tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Catheter-Induced Hemorrhagic Pseudopolyps of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: George Milles
Journal: JAMA (1965)

CATHETERIZATION of the urinary bladder is indispensable in many clinical situations even though this procedure, and particularly the use of the indwelling catheter, has been increasingly incriminated as a cause of cystitis, pyelonephritis, and fatal bacteremia. Studies directed toward uncovering the mechanism by which these complications and their sequelae are produced have led to a vast literature. 1-4   While the scope of the problem has been delineated, and the routes by which bacteria gain access to the catheterized urinary bladder have been charted, a specific anatomic lesion that might play a role in the development of bacteruria and bacteremia has not been identified.  I found a symmetrical, round, punched-out perforation in the dome of the urinary bladder to have been the cause of a generalized peritonitis in an autopsy performed several years ago. The etiology of the lesion went unexplained until an ulcer of the same configuration uncovered at the
Acrolocalized acquired cutis laxa
Authors: L. MARTÍN, L. REQUENA, E.S. YUS, V. FURIO, M.C. FARIÑA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

A 55-year-old man presented with a 14-year history of loose, redundant skin on the palmar aspects of the finger tips and toe pulps, which gave a peculiar 'chewing gum' appearance. Skin biopsies of involved areas showed a normal appearance, and only a discrete decrease in the elastic fibres could be identified with an elastic tissue stain. Ultrastructural examination, however, demonstrated marked fragmentation and degeneration of the elastic tissue. Localized cutis laxa in an acral distribution, was fully developed at presentation. He gave a history of repeated episodes of swelling and urticaria of the involved areas, which we regard as being the initial inflammatory stages of this disease process.
Babies' deaths linked to suboptimal care
Authors: C. Wright, T. Cresswell
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,--Charles D A Wolfe makes several important points in his critique of the confidential inquiries into stillbirths and deaths in infancy, not least on the issue of interobserver variability between regional panels.1 As chairs of the regional confidential inquiry panels in the former Northern region, we wish to defend the inquiry system as currently applied to “intrapartum deaths” fulfilling the criteria for 1994 (those babies dying in utero during labour or in the first 27 completed days of life, weighing 1500 g …
Tc-99m MIBI and TI-201 Uptake in a Benign Thymoma
Authors: ISIK ADALET, MEHMET KOCAK, TURAN ECE, DILEK YILMAZBAYHAN, SEMA CANTEZ
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

