tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment with co-trimoxazole for urinary tract infections in women: Author's reply
Authors: T A M Trienekens
Journal: BMJ (1990)

from screening would be hard to handle without additional resources.Our work in Peterborough has, however, shown clearly the benefits.'Of 304 residents ofhomes for the elderly, five confused people improved remarkably in their mental state with the use of personal amplifiers after being screened by a specialist teacher of the deaf.Our project was funded by Marks and Spencer.The size of the project was commensurate with the capacity of the audiology clinic that received referrals for new hearing aids or new moulds.I agree with Mr R W R Farrell and his col-leagues4 that audiological screening for every senior citizen is a utopian dream.But the Peterborough model-using the skills of a specialist teacher of the deaf to screen, retube blocked tubes, change batteries, and counsel lay workers-is worth considering.The skills of the specialist social services officer for the hard of hearing are a valuable adjunct.On our recommendation, seven old people's homes were fitted with a loop system.
Iridectomy — A Century of Progress
Authors: Hedwige Habegger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

WITHOUT doubt the middle of the nineteenth century was the golden age for ophthalmology, which suddenly arose as a science out of the discovery of a means of examining the inner eye. The invention of the ophthalmoscope by Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz in 1851 paved the way for a succession of new and more refined methods of diagnosis and treatment — especially of glaucoma.Among the brilliant workers of the period who made fundamental contributions to an understanding of glaucoma was Albrecht von Graefe, who demonstrated, in the period 1855–1860, the value of iridectomy in relieving raised tension in . . .
Acanthosis Nigricans with Endocrinopathy
Authors: Robert C. Moehlig
Journal: JAMA (1961)

RECENTLY Winkelmann, Scheen, and Underdahl<sup>1</sup>of the Mayo Clinic reported that "among 29 patients who had blackish-brown, verrucous lesions of benign pubertal or postpuberal acanthosis nigricans, there were 9 with endocrinopathy in the form of pituitary adenoma, SteinLeventhal syndrome, Addison's disease, or diabetes mellitus." The following reports a case of acanthosis nigricans with endocrinopathy in a 12-year-old girl. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 12-year-old girl was seen Feb. 28, 1954, because of hirsutism and a deepening of her voice. During early childhood she had an uneventful development, being then of average size. At the age of 4 she had an appendectomy, and tonsilectomy at the age of 6. In her early childhood she was a "tomboy" and liked to climb trees and play baseball. She enjoyed girls' games to a moderate degree. At the age of 10, while in the fourth grade, she grew rapidly and was the tallest
Myoglobinuria Following Lightning Stroke
Authors: James W. Yost
Journal: JAMA (1974)

PHYSICIANS should be alerted to two facets of lightning injury: first, that it may be accompanied by myoglobinuria that has clearly been shown to precipitate acute tubular necrosis and renal failure in some individuals, and second, that the resuscitation of individuals "killed" by lightning, as previously emphasized by Jex-Blake1 and Taussig,<sup>2</sup>is eminently successful, with almost complete recovery. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 14-year-old teen-ager was struck on the right shoulder by a bolt of lightning. He was successfully resuscitated by defibrillation 15 minutes later. When first seen at the Kansas University Medical Center (KUMC) 2 1/2 hours after the incident, the patient was actively moving all four extremities, rolling his eyes, but was unresponsive to vocal and other sensory stimuli. Results of physical examination showed feathery flaring burns and singed hair that extended from the right shoulder to both ankles (Fig 1 and 2). In addition, the patient's right
Recruitment and Derecruitment during Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: STEFANIA CROTTI, DANIELE MASCHERONI, PIETRO CAIRONI, PAOLO PELOSI, GIULIO RONZONI, MICHELE MONDINO, JOHN J. MARINI, LUCIANO GATTINONI
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

In a model of acute lung injury, we showed that positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and tidal volume (Vt) are interactive variables that determine the extent of lung recruitment, that recruitment occurs across the entire range of total lung capacity, and that superimposed pressure is a key determinant of lung collapse. Aiming to verify if the same rules apply in a clinical setting, we randomly ventilated five ALI/ARDS patients with 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, and 45 cm H2O plateau pressure and 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O of PEEP. For each PEEP–Vt condition, we obtained computed tomography at end inspiration and end expiration. We found that recruitment occurred along the entire volume–pressure curve, independent of lower and upper inflection points, and that estimated threshold opening pressures were normally distributed (mode = 20 cm H2O). Recruitment occurred progressively from nondependent to dependent lung regions. Overstretching was not associated with hyperinflation. Derecruitment did not parallel deflation, and estimated threshold closing pressures were normally distributed (mode = 5 cm H2O). End-inspiratory and end-expiratory collapse were correlated, suggesting a plateau–PEEP interaction. When superimposed gravitational pressure exceeded PEEP, end-expiratory collapse increased. We concluded that the rules governing recruitment and derecruitment equally apply in an oleic acid model and in human ALI/ARDS.
Classic Kaposi’s sarcoma and involvement of the small intestine as shown by capsule endoscopy
Authors: N. Viazis, J. Vlachogiannakos, D. Georgiadis, M. Rodias, C. Noutsis, D. Karamanolis
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

