tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
While Some Correctional Facilities Go Smoke-Free, Others Appear to Help Inmates to Light Up
Authors: Andrew Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1990)

IF YOU listen to some prison officials, you might believe that what this country really needs is a good 5-cent cigar, at least for its inmates. While acknowledging the trend toward a smoke-free society, a number of prison and jail administrators are providing inmates with tobacco at greatly reduced prices or even free. Jailers in Boston, for example, reward helpful prisoners with cigarettes, and incarcerated minors in New York City are allowed to buy cigarettes at jail commissaries, often at considerable discounts. The corrections departments of at least two states—Illinois and Michigan— even manufacture their own cigarettes to sell to inmates at a fraction of the regular cost. Illinois can sell cigarettes for less than $0.35 per pack by not paying the $0.16 federal tobacco excise tax, a practice the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms says is illegal. In the view of many correctional health care professionals, such
Differences in the electrophysiological response of canine ventricular subendocardium and subepicardium to acetylcholine and isoproterenol. A direct effect of acetylcholine in ventricular myocardium.
Authors: S H Litovsky, C Antzelevitch
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

A prolongation of the ventricular effective refractory period in response to cholinergic agonists or vagal stimulation has been demonstrated in a number of in vivo animal models. However, exposure of isolated myocardial tissues obtained from these hearts to as much as 10(-4) M acetylcholine has been shown to produce essentially no change in action potential duration or effective refractory period. The discrepancy between the in vivo and in vitro findings generally has been explained on the basis of accentuated antagonism, whereby parasympathetic agonists exert their influence through antagonism of the effects of beta-adrenergic tone in vivo. The fact that acetylcholine exerts little if any direct effect on the electrical activity of ventricular myocardium, although well accepted, is based exclusively on studies performed using endocardial preparations. Our recent demonstration of major electrophysiological differences between canine ventricular endocardium and epicardium prompted us to examine the effects of acetylcholine and the role of accentuated antagonism in these two tissue types. Using standard microelectrode techniques, we show that acetylcholine (10(-7)-10(-5) M) has little if any effect in canine ventricular endocardium but a pronounced effect to either prolong or markedly abbreviate action potential duration and effective refractory period in epicardium. These effects of acetylcholine on epicardium are attended by an accentuation of the spike and dome morphology of the action potential, are readily reversed with atropine, fail to appear when epicardium is pretreated with the transient outward current blocker 4-aminopyridine, are accentuated in the presence of isoproterenol (10(-7) to 5 x 10(-6) M), and persist in the presence of propranolol. Isoproterenol-induced abbreviation of action potential duration and effective refractory period is also shown to be more pronounced in epicardium than in endocardium; equimolar concentrations of acetylcholine completely antagonize the effects of isoproterenol in endocardium and epicardium. We conclude that acetylcholine exerts important direct effects on the electrical response of canine ventricular myocardium, which are accentuated in the presence of beta-adrenergic agonists. Our findings suggest the differential response of epicardium and endocardium to acetylcholine is due to the presence of a transient outward current-mediated spike and dome morphology in the epicardial action potential. Finally, the data suggest that acetylcholine may exert antiarrhythmic as well as arrhythmogenic effects through its actions to alter conduction and refractoriness.
Retinal Hemorrhage and Changes in Retinal Circulation at High Altitude.
Authors: Charles S. Houston
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1970Retinal Hemorrhage and Changes in Retinal Circulation at High Altitude.Charles S. Houston, M.D., F.A.C.P., Charles Bryan, M.D., Regina Frayser, Ph.D., Gary Gray, M.D., Drummond Rennie, M.D.Charles S. Houston, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Charles Bryan, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Regina Frayser, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this author, Gary Gray, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Drummond Rennie, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-72-5-807_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptRetinal hemorrhages were found in 9 of 25 persons exposed to a real altitude of 17,500 ft in the course of high altitude studies on Mt. Logan, Yukon Territory. Retinal photographs demonstrate increased vessel diameter and tortuosity in all persons examined. The retinal changes were not directly related to the severity of symptoms of mountain sickness, to the administration of diuretics before or after ascent, or to the rate of ascent and duration of stay at altitude. It is possible that the observable retinal changes reflect similar changes in cerebral circulation. These abnormalities have not previously been reported.... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Charles S. Houston, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Charles Bryan, M.D.; Regina Frayser, Ph.D.; Gary Gray, M.D.; Drummond Rennie, M.D.Affiliations: Burlington, Vt. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1970Volume 72, Issue 5Page: 807-807KeywordsAltitude sicknessDiureticsHemorrhage ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1970 PDF downloadLoading ...
