tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 Upregulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Induces Human Glioma Invasion
Authors: Liping Liu, Jueheng Wu, Zhe Ying, Baixue Chen, Anjia Han, Yingjie Liang, Libing Song, Jie Yuan, Jun Li, Mengfeng Li
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The poor prognosis of malignant gliomas is largely attributed to their highly invasive nature. The molecular mechanism underlying the invasiveness of glioma cells, however, remains to be elucidated. The present study found that astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) was upregulated in human glioma cell lines and glioma tissues compared with normal astrocytes and brain tissues. AEG-1 was found to be upregulated in 265 of 296 (89.5%) glioma sections, and the AEG-1 expression level significantly correlated with clinicopathologic stages of gliomas. Ectopic expression or short hairpin RNA silencing of AEG-1 significantly enhanced or inhibited, respectively, the invasive ability of glioma cells. At the molecular level, we showed that upregulated AEG-1 in glioma cells interacted with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) promoter and transactivated MMP-9 expression, whereas knockdown of AEG-1 expression reduced the level of MMP-9. Two regions in MMP-9 promoter were found to be involved in the interaction with AEG-1. Suppression of endogenous MMP-9 abrogated the effects of AEG-1 on invasiveness. Consistent with these observations, immunostaining analysis revealed a significant correlation between the expressions of AEG-1 and MMP-9 in a cohort of clinical glioma samples. Moreover, intracranial xenografts of glioma cells engineered to express AEG-1 were highly invasive compared with the parental cells and expressed high level of MMP-9. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that AEG-1 contributes to glioma progression by enhancing MMP-9 transcription and, hence, tumor cell invasiveness, and underscore the importance of AEG-1 in glioma development and progression. Cancer Res; 70(9); 3750–9. ©2010 AACR.
Deficiency of dystrophin-associated proteins in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients lacking COOH-terminal domains of dystrophin.
Authors: K Matsumura, F M Tomé, V Ionasescu, J M Ervasti, R D Anderson, N B Romero, D Simon, D Récan, J C Kaplan, M Fardeau
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Dystrophin, the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, is a cytoskeletal protein tightly associated with a large oligomeric complex of sarcolemmal glycoproteins including dystroglycan, which provides a linkage to the extracellular matrix component, laminin. In DMD, the absence of dystrophin leads to a drastic reduction in all of the dystrophin-associated proteins, causing the disruption of the linkage between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix which, in turn, may render muscle cells susceptible to necrosis. The COOH-terminal domains (cysteine-rich and carboxyl-terminal) of dystrophin have been suggested to interact with the sarcolemmal glycoprotein complex. However, truncated dystrophin lacking these domains was reported to be localized to the sarcolemma in four DMD patients recently. Here we report that all of the dystrophin-associated proteins are drastically reduced in the sarcolemma of three DMD patients in whom dystrophin lacking the COOH-terminal domains was properly localized to the sarcolemma. Our results indicate that the COOH-terminal domains of dystrophin are required for the proper interaction of dystrophin with the dystrophin-associated proteins and also support our hypothesis that the loss of the dystrophin-associated proteins in the sarcolemma leads to severe muscular dystrophy even when truncated dystrophin is present in the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton.
Clinical guidelines in the independent health care sector
Authors: G. Fairfield, R. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Ever since Aneurin Bevan “stuffed the consultants' mouths with gold” the place of private medicine in the provision of health care in the United Kingdom has been much debated. With over six million lives insured—over 10% of the population—and with numbers forecast to rise,1 the independent sector is an increasingly important provider of health care. The activities of the private sector have the potential to influence the NHS and cannot be ignored. Indeed, the private sector might act as a test bed for measures, such as clinical guidelines, that the NHS would like to see widely implemented.

