tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Sickle Cell Complexity
Authors: Ira M. Rutkow
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Since passage of the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16, 1972, the American public has become increasingly aware of sickle cell disease. This growing cognizance led to the establishment of mass sickle cell anemia testing (SCAT) programs, as well as the institution, in various states, of legislation requiring mandatory screening. With such legislation and mass testing, medical and social questions have arisen concerning previously unconsidered problems associated with the detection of sickle cell anemia and trait. Many investigators regard the trait as a benign condition. However, reports of associated morbidity during periods of "extraordinary physiological stress"<sup>1</sup>have generated much controversy regarding its true nature. Additional discussion concerns the effectiveness of mass screening programs for a genetic disease, with a benign carrier state, that has no treatment or preventive modalities presently available other than ineffectual genetic counseling. Since the principal outcome of current mass SCAT programs is
EFFECT OF CYCLOSPORIN, PREVIOUS THIRD-PARTY TRANSFUSION, AND PREGNANCY ON ANTIBODY DEVELOPMENT AFTER DONOR-SPECIFIC TRANSFUSION BEFORE RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: A.M. Macleod, A.N. Hillis, A. Mather, J.M. Bone, G.R.D. Catto
Journal: The Lancet (1987)
Newer Advances in the Pathogenesis of Human Hypertension: The Adrenal Cortex and Renal Pressor Mechanism.
Authors: J. Genest
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1961)

