tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Vision screening of adolescents and their use of glasses.
Authors: C S Peckham, P A Gardiner, A Tibbenham
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Vision screening was performed in over 11 000 16-year-olds who were taking part in the National Child Development Study. For distance vision 75% had normal acuity, 9% a minor defect, and 16% a more severe unilateral or bilateral defect. For near vision 85% had normal vision, 8% a minor defect, and 7% a unilateral or bilateral defect. Few children (62) with normal distant vision had defects in near vision, though many more (607) had both poor distant vision and poor near vision. Vision defects were more common in girls than in boys and occurred more often in adolescents from non-manual than manual families. Athough 18% of children had been prescribed glasses for current use, a third did not have their glasses available at the examination: 27% of the children prescribed glasses had normal unaided distant visual acuity or only a minor defect, and they constituted 42% of those who were not wearing their glasses. Further investigation is needed into the criteria on which glasses are prescribed for children and into the reasons for which they are not worn.
Abstract B26: Drug-Diagnostic co-development to target FLT3-ITD mutations in chemo-resistant acute myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Ching-Huai Ko, Chen Ting-Shou, Lin Mei-Wei, Lai Chin-Pen, Kuo Wen-Hsun, Hwang Chrong-Shiong, Wang Ling-Mei, Tsai Jane SC
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) overexpression is the common phenomenon in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). There are two major types of FLT3 mutations: internal tandem duplication (ITD) and the activation-loop point mutation at 835th amino residue. Although these FLT3/ITD and the 835th point mutation only account for only 20–25% and 5–10% in AML patients, they have worse prognosis and are often resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Several drugs including CEP-701, MLN-518, and PKC-412 have been developed to target FLT3 tyrosine kinase activity in AML and have been evaluated in clinical trials and showed different efficacy towards these mutations. Therefore, identification of these mutations at the time of diagnosis during drug development, in the case of our drug candidate, BELK01260, will provide a better prognostic prediction, might guide the treatment selection and follow-up strategies. In the study, we developed a sensitive molecular assay with our drug candidate well-suited for this therapeutic need to detect FLT3 mutations and proposed to be used for future clinical application. 100 AML samples with at least 20 samples with known FLT3 mutations are collected and evaluated. The standardize procedure has met the requirement of clinical pathology laboratory with reasonable cost, and both the sensitivity and specificity of this technology achieve 99.9% compared with commonly used methods.
Composting of Household Waste
Authors: T. T. Stamm
Journal: BMJ (1956)

<h3>Abstract</h3> N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are essential for the protection of healthcare professionals and other high-risk groups against Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19). In response to shortages in FFRs during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorization permitting FFR decontamination and reuse. However, although industrial decontamination services are available at some large institutions, FFR decontamination is not widely accessible. To be effective, FFR decontamination must 1) inactivate the virus; 2) preserve FFR integrity, specifically fit and filtering capability; and 3) be non-toxic and safe. Here we identify and test at-home heat-based methods for FFR decontamination that meet these requirements using common household appliances. Our results identify potential protocols for simple and accessible FFR decontamination, while also highlighting unsuitable methods that may jeopardize FFR integrity. <h3>One sentence summary</h3> Survey of at-home methods for N95 respirator decontamination using heat and evaluation of their effects on N95 respirator integrity.
Chimeric mice carrying 'regional' targeted deletion of the angiotensin type 1A receptor gene. Evidence against the role for local angiotensin in the in vivo feedback regulation of renin synthesis in juxtaglomerular cells.