Eighty per cent of private health care bought in Britain is funded by insurance. To keep premiums low, insurers must contain costs, and one perceived mechanism is evidence based medicine. Some of the larger insurers are therefore introducing clinical practice guidelines into their business. BUPA, for example, has set up clinical consensus panels to develop professionally led guidelines that will “encourage the delivery of the very best health care…both in terms of appropriateness and quality of outcome.”2 The clinical guidelines being developed or in use cover mainly high cost, high volume elective surgery, which constitutes the bulk of private medical insurers' business, but psychiatric and medical guidelines …
Variation of T‐cell activation in allergic subjects during natural pollen exposure
Authors: V. Koscher, F. Milhe, M. El Biaze, D. Vervloet, A. Magnan
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Allergic inflammation is characterized by a Th2 activation. However, little is known about dynamics of T-cell cytokine production during natural allergen exposure. The aim of this study was to assess the Th1/Th2 balance in cypress allergic patients compared with controls, and variations of this balance over the pollen season.Twenty cypress allergic patients and 10 controls were studied, distributed during two consecutive pollen seasons. Cytokine production was assessed by flow cytometry and ELISA. The variation of cytokine production during the pollen season was analyzed among patients in four occasions, and the preseason values were compared with controls. IL-13 and IFN-gamma-containing T cells were assessed among whole blood cells and PBMC. In addition the effect of specific stimulation by Juniperus ashei pollen extract was studied.Compared with controls, IL-13-producing T cells were increased in allergics in any case. By contrast, compared with controls, allergic IFN-gamma-producing T cells were decreased in whole blood, but not in PBMC, and were increased after specific stimulation. During the season, an increase in IFN-gamma- and a decrease in IL-13-producing T cells occurred in patients, whatever the culture conditions.These results show that the allergic T-cell activation is not limited to a Th2 profile: allergen-stimulated T cells are able to produce IFN-gamma at baseline, and the Th1/Th2 ratio increases during the pollen season.
A NOTE ON THE CULTIVATION OF MALARIAL PLASMODIA AFTER THE METHOD OF BASS AND JOHNS
Authors: C. H. LAVINDER
Journal: JAMA (1913)

Shortly after the publication of the paper by Bass and Johns<sup>1</sup>on the cultivation of malarial plasmodia, preparation was made to try their method. Cases of malarial fever, which a little earlier in the season had been quite frequent in our wards, were at this time rather rare; but in the course of the following three weeks or so three cases were admitted. Two of these were estivo-autumnal and one was a quartan. The technic outlined by Bass and Johns was adhered to closely, and no essential deviation was made from their description. In two of the cases the attempt was made to cultivate the second generation. In doing this use was made of only one of the methods given by Bass and Johns. This method was by the test-tube fitted with the little shelf of paper supported by a piece of glass rod, as described in their paper.
Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Children and Adolescents in a Hyperendemic Area: 15 Years after Mass Hepatitis B Vaccination
Authors: Yen-Hsuan Ni, Mei-Hwei Chang, Li-Min Huang, Huey-Ling Chen, Hong-Yuan Hsu, Tai-Yuan Chiu, Keh-Sung Tsai, Ding-Shinn Chen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyperendemic in Taiwan. Before universal HBV immunization was started in Taiwan in 1984, the carrier rate for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was 15% to 20% in the general population. Objective: To quantify the population impact of a mass vaccination program for HBV 15 years after its implementation. Design: Descriptive analysis of serologic markers of HBV in healthy children and adolescents. Setting: Chung-Cheng District, Taipei City, Taiwan, in 1999. Participants: 1357 persons younger than 15 years of age, who were born after the implementation of universal HBV vaccination, and 559 persons 15 to 20 years of age, who were born before the program began. Measurements: Repeated serologic surveys similar to those done before and 5 and 10 years after the national vaccination program was implemented. All participants were tested for serum HBsAg, its antibody (anti-HBs), and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). Results: During the 15 years since the vaccination program was implemented, the prevalence of HBsAg among persons younger than 15 years of age decreased from 9.8% in 1984 to 0.7% in 1999; among persons 15 to 20 years of age, the 1999 prevalence of HBsAg was 7% (P < 0.001). Hepatitis B core antibody seropositivity, which represents HBV infection, was found in 2.9% of persons younger than 15 years of age and in 20.6% of persons 15 to 20 years of age (P < 0.001); in the same age groups, the rate of anti-HBs seropositivity was 75.8% and 70.7%, respectively (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Universal vaccination significantly decreased the HBV carrier rate and infection rate among children and adolescents born since the program began. By decreasing the carrier pool, continuation of the national HBV immunization program should prevent HBV infection in the children of Taiwan, and, subsequently, adults as well.
Higher cytotoxic activity and increased levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Francesc Martí, Joan Muñoz, Matilde Peiró, Esther Bertran, Carme Ferrán, Carmen Octavio, Juan García, FÈLix Rueda
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1995)

Abstract Extracorporeal circulation (EC) by surgical bypass is often associated with a systemic inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of EC on the serum levels of pro‐inflammatory mediators Interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and soluble CD‐23. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cell (NK) cytotoxic activity were also analyzed before and after the bypass process. The results from eight patients who underwent cardiac surgery showed a significant increase in the levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, a decrease in CD4 + /CD8 + lymphocyte ratio, and an overstimulated NK cytotoxic activity. These changes on serum cytokine levels and cellular immunology parameters could play an important role in the development of adverse effects associated with EC. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
INHIBITION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE BY 7S ANTIBODY
Authors: S. Abrahams, R. A. Phillips, R. G. Miller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

