tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE ACTIVATING EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON A BACTERICIDAL SUBSTANCE FOR BACILLUS SUBTILIS IN HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Ralph F. Jacox
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1950)

An enhanced bactericidal activity of human serum for B. subtilis develops during many different forms of illness, e.g. carcinoma, virus and bacterial infections, and during acute coronary occlusion. This increased bactericidal effect cannot be related to leucocytosis, fever, serum complement, C-reactive protein, or a specific antibody reaction. The serum bactericidal factor becomes inactive in decalcified serum, but active again when optimal concentrations of calcium are added. Magnesium does not cause reactivation.
1895: Dr W G Grace's golden summer
Authors: P. Toghill
Journal: BMJ (1995)

One hundred years ago there was another wonderful summer. Dr. W G Grace, England's greatest cricketer, in his 47th year, completed his "century of centuries" and scored 2346 runs. This remarkable achievement was celebrated with enthusiasm and affection by the Victorian public. In more practical terms generous testimonials raised 9073 pound sterling 8s 6d, which made it a golden summer in more ways than one.
Delivery of G3139 using releasable PEG-linkers: Impact on pharmacokinetic profile and anti-tumor efficacy
Authors: Hong Zhao, Ping Peng, Clifford Longley, Yue Zhang, Virna Borowski, Mary Mehlig, Prasanna Reddy, Jing Xia, Gerrit Borchard, Jack Lipman, Luba Benimetskaya, C.A. Stein
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2006)
Biopsy of the peritoneum.
Authors: M Polak
Journal: Gut (1966)

In various abdominal affections with ascites the peritoneal biopsy, as was shown by Donohoe, Shnider, and Gorman (1959) andDonohoe, Shnider, Uzer, andMatthews (1962) andCope andBernhardt (1963), is a very useful diagnostic procedure.Vim-Silverman, Abrams, and Cope biopsy needles were the instruments employed by these authors, but a new instrument and technique have been derived here for biopsy of the parietal peritoneum in patients with ascites, by which specimens of peritoneal tissue for histological examin- ation can be easily and safely obtained.
Nursing in Transition
Authors: Frances C. Macgregor
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The perspective of this paper is that of a social scientist whose professional involvement with nurses, doctors, and patients has spanned more than a decade. The very selection and nature of my research and teaching, namely the psychosocial and cultural aspects of illness and patient care, and the time spent as participant-observer in medical settings imply a special interest and value perspective. Additionally, my long association with nursing education in the United States has led inevitably to identification with and concern about the problems I have chosen to discuss here in the context of current world conditions and what they seem to portend.  Paramount among these problems and encompassing them all, I believe, is the danger of progressive depersonalization of patients, and, concomitantly, of nurses as well . This statement in no way minimizes the achievements of nursing to date in widening its focus from concern with the body of the
Trends in Length of Stay, Living Setting, Functional Outcome, and Mortality Following Medical Rehabilitation
Authors: Kenneth J. Ottenbacher
Journal: JAMA (2004)

ContextChanges in reimbursement have reduced length of stay (LOS) for patients receiving inpatient medical rehabilitation. The impact of decreased LOS on functional status, living setting, and mortality is not known.ObjectiveTo examine changes in LOS, functional status, living setting, and mortality in patients completing inpatient rehabilitation.DesignRetrospective cohort study from 1994 through 2001 using information submitted to the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation.Setting and ParticipantsData were analyzed from 744 inpatient medical rehabilitation hospitals and centers located in 48 US states. A total of 148 807 patient records from 5 impairment groups (stroke, brain dysfunction, spinal cord dysfunction, other neurologic conditions, and orthopedic conditions) were examined. Patients' mean age was 67.8 (SD, 15.8) years; the sample was 59% female and 81% non-Hispanic white.Main Outcome MeasuresDischarge setting, follow-up living setting, change in functional status, and mortality.ResultsMedian LOS decreased from 20 to 12 days (P<.001) from 1994 to 2001. The proportional decrease in median LOS was greatest (42%) for patients with orthopedic conditions. Mean days to follow-up remained constant from 89 in 1994 to 90 in 2001. Functional status was clinically stable, while efficiency (functional status change divided by LOS) increased significantly (P<.001). Rates of discharge to home and living at home at follow-up remained stable, ranging from 81% to 93%. However, mortality at 80- to 180-day follow-up increased from less than 1% in 1994 to 4.7% in 2001.ConclusionsLength of stay for inpatient rehabilitation decreased substantially from 1994 to 2001. Effectiveness as measured by change in functional status did not change clinically, and living setting did not change. Efficiency for functional outcomes improved but mortality at follow-up increased.
TYPES OF CHRONIC RHEUMATISM
Authors: RALPH A. KINSELLA
Journal: JAMA (1933)

