tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: WALTER E. STAMM
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

The most common site of nosocomial infection, involving more than 400 000 patients in this country annually, is the catheterized urinary tract. These infections cause significant morbidity, prolong hospital stay, increase hospitalization costs, and contribute to mortality caused by Gram-negative septicemia. Strict adherence to appropriate infection control procedures is necessary if the incidence and sequels of catheter-related infections are to be reduced. Based upon current understanding of the epidemiology of nosocomial urinary tract infections, guidelines for the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections are presented.
Umbilical Cord as Reservoir of Infection in a Maternity Hospital
Authors: J. Jellard
Journal: BMJ (1957)

Spontaneous correlated activity in cortical columns is critical for postnatal circuit refinement. We used spatial discrimination techniques to explore the late maturation of synaptic pathways through the laminar distribution of the field potential (FP) generators underlying spontaneous and evoked activities of the S1HL cortex in juvenile (P14-P16) and adult anaesthetized rats. Juveniles exhibit an intermittent FP pattern resembling Up/Down states in adults, but with much reduced power and different laminar distribution. While FPs in active periods are dominated by a layer VI generator in juveniles, in adults a developing multipart generator takes over, displaying current sinks in middle layers (III to V). The blockade of excitatory transmission in upper and middle layers of adults recovered the juvenile-like FP profiles. Besides the layer VI generator, a gamma-specific generator in supragranular layers was the same in both age groups. While searching for dynamical coupling among generators in juveniles we found significant cross-correlation in around half of the tested pairs, whereas excessive coherence hindered their efficient separation in adults. Also, potentials evoked by tactile and electrical stimuli showed different short-latency dipoles between the two age groups, and the juveniles lacked the characteristic long latency UP-state currents in middle layers. In addition, the mean firing rate of neurons was lower in juveniles. Thus, cortical FPs originate from different intracolumnar segments as they become active postnatally. We suggest that although some cortical segments are active early postnatally, a functional sensory-motor control relies on a delayed maturation and network integration of synaptic connections in middle layers. <b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Early postnatal activity in the rodent cortex is mostly endogenous, whereas it becomes driven by peripheral input at later stages. The precise schedule for the maturation of synaptic pathways is largely unknown. We explored this in the somatosensory hindlimb cortex at an age when animals begin to use their limbs by uncovering the laminar distribution of the field potential generators underlying the dominant delta waves in juveniles and adults. Our results suggest that field potentials are mostly generated by a pathway in deep layers, while other pathways mature later in middle layers and take over in adults. We suggest that a functional sensory-motor control relies on a delayed maturation and network integration of synaptic connections in middle layers.
Genes Involved in the Pathogenesis of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Louis R. Pasquale
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Priya Duggal, MD, MPH; Alison P. Klein, PhD; Kristine E. Lee, MS; Ronald Klein, MD, MPH; Barbara E. K. Klein, MD, MPH; Joan E. Bailey-Wilson, PhDObjective: To identify genetic loci that control intraocular pressure (IOP).Methods: We performed a genomewide scan of IOP, using 486 pedigrees ascertained through a population-based cohort, the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Linkage analysis was performed using the modified Haseman-Elston regression models and variance components linkage analysis.Results: Seven regions of interest were identified on chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, and 19. The novel linkage region on chromosome 19p had an empirical multipoint P value of 6.1 × 10−5. Two of the regions (2 and 19) were especially interesting since each has been identified as a potential linkage region for blood pressure.Conclusions: The results of this genomewide scan provide evidence that a quantitative trait locus may influence elevated IOP and may colocalize with blood pressure loci. These loci may control systemic pressure reflected in the eye and vascular system.Clinical Relevance: Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in the world, and the identification of genes that contribute to this disease is essential. Elevated IOP is a principal risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma and an intriguing quantitative trait that may strongly influence the development of disease.
Hepatic venous pressure gradient identifies patients at risk of severe hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation
Authors: Alejandro Blasco, Xavier Forns, José A. Carrión, Juan Carlos García-Pagán, Rosa Gilabert, Antoni Rimola, Rosa Miquel, Miquel Bruguera, Juan-Carlos García-Valdecasas, Jaime Bosch, Miquel Navasa
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Liver biopsy is essential in the follow-up of HCV-infected liver transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to prospectively compare percutaneous (PLB) versus transjugular liver biopsy (TLB) in the assessment of liver damage. We also explored the diagnostic value of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) to identify patients at risk of severe HCV disease recurrence after liver transplantation (LT). One hundred sixteen paired PLB and TLB (with HVPG measurement) were performed 3 or 12 months after LT in 80 patients. Concordance for necroinflammation and fibrosis was fair or good, particularly 1 year after LT (kappa > or = 0.6). At this point, a significant positive association was seen between the median HVPG and the fibrosis stage (2.5 mm Hg for F0; 5 mm Hg for F1, 6 mm Hg for F2, and 11.5 mm Hg for F3; Kruscal-Wallis < 0.001). Despite this strong association, portal hypertension (HVPG > or = 6 mm Hg) was detected in 1 (5%) of 22, 4 (16%) of 25, and 6 (60%) of 10 patients with fibrosis stages 0, 1, and 2, respectively. After a median follow-up of 38 months, clinical decompensation occurred in 15 (19%) of 80 patients. Although the presence of significant fibrosis (F2-F3) 1 year after transplantation was good to predict clinical decompensation (AUC: 0.80), an HVPG of 6 mm Hg or greater was extremely accurate at identifying patients at risk of disease progression (AUC: 0.96). In conclusion, HVPG determination is a valuable tool for follow-up in patients with HCV recurrence after LT.
A Report of Two Cases of Sarcoidosis with Bronchial Carcinoma
Authors: M. Jefferson, W. T. Smith, A. B. Taylor, K. Valteris
Journal: Thorax (1954)