A 65-year-old HIV-negative man presented at the Dermatology Department of our Hospital with skin lesions typical of classic Kaposi’s sarcoma. Although he was asymptomatic as regards the gastrointestinal tract he underwent gastroscopy and colonoscopy, as Kaposi’s sarcoma can affect the gastrointestinal mucosa. Indeed, protruding red lesions at the duodenum ([Fig. 1]) and the colonic mucosa ([Fig. 2]) were noted. The patient then underwent small-bowel capsule endoscopy, which revealed even more prominent lesions in the jejunum ([Fig. 3]), as well as ulcerated ones in the ileum ([Fig. 4]).
Immunopathology and Dexamethasone Therapy in a New Model for Malaria-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Philippe E. Van den Steen, Nathalie Geurts, Katrien Deroost, Ilse Van Aelst, Sebastien Verhenne, Hubertine Heremans, Jo Van Damme, Ghislain Opdenakker
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Malaria infection is often complicated by malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS), characterized by pulmonary edema and hemorrhages. No efficient treatments are available for MA-ARDS and its pathogenesis remains poorly understood.Development of a new animal model for MA-ARDS to explore the pathogenesis and possible treatments.C57BL/6 mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65, and the development of MA-ARDS was evaluated by the analysis of lung weight, histopathology, and bronchoalveolar lavages. Cytokine and chemokine expression in the lungs was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the accumulation of leukocyte subclasses was determined by flow cytometric analysis.In this model, the pulmonary expression of several cytokines and chemokines was increased to a higher level than in mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi AS, which does not cause MA-ARDS. By depletion experiments, CD8(+) T lymphocytes were shown to be pathogenic. High doses of dexamethasone blocked MA-ARDS, even when administered after appearance of the complication, and reduced pulmonary leukocyte accumulation and the expression of a monocyte/macrophage-attracting chemokine.We developed a novel model of MA-ARDS with many similarities to human MA-ARDS and without cerebral complications. This contrasts with the more classical model with P. berghei ANKA, characterized by fulminant cerebral malaria. Hence, infection with P. berghei NK65 generates a broader time window to study the pathogenesis and to evaluate candidate treatments. The finding that high doses of dexamethasone cured MA-ARDS suggests that it might be more effective against MA-ARDS than it was in the clinical trials for cerebral malaria.
Diversity of quasispecies in various disease stages of chronic hepatitis C virus infection and its significance in interferon treatment
Authors: Kazuhiko Koizumi, Nobuyuki Enomoto, Masayuki Kurosaki, Takeshi Murakami, Namiki Izumi, Fumiaki Marumo, Chifumi Sato
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) populations in vivo exist as a mixture of heterogeneous viruses called quasispecies, which have variations in the hypervariable region (HRV). However, the relationship between the diversity of HVR quasispecies, the disease stage, or the interferon (IFN) responsiveness remains to be elucidated. To study these, serum samples were obtained from 42 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection; 24 with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) treated with IFN, 9 with cirrhosis, 9 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV quasispecies populations were separated by the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method targeted to the HVR. The patients were classified into two groups; a single-band group (n = 12) in which HVR quasispecies was homogeneous and a multiple-band group (n = 30) in which HVR quasispecies was heterogeneous. Patients with multiple bands had significantly more advanced liver disease than those with a single-band group (P = .0082). The percentage of patients with single band were 41% in CAH, 22% in cirrhosis, and 0% in HCC. Multivariate analyses showed that viral diversity was independently related to the progression of liver disease and was not correlated with the duration of infection. We also found that in CAH, the patients who had multiple bands (n = 14) were more resistant to IFN therapy than those who had a single band (n = 10) (P = .002). These results indicate that the diversity of HCV quasispecies becomes more complex as the disease stage progresses and that CAH with more complex diversity shows less IFN effectiveness.
936-85 Intrathymic Injection of Donor Splenocytes Prolongs Rat Cardiac Allograft Survival but Does not Inhibit Graft Arteriosclerosis
Authors: Yang T. Shin, David H. Adams, Lauri R. Wyner, Enver Akalin, Mohamed H. Sayegh, Morris J. Karnovsky
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Ponderal Index: Quantifying Obesity
Authors: E. H. Flewellen, D. E. Bee
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Obesity is a major health problem. Considerable effort and funds are expended by the medical and lay public on weight-reduction programs. Morbidly obese persons are predisposed to cardiovascular and pulmonary disease and have an increased mortality compared with the nonobese. These obese persons also have an increased anesthetic and surgical risk (175:657, 1961).<sup>1-4</sup>Yet, the medical community has not adopted a commonly used method of quantifying obesity. Seltzer<sup>5</sup>has pointed out that consideration of only height and weight does not necessarily indicate fatness, and he introduced the ponderal index (PI) as a better indication of body build. The index is defined as follows: For a given PI value, weight as a measure of volume increases according to the cube of the linear dimensions (235:2476, 1976). The lower the PI, the more obese the individual. Using the PI, Seltzer<sup>5</sup>showed that the ratio of actual
BITE BY A SNAKE IN A BUNCH OF BANANAS
Authors: Marcos Fernan-Nunez
Journal: JAMA (1934)

