tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Sans of Time
Authors: Walter C. Allan
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —We were interested in the ideas presented by Drs Lipshitz and Goldberger regarding chaos theory and aging.<sup>1</sup>We would like to take minor exception to their definition of "aging" and point out some recent information concerning the other end of the "arrow of time." The authors define aging as a progressive loss of complexity. Clearly they have in mind the onset of senescence when they state this definition. Aging is a process that extends back to fetal life and at first shows an increase in complexity. Gough recently published his analysis of the fractal nature of beat-to-beat heart rate interval in a 37-week-gestation infant during intrauterine monitoring.<sup>2</sup>Using the "coastline" method, he demonstrated that the complex feedback loops necessary for deterministic chaos must already be intact by this gestational age. One of us (D.B.S.) has been studying beat-to-beat interval with spectral analysis serially in 24
EFFECT OF NITROPRUSSIDE ON REDUCING INFARCT SIZE AFTER PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Hiroki Sakamoto, Shinsaku Shimamoto, Yuichi Kawase, Hiroshi Ueda, Tomoe Murakami, Takashi Tamura
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Explore the Radiotherapeutic Clinical Target Volume Delineation for Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma from the Pattern of Lymphatic Metastases
Authors: Jian Cheng, Lingling Kong, Wei Huang, Baosheng Li, Hongsheng Li, Zhongtang Wang, Jian Zhang, Tao Zhou, Hongfu Sun
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
Legionnaires' Disease — The First Thousand Days
Authors: Jay P. Sanford
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

THE 58th annual convention of the American Legion, Department of Pennsylvania, headquartered at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, July 21 to 24, 1976, became an epidemiologic Titanic, inadvertently and tragically encountering an iceberg, which soon came to be known as Legionnaires' disease.1 In the nearly thousand days since this outbreak of febrile respiratory disease, which at the time was of totally unknown cause, remarkable progress has occurred. Investigational efforts have illuminated almost all aspects of the disease: the clinical illness, pathogenesis, epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, therapy and prevention. These efforts have resulted in such a number of reports (at least 75 . . .
"Nightmare's Nest"
Authors: H. Robinson
Journal: BMJ (1937)

NIGHTMARE'S NEST " due to ovarian deficiency, and remarkably satisfactory results have followed treatment with oestrin.To one group belong the conditions resulting from the lack of ovarian stimulus to the external genitalia, such as atrophic senile vaginitis and ulceration, pruritus and kraurosis vullvae, associated with dyspareunia as the result of the shrunken and tender intt3itus, and, according to some authorities, leucoplakia vulvae.Another group consists of a number of skin lesions, which are gradually becoming recognized as being associated with the menopause.One example is a patchy keratosis which is typically confined to the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, anid which appears to benefit from oestrin therapy. "NIGHTMARE'S NEST " LONDON SEEN AS AN INFERNOIt is commonly held that the habit of understating one s case is peculiarly a British, even an English, monopoly.If it is primarily, as some contend, an affectation or a piece of illogical hypocrisy, it is so extraordinarily effective that it has become almost part and parcel of the English method of conducting controversy.But it does not appeal to everybody, and conspicuously not to
Tetracycline Fluorescence of Joint Fluid
Authors: George E. Ehrlich
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Tissues containing tetracycline fluoresce bright yellow under a Woods lamp (3,600 Angstrom ultraviolet light). Within 24 hours of the end of administration of this drug, it is no longer visible except in bone and malignant tumors. The details of its use for the detection of carcinoma of the stomach have been amply set down in many recent papers.<sup>1-3</sup> Rheumatoid synovium shares with malignanttumors the characteristic of rapidly proliferating cells. In addition, recent studies have again demonstrated delayed absorption of materials from joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.<sup>4</sup>For these reasons, it was predicted that tetracycline would remain in rheumatoid synovial fluid for longer periods of time than in the synovial fluid from joints of patients with any other type of arthritis. This paper reports the preliminary results obtained in testing this hypothesis. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> Thirteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis, four with osteoarthritis, one with systemic sclerosis,
SOLITARY COIN LESIONS OF THE LUNG
Authors: William O. Pischnotte
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Pulmonary lesions described as coin lesions because of their roentgenographic appearance were studied in 95 patients. The study was limited to solitary lesions, homogeneous or calcified, 1.0 to 4.5 cm. in size, round or oval in shape, with sharp borders surrounded by normal lung, found during the examination of asymptomatic patients. The final diagnosis was based on histological examination. This showed the lesion to be malignant in 6 cases. In 55 cases it was a fibrocaseous granuloma, and in 14 it was a tuberculoma. The size of the lesion was not significant. Calcification in a solitary pulmonary nodule is a good but not an absolute sign that it is benign. The authors believe that solitary pulmonary lesions, with few exceptions, should be excised and examined histologically.
Comparison of long term outcome of patients with rheumatoid arthritis presenting with undifferentiated arthritis or with rheumatoid arthritis: an observational cohort study
Authors: J van Aken
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

