tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hepatotoxicity Associated With Isoniazid Preventive Therapy
Authors: Charles M. Nolan, Stefan V. Goldberg, Susan E. Buskin
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Isoniazid preventive therapy for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection has been debated because of the risk of hepatotoxicity. The frequency of hepatotoxicity was 0.5% to 2.0% in early studies but may have changed with new criteria for diagnosis and patient selection.To determine the rate of isoniazid hepatotoxicity in patients managed according to current guidelines and practice standards.Prospective cohort study.A public health clinic operated by the TB control program of a city-county public health agency.A total of 11141 consecutive patients who started a regimen of isoniazid preventive therapy for latent TB infection from January 1989 through December 1995.The rate of developing symptoms and signs of hepatotoxicity among all persons starting isoniazid preventive therapy, among all those completing therapy, and by age, sex, and race.Eleven patients (0.10% of those starting, and 0.15% of those completing treatment) had hepatotoxic reactions to isoniazid during preventive treatment. The rate of hepatotoxicity in persons receiving preventive therapy increased with increasing age (chi2 for linear trend = 5.22, P=.02) and there were trends toward increased rates in women (odds ratio [OR], 3.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87-12.45; chi2 = 3.28; P=.07) and in whites (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 0.75-8.95; chi2 = 3.08; P=.08).The rate of isoniazid hepatotoxicity during clinically monitored preventive therapy was lower than has been reported previously. Clinicians should have greater confidence in the safety of isoniazid preventive therapy.
Pancytopenia With Leukemia-like Picture
Authors: Perk Lee Davis, Jay W. Ripka
Journal: JAMA (1964)

FROM THE DAWN of medical history, syphilis and tuberculosis have been the great mimickers of disease. Osler claimed that he who knows syphilis and tuberculosis knows medicine. Generalized fungus diseases could be added to this list. This report concerns a patient with an extensive and generalized histoplasmosis and manifestations of pancytopenia and leukemia. Since 1938, four fatal cases of histoplasmosis and three cases of miliary tuberculosis with recovery have presented an identical, obscure clinical course. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 55-year-old woman was studied because of periodic epistaxis and melena. She lost one-halt cup of blood from her nose 12 hours before consultation and an equal quantity from her anus. For some time she bruised easily after minor trauma. Recently after having prophylactic treatment for her teeth, she experienced bleeding from the gums. She had lost 18 lb (8.2 kg) during the previous five-month period; drugs had not been administered.
Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Tumors of the Esophagogastric Junction
Authors: N. Kakushima, N. Yahagi, M. Fujishiro, S. Kodashima, M. Nakamura, M. Omata
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Background and Study Aims: The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) has been considered a difficult location for endoscopic treatment of tumors, due to its narrow lumen and sharp angle. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a method of endoscopic resection, capable of removing large tumors in an en bloc fashion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ESD for EGJ tumors. Patients and Methods: For 30 lesions of EGJ tumors treated by ESD, the size of the lesions and resected specimens, the en bloc resection rate, complications, and local recurrence were assessed. Results: The average maximum diameters of the lesions and resected specimens were 22.4 mm and 40.6 mm respectively. The complete en bloc resection (R0) rate was 97 % (29/30). Histological evaluation of the resected specimens revealed five cases of angiolymphatic invasion and five cases of submucosal invasion deeper than 500 μm. Perforation occurred in one case but was safely managed by rotatable clips and administration of antibiotics for 3 days. Local recurrence was not observed in any patient during follow-up (mean 14.6 months, range 6 - 31 months). Conclusions: ESD can be safely performed for EGJ tumors, with a high en bloc resection rate. For lesions with no apparent submucosal invasion findings, ESD is a curative and diagnostic treatment option that may be considered before open surgery.
Usefulness and limitations of thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in delineating location and size of prior myocardial infarction.
Authors: G S Niess, J R Logic, R O Russell, C E Rackley, W J Rogers
Journal: Circulation (1979)