A 72-year-old man was admitted with exercise induced chest pain and dyspnea. Clinical and laboratory examination revealed coronary artery disease and a large, anterior mediastinal mass. A large area of increased activity was observed during TI-201 SPECT imaging in the left anterior mediastinum close to the anterior wall of the left ventricle. Tc-99m MIBI planar imaging showed radionuclide accumulation in the mass. CT and MRI confirmed the mediastinal mass. A biopsy showed a benign thymoma.
Systemic sclerosis - agonistic auto-antibodies directed against the angiotensin receptor type 1 and the endothelin receptor type A and their effects on immune cells
Authors: J. Gunther, A. Kill, M. Becker, G. Riemekasten
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterised by autoimmunity, vasculopathy and fibrosis. The functional link between these three pathophysiological components is still missing. Recent research suggests an involvement of the vasoconstrictive soluble peptides endothelin-1 and angiotensin II, and of the activation of their receptors by the natural ligands and agonistic autoantibodies against these receptors in SSc–associated vasculopathy. <h3>Objectives</h3> We could identify auto-antibodies against the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1R) and the endothelin receptor type A (ETAR) in SSc patients. The pathophysiological effects of these antibodies on immune cells and their association with clinical data have not been studied so far. <h3>Materials and methods</h3> Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors were isolated by gradient centrifugation and stimulated in vitro by affinity-purified IgG from SSc patients containing anti-AT1R and anti-ETAR antibodies as well as by IgG from healthy donors. After stimulation the expression of several markers and cytokines were measured by flow cytometry or ELISA. <h3>Results</h3> Stimulation of PBMC from healthy donors by SSc patient IgG resulted in a significantly increased expression of IL-8 compared to the stimulation by IgG of healthy donors. This effect can be blocked by commercial AT1R and ETAR blockers. In contrast, expression of soluble CD14 as well as of the surface marker CD14 was significantly decreased. Correlation analysis of the IL-8 expression with clinical data of the SSc patients whose IgGs were used revealed an association of the high IL-8 expression with the early stage of disease, in fact in vitro stimulation of PBMC with IgG of patients who were within the first 8 years after onset of the disease caused a significantly higher IL-8 secretion in comparison to the stimulation with IgG of patients at a later stage. <h3>Conclusion</h3> SSc patient IgGs containing anti-AT1R and anti-ETAR antibodies seem to have effects on inflammation and immune regulation. Especially the release of IL-8, which is a strong inflammatory cytokine mainly secreted by monocytes among the immune cells, may play an important role in the early stage of disease contributing to vascular inflammation and injury, which are regarded to be the first events leading to tissue damage and fibrosis.
Endotracheal intubation: friend or foe?
Authors: R. Sneyd
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Scott, I have found that listening to each upper lung area is a reliable guide of tube placement in the trachea or, for that matter, right mainstem bronchus.This allows gentle easing back of the tube above the carina even without radiographic help.It is inappropriate to give to endotracheal intu- bation a mystique which might lead to its not being used on the very patients who need it most.
Abstract 13892: The Cytoprotective Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor Are Mediated by Dysferlin: An Emergency Response Gene that Mediates Membrane Repair
Authors: Huei-Ping Tzeng, Veli K Topkara, Philip M Barger, Douglas L Mann
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background: The cytoprotective effects of tumor necrosis factor in cardiac ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury are mediated by tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2). Methods: To d...
A phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled, 3-day, dose-ranging study of GS-5885, an NS5A inhibitor, in patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C
Authors: Eric J. Lawitz, Daniel Gruener, John M. Hill, Thomas Marbury, Lisa Moorehead, Anita Mathias, Guofeng Cheng, John O. Link, Kelly A. Wong, Hongmei Mo, John G. McHutchison, Diana M. Brainard
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Commentary: Controversies in SIGN guidance on management of invasive meningococcal disease in children and young people
Authors: David Isaacs
Journal: BMJ (2008)

It is a moot point whether clinical practice guidelines are of more value if the evidence is strong, rather than weak. Guidelines based on strong evidence may simply reinforce existing knowledge. On the other hand, guidelines based on weak evidence may reassure the clinician, but be of questionable value to the patient. The authors of the guidelines from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) claim to be the first to systematically scrutinise the literature to produce evidence based guidelines on recognition and management of meningococcal disease in children, while admitting elsewhere that their task was hampered by a lack of high quality evidence. Any guidelines are only of value if they improve care. With meningococcal infection this means improving mortality and morbidity, which are readily measurable.

A major controversy in childhood meningococcal infection is that the improvement in outcome in UK specialist centres (the case fatality rate at one paediatric intensive care unit …
The Training of Good Physicians: Critical Factors in Career Choices
Authors: Philip C. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The names of such distinguished authors should make the reviewer optimistic about this book, but unfortunately the blight of the method confounds our hopes. Laboriously, truisms are found to be acceptable. We find few surprises, even fewer solutions to our problems. What goes wrong in books of this kind? First, perhaps the survey research method lends itself to distortions, especially if factual memory is necessary, if personal interviewing must be restricted, if alternative basic assumptions and context are difficult to evaluate, or if simple correlations replace explanations. The selection of the 12 medical schools, supposedly as pairs, is a risky step, made worse by hiding the names of the schools from the reader's own evaluation. Words are distorted too. For example, during medical school, an ill-defined "uniformity" is discovered, as decided mostly by the MCAT, and class rank, but everyone is aware of a great diversity on a deeper level
HIV positive health worker wins injunction to preserve anonymity
Authors: J. Seymour
Journal: BMJ (2001)

An NHS specialist who is HIV positive has won an injunction that could mean his employing health authority is prevented from contacting his patients to inform them that they might have been exposed to the virus.

