tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
In-vivo studies of the action spectrum and time course for release of transforming growth factor-α by ultraviolet irradiation in man
Authors: GILLIAN M. MURPHY, D.G. QUINN, R.D.R. CAMP, J.L.M. HAWK, M.W. GREAVES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Transforming growth factor‐α (TGF‐α) is a growth‐promoting cytokine which enhances epithelial proliferation and is secreted by a wide variety of tumour cells. It is also present in normal human epidermis and its overproduction may be responsible for epidermal hyperproliferation in psoriasis. Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation of human skin leads to epidermal damage and significant subsequent hyperplasia after approximately 24 h. whereas UVA irradiation has little such effect and predominantly damages the dermis. The relative efficacies of UVB and UVA in releasing TGF‐α were studied in 10 subjects of skin types I and II using a skin‐chamber technique and a specific TGF‐α radioimmunoassay. Significantly elevated concentrations of immunoreactive TGF‐α were detected in samples after 24 h in UVB‐irradiated compared with unirradiated skin. Samples at earlier time points from UVB‐ and UVA‐exposed skin contained measurable levels of TGF‐α but these were not significantly elevated above the levels found in samples from unirradiated areas. These results, which suggest that UVB irradiation increases release of TGF‐α from human skin at 24 h, indicate that TGF‐α may be implicated in UVB‐induced epidermal hyperplasia.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF UTERINE DISPLACEMENTS, RESULTING FROM LACERATION OF THE PELVIC FLOOR.
Authors: C. K. FLEMING
Journal: JAMA (1899)

My colleague just preceding has spoken of the surgical treatment of lacerations of the pelvic floor which in itself is oftentimes sufficient to correct the resulting uterine displacement. The subject allotted to me, undoubtedly, is that especial surgical treatment demanded in those cases in which plastic operations are not deemed sufficient, and it therefore becomes necessary to adopt more radical procedures. The uterine displacements which may demand operation are retrodisplacement and prolapse. Prolapse being simply a condition following or secondary to retrodisplacement, as the uterus in all cases before it can become prolapsed must be in a state of retroversion, we shall confine our remarks to the radical means of treating retrodisplacement of the uterus. Various operations have been devised to meet the indications for treatment of this condition, the principal of which are ventrosuspension of the uterus, which is also called ventrofixation, hysterorraphy or hysteropexy; and Alexander's operation. To
Do House Officers Learn From Their Mistakes?-Reply
Authors: Albert Wu
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Kelly and Lenarz remind us that physicians in practice, as well as those in training, make mistakes. We agree with their suggestions about the importance of faculty role models and resident support groups. Faculty members who deal honestly with their own mistakes teach house officers how to respond to mistakes in a constructive manner. Persson correctly emphasizes that both individuals and institutions need to provide support for residents who wish to talk about their mistakes. We share the concerns of Persson that only 26% of residents discussed these serious mistakes with patients or families. Fear of lawsuits is certainly one reason for such reluctance. However, as she points out, withholding information about mistakes may be counterproductive, increasing the likelihood of litigation. Other<i>JAMA</i>readers have addressed comments to us directly. Some complained that media coverage of our article presented a negative image of medical education to the public.
Generating predictions from a dynamical systems emotion theory
Authors: Ralph D. Ellis
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

Lewis's dynamical systems emotion theory continues a tradition including Merleau-Ponty, von Bertallanfy, and Aristotle. Understandably for a young theory, Lewis's new predictions do not follow strictly from the theory; thus their failure would not disconfirm the theory, nor their success confirm it – especially given that other self-organizational approaches to emotion (e.g., those of Ellis and of Newton) may not be inconsistent with these same predictions.
BOXING AND MEDICINE
Authors: Thomas B. Quigley
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The spectrum of medical opinion about boxing is broad and charged with emotion. At one end are those who deal with irreparable and sometimes fatal trauma, such as neurosurgeons and ophthalmologists almost all of whom denounce the sport as degrading with its primary objective the infliction of injury. At the other end are those involved in less serious possible consequences of the manly art, who emphasize its character-building attributes and the opportunities it offers for fame and glory to young men in the less economically favored strata of our society.  In deliberations on the subject, objectivity is difficult to achieve. J. M. Doggart, a leading British ophthalmologist, has recently pointed out that facultative Nelsonism is common in discussions on the subject. 1 Nelson, at the battle of Copenhagen, was informed that his superior officer was signalling him to withdraw. Raising his telescope to his blind eye he replied that he
Lung cavitation associated with Pneumocystis carinii infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a report of six cases and review of the literature
Authors: C Ferre, F Baguena, D Podzamczer, C Sanchez, PF Viladrich, J Garau, F Gudiol
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

