tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Clinical Lecture on Displacements and Injuries of Muscles and Tendons
Authors: H. Marsh
Journal: BMJ (1896)

eurgeon to and Joint Lecturer on Surgery at St. Bartholomew's Hospital.-MANY instances of displacement of muscles, or-to speak more accurately-of their tendons, have been recorded.'The .clearest, as well as the most familiar examples are displacement of the tendon of the peroneus longus to the front of the external, and of the tendon of the tibialis posticus to the front of the internal malleolus; and of the long tendon of the biceps inwards or outwards from the bicipital groove of the humerus.'This accident to muscles, however, is rare.Many muscles are not liable to its occurrence.This is the case with all such as act in a straight line, and do not pass over any bony prominence-the coraco-brachialis, brachialis anticus, Wig.L,-Showing that during inversion of the foot the tendon of the peroneus longus is securely fixed to the groove at the back of the external malleolus of the fibula.palmaris longus, crureus soleus, and many others.The 'muscles open to this liability may be grouped under the following headings: (a) Those which, at some part of their course have their tendons suddenly or considerably deflected, and which, as they pass round some bony prominence that eerves them for a pulley, lie in a groove bridged over by a ligamentous eixpansion.This is wefl seen in the case of the peroneus longus and the tibialis posticus as they pass behind the malleoli.If, while the foot is either inverted (Fig.i) or pointed straight forwards, the peroneus longus contracts MuD,cALJouRN.L] DISPLACEMENTS OF MuSCLES AND TENDONS.
Integrins and the Myocardium
Authors: Robert S. Ross, Thomas K. Borg
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Abstract —Extracellular matrix provides a structural, chemical, and mechanical substrate that is essential in cardiac development, growth, and responses to pathophysiological signals. Transmembrane receptors termed integrins provide a dynamic interaction of environmental cues and intracellular events. Integrins orchestrate multiple functions in the intact organism including organogenesis, regulation of gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death. They are expressed in all cellular components of the cardiovascular system, including the vasculature, blood, cardiac myocytes and nonmuscle cardiac cells. The focus of this review will be on the role of integrins in the myocardium. We will provide background on integrin structure and function, discuss how the expression of integrins is critical to the form and function of the developing and postnatal myocardium, and review the known data on integrins as signaling molecules in the heart. Finally, we will offer insights to the future research directions into this important family of extracellular matrix receptors in the myocardium.
Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) regulation of migration and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation in rabbit aortic vascular smooth muscle cells: roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases
Authors: R Cospedal
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3-kinase) is implicated in cell migration and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation. In contrast, it has been proposed that mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are essential for proliferation but may be dissociated from chemotactic signalling. We investigated the roles of PI3-kinase and p42/p44 MAP kinases in cell migration and FAK tyrosine phosphorylation induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in rabbit aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The roles of PI3-kinase and MAP kinase pathways in the chemotactic response to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were also examined.The roles of PI3-kinase and p42/p44 MAP kinases were assessed using the PI3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, and an inhibitor of MAP kinase kinase, PD98059. PI3-kinase activity was measured by phosphatidylinositol phosphorylation in anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates and by thin layer chromatography of phosphorylated products. Phosphorylation was assessed by immunoprecipitation with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies and Western blotting with FAK-specific antibody. Migration was evaluated in a chemotaxis chamber using polycarbonate filters with an 8-mm pore size.Neither wortmannin nor LY294002 significantly reduced PDGF-BB stimulation of FAK tyrosine phosphorylation, chemotaxis or immunofluorescent staining of focal adhesions in VSMCs. PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MAP kinase activation, did not inhibit FAK tyrosine phosphorylation but markedly inhibited the migratory response of VSMCs to PDGF-BB. IGF-I also stimulated migration of VSMCs, and, relative to the effect of PDGF-BB, induced smaller increases in PI3-kinase and MAP kinase activities. Both wortmannin and PD98059 partially inhibited the migratory response to IGF-I.PDGF-BB stimulation of both FAK tyrosine phosphorylation and migration in VSMCs are not dependent on activation of PI3-kinase. While PDGF-BB stimulation of FAK tyrosine phosphorylation is not dependent on p42/p44 MAP kinase activation, PDGF-BB and IGF-I both stimulate p42/p44 MAP kinase activity and the chemotactic response to these factors is partially dependent on MAP kinase activation.