The unidentified worker, known only as H, claimed that any “look-back” exercise would threaten his anonymity and thus his privacy. He pointed out that no similar exercise in Britain involving HIV or AIDS had ever uncovered a patient infected by a health worker. …
MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED WITH HEART FAILURE: INSIGHTS FROM THE EVEREST TRIAL
Authors: Robert J. Mentz, Haris Subacius, Alessandra Dei Cas, Andrew P. Ambrosy, Adam DeVore, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Stephen Greene, Marvin Konstam, Aldo Maggioni, Savina Nodari, Javed Butler, Mihai Gheorghiade
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Markedly elevated serum levels of calcium-binding S100A8/A9 proteins in psoriatic arthritis are due to activated monocytes/macrophages
Authors: Seiko Aochi, Kazuhide Tsuji, Masakiyo Sakaguchi, Namho Huh, Tatsuya Tsuda, Kiyofumi Yamanishi, Mayumi Komine, Keiji Iwatsuki
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Age-Related Breast Cancer Therapy
Authors: Everett Shocket
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  In the May 22/29 issue ofJAMA, Greenfield et al1report inappropriateness in the treatment of elderly patients with breast cancer, both with and without comorbidity. The article implies that the attending physicians were less than ideally aggressive in management. I write to compliment them on their study and to raise two points.  First, what part did the patient herself, or her family, play in the rejecting of  aggressive management; could the patient, or her family, have expressed the view that the patient was  old?  Second, I challenge the study'sbreast cancer criteria map, which defined as appropriate an axillary dissection in elderly patients, including those too frail for effective chemotherapy.  In its 1985 Consensus Development Conference statement, the National Institutes of Health agreed that chemotherapy was not appropriate in the postmenopausal patient.2Although medical oncologists in the United States occasionally do use
Weight and Thirty-Year Mortality of Men in the Framingham Study
Authors: ROBERT J. GARRISON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Data from 30 years of biennial examinations and mortality information on the men who participated in the Framingham Study were analyzed to explore the relation between relative weight and longevity. Metropolitan Relative Weight, as measured at the baseline examination, was strongly related to mortality in the subsequent 30 years, with men weighing between 100% and 109% having minimum mortality. In addition, interim relative weights were related to death in the next 2-year period by cross-sectional pooling analysis. Multivariate analysis showed a strong positive relationship between baseline relative weight and death occurring in any interval, despite an inverse relation between interim weight and death. Overweight (weight greater than 110%) nonsmoking men in the Framingham Study had 30-year mortality rates up to 3.9 higher than men of desirable weight (weight, 100% to 109%). No evidence was seen that weight gains during middle age increased longevity or that desirable weights increased with age.
The effect of changing the definition of AIDS on the modeling of AIDS
Authors: Donald R. Hoover, Jeremy M. G. Taylor, Cynthia A. Black, Alvaro Muñoz, Alfred J. Saah, Joan S. Chmiel, Lawrence Kingsley
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To the Editor.  —Effective September 1987, the Centers for Disease Control added five diagnoses to the adult AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) surveillance definition: (1) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encephalopathy; (2) disseminatedMycobacterium tuberculosis; (3) disseminated coccidioidomycosis; (4) wasting syndrome; and (5) recurrentSalmonellasepticemia.1  These additional diagnoses increased reported AIDS incidence and shortened time to AIDS in all risk groups, but particularly in those at risk through intravenous drug use and heterosexual contact.2There were other 1987 AIDS definition changes that eliminated laboratory confirmation for some AIDS-defining diagnoses, but these changes probably did not affect time to AIDS or caseload, since misdiagnosis was unlikely.3  The 1987 change in the AIDS definition could confound AIDS modeling with results based on the pre-1987 definition biased toward longer incubation times and fewer cases. When backcalculation is used to predict HIV-1/AIDS incidence based on historical AIDS diagnosis, adjustments for
Specific and efficient transduction of cochlear inner hair cells with recombinant adeno-associated virus type 3 vector
Authors: Yuhe Liu, Takashi Okada, Kianoush Sheykholeslami, Kuniko Shimazaki, Tatsuya Nomoto, Shin-Ichi Muramatsu, Takeharu Kanazawa, Koichi Takeuchi, Rahim Ajalli, Hiroaki Mizukami, Akihiro Kume, Keiichi Ichimura, Keiya Ozawa
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are of interest for cochlear gene therapy because of their ability to mediate the efficient transfer and long-term stable expression of therapeutic genes in a wide variety of postmitotic tissues with minimal vector-related cytotoxicity. In the present study, seven AAV serotypes (AAV1–5, 7, 8) were used to construct vectors. The expression of EGFP by the chicken β-actin promoter associated with the cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer in cochlear cells showed that each of these serotypes successfully targets distinct cochlear cell types. In contrast to the other serotypes, the AAV3 vector specifically transduced cochlear inner hair cells with high efficiency in vivo, while the AAV1, 2, 5, 7, and 8 vectors also transduced these and other cell types, including spiral ganglion and spiral ligament cells. There was no loss of cochlear function with respect to evoked auditory brain-stem responses over the range of frequencies tested after the injection of AAV vectors. These findings are of value for further molecular studies of cochlear inner hair cells and for gene replacement strategies to correct recessive genetic hearing loss due to monogenic mutations in these cells.
Chemoreceptors of crustaceans: similarities to receptors for neuroactive substances in internal tissues.
Authors: W E Carr, B W Ache, R A Gleeson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

