tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Microtubule Involvement in the Adaptation to Altered Mechanical Load in Developing Chick Myocardium
Authors: Elizabeth A. Schroder, Kimimasa Tobita, Joseph P. Tinney, Jane K. Foldes, Bradley B. Keller
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Mechanical load regulates ventricular growth, function, and structure from the earliest stages of cardiac morphogenesis through senescence. Dramatic changes in cardiac form and function have been defined for developing cardiovascular systems, and changes in mechanical loading conditions can produce structural malformations such as left heart hypoplasia. To date, relatively little is known regarding the interactions between changes in mechanical load, morphogenesis, and the material properties of the embryonic heart. We tested the hypothesis that passive material properties in the embryonic heart change in response to altered mechanical load and that microtubules play an important role in this adaptive response. We measured biaxial passive stress-strain relations in left ventricular (LV) myocardial strips in chick embryos at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 27 following left atrial ligation (LAL) at stage 21 to reduce LV volume load and create left heart hypoplasia. Following LAL, myocardial stresses at given strains and circumferential stiffness increased versus control strips. Western blot analysis of LAL embryos showed an increase in both total and polymerized β-tubulin and confocal microscopy confirmed an increase in microtubule density in the LV compact layer versus control. Following colchicine treatment, LV stresses and stiffness normalized in LAL specimens and microtubule density following colchicine was similar in LAL to control. In contrast, Taxol treatment increased myocardial stresses and stiffness in control strips to levels beyond LAL specimens. Thus, the material properties of the developing myocardium are regulated by mechanical load and microtubules play a role in this adaptive response during cardiac morphogenesis.
TUBERCULOSIS IN PENNSYLVANIA.
Authors: GUY HINSDALE
Journal: JAMA (1900)