A remarkable increase in interest in chronic rheumatism has been shown in recent years. As a matter of fact, a student in this field may find the review of important work of older writers and the descriptions of results of modern investigators within the current literature of the past two years. The formation of the American Committee for the Control of Rheumatism might be regarded as a symptom of this increased interest. The classification of chronic rheumatism which was issued under the auspices of this committee proved to be a challenge which has been met in the studies of many workers and which has been useful in leading to a clearer statement of the problems that must be understood before treatment can be improved. The multiplicity of names previously in vogue led the average practitioner to believe that as many different forms of rheumatic disease were prevalent as there were
Treatment of Injuries to Athletes
Authors: Allan J. Ryan
Journal: JAMA (1970)

This book provides essential reading for any physician who is treating athletes. Its coverage of injury problems is comprehensive and authoritative. Those who have the first edition, published in 1962, will find only a few substantial changes but these are significant ones. The author has extensively revised the section on injuries to the musculotendinous unit and added considerable new material. There is a new section on chondral and osteochondral fractures and an expansion of the discussion of the anatomy and function of the glenohumeral joint. The chapter on hand injuries has been extensively rewritten in collaboration with Dr. Gael Frank. Minor changes have been made in the chapters on the knee and ankle. The appearance and readability of the book has been improved by changing to a double-column page, by enlarging and clarifying some of the illustrations, and placing small pointers on the x-ray films. It is regrettable that in
Physician Payment Reform: An Idea Whose Time Has Come
Authors: Philip R. Lee
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The articles by Hsiao and associates<sup>1-9</sup>in this issue ofTHE JOURNALon the development of a Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS) are certain to stir controversy among physicians. Because of growing dissatisfaction with Medicare's "customary, prevailing, and reasonable" method of determining payments to physicians, Congress in 1984 mandated a study of relative values. In 1986, Congress also established the Physician Payment Review Commission to advise it on reforms in Medicare's methods of physician payment. <h3>Physician Payment Reform</h3> The customary, prevailing, and reasonable method has been criticized by many for encouraging fee inflation and causing serious distortions in the relative payments for different types of services and across geographic areas.<sup>10-14</sup>It has given practicing physicians inappropriate economic signals concerning how to practice, what specialty to choose, and in which locality to set up a practice, as well as causing inequities among them. Finally, the customary, prevailing, and reasonable
FUNCTIONAL NERVOUS DISEASES OF REFLEX ORIGIN.Read in the Section of Ophthalmology at the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held in Nashville, Tenn., May 21, 1890.
Authors: ALBERT RUFUS BAKER
Journal: JAMA (1890)