Hepatitis C virus–infected hepatocytes extrinsically modulate dendritic cell maturation to activate T cells and natural killer cells
Authors: Takashi Ebihara, Masashi Shingai, Misako Matsumoto, Takaji Wakita, Tsukasa Seya
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Dendritic cell maturation critically modulates antiviral immune responses, and facilitates viral clearance. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is characterized by its high predisposition to persistent infection. Here, we examined the immune response of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) to the JFH1 strain of HCV, which can efficiently replicate in cell culture. However, neither HCV RNA replication nor antigen production was detected in MoDCs inoculated with JFH1. None of the indicators of HCV interacting with MoDCs we evaluated were affected, including expression of maturation markers (CD80, 83, 86), cytokines (interleukin-6 and interferon-beta), the mixed lymphocyte reaction, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Strikingly, MoDCs matured by phagocytosing extrinsically-infected vesicles containing HCV-derived double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). When MoDCs were cocultured with HCV-infected apoptotic Huh7.5.1 hepatic cells, there was increased CD86 expression and interleukin-6 and interferon-beta production in MoDCs, which were characterized by the potential to activate NK cells and induce CD4+ T cells into the T helper 1 type. Lipid raft-dependent phagocytosis of HCV-infected apoptotic vesicles containing dsRNA was indispensable to MoDC maturation. Colocalization of dsRNA with Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in phagosomes suggested the importance of TLR3 signaling in the MoDC response against HCV. Conclusion: The JFH1 strain does not directly stimulate MoDCs to activate T cells and NK cells, but phagocytosing HCV-infected apoptotic cells and their interaction with the TLR3 pathway in MoDCs plays a critical role in MoDC maturation and reciprocal activation of T and NK cells. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
454. Recognition of Tumor Antigens by In Vitro Developed T Cells from Hematopoietic Stem Cells Retrovirally Transduced with TCR Genes
Authors: Yangbing Zhao, Zhili Zheng, Cyrille J. Cohen, Steven A. Rosenberg, Richard A. Morgan
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Adoptive cell transfer is an effective method for the immunotherapy of patients with metastatic melanoma. Animal studies indicated that the anti-tumor efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells is dependent on their differentiation status. Despite enhanced in vitro anti-tumor properties, more_differentiated effector T cells were less effective for in vivo tumor treatment. Recent advances in T cell in vitro development technologies provide a new opportunity to generate naïve T cells in vitro for the purpose of adoptive immunotherapy. In this study, human CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) isolated from cord blood mononuclear cells were transduced with retroviral vectors encoding anti_tumor antigen TCR alpha/beta cDNAs (directed against NY_ESO_1 or p53) and co_cultured with a murine stromal cell line engineered with Notch_1 ligand Delta_1 (OP9_DL1). The cells proliferated and the cell number increased rapidly for the first 6 weeks post co_cultivation (approximately 500_fold expansion) and decreased thereafter. Transduction efficiency was 30% to 90% for NY_ESO_1 TCR and p53 TCR (or GFP) vectors (respectively). The HSCs differentiated into committed T cells as evidenced by the expression of T cell markers, such as CD7, CD1a, CD4, CD8, CD27, CD25, CD62, CD69, CD45RA and CD56. Furthermore, T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) could be detected by PCR only after the HSCs were co_cultured with OP9_DL1 cell line. CD3 and alpha/beta TCR expression were nearly undetectable for the non_TCR vector transduced groups, but was expressed in the TCR vector_transduced cell populations. These cells manifest both NK cell_like nonspecific killing of tumor cell lines and specific recognition and killing of tumor antigen peptide pulsed cells, as evidenced by cytokine secretion and 51Cr release assay. These results were reproducible using cord blood cells but as of now, we have not been able to successfully generate reactive T cells from CD34+ (or CD133+) bone marrow cells or G_CSF mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ (or CD133+) cells.