thority connected with the census office, William King, that this figure is 30 per cent, too low.This would make 143,000, or about 210 to each 100,000 inhabitants.It constitutes about one-ninth of the total death-rate.In the city of Chicago it constitutes one-eighth of the total death-rate.I offer the following conclusions : 1.Every animal having tuberculosis is a center for the maintenance and spread of tuberculosis.We must admit great variance in danger, according to the animal affected.The danger from the cow, by reason of the fact that we drink milk unboiled, is great.The danger from the horse is much less.In spite of this variance the proposition commends itself.Each of the excretions may contain tubercle bacilli.These go either directly into man, there to run the gamut of his defense, or into the world, there to perish, as a usual proposition, but, sometimes, to persist and threaten men and other ani- mals.2. Animal, and even aviary, tuberculosis is not identical with, but is related to, human tuberculosis.The translation of human into animal and aviary tuber- culosis is also possible.A great deal of accurate, pains- taking work has been done on the question of the trans- formation of human into bovine and avian tuberculosis, and vice versa.I mention the work of Theobold Smith and that of Nocard.Theobold Smith's work seems to me to show that while there are structural and biologic differences between the bovine and the human bacillus, the differences are not of great pathologic im- portance.This is borne out by cases of infection of people by bovine bacilli and of cows by human bacilli.In a short search of the literature I have found cases cited by Strauss, Bang, Colin, Nocard, the Illinois Board of Stock Commissioners, Bray, Crosse of Geneva, Cadeac and Bourney.The observations of this nature are far too numerous for recital.Nocard's work showed that human tubercle bacilli could be transformed into the avian form.3. Inhalation and ingestion are the most frequent means by which tuberculosis is spread from man to man, from man to animals, and from animals to man.4. The geographic distribution of tuberculosis is proof that the organism's extracorporal or saphrophytic life is of secondary importance.Argument in support of this proposition is found at every step by the bacteriol- ogist.If this bacillus is found regardless of tempera- ture, of soil moisture, of total rainfall, of elevation from the sea level, of prevailing winds, then it must follow that its essentials are resident in the animal body, where environment is more uniform.Nuttall's observation that the number of tubercle bacilli expectorated in the twenty-four hours is about three billions, would prove that only an infinitesimal number live outside the bodies of animals.The lesser number ôf cases of tuberculosis at
Abstract 1444: Semaphorin 6A inhibits the cell migration in lung adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Shen Cheng-Ying, Li Yung-Hua, Lu Tzu-Pin, Lai Liang-Chuan, Chuang Eric Y, Tsai Mong-Hsun
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract In Taiwan, most of the female lung cancer patients are non-smokers (&amp;gt;90%) and most of the tumor types are adenocarcinoma. In order to discover novel molecular targets for the non-smoking female lung cancer patients in Taiwan, the paired normal and tumor lung tissues were collected from 56 female non-smoking lung cancer patients for microarray analysis. The results showed that several genes in the semaphorin family, including SEMA6A, were significantly down-regulated in the tumor tissues by Affymetrix analysis. Semaphorins are a protein family that defined into 8 different classes of protein. Semaphorin classes 3 through 7 are found in vertebrates and the classes 4 through 6 are transmembrane proteins. The semaphorin proteins have shown to play important roles in the axon guidance of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Although originally characterized as axonal guidance molecules, several studies have indicated that the semaphorins can regulate tumor growth and tumor metastasis. However, the specific mechanisms of SEMA6A in the lung cancer cells are still unclear. Therefore, the novel functions of SEMA6A in the lung cancer cells are further studied. First, the expression levels of SEMA6A in the lung cancer tissues were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry and the results showed significant down-regulation in the tumor tissues. In addition, the non-small lung cell lines, A549 and H1299, were used to further investigate the function of SEMA6A. The A549 and H1299 cells with overexpressed SEMA6A were identified and the cell membrane fraction was purified for western blot analysis. The results showed that both of the cells did not express SEMA6A proteins. Furthermore, the result of wound healing assay was shown that the A549 and H1299 cells with overexpressed SEMA6A exhibited a lower capacity to fill the gap during 24 hours incubation compared to the cells without SEMA6A overexpression. The results of transwell migration assay also showed that the A549 and H1299 cells with overexpressed SEMA6A, bur not the A549 and H1299 cells, decrease the migration ability. Our data indicated that normal lung tissues expressed more SEMA6A protein which might inhibit the migration than the cancer lung tissues. The SEMA6A receptor, plexin-A2, will be further investigated the downstream regulation of SEMA6A. In summary, our data indicated that SEMA6A could be an important factor in lung tumorgenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1444. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1444
Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza
Authors: H. M. Krumholz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The whole truth and nothing but the truth

Informed choice requires comprehensive and credible information. Much of the rationale for the currently evolving movement to fully share data is to provide information for decision making, particularly in situations involving the need to balance the potential benefits and harms of medical products. This investment in data sharing is based on the premise that the value of the information from unavailable data is sufficiently meaningful to be worth the effort to make them available.1 Presumably, patients, with guidance from their doctors, might choose differently if data owners were to release all the information relevant to specific treatments and if independent scientists were able to properly analyze and communicate the results.

The publication of the most recent iteration of Cochrane reviews on the benefits and harms of oseltamivir and zanamivir, two neuraminidase inhibitors approved for the treatment of influenza, marks the first time that reviews of these products included information from all the pertinent clinical trials conducted by the manufacturers.2 3 Prior reviews could consider only a proportion of the studies that scientists had conducted with the drugs, since many were unpublished or selectively published. As a result of having much data out of public view, the prior reviews expressed substantial uncertainty about the benefits and harms of these antiviral agents, which led to repeated requests for all data to be …
Family occurrence of achalasia and diffuse spasm of the oesophagus.
Authors: T Frieling, W Berges, F Borchard, H J Lubke, P Enck, M Wienbeck
Journal: Gut (1988)

In view of the unknown aetiology of achalasia and diffuse oesophageal spasm we report four families (father/son, mother/son, brother/brother, cousin/cousin) with achalasia and oesophageal spasm examined by radiology, endoscopy and manometry. Family occurrence of oesophageal motor disorders supports the hypothesis that a genetic trait may play a role in the pathogenesis. The family coincidence of achalasia and oesophageal spasm supports a close relationship between the two diseases.
Gastric secretion after massive small bowel resection
Authors: C. W. O. Windsor, J. Fejfar, D. A. K. Woodward
Journal: Gut (1969)