Lung cavitation in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) has mainly been reported as single case studies. Among 160 episodes of PCP seen in a 1,000 bed teaching hospital and a 600 bed teaching hospital from 1985-1992, we found six cases presenting with lung cavitation and documented Pneumocystis carinii infection. In the cases we report, as well as in the cases reviewed, cavities appear either alone or within an area of pulmonary consolidation, a mass or a nodule. They may present with haemoptysis, show unusual locations, and, most importantly, may frequently be misdiagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage.
Experimentation and social interventions: a forgotten but important history
Authors: A. Oakley
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The research design of the randomised controlled trial is primarily associated today with medicine. It tends either to be ignored or regarded with suspicion by many in such disciplines as health promotion, public policy, social welfare, criminal justice, and education. However, all professional interventions in people's lives are subject to essentially the same questions about acceptability and effectiveness. As the social reformers Sidney and Beatrice Webb pointed out in 1932, there is far more experimentation going on in “the world sociological laboratory in which we all live” than in any other kind of laboratory, but most of this social experimentation is “wrapped in secrecy” and thus yields “nothing to science.”1

### Summary points

Many social scientists argue that randomised controlled trials are inappropriate for evaluating social interventions, but they ignore a considerable history, mainly in the United States, of the use of randomised controlled trials to assess different approaches to public policy and health promotion

A tradition of experimental sociology was well established by the 1930s, built on the early use of controlled experiments in psychology and education

From the early 1960s to early 1980s randomised experiments were considered the optimal design for evaluating public policy interventions in the United States, and major evaluations using this design were carried out

This approach became less popular as policy makers reacted negatively to evidence of “near zero” effects

Lessons to be learnt about implementing randomised controlled trials in real life settings include the difficulty of assessing complex multi-level interventions and the challenge of integrating qualitative data

The Webbs argued for a more “scientific” social policy, with social scientists being trained in experimental methods and evaluations of social interventions being carried out by independent investigators. They were apparently unaware that a strong tradition in experimental sociology had already been established, mainly in the United States. …
Primary biliary cirrhosis once rare, now common in the United Kingdom?
Authors: Oliver F. James, Raj Bhopal, Denise Howel, Jackie Gray, Alastair D. Burt, Jane V. Metcalf
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

There is a widespread impression that the number of patients with the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is increasing, although its incidence and prevalence vary widely. Using thorough case-finding methods and rigorous definitions to assess changes in incidence and prevalence with time and to explore the symptomatology and mortality of the disease in a large group of unselected patients, we performed a descriptive epidemiological study of PBC in a well defined population over a fixed period of time using established diagnostic criteria and with clinical follow-up of all cases. In a population of 2.05 million in northern England 770 definite or probable PBC cases were identified. Prevalence rose from 201.9 per 10 6 in the adult population and 541.4 per 10 6 women over 40 in 1987 to 334.6 per 10 6 adults and 939.8 per 10 6 women over 40 in 1994. Incidence was 23 per 10 6 in 1987 and 32.2 per 10 6 in 1994. Three hundred patients died in median follow-up of 6.27 years (141 liver deaths); the standardized mortality ratio was 2.85. At presumed diagnosis, 60.9% had no symptoms of liver disease. By June 1994 62% of prevalent patients had liver symptoms. PBC is apparently increasing. It is still unclear whether this is because of a true increase, case finding, or increased disease awareness. The study draws attention to (1) high mortality from liver disease and non-liver-related causes even in patients initially with no liver symptoms and (2) apparently poor diagnostic awareness of the disease.
Preoperative Evaluation of Liposarcoma by Nuclear Imaging
Authors: ALEXANDER W. PEARLMAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1977)