If one-half that is claimed by Dr. George T. Stevens be true,—viz.: That nearly all headaches, neuralgias, almost all cases of chorea, and 50 per cent. of all cases of epilepsy are due to incoördination of muscles of the eyeball, the subject is one of momentous importance to every general practitioner of medicine, as well as to the surgeon and specialist. That there is a grain of truth in his observations, I have no doubt, but it cannot be separated from the chaff by positive declarations pro and con, without first being investigated by impartial, unprejudiced careful scientific observers. The position Dr. Stevens occupies in New York is an anomalous one; if I am correctly informed he went there a comparative stranger, a few years since, from Albany where he enjoyed a fair, local special practice. Although he had been a regular contributor to the medical
Inhibitory effect of lidocaine on T cells from patients with allergic asthma
Authors: Akihiko Tanaka, Kenji Minoguchi, Naruhito Oda, Takuya Yokoe, Hirofumi Matsuo, Shinji Okada, Toshiyuki Tasaki, Mitsuru Adachi
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
High Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Independent of Sodium Balance in SIADH
Authors: Hisato Sakamoto
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> After de Bold et al<sup>1</sup>reported a rapid and a potent natriuretic response induced by intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats, the capacity of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) as a hormone to induce natriuresis has been confirmed by the research of many workers. It has been reported that the secretion of this hormone depends on volume balance.<sup>2</sup>However, it has yet to be determined whether this volume dependency results from an increased extracellular fluid (ECF) volume per se or is associated with a high intake of salt.<sup>3</sup>In this study, an examination was carried out on dependency of the plasma level of human ANP on volume and sodium balance in a patient with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) possibly related to both these factors. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 74-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of
A randomized controlled trial comparing octreotide and vasopressin in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding
Authors: Shinn-Jang Hwang, Han-Chieh Lin, Chia-Fu Chang, Fa-Yauh Lee, Chi-Wen Lu, Hsiao-Chung Hsia, Sun-Sang Wang, Shou-Dong Lee, Yang-Te Tsai, Kwang-Juei Lo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1992)
Myocardial infarction in young adults: Angiographic characterization, risk factors and prognosis (coronary artery surgery study registry)
Authors: Franklin H. Zimmerman, Airlie Cameron, Lloyd D. Fisher, Ng Grace
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)

This study examined the angiographic characteristics, coronary risk factors and prognosis in young men and women with a history of myocardial infarction compared with that in older patients. There are few data regarding myocardial infarction in young adults. It is undetermined whether the development of myocardial infarction at a young age represents a form of coronary heart disease with an adverse prognosis. Of the 8,839 patients with a history of myocardial infarction in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS), there were 294 men ≤35 years old and 210 women ≤45 years old. Coronary anatomy, baseline characteristics and prognosis were compared in younger and older patients. Young men and women more often had angiographically normal coronary arteries, nonobstructive disease <70% stenosis and single-vessel disease than older patients (p < 0.0001). Current smoking was more frequent in young patients (p < 0.0001). Hypertension and diabetes were more frequent in both older men and women, whereas a positive family history of premature coronary disease was significantly more prevalent only in young men. The survival rate at 7 years was improved for young men compared with that in older men (84% vs. 75%, p = 0.0094) and for young women compared with that in older women (90% vs. 77%, p = 0.0004). When multivariate analysis was applied to the data, the survival advantage for young patients remained after adjustment. Young patients with a myocardial infarction have a favorable prognosis compared with that in older patients.
Effect of atrial septal defect repair on left ventricular geometry and degree of mitral valve prolapse.
Authors: T L Schreiber, H Feigenbaum, A E Weyman
Journal: Circulation (1980)

To ascertain the effects of surgical closure of atrial septal defect on left ventricular geometry and degree of mitral prolapse, 14 patients with atrial septal defect were studied by cross-sectional and M-mode echocardiography preoperatively and 7 days postoperatively. Seven of the 14 patients (50%) had mitral valve prolapse preoperatively by cross-sectional echocardiography. To quantitate the degree of prolapse, we measured the net algebraic area subtended by the apposed mitral valve leaflets in systole (MVAS) with respect to the mitral ring. The mitral valve prolapse group had an MVAS of 0.3 +/- 3.1 units (mean +/- SEM) preoperatively, while the group without mitral valve prolapse had an MVAS of 12.5 +/- 3.1 units (p less than 0.02). Postoperatively, prolapse either decreased in degree or was abolished in six of seven patients (86%), associated with an increase in MVAS to 14.7 +/- 4.4 units (p less than 0.02). In all patients, septal curvature in diastole on short-axis view normalized either partially or completely postoperatively, resulting in decreased left ventricular eccentricity (1.34 +/- 0.06 preop vs. 1.06 +/- 0.07 postop, p less than 0.001). Atrial septal defect closure, therefore, leads to normalization of left ventricular geometry and in patients with evidence of mitral valve prolapse, is associated with a decrease in the degree of prolapse.
Who works in family planning clinics?
Authors: F Fisher, R Kirkman, C Smith
Journal: BMJ (1985)