This paper confirms that gastric hypersecretion can occur in man and dogs after massive intestinal resection. The assumption, made by others, that hypersecretion in the clinical situation is similar to that observed in dogs is challenged. An acute hypersecretory state occurred in eight of 19 patients after massive intestinal resection. This was apparent as an increased rate of basal secretion. It was usually transient and unrelated to the length of intestine resected. A correlation was noticed between hypersecretion and jaundice in the immediate postoperative period. Histamine release after acute hepatic injury was postulated as the cause of the hypersecretion. By contrast a chronic gastric hypersecretory state was demonstrated in dogs after massive intestinal resection. The rate of basal secretion was not significantly altered. The increased daily acid output was shown to be due to prolonged and enhanced response to food. The cause was thought to be loss of inhibitory agents, such as enterogastrone, normally released by the small intestine when in contact with food. The rationale of performing vagotomy and pyloroplasty at the same time as the intestinal resection is questioned.
What is really wrong with a priori claims of universality? Sampling, validity, process level, and the irresistible drive to reduce
Authors: Philippe Rochat
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Catchy acronyms such as "WEIRD population" are good mnemonics. However, they carry the danger of distracting us from deeper issues: how to sample populations, the validity of measuring instruments, the levels of processing involved. These need to be considered when assessing claims of universality regarding how the mind works "in general" - a dominant and highly rewarded drive in the behavioral and brain sciences.
Spectrum of heart malformations in mice with situs solitus, situs inversus, and associated visceral heterotaxy.
Authors: J M Icardo, M J Sanchez de Vega
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND We present a study of the heart malformations found in a collection of mouse fetuses of the iv/iv strain between days 16.5 and 18.5 of gestation. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred hearts were serially sectioned and studied by segmental analysis with a light microscope. Forty additional hearts were analyzed with a scanning microscope. Forty percent of the hearts were found to be malformed. The most frequently occurring heart malformations were persistence of the sinus venosus (9%), common atrium (17%), common atrioventricular canal (24%), double-outlet right ventricle (12%), Fallot's tetralogy (8%), and transposition of the great arteries (5%). These malformations do not usually occur in isolation but rather appear in the formation of complex cardiopathies. The most severe and frequent is the combination of persistence of sinus venosus, common atrium, common atrioventricular canal, and double-outlet right ventricle; this is the "bulboventricular heart." The morphology of each lesion, as well as the degree of association, is similar to that found in human hearts with complex cardiopathies. Some of these cardiopathies appear to be directly related to formation of the cardiac loop. The iv/iv mouse appears to constitute an excellent model with which to study the etiology and pathogenesis of complex heart defects in humans. These hearts show a high phenotypic variability in the presentation of heart lesions. From a genetic viewpoint, there is a basic defect--the bulboventricular heart--which can be considered congenital. The other malformations can be considered formes frustes of the defect type. CONCLUSIONS The iv gene is a developmental gene that affects basic developmental mechanisms. In this regard, heart lesions may not be the primary result of the abnormal gene activity but rather are secondary to defective interactions during cardiac development.
It's Time to Wake Up to the Importance of Sleep Disorders
Authors: William C. Dement
Journal: JAMA (1993)

STUDIES indicate that as many as 80 million Americans who have serious, incapacitating sleep problems are being ignored—either because they do not report their symptoms or because physicians do not ask.<sup>1,2</sup>Treatment of sleep complaints, such as insomnia, and sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, are compromised by this apathy. The National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, which was charged by a 1988 congressional mandate to evaluate the effect of sleep deprivation on American society, found that 95% of the 5 million to 10 million Americans with sleep apnea do not know they have sleep apnea and consequently face cardiovascular complications and sudden death.<sup>1</sup>Even snoring, a phenomenon often thought of by those affected as benign, is associated with poor prognosis in individuals who are at risk for cardiovascular disease<sup>3</sup>and also can increase risk of stroke.<sup>4</sup>Individuals with chronic insomnia report 2.5 times as many
THE LEGITIMATE THERAPEUTIC USES OF ALCOHOL.
Authors: O. T. OSBORNE
Journal: JAMA (1903)