s1 May 1961Newer Advances in the Pathogenesis of Human Hypertension: The Adrenal Cortex and Renal Pressor Mechanism.J. Genest, M.D., F.A.C.P., P. Biron, M.D., E. Koiw, W. Nowaczynski, R. Boucher, M. Chrétien, M.D.J. Genest, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, P. Biron, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, E. KoiwSearch for more papers by this author, W. NowaczynskiSearch for more papers by this author, R. BoucherSearch for more papers by this author, M. Chrétien, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-54-5-1034_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptRecent studies from this laboratory have shown (1) an excessive fluctuation of daily urinary aldosterone in hypertensive patients, (2) a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in mean urinary pregnanetriol in groups of patients with essential, renal, and malignant hypertension, and (3) a urinary pregnanetriol/aldosterone ratio below the lower limits of normal range in 92% of hypertensive patients.The possibility of a relationship between the renal pressor mechanism and the adrenal zona glomerulosa secreting aldosterone, as suggested by available experimental evidence, was explored. Forty experiments in normal volunteers and hypertensive patients were done with intravenous infusions (duration: 7 to 14 hours)... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byDie pathologische Morphologie der endokrinen RegulationsstörungenPhysiologie und Pathologie des Renin/Angiotensin-SystemsUntersuchungen �ber die Beziehung zwischen Angiotensininfusion und AldosteronsekretionAngiotensin 1 May 1961Volume 54, Issue 5Page: 1034-1034KeywordsAdrenal cortexAldosteroneHypertensionPathogenesisResearch laboratories ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1961 PDF downloadLoading ...
Assessments of Mortality, Morbidity, and Nutritional Status in Somalia During the 1991-1992 Famine
Authors: Leslie P. Boss
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To evaluate the various survey methods used in Somalia between 1991 and early 1993 while assessing documentation of mortality and malnutrition rates and common causes of morbidity and mortality.Twenty-three population surveys were identified from the Center for Public Health Surveillance for Somalia, the United Nations Children's Fund, and other humanitarian organizations.Only surveys with defined populations and apparently systematic methodology that focused on mortality, morbidity, and/or nutritional status were included.Extensive methodological differences were found among the 23 surveys. Target populations and sampling strategies varied widely. Twelve studies were considered not reproducible. Of the 16 studies assessing mortality, only eight assessed cause of death. Use of units of measurement and inclusion of denominators in rate calculations were inconsistent. None of the studies provided confidence intervals around the point estimates of the rates. Of the 11 studies providing information on morbidity, none provided case definitions. And in the 16 studies reporting nutritional status, a variety of measurement methods and definitions of malnutrition were used. Three studies presented information based on mid-upper-arm circumference measurements, and 10 presented weight-for-height data below 70% and 80% of the reference median; only four studies presented z scores.While the results of some studies may have influenced policy and program management decisions, their effects may have been limited by failure to adequately document results and by differences among studies in objectives, design, parameters measured, methods of measurement, definitions, and analysis methods. We recommend that agencies conducting population studies in emergency situations define clear study objectives, use standard sampling and data collection methods, and ensure precise written documentation of study objectives, methods, and results.
Abstract 4138: Five prognostic subgroups differ in expression of Akt pathway genes: Biomarkers for therapy selection
Authors: Anna M. Joy, Ivan Smirnov, Archana Ramesh, Seungchan Kim, Robert Bachoo, Jann Sarkaria, Prahlad Ram, William Shapiro, Gordon Mills, Burt Feuerstein
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Biomarkers that select patients for therapeutics would benefit clinical trial design and patient care. The Akt pathway is a therapeutic target in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) and an important determinant of patient outcome. However, it is not known whether activity of this pathway varies among GBM tumors. To investigate we used Akt pathway genes from published GBM expression datasets. We detected 5 patterns of Akt pathway gene expression and these Akt subgroups correlated with prognosis. We analyzed networks within subgroups using both gene set enrichment analysis and a novel method that scores relevance based on both expression and local network connectivity (Komurov et al., PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 6:8, 1-10). The results suggest therapeutic targets within the individual subgroups. Furthermore, preliminary analysis indicates that human GBM xenograft models and primary human GBM manifest similar Akt subgroups. We are investigating rodent xenograft models of Akt subgroups to evaluate subgroup-specific drug sensitivity, and will present a method and examples of analysis integrating gene expression data from human GBM xenografts and primary human GBM. We hypothesize that Akt subgroups will help personalize treatment for GBM therapeutics. Supported by Barrow Neurological Foundation, Halle Family Foundation, and NIH 1 K01 NS064952-01A1 (AMJ). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4138. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4138
The Utility of Overnight Urine Collections in Assessing Compliance With a Low Sodium Intake Diet
Authors: Friedrich C. Luft
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To develop methods of estimating sodium intake in free-living persons, we gave normal volunteers mean sodium intakes of 65, 110, and 200 mEq/day. The intake was randomly varied about each mean by an SD of 12.5% daily. Twenty-four-hour and night urinary sodium excretion were measured. Night urinary sodium excretion was also estimated by means of inexpensive quantitative and qualitative chloride titrator strips. The latter required no timed urine collection. A total of three 24-hour urine collections were necessary to differentiate the regimens with 95% accuracy. Three night urinary sodium excretory estimates by the quantitative chloride titrator provided 79% accuracy in identifying the level of dietary sodium intake. By applying the qualitative chloride titrator every other day, the dietary regimens could be differentiated with 95% accuracy. These techniques were not only useful in estimating sodium intake, but also provided a simple means of documenting compliance to sodium restriction. Patients should have no difficulty in applying these methods themselves in a home setting.
A Prospective Study of Glycemic Control During Holiday Time in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Harn-Shen Chen, Tjin-Shing Jap, Ru-Lin Chen, Hong-Da Lin
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—In the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study, A1C increased from 1.2 to 1.7% and fasting plasma glucose from 1.0 to 2.8 mmol/l over 10 years in type 2 diabetic patients. It is not known whether the blood glucose increase observed in long-term studies of type 2 diabetes results from small, steady increases throughout the year or from increases during discrete periods. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—To estimate the variation of actual glycemic control and its relation to holiday times, we measured A1C and fructosamine in 110 patients with type 2 diabetes. These measurements were performed four times at intervals of 4–6 weeks; therefore, glycemic change was determined for three periods: preholiday period (from between November 13 and December 20 to between December 20 and January 20), holiday period (from between December 20 and January 20 to between January 28 and February 28), and postholiday period (from between January 28 and February 28 to between March 1 and April 10). A final measurement of A1C was obtained from 90 subjects in the following December or January. RESULTS—The mean A1C increased, but not significantly, during the preholiday (increase 0.135 ± 0.723%, P = 0.055) and holiday (increase 0.094 ± 0.828%, P = 0.239) periods. The mean A1C decreased, but not significantly, during the postholiday period (decrease 0.022 ± 0.588%, P = 0.695). Altogether, the A1C change during these three periods increased significantly (increase 0.207 ± 0.943%, P = 0.024). The mean fructosamine increased significantly during the preholiday period (increase 0.151 ± 0.460 mmol/l, P = 0.001), but there was no significant change during the holiday period (increase 0.057 ± 0.593 mmol/l, P = 0.321). However, fructosamine decreased significantly during the postholiday period (decrease 0.178 ± 0.448 mmol/l, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Altogether, the fructosamine changes during the study periods showed no significant difference (increase 0.030 ± 0.566 mmol/l, P = 0.579). Between March or early April and the following December or January, there was no additional change in A1C (decrease 0.009 ± 1.039%, P = 0.935) for the 90 participants who returned for follow-up treatment. CONCLUSIONS—The present study demonstrates an influence of winter holidays on the glycemic control of patients who have type 2 diabetes, and this poor glycemic control might not be reversed during the summer and autumn months. Therefore, the cumulative effects of the yearly A1C gain during the winter holidays are likely to contribute to the substantial increase in A1C that occurs every year among type 2 diabetic individuals.
Growth and Maturation of Children with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Robert L Jackson, Edward Holland, Ira D Chatman, Diana Guthrie, John E Hewett
Journal: Diabetes Care (1978)