Epidemiologic Assessment of the Relevance of the So-Called Enteropathogenic Serogroups of<i>Escherichia coli</i>in Diarrhea
Authors: Eugene J. Gangarosa, Michael H. Merson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Since the early 1950's the concept has evolved that certain serogroups of Escherichia coli, commonly designated enteropathogenic, are like shigellae and salmonellae, inherent enteric pathogens. This view is so widely held that many clinicians regard diarrhea associated with these serogroups as a distinct clinical entity, and many large hospitals include, as diagnostic laboratory routine, a search for these serogroups in stools from patients, particularly infants, with diarrhea. In the light of knowledge obtained in the last 10 years about virulence plasmids and about mechanisms by which Esch. coli causes diarrhea, we attempt to evaluate this concept through a historical . . .
Low asthma prevalence in Turkish children
Authors: A.F. Kalyoncu, Z.T. Selçuk
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation delivered by nasal mask or facemask has been used widely in the last decade to manage chronic ventilatory failure in adults with neuromuscular and chest wall disease. However, it has been thought that paediatric patients would not be able to tolerate masks, and previous anecdotal reports on the paediatric application of mask ventilation have not assessed the effects on nocturnal and arterial blood gas control. Domiciliary mask ventilation has been used in 40 children with ventilatory insufficiency due to congenital neuromuscular and skeletal disease aged 9 months-16 yrs. Eighteen patients had symptomatic nocturnal hypoventilation, 17 had diurnal ventilatory failure, three were referred for weaning and two had frequent chest infections associated with sleep-disordered breathing. Thirty eight of the 40 patients tolerated mask ventilatory support long-term. Diurnal mean+/-SD oxygen tension in arterial blood (Pa,O2) increased from 8.5+/-1.8-10.9+/-1.7 kPa (p&lt;0.001) and mean carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood (Pa,CO2) fell from 7.0+/-1.6-5.9+/-0.8 kPa (p=0.01) following initiation of ventilatory support. Mean and minimum nocturnal Pa,O2 and peak transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (Ptc,CO2) (n=21) improved significantly. Mask ventilation can be used successfully in young children and reverses ventilatory insufficiency due to congenital neuromuscular and skeletal disease.
JAK2V617F activates Lu/BCAM-mediated red cell adhesion in polycythemia vera through an EpoR-independent Rap1/Akt pathway
Authors: Maria De Grandis, Marie Cambot, Marie-Paule Wautier, Bruno Cassinat, Christine Chomienne, Yves Colin, Jean-Luc Wautier, Caroline Le Van Kim, Wassim El Nemer
Journal: Blood (2012)
Rules of chemokine receptor association with T cell polarization in vivo
Authors: Chang H. Kim, Lusijah Rott, Eric J. Kunkel, Mark C. Genovese, David P. Andrew, Lijun Wu, Eugene C. Butcher
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Current concepts of chemokine receptor (CKR) association with Th1 and Th2 cell polarization and effector function have largely ignored the diverse nature of effector and memory T cells in vivo. Here, we systematically investigated the association of 11 CKRs, singly or in combination, with CD4 T cell polarization. We show that Th1, Th2, Th0, and nonpolarized T cells in blood and tissue can express any of the CKRs studied but that each CKR defines a characteristic pool of polarized and nonpolarized CD4 T cells. Certain combinations of CKRs define populations that are markedly enriched in major subsets of Th1 versus Th2 cells. For example, although Th0, Th1, and Th2 cells are each found among blood CD4 T cells coordinately expressing CXCR3 and CCR4, Th1 but not Th2 cells can be CXCR3+CCR4–, and Th2 but only rare Th1 cells are CCR4+CXCR3–. Contrary to recent reports, although CCR7– cells contain a higher frequency of polarized CD4 T cells, most Th1 and Th2 effector cells are CCR7+ and thus may be capable of lymphoid organ homing. Interestingly, Th1-associated CKRs show little or no preference for Th1 cells except when they are coexpressed with CXCR3. We conclude that the combinatorial expression of CKRs, which allow tissue- and subset-dependent targeting of effector cells during chemotactic navigation, defines physiologically significant subsets of polarized and nonpolarized T cells.
Diabetes Mellitus: Theory and Practice
Authors: Frederick C. Goetz
Journal: JAMA (1971)

This excellent book is in a sense a new edition of<i>Clinical Diabetes Mellitus</i>, edited by the same men and published in 1962. That volume brought together a series of 34 articles by physicians and some basic investigators, all active in the New York City area. The present volume is more than twice as long, has more chapters (48) and 65 contributors. More important, fewer than half of the contributors are from the New York area. This is really a new book, national and even international in scope, with many chapters of a high order of authority and scholarship. It is natural to compare it with the volume on diabetes edited by Robert H. Williams in 1960, which included many of the same authors. On the whole, the present volume is a worthy successor. The best features of the book are its broad coverage of both basic and clinical aspects
Does the FDA have the authority to trump the Declaration of Helsinki?
