tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cycle helmets should not be compulsory
Authors: D. Carnall
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Cyclists are advised to wear helmets but legislation to make them compulsory is likely to reduce the number of people choosing to cycle and would not be in the interests of health, concludes the BMA's Board of Education and Science.

International evidence shows that the compulsory use of helmets results in a fall in the number of cyclists. The Australian state of Victoria made the use of helmets compulsory in 1990, and in the following year deaths and head injuries among cyclists fell between …
HIV Infection — A New Drug and New Costs
Authors: Robert Steinbrook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Although combination antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the lives of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, viral strains that are resistant to multiple medications are a serious problem. Enfuvirtide, the new antiretroviral agent for patients with drug-resistant HIV infection, is noteworthy for several reasons.First, it works by a different mechanism from that of previous drugs and heralds an era of new approaches to treatment. Enfuvirtide, which was initially known as T-20, inhibits the fusion of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) with CD4+ cells. It does this by binding to a region of the envelope that is involved in the . . .
THE X-RAY TREATMENT OF RINGWORM OF THE SCALP: SINGULAR COINCIDENCE OF MEASLES WITH THE DEFLUVIUM OF THE HAIR
Authors: J. M. H. Macleod
Journal: BMJ (1907)

IIUNE 1, IS Professor of Helminthology, for the unselfish way in which he, at the ex-pense of much time and patience, initiated me into those special methods of work and thought that in his hands have already so greatly enriched helmintho- logical literature.
A multi-epitope melanoma helper peptide vaccine durably increases Th1 cytokine production by responding lymphocytes
Authors: Patrick M Dillon, Walter C Olson, Andrea Czarkowski, Gina R Petroni, Mark Smolkin, William W Grosh, Kimberly A Chianese-Bullock, Donna H Deacon, Craig L Slingluff
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts Cancers produce soluble and cell-associated molecules that can suppress or alter antitumor immunity. Preclinical studies suggest the disease burden may alter the cytokine profile of helper T cell responses to cancer antigens. We studied cytokine production by helper T cells
US commercial scanning clinics are closing down
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The trend in the United States for people to pay for whole body computed tomography scans has declined, and once thriving large businesses set up for the purpose are now closing down their operations.

The growth began in the late 1990s with the creation of hundreds of scanning centres, many of which funded large advertising campaigns aimed directly at the consumer. Thousands of Americans were paying out of their own pockets for the scans, which could cost $1000 (£530; …
Prion science is not cold fusion
Authors: D R O Morrison
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR—In her news item describing the award of the 1997 Nobel prize to Stan Prusiner, Deborah Josefson stated correctly that some people are still sceptical about the prion hypothesis.1 However, Robert Rohwer is quoted as calling prions the “cold fusion of infectious diseases.” Having studied both cold fusion2-4 and prions,5 I believe that this comment is completely inappropriate and unfair.

When Fleischmann and Pons claimed that cold fusion could solve the world's energy …
Accidental Strangulation From Vest Restraints-Reply
Authors: Arthur H. Dube
Journal: JAMA (1987)

