.I then ordered sarsaparilla, and useda scrupleof spermaceti ointment, but the sloughirig continued, although at the same time xvine was allowed, sometimes rluch, sometimes but little, according to circum- stances.Next-bark in the quantity of eight drachms in the day was administered, wvith about a pint of *vine, and a carrot poultice was applied.The sloughing immediately stopped and cleared avay.A chancrous appearance was still obviou;s, and I ordered half a drachm of ung.lhydrarg.to be rubbed in every night.This renewed the sloubhinr, and it was obliged to be discontinued.Opium gr.iij.per diem was ordered, but it also occasioned sloughing at first, with much nervous trembling, but it did not continue long.His appetite was riot injured by it.lie was also ordered black wvasli instead of carrot poultice.He was at last cuLred by sarsaparilla, wine, and black wash.PUS OFFENSIVE.
Discrete nature of EpCAM+ and CD90+ cancer stem cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Taro Yamashita, Masao Honda, Yasunari Nakamoto, Masayo Baba, Kouki Nio, Yasumasa Hara, Sha Sha Zeng, Takehiro Hayashi, Mitsumasa Kondo, Hajime Takatori, Tatsuya Yamashita, Eishiro Mizukoshi, Hiroko Ikeda, Yoh Zen, Hiroyuki Takamura, Xin Wei Wang, Shuichi Kaneko
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is organized by a subset of cells with stem cell features (cancer stem cells; CSCs). CSCs are considered a pivotal target for the eradication of cancer, and liver CSCs have been identified by the use of various stem cell markers. However, little information is known about the expression patterns and characteristics of marker-positive CSCs, hampering the development of personalized CSC-targeted therapy. Here, we show that CSC markers EpCAM and CD90 are independently expressed in liver cancer. In primary HCC, EpCAM+ and CD90+ cells resided distinctively, and gene-expression analysis of sorted cells suggested that EpCAM+ cells had features of epithelial cells, whereas CD90+ cells had those of vascular endothelial cells. Clinicopathological analysis indicated that the presence of EpCAM+ cells was associated with poorly differentiated morphology and high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), whereas the presence of CD90+ cells was associated with a high incidence of distant organ metastasis. Serial xenotransplantation of EpCAM+/CD90+ cells from primary HCCs in immune-deficient mice revealed rapid growth of EpCAM+ cells in the subcutaneous lesion and a highly metastatic capacity of CD90+ cells in the lung. In cell lines, CD90+ cells showed abundant expression of c-Kit and in vitro chemosensitivity to imatinib mesylate. Furthermore, CD90+ cells enhanced the motility of EpCAM+ cells when cocultured in vitro through the activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, whereas imatinib mesylate suppressed TGFB1 expression in CD90+ cells as well as CD90+ cell-induced motility of EpCAM+ cells. Conclusion : Our data suggest the discrete nature and potential interaction of EpCAM+ and CD90+ CSCs with specific gene-expression patterns and chemosensitivity to molecular targeted therapy. The presence of distinct CSCs may determine the clinical outcome of HCC.
Cleft Lip and Palate: Surgical, Dental, and Speech Aspects
Authors: John E. Hoopes
Journal: JAMA (1972)

The integrated, team approach has become firmly established as the modus operandi of choice for the evaluation and management of the cleft lip and cleft palate problem. No individual can possess competence in all areas of this exceedingly complex clinical situation, yet the deformity and its ramifications must be viewed as a whole if optimal therapy is to be achieved. This volume obviously was conceived to serve as a text for all members of the cleft palate team, and its design and content serve this purpose beautifully. The volume provides allied professional personnel with a broad overview of the cleft lip and palate problem, trainees with a fundamental core of information in their chosen field of interest, and team specialists with a thorough understanding of the interests and activities of their colleagues. On this basis, it should be present in every cleft palate clinic and in the personal libraries of
Ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter. Acute myocardial ischemia, reperfusion, and stunned myocardium in patients.
Authors: M R Milunski, G A Mohr, J E Pérez, Z Vered, K A Wear, C J Gessler, B E Sobel, J G Miller, S A Wickline
Journal: Circulation (1989)

We have previously shown in studies of experimental animals that myocardium exhibits a cardiac cycle-dependent variation of integrated backscatter that reflects regional myocardial contractile performance and that is blunted promptly after arterial occlusion and recovers after reperfusion. To define the clinical utility of ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter for detection of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion, 21 patients (14 men and seven women) were studied in the cardiac care unit within the first 24 hours (mean time, 11.3 hours; range, 3.5-23.8 hours) after the onset of symptoms indicative of acute myocardial infarction with conventional two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography and with analysis of integrated backscatter. The magnitude of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter was measured from several sites within acute infarct regions and normal regions remote from the infarct zone for each patient. The average magnitude of cyclic variation among all patients (n = 21) was 4.8 +/- 0.5 dB in normal regions compared with 0.8 +/- 0.3 dB in infarct regions (p less than 0.05) within the first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Among the patients who had two studies, 15 (mean, 7.1 days; range, 2-31 days for second study) underwent coronary arteriography to define vessel patency. In patients with vessels with documented patency (n = 10), the magnitude of cyclic variation in infarct regions increased over time from 1.3 +/- 0.6 to 2.5 +/- 0.5 dB from the initial to final study (p less than 0.05). Patients with occluded infarct-related arteries (n = 5) exhibited no significant recovery of cyclic variation (0.3 +/- 0.3-0.6 +/- 0.3 dB). A blinded analysis of standard two-dimensional echocardiographic images revealed no significant recovery of wall thickening in either group over the same time intervals. Ultrasonic tissue characterization promptly detects acute myocardial infarction and may delineate potential beneficial effects of coronary artery reperfusion manifest by restoration of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter in the presence of severe wall motion abnormalities.
Psoriatic Spondylitis
Authors: Leonardo R. Guzman
Journal: JAMA (1978)

We describe the case of a patient with psoriasis, peripheral and axial arthropathy, and upper lobe fibrosis. This association of findings has not, to the best of our knowledge, been described in the past. Pulmonary fibrosis is not found to be more common in people with psoriasis than would be expected in a control Veterans Administration population and, while this association may be coincidental, pulmonary fibrosis in psoriatic spondylitis should be searched for in other patients. (<i>JAMA</i>239:1416-1417, 1978)