tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Infectious Mononucleosis and Cold Urticaria-Reply
Authors: Robert K. Bush
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> We were interested to learn of the case of cold-induced urticaria in a patient with infectious mononucleosis described by Drs Mesko and Wu. The case report of a similar patient by Tyson and Czarny<sup>1</sup>was not available to us at the time of the preparation of our manuscript. The relationship of the cryoprecipitates observed in our patient to the etiology of the cold-induced urticaria is speculative. Although we did observe hypocomplementemia, suggesting activation of the classic complement pathway, this could conceivably lead to generation of anaphylotoxins with consequent liberation of mast-cell mediators. As there does not appear to be a definite association of cryoglobulinemia and cold-induced urticaria in infectious mononucleosis, other mechanisms could conceivably be operative. Further investigations with particular reference to the character of the cryoprecipitates would be of particular interest.
Marfan syndrome gene search intensifies following identification of basic defect
Authors: T. Randall
Journal: JAMA (1990)

SOMEWHERE, quite possibly along chromosomes 8 and/or 15, the gene(s) for Marfan syndrome will be found. The search is intensifying following a report that faulty "scaffolding" in the body's connective tissue appears to be the long sought after defect behind the syndrome, an inherited disorder that has caused the premature death of young, healthy-looking individuals, including Olympic volleyball player Flo Hyman. "There's something wrong with the scaffolding and glue that holds you together that accounts for the Marfan syndrome," says Reed Pyeritz, MD, PhD, clinical director of the Center for Medical Genetics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md. Finding that "something" in the living masonry of the human body has proven to be a 30-year inquisition of nearly two dozen molecules that has engaged investigators worldwide. Historically, researchers have searched for a structural flaw in one of the collagen molecules to explain the cause of Marfan syndrome. Yet genetic linkage studies
Lipid lather removes metals.
Authors: L Frazer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Metal contamination has been linked to birth defects, cancer, skin lesions, retardation, learning disabilities, liver and kidney damage, and a host of other maladies, and the United States alone will spend some $7 trillion over the next five years or so to clean up sites contaminated with metals. Until recently, there have only been a few time-consuming, costly methods for dealing with metal contamination in soils, but research developed at the University of Arizona uses biosurfactants, lipids that form emulsions between liquids of different polarities, to virtually "wash" metals out of contaminated soil. Lab tests show that 80-100% of single metals including cadmium and lead can be removed through the use of environmentally benign biosurfactants.
Elevated chemokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of tuberculosis patients.
Authors: K Kurashima, N Mukaida, M Fujimura, M Yasui, Y Nakazumi, T Matsuda, K Matsushima
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

In pulmonary tuberculosis, the proportion of lymphocytes, particularly that of CD4+ T lymphocytes, was increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), reflecting their protective role against mycobacterial infections. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of lymphocyte accumulation in lungs, we measured the levels of chemokines with potent lymphocyte chemotactic activities, including interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) present in BALF from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in acute (n = 10) and convalescent phases (n = 6), as well as normal subjects (n = 10). During the acute phase of the disease, the proportions of lymphocytes and neutrophils were increased, as reported in previous studies. The levels of IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES in the acute phase of pulmonary tuberculosis were also markedly elevated as compared with those of normal subjects. MCP-1 and RANTES, but not IL-8 levels present in BALF, decreased in the convalescent phase. Moreover, the concentration of RANTES correlated significantly with the absolute number of CD4+ cells in BALF. These data suggest that chemotactic cytokines are differentially produced and participate in the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Incidence of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis
Authors: D O Ho-Yen, A W L Joss, L Dargie
Journal: BMJ (1995)

are of enormous potential consequence, given the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and hypercholesterolaemia in Britain alone.Many hundreds of thousands of patients could require cholesterol lowering drugs once dietary advice has failed.Given the magnitude of the problem, do we need more evidence that such results can be generalised before we embark on this colossal task?J HIPPISLEY-COX Trainee general practitioner
Calcium Channel Blockers Activate the Interleukin-6 Gene Via the Transcription Factors NF-IL6 and NF-κB in Primary Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Uichi Ikeda, Takayuki Ito, Kazuyuki Shimada
Journal: Circulation (2000)

