tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Structural abnormality may not equal functional oddity
Authors: Yonata Levy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

This commentary questions the authors’claim that cognitive neuropsychology is defined by modularity and that other theoretical frames, that is, connectionism, are a priori rejected. It also points to the fact that whereas in genetic disorders there are developmental delay and asynchrony, there are few reports of deviant developmental trajectories that are never seen in typical development. It is suggested that the possibility that structure does not equal function in the developing brain, may be a viable option.
Cognitive function and behavioural status in paediatric heart and heart-lung transplant recipients: the Harefield experience
Authors: J Wray, C Pot-Mees, H Zeitlin, R Radley-Smith, M Yacoub
Journal: BMJ (1994)

To assess the psychological impact of cardiac and cardiopulmonary transplantation on children.Retrospective cross sectional study.One British centre performing paediatric heart and heart-lung transplant operations, four cardiac units in London, three London schools, two London health centres, and the dental department of a London children's hospital.65 children who had been given heart or heart-lung transplants and two reference groups of 52 children who had had other types of cardiac surgery and 45 healthy children.Development, cognition, and behaviour at home and at school as assessed by measures with proved validity and reliability.Developmental and cognitive measures indicated that children given transplants had significantly lower scores on several parameters, particularly in terms of development in children under 4 1/2 years of age. Performance on all tests, however, was within the normal range. There were no significant differences in behavioural ratings between the transplant and reference groups, though problem behaviour at home was more prevalent in the transplant group.Though cognitive development may be within the normal range, there are adverse psychological effects associated with cardiac and cardiopulmonary transplantation. These data indicate the need for a controlled prospective study in which children and their families are seen before and at regular intervals after transplantation. Interventions should be developed that are tailored to the particular needs of this very specialised group of paediatric patients and their families.
Oral Penicillin in General Practice
Authors: D. Wheatley
Journal: BMJ (1958)

Recent observations have suggested that the dendritic arbors of sympathetic ganglion cells may be regulated by interactions with their peripheral targets (Voyvodic, 1987a; Yawo, 1987). In order to assess a potential mechanism for such interactions, I have investigated the effects of the target-derived trophic molecule for sympathetic ganglion cells on the development of dendrites in the rat superior cervical ganglion. Systemic treatment of neonatal animals with NGF for 1 or 2 weeks results in a striking expansion of ganglion cell dendritic arbors, as revealed by intracellular staining with HRP. During this period, neurons in treated animals extend new primary dendrites, and the length and branching of existing dendrites are increased compared to age-matched controls. These results support the idea that targets may regulate ganglion cell arbors via elaboration of NGF, and suggest an explanation for the correlation between animal size and dendritic complexity noted in several recent studies (Purves and Lichtman, 1985a; Snider, 1987; Voyvodic, 1987a).
Endoscopic Clipping of Esophageal Perforation After Pneumatic Dilation for Achalasia
Authors: F. W. Wewalka, P. H. Clodi, D. Haidinger
Journal: Endoscopy (1995)

A 67-year-old man with a long history of achalasia underwent pneumatic dilation of the lower esophageal sphincter due to increasing dysphagia. During the procedure, a small perforation of the thoracic part of the distal esophagus occurred. Since the rupture was small, well-confined, and detected immediately, the lesion was closed using endoscopically applied metallic clips. The patient did very well, and a contrast swallow three days later showed no leakage of the esophagus. This procedure has not yet been described for the esophagus in the literature, but it may be considered in selected cases of small and well-defined instrumental perforations.
GPs used to be effective gatekeepers
Authors: I. A. Lone
Journal: BMJ (2012)

I am not surprised that interventions to reduce admissions show little effect.1 Our practice of 13 200 patients has carried out three audits in the past year on 100 consecutive discharges from the local acute hospital (planned and emergency admissions). All three audits found that nearly 70% of patients had not been admitted …
Magnesium Sulfate and Digitalis-Toxic Arrhythmias
Authors: Michael J. Moore
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the letter to the editor entitled "Magnesium Deficiency and Digitalis Toxicity" in the Feb 10, 1984, issue of<i>JAMA</i>, the statement is made that "magnesium supplementation has been almost totally ignored by modern medicine." It occurred to me in about 1959 that magnesium-containing antacids could provide magnesium supplementation, and I began to utilize these regularly at that time. I then lazily encouraged others who were writing on magnesium deficiency to suggest it as therapy and wrote to the antacid companies about it. When I failed to see mention of it, I wrote an article<sup>1</sup>in which I stated that the administration of 30-mL doses four times daily could provide 10.8 to 25.2 mEq/day and that 90-mL doses offered 32.5 to 75.6 mEq/day. In a<i>JAMA</i>letter<sup>2</sup>I made note of it again. I believe that therapy with magnesium-containing antacids is preferable to the use
Immune Boosters Disappoint AIDS Researchers
Authors: Paul Cotton
Journal: JAMA (1991)

