tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
'Hi, Lucille, This Is Dr Gold!'
Authors: Lucille G. Natkins
Journal: JAMA (1982)

I'm going in for a dilation and curettage (D&amp;C) next week. But even as I worry about carcinomas and five-year survival rates, an incident from my last D&amp;C keeps popping into my mind. That operation occurred after I hadn't seen a gynecologist in years. On my internist's recommendation I saw a physician whom I'll call Dr James Gold, diplomate, American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology; fellow, American College of Surgeons; and associate attending physician at a large teaching hospital. It turned out that he was a contemporary, that he lived in my neighborhood, and that his children and mine were classmates. He'd gone to medical school with one of my friends and interned with another. No one would have worried about inviting us to the same dinner party. One visit and several phone calls later—all conducted on a cordial "Dr Gold" and "Mrs Natkins" basis—surgery was scheduled and soon afterward
Role of Cytokine Therapy in 2006 and Beyond for Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: Marina Parton, Martin Gore, Tim Eisen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) has a long history as a disease with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Immunotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment since the 1980s, and there have been a number of largely phase II studies examining various schedules of interferon-alpha and interleukin-2 based treatments. With the development of molecular targeted drugs the armentarium against mRCC has significantly expanded and cytokine treatments should be only directed at those most likely to benefit with durable remissions and prolonged survival.
Abstract 2392: A novel approach for detecting viable and tissue-specific circulating tumor cells
Authors: Ping Wu, Daniel Oh, Wasim H. Chowdhury, Tarana A. Kudrolli, Minzhi M. Liu, Lori Sokoll, Ronald Rodriguez, Shawn E. Lupold
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offer a new strategy to access cancer tissue through a simple blood sample. CTCs levels can be predictive of overall survival in patients with metastatic cancers and changes in CTC levels following therapy can be indicative of therapeutic response. Moreover, CTCs may provide a means to select patients for specific therapeutic approaches by identifying active or susceptible pathways. However, most of the current methods for detecting CTCs have limitations including the need for specialized equipment, the reliance on cell capture through cell surface markers such as EpCAM, limited sensitivity, the inability to distinguish cancer from normal, tissue type, active pathways, or cell viability. Here we present a novel CTC detection approach which applies tissue-selective replicating adenoviruses and highly sensitive secreted reporters. These Circulating Tumor Cell Reporter Viruses (CTC-RVs) were generated by replacing the early viral E1A gene promoter with the prostate specific probasin promoter and prostate specific antigen enhancer (PSE-PBN). The secreted reporter gene, humanized metridia luciferase (hMLuc), was incorporated into the viral major late transcriptional unit, at the fiber gene locus, to limit reporter expression to only those cells in which the virus has replicated. Cells from total blood, including mononuclear cells and CTCs, are placed in tissue culture media and infected with the CTC-RV. After three days, viral replication dramatically amplifies reporter levels within infected prostate cancer cells with active Androgen Receptor pathways leading to the secretion of the bioluminescent reporter. Non-prostatic cells will not amplify the virus or express the reporter gene. LNCaP cellular dilution study results show that as few as five CTCs per million lymphocytes cells could be readily detected without any cell isolation. LNCaP cells diluted in healthy volunteer blood samples identified the optimal time and dosing conditions. Initial studies in clinical samples support the detection of viable CTCs with this assay. This new approach offers a means to quantify live CTC levels in a tissue-specific manner, without the need for cell capture, through the use of a secreted signal which can be detected separate from the large blood cell population. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2392. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2392
Conformational Correction Mechanisms Aiding Antigen Recognition by a Humanized Antibody
Authors: Margaret A. Holmes, Timothy N. Buss, Jefferson Foote
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