Authors: T Matsusaka, H Nishimura, H Utsunomiya, J Kakuchi, F Niimura, T Inagami, A Fogo, I Ichikawa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

We have developed chimeric mice carrying 'regional' null mutation of the angiotensin type 1A (AT1A) receptor, the AT1 receptor subtype exclusively present in mouse juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. The chimeric mouse (Agtr1a -/- <--> +/+) is made up of wild-type (Agtr1a +/+) cells or cells homozygous for Agtr1a deletion (Agtr1a -/-). In the latter, the AT1A coding exon was replaced with a reporter gene, lacZ. In Agtr1a -/- <--> +/+ mice, these two clones of cells are found to be clustered and display patchy distributions in the kidney and heart. Tracking of lacZ activities in hetero- (Agtr1a +/-) and homozygous (Agtr1a -/-) deletion mutant offspring from Agtr1a -/- <--> +/+ mice revealed that the promoter activity of Agtr1a is localized in JG cells, afferent arteriolar walls, glomerular mesangial region and endothelial cells, and apical and basolateral proximal tubule membranes. The JG apparatuses of Agtr1a -/- mice are markedly enlarged with intense expression of renin mRNA and protein. In Agtr1a -/- <--> +/+ mice, these changes were proportional to the degree of chimerism. Within a given Agtr1a -/- <--> +/+ mouse, however, the degree of JG hypertrophy/hyperplasia and the expression of renin mRNA and protein were identical between Agtr1a +/+ and Agtr1a -/- cells. Thus, in the in vivo condition tested, the local interaction between angiotensin and the AT1 receptor on the JG cells has little functional contribution to the feedback regulation of JG renin synthesis.
Severity of heart failure and dosage of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Authors: A L Clark, A J S Coats
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Large studies have shown improved survival of patients with heart failure1 2 and of those recovering from acute myocardial infarction3 4 after treatment with high doses of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. We studied the usage of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for chronic heart failure in a tertiary referral centre to investigate the relation between the regimen used and patient variables and how this related to the dosages used in the published mortality trials.

We examined the drug regimens of 157 patients seen by two consultants in a specialist clinic for chronic heart failure. Chronic heart failure was diagnosed from the finding of impaired left ventricular function on echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography, or cardiac catheterisation. All patients underwent exercise testing with metabolic gas exchange measurements. All had been reviewed at …
Expression ratio of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 to variant hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 in differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma
Authors: Toshiaki Ninomiya, Hayashi Yoshitake, Saijoh Kiyofumi, Ohta Kyosuke, Yoon Seitetsu, Nakabayashi Hidekazu, Tamaoki Taiki, Kasuga Masato, Itoh Hiroshi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1996)
Epidemiological study of wheeze, doctor diagnosed asthma, and cough in preschool children in Leicestershire.
Authors: D K Luyt, P R Burton, H Simpson
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To determine the cumulative prevalences of wheeze and doctor diagnosed asthma and the point prevalences of recurrent cough and wheeze in children aged 5 years and under. DESIGN--Questionnaire survey of population based random sample of children registered on regional authority9s child health index for immunisation; questionnaire completed by parents. SETTING--Leicestershire. SUBJECTS--1650 white children born in 1985-9 who were surveyed in 1990. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Cumulative prevalences of wheeze and doctor diagnosed asthma and point prevalences of recurrent cough and wheeze by age and sex. RESULTS--There were 1422 replies (86.2%; 726 for boys, 696 for girls). Overall, 11.0% (95% confidence interval 9.4% to 12.6%) of children had formally been diagnosed as having asthma, the cumulative prevalence in boys (12.7%) being somewhat higher than in girls (9.2%) (age adjusted odds ratio 1.47, p = 0.03). As expected, the cumulative prevalence of asthma increased significantly with age (7.5% (13/173) in children under 1 year, 15.9% (61/383) in children of 4 years and over; p &lt; 0.001). The cumulative prevalence of wheeze overall was 15.6% (13.7% to 17.5%), being higher in boys (17.6%) than in girls (13.5%) (odds ratio 1.38, p = 0.03). The overall prevalence of recurrent cough without colds was 21.8% (19.6% to 23.9%), with a non-significant excess in boys (23.1% v 20.4%). The overall prevalence of wheezing attacks during the previous 12 months was 13.0% (11.3% to 14.8%) with a non-significant excess in boys (14.5% v 11.5%). CONCLUSIONS--These findings are baseline results and emphasise the importance of studying the age group of interest rather than relying on the recall of parents of school age children.