TRYING TO REBUILD the immune system with drug therapy has been one of the more disappointing areas of research into treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Trials "have either shown no evidence of immune reconstitution with laboratory parameters, or differences in clinical end points we are hard pressed to explain," says Robert T. Schooley, MD, professor of medicine and chief of infectious diseases, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, and chair of the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group immune-based therapies study group. Whether small improvements in immune parameters that are seen with some agents are clinically relevant is hard to tell, adds Schooley. "We know a lot about human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] immune-specific responses, but we don't know enough about what aspects of that response are protective yet. We're a long way away from having enough sophistication about what we're measuring to do
XDR-TB in South Africa: Theory and Practice
Authors: Jason Andrews, Sanjay Basu, David Scales, Duncan Smith-Rohrberg Maru, Ramnath Subbaraman
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

It is only about 25 years since the abolition or abandonment of TB sanatoria in South Africa.It is likely that there are people in South Africa who are familiar with the idea of isolation of TB patients from the general public emanating from the era of TB sanatoria, and it is conceivable that they are likely to be understanding of the reasons that were used to keep patients there during their treatment.These people could help to make the idea of isolation in sanatoria acceptable again to the general public.Anyway, the TB sanatoria of this era were rightfully regarded as hospitals, as indeed they were, and I cannot see why modern day sanatoria should be viewed any differently.Granted, with the likelihood that the patients detained in these envisaged isolation areas may be more likely to die than be discharged, it will be a mammoth task to convince the "detainees" to stay there or their families to allow them to be kept there, especially if they are minors or the elderly infi rm.It is a tough call but it is worth a try.
Air pollution is a major threat to health, says WHO
Authors: John Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The World Health Organization says that its new guidelines on air quality could help save as many as 300 000 lives around the world each year. The guidelines call for much tougher standards for emission levels of pollutants in cities.

“By reducing air pollution levels we can help countries to reduce the global burden of disease for respiratory infections, heart disease, and lung cancer which they otherwise would be facing,” said Maria Neira, WHO's director of public health …
Bacterial Superantigens Bypass Lck-Dependent T Cell Receptor Signaling by Activating a Gα11-Dependent, PLC-β-Mediated Pathway
Authors: Clara Bueno, Caitlin D. Lemke, Gabriel Criado, Miren L. Baroja, Stephen S.G. Ferguson, A.K.M. Nur-Ur Rahman, Constantine D. Tsoukas, John K. McCormick, Joaquin Madrenas
Journal: Immunity (2006)
Thermal Hemolysis in Hemodialysis
Authors: ROBERT A. BEAR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Comments and Correction1 May 1976Thermal Hemolysis in HemodialysisROBERT A. BEAR, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C)ROBERT A. BEAR, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-84-5-611 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Hemolytic anemia may occur as a complication of hemodialysis therapy secondary to mechanical trauma, copper intoxication, exposure to hypotonic dialysis solution, use of well water (nitrates) or tap water (chloramines) for dialysis, or development of idiopathic hypersplenism. This report documents a case of delayed hemolytic anemia in a hemodialysis patient briefly exposed to an overheated dialysis bath, a complication that has been only rarely described (1).A 22-year-old patient complained of a progressive feeling of unbearable warmth developing over 15 minutes during hemodialysis. Dialysis fluid was noted to be scalding to the touch (exact temperature not recorded;...References1. FORTNERNOWAKOWSKICARTER RAC: Death due to overheated dialysate during dialysis. Ann Intern Med 73:443-444, 1970 LinkGoogle Scholar2. SCHULTZE M, as quoted by DACIE JV, in The Hemolytic Anemias, part III. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1967, p. 950 Google Scholar3. SHENHAMFLEMING STE: Studies on the destruction of red blood cells. III. Mechanisms and complications of hemoglobinemia in patients with thermal burns: spherocytosis and increased osmotic fragility of red blood cells. N Engl J Med 229:701-713, 1943 CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. HAMSHENFLEMING TSE: Studies on the destruction of red blood cells. IV. Thermal injury. Blood 3:373-403, 1948 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ROBERT A. BEAR, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C)Affiliations: Department of Nephrology St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON Canada PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byHemodialysis machines and monitors 1 May 1976Volume 84, Issue 5Page: 611-612KeywordsEmotionsHemolytic anemiaIntoxicationMedical dialysisNitratesTemperatureTouch ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1976 PDF downloadLoading ...
Color Atlas of Pathology of the Eye
Authors: Henry J. L. Van Dyk
Journal: JAMA (1967)