qualifications, their other interests, and their degree of commitment to community health work. Almost all the original core of public health doctors who lost their career structure in 1974 did some child health work. From 1974 onwards, however, doctors working in Family Planning Association clinics were integrated into the National Health Service. Many have continued to be employed on a sessional basis without contracts and have therefore often been unknown to personnel officers other than by age, sex, and number of sessions worked. We have attempted to fill some of the gaps in knowledge about present providers of the service.
Dietes mellitus and gout. Blood sugar and plasma insulin responses to oral glucose in normal weight, overweight, and gouty patients.
Authors: J A Boyle, M McKiddie, K D Buchanan, H W Jasani MK GRAY, I M Jackson, W W Buchanan
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1969)

Robert Whytt of Edinburgh first suggested in 1768 the association of diabetes mellitus and gouty arthritis (Whytt, 1768) and Charcot (1881) postulated that the inheritance of a common underlying character could lead to the development of either gouty arthritis or diabetes mellitus.The position to-day, however, regarding the association between these two diseases is still not certain.Present evidence does not support an increased prevalence of gout in patients with diabetes mellitus.Joslin, Root, White, and Marble (1952), in Boston, found only one gouty patient in 1,500 patients with diabetes mellitus.In London, Beckett and Lewis (1960) described eight patients with gout in the first 1,000 diabetic subjects whom they studied, and considered that this gave no support to a genetic association between the two conditions.Although hyperuricaemia is found in uncon- trolled diabetes when keto-acidosis is present (Pad- ova and Bendersky, 1962), the serum uric acid levels would appear to be low in patients with controlled
The epidemiology of occupational asthma
Authors: WS Beckett
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

With the accelerating pace of new knowledge about occupational asthma, systematic epidemiological approaches have yielded important new insights into its clinical characteristics. Such questions as "what proportion of all cases of asthma are caused by occupational exposures?" and "is occupational asthma incidence rising?" can now be answered. Surveillance programmes estimate the number of exposed individuals and the number of incident cases, allowing us to perceive the magnitude of the health problem. Although occupational asthma is a relatively common illness, very little is known about quantitative exposure-response relationships. Epidemiological techniques can quantify the importance of predisposing factors, such as atopy or cigarette smoking, in determining individual risk factors for occupational asthma. Still to be determined are the major, possibly genetic factors which make occupational asthma an "idiosyncratic" illness, affecting only a minority of those with equivalent exposures in the workplace. The goal of applying epidemiological techniques to the study of occupational asthma is ultimately to identify more effective means to prevent its occurrence.
Keeping the customer satisfied
Authors: B. Oxley
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A colleague who works for a private out of hours GP service was recently told that his antibiotic prescribing rate was low compared with other GPs. Rather than praising this, the service asked him to increase prescribing to meet patients’ expectations.

In my first six months of general practice I learnt how to reassure patients with minor illness—to explain self care and encourage …
Physiology of Spinal Anesthesia
Authors: Leroy D. Vandam
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Nicholas Greene believes that after nearly 70 years of usage, spinal anesthesia is still of sufficient merit clinically to warrant updating of his monograph on the physiology of this technique. Though recognizing my bias in favor of the method, I would nevertheless agree with him because further studies documented here on this form of regional anesthesia indicate an abiding clinical importance. But Greene, recognizing the competition posed these days by epidural anesthesia, offers a chapter on this method—the one major change over the first edition. The physiological effects of spinal anesthesia arise largely from the effect the local anesthetic has on transmission of impulses in the neuraxis, autonomic fibers being most vulnerable. Thus, it is surprising to discover little that is new on the neurophysiology of subarachnoid block—or should we accept the obvious that there is not much to add in a conceptual sense? That the latter may be true
<i>SCN5A</i> Mutation Associated With Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Conduction Disorder, and Arrhythmia
Authors: William P. McNair, Lisa Ku, Matthew R.G. Taylor, Pam R. Fain, Dmi Dao, Eugene Wolfel, Luisa Mestroni
Journal: Circulation (2004)