<b>Background:</b> The outcome of undifferentiated arthritis (UA) ranges from remission to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria. <b>Objectives:</b> To report the outcome of UA after 1 year of follow up and compare the disease course of patients who presented with UA, but evolved into RA within 1 year (UA-RA group), with that of patients who presented with RA fulfilling the ACR criteria (RA-RA group). <b>Methods:</b> The diagnosis of 330 patients who presented with UA was recorded at 1 year. The UA-RA and RA-RA groups were then followed up for 3 more years. Outcome measurements were radiographic progression, disease activity, and functional capacity. <b>Results:</b> From 330 patients who were diagnosed UA, 91 had evolved into RA at 1 year; 62 patients had presented with RA. No significant differences were detected between the UA-RA and RA-RA groups in median Sharp/van der Heijde score at baseline, radiographic progression rates, disease activity, and functional capacity. However, significantly more disease modifying antirheumatic drugs were prescribed in the RA-RA group. <b>Conclusion:</b> The disease outcome of patients who present with UA that evolves into RA within 1 year is the same as that of patients who present with RA as measured by radiographic progression, disease activity, and functional capacity.
The Radioisotope Renal Excretion Test
Authors: Chester C. Winter
Journal: JAMA (1962)

STANDARD RENAL CLEARANCE tests, whether they are the Van Slyke or dye-recovery methods, are time-consuming and difficult to perform. The inulin, mannitol, iodopyracet compound (Diodrast) and para-amino-hippurate clearance procedures have remained within the province of the experimental laboratory. Of the serum clearance determinations, only those of urea and endogenous creatinine are in general clinical use. The former fluctuates widely with the state of the patient's hydration and is generally unreliable, while the latter is employed with increasing frequency, both for the study of the function of the individual kidney among hypertensive patients and before renal surgery. The serum creatinine suffices for the evaluation of total renal function. The estimations of time of appearance and intensity of color of indigo carmine and methylene blue, as seen in the urine coming from the ureteral orifices, through the cystoscope, are so crude as to be only quick guesses as measures of individual renal
Characterization and expression of hepatic sulfotransferase involved in the metabolism of N-substituted aryl compounds.
Authors: Y Yamazoe, S Ozawa, K Nagata, D W Gong, R Kato
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

An aryl sulfotransferase, whose cDNA was isolated from the rat liver library, was found to catalyze bioactivation of minoxidil through N-O-sulfation and N-sulfation of a carcinogenic heterocyclic amine, IQ, by expression in COS-1 cells. cDNA of a human ortholog also was isolated and characterized as a major minoxidil-activating enzyme in human liver. Another group of aryl sulfotransferases catalyzing O-sulfation of carcinogenic N-hydroxyarylamines was separated from livers of rats and humans. These sulfotransferases have been shown to possess similar functional properties and also to relate immunochemically with each other. Current understanding on the primary structure of these sulfotransferases also is discussed.
The effects of coronary artery disease on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in man.
Authors: L N Horowitz, J F Spear, M E Josephson, J A Kastor, E N Moore
Journal: Circulation (1979)

The ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was measured in 28 patients at the time of cardiac surgery. The VFT was measured with a 100 Hz train of 24 rectangular pulses positioned across the ST segment and T wave. Current was applied to the epicardial surface of either ventricle with a bipolar electrode probe. In six patients, the normal right VFT was 24.3 +/- 5.2 mA, and in 10 patients the normal left VFT was 33.6 +/- mA (p less than 0.05). In 12 patients with greater than or equal to 75% obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the left VFT was 18.6 +/- 6.9 mA. This value was significantly less than the left VFT in patients without coronary artery disease (p less than 0.001). This study shows that the VFT can be measured in man and that coronary artery disease reduces this parameter.
Myocardial washout of sonicated iopamidol reflects coronary blood flow in the absence of autoregulation
Authors: Daniele Rovai, Gianna Ghelardini, Massimo Lombardi, Maria Giovanna Trivella, Edoardo Nevola, Luigi Taddei, Claudio Michelassi, Alessandro Distante, Anthony N. DeMaria, Antonio L'Abbate
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1992)
Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients
Authors: Marcus D Flather, Salim Yusuf, Lars Køber, Marc Pfeffer, Alistair Hall, Gordon Murray, Christian Torp-Pedersen, Stephen Ball, Janice Pogue, Lemuel Moyé, Eugene Braunwald
Journal: The Lancet (2000)
Value of a testicular biopsy rating for prognosis in oligozoospermia.
Authors: J H Aafjes, J C van der Vijver, P E Schenck
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Testicular biopsies of 142 oligozoospermic men were used to obtain a testicular biopsy score count. These scores were clearly related to the chance of fertility, in contra-distinction to data on hormone concentrations and from analysis of semen. In 36 patients with a score of 9-10 there were 15 pregnancies; in 59 patients with a score of 8-9, 12; and in 47 patients with scores below 8 there was only one successful pregnancy, though this last group also contained an additional three patients whose wives' pregnancies ended in miscarriages. Rating of testicular biopsies is more useful for proper evaluation of oligozoospermic patients than are data on hormone concentrations and from semen analysis. Proper evaluation of new treatments should be based on trials where experimental and control groups are matched on these ratings.To study the relation between testicular biopsy scores and fertility, 142 men with unexplained oligospermia were biopsied from both testes. The tubular cross-sections were rated from 1 to 10, the latter figure representing complete spermatogenesis, and a mean score based on at least 100 such cross-sections was calculated for each patient. Additionally, characteristics of the ejaculate were determined as were the serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone levels. Patients were treated by instructing them on the timing and methods of coitus and by prescribing for them 25 mg 1-methyl-dihydrotestosterone 3 times daily. 31 patients impregnated their partners, 3 of whom had miscarriages. When patients were grouped according to their biopsy ratings, a significant difference in the number of pregnancies was found between patients rated 9-10, 8-9, and below 8 (p .001). The patients whose partners aborted had scores significantly lower than those of the other fertile patients (p .01), suggesting defective spermatogenesis to be contributory to the miscarriages. Of all the tests made on the patients, only mean testicular biopsy ratings differed significantly between the fertile and infertile groups, thus leading to the conclusion that such ratings are more useful in the assessment of oligospermic patients than are semen analysis or determination of hormone levels.
In vivo glucose sensing for diabetes management: progress towards non-invasive monitoring
Authors: J. Pickup, L. McCartney, O. Rolinski, D. Birch
Journal: BMJ (1999)

A device for continuous in vivo monitoring of glucose concentration in people with diabetes has been a clinical and research priority for many years but now has an urgency which is probably unquestioned in diabetes care.The purpose of this article is to explain recent advances in technology that are bringing glucose sensors closer to routine use and to highlight some of the remaining problems.Important new technologies include artificial receptors for glucose, tissue fluid sampling techniques, and new approaches to non-invasive sensing, such as fluorescence lifetime measurements.This is a selective overview that concentrates on research of the past five years, which we have assembled largely through personal experience and research in the specialty and from recent international workshops and meetings.
The reliability of peer review for manuscript and grant submissions: A cross-disciplinary investigation
Authors: Domenic V. Cicchetti
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1991)