In order to evaluate the usefulness of thallium-201 (201TI) myocardial scintigraphy in delineating the location and size of prior myocardial infarction, 32 patients were evaluated at a mean of 7 +/- 2 months after infarction with a 12-lead ECG, resting 201TI myocardial scintigram, biplane left ventriculogram and coronary angiograms. From the left ventriculogram, asynergy was quantified as percent abnormally contracting segment (% ACS), the percent of end-diastolic circumference which was either akinetic or dyskinetic. Using a computerized planimetry system, we expressed 201TI perfusion defects as a percentage of total potential thallium uptake. Of 21 patients with ECG evidence of prior transmural infarction, a 201TI defect was present in 20 (95%), and angiographic asynergy was present in all 21 (100%). The site of prior infarction by ECG agreed with the 201TI defect location in 24 of 32 patients (75%) and with site of angiographic asynergy in 23 of 32 patients (72%). Scintigraphic defects were present in only four of 10 patients (40%) with ACS less than or equal to 6%, but scintigraphic defects were found in 20 to 22 patients (91%) with ACS greater than 6% (p less than 0.01). Thallium defect size correlated marginally with angiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.60) but correlated closely with angiographic % ACS (r = 0.80). Thallium defect size was similar among patients with one-, two-, or three-vessel coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 70% stenosis), but thallium defect size was larger in patients with electrocardiographic evidence of transmural infarction (p less than 0.01) or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure greater than 12 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). Thus, resting 201TI myocardial scingigraphy is useful in localizing and quantifying the extent of prior myocardial infarction, but is insensitive to small infarcts (ACS less than 6%).
Extending choice in the NHS
Authors: D. Price
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The NHS white paper Delivering the NHS Plan continues the British government'scommitment to “engage more constructively with the private sector” by giving patients a choice among public and private providers.1 Building on the concordat between the private sector and the NHS, and the discussion document Extending Choice ,2 the white paper pledges that from July 2002 patients waiting six months for a heart operation can choose an alternative provider, “be they public or private.” Extending Choice promised that by 2005 all hospital patients should be able to opt for treatment in “local NHS hospitals, NHS hospitals or diagnostic and treatment centres elsewhere, private hospitals, private diagnostic and treatment centres, or even hospitals overseas.”

The use of patient choice as a means of involving the private sector in the delivery of NHS care follows a series of rulings of the European Court of Justice. In the landmark Kohll case about patients' freedom to go to other European countries to get publicly funded health care,3 the court ruled that patients can cross borders to get publicly funded “indispensable” treatment in the event of “undue delay.” Indispensable treatment, according to theEuropean Court of Justice, is treatment “sufficiently tried and tested by international medical science.” Undue delay, however, has not been defined.

These …
258 ASSOCIATION OF SERUM INTERFERON-GAMMA INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 10 (IP-10) LEVELS WITH VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO PEGYLATED INTERFERON ALFA-2B PLUS RIBAVIRIN THERAPY FOR HCV GENOTYPE 1 INFECTION
Authors: M. Fukuda, H. Yatsuhashi, I. Takahara, T. Murata, S. Hashimoto, A. Nishikawa, S.K. Bae, Y. Motoyoshi, S. Nagaoka, K. Yanagi, S. Abiru, A. Komori, K. Migita, H. Fujioka, H. Ishibashi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Richard O. Burns
Journal: JAMA (1985)

This book edited by James H. Wood, MD, is a scholarly compendium of everything you wanted to know about cerebrospinal fluid. The chapters are written by recognized leaders in their particular fields. A good part of the book contains information of primary interest to persons who are doing research on spinal fluid or on particular diseases in which spinal fluid becomes altered. As a source book for them, it should prove invaluable. An example, chapter 18, "Immune Response in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid," contains a bibliography of 616 references. The clinician will find things of interest, especially toward the second half of the book in which are presented the CSF findings in the everyday conditions seen by neurologists and neurosurgeons. This is not the sort of book to buy for a personal library, unless one were primarily interested in CSF, but it is an excellent reference book for any library collection
Determination of human body burden baseline date of platinum through autopsy tissue analysis.
Authors: F Vandiver, F V Duffield, A Yoakum, J Bumgarner, J Moran
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

Results of analysis for platinum in 97 autopsy sets are presented. Analysis was performed by a specially developed emission spectrochemical method. Almost half of the individuals studied were found to have detectable platinum in one or more tissue samples. Platinum was found to be deposited in 13 of 21 tissue types investigated. Surprisingly high values were observed in subcutaneous fat, previously not considered to be a target site for platinum deposition. These data will serve as a human tissue platinum burden baseline in EPA's Catalyst Research Program.
Endothelial Function and Oxidative Stress in Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Yukihito Higashi, Shota Sasaki, Keigo Nakagawa, Hideo Matsuura, Tetsuya Oshima, Kazuaki Chayama
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