The importance of modern rapid transportation methods, such as the airplane, in the transmission of tropical diseases to nontropical lands has been dramatically demonstrated in recent years by the appearance of several exotic diseases in the northern part of the United States. The following report, demonstrating a similar paradox, illustrates the possibility of being bitten by a tropical snake in the center of a great northern city. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> J. M., a truck driver, was unloading bunches of bananas in Milwaukee, March 5, 1934, when he felt something sting him on the hand. His search revealed a snake, 37 inches (94 cm.) in length, in the bunch of bananas. I examined the victim thirty-four minutes after the bite and found two small bleeding punctures, 1 cm. apart, on the palmar surface of the middle phalanx of the third finger of the right hand. The finger showed a mottled swelling
Place of Splenectomy in Evaluation and Management
Authors: Saul A. Rosenberg
Journal: JAMA (1972)

The evolution of the recommended diagnostic approach for previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease has paralleled the development and study of aggressive therapeutic programs now available. As successively more detailed techniques have appeared and been utilized, the value and limitations of the earlier techniques have become apparent. This has been especially true for methods of detecting intra-abdominal disease. Enthusiasm initially has been followed by reservation of the value and necessity of inferior venacavography, bipedal lymphography, and now, exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy. These procedures were developed and evaluated by clinical investigators in this field, usually as part of therapeutic protocol studies; they have been rapidly adopted by medical centers and physicians, frequently without a complete appreciation of the requirements of the techniques, the morbidity of the procedures, and their indications based upon available knowledge. This is the current situation for the use of exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy for patients with Hodgkin's disease.
Animals in Research-Reply
Authors: William R. Hendee
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In Reply.—  Dr Kaufman argues that support for the use of animals in biomedical research represents a political stance rather than a reflection of scientific necessity. He has chosen the development of the Blalock-Taussig operation for tetralogy of Fallot as an example of how medical history has been distorted  serve political goals. In this context, the history of the Blalock-Taussig procedure is interesting. Drs Blalock and Taussig thought the use of animals was so important in their research that they personally campaigned against antivivesectionists. In a recent article on historical milestones in cardiology, it was noted that Drs Taussig and Blalock had  take time out from their research to testify because of protests by anti-vivesectionist groups that had read in the paper that Doctor Blalock had developed the operation by performing it on dogs before he operated on the first child. Doctor Taussig brought some of the children
Recognition, Treatment and Control of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Ellen Vogel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

THOUGH poliomyelitis has been held by some to have existed as early as 1600 B.C., the first careful clinical description of the malady was given by Underwood1 in 1789. Bell,2 in 1836, described the case of a child "who had one leg much wasted in growth," as a result of an epidemic among the young children of St. Helena. He observed that these children had "a want of growth in some part of their body or limbs" and concluded, "This deserves to be inquired into."3 Scientists in many related fields of research have been investigating every conceivable point of approach . . .
EuroClonality/BIOMED-2 guidelines for interpretation and reporting of Ig/TCR clonality testing in suspected lymphoproliferations
Authors: A W Langerak, P J T A Groenen, M Brüggemann, K Beldjord, C Bellan, L Bonello, E Boone, G I Carter, M Catherwood, F Davi, M-H Delfau-Larue, T Diss, P A S Evans, P Gameiro, R Garcia Sanz, D Gonzalez, D Grand, Å Håkansson, M Hummel, H Liu, L Lombardia, E A Macintyre, B J Milner, S Montes-Moreno, E Schuuring, M Spaargaren, E Hodges, J J M van Dongen
Journal: Leukemia (2012)

