tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Catatonic Stupor and Neuroleptic Drugs
Authors: Daniel R. Weinberger
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  Catatonic stupor, a syndrome marked by isolation, withdrawal, mutism, and characteristic neuromuscular abnormalities such as bizarre posture, rigidity, immobility, and waxy flexibility, is a serious medical problem. In fact, reports of disastrous outcomes continue to appear in the current medical literature. The description of two such cases by Regestein and colleagues (238:618-620, 1977) underscores the fact that the onset of certain medical complications (eg, dehydration, hyperthermia, pulmonary abnormalities) represents a critical turning point in the management of this syndrome. As their report exemplifies, once such complications ensue, clinical deterioration may occur so rapidly that further treatment cannot keep pace no matter how tenacious.  Although the pathogenesis of catatonic stupor remains unclear, the syndrome is generally regarded as nonspecific, and multiple causes have been implicated. 1 We wish to emphasize, however, that patients in whom catatonic stupor develops after the start of neuroleptic drug therapy (eg, both cases
Na+/myo-inositol cotransport is regulated by tonicity in cultured rat mesangial cells
Authors: Akiko Miyai, Atsushi Yamauchi, Takeshi Nakanishi, Minoru Sugita, Yoshihiro Takamitsu, Kenji Yokoyama, Takahito Itoh, Akio Andou, Takenobu Kamada, Naohiko Ueda, Yoshihiro Fujiwara
Journal: Kidney International (1995)
Sodium and Diuretics in Pregnancy
Authors: Marshall D. Lindheimer, Adrian I. Katz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

IN 1970, we wrote in this section1: "The fate of ingested sodium during pregnancy is poorly understood. The prevailing view in this country considers the pregnant woman to be an insidious salt retainer... her dietary salt intake is severely restricted, and prophylactic diuretics may be prescribed... On the other hand, others consider pregnant subjects to be insidious sodium wasters and prescribe salt tablets." We noted that there were conflicting views and stressed the lack of definitive investigative data in this area of reproductive medicine.During the past three years, the pendulum of opinion has swung toward the advocates of . . .
LIPEMIA IN DIABETES MELLITUS.
Authors: THOMAS B. FUTCHER
Journal: JAMA (1899)

A fatty condition of the blood has repeatedly been observed post-mortem in cases of diabetes mellitus. Less frequently, however, has the observation been made during life, and the probability that lipemia is a more common occurrence during the course of a case of diabetes than is generally supposed has led me to report the following case: G. K., a male, aged 31 years, a brakeman by occupation, was admitted to Dr. Osler's service in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, April 10, 1899, complaining of aching pain in the back and legs, and loss of strength. <h3>Family History.</h3> —Unimportant, with the exception that a sister and maternal uncle died of tuberculosis. No family history of diabetes. <h3>Personal History.</h3> —The patient had whooping-cough and measles when a child and scarlet fever when 8 years of age. He states that he has had malaria every spring and fall for the past ten years. The
Pacemaker-Induced Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: B. George Wisoff
Journal: JAMA (1965)

THE MOST COMMON failures of implanted cardiac pacemakers used in the treatment of heart block have been due to wire breakage, electrode detachment, or battery depletion. Electronic malfunction has occurred in 1% or less of implanted units. 1,2 This report documents ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation caused by electronic failure of an internal electrical pacemaker.  Report of a Case  A 64-year-old man had a fixed-rate pacemaker implanted in 1961 for treatment of complete heart block. Two years later, Oct 3, 1963, the battery unit required replacement because of battery depletion.  On June 1, 1964, augmentation of the pacemaker output was necessary, due to increased resistance of one electrode. Testing of the battery unit revealed a normal output and rate with no evidence of a direct-current leak. Two weeks later, on June 14, the patient had the onset of intermittent syncopal episodes.  Physical examination revealed a pale, anxious man. The blood
Mast cells and vasculature in atopic dermatitis – potential stimulus of neoangiogenesis
Authors: D. A. Groneberg, C. Bester, A. Grützkau, F. Serowka, A. Fischer, B. M. Henz, P. Welker
Journal: Allergy (2004)