The purpose of this paper is to define criteria used for classifying patients into varying degrees of diabetic control and to verify that children with diabetes maintained in higher degrees of metabolic control do not have delayed growth and maturation. Growth records of 252 children with insulin-dependent diabetes who have been under continuous observation in our clinic at three- to five-month intervals for at least three years and up to 16 years have been individually reviewed and analyzed. All children received two daily injections of a mixture of two parts of an intermediate to one part of regular insulin and were instructed to eat structured meals of high-quality selected foods. An over-all rating for diabetic control based primarily on the frequency and degree of glycosuria was made for the time period between clinic visits. The over-all diabetic control rating and the size of the subgroups were “good” — 20 per cent, “fair to good” — 64 per cent, and “fair”—16 per cent. All children maintained in “good” and “air to good” control (84 per cent), grew and matured at a normal rate regardless of the age at onset or duration of diabetes. All children in lower degrees of control coming under care for greater than 24 months after diagnosis had accelerated growth during the early months after attaining a higher degree of control.
Cytoprotective effects of glycine and glutathione against hypoxic injury to renal tubules.
Authors: J M Weinberg, J A Davis, M Abarzua, T Rajan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Roles for both the tripeptide, GSH, and individual amino acids in modifying the cellular response to oxygen deprivation-induced injury have been suggested by prior work in kidney and other tissues, but the precise interrelationships have not been clearly defined. We have studied the effects of GSH, its component amino acids, and related compounds on the behavior of isolated renal proximal tubules in a well characterized model of hypoxic injury in vitro. GSH, the combination of cysteine, glutamate, and glycine and glycine alone, when present in the medium during 30 min hypoxia, a duration sufficient to produce extensive irreversible injury in untreated tubules, were protective. Significant effects were detected at 0.25 mM concentrations of the reagents, and protection was nearly complete at concentrations of 1 mM and above. Glutamate and cysteine alone were not protective. The exogenous GSH added to the tubule suspensions was rapidly degraded to its component amino acids. Treatment of tubules with GSH or cysteine, but not glycine, increased intracellular GSH levels. Oxidized GSH was protective. Serine, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine, and a panel of agents known to modify injury produced by reactive oxygen metabolites were without benefit. These observations identify a novel and potent action of glycine to modify the course of hypoxic renal tubular cell injury. This effect is independent of changes in cellular GSH metabolism and appears to be unrelated to alterations of cell thiols or reactive oxygen metabolites. Further elucidation of its mechanism may provide insight into both the basic pathophysiology of oxygen deprivation-induced cell injury and a practical way to ameliorate it.
The terror of television Made worse by family stress
Authors: F Forbes, I McClure, M Baillie, A Thompson, C Kaplan, Y Fogarty, F Morrison, J D Fulton, S Thacker
Journal: BMJ (1994)

A 62-year-old woman presented with non-specific abdominal pain, elevated alkaline phosphatase levels and bilateral sequential visual loss. Visual acuity was counting fingers in right eye (RE) and 20/400 in left eye (LE). She was noted to have optic nerve pallor in RE and mildly elevated optic disc with signs of ocular inflammation in LE. After 2 weeks, vision deteriorated to light perception bilaterally with now extensive vitreal inflammation present in both eyes. Positive rapid plasma reagen and <i>Treponema pallidum</i>’s antibody tites confirmed syphilis infection. Unfortunately, as the diagnosis was delayed by many months, her visual acuity remained poor (hand motions in RE and 20/50 in LE) despite treatment with intravenous penicillin. This case reminds us of the re-emergence of this ‘great masquerader’ and highlights the importance of maintaining high suspicion for syphilis in patients with unexplained visual loss and systemic symptoms, even in older adults without identifiable risk factors.
Outpatient thyroidectomy is safe in selected patients
Authors: David Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Careful selection of patients along with prophylactic calcium supplementation makes outpatient thyroid surgery safe and cost effective, a new study has shown. It was presented in Toronto this week at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.

Thyroidectomy has traditionally required patients to stay in hospital for days, although many surgeons advocate only overnight observation. Mortality from thyroid surgery carries relatively low risk, but caution is required because of the organ's close proximity to other structures, which can …
Genomewide Association between Insertions/Deletions and the Nucleotide Diversity in Bacteria
Authors: L. Zhu, Q. Wang, P. Tang, H. Araki, D. Tian
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