Authors: M. D E Goodyear, T. Lemmens, D. Sprumont, G. Tangwa
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A new rule seems to be more about imperialism than harmonisation

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States has ruled that clinical trials performed outside the US no longer have to conform to the Declaration of Helsinki if used to support applications for registration of products in the US.1 Instead, the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (GCP) has been designated as the new regulatory standard. This suggestion met considerable opposition from scientists, ethicists, and consumer groups before and during the consultations.1 2 3 The FDA’s justifications included the arguments that it was merely harmonising its regulations with a global standard, and that legal instruments, such as the US Code of Federal Regulations, cannot embed external documents subject to change beyond the agency’s control (dynamic referencing).1 4

This justification failed to explain why GCP was any different in this respect, or why the declaration and the GCP were considered mutually exclusive.2 Although such dynamic referencing can create legal problems,5 6 because legislatures cannot unreservedly commit to indefinite amendments, the declaration can, and should, be considered a minimum standard that reflects core ethical principles, operationalised through instruments such as the GCP and national regulatory policy. Static referencing of specific versions has not created substantial problems to date, and no reason is given about why this should be a problem now. …
The Association of Skin Color With Blood Pressure in US Blacks With Low Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Michael J. Klag
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To determine the association of skin color, measured by a reflectometer, with blood pressure in US blacks, we studied a community sample of 457 blacks from three US cities. Persons taking antihypertensive medications were excluded. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in darker persons and increased by 2 mm Hg for every 1-SD increase in skin darkness. However, the association was dependent on socioeconomic status, whether measured by education or an index consisting of education, occupation, and ethnicity, being present only in persons with lower levels of either indicator. Using multiple linear regression, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure remained significantly associated with darker skin color in the lower levels of socioeconomic status, independent of age, body mass index, and concentrations of blood glucose, serum urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and urinary sodium and potassium. The association of skin color with blood pressure only in low socioeconomic strata may be due to the lesser ability of such groups to deal with the psychosocial stress associated with darker skin color. However, these findings also are consistent with an interaction between an environmental factor associated with low socioeconomic status and a susceptible gene that has a higher prevalence in persons with darker skin color. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1991;265:599-602)
Inhibition of clot-bound alpha 2-antiplasmin enhances in vivo thrombolysis.
Authors: G L Reed, G R Matsueda, E Haber
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Recent experiments in vitro have shown that inhibition of human alpha 2-antiplasmin by a monoclonal antibody (MAb RWR) markedly enhances clot lysis by plasminogen activators. To extend these studies in vivo, we tested whether inhibition of clot or fibrin-bound alpha 2-antiplasmin by MAb RWR could enhance the lysis of a human clot by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model. Compared with a saline placebo or a control antibody, MAb RWR significantly increased thrombolysis by endogenous plasminogen activator in rabbits to which no t-PA was administered (p less than 0.05). In rabbits that received t-PA, the combination of MAb RWR and t-PA caused significantly greater thrombolysis than equivalent doses of t-PA alone (p less than 0.05). However, compared with equipotent doses of t-PA alone, the combination of MAb RWR and t-PA did not increase the nonspecific consumption of fibrinogen. These experiments suggest that the combination of an alpha 2-antiplasmin inhibitor and a plasminogen activator could be a more potent thrombolytic strategy.
Absence of coronary vascular reserve in myocardium distal to a fixed coronary stenosis
Authors: L. W KLEIN, A. D ASKENASE, W. S WEINTRAUB, M. AKAISHI, R. J MERCIER, R. M SCHNEIDER, J. B AGARWAL, R. H HELFANT
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1987)

In a study to test the hypothesis that vascular reserve is exhausted in the setting of a resting blood flow deficit, the left anterior descending or circumflex artery was cannulated and perfused from the left carotid artery. After reactive hyperaemia had been assessed a stenosis was produced with a screw clamp. In the first experiment a moderate stenosis (diastolic perfusion pressure 40 mmHg) was produced in the left anterior descending artery (three dogs) or left circumflex artery (three dogs). Blood pressure was held constant with aortic constriction during intracoronary adenosine infusion (6 μmol·min−1). The stenosis was then adjusted to the preadenosine perfusion pressure. In the second experiment the anterior interventricular coronary vein was also isolated and segment length crystals were placed in the ischaemic and non-ischaemic zones. Severe stenosis (flow reduction of at least 50% and evidence of decreased segmental shortening) was produced in the cannulated left anterior descending artery (eight dogs). Intracoronary adenosine was given with aortic pressure held constant by transfusion and coronary venous drainage. In the first experiment resting coronary flow (ml·min−1) decreased from 41(3) to 29(6) (p<0.05) with stenosis. Coronary flow increased from 29(6) to 34(7) (p<0.05) with adenosine and to 50(10) (p<0.05) with stenosis adjustment. Subendocardial flow (ml·g−1·min−1) decreased from 0.89(0.26) to 0.78(0.23) (p<0.05) with adenosine and then increased from 0.94(0.49) with perfusion pressure adjustment. Subepicardial flow tended to increase with adenosine, and increased further with stenosis adjustment. In the second experiment subendocardial, subepicardial, and coronary flow did not change with adenosine. Thus there was no demonstrable vascular reserve in any layer of myocardium with a resting flow deficit.
