tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Insulin Resistance: New Insights
Authors: Donald B. Martin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

For most physicians the term "insulin resistance" usually conjures up the not infrequent clinical situation of an increasing requirement for insulin in the diabetic patient, which can usually be ascribed to an intercurrent infection or other acute medical illness, or to a surgical procedure. Less commonly, insulin resistance can have an endocrine cause, either endogenously (for example, in the form of Cushing's disease or acromegaly) or exogenously by the administration of corticosteroids for asthma or a blood dyscrasia. Rarely, antibodies to the administered insulin can bring about resistance to insulin.It should be recognized, however, that there are several very . . .
THE USE OF BULK ETHER IN ANESTHESIA
Authors: HARRY GOLD
Journal: JAMA (1942)

The belief that ether for anesthesia should be stored in small containers and that it should not be used for anesthesia twenty-four hours after the containers are opened dates back to the work of Baskerville,<sup>1</sup>who was the first to study extensively the conditions under which ether deteriorates. The foregoing was, in fact, his recommendation embodied in the United States Pharmacopeia during a period of about thirty years (U. S. Pharmacopeia IX, X, XI). The advice has been widely accepted and hospitals have pursued the practice of purchasing anesthetic ether in large numbers of one-quarter and one-half pound sealed metal cans. What remained after the first twenty-four hours was used for cleansing or other purposes. In 1934 a study was published by Harry and David Gold<sup>2</sup>which challenged the validity of the twenty-four hour clause. It was shown that, in ordinary anesthetic ether cans which were opened many
Nitrite inhalants: history, epidemiology, and possible links to AIDS.
Authors: H W Haverkos, A N Kopstein, H Wilson, P Drotman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Nitrite inhalants have been commonly abused substances in the United States. Nitrite inhalants and AIDS was a popular topic in the early 1980s, when the cause of AIDS was not known. With the discovery of HIV, concern about nitrite use in the USA waned. However, nitrite inhalant use is associated with behavioral relapse and HIV transmission among gay men, with decreased lymphocyte counts and natural killer cell activity in a few laboratory studies, and it remains a candidate cofactor in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Discouraging nitrite use continues to be a worthwhile public health goal.
Rates of synthesis of actomyosin in atria and ventricles of the perfused working rat heart
Authors: D. M SMITH, P. H SUGDEN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1985)

Actomyosin from hearts perfused in vitro with [U-14C] phenylalanine and the remaining plasma amino acids was purified by standard techniques. The rate of actomyosin synthesis was expressed relative to actomyosin protein, to total protein and to total RNA. The rate of atrial total protein synthesis was twice the ventricular rate correlating with the RNA/protein ratios of the compartments. The actomyosin contents relative to total protein were not significantly different in atria and ventricles. The rate of actomyosin synthesis in atria was 2 to 3 times greater than in the ventricles when expressed relative to actomyosin or total protein. Synthesis rates of actomyosin expressed relative to total RNA were similar in the two compartments. These results suggest that the rate of turnover of actomyosin in the atria is 2 to 3 times the ventricular rate and that the greater rate of synthesis of total protein synthesis in atria is reflected in the rate of synthesis of specific intramyocytic proteins.
Occupational asthma in bakeries caused by sensitivity to α‐amylase
Authors: J. G. BlancoCarmona, S. Juste Picón, M. Garcés Sotillos
Journal: Allergy (1991)

