tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
UNAUTHORIZED REPRINTS OF THERAPEUTIC ARTICLE
Authors: Edward N. Brush
Journal: JAMA (1930)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —About two weeks ago I received by mail a pamphlet, on the cover page of which was printed "Report of the Treatment with Manganese Chloride of 181 Cases of Schizophrenia, 33 of Manic Depression and 16 of other Defects or Psychoses, at the Ontario Hospital, Brockville. By W. M. English, M.D., Superintendent. Reprinted from the American Journal of Psychiatry: Vol. IX., No. 3, Nov. 1929." On the second, third and fourth pages of the cover were advertisements of a laboratory and its preparations for intravenous injection. I at once wrote the laboratory in question, asking on what authority it had reprinted a paper from the<i>American Journal of Psychiatry</i>and used it to advertise the laboratory and its products. In due time I received a letter regretting that any "offense" had been committed but stating that, as some time had elapsed since the article had been printed,
Money and the Changing Culture of Medicine
Authors: Pamela Hartzband, Jerome Groopman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Rapidly rising health care costs over recent decades have prompted the application of business practices to medicine, with the goals of improving efficiency, restraining expenses, and increasing quality. In the wake of the current economic crisis and the advent of a new presidential administration, even more attention will be focused on containing costs in the health care system. Price tags are being applied to every aspect of a doctor's day, creating an acute awareness of costs and reimbursement. Physicians are now routinely provided with profit-and-loss reports reflecting their activity, and metrics are calculated to measure the cost-effectiveness of their work. . . .
Histopathologic Spectrum of Regional Enteritis and Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Howard M. Spiro
Journal: JAMA (1972)

This book makes an important contribution because it brings together in one spot a thoughtful summary of the literature of inflammatory bowel disease together with some first-rate photographs of gross and microscopic lesions of regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis. Writing his book from the vantage point of the morphologist, Dr. Mottet, who is professor of pathology at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle, has utilized pathologic material as his main criteria. His instructions on how to carry out an examination of the intestines should be mandatory reading for pathologists. If the clinician finds him overly certain of his ability to separate regional enteritis from ulcerative colitis with "less than 5%" of cases remaining indeterminate, then at least a comforting sense of faith may be engendered, even if this is more appropriate to the 1960s than to the 1970s. Despite references dated as late as 1970, the bulk
Larger Waist, Smaller Lifespan
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Excess abdominal fat is associated with a substantial increase in a person's risk of dying, even in cases when the body mass index (BMI) is within the normal range, according to a large European study (Pischon T et al. N Engl J Med. 2008;359[20]:2105-2120).
[539] ULTRASOUND EVALUATION OF PERIHEPATIC LYMPH NODES DURING ANTIVIRAL THERAPY WITH THE PROTEASE INHIBITOR TELAPREVIR (VX-950) IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C INFECTION
Authors: M. Friedrich-Rust, N. Forestier, C. Sarrazin, H.W. Reesink, E. Herrmann, S. Zeuzem
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
The Parathyroid Glands: Ultrastructure, Secretion, and Function
Authors: Felix O. Kolb
Journal: JAMA (1966)