In Reply.—  In reply to Dr Katz' letter, we are not surprised at the mention of four additional cases.  We have been made aware of three more cases, 1 and agree that many cases go unreported. Any restraint can be dangerous, and we can only emphasize again the need for safe procedures when restraints are used.
Cheaper Drugs in Foreign Markets Increase the Focus on Domestic Drug Prices
Authors: Jennifer Fisher Wilson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Current Clinical Issues20 April 2004Cheaper Drugs in Foreign Markets Increase the Focus on Domestic Drug PricesJennifer Fisher WilsonJennifer Fisher WilsonSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00044 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail In 2003, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) staked out postal facilities in major cities across the country for a few days at a time and examined any parcels that appeared to contain drug products. They discovered prescription drugs mailed from all over the world. Later, they released a report detailing what they found: non-FDA-approved, foreign versions of U.S. drugs such as sildenafil, simvastatin, tamoxifen, warfarin, and carbamazepine; controlled substances such as codeine, diazepam, lorazepam, and clonazepam; drugs that require close physician monitoring, such as isotretinoin (which can cause birth defects), lithium (which poses a toxicity risk), and metformin ...References1. Wagner JL, McCarthy E. International differences in drug prices. Annu Rev Public Health. Accessed at arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123042 on 4 March 2004. Google Scholar2. Danzon PM, Furukawa MF. Prices and availability of pharmaceuticals: evidence from nine countries. Health Affairs. Accessed at content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w3.521v1/DC1 on 4 March 2004. Google Scholar3. Calfee JE. The grim economics of pharmaceutical importation. Health Policy Outlook. November 2003. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Disclosures: None disclosed.E-mail:[email protected]org. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byBorderplex brand name medicine price differencesA primer on the economics of re-importation of prescription drugsPharmaceuticals and the Worldwide HIV Epidemic: Can a Stakeholder Model Work? 20 April 2004Volume 140, Issue 8Page: 677-680KeywordsDrug pricesDrug regulationDrug research and developmentDrug safetyDrugsFood and Drug AdministrationHealth careLegislationSafetyTherapeutic drug monitoring ePublished: 20 April 2004 Issue Published: 20 April 2004 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2004 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Private equity firms are invited to get involved with commissioning
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Health campaigners have reacted angrily to reports that private equity companies have been approached to help run organisations that advise the NHS on purchasing billions of pounds of healthcare services in England.

The Financial Times reported on 4 November1 that several companies had been approached by the NHS about the possibility of taking over or merging with 19 commissioning support units (CSUs), set up under the Health and Social Care Act 2012 to advise clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) on NHS spending.

NHS England told the BMJ that it had held “exploratory” talks with potential providers and investors from the private and voluntary sectors to discuss how they may become involved in the organisations, which provide services such as contract …
Increased risk of breast cancer among survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a report from the FHCRC and the EBMT-Late Effect Working Party
Authors: Debra L. Friedman, Alicia Rovo, Wendy Leisenring, Anna Locasciulli, Mary E. D. Flowers, Andre Tichelli, Jean E. Sanders, H. Joachim Deeg, Gerard Socie
Journal: Blood (2007)
Edward Stewart Newlands
Authors: Regent Begent, Michael Seckl
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Edward Stewart Newlands was an oncologist who improved understanding and treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease and developed temozolomide treatment for brain tumours. He was born on 10 June 1942 in Edinburgh, Scotland, and died after a short illness at home in London on 13 October 2006, aged 64 years.

Edward Newlands made significant contributions in many areas of oncology, but perhaps his defining quality was the way he combined intellectual rigour with compassion in his work.

For most of his career, Edward Newlands was based at Charing Cross Hospital in London, but the impact of his work was felt internationally. For example, he was the first to demonstrate the value of etoposide for treating testicular and ovarian germ cell cancers. This, in combination with cisplatin, has helped improve the cure rate for metastatic disease from less than 30% to over 90%, and is used throughout the world.

Although …
Concerns about intravenous fluids given to critically ill children
Authors: D. Southall
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Kiguli and colleagues (authors of the FEAST study) did not deal with one concern that was raised at a World Health Organization expert meeting on the fluid management of shock in children in March 2013.1 At this meeting, I raised the question of whether the nature of the intravenous fluids given might have influenced the results. In particular, I was worried that 0.9% saline was the main additional fluid given. Also of concern is that, according to a …
Structure-Function Relationships in the Vitamin D Endocrine System*
Authors: ROGER BOUILLON, WILLIAM H. OKAMURA, ANTHONY W. NORMAN
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1995)