The chance discovery of two patients in whom generalized sarcoidosis was associated with car- cinoma of the lung appears worth reporting, since the association has seemingly not been recorded before.In each case the patient had been a known sufferer from sarcoidosis for a number of years, and in neither was the later development of pulmonary cancer suspected clinically.CASE HISTORIES CASE 1.-John C., aged 52, an industrial engineer, was admitted on November 19, 1951, to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, under the care of one of us (A.B. T.).His illness had begun in 1943 with the appear- ance of a small nodular swelling on the right shin.The eruption lasted some months, and a radiograph of the leg was said to have shown a periosteal reaction underlying it.No diagnosis was made, and it finally subsided without treatment.In the course of the next two years, similar indolent swellings came and went on either leg until one or two broke down to form chronic ulcers.He was then treated in hospital with a course of penicillin which resulted in their healing.The blood Wassermann reaction was negative, and it was suggested on July 12,
ABC of colorectal diseases. Diverticular disease.
Authors: D. J. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Cardinal clinical features of diverticular disease Diverticulosis: None Diverticula are acquired herniations of mucosa through the muscular wall Colicky pain of the colon.Diverticulosis indicates asymptomatic diverticular disease and Altered bowel habit diverticulitis the presence of associated inflammation.Acute diverticulitis: Diverticular disease is very common in developed countries.It is Constant pain associated with increasing age: it affects about a third ofthose over the age of Fever 65 and halfofthose over 80.In 1989 in England and Wales 1480 deaths were Nausea and vomiting attributed to complications of diverticular disease.Bleeding Altered bowel habit Localised or generalised tendernessAetiolog and pathology < jM Diverticula are thought to arise as a pulsion phenomenon secondary to W_ raised intraluminal pressure, which weakens the bowel wall.Constipation secondary to a low fibre diet has been implicated in this process.Muscular MW;^t Hucs7a & hypertrophy, spasm, and irregular contraction are purported to representl attempts to propel the stoolstin constipated patients.However, only a halfof 4 : = patients are constipated, so other unidentified factors must be equally important.Diverticula are found throughout the colon but in most cases (over 90%) occur in the descending and sigmoid colon.A diverticulum consists of a pouch of mucosa covered with serosa.It herniates through the wall of the bowel at a point of natural weakness where it is penetrated by a colonic artery.
A Prospective Assessment Defining the Limitations of Thyroid Nodule Pathologic Evaluation
Authors: Edmund S. Cibas, Zubair W. Baloch, Giovanni Fellegara, Virginia A. LiVolsi, Stephen S. Raab, Juan Rosai, James Diggans, Lyssa Friedman, Giulia C. Kennedy, Richard T. Kloos, Richard B. Lanman, Susan J. Mandel, Nicole Sindy, David L. Steward, Martha A. Zeiger, Bryan R. Haugen, Erik K. Alexander
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Chinese translation Background: Clinical management of thyroid neoplasms is based on light microscopic diagnosis, but its accuracy and precision are poorly defined. Objective: To assess inter- and intraobserver variability of preoperative cytopathologic and postoperative histopathologic thyroid diagnoses. Design: Samples were collected in a prospective, multicenter trial validating a gene expression classifier between June 2009 and December 2010. Setting: 14 academic and 35 community clinical sites. Patients: 653 patients with 776 surgically resected thyroid nodules of 1 cm or greater. Measurements: Intraobserver concordance among 2 or more central histopathologists who independently read histopathology slides was calculated. Interobserver concordance between the diagnoses made by the central histopathologists and those made by local pathologists were calculated. Intra- and interobserver concordance for cytopathology was similarly calculated by comparing diagnoses made by local pathologists with those made by a central panel of 3 cytopathologists. Results: Concordance on the histopathologic distinction between benign and malignant diagnoses was 91% comparing local with central histopathologists and 90% comparing 2 central histopathologists. Using the 6-category Bethesda System, 64.0% of diagnoses made by local and central cytopathologists and 74.7% of intraobserver diagnoses were concordant. Central cytopathologists made fewer indeterminate diagnoses than local pathologists (41.2% vs. 55.0%). Limitations: Many local pathologists did not use the Bethesda System, so their reports were translated to allow comparison. The study required histopathology, and the study population and specimens did not encompass all newly evaluated patients with a thyroid nodule. Conclusion: Substantial inter- and intraobserver variability exists in the cytopathologic and histopathologic evaluation of thyroid nodules, confirming an inherent limitation of visual microscopic diagnosis. Primary Funding Source: Veracyte.
Inhibition of hepatocytary vesicular transport by cyclosporin a in the rat: Relationship with cholestasis and hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Irene D. Roman, Maria J. Monte, Jose M. Gonzalez-Buitrago, Alejandro Esteller, Rafael Jiménez
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