Three patients with large soft tissue liposarcomas were evaluated preoperatively with static and dynamic imaging. The concentration of isotope within the tumor appears to be proportionate to regional blood flow though, the exact physiological mechanism responsible for localization is not certain. Dynamic imaging is particularly useful for delineating large feeder vessels and defining the blood vascular pool. The imaging appearance is not characteristic for any particular tumor.
A method of sterilizing and preserving fresh allograft heart valves
Authors: E. Lockey, N. Ai-Janabi, L. Gonzalez-Lavin, D. N. Ross
Journal: Thorax (1972)

The present study was undertaken to find an antibiotic mixture which would rapidly and completely sterilize a heavily contaminated allograft heart valve without reducing its viability. Two different antibiotic combinations were used; formula A was used for 66 valves and formula B for 60 valves. Viability of the valves was assessed by autoradiography and tissue culture, and was found to be similar in both formulae. Formula B proved more effective; all valves were sterile after 24 hours9 exposure to the antibiotics and remained so thereafter. The period of viability was greatly extended when a nutrient medium was used to store the valves.
1019-26 Reduced Feasibility of Mitral Repair and Greater Risk of Failed Repair in Anterior Leaflet Prolapse or Flail
Authors: Jing Ping Sun, Xing Sheng Yang, Ellen L. Mayer, James D. Thomas, Bruce W. Lytle, Delos M. Cosgrove, William J. Stewart
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Severe Sepsis in Pre-Hospital Emergency Care
Authors: Christopher W. Seymour, Thomas D. Rea, Jeremy M. Kahn, Allan J. Walkey, Donald M. Yealy, Derek C. Angus
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Severe sepsis is common and highly morbid, yet the epidemiology of severe sepsis at the frontier of the health care system-pre-hospital emergency care-is unknown.We examined the epidemiology of pre-hospital severe sepsis among emergency medical services (EMS) encounters, relative to acute myocardial infarction and stroke.Retrospective study using a community-based cohort of all nonarrest, nontrauma King County EMS encounters from 2000 to 2009 who were transported to a hospital.Overall incidence rate of hospitalization with severe sepsis among EMS encounters, as well as pre-hospital characteristics, admission diagnosis, and outcomes. Among 407,176 EMS encounters, we identified 13,249 hospitalizations for severe sepsis, of whom 2,596 died in the hospital (19.6%). The crude incidence rate of severe sepsis was 3.3 per 100 EMS encounters, greater than for acute myocardial infarction or stroke (2.3 per 100 and 2.2 per 100 EMS encounters, respectively). More than 40% of all severe sepsis hospitalizations arrived at the emergency department after EMS transport, and 80% of cases were diagnosed on admission. Pre-hospital care intervals, on average, exceeded 45 minutes for those hospitalized with severe sepsis. One-half or fewer of patients with severe sepsis were transported by paramedics (n = 7,114; 54%) or received pre-hospital intravenous access (n = 4,842; 37%).EMS personnel care for a substantial and increasing number of patients with severe sepsis, and spend considerable time on scene and during transport. Given the emphasis on rapid diagnosis and intervention for sepsis, the pre-hospital interval may represent an important opportunity for recognition and care of sepsis.
Nebuliser therapy in the intensive care unit
Authors: M. J. O'Doherty, S. H. Thomas
Journal: Thorax (1997)