Comprehensive analysis of tumor microenvironment cytokines in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia identifies CCL5 as a novel modulator of IL-6 activity
Authors: Sherine F. Elsawa, Anne J. Novak, Steven C. Ziesmer, Luciana L. Almada, Lucy S. Hodge, Deanna M. Grote, Thomas E. Witzig, Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico, Stephen M. Ansell
Journal: Blood (2011)
Different Biological Processes Are Associated with Prognosis and Chemotherapy Sensitivity in the Different Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer.
Authors: T. Iwamoto, T. Iwamoto, G. Bianchini, C. Coutant, C. Shiang, J. Matsuoka, W. Symmans, G. Hortobagyi, R. Simon, L. Pusztai
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: Breast cancer includes multiple different molecular subtypes. We hypothesized that different biological processes and molecular markers may be associated with prognosis and chemotherapy sensitivity in the different subtypes.Methods: We performed gene set analysis in ER-positive/HER-2-normal (ER+) and ER-negative/HER-2-normal (ER-) cancers separately to identify gene sets that are associated with prognosis and chemotherapy sensitivity. We tested 5295 different, functionally annotated gene sets (GS) that collectively represent almost all known biological and metabolic pathways in human cells. Significance was estimated with permutation test. Three separate cohorts on untreated HER2-normal patients (n=234, n=175, n=170) and 3 cohorts of patients with neoadjuvant therapy (n=198, n=85, n=61) were included in this analysis. We performed analysis of each data set separately and also as pooled data.Results: When data sets were analyzed individually, 753 to 938 GS were associated with prognosis (P≤0.05) in ER+ cancers including 186 common to all, and 408 to 579 GS were associated with prognosis in ER- cancers including 1 common to all and 141 common to at least two data sets. Within each data set, the number of overlapping GS between the ER+ and ER- prognostic lists ranged from 33 to 112. In the neoadjuvant data sets, 555 to 674 GS were associated with response in ER+ cancers (195 common to at least two, 4 common to all) and 543 to 730 in ER- cancers (268 common to two, 22 common to all). When the predictive GS for ER+ cancers were compared to those for ER- cancers, there were only 10 GS in common. A meta analyses of the combined prognostic data sets yielded 384 GS with p≤0.0001 in ER+ cancers and 47 in ER- cancers, respectively, with 12 GS common to both. A meta analyses of the combined neoadjuvant data sets yielded 92 GS associated with pCR in ER+ cancers and 110 GS in the ER- cancers. Only 2 GS were common to both. Functional analysis indicated that DNA replication, mitotic spindle checkpoint and plasma cell function were the most common prognostic pathways in ER+ cancer. T cell differentiation, glycolipid metabolism and immune functions were the most commonly prognostic pathways in ER- cancer with a notable absence of proliferation related gene sets. DNA replication, spindle and microtubule activity and cell cycle regulation were associated with chemotherapy response in ER+ cancers; oxidative stress, blood vessel formation in ER- cancers.Conclusion: These data indicate that prognosis and chemotherapy response are associated with different gene sets in ER+ and ER- cancers. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6124.
Effects of ethanol-induced hypoglycaemia.
Authors: C Miquel, J Rubies-Prat
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Whether Drs Brooks and Harrington's patient developed malignancy after the diagnosis of coeliac disease was made and some clinical improvement was obtained after gluten withdrawal or whether it was present initially, precipitating overt manifestations of gluten intolerance, it is not possible to say.It is certainly believed that failure of a patient with newly diagnosed coeliac disease to respond to gluten withdrawal or relapse occurring after previous control by diet is suggestive of the development of malignancy.'The view that intestinal malignancy may cause flattening of the jejunal mucosa and present as "the coeliac syndrome" is no longer held.