This volume represents the proceedings of the second symposium on the parathyroid glands held in the Netherlands in August 1964. In its seven sections, the authors attempt to cover current research in parathyroid physiology, which has recently received a marked impetus by the availability of better parathyroid preparations, and by a better understanding of the intracellular mechanism involved in bone resorption. Though not intended for the general practitioner, clinical endocrinologist, or orthopedist, the excellent summary of the discussion after each section helps to make it a useful survey of current trends in parathyroid research.  The introduction by Prof Franklin C. McLean epitomizes in superb fashion the history of parathyroid research and the significance of recent advances. He summarizes present knowledge of calcium homeostasis, and emphasizes the advances in bone resorption which this symposium primarily covers. After a chapter of the ultrastructure and histochemistry of the parathyroids, the physiology of the
Differential Roles of CD14 and Toll-like Receptors 4and 2 in Murine<i>Acinetobacter</i>Pneumonia
Authors: Sylvia Knapp, Catharina W. Wieland, Sandrine Florquin, Ralph Pantophlet, Lenie Dijkshoorn, Ntambua Tshimbalanga, Shizuo Akira, Tom van der Poll
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that is increasingly associated with gram-negative nosocomial pneumonia, but the molecular mechanisms that play a role in innate defenses during A. baumannii infection have not been elucidated.To gain first insight into the role of CD14 and Toll-like receptors 4 and 2 in host response to A. baumannii pneumonia.Respective gene-deficient mice were intranasally infected with A. baumannii, and bacterial outgrowth, lung inflammation, and pulmonary cytokine/chemokine responses were determined. To study the importance of LPS in the inflammatory response, mice were also challenged with A. baumannii LPS.Bacterial counts were increased in CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 gene-deficient mice, and only these animals developed bacteremia. The pulmonary cytokine/chemokine response was impaired in Toll-like receptor 4 knockout mice and the onset of lung inflammation was delayed. In contrast, Toll-like receptor 2-deficient animals displayed an earlier cell influx into lungs combined with increased macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations, which was associated with accelerated elimination of bacteria from the pulmonary compartment. Neither CD14 nor Toll-like receptor 4 gene-deficient mice responded to intranasal administration of LPS, whereas Toll-like receptor 2 knockout mice were indistinguishable from wild-type animals.Our results suggest that CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 play a key role in innate sensing of A. baumannii via the LPS moiety, resulting in effective elimination of the bacteria from the lung, whereas Toll-like receptor 2 signaling seems to counteract the robustness of innate responses during acute A. baumannii pneumonia.
Abstract 4475: IL-4 receptor-targeted delivery of liposomal doxorubicin and siRNA to tumor
Authors: Poongkavithai Vadevoo Sri Murugan, Gunassekaran Gowri Rangaswamy, Lianhua Chi, Guruprasath Padmanaban, Moon-Chang Baek, In-San Kim, Rang-Woon Park, Byung-Heon Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Targeted delivery of imaging agents and therapeutics to tumors would provide early detection and increased therapeutic efficacy against cancer. Using phage displayed-random peptide libraries, we have identified IL4RPep-1 (IL-4 receptor-binding peptide-1), CRKRLDRNC, that binds to IL-4 receptor (IL4R). IL4R is over-expressed on many types of cancer cells including lung cancer and breast cancer. Peptides have smaller size and in turn may exert better tissue penetration than bulky antibodies. IL4RPep-1 bound to H226 lung tumor cells that over-express IL4R, while little binding was observed in H460 lung tumor cells that express IL4R at low levels. When injected intravenously into nude mice bearing a subcutaneous H226 tumor, Cy7.5 near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye-conjugated IL4RPep-1 selectively homed to tumor. IL4RPep-1-labeled liposomes containing doxorubicin showed more efficient anti-tumor growth activity than untargeted liposomes. In addition, IL4RPep-1-labeled, branched-type polyethyleneimine nanoparticles containing Bcl-xL siRNA more efficiently knocked down Bcl-xL expression and showed higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells over-expressing IL4R than cancer cells expressing IL4R at low levels. These results suggest that IL4RPep-1 could be a useful probe for affinity-based imaging and drug delivery to tumor that over-expressing IL4R. Citation Format: Poongkavithai Vadevoo Sri Murugan, Gunassekaran Gowri Rangaswamy, Lianhua Chi, Guruprasath Padmanaban, Moon-Chang Baek, In-San Kim, Rang-Woon Park, Byung-Heon Lee. IL-4 receptor-targeted delivery of liposomal doxorubicin and siRNA to tumor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4475. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4475
Metformin Is an AMP Kinase–Dependent Growth Inhibitor for Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Mahvash Zakikhani, Ryan Dowling, I. George Fantus, Nahum Sonenberg, Michael Pollak
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Recent population studies provide clues that the use of metformin may be associated with reduced incidence and improved prognosis of certain cancers. This drug is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, where it is often referred to as an "insulin sensitizer" because it not only lowers blood glucose but also reduces the hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance. As insulin and insulin-like growth factors stimulate proliferation of many normal and transformed cell types, agents that facilitate signaling through these receptors would be expected to enhance proliferation. We show here that metformin acts as a growth inhibitor rather than an insulin sensitizer for epithelial cells. Breast cancer cells can be protected against metformin-induced growth inhibition by small interfering RNA against AMP kinase. This shows that AMP kinase pathway activation by metformin, recently shown to be necessary for metformin inhibition of gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes, is also involved in metformin-induced growth inhibition of epithelial cells. The growth inhibition was associated with decreased mammalian target of rapamycin and S6 kinase activation and a general decrease in mRNA translation. These results provide evidence for a mechanism that may contribute to the antineoplastic effects of metformin suggested by recent population studies and justify further work to explore potential roles for activators of AMP kinase in cancer prevention and treatment.
CABG added no benefit to medical therapy for preventing death in coronary artery disease with heart failure
Authors: Marcus Flather, John Pepper
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