A cell culture system was used to investigate the mechanism of action of the feedback inhibition caused by specific 7S antibody. It was found that preincubation of spleen cells with specific 7S antibody led to a marked reduction in the in vitro response of the treated spleen cells to the antigen used to prepare the antibody. The inhibition was not caused by a carry-over of free antibody nor by the release of 7S antibody from the cells. Rather, the preincubation appeared to specifically inactivate one of the cells required for initiation of an in vitro response. Since the suppression could be reversed by addition of untreated cells, it was possible to characterize the properties of the reconstituting cell. This cell is identified as the nonlymphoid accessory cell (A cell) by several criteria. (a) Suppression can be demonstrated only in assay systems requiring functional A cells. (b) The most active sources for reconstitution are also good sources for A cells. (c) The sedimentation velocity of the reconstituting cell is identical with that for A cells. (d) Like A cells, the reconstituting cell is resistant to high doses of ionizing radiation. (e) The reconstituting ability is not affected by anti-theta antibody. Of the three cells required for the initiation of an immune response, A cells, bone marrow-derived cells, and thymus-derived cells, the data are only compatible with the reconstituting cell being an A cell. Additional experiments suggest that the Fc portion of 7S antibody binds to the surface of A cells. Thus, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled 7S antibody binds specifically to cells with properties similar to those described above, and F(ab')(2) fragments, lacking Fc portion, are unable to cause immunosuppression when they are preincubated with spleen cells. It is possible that this binding is related to the specific suppression caused by 7S antibody molecules.
Dream Babies: Three Centuries of Good Advice on Child Care
Authors: E. T. Sproles
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<i>Dream Babies</i>is described by the author as an "antidote to the anxiety produced" in the inexperienced parent by exposure to too much conflicting advice on child rearing. In 334 pages, the author takes an objective look at the overwhelming and widely variable guidelines offered during the past nearly 300 years (1750 through 1981) for the correct handling of children. The title refers to the idealized children envisioned by the "experts" who put forth the guidelines. Beginning with the mid-18th century, when published suggestions were first directed to "intelligent parents," the author carefully and concisely discusses the origin of the most significant trends and the role of sentiment, religious, social, moral, and philosophical attitudes, medicinal advances, and historical events in shaping these trends. More a history of how people thought children should be raised than of what was actually practiced, Hardyment selectively reports specific aspects that she believes to be
The Patient with Cardiovascular Disease and Rehabilitation: The Third Phase of Medical Care
Authors: JOSEPH G. BENTON, HOWARD A. RUSK
Journal: Circulation (1953)

OUNE of the most striking developments in recent medical thinking has been the evolution of the philosophy of re- habilitation, or the "third phase of medical care."The impact of this discipline on medical practice stems from the widespread intensifica- tion in contemporary medical teaching of the concept which delineates "the patient as a whole" his relationship not only to himself, to his family, and to his work, but to the total community.Development of rehabilitation programs has been paradoxically furthered by the recent ad- vances made in the control of infectious diseases as well as in improved surgical and public health technics which have extended the life span in this country.As a result, greater num- bers of the population will fall into the category of patients with chronic disease.While it is probable that current investigational activities will eventually clarify the etiologic bases and methods of prevention of such entities as ar- teriosclerosis, hypertension, degenerative neu- rologic disease and cancer, there is a critical need for salvaging the large numbers of indi- viduals with the residua of chronic disabling disease who now constitute serious medical and
Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Roy Taylor
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

Reversal of type 2 diabetes to normal metabolic control by either bariatric surgery or hypocaloric diet allows for the time sequence of underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms to be observed. In reverse order, the same mechanisms are likely to determine the events leading to the onset of hyperglycemia and permit insight into the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Within 7 days of instituting a substantial negative calorie balance by either dietary intervention or bariatric surgery, fasting plasma glucose levels can normalize. This rapid change relates to a substantial fall in liver fat content and return of normal hepatic insulin sensitivity. Over 8 weeks, first phase and maximal rates of insulin secretion steadily return to normal, and this change is in step with steadily decreasing pancreatic fat content. The difference in time course of these two processes is striking. Recent information on the intracellular effects of excess lipid intermediaries explains the likely biochemical basis, which simplifies both the basic understanding of the condition and the concepts used to determine appropriate management. Recent large, long-duration population studies on time course of plasma glucose and insulin secretion before the diagnosis of diabetes are consistent with this new understanding. Type 2 diabetes has long been regarded as inevitably progressive, requiring increasing numbers of oral hypoglycemic agents and eventually insulin, but it is now certain that the disease process can be halted with restoration of normal carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Type 2 diabetes can be understood as a potentially reversible metabolic state precipitated by the single cause of chronic excess intraorgan fat.