RESEARCH directed at defining the molecular mode of action of vitamin D is currently at its apex. There is now evidence implicating the essential involvement of vitamin D metabolites in a host of cellular processes, including calcium homeostasis, immunology, cell differentiation, and regulation of gene transcription. Further, there is evidence that the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3], may generate biological responses via both regulation of gene transcription as well as via nongenomic pathways, some of which involve opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. In addition, there are many examples of pathological disruption of the normal state in which a drug form of a vitamin D metabolite is proposed to be a (potentially) useful form of treatment, e.g. renal osteodystrophy, psoriasis, leukemia, breast cancer, and osteoporosis. The importance of the molecule vitamin D in the biological systems of higher animals has been recognized since its discovery by Mellanby in 1920 (1). It was in the interval of 1920–1930 that vitamin D officially became classified as a "vitamin" that was essential for the normal development of the skeleton and maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis. The chemical structure of vitamin D was not determined until 1932 (2), and it was only then that it was apparent that this important nutritional substance was in reality a steroid, more specifically, a secosteroid, indicating that one of the rings of the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring structure (the 9–10 carbon-carbon bond of ring B) was broken (see Section II).
Metastasis-inducing S100A4 protein is associated with treatment response in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: B Šumová, L Andrés Cerezo, L Pleštilová, O Pecha, K Jarošová, Š Forejtová, O Růžičková, J Závada, K Pavelka, H Mann, J Vencovský, L Šenolt
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Background/objectives</h3> There is increasing evidence that metastasis-inducing S100A4 protein may exert pro-inflammatory and destructive effects in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The authors have previously demonstrated that S100A4 is significantly up-regulated in RA and correlates with disease activity. Therefore, the authors investigated the relationship between S100A4, disease activity and response to treatment with synthetic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in patients with recent-onset RA. <h3>Methods</h3> Serum levels of S100A4 protein were determined by ELISA before and after 3 months of initiation of the DMARD treatment in 59 patients with recent-onset RA (symptom duration &lt;6 months). Clinical disease activity (DAS28, swollen joint count) and inflammation (CRP, ESR) were assessed at baseline and after 3 and 12 months. Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) were analysed at baseline. <h3>Results</h3> After initiation of treatment, mean DAS28 (SD) significantly decreased from 5.36 (1.42) at baseline to 3.09 (1.52) at 3 months (n=59) and to 2.69 (1.19) at 12 months (n=40), respectively (p&lt;0.0001). The levels of serum S100A4 protein were significantly higher in patients with recent-onset RA compared with healthy controls (646.60±602.60 vs 46.97±30.12 ng/ml; p&lt;0.001) and significantly decreased after 3 months of treatment (to 388.10±521.00; p&lt;0.001). Baseline levels of S100A4 positively correlated with RF (r=0.611; p&lt;0.0001) and ACPA levels (r=0.471; p&lt;0.001), but not with age, symptom duration, disease activity or inflammation. However, the levels of S100A4 corrected for confounders at baseline (r=0.403; p&lt;0.05) as well as at 3 months after treatment (r=0.548; p&lt;0.01) positively correlated with DAS28 after 12 months of treatment in female patients (n=28). <h3>Conclusion</h3> S100A4 levels were increased in patients with recent-onset RA and significantly decreased after the treatment. Higher levels of S100A4 in female patients with recent-onset RA were independently associated with disease activity over 12 months. Thus, high levels of S100A4 may have predictive capacity for worse treatment response with synthetic DMARDs in RA.
Performance of Evidence-Based Youth Psychotherapies Compared With Usual Clinical Care
Authors: John R. Weisz, Sofie Kuppens, Dikla Eckshtain, Ana M. Ugueto, Kristin M. Hawley, Amanda Jensen-Doss
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2013)