A description is given of crustacean chemosensory systems and the neurophysiological procedures used to study them. Their response properties and tuning characteristics are discussed. A review is then provided of specific crustacean chemoreceptors that are stimulated selectively by either purine nucleotides, taurine, glutamate, or glycine, all of which have neuroactive properties in internal tissues. Two distinctly different types of purinergic chemoreceptors occur on the antennules of the spiny lobster. P1-like chemoreceptors have a potency sequence of AMP greater than ADP greater than ATP greater than adenosine and show a strict structural requirement for the ribose phosphate moiety. P2-like chemoreceptors have a potency sequence of ATP greater than ADP greater than AMP or adenosine and show a broad sensitivity to nucleotide triphosphates with modifications in both the purine and ribose phosphate moieties. Sensilla containing the dendrites of chemosensory neurons also possess an ectonucleotidase(s) that inactivates excitatory nucleotides to yield adenosine which is subsequently internalized by a sensillar uptake system. Narrowly tuned taurinergic chemoreceptors are present on both the antennules and legs of lobsters. Although taurine itself is the most effective stimulant, the taurine analogs hypotaurine and beta-alanine are also very excitatory. Structure-activity studies indicate these chemoreceptors have marked similarities to taurine-sensitive systems in internal tissues of vertebrates. By contrast, comparative studies of glutamatergic chemoreceptors on the legs of lobsters indicate response spectra different from those of the glutamate receptors in lobster neuromuscular junctions and the three classes of excitatory amino acid receptors identified internally in vertebrates. Crustacean chemoreceptors for glycine, ecdysteroids, and pyridine are also described. The hypothesis that receptors for internal neuroactive agents may have originally evolved as external chemoreceptors of primitive aquatic organisms is discussed.
The Second Adolphe Abrahams Memorial Lecture
Authors: G. M. Carstairs
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1970)