The crystal structure of the complex between hen egg lysozyme and the Fv fragment of a humanized antilysozyme antibody was determined to 2.7-Å resolution. The structure of the antigen combining site in the complex is nearly identical to that of the complexed form of the parent mouse antibody, D1.3. In contrast, the combining sites of the unliganded mouse and humanized antilysozymes show moderate conformational differences. This disparity suggests that a conformational readjustment process linked to antigen binding reverses adverse conformations in the complementarity determining regions that had been introduced by engineering these segments next to human framework regions in the humanized antibody.
Risk of venepuncture.
Authors: D Kohn, A Bush, I Kessler
Journal: BMJ (1976)

<b>Millar, J. A., Thompson, G. G., Goldberg, A., Barry, P. S. I., and Lowe, E. H. (1972).</b><i>Brit. J. industr. Med.,</i><b>29,</b> 317-320. δ-<b>Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase activity in the blood of men working with lead alkyls.</b> The activity of erythrocyte ALA<sup>1</sup>-dehydrase is inhibited <i>in vivo</i> at blood lead (Pb<sup>2+</sup>) levels within the upper range of normal (20-40 μg/100 ml) and <i>in vitro</i> at lead concentrations greater than 10<sup>-7</sup> M. In view of the high sensitivity of the enzyme to Pb<sup>2+</sup>, the levels of enzyme activity in the blood of men occupationally exposed to lead alkyls, particularly tetraethyllead, were measured. It was found that the enzyme activity in an exposed group of men was significantly less (P&lt;0·001) than in a control group, the respective mean values being 220 and 677 units of enzyme activity. Tetraethyllead is metabolized in the body via triethyllead and diethyllead ions. As the latter compound possesses properties similar to Pb<sup>2+</sup>, it was synthesized in the laboratory and its effect on ALA-dehydrase was studied. Diethyllead ion was found to inhibit ALA-dehydrase activity at concentrations greater than 5 x 10<sup>-5</sup> M, although the degree of inhibition was less than that obtained with Pb<sup>2+</sup>. These results suggest that exposure to tetraethyllead can cause a decrease in erythrocyte ALA-dehydrase activity.
The permanent vegetative state: practical guidance on diagnosis and management
Authors: D. T Wade, C. Johnston
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Patients who survive catastrophic brain damage may be left permanently unaware—in the permanent vegetative state. Many doctors are likely to manage these patients at some point in their career.1 The diagnosis has been the subject of reports prepared by official bodies.2–6 It has been defined as “a clinical condition of unawareness of self and environment in which the patient breathes spontaneously, has a stable circulation, and shows cycles of eye closure and opening which may simulate sleep and waking.”4 A wide range of causes has been reported, but head injury is probably the most common.5 6

The diagnosis of permanent vegetative state is of particular importance; once it has been made, active medical treatment may be stopped. In the leading English case of Bland in 1993, the House of Lords held that artificial nutrition and hydration (for example, feeding by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube) constituted medical treatment and that if a patient was permanently unaware of self and environment, it was lawful not to continue such medical treatment.7 Up to October 1998, court approval to stop active medical treatment had been given for 18 patients.

Criteria for diagnosing permanent vegetative state have been drawn up by various groups.2–6 Although these criteria are the result of collective thought and wisdom, they are not always helpful in clinical practice. In contrast to the diagnosis of brain death, where a few specific clinical criteria can determine the state,8 the diagnosis of permanent vegetative state depends on providing evidence of a negative: a lack of awareness. The criteria developed have included incidental but irrelevant clinical observations (for example, response to ice water caloric testing4). Furthermore, they have failed to focus on the fundamental question of awareness, which has lead to difficulties in …
DOES A PRIMARY TUBERCULOUS INFECTION AFFORD ADEQUATE PROTECTION AGAINST CONSUMPTION?
Authors: CHESTER A. STEWART
Journal: JAMA (1933)