Abstract The reliability of peer review of scientific documents and the evaluative criteria scientists use to judge the work of their peers are critically reexamined with special attention to the consistently low levels of reliability that have been reported. Referees of grant proposals agree much more about what is unworthy of support than about what does have scientific value. In the case of manuscript submissions this seems to depend on whether a discipline (or subfield) is general and diffuse (e.g., cross-disciplinary physics, general fields of medicine, cultural anthropology, social psychology) or specific and focused (e.g., nuclear physics, medical specialty areas, physical anthropology, and behavioral neuroscience). In the former there is also much more agreement on rejection than acceptance, but in the latter both the wide differential in manuscript rejection rates and the high correlation between referee recommendations and editorial decisions suggests that reviewers and editors agree more on acceptance than on rejection. Several suggestions are made for improving the reliability and quality of peer review. Further research is needed, especially in the physical sciences.
Myocardial imaging with thallium-201 at rest and during exercise. Comparison with coronary arteriography and resting and stress electrocardiography.
Authors: J L Ritchie, G B Trobaugh, G W Hamilton, K L Gould, K A Narahara, J A Murray, D L Williams
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Myocardial imaging with intravenous thallium-201 (201Tl) was performed at rest and following maximal treadmill exercise in 101 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Results were interpreted from Polaroid scintiphotos by three independent observers with complete interobserver agreement in 79%. Of 25 patients with no or insignificant coronary artery disease (less than 50% diameter stenosis), one (4%) had a resting 201Tl image defect, one (4%) had an exercise 201Tl defect, none had an ECG Q wave, and four (16%) had exercise ST-segment depression. Among 76 patients with coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis), 58 (76%) had a defect on either the rest or exercise 201Tl image. The proportion of patients with an exercise image defect (50/76, 66%) was greater than the proportion with exercise ST depression alone (34/76, 45%; P less than 0.02). Overall, 69 of the 76 (91%) patients with coronary artery disease had either a positive rest or exercise myocardial image and/or a positive rest (ECG Q waves) or exercise (ST depression) electrocardiogram. This exceeded the proportion with only rest or exercise electrocardiographic abnormalities (50/76, 65%; P less than 0.001). We conclude that rest and exercise myocardial imaging with 201Tl is easily accomplished with readily available imaging equipment. The image data enhanced the diagnostic sensitivity of stress electrocardiography, and provided spatial identification of the abnormal segment(s) of myocardium.
Preoperative Bone Scans-Reply
Authors: N. David Charkes
Journal: JAMA (1976)

In Reply.—  Dr Scarpa's letter raises some interesting and pertinent points. Our group was a small one, and the study clearly requires further evaluation with larger numbers of patients. Two such trials, to my knowledge, are currently being conducted.  Unfortunately, the serum alkaline phosphatase determination does not appear to be a useful method of patient selection for scanning. In only one of our three patients with early bone metastasis was the enzyme concentration elevated preoperatively. Poor correlation has been reported by others. 1,2   We specifically excluded from study women below the age of 30 years, and patients who were thought to have benign breast disease on the basis of clinical examination, mammography, and thermography. We believe that this reduces the group of potential bone scanning candidates significantly, and we recommend future patient selection along these lines. Unexplained musculoskeletal pain certainly raises the index of suspicion for metastatic cancer, and these
Risk of Next Melanoma in Patients With Familial and Sporadic Melanoma by Number of Previous Melanomas
Authors: Tianhui Chen, Mahdi Fallah, Asta Försti, Elham Kharazmi, Kristina Sundquist, Kari Hemminki
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2015)