Plasma Kallikrein and Hageman Factor in Gram-Negative Bacteremia
Authors: JOHN W. MASON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Activation of the plasma kallikrein system as evidenced by increased spontaneous activity resembling the substrate specificity of plasma kallikrein was observed in a fatal case of Gram-negative bacteremic shock complicated by consumption coagulopathy. In other nonfatal cases with Gram-negative bacteremic hypotension evidence of activation of kallikrein with concomitant decrease in both kallikrenogen and kallikrein inhibitor was found. Bacteremic hypotension was associated with more pronounced changes in the kallikrein system than in normotensive bacteremia, but similar changes did not occur in hypotension due to blood loss. Activation of the plasma kallikrein system was produced by injection of endotoxin in mice and rats. These data suggest that bacterial products may act through Hageman factor to activate the kallikrein system, leading to hypotension.
Advancing the Next Generation of Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Ila Cote, Paul T. Anastas, Linda S. Birnbaum, Rebecca M. Clark, David J. Dix, Stephen W. Edwards, Peter W. Preuss
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

Over the past 20 years, knowledge of the genome and its function has increased dramatically, but risk assessment methodologies using such knowledge have not advanced accordingly.This commentary describes a collaborative effort among several federal and state agencies to advance the next generation of risk assessment. The objective of the NexGen program is to begin to incorporate recent progress in molecular and systems biology into risk assessment practice. The ultimate success of this program will be based on the incorporation of new practices that facilitate faster, cheaper, and/or more accurate assessments of public health risks.We are developing prototype risk assessments that compare the results of traditional, data-rich risk assessments with insights gained from new types of molecular and systems biology data. In this manner, new approaches can be validated, traditional approaches improved, and the value of different types of new scientific information better understood.We anticipate that these new approaches will have a variety of applications, such as assessment of new and existing chemicals in commerce and the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Additionally, results of the effort are likely to spur further research and test methods development. Full implementation of new approaches is likely to take 10-20 years.
Chernobyl: Learning from Experience
Authors: Christine K. Cassel, Jennifer Leaning
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

The report by Baranov and colleagues in this issue of the Journal is one of the most detailed discussions of the complex clinical issues involved in the response to the Chernobyl accident1 and adds greatly to our knowledge of the management of acute radiation injury. The lessons of Chernobyl also bear directly on current issues of nuclear technology and public policy.2 After an initial delay in alerting the world that a serious radiation accident had occurred at Chernobyl, Soviet authorities began to release detailed information. As elevated radiation levels began to be detected throughout Europe and in the United States, . . .
Ethanol-induced increase in drug acetylation in man and isolated rat liver cells.
Authors: H Olsen, J Morland
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Sixteen healthy volunteers took part in a cross-over study examining the effect of ethanol on the rate of sulphadimidine acetylation (blood ethanol concentration about 1 g/1). In both rapid and slow acetylators the apparent half life of the drug decreased by about 20% after ethanol (mean reduction 39 +/- SE 8 min) and the amount of drug acetylated, measured in blood and urine, increased. In three slow acetylators the rate of acetylation in blood increased so noticeably after ethanol that they would otherwise have been classified as rapid acetylators. Suspensions of isolated rat liver cells showed an increase of about 30% in the rate of sulphadimidine acetylation after the addition of ethanol (2 g/1). Patients' usual alcohol consumption should be taken into account in determining their acetylator status.
The degree of BCR and NFAT activation predicts clinical outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Christine Le Roy, Pierre-Antoine Deglesne, Nathalie Chevallier, Taoufik Beitar, Virginie Eclache, Maude Quettier, Marouane Boubaya, Rémi Letestu, Vincent Lévy, Florence Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista, Nadine Varin-Blank
Journal: Blood (2012)
What do clinicians think of the recommendations made in the ‘Improving Outcomes for People with Skin Tumours including Melanoma’?