Research across more than 4 decades has produced numerous empirically tested evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) for psychopathology in children and adolescents. The EBPs were developed to improve on usual clinical interventions. Advocates argue that the EBPs should replace usual care, but this assumes that EBPs produce better outcomes than usual care.
Obstetricians Still Await a Deus ex Machina
Authors: Michael F. Greene
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Intrapartum electronic fetal heart-rate monitoring was introduced with great enthusiasm in the early 1970s. Most cases of cerebral palsy were thought to result from asphyxia during the intrapartum period, and it was hoped that the ability to recognize intrapartum fetal asphyxia and intervene with a timely delivery would reduce the incidence of fetal neurologic injury. During the years after the adoption of electronic fetal monitoring, numerous publications documented associations between various fetal heart-rate patterns and short-term outcome measures of neonatal well-being. These outcome measures were assumed to be reliable surrogates for the development of long-term neurologic handicaps. By the end . . .
Endothelial β <sub>3</sub> -Adrenoceptors Mediate Vasorelaxation of Human Coronary Microarteries Through Nitric Oxide and Endothelium-Dependent Hyperpolarization
Authors: C. Dessy, S. Moniotte, P. Ghisdal, X. Havaux, P. Noirhomme, J.L. Balligand
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Coronary vessel tone is modulated in part by beta-adrenergic relaxation. However, the implication of specific beta-adrenoceptor subtypes and their downstream vasorelaxing mechanism(s) in human coronary resistance arteries is poorly defined. beta3-Adrenoceptors were recently shown to vasodilate animal vessels and are expressed in human hearts.We examined the expression and functional role of beta3-adrenoceptors in human coronary microarteries and their coupling to vasodilating nitric oxide (NO) and/or hyperpolarization mechanisms. The expression of beta3-adrenoceptor mRNA and protein was demonstrated in extracts of human coronary microarteries. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed their exclusive localization in the endothelium, with no staining of vascular smooth muscle. In contractility experiments in which videomicroscopy was used, the nonspecific beta-agonist isoproterenol and the beta3-preferential agonist BRL37344 evoked an approximately 50% relaxation of endothelin-1-preconstricted human coronary microarteries. Relaxations were blocked by the beta1/beta2/beta3-adrenoceptor antagonist bupranolol but were insensitive to the beta1/beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist nadolol, confirming a beta3-adrenoceptor-mediated pathway. Relaxation in response to BRL37344 was absent in human coronary microarteries devoid of functional endothelium. When human coronary microarteries were precontracted with KCl (thereby preventing vessel hyperpolarization), the relaxation to BRL37344 was reduced to 15.5% and totally abrogated by the NO synthase inhibitor L-omega-nitroarginine, confirming the participation of a NO synthase-mediated relaxation. The NO synthase-independent relaxation was completely inhibited by the Ca2+-activated K+ channel inhibitors apamin and charybdotoxin, consistent with an additional endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-like response. Accordingly, membrane potential recordings demonstrated vessel hyperpolarization in response to beta3-adrenoceptor stimulation.Beta3-adrenoceptors are expressed in the endothelium of human coronary resistance arteries and mediate adrenergic vasodilatation through both NO and vessel hyperpolarization.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in the Plasma of Normal, Nonpregnant Subjects
Authors: Abraham Borkowski, Carl Muquardt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