We report on a patient with asthma induced by occupational exposure to α‐amylase derived from Aspergillus oryzae , which is a component of bread additives. A type I hypersensitivity to this enzyme was demonstrated by means of skin test, immunoassay for specific IgE, and immediate bronchial provocation test response to an α‐amylase extract.
Hypercalcemia and Myeloma
Authors: RICHARD E. GOLDSMITH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Comments and Corrections1 August 1973Hypercalcemia and MyelomaRICHARD E. GOLDSMITH, M.D.RICHARD E. GOLDSMITH, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-79-2-289_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The paper by Lindgärde and Zettervall in the March 1973 issue (pp. 396-399) reported a very interesting definitive study that conclusively demonstrated abnormal calcium binding of myeloma protein. The authors noted that my colleagues and I had earlier reported a myeloma patient whose M component bound calcium. They stated, however, that the myeloma patient so described did not have hypercalcemia. We wish to correct this statement. That patient did indeed have hypercalcemia intermittently. And, as we pointed out, prior ashing led to abnormally high calcium values in all cases, which suggested that abnormal binding of calcium was...Reference1. GLUECKWAYNEGOLDSMITH HLR: Abnormal calcium binding associated with hyperglobulinemia, clotting defects, and osteoporosis: a study of this relationship. J Lab Clin Med 59:40-64, 1961 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 August 1973Volume 79, Issue 2Page: 289-289KeywordsCalciumHypercalcemiaMyelomaProteins Issue Published: 1 August 1973 PDF DownloadLoading ...
The Idea of Spatial Ability
Authors: Jerome Kagan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

One of the hardiest generalizations that has emerged from studies of sex differences in intellectual functioning is that American and European men usually outperform women on tests of spatial reasoning.1 Those who believe that this difference is due partly to biologic influences attribute the effect either to the direct action of gonadal steroids on the central nervous system — during embryogenesis or at puberty — or to sex-linked factors controlling the development of the cerebral cortex more directly. A paper by Hier and Crowley in this issue2 addresses the validity of the first of these mechanisms and reports that men . . .
Immunoselection of Breast and Ovarian Cancer Cells with Trastuzumab and Natural Killer Cells: Selective Escape of CD44high/CD24low/HER2low Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Florian Reim, Yvonne Dombrowski, Cathrin Ritter, Mathias Buttmann, Sebastian Häusler, Monika Ossadnik, Mathias Krockenberger, Dagmar Beier, Christoph P. Beier, Johannes Dietl, Jürgen C. Becker, Arnd Hönig, Jörg Wischhusen
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Although trastuzumab (Herceptin) has substantially improved the overall survival of patients with mammary carcinomas, even initially well-responding tumors often become resistant. Because natural killer (NK) cell–mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is thought to contribute to the therapeutic effects of trastuzumab, we have established a cell culture system to select for ADCC-resistant SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer and MCF7 mammary carcinoma cells. Ovarian cancer cells down-regulated HER2 expression, resulting in a more resistant phenotype. MCF7 breast cancer cells, however, failed to develop resistance in vitro. Instead, treatment with trastuzumab and polyclonal NK cells resulted in the preferential survival of individual sphere-forming cells that displayed a CD44highCD24low “cancer stem cell–like” phenotype and expressed significantly less HER2 compared with non–stem cells. Likewise, the CD44highCD24low population was also found to be more immunoresistant in SK-BR3, MDA-MB231, and BT474 breast cancer cell lines. When immunoselected MCF7 cells were then re-expanded, they mostly lost the observed phenotype to regenerate a tumor cell culture that displayed the initial HER2 surface expression and ADCC-susceptibility, but was enriched in CD44highCD24low cancer stem cells. This translated into increased clonogenicity in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Thus, we provide evidence that the induction of ADCC by trastuzumab and NK cells may spare the actual tumor-initiating cells, which could explain clinical relapse and progress. Moreover, our observation that the “relapsed” in vitro cultures show practically identical HER2 surface expression and susceptibility toward ADCC suggests that the administration of trastuzumab beyond relapse might be considered, especially when combined with an immune-stimulatory treatment that targets the escape variants. [Cancer Res 2009;69(20):8058–66]
LIFE HISTORY OF BACILLUS TUBERCULOSIS IN ITS RELATIONS TO THE TREATMENT BY TUBERCULIN.
Authors: ROBERT REYBURN
Journal: JAMA (1898)