We studied a large family affected by an autosomal dominant cardiac conduction disorder associated with sinus node dysfunction, arrhythmia, and right and occasionally left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction. Previous linkage analysis mapped the disease phenotype to a 30-cM region on chromosome 3p22-p25 (CMD1E). This region also contains a locus for right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVD5) and the cardiac sodium channel gene (SCN5A), mutations that cause isolated progressive cardiac conduction defect (Lenegre syndrome), long-QT syndrome (LQT3), and Brugada syndrome.Family members were studied, and the positional candidate gene SCN5A was screened for mutations. We identified, by direct sequencing, a heterozygous G-to-A mutation at position 3823 that changed an aspartic acid to asparagine (D1275N) in a highly conserved residue of exon 21. This mutation was present in all affected family members, was absent in 300 control chromosomes, and predicted a change of charge within the S3 segment of domain III.Our findings expand the clinical spectrum of disorders of the cardiac sodium channel to include cardiac dilation and dysfunction and support the hypothesis that genes encoding ion channels can be implicated in dilated cardiomyopathies.
Ectopic expression of murine CD47 minimizes macrophage rejection of human hepatocyte xenografts in immunodeficient mice
Authors: Johan M. Waern, Qinggong Yuan, Urda Rüdrich, Pablo D. Becker, Kai Schulze, Helene Strick-Marchand, Nicholas D. Huntington, Behrend J. Zacher, Karsten Wursthorn, James P. DiSanto, Carlos A. Guzman, Michael P. Manns, Michael Ott, Michael Bock
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Macrophages play an important role in the rejection of xenogeneic cells and therefore represent a major obstacle to generating chimeric mice with human xenografts that are useful tools for basic and preclinical medical research. The signal inhibitory regulatory protein α (SIRPα) receptor is a negative regulator of macrophage phagocytic activity and interacts in a species-specific fashion with its ligand CD47. Furthermore, SIRPα polymorphism in laboratory mouse strains significantly affects the extent of human CD47-mediated toleration of human xenotransplants. Aiming to minimize macrophage activity and thus optimize human cell engraftment in immunodeficient mice, we lentivirally transduced murine CD47 (Cd47) into human liver cells. Human HepG2 liver cells expressing Cd47 were less frequently contacted and phagocytosed by murine RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro than their Cd47-negative counterparts. For the generation of human-mouse chimeric livers in immunodeficient BALB-ΔRAG/γc-uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) mice, freshly thawed cryopreserved human hepatocytes were transduced with a lentiviral expression vector for Cd47 using a refined in vitro transduction protocol immediately before transplantation. In vivo , Cd47-positive human primary hepatocytes were selectively retained following engraftment in immunodeficient mice, leading to at least a doubling of liver repopulation efficiencies. Conclusion: We conclude that ectopic expression of murine Cd47 in human hepatocytes selectively favors engraftment upon transplantation into mice, a finding that should have a profound impact on the generation of robust humanized small animal models. Moreover, dominance of ectopically expressed murine Cd47 over endogenous human CD47 should also widen the spectrum of immunodeficient mouse strains suitable for humanization. (Hepatology 2012)
Experts criticise industry sponsorship of articles on health policy in Australian newspaper
Authors: M. Sweet
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Ethicists and journalism leaders have raised concerns about drug industry sponsorship of health journalism in the broadsheet newspaper the Australian , owned by News Ltd, part of Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation . 

The newspaper’s Health of the Nation series, which appeared on 15 October and includes video footage from a meeting of health policy experts and articles on health policy (www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/health-of-the-nation/if-i-were-health-minister/story-fn9iqmqf-1226167069907), advises readers that it is an “independent project” by journalists and supported by the Australian Medicines Industry, an initiative of Medicines Australia, which represents the Australian drug industry.

Another feature about general practice and health reform was entitled, “Weary troopers on the front lines of an overburdened system” (www.news.com.au/weary-troopers-on-the-front-lines-of-an/story-fn9iqmqf-1226167069588). The articles are accompanied by prominent advertisements for the drug industry. 

Medicines Australia said that the arrangement arose out of meetings between its advertising agency and News Ltd’s promotions and advertising teams, which …