In an attempt to understand the hepatotoxicity associated with immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin A, we investigated the effects of acute cyclosporin A administration on biliary secretion, serum bile acid and bilirubin levels and the histological changes in the hepatic parenchyma in anesthetized male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into three experimental groups that received equal volumes (1 ml, intravenously) of physiological saline (controls), cyclosporin A vehicle (a fat emulsion, Intralipid, mixed with absolute ethanol) or cyclosporin A dissolved in the aforementioned mixture. In another series of assays, horseradish peroxidase was coinjected with cyclosporin A vehicle or with the solution containing cyclosporin A. Only after cyclosporin A administration was an immediate inhibition in bile flow and in the biliary concentrations and secretion of bile acids and bilirubin found. In addition, a delay in the peak time of the appearance of horseradish peroxidase together with a reduction in the biliary excretion rate and in the total amount of horseradish peroxidase excreted were observed during cholestasis. At 40 to 50 min after drug administration, all biliary parameters evaluated had returned to the pretest values. The relationship between bile flow and bile acid secretion showed that cyclosporin A-induced cholestasis is related to a decrease of both the bile acid-dependent and bile acid-independent fractions of bile flow. At the end of the cyclosporin A assays, the serum bile acid, total bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin concentrations were greater than those observed in the controls and Intralipid-treated animals. These effects were dose-dependent. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies did not reveal architectural hepatic abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Postoperative Vaginal Discharge-Reply
Authors: Albert Altchek
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I wish to thank Dr Handsfield for his important comments. The description was "examination of the cervix" was "within normal limits." Nevertheless, if the white mucus vaginal discharge requiring the daily use of a tampon for 18 months in fact came from the endocervical canal, if it was mucopurulent without trichomonads and with a negative gonorrhea culture, then it might be caused by<i>Chlamydia</i>, especially if the patient's asymptomatic husband had nongonococcal urethritis. The diagnostic problem is complex because (1) it may be that most infected women with endocervical<i>Chlamydia</i>are asymptomatic<sup>1</sup>; (2) when<i>Chlamydia</i>causes clinical infection of the cervix it is variable and not distinctive; (3) there may be a purulent endocervical discharge not caused by<i>Chlamydia</i>; and (4)<i>Chlamydia</i>often coexists with other sexually transmitted diseases. Furthermore, the actual diagnosis requires tissue culture facilities not generally available. Though I agree with the recommendations, if
HAEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA OF THE OSLER TYPE— "TELANGIECTATIC DYSPLASIA". AN ISOLATED CASE, WITH DISCUSSION ON MULTIPLE PULSATING STELLATE TELANGIECTASES AND OTHER STRIKING HAEMANGIECTATIC CONDITIONS
Authors: F. PARKES WEBEP, F. PARKES WEBER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1936)