Departments ofto use systems which do not leak.There is also the circuit rather than immediately adjacent Nuclear Medicine, a need to determine the nebuliser outputs and to the endotracheal tube, 17 20 the absence of Haemophilia and Medicine, the particle size produced when attached to humidification, 21 22 activation during lung in-St Thomas' Hospital, short inspiratory triggered nebulisation.flation, 23 the use of larger bore endotracheal London Nebulisers used in ventilator circuits should tubes, 23 and a reduced lung inflation rate. 23and Department of not be left permanently in line and should be Nuclear Medicine, Kent and Canterbury cleaned and changed between nebulisations to Hospital, avoid small particle bacterial aerosols. 13Suitable Canterbury, Kent, UK   filters should be placed between the ventilator M J O'Doherty Jet nebulisers can be used during pressure limcircuit and the inspiratory and expiratory ports ited or volume cycled ventilation.During vol-Wolfson Unit of of the ventilator to protect the valves in the Clinical ume cycled ventilation the ventilator can only ventilator from the effects of deposited aerosol.Pharmacology, be driven during lung inflation.As the gas used University of to drive the nebuliser forms a proportion of the Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne patient's tidal volume, its volume and oxygen Methods of aerosol administration NE2 4HH, UK
Alison Munro Elliman
Authors: P. Hey
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections excite thalamocortical (TC) cells that in turn relay visual information to the cortex. Local interneurons in the dLGN regulate the output of TC cells by releasing GABA from their axonal boutons and specialized dendritic spines. Here we examine the functional role of these highly specialized interneurons and how they inhibit TC cells in mouse brain slices. It was widely thought that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) on interneuron spines leads to local GABA release restricted to sites receiving active RGC inputs. We reexamined experiments that supported this view, and found that in the presence of TTX, mGluR5 agonists evoked GABA release that could instead be explained by interneuron depolarization and widespread intracellular calcium increases. We also examined GABA release evoked by RGC activation and found that high-frequency stimulation induces a long-lasting subthreshold afterdepolarization, persistent firing, or prolonged plateau potentials in interneurons and evokes sustained GABA release. mGluR5 antagonists virtually eliminated sustained spiking and the resulting widespread calcium-signals, and reduced inhibition by &gt;50%. The remaining inhibition appeared to be mediated by a fraction of interneurons in which plateau potentials produced large and widespread calcium increases. Local calcium signals required for local GABA release were not observed. These findings indicate that, contrary to the previous view, RGC activation does not simply evoke localized GABA release by activating mGluR5, rather, synaptic activation of mGluR5 acts primarily by depolarizing interneurons and evoking widespread dendritic GABA release.
Hypogonadism and Mineralocorticoid Excess
Authors: Oliver Goldsmith, David H. Solomon, Richard Horton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

VARIOUS inherited defects in adrenal steroidogenesis have been described and carefully studied. The best known examples involve deficiencies in 21 and 11β-hydroxylation, which are necessary steps in cortisol biosynthesis.1 2 3 The initial biosynthetic pathways in both the adrenal gland and the gonad require similar enzyme-controlled alterations of the precursor steroid molecule.4 A defect in 17α-hydroxylation should theoretically diminish the synthesis of cortisol, estrogens and androgens. The presence of alternate pathways, however, might be associated with increased synthesis and secretion of various biologically active precursors, which could have clinical effects quite different from the virilization seen in other types of congenital adrenal . . .
Disulfide reduction converts the insulin receptor of human placenta to a low affinity form.
Authors: S Jacobs, P Cuatrecasas
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Treatment of human placenta membranes with dithiothrietol (DTT) followed by N-ethylmaleimide results in a 60% reduction in insulin binding. Treatment with N-ethylmaleimide alone has little effect. The decrease in insulin binding that results from DTT treatment is due to a decrease in affinity for insulin, with little change in total receptor number. DTT has similar effects on receptor solubilized from placenta membranes with Triton X-100, indicating that its effects are not attributable to changes in the arrangement of receptors in the membrane. In contrast to placenta membranes, treatment of liver membranes with DTT does not decrease insulin binding. These results suggest that reduction of a critical disulfide bond in insulin receptors from human placenta converts the receptor to a low affinity form.
The Gambia Liver Cancer Study: Infection with hepatitis B and C and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in West Africa
Authors: Gregory D. Kirk, Olufunmilayo A. Lesi, Maimuna Mendy, Aliu O. Akano, Omar Sam, James J. Goedert, Pierre Hainaut, Andrew J. Hall, Hilton Whittle, Ruggero Montesano
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common cancer in The Gambia. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic, with 15% to 20% of the population being chronic carriers, whereas hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence is low. We recruited 216 incident cases of HCC and 408 controls from three sites. HBV carriage was present in 61% (129/211) of HCC patients and 16% (64/402) of controls, whereas 19% (36/191) of HCC patients were HCV seropositive compared with 3% (11/382) of controls. HCC patients with HCV were notably older and were more likely to be female than those with HBV. Increased HCC risk was strongly associated with chronic HBV (odds ratio, 16.7; 95% CI, 9.7-28.7), HCV (16.7; 6.9-40.1), and dual infection (35.3; 3.9-323). We interpret the additive nature of risk with coinfection as representative of HBV and HCV acting primarily through shared steps in the multistage process of hepatocarcinogenesis. HCV infection was not observed among younger participants, suggesting a possible cohort effect. Reasons for the striking age and gender differences in HCC associated with HBV compared with HCV are unclear, but transmission patterns and age at exposure may be factors. In conclusion, in a standardized evaluation of well-characterized study participants from The Gambia, most cases of HCC are attributable to HBV (57%), but HCV adds a significant fraction (20%), especially among older patients and females. If HCV transmission is not perpetuated in future cohorts, focusing available resources on HB vaccination efforts could greatly ameliorate a major cause of cancer death in sub-Saharan Africa.
Reply to the Letter to the Editor from Egorin
Authors: Markus Joerger, Jan H.N. Schelleus
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