We read with interest the recent study by Eickelberg et al 1 concerning the activation of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene via the transcription factors NF-IL6 and NF-B by calcium channel blockers (CCBs) in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).CCBs reduce the severity of experimentally induced atherosclerosis, and some clinical trials suggest that they retard or impede the progression of atherosclerosis in humans.We previously reported that IL-6 stimulates the proliferation of VSMCs. 2 Thus, the study by Eickelberg et al suggests that CCBs promote atherogenesis by inducing IL-6.However, Eickelberg et al cite the study by Lotz and Guerne. 3In this study, IL-6 induced the expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), an endogenous inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in human connective tissue cells.Eickelberg et al 1 proposed that the local induction of IL-6 in the arterial vessel wall by CCBs essentially reduced atherosclerotic progression by inducing the expression of tissue TIMPs.CCBs also have direct effects on the expression of MMPs and TIMPs.Indeed, Eickelberg et al 4 themselves previously reported that CCBs modulated directly MMP-2 activity and inhibited TIMP-2 expression in human VSMCs.We also observed that amlodipine and diltiazem increased MMP-1 and MMP-2 activity in human vascular endothelial cells (unpublished observation).Thus, we cannot agree with their premise that CCBs prevent atherogenesis by inducing TIMPs via IL-6 expression.In addition, both positive and negative effects of CCBs on IL-6 expression have been reported in various kinds of cells. 5We investigated the effects of the CCBs diltiazem, nifedipine, and amlodipine on IL-6 production by human VSMCs.IL-6 levels in the culture medium of VSMCs were measured by ELISA.The addition of angiotensin II (10 -7 mol/L) for 24 hours increased IL-6 production by VSMCs, and all 3 subclasses of CCBs significantly prevented the angiotensin IIinduced secretion of IL-6, which is contrary to the observation by Eickelberg et al.
The evaluation of the treatment of 10 cases of chronic compartmental syndrome of the upper arm
Authors: X Gasol, M A García, A Turmo, X Valle
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Chronic compartment syndrome (CCS) is a pathological situation in which there is an increase in the interstitial muscular pressure which produces a conflict of microcirculation and enervation. The main characteristic is pain and stiffness during activity with intense neurovascular symptoms. The initial presentation is clinical with diagnosis confirmed by an intracompartmental pressure measurement (ICP) to confirm the diagnosis. Other non-invasive diagnostic techniques like magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy produce less clear results. Conventional treatment reduces the symptoms but its application presents difficulties for sportspeople. Fasciotomy is still the treatment of choice followed by postsurgical rehabilitation, although the possibility of relapse cannot be discounted. Materials and methods 10 sportspersons have been studied with CCS, diagnosed by ICP, and looked at in the medical department of CAR Sant Cugat during the period 2003–2009. Personal characteristics were: age: 31.5 years +12.07; weight: 72.4 kg + 6.55: height 171.4 cm+4.95; IMC 24.67+2.42; one woman and nine men. The Whitesides technique was used for administering the PIC and the Pedowitz criteria for confirming the diagnosis. The treatment was evaluated using a test based on Slimon et al (2002). The patients evaluated the results as bad, medium, good or excellent. The pain was evaluated on a subjective scale of 1–10 together with the presence or absence of weakness, muscular contractions or paresthesia. Results 10 subjects diagnosed with CCS (8 flexors and 8 extensors). The latent diagnostic period was from 18,6 months±19,8. Over the total 16, 10 were treated with fasciotomy and 6 with conventional treatment. Total recovery : using fasciotomy 9 versus conservative 0. Using fasciotomy, the total recuperation period took more than a year in eight cases. Compartments with an unsatisfactory therapeutic result: fasciotomy 1, conservative 6. Two cases diagnosed as CCS without fulfilling the Pedowitz criteria due to an extended recovery time. These two cases were given conservative treatment but were not complete a good recovery. Conclusion The latency diagnostic period are long Fasciotomy comes out as the better treatment but with recovery times longer than a year in all cases except one. The recovery time of basal pressure during the test seems a variable worth taking into account independently of the Pedowitz criteria, so for that reason we think it deserve an analysis in greater depth.
FDA may allow drug and device companies to promote “off-label” uses
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2007)