The ability of nonallergic individuals to cope successfully with initial infections of varied doses of tubercle bacilli such as are commonly received in average human experience apparently is so prevalent in man that but few can identify the time they acquired the primary type of tuberculosis by any known illness or impairment of health directly attributable to this disease. Almost without exception, one remains entirely ignorant of the fact that one has primary tuberculosis until its presence is revealed by a positive reaction to tuberculin. To assume that relatively few bacilli are received usually when first infections occur and to conclude that small initial dosage unaided by some form of natural resistance fully explains why primary tuberculosis tends to be a benign disease with great regularity does not seem to harmonize with clinical observations reported by Wessler and Bass, 1 Hempelmann, 2 Ribadeau-Dumas and Beclere, 3 Bernard and Debre, 4
The eosinophil surface receptor epidermal growth factor–like module containing mucin-like hormone receptor 1 (EMR1): A novel therapeutic target for eosinophilic disorders
Authors: Fanny Legrand, Nenad Tomasevic, Olga Simakova, Chyi-Chia Richard Lee, Zengfang Wang, Mark Raffeld, Michelle A. Makiya, Varghese Palath, John Leung, Mark Baer, Geoffrey Yarranton, Irina Maric, Christopher Bebbington, Amy D. Klion
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Glucagon and the colon.
Authors: I Taylor, H L Duthie, D C Cumberland, R Smallwood
Journal: Gut (1975)

The effect of glucagon on human colonic myoelectrical activity is described. By means of intraluminal, serosal, and surface electrodes, recordings from all areas of the large bowel have been obtained. Glucagon inhibited both electrical and pressure rhythms in all subjects tested. Evidence is produced to suggest a direct action on colonic smooth muscle. A controlled trial using glucagon during routine barium enema examinations suggests that it may prove to be useful for hypotonic examinations of the colon where painful spasm is present.
P268 Can we improve "door-to-mask" times for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?
Authors: S. Mandal, T. Q. Howes, C. M. Roberts
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> COPD is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity and timely use of NIV improves outcomes. National guidelines recommend early intervention in persisting acidosis however, audit data suggests that many patients receive NIV late and have high mortality compared to the results of RCTs. We aimed to improve the process of care for these patients through the introduction of a prospective proforma, prompting clinicians to follow guideline recommendations about timely intervention. <h3>Methods</h3> The proforma included items that prompted: care in medications being given, ABGs being taken and decisions regarding escalation of care and resuscitation status being made. All emergency COPD exacerbations managed with NIV were included in the study. Data were collected prospectively for 7.5 months in seven Acute Trusts in London and Essex. Each site was given real time feedback on their performance on a monthly basis. <h3>Results</h3> The proforma was used in 138 acidotic COPD patients managed with NIV. Combined data from all the involved sites demonstrated no significant improvement in door-to-mask times during the study period. Overall only 47% of patients received NIV within 3 h of admission and there was significant variation between individual sites in door-to-mask times (p=0.0007, Abstract P268 table 1). Sites were grouped according to their respiratory on call system. Sites with a 9-5 respiratory on call had the shortest door-to-mask time, both during 9:00–17:00 and out of hours, mean time=203.5 min (SD 259), vs 291.9 min (SD 231.9) for 24 h respiratory on call and 327 min (SD 314.7) for those without a respiratory on call. Patients who were started on NIV in locations outside A&amp;E had longer mean door to-mask-times (135.62 vs 377.44 min). <h3>Conclusion</h3> The introduction of a proforma with monthly feedback reports did not improve door-to-mask times. Less than half the patients managed with NIV received this within 3 h. There remains an unacceptable variation in the standard of patient care that may result from different operational practices across hospitals. There is a need to define optimal service delivery to ensure that all patients receive best care regardless of their place of admission.
Comment on: Hellemons et al. Initial Angiotensin Receptor Blockade–Induced Decrease in Albuminuria Is Associated With Long-Term Renal Outcome in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Microalbuminuria: A Post Hoc Analysis of the IRMA-2 Trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2078–2083
Authors: Mayer B. Davidson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

Hellemons et al. (1) in a post hoc analysis of the Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (IRMA)-2 trial provocatively showed that the initial reduction of microalbumiuria with an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) was independently associated with renoprotection (i.e., independent of blood pressure changes). Antihypertensive medication was removed for a 3-week run-in …
Hypercalcemia in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: ALI A. ABBASI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