In discussing this topic it is best to first state just what we have the right to expect from alcohol as a medicine. The desired action from a dose of whiskey or brandy or its equivalent is a warming of the surface of the body, an increased pulse tension, a moistening of the dry skin, absence of nausea, absence of much flushing of the face, absence of throbbing in the head, unless a case of syncope is treated by a large dose, when many of these primary undesired symptoms might occur. In giving alcohol continuously the dose should be regulated by the signs. If it causes flushing of the face, dry skin, dry tongue, a throbbing, bounding pulse, even temporarily, and the odor of alcohol is on the breath, the dose is too large. Alcohol is by no means a cure-all, and, undoubtedly, in the past much harm has been done
Spinal Cord Infarction Following Therapeutic Renal Artery Embolization
Authors: David L. Gang
Journal: JAMA (1977)

A patient with dialysis cachexia became paraparetic within hours of therapeutic renal artery embolization. At autopsy, emboli of absorbable gelatin sponge filled spinal arteries, accompanied by spinal cord infarcts. The renal arteries of patients with end-stage renal disease are smaller than normal becaue of intimal fibrosis associated with prolonged dialysis. Embolic material can reflux more readily in these patients than in patients with renal tumors.
Book: Children of AIDS: Africa's Orphan Crisis
Authors: S. King
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Emma Guest Pluto Press, £20, pp 192 ISBN 0 7453 1769 3 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> C hildren of AIDS: Africa's Orphan Crisis is a collection of stories about children in South Africa, Zambia, and Uganda, whose parents have died from AIDS. Set within different cultural contexts, the stories introduce the reader to the diversity and complexity of life across Africa. They are deeply troubling and moving. They also show the remarkable resilience and hope of the children. The AIDS epidemic is ravaging sub-Saharan Africa and the … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
The hippocampus and path integration
Authors: Ian Q. Whishaw
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Recent studies of the contribution made by the hippocampus to spatial behavior suggest that it plays a role in integrating and double integrating distance and direction information using cues generated by self-movement. This and other evidence that the hippocampus plays a central role in spatial behavior seems inconsistent with proposals that it is primarily involved in episodic memory.
Basic Contributions to Medicine By Research in Neurology
Authors: H. Houston Merritt
Journal: JAMA (1961)

INCREASES in our knowledge of the function and pathophysiology of an organ as complex as the brain are slow because of its complexity and because the approach to it is an indirect one. In fact, any significant advance in our knowledge is recognized by the award of the Nobel prize.  It is the purpose of this presentation to outline the advances which have been made in recent years with particular emphasis on those discoveries which have application to clinical practice.  Anatomy and Physiology  Since the time of the reports of Fritsch and Hitzig, attention has been directed to studies which serve to elucidate the function and interaction of various portions of the brain. These studies were, in the initial phases, based on ablation experiments in animals and the results of disease and trauma in man. Significant advances have been made in recent years by application to animal and man
IgE Antibody Measurements in Ragweed Hay Fever RELATIONSHIP TO CLINICAL SEVERITY AND THE RESULTS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
Authors: L. M. Lichtenstein, K. Ishizaka, P. S. Norman, A. K. Sobotka, B. M. Hill
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Specific IgE anti-ragweed antibodies (IgEAR) were measured over two years in two groups of highly sensitive patients treated (immunized) with either ragweed extract or placebo and in a third group of placebo-treated, relatively insensitive patients. The IgEAR on the patients' basophils were assessed by ragweed antigen E (AgE)-induced histamine release; blocking (IgG) antibodies were measured by their ability to inhibit AgE induced histamine release. These data were evaluated against the clinical severity of ragweed hay fever in each patient.
Guanine nucleotide-dependent inositol trisphosphate formation in chick heart cells.
Authors: L G Jones, D Goldstein, J H Brown
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