It has been reported that renovascular hypertension activates the renin–angiotensin system, leading to an increase in oxidative stress. We sought to determine whether renal-artery angioplasty improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with renovascular hypertension through a reduction in oxidative stress.
SUCCESSFUL END-TO-END ANASTOMOSIS AFTER A PARTIAL DISEMBOWELMENT IN A RUNAWAY ACCIDENT.
Authors: MARK A. RODGERS
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Cases like the one reported below are of sufficiently frequent occurrence to occasion no surprise, and one would hardly be justified in asking for space for their publication were it not for two reasons: That some use for the report may be had for statistical purposes, and that a recovery from so serious an accident under such circumstances should encourage the general practitioner, or the country doctor, who can not immediately summon to his assistance an experienced surgeon, to proceed himself with the operation without delay. Common sense and the effect of wide reaching will stand any man in good stead in such grave emergencies, and if the practitioner has at his command a good emergency armamentarium, which he keeps properly stocked and in good condition, he can always remember that an ordinarily well kept country home is not apt to be infected with virulent micro-organisms. Indeed, if the operator
Use of Screws in Fractured Neck of Femur
Authors: W. David Francisco
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I noted Dr. William Bickel's comment inThe Journal(Jan. 28, p. 341) on the use of hip screws for the treatment of fractured neck of the femur. I agree with his condemnation of the old type of screw of the Lorenz type in that it would produce distraction on absorption of the fractured area. There is a newly designed hip screw put out by Richards Company which permits retraction and obviates this problem. It also permits active compression of the fracture line. Ordinarily I have had no problem with its use as far as rotating the head of the femur is concerned. In one case I had a little difficulty when it became apparent that the screw was rotating the head. By releasing traction that had been applied to the leg on the fracture table for reduction, this disappeared and we were able to accomplish the
The absolute monocyte and lymphocyte prognostic score predicts survival and identifies high-risk patients in diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma
Authors: R A Wilcox, K Ristow, T M Habermann, D J Inwards, I N M Micallef, P B Johnston, J P Colgan, G S Nowakowski, S M Ansell, T E Witzig, S N Markovic, L Porrata
Journal: Leukemia (2011)
Hyponatremia and Ultramarathons
Authors: John V. Anderson, Stephen R. Bloom, Virend K. Somers, James Conway, Peter Sleight
Journal: JAMA (1986)

To the Editor.—  Marathon running is gaining increasing popularity. An understanding of the pathophysiology of exertion is important so that runners can be advised on how to minimize the medical hazards of their sport. We therefore read with great interest the report by Frizzell et al 1 describing severe acute hyponatremia in marathon runners. The authors attribute the hyponatremia detected in their patients to an excessive loss of sodium in sweat and to drinking hypotonic fluids. Undoubtedly these are important etiologic factors.  The recent discovery of a putative natriuretic hormone, 2 atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), is causing a major revision in the understanding of salt and water homeostasis. Increasing the circulating concentration of ANP has been shown to cause a salt-losing state in man. 3 There are to date no published data on the effects of exertion on circulating concentrations of ANP. We have therefore performed a pilot study to
Comment on: Inzucchi et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Patient-Centered Approach. Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2012;35:1364–1379
Authors: Helena W. Rodbard, Paul S. Jellinger
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

We are writing as the co-chairpersons of the Consensus Panel that developed the 2009 Glycemic Control Algorithm of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology (AACE/ACE) Algorithm for Management of Diabetes. A more detailed comment by the same authors appears simultaneously in Rodbard and Jellinger (1), in reference to Inzucchi et al. (2).
Activation of a local tissue angiotensin system in podocytes by mechanical strain11See Editorial by Kriz, p. 333.
Authors: Raghu V. Durvasula, Arndt T. Petermann, Keiju Hiromura, Mary Blonski, Jeffrey Pippin, Peter Mundel, Raimund Pichler, Sian Griffin, William G. Couser, Stuart J. Shankland
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
New BMJ policy on economic evaluations
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Papers p 1135 

This week we publish an economic evaluation of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms.1 It is based on a randomised trial. At the same time the Lancet is publishing the clinical results.2 Unfortunately this is a common pattern—for the Lancet to publish the clinical results and us to publish the economic evaluation. We have decided that this can't continue. We will now consider for publication economic evaluations based on clinical trials only if the clinical results are submitted to us as well. This is partly petulance, but we think our policy is reasonable.

The clinical world …
An older, sicker US will need more specialists, study says
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

To meet the needs of its aging population the United States will need to train more healthcare providers in general and more specialists in particular, a new study has found.

In the study, researchers at IHS, a Colorado based market analytics company, used a mathematical model that takes account of such factors as demographics, disease prevalence, and use of healthcare services to predict the demand for healthcare services in the US in 2050.

The study, by Timothy M Dall, managing director for healthcare and pharma at IHS, and colleagues appears …
Improvement of Lung Compliance during Postnatal Adaptation Correlates with Airway Sodium Transport
Authors: Otto Helve, Sture Andersson, Turkka Kirjavainen, Olli M. Pitkänen
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Fetal lung liquid secretion is coupled with chloride transport into the lung lumen. The postnatal clearance of lung liquid is dependent on osmotic force generated by active sodium absorption.To study the interaction between airway epithelial sodium transport and postnatal lung function.We determined lung compliance and nasal transepithelial potential difference as a measure of airway ion transport and epithelial sodium channel gene expression in 41 healthy newborn infants during the first 50 h after birth.Lung compliance improved significantly during the study period, whereas nasal potential difference remained constant. There was a significant decrease in the expressions of beta and gamma subunits of the epithelial sodium channel. A positive correlation existed between amiloride-sensitive nasal potential difference measured at 1-4 h of age and lung compliance at 21-27 h of age. We found no correlation between the molecular data and functional measurements.An important part of pulmonary adaptation takes place during the first hour after birth. The improvement of lung compliance continues over the first postnatal days and coincides with down-regulation of epithelial sodium channel beta and gamma subunit expression.
Biosynthesis of the human C3b/C4b receptor during differentiation of the HL-60 cell line. Identification and characterization of a precursor molecule.
Authors: J P Atkinson, E A Jones
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