We ascertained the incidence of hypercalcemia in 79 consecutive patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and a control group of 79 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Twenty-two patients developed hypercalcemia (serum calcium greater than 10.5 mg/dl) within 4 to 16 weeks after initiation of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. The duration of hypercalcemia ranged from 1 to 7 months, and remission occurred spontaneously in all patients. The mean daily vitamin D supplement was greater in hypercalcemic patients than in the normocalcemic group. There was a positive correlation between daily vitamin D supplement and degree and duration of hypercalcemia. Mean serum calcium in patients with tuberculosis was higher than in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease supplemented with the same dose of vitamin D. Hypercalcemia appears to be related to the activity of pulmonary tuberculosis and the intake of vitamin D; the exact mechanism, however, remains unknown.
Identifying and Eliminating the Roadblocks to Comparative-Effectiveness Research
Authors: Daniel F. Martin, Maureen G. Maguire, Stuart L. Fine
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Patient-advocacy and health policy groups have hailed comparative-effectiveness research (CER) as a means of reducing health care costs without compromising the quality of care. The federal commitment of $1.1 billion under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) ensures that the scientific community will undertake considerable amounts of such research. Yet major federal policy changes and innovative measures were required before one CER study, “Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration [AMD] Treatments Trials (CATT),” could even be launched. Our experience with CATT highlights important roadblocks and dramatic changes needed in federal infrastructure for CER to be conducted efficiently.In July 2005, . . .
Reply to Sabine Brookman-May, Maximilian Burger, Wolf F. Wieland, and Matthias May's Letter to the Editor re: Todd M. Morgan, Dominic Tang, Kelly L. Stratton, et al. Preoperative Nutritional Status Is an Important Predictor of Survival in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol 2011;59:923–8
Authors: Todd M. Morgan, Peter E. Clark
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Insulin-like growth factor II is an experimental stress inducible gene in a porcine model of brief coronary occlusions
Authors: A. Kluge, R. Zimmermann, B. Munkel, P. D Verdouw, J. Schaper, W. Schaper
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

Previous observations have shown that myocardium activates many adaptive processes after brief ischaemia. The aim of this study was to determine whether insulin-like growth factors (IGF) as well as their receptors and binding proteins (IGFBP), which control the activity of the IGF, may play an important role during these processes.Ischaemia was induced in anaesthetised open chest pigs by two 10 min occlusions of the left anterior descending coronary artery, separated by 30 min of reperfusion, and followed by reperfusion up to 210 min. Tissue from the ischaemic area and from a non-ischaemic control region of the same heart was examined by means of northern blot, slot blot, and in situ hybridisation.IGF-I, IGF-II, the type I receptor, the insulin receptor, and IGFBP-2-6 are constitutively expressed in porcine myocardium. In situ hybridisation showed that IGF-I and IGF-II are mainly transcribed by myocytes. Ischaemia/reperfusion led to an early and significant increase in IGF-II mRNA compared to non-sham controls but not in comparison with sham operated animals, which already showed a (not significantly) enhanced IGF-II expression. In each case the IGF-II mRNA levels are equal in the control and the experimental region of the same heart. Whereas IGF-II expression was already increased by experimental stress, IGFBP-5 mRNA was enhanced only by ischaemia/reperfusion. The expression of IGF-I, the receptors, and IGFBP-2, 3, 4, and 6 remained unchanged during the experimental protocol. IGFBP-1 was neither expressed nor induced in our model.IGF-II acts like a stress-response gene activated by the experimental conditions (surgery, anaesthesia) and remains induced during following episodes of ischaemia/reperfusion. A possible interaction of IGFBP-5 with other components of the IGF system may contribute to the preconditioning response.
THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF TRYPTOPHAN METABOLITES BY PREGNANT WOMEN*
Authors: R. R. Brown, Madeline J. Thornton, J. M. Price
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

ports on the efficacy of pyridoxine in reducing the incidence of pre-eclampsia (20, 21), factors in ad- dition to vitamin B6 nutrition are probably in- volved.
Methodology of Research in Psychosomatic Medicine
Authors: R.C.B. Aitken
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1973)