Background: Atopic dermatitis skin lesions are characterized by inflammatory changes and epithelial hyperplasia requiring angiogenesis. As mast cells may participate in this process via bidirectional secretion of tissue‐damaging enzymes and pro‐angiogenic factors, the present study aimed to assess the occurrence and possible function of mast cells in the papillary dermis and in epidermal layers of atopic dermatitis lesions. Methods: Semi‐thin and serial sections in combination with immunohistochemistry, histochemistry and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐activity assays were used and related to epidermal thickness and targeted gene expression studies. Results: Mast cells were located in the papillary dermis and migrated through the basal lamina into the epidermis of atopic dermatitis lesions. An increased PCNA‐activity in cells of superficial epidermal layers indicated an activation of keratinocytes and stimulation of endothelial growth. Only ∼30% of the papillary mast cells stained with the tryptase were toluidin‐blue‐positive, and ∼80% were chymase positive. A high number of mast cells expressed c‐kit. Most papillary and epidermal mast cells were localized close to endothelial cells. Vascular expression of endoglin (CD105) demonstrated neoangiogenic processes. Mast cells stimulation led to the expression of proangiogenic factors. Also, gene expression of tissue‐damaging factors such as matrix metalloproteinases was increased. Conclusions: These data suggest that in atopic dermatitis, mast cells are abundantly localized close to and within the epidermis where they may stimulate neoangiogenesis. Via the new vessels, inflammatory cells, together with complement components and antibodies, can be transported to the epidermis to aid in the defense against environmental antigens and to maintain chronic inflammation.
883-2 The association of race with angiographic and clinical outcomes following fibrinolytic administration
Authors: Pedro Martinezclark, Dimitri Karmpaliotis, Sabrina A Murphy, Stephen D Wiviott, Brian Bigelow, Ioanna Kosmidou, Allen Chang, Christopher P Cannon, Robert P Giugliano, C.Michael Gibson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Effect of the sympathetic nervous system on limb circulation and metabolism during exercise in patients with heart failure.
Authors: J R Wilson, N Ferraro, D H Wiener
Journal: Circulation (1985)

During exercise in patients with heart failure, activation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves may impair vasodilation in active skeletal muscle and thereby interfere with skeletal muscle blood flow. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the effect of acute alpha-adrenergic blockade with systemic administration of prazosin (10 patients) or regional administration of phentolamine (eight patients) on blood flow, vascular resistance, oxygen consumption (VO2), and lactate release in the leg during maximal bicycle exercise in patients with heart failure. During control exercise, systemic VO2 increased to 12.6 +/- 4.3 ml/min/kg (normal greater than 20 to 25 ml/min/kg), leg blood flow to 2.8 +/- 1.8 liters/min, and leg lactate release to 362 +/- 256 mg/min. Prazosin decreased systemic vascular resistance (12.5 +/- 3.2 to 9.7 +/- 2.5 units; p less than .003) and mean arterial pressure (101 +/- 20 to 87 +/- 22 mm Hg; p less than .002) at maximal exercise, supporting the presence of substantial sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity. Prazosin also decreased leg resistance during exercise. However, the magnitude of leg blood flow, leg oxygen extraction, and leg VO2 during exercise were unchanged, suggesting that vasodilation in the leg was produced by an autoregulatory response to the drop in blood pressure rather than by blockade of sympathetic vasoconstriction. Maximal systemic VO2 and leg lactate release were also not improved. Regional blockade with phentolamine did not substantially drop the arterial blood pressure and had no effect on vasodilation, blood flow, VO2, and lactate release in the leg during exercise. These data suggest that during exercise in patients with heart failure, the sympathetic nervous system helps to sustain arterial blood pressure and that this beneficial effect is not associated with adverse effects on blood flow to working skeletal muscle.
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Sefik S. Alkan, E. Brady Williams, Danute E. Nitecki, Joel W. Goodman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