ACP Journal Club16 August 2011CABG added no benefit to medical therapy for preventing death in coronary artery disease with heart failureMarcus Flather, MD, John Pepper, MDMarcus Flather, MDRoyal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and, Imperial College London, London, England, UK (M.F., J.P.)Search for more papers by this author, John Pepper, MDRoyal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and, Imperial College London, London, England, UK (M.F., J.P.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-4-201108160-02009 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationVelazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1607-16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21463150Clinical Impact RatingsCardiology: References1 Bonow RO, Maurer G, Lee KL, et al. Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1617-25. [PMID: 21463153] Google Scholar2 Jones RH, Velazquez EJ, Michler RE, et al. Coronary bypass surgery with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1705-17. [PMID: 19329820] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Marcus Flather, MD; John Pepper, MDAffiliations: Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and, Imperial College London, London, England, UK (M.F., J.P.)This article was published at Annals.org on 2 August 2011. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 16 August 2011Volume 155, Issue 4Page: JC2-9KeywordsCoronary artery bypass graftingDeath ratesHeart failureHospitalizationsIschemiaLeft ventricular ejection fractionMortalityRelative riskStable coronary artery diseaseSurgery ePublished: 16 August 2011 Issue Published: 16 August 2011 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2011 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER-Reply
Authors: Lester Breslow
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Peller's comments seem to be based largely on a misunderstanding of the data contained in the paper "Validity of Pathological Diagnosis of Breast Cancer." He first notes the survival rates for cases reported as confirmed and those not confirmed by histopathological study, and he has calculated standard errors for the two groups, using 1,550 as the basis for calculations. However, the article states that "The registry included 1,550 such cases of patients (breast cancer) with at least five-year survival..." and that these were 44% of the total. The number of breast cancer cases was 3,526, and this figure should have been used to compute standard errors. Dr. Peller asks, "What was the criterion according to which a patient with cancer was or was not histopathologically examined?" The answer to this question is not known. Since many physicians participated in the diagnosis of the 3,526 cases, presumably
Christianity and the dying.
Authors: T Smith
Journal: BMJ (1985)

has no valves but thick muscular walls, may be in either direction. 6 Where does this disparate collection of observations lead?One possibility, recently discussed in Science, is that facial expressions may help determine emotions rather than simply reflect them.' If, indeed, intracranial haemodynamics are influenced by facial muscular feedback' a host of bizarre but universal mannerisms become biologically understandable: thus, as a recent letter in the Lancet suggests, "when we scratch we think."'7E M R CRITCHLEY
Comprehension deficits of Broca's aphasics provide no evidence for traces
Authors: Paul Kay
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