Many years ago, when I aspired to compete in the Scottish and U.K. championships, I spent a holiday with an elderly aunt in the Mull of Kintyre.In order not to interrupt my training altogether, I went for long cross-country runs.My aunt, who was full of family pride about some small achievements on my part, asked her neighbour, a farmer, if he had seen me practising.He replied: "Aye, I seen a body running o'er the hill.I thocht he was no wise." My talk today concerns the form of mental aberration which leads people to "scorn delights and live laborious days", and specifically to subject them- selves to increasingly strenuous and painful exertions, in the pursuit of triumphs on the track.There are, of course, different degrees of severity of this peculiar behaviour, but references in this article to I athletics ' means the performance of first-rank athletes, in international competition.These athletes live in a world of their own, a very different world from that of the casual club athlete who competes for the fun of it, follows a much less vigorous training programme.Men like Sir Adolphe Abrahams, who found time during his medical studies to turn out for the St. Bartholomews Hospital sports,where he won the 100 yards every year, from 1907 to 1912, and the 440 yards from 1908 to 1912.He was a good student, and became a respected consultant, but he remained a man of many interests -among other things he was a pioneer in the photography of moving objects.I don't suppose his times for the 100 yards were of record-breaking quality (he left that to his younger brother Harold) but his continuing interest in athletics for the next half-centUizy showed that for him running was, above all, fun.Before the second World War, there would have been no need to draw this distinction between the totally dedicated top-class athlete and the amateur clubman.In those days Olympic champions and world record holders seemed to crop up arbitrarily, like genetic 'sports', among the ranks of their fellows.They were distinguished more by native talent than by conspicuous dedication to training: even Joe Binks, who held the world mile record for many years, used to train only once a week and Eric Liddell prepared for his 1924 Olympics in Paris but still achieved a World Record of 47.6 seconds for the 440 yards.73
NHS is being dismantled, BMA chairman declares Junior doctors call for new medical school Changes made to consultant appointment procedures
Authors: L. Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1996)

# NHS is being dismantled, BMA chairman declares {#article-title-2}

Five years after the NHS reforms all there was to celebrate was “the disintegration of the NHS with its fragmentation into several thousand ‘purchasers’ contracting with some 480 competing local businesses,” the chairman of the BMA council declared last weekend. Speaking at the BMA's Junior Members Forum in Edinburgh Dr Sandy Macara said that this was despite a tripling in management costs in no way matched by a comparable increase in productivity. He did not blame the managers because they were bound to construct or attract deeply flawed contracts based mainly on secondhand historic patterns of demand and supply unrelated to any satisfactory assessment of relative clinical need. The inferences in the changes, he said, were insulting to the profession and to managers.

The chairman's evidence that the service was being dismantled was that money was not following patients. Patients had no choice but to follow the money until it ran out and no voice to exercise any effective influence. Inequity in secondary care was endemic. “We now have two national lotteries: Virginia Bottomley has taken invaluable experience from the first, the NHS, to the second.” More and more treatment depended on where and whether a contract had been placed. Dr Macara described as the “ultimate fraud” the manipulation of waiting lists ensuring that the more serious cases had to wait longer while less urgent cases received priority.

The profession continued to emphasise that it was not opposed to change but “the competition for …
Fireworks-Induced Chest Wall Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Stephanie T. Le, Ba Duong Nguyen
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

The authors present a case of 18F-FDG-avid granulomatous reaction induced by fireworks injury of the chest wall in a patient with esophageal adenocarcinoma. This hypermetabolic lesion, involving the right pectoralis muscles, appeared slightly more prominent on restaging PET/CT imaging following chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Excisional biopsy of the lesion established the diagnosis of foreign-body granulomatous-type inflammation with surrounding foci of non-polarizable black foreign material and ruled out malignancy. The patient recalled accidentally shooting himself in the chest with a Roman candle at the age of 3.
714 THREE-YEARS OF CONTINUOUS TREATMENT WITH ENTECAVIR RESULTS IN HIGH PROPORTIONS OF CHINESE NUCLEOSIDE-NAIVE PATIENTS WITH UNDETECTABLE HBVDNA: RESULTS FROM STUDIES ETV-023 AND -050
Authors: G.B. Yao, D.Z. Xu, H. Ren, X.Q. Zhou, J.D. Jia, Y.M. Wang, C.W. Chen, J. Liu, D. Xu, C. Llamoso
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)