PCR-based immunoglobulin (Ig)/T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality testing in suspected lymphoproliferations has largely been standardized and has consequently become technically feasible in a routine diagnostic setting. Standardization of the pre-analytical and post-analytical phases is now essential to prevent misinterpretation and incorrect conclusions derived from clonality data. As clonality testing is not a quantitative assay, but rather concerns recognition of molecular patterns, guidelines for reliable interpretation and reporting are mandatory. Here, the EuroClonality (BIOMED-2) consortium summarizes important pre- and post-analytical aspects of clonality testing, provides guidelines for interpretation of clonality testing results, and presents a uniform way to report the results of the Ig/TCR assays. Starting from an immunobiological concept, two levels to report Ig/TCR profiles are discerned: the technical description of individual (multiplex) PCR reactions and the overall molecular conclusion for B and T cells. Collectively, the EuroClonality (BIOMED-2) guidelines and consensus reporting system should help to improve the general performance level of clonality assessment and interpretation, which will directly impact on routine clinical management (standardized best-practice) in patients with suspected lymphoproliferations.
Measles road show visits 12 hot spots in England
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A road show is visiting 12 areas in England with low uptake of vaccination to tell parents about the dangers of measles infection and to try to boost immunisation rates.

The Health Protection Agency says that 85.6% of children in England have had the first dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine by their 2nd birthday. And by their 5th birthday 89.6% of children in …
A highly accurate method for monitoring histological recovery in patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet using an endoscopic approach that avoids the need for biopsy: a double-center study
Authors: G. Cammarota, L. Cuoco, P. Cesaro, L. Santoro, A. Cazzato, M. Montalto, R. La Mura, L. Larocca, F. Vecchio, A. Gasbarrini, M. Salvagnini, G. Gasbarrini
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Background and study aim: Endoscopy with duodenal biopsy is often performed in order to assess histological recovery in patients with celiac disease who are on a gluten-free diet. Use of the "immersion" technique during upper endoscopy allows visualization of duodenal villi or detection of total villous atrophy. In this two-center study, we investigated the accuracy of the immersion technique in predicting histological recovery in patients on a gluten-free diet whose initial diagnosis of celiac disease had been made on the basis of total villous atrophy.
Prospects for Computer-Aided Diagnosis
Authors: G. Anthony Gorry
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

A recent Journal article1 reports one of several recent investigations of the potential value of computers in augmenting clinicians' diagnostic ability. The importance of diagnosis in the delivery of appropriate medical care has prompted extensive research on diagnostic aids such as pathognomonic tests. Studies of computer-aided diagnosis, a logical development of this research, are potentially more general in their implications because they establish formal methods of inference for assessing the meaning of diagnostic clues. It is a process of deduction that is sought, rather than a specific diagnostic indicator. In this vein, the authors note that there is no inherent . . .
Edward John Walter Bowie
Authors: L Poller
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Edward John Walter Bowie (“Walter”) was one of the most colourful figures in contemporary haematology, combining scientific achievement with a genial outgoing personality.

He was born on 10 March 1925 in Church Stretton, Shropshire, where his father was a physician. He spent his childhood in Doncaster, where he acquired the Yorkshire undertones ideal for his Stanley Holloway monologues, with which in later life he delighted his American colleagues.

His studies in Classics at Oxford were interrupted by the second world war, in which he served in the Royal Navy as a sub-lieutenant in charge of a motor torpedo boat in the D-Day landings. After the war he returned to Oxford to begin medical school, followed by University College Hospital, London. In 1949 he married Gertrude Susi (“Trudi”) Ulrich in Switzerland. In 1954, after qualification and training at London hospitals, he emigrated to Manitoba, Canada, to begin general medical practice. Four years later he moved …
A Large Substernal Goiter as a Cause of a Pulmonary Perfusion Defect
Authors: HELENA R. BALON, DONALD A. MEIER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

A pulmonary perfusion defect was caused by an extremely large anterior mediastinal mass subsequently proved by I-131 imaging to be an intrathoracic extension of a cervical goiter. Substernal goiter is not known to be reported previously as one of the causes of a perfusion defect in lung scanning.
EphB2 regulates contact-dependent and contact-independent signaling to control platelet function
Authors: Sakthivel Vaiyapuri, Tanya Sage, Rekha H. Rana, Michael P. Schenk, Marfoua S. Ali, Amanda J. Unsworth, Chris I. Jones, Alexander R. Stainer, Neline Kriek, Leonardo A. Moraes, Jonathan M. Gibbins
Journal: Blood (2014)
Learning from low income countries: Summary of webchat
Authors: Birte Twisselmann
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Learning from low income countries Experience in low income countries should count towards specialist registrar trainingEditor-Richards and Tumwine ask for discussion on the subject of poor countries making the best teachers. 1When will the postgraduate tutors and royal colleges recognise that medical experience in developing countries should be counted towards specialist registrar training?I recently spoke to a specialist registrar whose 12 months in the main teaching hospital in Malawi counted for nothing towards his training.As a specialist registrar training in chest medicine, he will have seen more tuberculosis than most chest physicians working in provincial England will see in a lifetime.This is particularly frustrating as the numbers of cases of tuberculosis are rising progressively in the United Kingdom, and training in the diagnosis and management of this disease needs to be improved as much as possible.