To determine whether ectopic secretion of a protein hormone can occur normally, we studied plasma from normal, nonpregnant subjects for the presence of a placental hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin. We extracted and purified this hormone from other plasma proteins. We identified the hormone in the final residue on the basis of its dose-response curves in a specific radioimmunoassay and calculated the plasma concentration after correction for losses. Because this assay is sensitive to concentrations as low as 2 pg per milliliter, human chorionic gonadotropin could be detected in the plasma of 12 of 16 blood donors; the median concentration was 19 pg per milliliter (range, <2 to 361). This immunologic human chorionic gonadotropin was further characterized from a pool of normal plasma by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and was found to be identical to the standard form of the hormone. The concentration in this pool from 13 normal men was 18 pg per milliliter. The source of this ectopic hormone production is unknown, but may be normal, rapidly proliferating nonmalignant cells. (N Engl J Med 301:298–302, 1979)
Oral Interleukin-10 Alleviates Polyposis via Neutralization of Pathogenic T-Regulatory Cells
Authors: Allen Y. Chung, Qingsheng Li, Sarah J. Blair, Magdia De Jesus, Kristen L. Dennis, Charles LeVea, Jin Yao, Yijun Sun, Thomas F. Conway, Lauren P. Virtuoso, Nicholas G. Battaglia, Stacia Furtado, Edith Mathiowitz, Nicholas J. Mantis, Khashayarsha Khazaie, Nejat K. Egilmez
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Immune dysregulation drives the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and dysplastic disorders. While often intended to address localized pathology, most immune modulatory therapies are administered systemically and carry inherent risk of multiorgan toxicities. Here, we demonstrate, in a murine model of spontaneous gastrointestinal polyposis, that site-specific uptake of orally administered IL10 microparticles ameliorates local and systemic disease to enhance survival. Mechanistic investigations showed that the therapeutic benefit of this treatment derived from neutralization of disease-promoting FoxP3+RoRγt+IL17+ pathogenic T-regulatory cells (pgTreg), with a concomitant restoration of FoxP3+RoRγt−IL17− conventional T-regulatory cells (Treg). These findings provide a proof-of-principle for the ability of an oral biologic to restore immune homeostasis at the intestinal surface. Furthermore, they implicate local manipulation of IL10 as a tractable therapeutic strategy to address the inflammatory sequelae associated with mucosal premalignancy. Cancer Res; 74(19); 5377–85. ©2014 AACR.
Nature of the cardiomyocyte injury induced by lipid hydroperoxides
Authors: C. Thollon, J. P. Iliou, C. Cambarrat, F. Robin, J. P. Vilaine
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

Journal Article Nature of the cardiomyocyte injury induced by lipid hydroperoxides Get access Catherine Thollon, Catherine Thollon * Division Pathologies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Institut de Recherches Servier, 11, rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France *Corresponding author. Tel. (+33)-1-41-18-23-41; Fax (+33)-1-41-18-24-30. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jean Pierre Iliou, Jean Pierre Iliou Division Pathologies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Institut de Recherches Servier, 11, rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Christine Cambarrat, Christine Cambarrat Division Pathologies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Institut de Recherches Servier, 11, rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Frédéric Robin, Frédéric Robin Division Pathologies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Institut de Recherches Servier, 11, rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jean Paul Vilaine Jean Paul Vilaine Division Pathologies Cardiaques et Vasculaires, Institut de Recherches Servier, 11, rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 30, Issue 5, November 1995, Pages 648–655, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(95)00075-5 Published: 01 November 1995 Article history Received: 26 January 1995 Accepted: 18 May 1995 Published: 01 November 1995
First- and Second-Trimester Fetal Size and Asthma Outcomes at Age 10 Years
Authors: Steve Turner, Nanda Prabhu, Peter Danielian, Geraldine McNeill, Leone Craig, Keith Allan, Rebecca Cutts, Peter Helms, Anthony Seaton, Graham Devereux
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Greater early fetal size is associated with reduced asthma risk and improved lung function in early childhood.To test the hypothesis that associations between early fetal size, asthma symptoms, and lung function persist into later childhood.In a longitudinal study, first- and second-trimester fetal measurements were recorded. At 10 years of age a respiratory questionnaire was completed. Spirometry, bronchial challenge, and skin-prick testing were undertaken in a subset.Fetal measurements were available in the first trimester for 853 individuals and the second trimester for 1,453. Questionnaires were returned for 927 children and 449 underwent detailed phenotyping. For each millimeter increase in first trimester size, asthma risk reduced by 6% (95% confidence interval[CI], 1–11) and FEV1 was higher by an average of 6 ml (95% CI, 1–11).First-trimester size was reduced in those with asthma at both 5 and 10 years compared with early or late onset wheeze (P , 0.02). Compared with persistent high growth in first and second trimesters,persistent low growth was associated with increased asthma risk(odds ratio, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2–6.9) and a mean reduction in FEV1 of 103 ml (95% CI, 13–194), whereas increasing fetal size was associated with increased eczema risk (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2–5.3).Reduced fetal size from the first trimester is associated with increased risk for asthma and obstructed lung function in childhood. Relative change in size after the first trimester is associated with eczema.