An initiative from the World Health Organization has been launched to make drugs as simply and safely available to children as they are to adults.Speaking last week at the launch in London, WHO's assistant director general, Howard Zucker, said that "there is a gap between the availability of children's medicines and the actual need.That gap is global and must be addressed."The problem is not new."It's a reality we've lived with for many years," Dr Zucker admitted.Most drugs are developed for and tested in adults.Less than a third come in a form appropriate for children.As a result, many children are treated using drugs that are effectively unlicensed.Medical staff may be obliged to estimate the appropriate fraction of an adult dose, and then crush tablets or extract part of the contents of a capsule.One study by WHO has shown that drug errors are three times as common in children as in adults (JAMA 2001;285:2114-20).Unicef claims that of the 10 million under 5s who will have died by the end of this year, specific products for children could have saved two thirds.Hans Hogerzeil, WHO's director of drugs policy and standards, listed areas in which more effort is needed, in which drugs do exist but were of unknown safety and efficacy.Examples include agents for dealing with tuberculosis; HIV; and several neglected conditions, such as schistosomiasis.Development is essential in areas in which adult drugs need to be adapted to make them suitable and safe for children.Illnesses in this category include malaria, neonatal infections that could be treated by antibiotics, and tuberculosis.Finally, said Dr Hogerzeil, improved access is the priority where drugs exist but are prevented from reaching the children who needed them because of cost."Make medicines child size" is at www.who.int/childmedicines/en. WHO launches� campaign to make drugs� s�afer for childrenUK NEWS GMC approves change in the standard of proof, p 1230 World NEWS �d�� �a�� a��o�� dr�g co�panies to pro�ote off��a�e� �ses, p 122� �d�� �a�� a��o�� dr�g co�panies to pro�ote off��a�e� �ses, p 122� , p 122� ��j.co�Go�iath �oves into hea�thcare records Go�iath �oves into hea�thcare records
633 FIBER-MODIFIED RECOMBINANT ADENOVIRAL CONSTRUCTS ENCODING HEPATITIS C VIRUS PROTEINS ARE POTENT INDUCERS OF HCV-SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC T CELL RESPONSE
Authors: M. Bharadwaj, D. Thammanichanond, P. Yotnda, C. Aitken, S. Moneer, U. Nivarthi, L. Earnest-Silveira, D.C. Jackson, M. Hellard, J. McCluskey, J. Torresi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
The role of oxidative stress in chemical carcinogenesis.
Authors: J E Klaunig, Y Xu, J S Isenberg, S Bachowski, K L Kolaja, J Jiang, D E Stevenson, E F Walborg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Oxidative stress results when the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overrides the antioxidant capability of the target cell; oxidative damage from the interaction of reactive oxygen with critical cellular macromolecules may occur. ROS may interact with and modify cellular protein, lipid, and DNA, which results in altered target cell function. The accumulation of oxidative damage has been implicated in both acute and chronic cell injury including possible participation in the formation of cancer. Acute oxidative injury may produce selective cell death and a compensatory increase in cell proliferation. This stimulus may result in the formation of newly initiated preneoplastic cells and/or enhance the selective clonal expansion of latent initiated preneoplastic cells. Similarly, sublethal acute oxidative injury may produce unrepaired DNA damage and result in the formation of new mutations and, potentially, new initiated cells. In contrast, sustained chronic oxidative injury may lead to a nonlethal modification of normal cellular growth control mechanisms. Cellular oxidative stress can modify intercellular communication, protein kinase activity, membrane structure and function, and gene expression, and result in modulation of cell growth. We examined the role of oxidative stress as a possible mechanism by which nongenotoxic carcinogens may function. In studies with the selective mouse liver carcinogen dieldrin, a species-specific and dose-dependent decrease in liver antioxidant concentrations with a concomitant increase in ROS formation and oxidative damage was seen. This increase in oxidative stress correlated with an increase in hepatocyte DNA synthesis. Antioxidant supplementation prevented the dieldrin-induced cellular changes. Our findings suggest that the effect of nongenotoxic carcinogens (if they function through oxidative mechanisms) may be amplified in rodents but not in primates because of rodents' greater sensitivity to ROS. These results and findings reported by others support a potential role for oxidative-induced injury in the cancer process specifically during the promotion stage.
Hair and There— An Exercise in Futility
Authors: David Mezz
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Astute professional management has resulted in the introduction of cartoons and jokes which are sprinkled throughout our medical journals these days. By the same token and for the same purpose, it is the writer's contention that these publications would not lose face or fall flat on their austerity if they included articles which are both informative and humorous. Somewhat in this spirit, this exercise in futility is offered. It started at a social gathering. An irritatingly inquisitive but well-intentioned 45-year-old acquaintance who had no inkling of the tempest he was initiating asked, "Why am I losing the hair on my head while the hair in my nostrils and ears is definitely increasing?" Shamefacedly, I had to admit that his experience was a clinical fact, but I hadn't the foggiest notion why. However, I promised him (and myself) an acceptable scientific explanation at our next meeting if it
1374 LYMPHOCYTE-HEPATOCYTE INTERACTIONS: HEPATITIS C VIRUS CHANGES THE RULES
Authors: Z. Stamataki, O.S. Qureshi, G.M. Reynolds, C. Mee, P. Maurel, L. Hibbert, J.A. Waters, G.R. Foster, J.Z. Rappoport, S.G. Hübscher, D.H. Adams, J.A. McKeating
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
The Fine Art of Scratching
Authors: Samuel Ayres
Journal: JAMA (1964)