This is an expensive picture book. The 393 photomicrographs that constitute the body of this Atlas are in full color. The microscopic anatomy of the normal eye is the concern of the first 33 plates; the remainder consider all of the common and the important ocular disease states. Short legends accompany each plate. An 89-page text with elegant 13/4-inch margins introduces the color plates.  Alongside of the illustrations, the text is pale. It is a perfunctory job, presenting little more than the ossified truths of general and ophthalmic pathology. Words are spent defining hyperplasia and neoplasia and describing the lymphocyte and the eosinophil. Meanwhile, the prefatory promise to correlate microscopic findings with clinical disease is not kept.  The votary of ophthalmic pathology will rejoice in the beauty and clarity of the colored photomicrographs. The first year ophthalmology resident will find the atlas section enormously useful, but the clinical ophthalmologist will
Heat shock protein induction in murine liver after acute treatment with cocaine
Authors: W F Salminen, S M Roberts, M Fenna, R Voellmy
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

The effect of cocaine on heat shock protein (hsp) induction in murine liver was examined using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. A single dose of cocaine (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) was administered to naive, phenobarbital (PB)-induced or β-naphthoflavone (βNF)-induced mice, and the level of hsps in the liver analyzed 3, 6, and 24 hours after the cocaine dose. As measured by Western blotting, hsp70i levels were increased at all time points, and hsp25 levels at the 6- and 24-hour time points. Levels of hsp60, hsc70, and hsp90 remained unchanged. Pretreatment of mice with the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor SKF-525A eliminated both cocaine hepatotoxicity and the induced accumulation of hsp25 and hsp70i. Immunohistochemical localization of hsp25 and hsp70i in the liver showed that concentrations of both hsps were elevated only in cells with altered morphology. As has been observed previously, hepatic enzyme induction with PB or βNF shifted the location of the necrotic lesion within the lobule from zone 2, as observed in naive mice of this strain, toward zone 1 (PB) or zone 3 (βNF), respectively. Localization of induced accumulation of hsp25 and hsp70i was found to shift within the lobule in parallel with the necrotic lesion in these animals. Immunostaining of cocaine reactive metabolites bound to proteins was superimposable on the areas with hsp accumulation and cells with altered morphology. Our observations indicate a strong spatial correlation within the lobule between cocaine reactive metabolite formation, induced accumulation of hsp25 and hsp70i, and cytotoxicity (necrosis).
Structural Equation Modeling of Symptoms, Awareness and Fear of Hypoglycemia, and Personality in Patients With Insulin-Treated Diabetes
Authors: David A. Hepburn, Ian J. Deary, Kenneth M. MacLeod, Brian M. Frier
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To assess the possible influence of personality on self-reported awareness, symptoms, and fear of hypoglycemia and also to identify the relationship among these self-reported measures using formal structural equation modeling. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A structured questionnaire, which included questions about sociodemographic details, awareness of the onset of hypoglycemia, and a list of symptoms of hypoglycemia, was completed by 305 consecutive insulin-treated diabetic patients attending the diabetic clinic at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. They also completed the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS), and personality was assessed using the short form of the shortened Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R). Formal structural equation modeling was performed using the following variables: awareness, autonomic symptoms, neuroglycopenic symptoms, severe hypoglycemic episodes in the last year, worry and behavior (from the HFS), and extroversion and neuroticism (from the short EPQ-R). This allowed a model to be constructed that expressed the putative causal associations among the variables that could be tested statistically. RESULTS Of the 302 patients who had experienced hypoglycemia, 111 (37%) reported reduced awareness, and these patients scored higher on the worry subscale of the HFS (reduced awareness: 41 ± 12 vs. normal awareness: 34 ± 12, P &amp;lt; 0.001). The patients with reduced awareness scored higher for neuroticism than did the patients with normal awareness (reduced awareness: 6.1 ± 3.4 vs. normal awareness: 4.9 ± 3.3, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and scored lower for extroversion (reduced awareness: 5.8 ± 3.7 vs. normal awareness: 7.1 ± 3.7, P &amp;lt; 0.01). In the structural equation modeling exercise, neuroticism was a significant putative determinant of many of the other variables. CONCLUSIONS Personality was the major determinant of the variance that could be accounted for in this study and influenced self-reported symptoms, awareness, and fear of hypoglycemia. Personality factors may, therefore, influence self-reports from patients, particularly when soft measures, such as symptoms, are assessed and even when using validated clinical questionnaires. This finding stresses the importance of using additional evidence, such as reports from relatives, to substantiate reports from patients of loss of hypoglycemia awareness.
P3-07-11: Multicenter Comparative Study between One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA) Whole Node Assay and Standard Frozen Section Histology: Intraoperative Molecular Assay for Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases in Early Breast Cancer Can Avoid a Second Surgery.
Authors: M Espinosa-Bravo, T Ramos, Gomez M Aizpurua, Avilés A Sao, Carmara V Peg, M Sancho, JM Gónzalez-Orus, Montosa J Xercavins, M Ramos, IT Rubio
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Studies on intraoperative assessment of sentinel nodes by frozen section in breast cancer have reported low sensitivity rates. Recently, a molecular-based procedure to detect lymph node metastases, one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) assay, has been developed. OSNA assay can assess a whole lymph node and yields definitive semi quantitative results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of intraoperative assessment comparing sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases with OSNA assay versus routine H&amp;E frozen section (FS) histology. METHODS: A cohort of 478 consecutive patients diagnosed in 2010 with early breast cancer in two centers was analyzed. Frozen section was performed intraoperatively in 228 patients and OSNA assay in 250 patients. Patient characteristics were evaluated in both groups and rates of metastasis detected by both methods were compared. RESULTS: Patients and tumor characteristic are summarized in the table. A median of 1,95 SLNs were assessed by FS and a median of 2,06 SLNs by OSNA (p=0.15). Intraoperative histopathological assessment detected 67 SLNs metastasis by FS and 107 SLNs metastasis by OSNA assay (p=0.07). There were no differences in rates of macrometastasis (54 by FS and 74 by OSNA) and micrometastasis (13 by FS and 33 by OSNA) (p=0.09). When compared the OSNA assay with permanent section, 92 SLNs had metastasis by permanent section (63 macrometastasis and 29 micrometastasis) with no statistically significant differences (p=0.5). SLNs metastasis were found in 71 patients (31,1 %) by permanent section and in 83 (33,2 %) by OSNA assay (p=0.69). Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for metastatic SLN was performed in 148 patients, 79 (31,6 %) in OSNA group and 69 (30,2 %) in the permanent section group (p=0.68). All patients diagnosed by OSNA had a complete ALND during the initial surgical procedure. On the other hand, ALND was performed in 51 patients (73,9 %) in the permanent section in the initial surgery, and ALND was performed in a second surgical procedure in18 patients (26 %), due to false negative results of the FS (p&amp;lt;0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The OSNA assay can detect SLN metastasis as accurately as conventional pathology, with no increased detection of positive SLNs. Given the definitive pathology of the SLN intraoperatively, the use of OSNA can reduce the need for a second surgery in 26 % of patients with breast cancer and a positive SLN. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-07-11.
Dealing with editorial misconduct
Authors: Fiona Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2004)