Stimulation of muscarinic receptors in dissociated embryonic chick heart cells promotes the hydrolysis of the phosphoinositides resulting in accumulation of the breakdown products inositol trisphosphate, bisphosphate, and monophosphate (InsP3, Insp2, and InsP, respectively). [3H]InsP3 and [3H]InsP2 are significantly elevated within 10 seconds of carbachol addition, while there is a lag in the accumulation of [3H]InsP. The time courses of the formation of the inositol phosphates suggest that carbachol activates a polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C resulting in the formation of InsP3, which is subsequently metabolized to InsP2 and InsP. High-performance liquid chromotography analysis demonstrates the formation of both naturally occurring InsP3 isomers (Ins-1,4,5-P3 and Ins-1,3,4,-P3) and of inositol tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) as well. To investigate whether a guanine nucleotide-binding protein couples receptor stimulation to phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis in the heart, we developed a saponin-permeabilized cell preparation that would allow external manipulation of the intracellular guanosine triphosphate (GTP) concentration. In the permeabilized cell preparation, guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) stimulates the accumulation of [3H]InsP, [3H]InsP2, [3H]InsP3, and [3H]InsP4. The effect of GTP gamma S is half-maximal at 1 microM and maximal above 100 microM. In contrast, GTP gamma S is ineffective in promoting PI hydrolysis in the nonpermeabilized cell except at high concentrations. Other guanine nucleotides also lead to the accumulation of [3H]InsP in the permeabilized cell, while 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate does not. Carbachol also stimulates PI hydrolysis in the permeabilized cell preparation although it is less effective than in the intact cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Use of antibiotics. Endocarditis.
Authors: C Oakley
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Infective endocarditis usually affects a heart valve but less often a septal defect, mural endocardium, or a coarctation or arterio venous shunt. The last two are more properly referred to as endarteritis. The infection is usually bacterial but may also result from colonisation with coxiella (which causes Q fever) or chlamydia (which causes psittacosis). These organisms are cell dependent and do not grow on blood culture. Fungal infection may also occur but not as a primary event; it may follow cardiac surgery, complicate antibiotic treatment of bacterial endocardi tis, or develop in patients on immunosuppressive treatment. Fungal spores almost always gain access through intravenous lines. Diagnosis is essentially clinical, and confirmation is usually based on the circumstantial evidence, from positive blood cultures or on serological tests in the case of coxiella or chlamy dia. In patients with bacterial infection who have already re ceived some antibiotic the results of blood cultures may be persistently negative, and drug treatment has to be based on clinical judgment. A tissue diagnosis can be made only in cases who have emergency surgery because of valve destruction or when an infected embolus is removed from a limb artery and the infecting organism recovered from this.
Interleukin-12 Receptor β2: From Cytokine Receptor to Gatekeeper Gene in Human B-Cell Malignancies
Authors: Vito Pistoia, Claudia Cocco, Irma Airoldi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Interleukin (IL) -12 is a cytokine that has been extensively characterized for its immunoregulatory activities. IL-12 binds to a heterodimeric receptor composed of the beta1 and beta2 chains. In this review article, we discuss recent findings on the expression and function of IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) in malignant B cells frozen at various stages of differentiation and in their normal counterparts. These studies, together with others performed in Il12rb2 knockout mice, have established the concept that the IL-12Rbeta2 gene is a gatekeeper from cancer. We will delineate three paradigms reflecting the differential expression of IL-12Rbeta2 in different groups of malignant B cells and discuss the therapeutic perspectives stemming from these studies.
Re: Maxine Sun, Marco Bianchi, Jens Hansen, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease After Nephrectomy in Patients with Small Renal Masses: A Retrospective Observational Analysis. Eur Urol 2012;62:696–703
Authors: Georgios Papadopoulos, Georgios Stathouros, Konstantinos Doumas
Journal: European Urology (2013)