As PHYSICIANS grow older their contributions to scientific programs tend to become less scientific and more philosophical. Perhaps the paper you are about to hear fits into this category; yet it is my hope that it will stimulate a reappraisal of a familiar method of controlling a common complaint —namely, scratching to relieve itching, which is as old as history. Three carved figures of the pre-Columbian era in Mexico show skin lesions and the positions of the bodies with the hands on the skin lesions indicate itching and scratching.<sup>1</sup>Socrates, as reported in the<i>Dialogues of Plato</i>, refers on a number of occasions to the problem of itching and scratching with accompanying mixed sensations of pleasure and pain.<sup>2</sup> The pompous pose of Napoleon Bonaparte, with the fingers of his right hand inserted within his waistcoat and his left hand behind his back, is believed by some to have
Response to Comment on Grunberger “Insulin Analogs—Are They Worth It? Yes!” Diabetes Care 2014;37:1767–1770 and Davidson “Insulin Analogs—Is There a Compelling Case to Use Them? No!” Diabetes Care 2014;37:1771–1774
Authors: Mayer B. Davidson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

The letter by Giugliano et al. (1) updates and provides more detail about the increasing costs of the analog insulins. Sixty randomized control trials involving 21,534 patients comparing human versus analog insulins found no differences in efficacy and only minor differences in hypoglycemia (which no doubt would have been much less if bedtime snacks had been routinely ingested) (2 …
Vesicoureteral Reflux: Current Trends in Diagnosis, Screening, and Treatment
Authors: Jonathan C. Routh, Guy A. Bogaert, Martin Kaefer, Gianantonio Manzoni, John M. Park, Alan B. Retik, H. Gil Rushton, Warren T. Snodgrass, Duncan T. Wilcox
Journal: European Urology (2012)
A repetitive peptide of Leishmania can activate T helper type 2 cells and enhance disease progression.
Authors: F Y Liew, S M Millott, J A Schmidt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Leishmaniasis provides a biologically relevant model to analyze the heterogeneity of CD4+ T cells and may lead to answering the major question of the mechanism for the preferential induction of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. Using synthetic peptides corresponding to the tandemly repeating regions of Leishmania proteins, we have identified an epitope that can preferentially induce the disease-exacerbating Th2 cells in susceptible BALB/c mice. Lymph node cells from BALB/c mice immunized subcutaneously with the octamer (p183) of the repeating 10-mer peptide EAEEAARLQA proliferated strongly against the peptide as well as the soluble antigen extract (SolAg) of Leishmania major. The proliferative T cells are CD4+, major histocompatibility complex class II restricted, and secrete interleukin 4 (IL-4) but little or no IL-2 and interferon gamma when stimulated with the peptide in vitro. T cells from BALB/c mice with progressive disease, but not from BALB/c mice cured of the infection, recognized this epitope. BALB/c mice injected subcutaneously with p183 developed significantly exacerbated disease when subsequently challenged with L. major. Furthermore, subcutaneous injection with p183 prevented the subsequent induction of resistance against L. major by intravenous immunization with soluble antigen. The T cell response to p183 is H-2d restricted. Immunization of the genetically resistant B10.D2 mice with p183 also produced strong T cell responses and exacerbated disease when challenged with L. major.
Fundamental Aspects of Normal and Malignant Growth
Authors: Oscar Bodansky