Type 2 diabetes has long been known to progress despite glucose-lowering treatment, with 50% of individuals requiring insulin therapy within 10 years (1). This seemingly inexorable deterioration in control has been interpreted to mean that the condition is treatable but not curable. Clinical guidelines recognize …
Duodenal Diverticulitis With Spontaneous Perforation
Authors: Lon E. Curtis
Journal: JAMA (1966)

DIVERTICULA of the duodenum are a common entity. In an excellent review, Jones and Merendino reported an autopsy series showing an incidence of 0.016% to 22% in the general population, with the incidence increasing with age.<sup>1</sup>The experience of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, shows this diagnosis to have been made radiologically 525 times from 1940 to 1952,<sup>2</sup>and a Lahey Clinic series reports a 1.9% incidence in 2,000 upper gastrointestinal examinations.<sup>3</sup> Despite this incidence, symptoms caused by duodenal diverticula are relatively rare. Most reports show that only 1% to 5% of diverticula discovered by x-ray examination were treated surgically. Of this group, surgery usually was performed because it was felt that the clinical symptoms were due to mechanical problems in the diverticula and surrounding structures. However, the Mayo and Lahey clinics reported good results in only 50% to 65% of patients undergoing surgery. In addition, the
BLOOD-LETTING AS A REMEDY IN THE TREATMENT OF ECLAMPSIA PUERPERALIS AND “ACUTE PNEUMONIA.”
Authors: T. C. M'CULLOCH
Journal: JAMA (1883)

On the 2d day of July, 35 years ago, I was called to attend Mrs. John Carson, of Armstrong county, Pa., in labor with her third child. She was a large, muscular woman about six feet in height and built in proportion. A short time before my arrival, she was delivered of a still born child. The womb was contracted, the afterbirth expelled. There was no hæmorrhage, and she was comfortably “put to bed.” I say put to bed, as in those days women were nearly all delivered on the floor on their knees, and afterwards put to bed; apparently she was all right. Whilst seated at the breakfast table enjoying my morning meal, after a seven mile ride, congratulating myself upon my “good luck,” and easy made fee, I was startled by a scream from the nurse, followed by doctor! doctor! On entering her room, I found my patientin
Interaction of murine granulocyte-macrophage progenitors and supporting stroma involves a recognition mechanism with galactosyl and mannosyl specificities.
Authors: S Aizawa, M Tavassoli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

To study the molecular basis of "homing" of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU-C), we synthesized probes by covalent linking of sugars to bovine serum albumin. Long-term marrow cultures were established in the presence and absence of these probes. In the presence of galactosyl and mannosyl probes, total cell and CFU-C production in the supernate as well as the adherent layer were halted, and cobblestones (representing CFU-C bound to stroma) disappeared. Fucosyl probe and diffusible sugars had no effect on these parameters. These studies suggested membrane lectins with specificity for galactosyl and mannosyl residues may be responsible for the binding of CFU-C to supporting stroma. To determine if CFU-C possesses homing receptors with these specificities, we induced agglutination in marrow cell suspensions with these neoglycoprotein probes. Selective agglutination was observed only by galactosyl and mannosyl probes. The results suggest that CFU-C homing receptors are membrane lectins with specificity for galactosyl and mannosyl residues.
Life-Threatening Hyperkalemia Induced by Arginine
Authors: DAVID A. BUSHINSKY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Marked hyperkalemia was observed during and immediately after an infusion of arginine monohydrochloride in two patients with severe hepatic disease and moderate renal insufficiency. Both patients had received brief courses of spironolactone before arginine treatment. In one of the patients, the hyperkalemia was associated with a fatal cardiac arrhythmia. Arginine has been shown to shift potassium from cells to the extracellular compartment, an effect directly related to its serum concentration. The profound hyperkalemia that occurred in these two patients is thought to be the result of an inability to metabolize the administered arginine and excrete the excess extracellular potassium. Caution is advised in administering arginine to patients with renal or hepatic insufficiency, or both.
Hepatitis B virus replication in diverse cell types during chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Andrew Mason, Mark Wick, Heather White, Robert Perrillo
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Hepatitis B virus-specific nucleic acid sequences and proteins have been detected in extrahepatic tissues of acutely and chronically infected patients. However, apart from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow cells, little is known about the specific cell types that permit viral replication. In this study, we assessed the extrahepatic tissues of four patients who died with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and two uninfected controls by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study. Three of these patients had diffuse extrahepatic distribution of the virus. Hepatitis B virus nucleic acid sequences and proteins were detected in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, kidney, skin, colon, stomach, testes and periadrenal ganglia. The following cell types were found to be positive for hepatitis B virus: endothelial cells, macrophages/monocytes, hematopoietic precursors, basal keratinocytes, mucosal epithelial cells, stromal fibroblasts and sustentacular and neuronal cells. It is probable that these cells could support viral replication because hepatitis B virus DNA replicative intermediates, viral transcripts and HBsAg and HBcAg proteins were detected in most. These findings may be relevant to the initiation of extrahepatic syndromes associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection such as vasculitis, glomerulonephropathy, neuropathy and dermatitis. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:781-789).