In Response: Shortly after publication of our article in the November 1, 2007, issue of Clinical Cancer Research , we became aware that a conversion error led to incorrectly low carboplatin plasma ultrafiltrate AUC, impacting the scaling of the x axis in Fig. 2B and the carboplatin plasma
Calcium Responsiveness in Regional Myocardial Short-term Hibernation and Stunning in the In Situ Porcine Heart
Authors: Gerd Heusch, Jochen Rose, Andreas Skyschally, Heiner Post, Rainer Schulz
Journal: Circulation (1996)

We tested the hypothesis that decreased calcium responsiveness is responsible for the reduction in contractile function in regional hibernating and stunned myocardium in situ.In 19 anesthetized swine, the left anterior descending coronary artery flow was reduced to decrease anterior myocardial work index (sonomicrometry) by approximately 60%. During 90 minutes of hypoperfusion, creatine phosphate recovered (as determined by biopsy specimens and bioluminescence) and no necrosis developed (as determined by staining with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride). In 10 swine, changes in the intracellular calcium concentration were induced by systematic variation of the postextrasystolic time interval at a constant prematurity. In 9 additional swine, a graded IC calcium infusion was performed. Under control conditions, anterior myocardial work increased with a fully compensated postextrasystolic time interval from 380+/-93 (mean+/-SD) to 523+/-98 mm Hg . mm. IC calcium infusion increased anterior myocardial work under control conditions from 356+/-85 to a maximum of 428+/-93 mm Hg . mm. Although the maximal responses were decreased during postextrasystolic potentiation (222+/-68 versus 523+/-98 mm Hg . mm) and calcium infusion (176+/-32 versus 428+/-93 mm Hg . mm) after 90 minutes of ischemia, the relationships between increases in anterior myocardial work and, respectively, postextrasystolic time interval and IC calcium were not different. The same was true after 30 minutes of reperfusion.Both regional hibernating myocardium and stunned myocardium in situ are characterized by a decrease in overall myocardial calcium responsiveness; however, there appears to be no significant myocardial desensitization to calcium.
Methods of Population Control
Authors: A. E. R. Buckle
Journal: BMJ (1973)

The long and splendid list of Nuffield bene- factions began modestly in 1923 with the gift of a car manufactured by William Mor- ris, later to become Lord Nuffield, to an Oxford charity in which William Good- enough, the young manager of a local bank, was interested.The close association of these two men continued for more than 20 years, in which Nuffield gave away more than £24,000,000 of his personal fortune.Large gifts to hospitals, medical schools, libraries, and other charities were followed by the establishment of major trusts.The