The data provided by Grodzinsky demonstrating a syntactic comprehension deficit in Broca's patients provide no evidence for the theoretical concepts of movement, trace or “trace deletion.” The comprehension deficit data can be more economically accounted for with traditional grammatical concepts that are less theory-internal and more empirically based.
Epidemic Measles in a Divided City
Authors: Philip J. Landrigan
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Between June 1970 and January 1971, 633 cases of measles occurred in Texarkana, a city bisected by the Texas-Arkansas state line. A total of 606 (95.7%) of the cases occurred in Texarkana (Bowie County), Tex, a community that had never had a measles vaccination campaign. The level of prior immunity, natural plus vaccine-induced, in the 11,185 children aged 1 to 9 years in Bowie County was estimated to be 57%. Only 27 cases occurred in Texarkana (Miller County), Ark, where more than 95% of the 6,016 children aged 1 to 9 years were immune. Nineteen of the 27 Arkansas patients had documented exposures in Texas. Twenty-seven cases of measles occurred in previously vaccinated children. Six of these children had received vaccine with measles immune globulin prior to 1 year of age. Vaccine efficacy was calculated to be 95.9%.
Cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Abhijit Chaudhuri
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Editor—I have concerns about the design and interpretation of the study reported by Stulemeijer et al on cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome.1 The trial arms were not matched for the number of contacts with healthcare professionals. Experience from larger and more carefully controlled randomised interventional trials of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome has clearly shown that short term improvement in symptoms is related directly to the maintenance of regular contacts with healthcare professionals rather than the therapeutic effect of the intervention itself and consequently, the improvement is not sustained once the contact is lost.2

The authors did not offer patients in their waiting list the opportunity to meet therapists regularly for five months but without having cognitive behaviour therapy. Few follow up data on patients in the intervention arm show that the specific treatment benefit was carried forward without regular contacts with the therapists. A cautious approach is essential in inferring direct benefit from cognitive behaviour therapy in the intervention arm (as opposed to short term benefit from close contact with therapists). The level of activity in some of their participants whom the authors considered to be passive remained unclear.

In their summary points the authors claim that cognitive behaviour therapy was effective by challenging patients' belief that activity aggravated symptoms. Epidemiological data, however, confirm that fatigue made worse by exercise is a characteristic feature of adolescents at risk of chronic fatigue syndrome.3 Encouraging activity in disabled patients is entirely different from challenging an accepted feature of the disease. A rhetorical approach towards a physically and emotionally challenging condition does not help recovery and only encourages therapeutic failure.
Nasal masks for domiciliary positive pressure ventilation: patient usage and complications.
Authors: D J Jones, G M Braid, J A Wedzicha
Journal: Thorax (1994)

BACKGROUND--Nasal mask discomfort is a major factor in compliance with treatment by nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). METHODS--A study of skin complications resulting from mask usage, with particular reference to predisposing factors, was carried out in 66 patients by means of a postal questionnaire. An effective means of managing ulceration at the nasal bridge while continuing therapy is described. RESULTS--Some disruption of treatment due solely to mask discomfort was experienced by 35 patients (53%), consisting of broken skin or open sores in 11 cases (17%). CONCLUSIONS-Although complications resulting from nasal mask usage are common, early identification of patients at risk of developing such complications and appropriate intervention will result in improved patient compliance.
Pathologic Downstaging Is a Surrogate Marker for Efficacy and Increased Survival Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radical Cystectomy for Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer
Authors: Robert Rosenblatt, Amir Sherif, Erkki Rintala, Rolf Wahlqvist, Anders Ullén, Sten Nilsson, Per-Uno Malmström
Journal: European Urology (2011)
The Use of Doppler Flow Studies in the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: J. Barrier
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Sixty patients, for whom a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) was clinically suspected, underwent Doppler study as a method of guiding temporal artery biopsy. In group A (23 patients with normal Doppler results), only one had a positive histological lesion. In group B (14 patients with discrete Doppler abnormalities), none had inflammatory lesions. Twelve of the 23 patients in group C (stenosis or thrombosis) had a biopsy result corresponding to GCA. Forty-three percent of the patients in group C had degenerative arterial lesions leading to a decrease in blood flow. There is a small probability, according to this preliminary study, of diagnosing GCA by artery biopsy even when findings from the ultrasonic examination are normal or only slightly irregular. However, a negative Doppler result should in no case exclude a biopsy if the clinical picture is suggestive.
Changes in serum and urinary calcium during phosphate depletion: studies on mechanisms
Authors: Jack W. Coburn, Shaul G. Massry
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