Abstract P6-03-04: Opening, Dynamic Prospective Cohort Research on the Small Focus Less than 1.1cm Shown by B Ultrasound in Breast
Authors: Z Fan, A Shi, H Du, D Wu, T. Fu
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Ultrasound is the most frequent clinical way to examine breast in China. Because Chinese have small and high density breasts, mammography can not show some lesions, and it costs too much. There are 5%-10% patients detected small, nonpalpable lesions by ultrasound in clinic and physical examination. Most of the lesions are very small, without typical characteristics of malignant or benign tumor. So many positive results bother doctors and patients. OBJECTIVE To find an appropriate way to detect breast cancer early and reduce unnecessary biopsy. METHODS: A Opening, dynamic prospective cohort research on the small focus less than 1.1cm shown by B ultrasound has been performed from 1 st January 2009. 791 cases and 1064 lesions were selected to the study group. All patients are female, from 35 to 75 years old. The lesions are from 0.25 cm to 1.1cm in ultrasound and less than grade 3 in mammography according to BI-RADS. The patients are divided to 2 groups according to the mammography grade of BI-RADS. The first subgroup concludes 260 cases with grade 3, and the second subgroup concludes 531 cases with less than grade 2. The patients who were more than grade 4 in ultrasound according to BI-RADS accepted biopsy as soon as they got into group. Other patients accept ultrasound per 3 months and mammography per year. We will do biopsy when the lesions rise up to 130% of the original size, and when the lesion reduce to 70% of the original size in consecutive two times examination on ultrasound , the patient will leave the group. RESULTS: Total 70 cases were performed biopsy during 17months. 2 cases (0.7%) without family history of breast cancer were breast cancer during biopsy in the first subgroup.2 cases (0.3%) with family history of breast cancer were mastopathy with atypia during the procedure of follow up—biopsy in the second subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Most small lesions which are negative on mammography are benign and need not be performed resection. Use of mammography can reduce unnecessary biopsy in Chinese. Ultrasound and family history of breast cancer should be considered well. the cases of screening and biopsy Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-03-04.
Treatment of hepatolithiasis by endoscopic chemoembolization of the left hepatic duct
Authors: F.-Y. Li, J.-Q. Cheng, H. Mao, N. Li, L.-S. Jiang, N.-S. Cheng, X.-W. Wu
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

The high recurrence rate of hepatolithiasis, together with the high operative risk of hepatectomy performed for stones in certain locations has until now been a difficult problem. In this report we describe a new treatment method we have devised to prevent postoperative recurrence of hepatolithiasis. Based on our previous animal experiments, this method of chemical bile duct embolization effectively results in chemical hepatectomy [1] [2].
Correcting a Bias?
Authors: George B. Hutchison, Kenneth J. Rothman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Horwitz and Feinstein, in an article in this issue of the Journal, suggest that a selection bias explains the strong association between exogenous estrogens and endometrial cancer reported by many investigators. To correct this bias, they propose a method that was abandoned by others precisely because it introduced a large selection bias into a research design in which selection bias was not inherently an important feature.Horwitz and Feinstein believe that much of the strong association observed between estrogen use and endometrial cancer results from increased medical attention and therefore greater detection of the cancer among estrogen users, in . . .
Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of Randomised Trials
Authors: Roberto Raschetti, Emiliano Albanese, Nicola Vanacore, Marina Maggini
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to a transitional zone between normal ageing and dementia. Despite the uncertainty regarding the definition of MCI as a clinical entity, clinical trials have been conducted in the attempt to study the role of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) currently approved for symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease (AD), in preventing progression from MCI to AD. The objective of this review is to assess the effects of ChEIs (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) in delaying the conversion from MCI to Alzheimer disease or dementia.The terms "donepezil", "rivastigmine", "galantamine", and "mild cognitive impairment" and their variants, synonyms, and acronyms were used as search terms in four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, PsycINFO) and three registers: the Cochrane Collaboration Trial Register, Current Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Published and unpublished studies were included if they were randomized clinical trials published (or described) in English and conducted among persons who had received a diagnosis of MCI and/or abnormal memory function documented by a neuropsychological assessment. A standardized data extraction form was used. The reporting quality was assessed using the Jadad scale. Three published and five unpublished trials met the inclusion criteria (three on donepezil, two on rivastigmine, and three on galantamine). Enrolment criteria differed among the trials, so the study populations were not homogeneous. The duration of the trials ranged from 24 wk to 3 y. No significant differences emerged in the probability of conversion from MCI to AD or dementia between the treated groups and the placebo groups. The rate of conversion ranged from 13% (over 2 y) to 25% (over 3 y) among treated patients, and from 18% (over 2 y) to 28% (over 3 y) among those in the placebo groups. Only for two studies was it possible to derive point estimates of the relative risk of conversion: 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.64-1.12), and 0.84 (0.57-1.25). Statistically significant differences emerged for three secondary end points. However, when adjusting for multiple comparisons, only one difference remained significant (i.e., the rate of atrophy in the whole brain).The use of ChEIs in MCI was not associated with any delay in the onset of AD or dementia. Moreover, the safety profile showed that the risks associated with ChEIs are not negligible. The uncertainty regarding MCI as a clinical entity raises the question as to the scientific validity of these trials.
University calls for mobile phone research to be withdrawn after technician admits faking data
Authors: Annette Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The rector of the Medical University of Vienna, Wolfgang Schutz, has asked researchers at his university to withdraw their two publications based on faked data supposedly showing that electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones causes DNA breakage in human tissue cells.

The study had caused considerable public concern about the health risks from mobile phones. In a statement the university says that a laboratory technician from the department of occupational medicine has since confessed that she fabricated the data. The department was closed in October 2007 after the retirement of its head, Hugo Rudiger.

The studies based on the faked data were published in 2005 in the journal Mutation Research (2005;583:178-83) and in 2008 in the International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (2008;81:755-67). The journals’ …
Use of Atypical Antipsychotics During Pregnancy and the Risk of Neural Tube Defects in Infants
Authors: Gideon Koren, Tony Cohn, David Chitayat, Bhushan Kapur, Gary Remington, Diane Myles Reid, Robert B. Zipursky
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: Folate deficiency in early pregnancy and maternal adiposity, independent of folate intake, lead to a greater risk of neural tube defects in infants. Atypical antipsychotics cause various degrees of weight gain. The authors assessed folate status and obesity among patients with schizophrenia receiving atypical antipsychotics. METHOD: A sample of 70 inpatients and outpatients (21 of them women) who were taking antipsychotics was randomly selected. Body weight, body mass index, daily folate intake, and folate serum concentrations were determined. RESULTS: The majority of the patients were overweight. Only eight of 37 patients had folate intake above 400 μg/day, the level shown to be protective against neural tube defects. Mean serum folate was significantly lower than in a general hospital group of 810 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Women with schizophrenia who take atypical antipsychotics have a higher risk of neural tube defects in their infants because of the associated low intake of folate and obesity.
PREVALENCE AND PROPHYLAXIS OF PNEUMONIA.