New code of conduct for editors is a first step in self regulation 

“I am that wicked editor,” announced the email from Richard Smith, then editor of the BMJ , to members of the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on their listserve two years ago. An aggrieved author had, at Smith's suggestion, complained to WAME's ethics committee after the BMJ went back on its promise to publish a paper. When the anonymised case was posted on the listserve, opinion from WAME's members was unanimous—the editor in question had behaved wrongly and the journal should honour its commitment to publish. The BMJ did.

This case is important. Although of a different order of magnitude than serious cases of editorial misconduct that have been uncovered over the past 10 years,1 it may be the first example of self regulation by journal editors. An author complained, a body of editors responded, and right—as perceived by those editors—was done.

Editors have traditionally enjoyed power without well codified responsibilities. They decide what gets published and they control an author's right of reply. Much effort has been focused, largely by editors, on what constitutes good and bad behaviour on the part of authors and peer reviewers.2 Far …
Clinical Tests for the Musculoskeletal System: Examinations-Signs-Phenomena
Authors: Troy Henning
Journal: JAMA (2010)

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Book Review Textbook of Medical Physiology Eighth edition. By Arthur C. Guyton. 1014 pp., illustrated. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1991. $57.95.
Authors: Francis L. Abel, Ronald R. Beck, Robert F. Bond, James Buggy, James E. McNamee, Philip D. Watson, Matthew B. Wolf
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)