<h3>Importance</h3> The risk of next melanoma in patients with 2 or more previous melanomas stratified by familial and sporadic cases separately has not yet been reported, although a few population-based studies have assessed the risk of second melanoma. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess the risk of next melanoma in patients with multiple primary melanomas by number of previous melanomas, stratified by demographic and melanoma characteristics. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Prospective population-based cohort study with follow-up from 1958 to 2010 using the Swedish Family-Cancer Database with information on cancer cases retrieved from the Swedish Cancer Registry. A total of 65 429 patients with invasive or in situ melanoma who received a diagnosis during 1958 through 2010 were observed for next melanoma incidence. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) expressing risk of next melanoma by calculating the incidence of next (second, third, fourth, and fifth) melanoma in melanoma patients who had received a diagnosis of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, previous melanomas, compared with the risk of first melanoma in the Swedish population. <h3>Results</h3> For patients with either familial or sporadic melanoma, we observed a stable 2- to 3-times elevated risk by increasing number of previous melanomas; for example, for 2 previous melanomas, the SIR was 2.8 (95% CI, 2.3-3.4) for patients with familial melanoma and 2.5 (95% CI, 2.3-2.7) for patients with sporadic melanoma. Overall risk of second melanoma was higher in patients with familial melanoma who received a diagnosis at younger than 40 years (SIR, 4.7 [95% CI, 3.9-5.6]), and we found a notable risk in young patients with familial melanoma during the first 5-year follow-up after first melanoma: SIR of 6.1 (95% CI, 4.0-9.0) for interval up to 1 year, 6.2 (95% CI, 3.2-11) for 2 to 3 years, and 19 (95% CI, 10-31) for 4 to 5 years. Risk was notable in young (&lt;40 years) patients with sporadic melanoma within the first year of follow-up (SIR, 5.3 [95% CI, 4.3-6.4]) and afterward remained steadily elevated by 2 to 3 times. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> We found a stable 2- to 3-times elevated risk by number of previous melanomas for patients with either familial or sporadic melanoma. Notable risk in young patients with familial melanoma during first 5-year follow-up after first melanoma may suggest that it is important to refer these patients for clinical genetic testing.
ELECTRICAL SUPERIOR VENA CAVA ISOLATION USING PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
Authors: Takehiro Kimura, Seiji Takatsuki, Shunichiro Miyoshi, Arisa Ito, Mei Takahashi, Emiyu Ogawa, Tsunenori Arai, Keiichi Fukuda
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Transcending inductive category formation in learning
Authors: Roger C. Schank, Gregg C. Collins, Lawrence E. Hunter
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1986)

Abstract The inductive category formation framework, an influential set of theories of learning in psychology and artificial intelligence, is deeply flawed. In this framework a set of necessary and sufficient features is taken to define a category. Such definitions are not functionally justified, are not used by people, and are not inducible by a learning system. Inductive theories depend on having access to all and only relevant features, which is not only impossible but begs a key question in learning. The crucial roles of other cognitive processes (such as explanation and credit assignment) are ignored or oversimplified. Learning necessarily involves pragmatic considerations that can only be handled by complex cognitive processes. We provide an alternative framework for learning according to which category definitions must be based on category function. The learning system invokes other cognitive processes to accomplish difficult tasks, makes inferences, analyses and decides among potential features, and specifies how and when categories are to be generated and modified. We also examine the methodological underpinnings of the two approaches and compare their motivations.
Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Stephen C. Cowdrey
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The eventual "victim" of the confusion in the literature about infectious mononucleosis is the patient. In a recent home study course,<sup>1</sup>it was asserted that It has been our experience that many clinicians rely too strongly upon this (heterophile) test for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis, forgetting that the original investigators reported negative results in more than 50% of cases during the first week of the disease, 40% negative during the second week, and a return to over 50% negative in the third week. The authors of this quotation forgot to explain that the "original investigators" had published their findings 37 years earlier.<sup>2</sup>Definitions and concepts of infectious mononucleosis were muddled in the early 1930s, and sundry "glandular fevers" were commonly and inappropriately labeled mononucleosis. It is, therefore, both understandable and probable that Paul and Bunnell<sup>2</sup>included in their studies some patients with bona