This paper reviews some problems in the methodology of clinical psychosomatic research. Concentration is on symptomatology rather than on aetiology of disease; and on diagnosis and treatment of known psychopathology, particularly mood disturbance, rather than on underlying speculative mechanisms. Reliability, sensitivity and validity of measurements are considered to be the keys to advance knowledge in this field. Samples of patients studied must be representative of a disease, and not of other factors which contribute bias to the observations. Account must be taken of the wide variability found in most measures required in psychosomatic patients, and hence of their lack of specificity to an individual patient.
Sterilized Dressing for Office Use.
Authors: D. H. GALLOWAY
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Every physician does at least a little minor surgery, and has in his office a quantity of dressings for this purpose. No matter how careful he may be to keep these dressings clean and antiseptic, they will at times become contaminated by handling and by contact with the outside of the container. This is inevitable if the doctor dresses his cases without the assistance of a trained nurse—as most of us do. Some doctors treat their dressings in a way the description of which would not look well in a medical journal. Surgical dressings should be kept in a box or jar which can be closed air-tight. A cheap container, which I use, is a half-gallon candy jar with a glass top fastened by a metal ring, which screws down upon it; a rubber ring between cover and jar makes an air-tight joint. In the bottom of this jar under
The High Price of Federally Regulated Hemodialysis
Authors: Robert E. Greenspan
Journal: JAMA (1981)

MEDICAL care in most countries operates in the milieu of business conditions characteristic of that country. It would be expected that in the United States, fee-for-service medicine, in which consumers (patients) seek quality care at a competitive price, would be the predominant modus operandi. As costs have soared, however, the federal government has taken an increasingly active role through publicly financed third-party programs to ensure coverage to those not able to afford excessive costs. Alterations in traditional free-market mechanisms have thus been taking place, one of which has been the creation of a consumer population primarily interested in receiving quality services without incentive to control costs and providers who have reversed those priorities. After nine years of operation as an experiment in national catastrophic insurance, the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) program needs review in light of recent concerns regarding quality and cost control that have resulted from interference with free
Skinning the Cat
Authors: Martin L. Nusynowitz
Journal: JAMA (1975)

It is generally accepted that acromegalic patients with significant tumor extension require open surgical hypophysectomy to alleviate local pressure effects on extrasellar structures. Since the majority of acromegalics do not have this condition, a variety of "closed" therapeutic modalities have been developed in recent years to directly obliterate the intrasellar adenoma. Among these are supervoltage teletherapeutic irradiation (cobalt 60, Van de Graaff generator), external heavy particle irradiation, brachytherapy with implantation of radioactive isotopes (yttrium 90, gold 198), radiofrequency or ultrasonic ablation, transsphenoidal cryosurgery, and transsphenoidal microsurgical techniques. Aloia et al<sup>1</sup>have outlined the characteristics of the ideal form of therapy for acromegaly: (1) morbidity and mortality less than that of the untreated disease (which is more than twice that expected in the general population), (2) elimination of factors responsible for morbidity and mortality, (3) correction of hypersomatotropism without induction of hypopituitarism, (4) prevention of extrasellar extension, and (5) an
DOES LOCATION MATTER? IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS VASCULAR INTERVENTIONS, INSIGHTS FROM THE BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD OF MICHIGAN CARDIOVASCULAR CONSORTIUM
Authors: Paul Michael Grossman, Samuel R. Kaufman, David Share, Herbert D. Aronow, Stanley J. Chetcuti, Paul Bove, Timothy J. Nypaver, James M. Fox, M. Ashraf Mansour, Hitinder S. Gurm
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)