Authors: D.L.L. Roberts
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Conflicts of interest: none declared. Sir, In March 2006 the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence published the ‘Improving Outcomes for People with Skin Tumours including Melanoma’ guidance for commissioners, part of a series of publications of improving outcomes guidance (IOG) on cancer services in England and Wales.1 Unlike the previous IOGs, the IOG on skin tumours included recommendations regarding the management of some lesions, such as precancerous lesions and low‐risk tumours, in primary care. Some of the recommendations were controversial and during the consultation periods strong views were expressed about the draft recommendations. Following comments from all those managing patients with skin cancers, particularly dermatologists, general practitioners (GPs) and plastic surgeons, the guidelines were extensively changed. A year after publication I thought it would be valuable to find out what the different front‐end groups of clinicians felt about some of the most contentious parts of the IOG for skin cancer.
Abnormal FISH in patients with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a risk factor for cardiac involvement and for death
Authors: R Warsame, S K Kumar, M A Gertz, M Q Lacy, F K Buadi, S R Hayman, N Leung, D Dingli, J A Lust, R P Ketterling, Y Lin, S Russell, L Hwa, P Kapoor, R S Go, S R Zeldenrust, R A Kyle, S V Rajkumar, A Dispenzieri
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2015)

Importance of interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with cytoplasmic staining of immunoglobulin FISH (cIg-FISH) on bone marrow is not well understood in light chain amyloidosis (AL). This is in contrast with multiple myeloma where prognostic and treatment related decisions are dependent on cytogenetic testing. This retrospective study reviewed 401 AL patients with cIg-FISH testing performed at our institution between 2004 and 2012. Eighty-one percent of patients had an abnormal cIg-FISH. Common abnormalities involved translocations of chromosome 14q32 (52%), specifically: t(11;14) (43%), t(14;16) (3%) and t(4;14) (2%). Other common abnormalities include monosomy 13/deletion 13q (30%), trisomies 9 (20%), 15 (14%), 11 (10%) and 3 (10%). Median overall survival for this cohort of patients is 3.5 years. When plasma cell burden was greater than 10% trisomies predicted for worse survival (44 vs 19 months), and when it was ⩽10% t(11;14) predicted for worse survival (53 months vs not reached). Abnormal cIg-FISH was significantly associated with advanced cardiac involvement, and remained a prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. This large AL cohort demonstrates that abnormal FISH at diagnosis is prognostic for survival and advanced cardiac disease. Particularly, trisomies and t(11;14) affect survival when degree of plasma cell burden is considered.
Recurrent Cancer of Head and Neck
Authors: G. Westbury, K. A. Newton, J. G. Humble, H. T. Ford, D. E. Pegg, W. F. White
Journal: BMJ (1962)

REGIONAL PERFUSIONBROH, the amount of equipment in the vicinity of the operating-table.I am grateful to Professor D. W. Smithers, director of the department of radiotherapy, for encouraging me to develop this monitoring technique.
214 PI3K CLASS 1B CONTROLS THE CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINT AT THE G2/M PHASE PROMOTING CELL PROLIFERATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Authors: F. Dituri, A. Mazzocca, C. Edling, A. Azzariti, S. Antonaci, M. Falasca, G. Giannelli
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
ACUTE LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: G. Pernet
Journal: BMJ (1909)

<h3>Aims:</h3> To examine the effect of pupillary dilatation on the reliability of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and optic nerve head (ONH) assessments using Stratus OCT in a glaucoma clinic. <h3>Methods:</h3> Observational study of 38 patients attending a glaucoma clinic. The “fast optic disc” and “fast RNFL thickness” programs on Stratus OCT were used to measure the RNFL thickness and ONH cup to disc ratio (CDR). Two scans were done before dilatation and two after dilatation with tropicamide 1% drops. The mean values and reproducibility before and after dilatation were compared, along with the quality of scans as indicated by the “signal strength” score. <h3>Results:</h3> In nine patients (23.7%) no images were obtained undilated but after dilatation examination was possible in all patients. Inability to obtain an undilated scan was associated with smaller pupil size and increasing cataract. The scan quality, as judged by the signal strength score, was higher dilated than undilated for both RNFL thickness (p = 0.011) and ONH CDR (p = 0.007). Reproducibility was higher with dilated scans for RNFL thickness but not for ONH CDR. There were significant differences between the dilated and undilated examinations for three of the five RNFL thickness variables and two of the three ONH CDR categories. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Acquisition of high quality OCT images was not possible without pupillary dilatation in about 25% of the patients. The dilated scans were more reproducible and of higher quality than the undilated scans. The two methods of examination do not appear to be interchangeable, suggesting that in follow up examinations the pupil should be in the same condition as at baseline. Pupillary dilatation is recommended before glaucoma assessments using Stratus OCT.