L-Tyrosine azobenzene-p-arsonate (RAT) induced cellular immunity without antibody production in guinea pigs. Bifunctional antigens were prepared consisting of one RAT carrier moiety linked either directly to a dinitrophenyl (DNP) haptenic determinant or through one or more 6-amino-caproyl (SAC) spacers. Each SAC unit has an extended span of 8 A. Guinea pigs immunized with these conjugates developed cellular immunity directed against the RAT determinant and antibody specific for the DNP determinant. The anti-DNP response was the same with one or three SAC spacers, but was significantly weaker when the two determinants were joined without a spacer. Animals immunized with either DNP-SAC-TYR or DNP-TYR developed neither cellular nor humoral immunity. Prior immunization with RAT potentiated the secondary anti-hapten response to DNP-SAC-RAT. Modification of RAT at either the arsonate or tyrosine positions showed that other charged groups (sulfonate and trimethylammonium) could substitute for arsonate without loss of immunogenicity. Removal of either the amino or carboxyl group from the side chain of tyrosine did not abolish immunogenicity, but immunogenicity was lost upon removal of both. Immunization with symmetrical bifunctional RAT-(SAC)(n)-RAT and cyclo-(L-RAT-D-RAT) antigens led to cellular immunity but no anti-arsonate antibody, suggesting a barrier to "self-help." These compounds were also ineffective in inducing a secondary anti-arsonate response in animals primed with arsonate-BSA conjugates and RAT.
Phylogenetic utility of elongation factor-1 alpha in noctuoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera): the limits of synonymous substitution
Authors: A. Mitchell, S. Cho, J. C. Regier, C. Mitter, R. W. Poole, M. Matthews
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

To test its phylogenetic utility, nucleotide sequence variation in a 1,240-bp fragment of the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) gene was examined in 49 moth species representing the major groups of the superfamily Noctuoidea. Both parsimony and distance analyses supported the monophyly of nearly all groups for which there are clear morphological synapomorphies. Clades of subfamily rank and lower, probably mid-Tertiary and younger, were strongly supported. The third codon position contains 88% of variable sites, and approaches saturation at approximately 20% sequence divergence, possibly due to among-site rate heterogeneity and composition bias; higher divergences occur only in association with shifts in composition. Surprisingly, the few nonsynonymous changes appear no more phylogenetically reliable than synonymous changes. Signal strength for basal divergences is weak and fails to improve with character weighting; thus, dense taxon sampling is probably needed for strong inference from EF-1 alpha regarding deeper splits in Noctuoidea (probably early Tertiary). EF-1 alpha synonymous changes show promise for phylogeny reconstruction within Noctuidae and other groups of Tertiary age.
The Novel SMAC Mimetic Birinapant Exhibits Potent Activity against Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: Clemens Krepler, Srinivas K. Chunduru, Molly B. Halloran, Xu He, Min Xiao, Adina Vultur, Jessie Villanueva, Yasuhiro Mitsuuchi, Eric M. Neiman, Christopher Benetatos, Katherine L. Nathanson, Ravi K. Amaravadi, Hubert Pehamberger, Mark McKinlay, Meenhard Herlyn
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Purpose: Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) promote cancer cell survival and confer resistance to therapy. We report on the ability of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases mimetic, birinapant, which acts as antagonist to cIAP1 and cIAP2, to restore the sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli such as TNF-α in melanomas. Experimental Design: Seventeen melanoma cell lines, representing five major genetic subgroups of cutaneous melanoma, were treated with birinapant as a single agent or in combination with TNF-α. Effects on cell viability, target inhibition, and initiation of apoptosis were assessed and findings were validated in 2-dimensional (2D), 3D spheroid, and in vivo xenograft models. Results: When birinapant was combined with TNF-α, strong combination activity, that is, neither compound was effective individually but the combination was highly effective, was observed in 12 of 18 cell lines. This response was conserved in spheroid models, whereas in vivo birinapant inhibited tumor growth without adding TNF-α in in vitro resistant cell lines. Birinapant combined with TNF-α inhibited the growth of a melanoma cell line with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition to the same extent as in the parental cell line. Conclusions: Birinapant in combination with TNF-α exhibits a strong antimelanoma effect in vitro. Birinapant as a single agent shows in vivo antitumor activity, even if cells are resistant to single agent therapy in vitro. Birinapant in combination with TNF-α is effective in a melanoma cell line with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 19(7); 1784–94. ©2013 AACR.
Israel looks into claims of “illegal medical experiment”
Authors: Judy Siegel-Itzkovich
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Diabetic Medicine , a monthly journal published by Blackwell Publishing, has retracted an article it published in 2004 from the Meir Medical Center, Tel Aviv, after being informed by the centre's chief executive of concerns over the ethical conduct of the researchers and the reliability of their findings (2006;23: 818).