It is said by Hirsch that about one-seventh of the mortality that exists among civilized men is due to tuberculosis in its various forms; and when we consider the dreadful mortality due to this group of diseases, there is rather a remarkable fact that confronts us in studying the life history of the tubercle bacillus, namely, that it is apparently, when compared with many other species of bacilli and bacteria, very much less virulent and deadly. Let us compare for a moment the tubercle bacillus with the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus of diphtheria. The tubercle bacillus, it is true, can be inoculated on raw and cut surfaces, but only with great difficulty and under exceptionally favorable conditions which aid in its development. Even when it does develop under favorable conditions of soil and habitat, its powers of growth and multiplication are slow and feeble, when compared with many other pathogenic micro-organisms. Compare
Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Activity in Evaluating the Clinical Course of Sarcoidosis
Authors: RICHARD A. DeREMEE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

Thirty-five patients with sarcoidosis were serially monitored for serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity by a simple radiochemical assay, and we analyzed the relation of such activity to the clinical status as judged from changes in chest roentgenograms, pulmonary function, or symptoms. Converting enzyme levels closely paralleled and occasionally antedated changes in clinical status in patients either undergoing spontaneous remission or being treated with prednisone. Converting enzyme activity seems to be a sensitive index for evaluating the clinical course of sarcoidosis. Converting enzyme determinations may be helpful in corroborating the diagnosis, assessing the likelihood of spontaneous remission, confirming the clinical status of the patient, and determining the adequacy of glucocorticoid therapy.
Defective Lipoprotein Receptors and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Joseph L. Goldstein, Toru Kita, Michael S. Brown
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

In 1913, Anitschkow fed cholesterol to rabbits, and thereby demonstrated that a high blood level of cholesterol can produce atherosclerosis in animals just as it can in human beings — with one fundamental difference. Human hypercholesterolemia is caused by genetic or acquired abnormalities in the synthesis or degradation of plasma lipoproteins that shuttle endogenous cholesterol between body tissues; dietary cholesterol is only an indirect aggravating factor. In laboratory animals hypercholesterolemia is produced exogenously when the normal mechanisms of lipoprotein clearance are overwhelmed by large amounts of dietary cholesterol. Since dietary and endogenous cholesterol are transported by different plasma lipoproteins, the . . .
Protective effects of long-term bradycardial pacing against catecholamine-induced myocardial damage in rabbit hearts.
Authors: M D Brown, O Hudlická
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

A high intravenous dose of norepinephrine (4 micrograms/kg/min for 60 minutes) to New Zealand Red rabbits produced patchy subendocardial damage (estimated stereologically in frozen sections) of about 5% of the heart volume 2 days after application. The damaged areas showed loss of staining for alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme present in normal capillary endothelium. Heart performance (cardiac output index, cardiac work [i.e., cardiac output X mean blood pressure], and dP/dtmax) were significantly lower than in control hearts. Capillary density distribution estimated in nondamaged areas of the left ventricular free wall was inhomogeneous favoring subepicardial regions, while homogeneous transmural distribution was found in control hearts. Bradycardial pacing (reduction of heart rate to 50% of normal) performed for 3-4 weeks prior to norepinephrine administration showed a protective effect against catecholamine damage manifested in a smaller extent of necrosis, in the maintenance of homogeneous transmural capillary distribution in nondamaged areas, and, most importantly, in the maintenance of normal cardiac pump performance at rest and during maximal work in response to acutely administered norepinephrine.
Electrophysiological mechanisms of minoxidil sulfate-induced vasodilation of rabbit portal vein.
Authors: N Leblanc, D W Wilde, K D Keef, J R Hume
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