Spontaneous mutations are not randomly distributed throughout a genome. Although mutation hotspots are found on genomes of a variety of species, mechanisms that generate the hotspots are not well understood. In eukaryotes, strong association between a regional nucleotide substitution rate and insertions/deletions (indels) was reported in a previous study, and the “indel-induced mutation” hypothesis was proposed. However, it is unknown whether the association exists even in prokaryote genomes. In this study, we conducted a systematic survey for the association in 262 complete genomes from 73 bacterial species. In these bacteria, the level of nucleotide diversity was negatively correlated with the distance from the closest indel, which is consistent with the eukaryote data. The same pattern was observed even after excluding noncoding sequences, indicating that the difference in functional constraints among genomic regions is not a primary cause of the correlation. In addition, the increase of nucleotide substitution rate was detected disproportionally on a lineage carrying a derived indel mutation, confirming the indel-nucleotide diversity association in the bacterial genomes. In some cases, the level of nucleotide diversity was more than 100 times higher in regions close to indels than in distant regions. Although further understanding of the molecular mechanism is required to test the hypothesis, these results suggest that the same mechanism for the indel–nucleotide diversity associations might exist in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and play an important role in molecular evolution.
IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE TO THE GENERAL PRACTITIONER.
Authors: ALBERT E. MILLER
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The lowest form of life is a cell, which is defined as a minute mass of protoplasm. Each individual cell is of sufficient importance to have a life history of its own. It has its origin from some pre-existing parent cell, grows, fulfils its mission, produces other cells, wastes away and dies. All action is attended with waste. There must be food supplied in proportion to this waste or existence would cease. If the supply is less than the waste existence may be prolonged but must finally terminate. If the food supply equals the waste, there will be no apparent change. If it exceed the waste, there will be increase in growth. To keep an animal in a perfect condition the quality and quantity of food should be such as will best supply the place of that which is worn out. In the development of the infant after birth nature
Controlling chickenpox in hospitals
Authors: E M Jones, D S Reeves
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Chickenpox seems to be affecting more older people.1 2 3 More adult patients are being seen in hospital. The reasons for this are not clear, although Ross and Lantos have suggested that the explanation may simply be the increasing number of immigrants from tropical countries, where fewer adults have immunity to chickenpox.4 Whatever the reasons for the trend, more adult patients with chickenpox are being seen in hospitals. Chickenpox is highly contagious from two or three days before the rash appears until the lesions crust. Fluid from the vesicles of shingles is also infectious. Chickenpox is potentially a very serious illness in adults, in pregnancy, and in patients who are immunosuppressed (including those taking corticosteroids5). Because the disease is transmissible before the rash appears it poses particular problems for the tracing and subsequent management of patients' contacts and also staff contacts.

The new edition of Immunisation against Infectious Disease 1996 6 recommends that people at increased risk of severe varicella zoster infection who are exposed to chickenpox or herpes zoster should be tested for antibodies …
Age-related decrease in proteasome expression contributes to defective nuclear factor-κB activation during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion
Authors: Nadine Huber, Nozomu Sakai, Thorsten Eismann, Thomas Shin, Satoshi Kuboki, John Blanchard, Rebecca Schuster, Michael J. Edwards, Hector R. Wong, Alex B. Lentsch
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Abstract Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) leads to liver injury and dysfunction through the initiation of a biphasic inflammatory response that is regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). We have previously shown that there is an age-dependent difference in the injury response to hepatic I/R in mice that correlates with divergent activation of NF-κB such that young mice have greater NF-κB activation, but less injury than old mice. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which age alters the activation of NF-κB in the liver during I/R. Young (4-5 weeks) and old (12-14 months) mice underwent partial hepatic I/R. Livers were obtained for RNA microarray analysis and protein expression assays. Using microarray analysis, we identified age-dependent differences in the expression of genes related to protein ubiquitinylation and the proteasome. In old mice, genes that are involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway were significantly down-regulated during I/R. Consistent with these findings, expression of a critical proteasome subunit, non-adenosine triphosphatase 4 (PSMD4), was reduced in old mice. Expression of the NF-κB inhibitory protein, IκBα, was increased in old mice and was greatly phosphorylated and ubiquitinylated. The data provide strong evidence that the age-related defect in hepatic NF-κB signaling during I/R is a result of decreased expression of PSMD4, a proteasome subunit responsible for recognition and recruitment of ubiquitinylated substrates to the proteasome. It appears that decreased PSMD4 expression prevents recruitment of phosphorylated and ubiquitinylated IκBα to the proteasome, resulting in a defect in NF-κB activation. (Hepatology 2009.)
An Unusual Case of Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Tom Routledge, David Jenkins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

A 33-year-old woman had dyspnea for six months, with intermittent fever. She was admitted to the hospital with worsening dyspnea, hypoxia, and patchy bilateral pulmonary consolidations. Computed tomography showed large, central pulmonary filling defects (Panel A, arrows). The patient was treated with anticoagulation and antibiotics. Her condition deteriorated, and she received an intravenous thrombolytic agent, with no improvement. She then underwent urgent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, during which she was found to have pale, lobulated tissue completely filling both pulmonary arteries. A complete resection was performed, but a reperfusion lung injury developed, and the patient died. Histologic examination of the resected specimen . . .