The original article reported on a study of about 60 middle aged and elderly women with type 2 diabetes, many of whom were Arab, carried out in 2001-3, in which two conventional drugs were compared with each other and with a combination of the two ( Diabetic Medicine 2004;21: 471-5).

Now Israel's Ministry of Health has asked the medical centre to hand over its …
A BENIGN AND CURABLE FORM OF HEMORRHAGIC NEPHRITIS
Authors: GEORGE BAEHR
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Acute hemorrhagic nephritis, which commonly follows scarlet fever and other forms of acute streptococcus angina, is a disease of serious prognosis, for it not infrequently leaves behind it a more or less severely damaged kidney in which all the glomeruli present evidences of a diffuse injury. As a result, the acute nephritis may gradually progress to a chronic diffuse nephritis involving the glomeruli, the tubules and interstitial tissue. In contradistinction to this well known type of acute hemorrhagic nephritis there occurs a benign form with which most clinicians are as yet unacquainted. Attention was first seriously called to its existence by the German clinicians Scheidemandel<sup>1</sup>and Volhard,<sup>2</sup>but in the English and American literature nothing more than extremely casual references have come to my notice. I have had the fortunate opportunity of studying fourteen cases of this benign type during the last five years. Briefly summarized, the disease
Methotrexate (MTX) plus ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Burton Combes, Scott S. Emerson, Nancy L. Flye, Santiago J. Munoz, Velimir A. Luketic, Marlyn J. Mayo, Timothy M. McCashland, Rowen K. Zetterman, Marion G. Peters, Adrian M. Di Bisceglie, Kent G. Benner, Kris V. Kowdley, Robert L. Carithers, Leonard Rosoff, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, James L. Boyer, Thomas D. Boyer, Enrique J. Martinez, Nathan M. Bass, John R. Lake, David S. Barnes, Maurizio Bonacini, Karen L. Lindsay, Scott A. Mills, Rodney S. Markin, Raphael Rubin, Brian A. West, Donald E. Wheeler, Melissa J. Contos, Alan F. Hofmann
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Abstract This placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter trial compared the effects of MTX plus UDCA to UDCA alone on the course of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Two hundred and sixty five AMA positive patients without ascites, variceal bleeding, or encephalopathy; a serum bilirubin less than 3 mg/dL; serum albumin 3 g/dL or greater, who had taken UDCA 15 mg/kg daily for at least 6 months, were stratified by Ludwig's histological staging and then randomized to MTX 15 mg/m2 body surface area (maximum dose 20 mg) once a week while continuing on UDCA. The median time from randomization to closure of the study was 7.6 years (range: 4.6-8.8 years). Treatment failure was defined as death without liver transplantation; transplantation; variceal bleeding; development of ascites, encephalopathy, or varices; a doubling of serum bilirubin to 2.5 mg/dL or greater; a fall in serum albumin to 2.5 g/dL or less; histological progression by at least two stages or to cirrhosis. Patients were continued on treatment despite failure of treatment, unless transplantation ensued, drug toxicity necessitated withdrawal, or the patient developed a cancer. There were no significant differences in these parameters nor to the time of development of treatment failures observed for patients taking UDCA plus MTX, or UDCA plus placebo. The trial was conducted with a stopping rule, and was stopped early by the National Institutes of Health at the advice of our Data Safety Monitoring Board for reasons of futility. In conclusion , methotrexate when added to UDCA for a median period of 7.6 years had no effect on the course of PBC treated with UDCA alone. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Hepatology website ( http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html ). (Hepatology 2005;42:1184–1193.)
Free fatty acids and myocardial function in perfused rat hearts
Authors: A. H. Henderson, R. J. Craig, R. Gorlin, E. H. Sonnenblick
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1970)