The electrophysiological and mechanical properties of the vasodilator minoxidil sulfate (MNXS) were examined in isolated smooth muscle cells and strips from rabbit portal vein. At micromolar concentrations, MNXS inhibited norepinephrine (0.1-1.0 microM)-induced contractions in isolated muscle strips. In isolated cells, norepinephrine caused a dose-dependent depolarization of the resting membrane potential, which was significantly attenuated by MNXS (5 microM); MNXS alone caused a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. This hyperpolarization was insensitive to Na+-K+ pump blockade by ouabain, but was inhibited by the K+ channel antagonist, tetraethylammonium (20 mM). In voltage-clamp experiments, a resting (background) conductance associated with the resting membrane potential was identified. This conductance, which previously has been shown to be reduced by Ba2+ as well as tetraethylammonium, was increased by MNXS (2 microM). In additional experiments, whole-cell L-type Ca2+ currents were inhibited by micromolar concentrations of MNXS. These experiments show that concentrations of MNXS that inhibit norepinephrine-induced contractions promote K+ conductance and inhibit Ca2+ entry through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. These electrophysiological effects of MNXS may be responsible for the vasorelaxant effects of the drug observed in vitro and in vivo.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Alan M. Chesney, Jarold E. Kemp
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

Simultaneous transfers to the testes of normal rabbits of circulating blood, heart muscle, liver, brain, spleen and bone marrow (mixed), inoculated testicle, and popliteal lymph nodes from a series of untreated syphilitic rabbits, demonstrated the persistence of the original infection unifomnly in the lymph nodes and less regularly in the liver, mixed spleen and bone marrow, and testis originally inoculated. In one instance the circulating blood was found to be infectious. Transfer of similar tissues from syphilitic rabbits treated with arsphenamine late in the course of the disease failed to disclose syphilitic infection of any of these tissues. In one animal, in which keratitis developed both before and after treatment, the blood, internal organs, and lymph nodes were found to be non-infectious in spite of the fact that the cornea was shown to be the site of a syphilitic inflammation. Transfer of lymph nodes or internal organs of treated syphilitic rabbits is probably the best method of evaluating an antisyphilitic agent, but it must be supplemented by careful observation of treated animals over an appreciable interval of time following treatment. The results of this study support the idea that failure to reinoculate a treated syphilitic animal does not necessarily mean the existence of the first infection but might beinterpreted as indicating the presence of an acquired resistance which persists in rabbits in which no trace of the first infection can be demonstrated.
Surgical management of the infant with coarctation of the aorta and ventricular septal defect
Authors: Jeanny K. Park, Ralph B. Dell, Kent Ellis, Welton M. Gersony
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1992)

Clinical and cardiac catheterization data were collected from 39 infants with coarctation of the aorta and ventricular septal defect, 31 of whom were initially managed only by surgical repair of coarctation. Data were analyzed to determine mortality, morbidity, outcome and factors that might predict survival or the need for septal defect closure. Of the eight patients who did not require surgical treatment before 3 months of age, seven underwent coarctation repair alone at a mean age of 2.3 years. Of the 23 infants managed with coarctation repair alone, before age 3 months, 9 needed no additional surgical treatment and 6 required early and 8 required late repair of the ventricular septal defect. Seven infants underwent coarctation repair and simultaneous pulmonary artery banding and one eventually required debanding after spontaneous closure of the septal defect. The overall mortality rate in this series was 10.3% (mean follow-up time 5.7 years). Of 39 infants, 16 (41%) never required a second operation for ventricular septal defect closure. For patients who had only coarctation or coarctation repair with pulmonary artery banding at less than 3 months of age, ventricular septal defect size was categorized as small (less than 0.5 cm/m2), moderate (less than 1 cm/m2) or large (greater than 1 cm/m2) on the basis of defect size at operative repair or echocardiographic or angiographic assessment. Defect size did not necessarily correlate with the need for operative repair.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of mononuclear cells from patients with Felty's syndrome.
Authors: M J Ahern, P J Roberts-Thomson, J Bradley, C Story, P Seshadri
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in nine patients with Felty's syndrome have been examined. One patient had an increased number and percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the phenotype CD3+ Leu-7+ CD16+ and showed a clonal rearrangement of the T cell receptor B chain gene. The remaining eight patients all showed a germline configuration of the T cell receptor B chain gene. In two patients an increased proportion of CD3+ Leu-7+ CD16- peripheral blood mononuclear cells (45 (SD 11)% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were found, while the remaining six patients had proportions of CD3+ Leu-7+ cells similar to those of patients with uncomplicated rheumatoid arthritis. These data confirm that patients with Felty's syndrome are heterogeneous, with at least three different peripheral blood mononuclear cell phenotypic subsets. One subset is characterised by a clonal expansion of an unusual lymphocyte subpopulation, another by polyclonal expansion, and the third subset has the same proportions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells as patients with uncomplicated rheumatoid arthritis.
Augmented expression of atrial natriuretic polypeptide gene in ventricle of human failing heart.
Authors: Y Saito, K Nakao, H Arai, K Nishimura, K Okumura, K Obata, G Takemura, H Fujiwara, A Sugawara, T Yamada
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