Journal Article HÆMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA OF THE OSLER TYPE—"TELANGIECTATIC DYSPLASIA". AN ISOLATED CASE, WITH DISCUSSION ON MULTIPLE PULSATING STELLATE TELANGIECTASES AND OTHER STRIKING HÆMANGIECTATIC CONDITIONS Get access F. PARKES WEBEP, M.D., F.R.C.P., F. PARKES WEBEP, M.D., F.R.C.P. Senior Physician to the German Hospital, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F. PARKES WEBER F. PARKES WEBER Senior Physician to the German Hospital, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 48, Issue 4, 1 April 1936, Pages 182–193, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1936.tb10323.x Published: 01 April 1936
Cross-reactivity between mycobacterium gordonae and PDC-E2, the major target of anti-mitochondrial antibody, is present in Spanish but not British patients with PBC
Authors: D.P. Bogdanos, A. Pares, U.C. Sharma, L. Caballeria, Y. Ma, A.K. Burroughs, J. Rodes, D. Vergani
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Use and misuse of drugs and alcohol in adolescence
Authors: P. McArdle
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Substance misuse is one of a group of linked behaviours that has recently become more common among young people in westernised societies.w1 This rise has paralleled increasing rates of anxiety and depressive symptoms and of deaths related to substance misuse.1w1-w3 Substance use disorders are potentially treatable and should be managed as chronic, relapsing diseases of complex origin. 2 This review examines the scale of these disorders among young people and how healthcare practitioners can intervene. MethodWe searched Medline, Google, and the websites of the UK National Treatment Agency, US National Institute on Drug Abuse, and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction for suitable evidence based material.We also consulted colleagues working with young people with substance misuse, as well as consulting young people themselves and their carers.What constitutes substance misuse?Substance misuse and dependence are a subset of "substance use," which includes phenomena such as experimentation and intermittent recreational use."Substances" include alcohol as well as illicit or (if deliberately misused) prescribed drugs.See box 1 and 2 for definitions.(Substance misuse is also referred to as substance abuse-for example, by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.)
Congenital Defects of the Heart in High Altitudes
Authors: Lewis Dexter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

THE recent Medical Progress report on the experimental production of anomalies by Ingalls, Curley and Prindle† interests me greatly because the teratogenic agent employed was anoxia brought about by lowering atmospheric pressure.Recently, while traveling in Central and South America, I became much impressed with clinical and epidemiologic evidence in both Mexico and Peru suggesting the effect of high altitude on certain congenital defects. What other factors are at play is difficult to say, because a number are obviously involved.In Mexico City (altitude 7500 feet) Dr. Rudolfo Limón told me that the tetralogy of Fallot is extremely rare, possibly . . .
AUTO-INFECTION IN DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SUGGESTIONS AS TO ITS TREATMENT.Read in the Section on Practice of Medicine, at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco, June 5-8.1894.
Authors: DANIEL R. BROWER
Journal: JAMA (1894)

The present is preëminently the time of the study of the etiology of disease, just as the past has been characterized by an almost exhaustive study of anatomy, physiology and pathology. In this connection the subject of infection has been the most profitable, as it hae been the most interesting of all investigations; most interesting because little by little it has brought to light the knowledge of microörganisms that produce diseases, the causation of which was hitherto inexplicable; profitable because it has and will result in the discovery of the conditions that arrest their development and the agents that will neutralize their toxic influence. Infection from without we may safely say produces the various forms of meningitis, including cerebro-spinal meningitis, tetanus, hydrophobia, acute poliomyelitis, acute ascending paralysis, the puerperal and syphilitic diseases of the nervous system. The infections which arise from within are also important etiologic factors in developing diseases
Host Heterogeneous Ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) as a Potential Target to Suppress Hepatitis B Virus Replication
Authors: Lisa F. P Ng, Marieta Chan, Soh-Ha Chan, Paul Chung-Pui Cheng, Eastwood Hon-Chiu Leung, Wei-Ning Chen, Ee-Chee Ren
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection results in complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Suppressing viral replication in chronic HBV carriers is an effective approach to controlling disease progression. Although antiviral compounds are available, we aimed to identify host factors that have a significant effect on viral replication efficiency.We studied a group of hepatitis B carriers by associating serum viral load with their respective HBV genomes, and observed a significant association between high patient serum viral load with a natural sequence variant within the HBV enhancer II (Enh II) regulatory region at position 1752. Using a viral fragment as an affinity binding probe, we isolated a host DNA-binding protein belonging to the class of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins--hnRNP K--that binds to and modulates the replicative efficiency of HBV. In cell transfection studies, overexpression of hnRNP K augmented HBV replication, while gene silencing of endogenous hnRNP K carried out by small interfering RNAs resulted in a significant reduction of HBV viral load.The evidence presented in this study describes a wider role for hnRNP K beyond maintenance of host cellular functions and may represent a novel target for pharmacologic intervention of HBV replication.
The Immunology of Malignant Disease
Authors: Kurt Stern
Journal: JAMA (1971)

The preface states, "This book is intended for clinicians concerned with the management of malignant disease. It is our hope that it will offer physicians a useful introduction to ideas and methods that will have increasing relevance to the investigation and treatment of cancer in man." It is doubtful that this worthwhile goal has been reached. The book must be faulted on three counts: contents, manner of presentation, and ability to serve the reader for whom it was intended. The contents do not justify the inclusive title. Rather its chapters represent reviews of selected topics: normal immune response in man and the reactions to malignant disease; some immunological aspects of animal and human tumors; immune deficiency associated with malignant tumors; suppression of immune responses in cancer patients. Considerable portions deal with extraneous subject matter. Thus, roughly two thirds of chapter 1 outline current concepts of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. More