The C3b receptor (C3bR) of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) was induced by incubating these cells with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or retinoic acid. A majority of differentiated (DMSO- or retinoic acid-treated) but not undifferentiated cells formed rosettes with C3b-coated erythrocytes and were morphologically mature granulocytes. HL-60 cells were surface- or biosynthetically labeled and then solubilized in 1% Nonidet P-40 in the presence of multiple protease inhibitors. The C3bR was isolated either by immunoprecipitation with anti-C3bR antibodies or by affinity chromatography with hemolytically inactive components in which the internal thioester bond within the alpha-chain was cleaved (iC3)- or iC4-Sepharose. Autoradiographs of NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gels indicated that the surface-labeled C3bR on the differentiated cells had an Mr of 210,000 (nonreduced) or 240,000 (reducing conditions). The bulk (approximately 85%) of the radiolabeled material that was isolated from biosynthetically labeled cells co-migrated with the surface-labeled band. A small fraction (approximately 15%) of the biosynthetically labeled material that was isolated by affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation had an Mr of 188,000, which did not correspond to any surface-labeled band. This putative precursor molecule was characterized by pulse-chase experiments and by analysis of its carbohydrate. In pulse-chase (15-min pulse) studies of differentiated cells, only the 188,000-mol wt molecule was detected at 0 h. By 2 h, greater than 80% of counts had chased from the 188,000 to the 210,000-mol wt molecule. Treatment of these two molecules with endoglycosidases indicated that the 188,000-mol wt molecule possessed high mannose oligosaccharides, while the mature C3bR had complex oligosaccharides. We conclude from these data that the 188,000-mol wt molecule is a precursor of the C3b receptor of HL-60 cells. Other experiments indicated that the half-maximal time for newly synthesized receptor to attain an Mr of 210,000 was 45 min, and that the t1/2 for the disappearance of the receptor on the surface of differentiated HL-60 cells in tissue culture was approximately 10 h. The ability to observe the induction of the C3b receptor as the HL-60 cell line differentiates is an instructive model system to study the biosynthesis of a human integral membrane receptor glycoprotein.
Combating blinding trachoma.
Authors: A R Potter
Journal: BMJ (1993)

At least 100 million children suffer from active trachoma with inflammation of the tarsal conjunctiva of the upper eyelid.In younger children, boys and girls are equally affected; however, the infection is often more severe and persistent in older girls than boys.Repeated reinfections from siblings cause the formation of follicles and inflammation of the conjunctiva with ocular irritation and mucopurulent dis- charge.In children and adolescents, scar tissue begins to form on the upper tarsal conjunctiva.These scars may lead to inturning of the eyelid margin (entropion) and eyelashes (trichiasis).An estimated 30 million adults, mostly women, have trichiasis.The resulting corneal ulceration, scarring, and vascularisation leads to visual loss.At least one million people are bilaterally blind from trachoma, making it one of the main causes ofblindness world wide.In regions with hyperendemic trachoma, one tenth of the population may have visual impairment, causing a severe economic burden on the community.'The tragedy is that this heavy load of human disability is entirely preventable.Trachoma was common in Europe until this century.Today, blinding trachoma is found where the environment is typically hot, dry, and dusty.This includes large areas of Africa, the Middle East, parts of India and central and south Asia, Indonesia, North Australia, and foci in central and South America.Communities with blinding trachoma are the poorest communities in the world, characterised by a high incidence of diseases due to poor hygiene, inadequate nutrition, and limited or non-existent medical services.The infecting agent responsible for trachoma is Chlamydia trachomatis (serotypes A, B, Ba, and C), which has a predilection for cells of the conjunctiva.Transmission is from person to person, particularly among young children and the women who look after them.The infected ocular discharges are transmitted by flies, clothing, towels, and the fingers of close family members.Young children are the main reservoir ofinfection in the community.The World Health Organisation has developed a simplified grading scheme consisting of five grades for assessing com- munities for trachoma status, two inflammatory stages (TF and TI) and three cicatricial stages (TS, TT, and CO).2The first priority in any control programme is to prevent blindness3 -once a trachomatous comeal scar has developed, blindness is usually untreatable, and efforts must therefore be con- centrated on reducing the severity and longevity of infection before blinding complications develop.Estimates of the size