The changes in serum calcium and the renal handling of this ion were evaluated during phosphate depletion. 96 renal clearance studies were carried out in 10 dogs before and after prolonged phosphate depletion (30-160 days) and after repletion. Depletion was produced by reducing phosphate intake and administering aluminum hydroxide gel while intakes of sodium, calcium, and magnesium were constant. With phosphate depletion, serum phosphorus fell to less than 1.0 mg/100 ml and diffusible serum calcium either remained unchanged or rose transiently. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fell by 15 to 53%. Despite the reduced filtered load of calcium, its fractional excretion increased in most experiments. This hypercalciuria was not dependent upon changes in sodium or magnesium excretion, or the urinary concentration of complexing anions, and persisted after sodium restriction. Phosphate repletion reversed the effects on GFR and calcium excretion. The intravenous infusion of small quantities of phosphate (0.04 mmole/min) into either intact or thyroparathyroidectomized (T-PTX), phosphate-depleted animals caused a significant reduction in fractional excretion of calcium, but the intrarenal infusion of 0.02 mmole/min of phosphate into one kidney failed to produce an ipsilateral effect. The administration of parathyroid extract reduced fractional calcium excretion, but the latter remained significantly elevated. After T-PTX, fractional calcium excretion did not increase in the phosphate-depleted animals. Furthermore, serum calcium was normal after T-PTX until serum phosphorus increased slightly, and only then did hypocalcemia develop. These observations indicate that (a) phosphate depletion produces hypercalciuria through a reduction in tubular reabsorption of calcium which is not due to changes in the tubular reabsorption of other ions; this effect is not reversed by the direct intrarenal infusion of phosphate; (b) a state of functional hypoparathyroidsm occurs during phosphate depletion which may, in part, cause reduced tubular reabsorption of calcium; (c) other extra renal mechanism(s), possibly related to events occurring in bone as a result of phosphate depletion, may have an effect on urinary calcium excretion; and (d) in the phosphatedepleted state, parathyroid hormone is not required for the maintenance of a normal level of serum calcium.
Nephrotic Syndrome: Vasoconstriction and Hypervolemic Types Indicated by Renin-Sodium Profiling
Authors: JAY I. MELTZER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Studies of 16 adults with nephrotic edema reveal a spectrum of disease, the extremes of which suggest two different pathophysiologic forms. Patients with the "classic" form——vasoconstriction or hypovolemic nephrosis—have high renin and aldosterone levels that are stimulated rather than suppressed by salt-loading but become lower before steroid diuresis. These patients have minimal lesion disease and, perhaps from diffuse capillary damage, tend to have hypovolemia with renin-induced vasoconstriction. Patients with the second, and heretofore undescribed, form—hypervolemic or overfilling nephrosis—have low renin and aldosterone values that rise normally after sodium depletion. Hypertension, mild renal insufficiency, hypervolemia, and steroid resistance with chronic glomerulonephritis are seen histologically. This form appears volume overloaded from impaired renal sodium excretion. In remission of either type, renin system deviations tend towards normal, but one form does not convert to the other. Renin-sodium profiling may help reveal the two forms and predict steroid responsiveness.