Authors: EDWARD F. WELLS
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Two years ago I presented to this Section a paper on the fatality and increasing prevalence of pneumonia, with suggestions for individual and communal prophylaxis, and this communication should be considered as being supplemental to that paper. When we subtract from our mortality bills the deaths caused by infectious diseases, e. g., tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery, diphtheria, scarlatina, plague, etc., it will be found that comparatively few remain. Such infectious diseases are all essentially preventable, and might well be theoretically wiped off the face of the earth. In the case of some of these this will surely come to pass within a measureable time, but in the case of others this happy period is yet in the indefinitely far-distant future. In the case of some of the great infections, notably tuberculosis, malaria and typhoid fever, the causes, modes of conveyance and methods of prevention are so well known
Epidemiologic and Microbiologic Correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Sexual Partnerships
Authors: Thomas C. Quinn
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine the frequency of<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>genital infection within sexual partnerships using highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and to identify the variables that might modify transmission. <h3>Design.</h3> —Cross-sectional study of sexual partnerships comparing in vitro culture and PCR amplification for<i>C trachomatis</i>. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Two outpatient sexually transmitted disease clinics. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Four hundred ninety-four people in sexual partnerships attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —Genital infection with C trachomatis. <h3>Methods.</h3> —DNA sequencing was performed to examine specific genotypes within and between partnerships. Cross-sectional analysis was performed to determine characteristics associated with concordance or discordance of infection with partnerships. <h3>Results.</h3> —Cultures were positive for<i>C trachomatis</i>in 8.5% of males and 12.9% of females (<i>P</i>=.03). Using PCR, more infections were identified both in males (14.2%) and in females (15.8%), and the difference in infection rates analyzed by sex was no longer significant. In 20.4% of 494 couples, at least 1 partner had PCR results positive for<i>C trachomatis</i>, with a concordant infection rate of 10.7%, significantly higher than the 5.5% concordant infection rate demonstrable by culture (<i>P</i>&lt;.01). Male-female and female-male transmission frequencies were equal (68%). The nucleotide sequences of the major outer membrane protein gene products were identical and unique for each of 15 culture-negative, PCR-positive concordant partnerships. In concordant infections, factors associated with infection in female partners were age less than 20 years, more than 1 partner in the past 6 months, and cervical ectopy greater than 25% <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Using PCR, the frequency of chlamydia transmission by infected males and females was nearly identical. The high rate of concordant infection, high frequency of infection among asymptomatic individuals, and high frequency of transmission regardless of sex underscore the importance of routine screening for chlamydia in both males and females, along with provision of treatment to all sexual partners of chlamydia-infected individuals.
Splenosis in a Patient With Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: DAVID J. MACFARLANE, BARRY SHULKIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

Traumatic splenic rupture may result in deposition of functioning splenic tissue throughout the abdomen, pelvis, and even thorax. These areas must be imaged when searching for splenic tissue, particularly in patients with a history of abdominal trauma. Significant uptake of radiolabeled sulfur colloid, heat-damaged red cells, and platelets within liver and spleen mandates the use of multiple views and, optimally, tomography to best assess the abdomen when searching for ectopic splenic tissue.
IMPACT OF PATIENTS' CHARACTERISTICS, PROCEDURAL, ANGIOGRAPHIC, AND IVUS FINDINGS ON NEOATHEROSCLEROSIS AFTER STENT IMPLANTATION: INSIGHTS FROM OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY STUDY
Authors: Kenji Sakata, Masa-aki Kawashiri, Hidenobu Terai, Naoto Tama, Katsuharu Uchiyama, Isao Inoki, Yuki Horita, Masatoshi Ikeda, Masanobu Namura, Masakazu Yamagishi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Incarceration and Sacculation of the Uterus with Rupture of the Cervix
Authors: D. Freeth, A. P. M. Dring
Journal: BMJ (1953)

MEDICAL MEMORANDA DIAJJOURNAL process of haemostasis, and the lack of platelets in stored blood may be of significance.The direct transfusions were carried out with a rotary pump modified by Julian Smith (1941), and the technique has been previously described (McLean, 1951).It has been objected that a rapid rate of transfusion, which cannot be avoided by the direct method, may cause further haemorrhage; in practice, however, this has not been observed.Another objection is that cardiac failure may be precipitated.This is possible in patients with severe anaemia and impaired myocardial efficiency, but, during the transfusion, symptoms and signs of circulatory embarrassment are readily observed and can be relieved by a small venesection.In recent haematemesis, when the blood volume has been reduced, there seems to be little likelihood of causing cardiac failure.