To elucidate the expression of the atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) gene in the ventricle of the human failing heart, we have measured ANP and ANP messenger RNA (ANPmRNA) levels in left ventricular aneurysm obtained at operation, biopsy specimens of left ventricles from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and autopsy samples of old myocardial infarction (OMI) and DCM hearts, and compared the levels with those in the normal ventricle. The ANP level (mean +/- SE) was 17.5 +/- 6.9 ng/g in the normal ventricle, and increased to 660.3 +/- 122.2 ng/g in the left ventricular aneurysm tissues and to 3,138.6 +/- 1,642.1 ng/g in the biopsy specimens of the DCM ventricle. These levels were approximately 40 and 200 times higher than in the normal ventricle. The increase of ANP levels was observed in both infarcted and noninfarcted regions of the OMI heart, and in the entire ventricle of the DCM heart. A significant positive correlation was found between the ANP level in aneurysm tissues and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = 0.85). The ANPmRNA level in the left ventricular aneurysm showed about a 10-fold increase compared with that in the normal heart and reached 23% of that in the atrium of the same heart. A similar increase in the ANPmRNA level was observed in the entire ventricle of DCM. These data clearly indicate that the expression of the ANP gene in the ventricle is augmented in the failing heart in accordance with the severity of heart failure. In the atrium of the failing heart, ANP and ANPmRNA levels were only two times higher than those in the normal atrium. Thus, the augmentation in the expression of the ANP gene was more prominent in the ventricle than in the atrium. Taking tissue weight into account, the total content of ANPmRNA in the ventricle of the failing heart is much the same as that in the normal atrium. The ratio of the ANP level to the ANPmRNA level in the ventricle is much smaller than that in the atrium. These results suggest more rapid secretion of ANP after synthesis in the ventricle. These findings demonstrate that the expression of the ANP gene is augmented in the human ventricle of the failing heart and suggest that the ventricle becomes a substantial source of circulating ANP in congestive heart failure.
Circulation Time in the Aged
Authors: Gerald A. Diettert
Journal: JAMA (1963)

MEASUREMENT of the circulation time is widely recommended in the evaluation of cardiac function. Its value lies in distinctive alterations which occur in congestive heart failure and other circulatory disturbances, such as thyrotoxic heart disease and anemia. The usefulness of the test is dependent on the availability of reliable standards of normal range. Increasing circulation time with increasing age has been reported<sup>1, 2</sup>and denied.<sup>3, 4</sup>It is important to establish whether the circulation time increases with age, since it is particularly needed in older subjects to evaluate fatigue, dyspnea, edema, and other signs, possibly of cardiovascular origin. <h3>Method</h3> Twenty-five men between the ages of 69 and 80 were evaluated for relevant disease by interviews and physical examinations. The average age of the 25 subjects was 73.5 yr, and 23 were in the seventh decade. None had a history of cardiovascular disease or symptoms referable to the cardiovascular system.
Granulocytic Sarcoma of the Peritoneum
Authors: T. Miksanek, Z. Semkiw, C. V. Reyes, Z. V. Molnar
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1983)

Granulocytic sarcoma is an unusual extramedullary tumor composed of immature cells of the myelogenous series; it usually occurs during the course of myelogenous leukemia. This paper presents a rare case of granulocytic sarcoma of the peritoneum, occurring without evidence of myelogenous leukemia in peripheral blood and bone marrow.