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This massive volume is a collection of monographs by authorities eminent in their respective fields. Over 100 pages are devoted by Kit to a thorough and systematic discussion of intermediary metabolism as related to growth. Other basic aspects considered in detail are "Principles and Theory of Growth," by Von Bertalanffy; "Nucleic Acids and Growth," by Brachet; "Germinal Organization and Induction Phenomena," by Dalcq; "Molecular Mechanisms of Differentiation," by Herrmann; "Regeneration and Growth," by Needham; "Growth and Tissue Culture," by Waymouth; "Nitrogen Metabolism and Growth," by Hugh Clark; and "Growth and the Aging Process," by Andrew. More specific features are treated in "Plant Growth," by Thimann and "Wound Healing as a Problem of Growth," by Washburn. Three major sections are devoted to malignant growth. These are "The Carcinogenic Stimulus," by Kirschbaum, "The Metabolism of the Cancer Cell," by Griffin, and "The Action of Certain Antimetabolites as Mitotic Poisons," by Biesele. The
Hierarchical regression for epidemiologic analyses of multiple exposures.
Authors: S Greenland
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Many epidemiologic investigations are designed to study the effects of multiple exposures. Most of these studies are analyzed either by fitting a risk-regression model with all exposures forced in the model, or by using a preliminary-testing algorithm, such as stepwise regression, to produce a smaller model. Research indicates that hierarchical modeling methods can outperform these conventional approaches. These methods are reviewed and compared to two hierarchical methods, empirical-Bayes regression and a variant here called "semi-Bayes" regression, to full-model maximum likelihood and to model reduction by preliminary testing. The performance of the methods in a problem of predicting neonatal-mortality rates are compared. Based on the literature to date, it is suggested that hierarchical methods should become part of the standard approaches to multiple-exposure studies.
Molecular Insights into Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: Stafford L. Lightman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

The maintenance of plasma osmolality within a remarkably narrow range is achieved by very sensitive mechanisms that regulate thirst and the release of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland. Vasopressin reduces the renal excretion of water by increasing the permeability of the collecting-duct epithelium to water.Vasopressin acts at the tissue level by binding to specific receptors that are coupled to G proteins. There are two well-characterized types of vasopressin receptors: V2 receptors, which are coupled to adenylate cyclase, and V1 receptors, which activate the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol, leading to the mobilization of intracellular calcium. The . . .
Influence of cimetidine on pharmacokinetics of propranolol.
Authors: G Kitis
Journal: BMJ (1981)

oxygen cylinders were supplied by area health authorities (via hospitals) in 54°,, of all centres prescribing portable oxygen.Other centres relied on charities or had patients buyingtheir own.Both the issuing and financing of portable oxygen on a national level also seems to be inconsistent.The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970, chapter 44, section 22, stipulates that the Secretary of State should compile an annual report on "progress in research and development work in relation to equipment that might increase the range of activities and independence or well-being of disabled persons, and in particular such equipment that might improve the indoor and outdoor mobility of such persons."In this respect the benefits of portable oxygen in certain patients, as shown by Woodcock et al,' should perhaps be further considered, and be made more readily available throughout the country.