Journal Article Free fatty acids and myocardial function in perfused rat hearts Get access A. H. Henderson, A. H. Henderson 2 From the Cardiovascular Division, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 2 A. H. Henderson was a Samuel Levine Fellow of the Massachusetts Heart Association. Present address: Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. J. Craig, R. J. Craig From the Cardiovascular Division, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. Gorlin, R. Gorlin From the Cardiovascular Division, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. H. Sonnenblick E. H. Sonnenblick From the Cardiovascular Division, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 1970, Pages 466–472, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/4.4.466 Published: 01 October 1970 Article history Accepted: 23 February 1970 Published: 01 October 1970
Increased risk of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy
Authors: Yoon‐Seon Lee, Dong Jin Suh, Young‐Suk Lim, Suk Won Jung, Kang Mo Kim, Han Chu Lee, Young‐Hwa Chung, Yung Sang Lee, Wangdon Yoo, Soo‐Ok Kim
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Although adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) has a unique profile of delayed and infrequent resistance in treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients, the association of ADV resistance with previous lamivudine (LAM) resistance is not well understood. We compared the emergence of the ADV-resistant mutations rtA181V/T and rtN236T between LAM-resistant patients and treatment-naïve patients at 48 weeks of ADV monotherapy. Fifty-seven LAM-resistant patients and 38 treatment-naïve patients were treated with 10 mg/d ADV for more than 48 weeks. Both baseline and 48-week blood samples were analyzed for ADV-resistant mutations via restriction fragment mass polymorphism analysis. Antiviral responses were evaluated according to changes in serum HBV DNA (measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and loss of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). After 48 weeks, 10 (18%) of the 57 LAM-resistant patients were found to have developed ADV-resistant mutations, whereas none of the 38 treatment-naïve patients developed such mutations (P < .01). Among LAM-resistant patients, the reduction in serum HBV DNA levels was significantly lower in patients with ADV-resistant mutations than in those without such mutations (-1.04 vs. -2.63 log10 copies/mL) (P = .01). However, the rates of serum ALT normalization (60% vs. 55%) and HBeAg loss (14% vs. 21%) were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P > .05). In conclusion, the emergence of the rtA181V/T and rtN236T mutations was more common in LAM-resistant patients than in treatment-naïve patients after 48 weeks of ADV therapy and was associated with reduced antiviral efficacy to drug treatment.
Hypermetabolism on F-18 FDG PET of Multiple Pulmonary Nodules Resulting From Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia
Authors: Lewis Shin, Douglas S. Katz, Elizabeth Yung
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

There have been multiple reports of benign thoracic conditions demonstrating hypermetabolism on F-18 FDG PET scans, including granulomatous infection, benign tumors, and autoimmune diseases, but bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is not a well-known cause of such hypermetabolism. BOOP is an inflammatory lung disease, which may be idiopathic or may be related to prior infection, medications, or connective tissue disorders. Solitary or multiple pulmonary nodules are one of several potential presentations of BOOP. The authors present a case of hypermetabolism on an FDG-PET scan obtained for the evaluation of suspected malignant pulmonary nodules, which proved to be the result of BOOP.
The AMA Scientific Journals— Theme Issues on Violence
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1991)

In May 1991, the 10 scientific journals of the American Medical Association (AMA) concurrently published multiple articles on a singular subject of great public health importance, "Caring for the Uninsured and Underinsured."<sup>1,2</sup>Following the success of this effort, the editors of the scientific journals of the AMA again have voted to devote substantial pages of all 10 journals to another subject of major importance—violence—to be published on a common date in 1992. The medical, social, and economic effects of violence in our society are staggering. Violent death includes homicide, suicide, and accident. Nonfatal injuries may result from accidents, assaults, and suicide attempts. Assailants and victims may be relatives, friends, or strangers. Violent injuries may be purposeful or an unintended byproduct. We invite you to contribute an original manuscript on any aspect of violence. The manuscript may be an original contribution, a clinical investigation, a brief report, a review, or