THE OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF HETEROPHORIA.
Authors: G. C. SAVAGE
Journal: JAMA (1901)

On what cases of heterophoria should we operate? On what muscle should the operation be done? What kind of operation should be done? These are all questions that should be answered by the operator before undertaking this class of work. Certainly, an innervational heterophoria should never be operated upon. A pseudoesophoria is always curable by convex glasses. A pseudoexophoria is likewise curable by concave glasses. There are cases that present themselves now and then in whom there is a want of convergence innervation, i. e., there seems to be a fault in the third conjugate innervation. This condition, as a rule, should be treated by exercise, though occasionally an operation must be done. No operation should be done in cases of heterophoria, intrinsic in character, that can be relieved by gymnastic exercise, even though this treatment should have to be resorted to for a long while. Nor should those cases
The Influence of Daycare, Older Siblings and Wheezing Respiratory Illnesses During Infancy on the Development of Allergic Sensitization
Authors: D.F.G. DaSilva, M.D. Evans, J.D. Bufford, C.J. Tisler, K.A. Roberg, T.E. Pappas, E.L. Anderson, L.E. Pleiss, K.T. Sullivan Dillie, R.E. Gangnon, J.E. Gern, R.F. Lemanske
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
Degeneration of an Intracellular Ion Channel in the Primate Lineage by Relaxation of Selective Constraints
Authors: X. Cai, S. Patel
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

Ion channel genes are highly conserved and are rarely degenerated in the primate lineage leading to humans. So far, the only well-characterized ion channel known to be degenerated in primates is the plasma membrane transient receptor potential channel TRPC2, possibly due to changes in the pheromone signaling. Here, by analyzing the sequence data from ten primate species, we have determined the degeneration process of the TPC3 gene that encodes a member of the two-pore channel (TPC) family recently implicated in Ca2+ release by nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate from intracellular acidic stores in animals. We show that degeneration of TPC3 likely began in the common ancestors of Apes and Old World monkeys through a conserved inactivating mutation, followed by additional deleterious mutations resulting in the generation of a TPC3 pseudogene in the descendant catarrhine lineage. Located at a chromosome recombination hot spot, catarrhine TPC3 pseudogenes underwent a series of lineage-specific rearrangements, including exon deletion and duplication. In contrast, we identify near full-length TPC3 sequences in New World monkeys and Prosimians and show that the gene is subjected to strong purifying selection and therefore likely functional. Our data provide the first evidence for relaxed functional constraints for an intracellular ion channel in primates and shed novel insights into the evolution and regulation of Ca2+ signaling in the primate lineage.
Recent Advances in Oncology
Authors: DONALD L. MORTON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Oncogenic viruses may cause human neoplasia; the failure to isolate human tumor viruses may be technical. Immunotherapy for cancer has produced remissions; recent work on host-tumor relations suggests that it may be a useful adjunct to surgery and a stimulant to the immune system after chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A new method of immunotherapy could result from a method useful in animals. Normal, nonimmune cells are made specifically immunoreactive by incubation with preparations rich in RNA extracted from lymphoid cells of immune animals, after incubation with tumor antigen. This method has been successful using lymphoid cells of animals different from the tumor's original host. Improved therapy of advanced cancer may develop from recent animal experiments using drugs to interrupt the single cell's life cycle. Prognosis for some cancers can often be determined by measurement of the patient's immunological competence, his specific immune response to tumor antigens, and a measurement of host-tumor interaction. Immunocompetence and a slow tumor doubling time offer optimum prognosis.